[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 218 (Tuesday, November 16, 2021)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 64000-64053]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2021-24784]



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Vol. 86

Tuesday,

No. 218

November 16, 2021

Part III





 Department of the Interior





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Fish and Wildlife Service





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50 CFR Part 17





Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened Species 
Status With Section 4(d) Rule for Atlantic Pigtoe and Designation of 
Critical Habitat; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 218 / Tuesday, November 16, 2021 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 64000]]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2018-0046; FF09E21000 FXES1111090FEDR 223]
RIN 1018-BD12


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened Species 
Status With Section 4(d) Rule for Atlantic Pigtoe and Designation of 
Critical Habitat

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), list the 
Atlantic pigtoe, (Fusconaia masoni), a freshwater mussel species from 
Virginia and North Carolina, as a threatened species with a rule issued 
under section 4(d) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Act), as 
amended. We also designate critical habitat for the species under the 
Act. In total, approximately 563 river miles (906 river kilometers) 
fall within 17 units of critical habitat in Bath, Botetourt, Brunswick, 
Craig, Dinwiddie, Greensville, Halifax, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, 
Nottoway, Pittsylvania, and Sussex Counties, Virginia, and in Durham, 
Edgecombe, Franklin, Granville, Halifax, Johnston, Montgomery, Nash, 
Orange, Person, Pitt, Randolph, Rockingham, Vance, Wake, Warren, and 
Wilson Counties, North Carolina. This rule extends the Act's 
protections to the species and its designated critical habitat.

DATES: This rule is effective December 16, 2021.

ADDRESSES: This final rule is available on the internet at http://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2018-0046. Comments and 
materials we received, as well as supporting documentation we used in 
preparing this rule, are available for public inspection at http://www.regulations.gov.
    The coordinates or plot points from which the maps are generated 
are included in the decision file for this critical habitat designation 
and are available at http://www.regulations.gov at Docket No. FWS-R4-
ES-2018-0046 and the shapefiles for the critical habitat designation 
are available on the Service's Environmental Conservation Online System 
(ECOS) website at http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/5164. Any additional 
tools or supporting information that we developed for this critical 
habitat designation will also be available at the Service's website set 
out above or at http://www.regulations.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Pete Benjamin, Field Supervisor, U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh Ecological Services Field Office, 
551F Pylon Drive, Raleigh, NC 27606; telephone 919-816-6408. Persons 
who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) may call the 
Federal Relay Service at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Executive Summary

    Why we need to publish a rule. Under the Act, if we determine that 
a species is an endangered or threatened species throughout all or a 
significant portion of its range, we are required to promptly publish a 
proposal to list the species in the Federal Register and make a 
determination on our proposal within one year. If there is substantial 
disagreement regarding the sufficiency and accuracy of the available 
data relevant to the proposed listing, we may extend the final 
determination for not more than six months. To the maximum extent 
prudent and determinable, we must designate critical habitat for any 
species that we determine to be an endangered or threatened species 
under the Act. When we list a species as a threatened species, we issue 
such regulations as deemed necessary and advisable to provide for the 
conservation of such species. In addition, we may by regulation 
prohibit with respect to any threatened species any act prohibited 
under section 9(a)(1) of the Act for endangered species. Listing a 
species as an endangered or threatened species, designation of critical 
habitat, and protection of threatened species can only be completed by 
issuing a rule.
    What this document does. This rule finalizes the listing of the 
Atlantic pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni) as a threatened species with a rule 
issued under section 4(d) of the Act (a ``4(d) rule'') and designates 
critical habitat in 17 units totaling approximately 563 river miles 
(906 river kilometers (km)) within portions of 12 counties in Virginia 
and 17 counties in North Carolina.
    The basis for our action. Under section 4(a)(1) of the Act, we may 
determine that a species is an endangered or threatened species based 
on any of five factors: (A) The present or threatened destruction, 
modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) 
overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of 
existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) other natural or manmade factors 
affecting its continued existence. We have determined that habitat 
degradation (Factor A), resulting from the cumulative impacts of land 
use change and associated watershed-level effects on water quality, 
water quantity, habitat connectivity, and instream habitat suitability, 
poses the largest risk to the future viability of the Atlantic pigtoe. 
This stressor primarily consists of habitat changes: The buildup of 
fine sediments, the loss of flowing water, instream habitat 
fragmentation, and impairment of water quality, and it is exacerbated 
by the effects of climate change (Factor E). Further, the existing 
regulatory mechanisms are not adequate to reduce these threats so that 
the species would not warrant listing (Factor D).
    Section 4(a)(3) of the Act requires the Secretary of the Interior 
(Secretary) to designate critical habitat concurrent with listing to 
the maximum extent prudent and determinable. Section 3(5)(A) of the Act 
defines critical habitat as (i) the specific areas within the 
geographical area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed, on 
which are found those physical or biological features (I) essential to 
the conservation of the species and (II) which may require special 
management considerations or protections; and (ii) specific areas 
outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is 
listed, upon a determination by the Secretary that such areas are 
essential for the conservation of the species. Section 4(b)(2) of the 
Act states that the Secretary must make the designation on the basis of 
the best scientific data available and after taking into consideration 
the economic impact, the impact on national security, and any other 
relevant impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.
    Economic analysis. In accordance with section 4(b)(2) of the Act, 
we prepared an economic analysis of the impacts of designating critical 
habitat. On October 11, 2018, we published an announcement of, and 
solicited public comments on, the draft economic analysis (83 FR 
51570). The September 22, 2020, revisions to proposed critical habitat 
(85 FR 59487) did not affect the economic analysis because the impacts 
on the counties with new proposed units were already factored into the 
original analysis. We received no comments on the draft economic 
analysis and adopted the draft economic analysis as final.
    Peer review and public comment. Prior to development of our October 
11, 2018, proposed rule, we received peer reviews of the Species Status

[[Page 64001]]

Assessment (SSA) report from two experts, which informed our assessment 
that we used for this rulemaking. Information we received from peer 
review is incorporated into this final rule. We also considered all 
comments and information we received from the public during two public 
comment periods.

Previous Federal Actions

    Please refer to the proposed listing rule for the Atlantic pigtoe 
(83 FR 51570) for a detailed description of previous Federal actions 
concerning this species. We published a proposed listing, 4(d) rule, 
and critical habitat designation for the Atlantic pigtoe on October 11, 
2018 (83 FR 51570); we accepted public comments on the proposed rule 
for 60 days, ending December 10, 2018. Based on information we received 
during the public comment period, on September 22, 2020, we proposed a 
revised 4(d) rule and critical habitat designation for the Atlantic 
pigtoe (85 FR 59487); we accepted public comments on the proposed 
revisions as well as the October 11, 2018, proposed rule for 30 days, 
ending October 22, 2020. Please refer to the October 11, 2018, and 
September 22, 2020, documents for detailed descriptions of other 
previous Federal actions concerning this species.

Supporting Documents

    An SSA team prepared an SSA report for the Atlantic pigtoe. The SSA 
team was composed of Service biologists, in consultation with other 
species experts. The SSA report represents a compilation of the best 
scientific and commercial data available concerning the status of the 
Atlantic pigtoe, including the impacts of past, present, and future 
factors (both negative and beneficial) affecting the species. The SSA 
report and other materials relating to this rule can be found at http://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2018-0046.

Summary of Changes From the Proposed Rule

    This final rule incorporates several changes to our proposed rule 
(83 FR 51570; October 11, 2018) based on the comments we received 
during that proposal's 60-day comment period as well as during the 
reopened public comment (see 85 FR 59487; September 22, 2020), which 
are summarized below under Summary of Comments and Recommendations. 
Minor, nonsubstantive changes and corrections were made throughout this 
rule in response to comments. Based on these comments, we also 
incorporated as appropriate new information into our SSA report, 
including updated survey information. The information we received 
during both public comment periods did not change our determination 
that the Atlantic pigtoe is a threatened species.
    We received substantive comments on the proposed 4(d) rule and 
critical habitat designation, and we made changes to both of these as a 
result. We made changes to the 4(d) rule exceptions to the incidental 
take prohibitions as follows:
     For incidental take resulting from species restoration 
efforts by State wildlife agencies, we now include monitoring, which is 
necessary to determine the success of captive propagation and stocking 
efforts;
     For channel restoration projects, we remove erroneous 
mention of second- to third-order streams, and we add language to 
require surveys for and relocation of Atlantic pigtoe observed prior to 
commencement of restoration action;
     For bank stabilization projects, we add a requirement that 
appropriate ``native'' vegetation, including woody and herbaceous 
species appropriate for the region and habitat, be used for 
stabilization; and
     For forestry-related actions, we use alternative language 
provided by NCFS and VDOF (see (13) Comment under Summary of Comments 
and Recommendations, below).
    We have also changed the way in which the provisions of the 4(d) 
rule will appear at 50 CFR 17.45(a). We no longer generally refer to 
the 50 CFR 17.31 prohibitions and exceptions to those prohibitions, but 
instead specify the applicable prohibitions in the 4(d) rule. In 
addition, for clarity and readability, we present separate lists for 
the general exceptions to the prohibitions and the exceptions from 
prohibitions for specific types of incidental take. However, these 
changes are simply formatting changes and do not affect the substance 
of the 4(d) rule.
    For the critical habitat designation, we removed proposed Unit 3 
(Middle James River) based on comments received from the VADWR (see (9) 
Comment under Summary of Comments and Recommendations, below). This 
removal changes the numbering of all following units (Units 4 through 
18 become Units 3 through 17); therefore, revisions to the proposed 
critical habitat designation described in the September 22, 2020, 
document (85 FR 59487) differ slightly, but only by unit numbering, 
than as presented in this rule. We added two critical habitat units 
(Sappony Creek Unit (now Unit 3) and Little Grassy Creek Unit (now Unit 
8)) and modified four units (Nottoway River Subbasin (now Unit 4), Dan 
River (now Unit 6), Upper/Middle Tar River Subbasin (now Unit 9), 
Sandy/Swift Creek (now Unit 10)) of the critical habitat designation 
for Atlantic pigtoe, for a total critical habitat designation of 563 
river miles (906 river kilometers), an increase of 21 river miles (34 
river kilometers) from the October 11, 2018, proposed designation.
    We also added information about regulatory mechanisms to Factors 
Influencing Atlantic Pigtoe Viability (below), including information 
about state endangered species laws, state and federal stream 
protections, and state and federal water quality programs.

Summary of Comments and Recommendations

    In the October 11, 2018, and September 22, 2020, proposed rules, we 
requested that all interested parties submit written comments. We also 
contacted appropriate Federal and State agencies, scientific experts 
and organizations, and other interested parties and invited them to 
comment on the proposed rules. Newspaper notices inviting general 
public comment were published in the USA Today legal notice section on 
October 25, 2018, and October 1, 2020. Although we invited requests for 
a public hearing in both proposed rules, we did not receive any 
requests for a public hearing. All substantive information received 
during both comment periods has either been incorporated directly into 
this final determination or is addressed below. For topics we received 
comments on during both comment periods, we specify whether the 
comments were received as part of the initial comment period (October 
11-December 10, 2018) or the reopened comment period (September 22-
October 22, 2020).

Peer Reviewer Comments

    In accordance with our peer review policy published on July 1, 1994 
(59 FR 34270), and our August 22, 2016, memorandum updating and 
clarifying the role of peer review of listing actions under the Act, we 
solicited expert opinion regarding the SSA report from six 
knowledgeable individuals with scientific expertise that included 
familiarity with Atlantic pigtoe and its habitat, biological needs, and 
threats. We received responses from two of those individuals. We 
reviewed all comments we received from the peer reviewers for 
substantive issues and new information regarding the information 
contained in the SSA report. The peer reviewers generally

[[Page 64002]]

concurred with our methods and conclusions, and provided additional 
information, clarifications, and suggestions to improve the SSA report. 
Peer reviewer comments are addressed in the following summary and were 
incorporated into the SSA report as appropriate.
    (1) Comment: One peer reviewer noted that redundancy calculations 
provided in the Summary Table of the SSA report were confusing and 
asked us to clarify changes in redundancy for current condition.
    Our Response: Because redundancy relates to the number and 
distribution of populations, we used the number of occupied watersheds, 
or HUCs (Hydrologic Unit Codes), to clarify changes in redundancy, as 
summarized in Table ES-1 of the SSA report. For current condition, 
there has been a 60 percent reduction in redundancy across the species' 
historical range (i.e., 31 out of 81 HUCs are now currently occupied; 
31/81 = 0.4, which equates to a reduction of 0.6 or 60 percent).

State Agency Comments

    We received comments from six State agencies: The North Carolina 
Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC), the Georgia Department of 
Natural Resources (GADNR), the Virginia Department of Wildlife 
Resources (VADWR), the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 
(SCDNR), the North Carolina Forest Service (NCFS), and the Virginia 
Department of Forestry (VDOF). Because we received several comments 
from both NCFS and VDOF and the public regarding forestry 
considerations, we address most NCFS and VDOF comments in the Public 
Comments section, below.
    (2) Comment: The GADNR recommended we use an occupancy model 
analysis to inform our population factors.
    Our Response: Occupancy modeling relies on multiple visits to the 
same site over time, thus allowing for an estimation of detection. At 
the time of SSA analysis (2015-2016), the available rangewide data were 
not conducive for use with occupancy models. We did not receive 
additional occupancy data during the public comment periods that would 
allow us to conduct an occupancy model analysis.
    (3) Comment: The NCWRC noted that it has not been able to do 
intensive surveys for Atlantic pigtoe in portions of the Cape Fear 
River Basin. It suggested that the Optimistic Scenario consider the 
potential to find additional populations in the Piedmont to reflect 
that the species exists in areas where surveys have not been updated 
and habitat conditions have not changed.
    Our Response: The narrative portion of the SSA report acknowledges 
the possibility of finding new locations for the species. However, 
those findings are not reflected in the Scenario table because the 
potential future abundances are not known and therefore cannot be 
incorporated into future condition categorization.
    (4) Comment: The NCWRC commented that several areas within the 
known range of the Atlantic pigtoe have not been surveyed sufficiently 
since 2005 to conclude that the species is not present.
    Our Response: We recognize that detection is imperfect; therefore, 
we involved NCWRC biologists in the development of the SSA report and 
sought their input into the decision to use 2005 as the earliest date 
for ``current.'' This year was selected based on the perceived adequacy 
of survey effort from 2005-2015 for justifying current species 
presence/absence conclusions. Ultimately, we relied on data provided by 
each state's agency biologists to develop the distribution and 
abundance heat maps contained in Appendix B of the SSA report.
    (5) Comment: The NCWRC noted that many of the critical habitat 
reaches lack definable limits that can be precisely described and 
recommended that critical habitat units start and end at distinct 
locations, such as tributary confluences or road crossings.
    Our Response: For the purposes of this rule, critical habitat 
reaches are defined based on Natural Heritage species ``element 
occurrences.'' An element occurrence is an area of land and/or water in 
which a species or ecological community is present. Since these 
comprise the best available scientific information, we used them for 
unit boundaries rather than relying on a tributary confluence or road 
crossing. Both coordinates or plot points from which the maps are 
generated and shapefiles are available (see ADDRESSES, above) to help 
users precisely identify limits on a map.
    (6) Comment: The NCWRC recommended the 4(d) rule be clarified to 
state that provisions of sections 7 and 9(a)(1) of the Act will not 
apply to those areas where Atlantic pigtoe are stocked by NCWRC or 
Service biologists into unoccupied habitat. This clarification will 
allow biologists to stock Atlantic pigtoe in suitable yet currently 
unoccupied habitat within the species' historical range without these 
restored populations being subject to the provisions of sections 7 and 
9(a)(1) of the Act.
    Our Response: We recognize the special and unique relationship with 
our State natural resource agency partners in contributing to 
conservation of listed species. Therefore, under the final 4(d) rule, 
any qualified employee or agent of a State conservation agency, that is 
a party to a cooperative agreement with the Service in accordance with 
section 6(c) of the Act, and who is designated by his or her agency for 
such purposes, will be able to conduct activities designed to conserve 
Atlantic pigtoe that may result in otherwise prohibited take without 
additional authorization.
    Nothing in this final 4(d) rule changes in any way the consultation 
requirements under section 7 of the Act. However, interagency 
cooperation may be further streamlined through planned programmatic 
consultations for the species between Federal agencies and the Service, 
where appropriate.
    (7) Comment: The NCWRC provided recommendations, with supporting 
data, to revise the 4(d) rule language by adding (a) monitoring to the 
species restoration exception for incidental take; (b) language to the 
channel restoration exception for incidental take that requires surveys 
for and relocation of Atlantic pigtoe observed prior to commencement of 
restoration action; and (c) language to the incidental take exception 
resulting from bank stabilization projects to add a requirement that 
appropriate ``native'' vegetation, including woody and herbaceous 
species appropriate for the region and habitat, be used for 
stabilization.
    Our Response: The suggested revisions are important considerations 
to include in the exceptions outlined and provide for the conservation 
of the Atlantic pigtoe, therefore we made the suggested revisions to 
the 4(d) rule.
    (8) Comment: The NCWRC provided recommendations, with supporting 
data, to revise several critical habitat units, truncating two units 
(i.e., removing 3.8 river miles from Upper/Middle Tar River Subbasin 
and 8.2 river miles from Sandy/Swift Creek), adding occupied habitat to 
two units (10 river miles to Upper/Middle Tar River Subbasin and 7 
river miles to Dan River), and creating a new unit (Little Grassy 
Creek). During the reopened comment period, the VADWR suggested the 
removal of the Middle James River critical habitat unit, noting that 
the last detection of living Atlantic pigtoe in that reach was in the 
late 1960s.
    Our Response: As announced in our reopening of the rule, we 
reviewed this new information received from State agencies, in 
conjunction with all prior

[[Page 64003]]

data. In doing so, we noted an accidental omission error during our 
mapping of critical habitat that resulted in the omission of a 2011 
observation of Atlantic pigtoe in Sappony Creek. Based on the new 
information, we made several revisions to the proposed critical habitat 
designation. We removed 3.8 river miles and added 10 river miles to 
Unit 9 (Upper/Middle Tar River Subbasin) for a net change of 6.2 
additional river miles. We removed 8.2 river miles from Unit 10 (Sandy/
Swift Creek), added 3.5 river miles to Sturgeon Creek and 10.3 river 
miles to Nottoway River in Unit 4 (Nottoway River Subbasin). Further, 
we added 7 river miles to Unit 6 (Dan River). We created two new units 
based on the data received and the accidental omission, including the 
Sappony Creek Unit (Unit 3; 4 river miles) and the Little Grassy Creek 
Unit (Unit 8; 3 river miles). Addition of these units did not change 
the economic analysis, as both units are in counties that were included 
as part of the original analysis. We removed the originally proposed 
Unit 3 (Middle James River) because the VADWR data indicated that the 
Atlantic pigtoe does not currently occupy habitat in that part of the 
system; therefore, this unit no longer meets the criteria for 
designation as critical habitat as we determined that designation of 
unoccupied critical habitat is not essential for the conservation of 
the species (see Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat, below). 
All of these modifications were included in our reopening of the rule 
(85 FR 59487).
    (9) Comment: The VADWR provided data for a newly recorded 
occurrence for Atlantic pigtoe, located approximately 500 meters (m) 
downstream of proposed critical habitat Unit 5. The commenter asked 
that the new information be recorded, but did not believe extending the 
proposed critical habitat another 500 to 600 m, in addition to the 8 km 
currently proposed for designation, would significantly benefit the 
conservation and recovery of Atlantic pigtoe. They also stated that 
potential delays in the proposed listing due to another reopening of 
the comment period on the critical habitat designation would be 
detrimental to the overall conservation and recovery of the species.
    Our Response: The Service acknowledges receipt of the new 
occurrence record and appreciates the commenter's perspective on moving 
forward with listing and designation of critical habitat without delay. 
We concur that adding a small length of stream to an existing critical 
habitat unit would not be a significant benefit to the species, and 
would not contribute substantially to the previously identified 
strategy that we have deemed essential for the conservation of the 
species. We note that a critical habitat designation does not signal 
that habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be 
valuable for recovery of the species. We have updated the SSA report 
accordingly.
    (10) Comment: The SCDNR stated that our initial assumption that 
Atlantic pigtoe does not currently occur in South Carolina was 
incorrect. Specifically, the agency indicated that data do not exist to 
assert that South Carolina populations of Atlantic pigtoe are 
extirpated from the State. It mentioned the possibility that Atlantic 
pigtoe persists in areas of the State where it was thought to be 
historically, but has lacked concentrated survey efforts, especially in 
the Edisto and Pee Dee basins. The SCDNR indicated that survey efforts 
that have taken place are not adequate to determine the presence or 
absence of a rare species.
    Our Response: We acknowledge the concerns of the SCDNR that 
targeted surveys for Atlantic pigtoe are needed in South Carolina 
watersheds. We updated the SSA report to include a statement that few 
surveys have been conducted in the Edisto and Pee Dee basins in South 
Carolina. However, based on current scientific information, the species 
has not been observed since the 1800s in South Carolina; therefore, we 
did not include areas in South Carolina as part of the currently 
occupied range. The Service will work closely with SCDNR and other 
States' agencies to evaluate priorities for data collection and 
monitoring related to the recovery of Atlantic pigtoe, including 
ensuring information is collected in South Carolina to make better 
determinations of presence/absence in South Carolina watersheds that 
would be informative for status reviews and recovery metrics.
    (11) Comment: The SCDNR agreed with language of the proposed 4(d) 
rule's silvicultural exception ``to clarify that the BMPs [best 
management practices] must result in protection of the habitat features 
that provide for breeding, feeding, sheltering, and dispersal needs of 
the Atlantic pigtoe.'' However, the SCDNR recommended that we use the 
streamside management zones applied to Municipal Water Supplies in the 
Virginia BMP Technical Manual (2011), because they are more appropriate 
for protecting the species than those recommended for trout. They 
commented that BMPs that include these wider streamside management 
zones will minimize the impact of the silviculture activities including 
impacts from access roads and skid trails on the species by reducing 
sedimentation and protecting water quality by filtering excess 
nutrients.
    Our Response: The Virginia BMP Streamside Management Zone (SMZ) 
widths for municipal water supplies, to which the SCDNR refers, are 
100, 150, or 200 feet on each side of a waterbody (stream or lake), 
depending on the percent slope of adjacent lands (VDOF 2011, p. 15). 
While we acknowledge that the Virginia forestry BMP manual includes 
guidance for SMZ widths adjacent to municipal water supplies, we 
conclude that applying those, or the trout SMZs, in the 4(d) rule would 
introduce confusion among forest landowners and practitioners.
    A primary reason for citing SMZs for trout in the preamble of our 
revised proposal (85 FR 59487; September 22, 2020) was that trout and 
the Atlantic pigtoe are similarly sensitive to sedimentation and 
thermal inputs. We acknowledge and agree with the SCDNR's point, 
supported by the scientific literature, that the sedentary nature of 
mussels renders them especially vulnerable to habitat degradation, 
including sedimentation and pollution (e.g., ammonia, as mentioned in 
the comment letter). However, some resources (including Mayer et al. 
(2005), cited in SCDNR's letter) indicate that SMZ width alone may not 
be an effective measure of SMZ function. For example, buffer width 
significantly explained only 14 percent of a buffer's nitrogen removal 
effectiveness: ``forested and wetland buffers showed no relationship 
between buffer width and nitrogen removal effectiveness'' (Mayer et al. 
2005, p. 5). While the Mayer study concluded that wider buffers were 
more consistently effective in nitrogen removal, it also concluded that 
other factors related to subsurface flow (e.g., soil type, hydrology, 
biogeochemistry) were crucial. These findings regarding forested SMZ 
widths agree with those from the NCFS's most recent assessment of 
forestry BMPs; while the assessment found that wider buffers were 
generally associated with fewer risks to water quality, a model of the 
data showed a less than 10 percent probability of risk to water quality 
at buffer widths of 50 feet regardless of ecoregion (i.e., Mountains, 
Piedmont, Coastal Plain), and that much narrower SMZ widths in some 
ecoregions achieved the same low probability of risk (Coats et al. 
2017, p. 32), suggesting that there are more effective approaches to 
water quality protection in silviculture than prescribing a uniform SMZ 
width for all situations.

[[Page 64004]]

    Our intent in the 4(d) rule for excepting incidental take resulting 
from forestry and silviculture activities is to relieve some regulatory 
burden on operations for which proper implementation of BMPs may offer 
a net conservation benefit. Therefore, based on the best available 
science and the comments we received, we have revised the 4(d) rule 
language to specify outcome-based management goals necessary for 
conservation of the species and its habitat to provide for the 
breeding, feeding, survival, and shelter of the Atlantic pigtoe, rather 
than prescribing a particular management practice with which to achieve 
necessary species and habitat protection (see II. Final Rule Issued 
Under Section 4(d) of the Act, below, for more information).
    (12) Comment: During the first comment period, the NCFS suggested 
that it would be beneficial to focus only on BMPs and not include 
forest practice guidelines (FPGs) or forest certification standards in 
the 4(d) rule, because the FPGs and certification standards refer to 
State-approved BMPs as the guideline for management. Subsequently, 
during the second comment period, two commenters from State forestry 
agencies (VDOF and NCFS) offered alternative language for the entirety 
of the silvicultural component of the proposed 4(d) rule. They noted 
that this alternative language was drafted with the intent of 
applicability in targeted watersheds of the eastern Piedmont region and 
upper Coastal Plain region, where most of the Atlantic pigtoe's known 
current occupancy and proposed critical habitat is located. They also 
noted that their alterative language may be useful in other future 
listings of aquatic species. The suggested alternative language for the 
4(d) rule exception follows: ``Forestry-related activities, including 
silvicultural practices, forest management work and fire control 
tactics, that achieve all of the following: 1. Establish a streamside 
management zone alongside the margins of each occupied waterway. 2. 
Restrain visible sedimentation caused by the forestry-related activity 
from entering the occupied waterway. 3. Maintain groundcover within the 
streamside management zone of the occupied waterway, and promptly re-
establish groundcover if disturbed. 4. Limit installation of new 
vehicle or equipment crossings of the occupied waterway to only where 
necessary for the forestry-related activity. Such crossings shall: (a) 
Have erosion and sedimentation control measures installed to divert 
surface runoff away and restrain visible sediment from entering the 
waterway; (b) Allow for movement of aquatic organisms within the 
waterway; and (c) Have groundcover applied and maintained through 
completion of the forestry-related activity. 5. Prohibit the use of 
tracked or wheeled vehicles for reforestation site preparation within 
the streamside management zone of the occupied waterway. 6. Prohibit 
locating log decks, skid trails, new roads, and portable mill sites in 
the streamside management zone of the occupied waterway. 7. Prohibit 
obstruction and impediment of the flow of water within the occupied 
waterway, caused by direct deposition of debris or soil by the 
forestry-related activity. 8. Maintain shade over the occupied waterway 
similar to that observed prior to the forestry-related activity. 9. 
Prohibit discharge of any solid waste, petroleum, pesticide, 
fertilizer, or other chemical into the occupied waterway.''
    Our Response: The Service appreciates the constructive 
communications with State forestry agencies during the public comment 
periods, their willingness to express the challenges that the proposed 
4(d) rule posed for implementation and forestry operation oversight, 
and their collaborative effort to offer alternative 4(d) rule language 
that will be more straightforward to implement and communicate to 
forestry practitioners. Importantly, the language offered by the NCFS 
and VDOF during the second comment period also conveys the necessity of 
achieving the water quality outcomes the Service intended for the 
protection of Atlantic pigtoe and its habitat, while reducing the 
regulatory burden associated with strict adherence to the 4(d) rule's 
provisions. We have revised the 4(d) rule language to reflect these 
suggested changes for the forestry exception (see Summary of Changes 
from the Proposed Rule, below).

Public Comments

    (13) Comment: Several comments we received, both from the public 
and from three State forestry agencies (VDOF, NCFS, and SC Forestry 
Commission (SCFC)), indicated the Service did not explain or justify 
the necessity for two-zoned SMZs, for SMZs wider than those already 
recommended by State forestry BMPs within the geographic range of the 
Atlantic pigtoe, or for SMZs related to Virginia and North Carolina 
trout waters being applied to the majority of waters where the Atlantic 
pigtoe occurs. Some comments further suggested that references to trout 
rules or BMPs beyond those already required within the range of the 
Atlantic pigtoe would be confusing and challenging to implement. 
Several such comments further questioned any additional conservation 
benefit that SMZs wider than those currently recommended in State BMPs 
would provide.
    Our Response: In the preamble of our September 22, 2020, proposed 
rule (85 FR 59487), we addressed comments we received on the October 
11, 2018, proposed rule (83 FR 51570), that stated the proposed 4(d) 
language related to ``highest standard BMPs'' was too vague or 
confusing. In the September 22, 2020, proposed rule, it was our intent 
to provide additional discussion and detail for the proposed 4(d) 
incidental take exception resulting from silviculture. By referring to 
BMPs related to trout waters, specifically SMZs, we intended to use a 
frame of reference that would be familiar to forest landowners for 
species sensitive to sedimentation and thermal effects on stream 
waters. The proposed regulation text in the September 22, 2020, 
proposed rule outlined BMPs, but did not include references to trout. 
However, we understand that the references to trout waters in the 
preamble of that document has caused considerable confusion for 
multiple reasons, including: (1) The Atlantic pigtoe mostly occurs in 
watersheds absent of trout; (2) the preamble did not clearly state how 
the Atlantic pigtoe is similarly sensitive to sedimentation (a primary 
factor responsible for the adoption of BMPs specific to trout waters); 
and (3) multiple other regulations and recommended practices already 
exist in watersheds where the Atlantic pigtoe occurs (e.g., region-
specific State BMPs, riparian buffer rules in some watersheds). We have 
carefully considered and addressed the concerns of the commenters by 
revising the final 4(d) rule to specify the outcome-based habitat 
management goals necessary to provide habitat for the breeding, 
feeding, survival, and sheltering of the Atlantic pigtoe, rather than 
prescribing a particular management practice with which to achieve 
necessary habitat protection (e.g., we removed the two-zoned SMZs of 
variable width; see II. Final Rule Issued Under Section 4(d) of the Act 
and Regulation Promulgation, below, for more information).
    (14) Comment: We received many comments, from both the public and 
from State forestry agencies (SCFC and VDOF), noting that State-
approved BMPs are sufficient for the protection of the Atlantic pigtoe. 
These commenters also maintained that mandatory adoption of BMPs is not 
necessary as BMP implementation rates are already high.

[[Page 64005]]

    Our Response: When properly implemented, BMPs can offer a 
substantial improvement to water quality compared to forestry 
operations where BMPs are not implemented or not properly implemented; 
therefore, we have included an exception for incidental take resulting 
from silviculture and forest management in the final 4(d) rule. Intact 
riparian buffers (i.e., SMZs) have been cited as important contributing 
factors for protecting mussels against excess sedimentation and 
nutrient input from a variety of consumptive land uses (O'Driscoll et 
al. 2014, pp. 87-90; Osterling and Hogberg 2014, p. 219). Streams with 
forested buffers have been shown to have greater mussel species 
evenness; less ammonia, nitrogen, and solar radiation input; and less 
fluctuation of daily temperatures than streams with narrow, grassy 
riparian zones (Morris and Corkum 1996, pp. 580-584).
    The commenters also provided information that indicates forestry 
BMP implementation across the nation and Southeast region are generally 
high; we agree, but assert that implementation of effective BMPs in 
forest management is not universal. A 2018 report by the Southern Group 
of State Foresters (SGSF) shows that overall BMP implementation rates 
have increased over the last 20 years, more markedly in some States 
than in others (e.g., BMP implementation in Virginia was the lowest of 
all the southeastern States (76 percent) as recently as 2007, but 
increased to 94 percent by 2016 (SGSF 2018, p. 10)). Virginia's most 
recent BMP monitoring report indicated that audits of 240 sites in 2018 
resulted in findings of significant water quality risk in only four 
cases, and that none of them had active sedimentation during the audit 
visit (VDOF 2020, p. 3). However, they also reported that despite 
overall high BMP implementation rates, three very important categories 
that often lead to water quality concerns (roads, crossings, and skid 
trails), sometimes lag behind other categories with regard to 
implementation percentage (VDOF 2020, p. 3). Data from the SGSF show 
North Carolina has the lowest overall implementation rate (84 percent) 
in the Southeast, with other State implementation rates ranging from 89 
to 99 percent (SGSF 2018, p. 10). The most recent survey of BMP 
implementation in North Carolina showed that implementation rates--
while averaging 84 percent Statewide--varied among regions within the 
State, and with respect to the type of BMP being evaluated (Coats 2017, 
pp. 8-41). The NCFS reported that BMPs were not applied or properly 
implemented in 4,584 opportunities in their assessments, and that 30 
percent of these cases posed a risk to water quality (Coats 2017, p. 
8). The NCFS also reported that 74 percent of all identified risks to 
water quality were associated with the lack of application or improper 
implementation of BMPs related to stream crossings (average 
implementation rate = 79 percent; range 72-83 percent), SMZs (average 
implementation rate = 86 percent; range 72-91 percent), and post-
harvest rehabilitation of a site (average implementation rate = 71 
percent; range 53-83 percent) (Coats 2017, pp. 8, 9, 18-19, 26-34). 
Such incidents of improperly or unused BMPs and their associated risks 
to water quality and habitat, as illustrated by these reports, are 
important to acknowledge in the context of rare, imperiled species, 
where any one particular localized event may result in further 
imperilment of a population or hamper recovery of the species.
    Development and refinement of BMPs has resulted in substantial 
improvements to forestry's impacts on water quality in recent decades 
and has created a culture of water stewardship in the forest landowner 
community, making this stakeholder group an important ally in the 
conservation of imperiled species. The reduced risks to water quality 
justify our inclusion of a 4(d) incidental take exception resulting 
from forestry and silviculture for the Atlantic pigtoe, but the 
remaining presence of sedimentation risk supports the need to specify 
conditions required for the exception to apply. Forest management 
activities in the range of the Atlantic pigtoe that are not expected to 
meet the conditions of the 4(d) rule exception could still occur via 
consultation with the Service under section 7 or a conservation 
agreement under section 10 of the Act.
    Existing BMPs will be sufficient for the protection of the Atlantic 
pigtoe if they are widely implemented in watersheds where the species 
occurs and are implemented appropriately such that forest management 
operations maintain compliance with State regulatory requirements, and 
that they achieve management goals related to conserving and 
maintaining suitable habitat for the Atlantic pigtoe, which closely 
mirror State forestry regulations on water quality. State-approved 
BMPs, properly implemented, protect water quality and help conserve 
aquatic species, including the Atlantic pigtoe. Forest landowners who 
properly implement those BMPs are helping conserve the species, and 
this final 4(d) rule is an incentive for all landowners to properly 
implement those BMPs to avoid any possible take liability. Further, 
those forest landowners who are third-party-certified to a credible 
forest management standard are providing audited certainty that BMPs 
are being implemented across the landscape.
    (15) Comment: Some of the comments concerning BMPs also suggested 
that assessments of water quality using aquatic insects as indicators 
confirm that BMPs are protective of water quality and habitat for 
aquatic species.
    Our Response: Much of the literature shared by commenters on the 
effectiveness of BMPs for protecting aquatic species and their habitats 
relies on aquatic macroinvertebrate assessments, mostly of aquatic 
insects. While they are a common rapid field assessment method for 
monitoring or measuring water quality, current scientific information 
does not support the assertion made by several commenters that presence 
or recovery of insects is a proxy for suitable habitat recovery after 
disturbance (i.e., a sedimentation event) for benthic invertebrates 
like the Atlantic pigtoe, or a proxy for recolonization of mussels 
after such a disturbance. While reliance on effects to aquatic insect 
communities is a useful rapid assessment tool for water quality, there 
is a gap in the best available science about how that resilience 
relates to comparatively long-lived animals, such as unionid freshwater 
mussels (e.g., the Atlantic pigtoe). Some research comparing how 
macroinvertebrate insect assessments relate to other taxa (e.g., 
amphibians, fishes, zooplankton) indicates that insect assessments do 
not correspond well in evaluations of watershed land use or 
anthropogenic effects on water quality and water resources for these 
species (e.g., Brazner et al. 2007, pp. 625-627; Kovalenko et al. 2019, 
entire; Herlihy et al. 2020, entire). Further, some studies recommend 
using assessments from multiple taxa to better evaluate the response of 
biological integrity in streams to anthropogenic activities (Herlihy et 
al. 2020, p. 10; Hughes et al. 2000, pp. 437-440). The risks of water 
quality impacts to many taxa are emphasized in studies, highlighting 
the utility of aquatic insect assessments for evaluating forestry BMPs, 
along with the need for research on forestry BMP effectiveness for the 
protection of taxa other than aquatic insects (Warrington et al. 2017, 
entire). Freshwater mussels have been recognized for decades as 
important for biomonitoring of environmental health

[[Page 64006]]

because of their sedentary nature, long lifespans, and complex life 
history (Van Hassel and Farris 2007, entire).
    A number of other differences between aquatic insects and unionid 
mussels makes comparisons of their responses to water quality tenuous 
and demands careful consideration in applying the results from one to 
the other. Most aquatic insects (particularly those widely used in 
assessments) are not rare species; thus, the impact of any single or 
isolated event is likely to be more easily masked at the population 
level. Further, the aquatic larval phase of macroinvertebrate insects 
typically emphasized in assessments is of short duration (e.g., aquatic 
phases ranging less than 1 to 2 years for many mayflies (Ephemeroptera; 
Voshell 2002, p. 270); 1 to 2 years for many stoneflies (Plecoptera; 
Voshell 2002, p. 310); less than 1 to 2 years for most caddisflies 
(Trichoptera; Voxhell 2002, p. 375)) and acute effects in the recent 
past (less than 5 years) may not present in assessment data. This is 
facilitated by the immigration of aquatic insects back into impacted 
stream reaches by downstream drift or other mechanisms, including the 
adult winged flight stage, which allows immigration from other nearby 
waterbodies or from downstream reaches (Waters 1972, entire).
    Conversely, Atlantic pigtoe is a rare, sedentary mussel living in 
stream bed substrates, with different ecological requirements and a 
decades-long lifespan. Extirpation of Atlantic pigtoe from a stream 
reach after an impact to the population (e.g., a sedimentation event 
that suffocates mussels in the stream bed or impairs reproduction in a 
given year) would have longer lasting consequences, and recolonization 
can be hampered by many factors, such as: The Atlantic pigtoe's 
typically small population sizes, low reproductive success, instream 
barriers to the migration of host fishes, distance between populations 
that can serve as potential recolonization sources, and long generation 
time (approximately 10 to 12 years; Service 2021, p. 66). Again, we 
recognize that widespread implementation of BMPs has unquestionable 
benefits to water quality and likely Atlantic pigtoe habitat; however, 
we also recognize that additional quantification of the effects of BMPs 
on mussels would be valuable, particularly given the differential life 
history characteristics between macroinvertebrate taxa.
    (16) Comment: Some commenters stated that the Service did not 
provide evidence that the Atlantic pigtoe is a sensitive species, and 
at least one commenter stated that failure to describe its sensitivity 
or similarity to trout sensitivity is arbitrary and capricious.
    Our Response: In our October 11, 2018, proposed rule (83 FR 51570), 
we included several details related to the ecological requirements of 
the Atlantic pigtoe (e.g., high dissolved oxygen, silt-free 
substrates), referenced the SSA report, and included a summary of risk 
factors to the species (e.g., primarily habitat degradation, including 
the buildup of fine sediments, the loss of flowing water, instream 
habitat fragmentation, and impairment of water quality). In our 
September 22, 2020, revisions to the proposed rule (85 FR 59487), we 
provided additional information, including statements on the effects of 
sedimentation to the Atlantic pigtoe (e.g., Silted stream bottoms 
suffocate filter feeding animals and decrease the stream's insect 
population, an important source of food for host fish (VDOF 2011, p. 
37). Siltation also makes mussel and host fish reproduction difficult 
(Service 2021, pp. 29, 41, 47, 57). Transformed juvenile mussels 
require clean gravel/coarse sand substrates with oxygenated water to 
successfully become adults (Service 2021, p. 11). Lastly, a silted 
bottom substrate can result in mortality (Service 2021, pp. 29, 59)). 
(see 85 FR 59490). The September 22, 2020 revisions to the proposed 
rule were specific to the 4(d) rule and designation of critical 
habitat, and it directed readers to the initial listing proposal, the 
SSA report, and previous Federal actions for additional detailed 
information about the Atlantic pigtoe. The commenters may not have 
realized that the September 22, 2020, document discussed a subset, but 
did not repeat the entirety, of the proposals published in the October 
11, 2018, proposed rule; the focus of the September 22, 2020, document 
was on the substantive revisions proposed. However, the concerns of the 
commenters have been carefully considered and are addressed in this 
rule by removing references to trout and providing more detailed 
information about the Atlantic pigtoe, its habitat requirements, and 
its sensitivity to threats, particularly sedimentation, using the best 
available scientific information about this species and relevant 
information from related species (i.e., freshwater bivalves).
    (17) Comment: A few commenters highlighted proposed or final rules 
for other aquatic species that they say indicate a Service precedent 
for accepting State-approved forestry BMPs as sufficient for protection 
of a species in a 4(d) rule's exceptions, and that they think that 
approach should also apply to the Atlantic pigtoe's 4(d) rule.
    Our Response: All 4(d) rules establish species-specific regulations 
to provide for the conservation of a threatened species and must be 
considered within the context of that species' needs. Because all 
species are unique, measures included in some 4(d) rules should not be 
considered to set a precedent for future 4(d) rules on other species. 
Although it may be practical to consider the implications of how 4(d) 
rules are implemented for species with overlapping geographic ranges 
and habitat needs, we still must ensure that each 4(d) rule establishes 
the regulations necessary and advisable to provide for the conservation 
of species listed as threatened. We also note that several of the 
commenters' examples do not apply to threatened species or are not from 
a 4(d) rule. For example, commenters referenced language in the 
preamble of the final rule listing the Black Warrior waterdog (Necturus 
alabamensis) as an endangered species and designating critical habitat 
(83 FR 257; January 3, 2018) that refers to Alabama's forestry BMPs in 
the Summary of Factors Affecting the Species discussion. Other comments 
we received referred to BMP discussions not for species' listing 
actions but for critical habitat designations (e.g., candy darter 
(Etheostoma osburni), diamond darter (Crystallaria cincotta), and big 
sandy crayfish (Cambarus callainus)) that listed BMPs among activities 
that can ameliorate threats to critical habitat. Comments also 
referenced the pearl darter (Percina aurora), a species listed as 
threatened in 2017 (82 FR 43885; September 20, 2017) when our 
regulations at 50 CFR 17.31 applied to threatened species all of the 
provisions of 50 CFR 17.21 for endangered species unless we promulgated 
species-specific provisions under section 4(d) of the Act for the 
threatened species; the pearl darter listing rule (82 FR 43885; 
September 20, 2017) included silviculture with BMPs among actions 
unlikely to result in a violation of the Act's section 9, and that rule 
also discussed poor silviculture under the Summary of Factors Affecting 
the Species. Finally, some comments referenced the trispot darter 
(Etheostoma trisella), which is a threatened species listing with a 
species-specific 4(d) rule that includes an exception for silviculture. 
The final 4(d) rule for the trispot darter (85 FR 61619; September 30, 
2020) has an incidental take exception for silviculture practices and 
forest management activities that includes

[[Page 64007]]

requirements for implementing State BMPs for SMZs, stream crossings, 
and forest roads, among others; removing logging debris from stream 
channels; and limiting activities to only a portion of the year if they 
involve spawning habitat. Although the trispot darter 4(d) rule is the 
most similar among the commenters' examples to this rule for the 
Atlantic pigtoe (i.e., a threatened species listing rule with a 4(d) 
rule incidental take exception for silviculture), we are required to 
tailor the 4(d) rule to the Atlantic pigtoe, based on what is necessary 
and advisable to provide for the conservation specifically of the 
Atlantic pigtoe. Furthermore, a mobile darter has a different life 
history than a sessile freshwater mussel, and likewise has different 
responses to sedimentation or water quality inputs. The Service 
considers existing local environmental rules, local environmental 
conditions, and other factors, in toto, and tailors regulations to the 
management needs of species within that context to ensure prohibitions 
and exceptions to prohibitions for threatened species outlined in 4(d) 
rules are specific to the considerations for each particular species.
    (18) Comment: Two comments expressed concern that, if the proposal 
were made final with forest management requirements in the 4(d) rule's 
exceptions that exceed State-recommended BMPs for the areas in which 
the Atlantic pigtoe occurs, the 4(d) rule for the Atlantic pigtoe would 
set a precedent not founded in the best available scientific 
information.
    Our Response: See our response to (17) Comment, above. The species-
specific nature of 4(d) rules is inherently incompatible with setting 
precedents because we must consider the needs of the individual species 
being listed within each rule. The Atlantic pigtoe's 4(d) rule does not 
prescribe management restrictions; rather, it provides for the 
conservation of the species by outlining prohibitions (e.g., take) that 
are compatible with the overall conservation of the species, and sets 
forth exceptions to those prohibitions for activities that are expected 
not to impede conservation. The Atlantic pigtoe's 4(d) rule's 
exceptions to prohibitions provide specific information on the 
conditions required for being excepted from incidental take resulting 
from certain activities. The 4(d) rule does not prohibit silvicultural 
management; activities resulting in incidental take not included in the 
4(d) rule's exceptions to prohibitions could still be covered under a 
conservation agreement under section 10 of the Act or authorized via 
section 7 of the Act. The 4(d) rule's incidental take exceptions are 
intended to provide some relief from regulatory burden, while outlining 
the conditions necessary and advisable for the conservation of the 
species.
    As discussed above (see our response to (13) Comment, above), we 
have revised the 4(d) rule by removing the two-zoned SMZ requirement 
over concerns related to confusion and challenging implementation of 
multiple sets of forestry-related rules and guidelines already in place 
within the geographic range of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    (19) Comment: During the first public comment period, two 
commenters noted that the meaning of ``highest-standard'' BMPs as 
stated in the proposed 4(d) rule is unclear. They indicate that each 
forestry BMP stands on its own merits; there are not different classes 
or degrees or standards of BMPs. Indeed, on some sites, it may be 
adequate to apply a limited number of BMPs, while on other sites, a 
more comprehensive set of BMPs may be appropriate. One of the 
commenters suggested that to avoid confusion, the 4(d) rule should say, 
``State-approved best management practices'' or an equivalent phrase.
    After revisions to the 4(d) rule, during the second comment period, 
several commenters requested that we revise the proposed 4(d) rule to 
``only reference State-approved BMPs without addition or 
modification.'' Another commenter (NCFS) suggested an alternative to 
incorporate by reference a section of the Code of Federal Regulations 
(CFR) related to compliance with the exemption from permitting to 
discharge dredged or fill material into waters of the United States 
(i.e., 33 CFR 323.4(a)(6)(ix): The discharge shall not take, or 
jeopardize the continued existence of, a threatened or endangered 
species as defined under the Endangered Species Act, or adversely 
modify or destroy the critical habitat of such species.) The NCFS 
asserted that a 4(d) rule for the Atlantic pigtoe should be written to 
cross-reference these existing Federal regulations and apply concurrent 
compliance with the requirements of both the Clean Water Act (CWA; 33 
U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) and Endangered Species Act, through a blanket 
section 7 consultation.
    Our Response: In response to the comments from the first public 
comment period, we modified the proposed 4(d) rule language to provide 
specific details for SMZ widths that will be most protective of the 
habitat for the species (85 FR 59487; September 22, 2020), similar to 
those ``more substantial'' BMPs considered for streams that are 
designated ``trout waters'' and already implemented by both Virginia's 
and North Carolina's State forestry programs. We also modified the 4(d) 
rule language to use the phrase ``State-approved BMPs'' as suggested by 
the original commenter.
    In response to additional comments we received during the second 
comment period (specifically those suggesting reference to the U.S. 
Army Corps of Engineers' regulations at 33 CFR 323.4(a)(6)(ix), which 
set forth exemptions for CWA permitting requirements for the 
construction of farm roads, forest roads, or temporary roads for moving 
mining equipment), we find that these regulations are not designed to 
conservation species such as Atlantic pigtoe. The CFR reference 
suggested by the commenter is provides no specific guidance on 
implementing the exempted activities to avoid take of or jeopardy to 
endangered or threatened species. The use of State-approved BMPs for 
forestry to meet the CWA exemption are not species conservation 
regulatory requirements. Furthermore, State forestry BMP manuals do not 
represent a law or requirement; they are a set of recommended practices 
for achieving compliance with water quality regulations, and BMP 
manuals are subject to change. In fact, the NCFS has recently proposed 
revisions to the NC BMP manual (Gerow 2020, pers. comm.); this 
highlights the need to provide specific information for the 
conservation of a species in the text of the 4(d) rule. It is the 
responsibility of the Service under the Endangered Species Act to 
provide guidance on how to avoid take of or jeopardy to endangered and 
threatened species, and the Act guides the Service to establish a 
species-specific 4(d) rules for threatened species, including language 
stating prohibitions and exceptions to prohibitions for the protection 
of the species.
    Finally, nothing in this final 4(d) rule will change in any way the 
consultation requirements under section 7 of the Act. However, 
interagency cooperation may be further streamlined through planned 
programmatic consultations for the species between Federal agencies and 
the Service, where appropriate.
    (20) Comment: Two commenters stated that SMZs are part of a suite 
of BMPs and that they should not be proposed alone.
    Our Response: We proposed the incidental take exception resulting 
from forestry to include multiple State-approved BMPs, highlighting 
considerations for SMZs because of their importance to stream habitat, 
along with considerations for stream

[[Page 64008]]

crossings, skid trails, and access roads. However, commenters have 
demonstrated particular concern and confusion over that portion of the 
proposed incidental take exception resulting from forestry activities 
with specifications on SMZs. As noted in our response to (13) Comment, 
above, we have revised the 4(d) rule's incidental take exception to 
include the suite of BMPs.
    (21) Comment: During the first comment period, the NCFS commented 
that forestry-related, site-disturbing activities must protect riparian 
areas, indicating that the multiple layers of existing State-enacted 
riparian zone protections are sufficient to restrain sediment from 
negatively impacting habitat for the Atlantic pigtoe and other species. 
They referenced a U.S. Department of Agriculture study demonstrating 
that the use of BMPs and compliance with the State's standards 
effectively maintained water quality and sustained the populations of 
benthic macroinvertebrates, and noted that the results from this study 
demonstrate that forestry operations will not impact Atlantic pigtoe 
habitat. They recommended that compliance with State-enacted riparian 
buffer rules should be deemed as concurrent compliance with the 4(d) 
rule's prohibitions as well as concurrent protection of critical 
habitat. In addition, we received several comments indicating that a 
4(d) rule that includes overly specific prescriptive measures for 
protecting water quality and habitat for the Atlantic pigtoe would be 
confusing to communicate to landowners and challenging to implement.
    Our Response: State regulations are susceptible to change (as 
described in the SSA report, section 4.2); therefore, it is necessary 
to detail the requirements needed for the Atlantic pigtoe in the 
Federal listing rule, which includes the 4(d) rule. The reference to 
the paired watershed study is not specifically relevant to the Atlantic 
pigtoe, as that study focused on water quality only (not instream or 
streamside habitat) and impacts to benthic macroinvertebrates that did 
not include freshwater mussels. Therefore, in our 4(d) rule, we 
articulate outcome-based habitat management that, if followed, will 
eliminate sedimentation threats to Atlantic pigtoe habitat and is 
excepted from incidental take prohibitions.
    (22) Comment: One commenter recommended that the Service remove 
from the descriptions of critical habitat units references to 
silviculture being a potential source of pollution. The commenter 
indicated that the forestry sector in general believes that such 
references may have had some credence a generation or more ago, but the 
advent of BMPs, their proven effectiveness, and high implementation 
rates make such references incorrect today.
    Our Response: The best available science indicates that proper 
implementation of forestry BMPs reduces negative effects on water 
quality compared to historical silvicultural practices and compared to 
current practices that do not apply or properly implement BMPs. 
However, although BMPs generally are implemented at high rates, they 
are not universally applied or always properly implemented, and forest 
management activities can still contribute to high sediment loads. As 
noted above, the most recent assessment of BMP implementation by the 
NCFS reported that the majority of risks to water quality identified 
during the assessment were associated with forest managers' failure to 
use or properly apply BMPs related to SMZs, stream crossings, and post-
harvest restoration (Coats 2017, pp. 8-34). We also acknowledge that 
there are multiple sources of sediment and other pollutants. That said, 
we have removed from the critical habitat descriptions the statements 
about silvicultural runoff as a source of pollution, and we have 
replaced them with language about management activities that will 
benefit habitat for the species, such as riparian buffer restoration, 
reduced surface and groundwater withdrawals, stormwater retrofits, 
elimination of direct stormwater discharges, and implementation of the 
highest levels of wastewater treatment practicable.
    (23) Comment: One commenter noted that the Service's proposed 
critical habitat designation for the Atlantic pigtoe is inadequate to 
ensure the conservation of the species because the Service has only 
proposed critical habitat within the species' currently occupied 
habitat, neglecting the essential protection of unoccupied habitat 
pursuant to 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(A)(ii).
    Our Response: We did not propose to designate any areas outside the 
geographical area currently occupied by the species because we did not 
find any unoccupied areas to be essential for the conservation of the 
species. We have determined that the designation of critical habitat 
within eight occupied management units currently categorized as 
moderately or highly resilient across the physiographic representation 
of the species' range will conserve the species. Efforts to improve the 
resiliency of populations in currently occupied streams should increase 
viability to the point that the protections of the Act are no longer 
necessary. See Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat, below, for 
more information.
    (24) Comment: One commenter noted that the Service's failure to 
protect as critical habitat the currently unoccupied habitat across 
Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia that soon may be 
subject to anticipated State restocking efforts undermines the 
Service's charge under the Act to fashion a concerted regulatory scheme 
to ensure the long-term viability of this species by bolstering its 
range and resiliency. The commenter called upon the Service to 
designate suitable, unoccupied critical habitat in each of the 12 river 
basins in the Atlantic pigtoe's historical range to prevent the further 
deterioration of their once-and-future habitat.
    Our Response: We are working in coordination with State efforts to 
re-establish extirpated Atlantic pigtoe populations via captive 
propagation. Designation of critical habitat is not required for these 
species restoration efforts, and as discussed above (see our responses 
to (8) Comment and (23) Comment, above), we have determined that 
designation of unoccupied critical habitat is not essential for the 
conservation of the species. In our final 4(d) rule for the Atlantic 
pigtoe, we are excepting incidental take resulting from captive 
propagation and reintroduction efforts, as we recognize these efforts 
further the conservation of the species. Excepting incidental take 
resulting these activities under the 4(d) rule enables each State to 
proceed with stocking that is not subject to incidental take. In 
addition, section 6 of the Act provides that the Service shall 
cooperate to the maximum extent practicable with the States in carrying 
out programs authorized by the Act. Therefore, the final 4(d) rule also 
provides that any qualified employee or agent of a State conservation 
agency that is a party to a cooperative agreement with the Service in 
accordance with section 6(c) of the Act, who is designated by his or 
her agency for such purposes, would be able to conduct activities 
designed to conserve Atlantic pigtoe that may result in otherwise 
prohibited take without additional authorization.

I. Final Listing Determination

Background

    Please refer to the October 11, 2018, proposed rule (83 FR 51570), 
the September 22, 2020, document (85 FR 59487), and the SSA report for 
a full summary of species information. These documents are available at 
http://

[[Page 64009]]

www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2018-0046.
    The Atlantic pigtoe is a small freshwater mussel with a sub-
rhomboidal shaped shell. Although larger specimens exist, the Atlantic 
pigtoe rarely exceeds 50 millimeters (mm) (2 inches (in)) in length. 
The known historical range of the Atlantic pigtoe included 12 
populations in Atlantic river basins from Virginia to Georgia. However, 
surveys conducted from 2005 to 2019 indicate that the currently 
occupied range of the Atlantic pigtoe consists of seven populations in 
Virginia and North Carolina. The Atlantic pigtoe is dependent on clean, 
moderate-flowing water with high dissolved oxygen content in creek and 
riverine environments. Historically, the most abundant populations 
existed in creeks and rivers with excellent water quality, and where 
stream flows were sufficient to maintain clean, silt-free substrates. 
It is associated with gravel and coarse sand substrates at the 
downstream edge of riffles (shallow water with rapid currents running 
over gravel or rocks), and less commonly occurs in cobble, silt, or 
sand detritus mixtures. Because this species prefers more pristine 
conditions, it typically occurs in headwaters of rural watersheds.
    The Atlantic pigtoe is presumed to be an omnivore. Adults primarily 
filter feed on a wide variety of microscopic particulate matter 
suspended in the water column, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, 
bacteria, detritus, and dissolved organic matter, although juveniles 
tend to pedal feed in the sediment (Alderman and Alderman 2014, p. 9). 
Like most freshwater mussels, the Atlantic pigtoe has a unique life 
cycle that relies on fish hosts for successful reproduction. Following 
release from the female mussel, sticky packets of floating glochidia 
(larvae) attach to the gills and scales of host minnows. The larvae 
stay attached to the host fish until they complete metamorphosis, when 
they release from the fish and fall to the substrate.
    The Atlantic pigtoe has been documented in all major river basins 
in the Atlantic coastal drainages from the James River Basin in 
Virginia south to the Altamaha River Basin in Georgia, and from the 
foothills of the Appalachian Mountains to the Coastal Plain. However, 
abundance and distribution of the species has declined, with the 
species currently occupying approximately 40 percent of its historical 
range. Most of the remaining populations are small and fragmented, only 
occupying a fraction of reaches that were historically occupied. Recent 
surveys found Atlantic pigtoes remain in seven populations in Virginia 
and North Carolina; however, only three populations have multiple 
documented occurrences within the past 16 years. This decrease in 
abundance and distribution has resulted in largely isolated 
contemporary populations. Evidence suggests that the range reduction of 
the species corresponds to habitat degradation resulting from the 
cumulative impacts of land use change and associated watershed-level 
effects on water quality, water quantity, habitat connectivity, and 
instream habitat suitability.

Regulatory and Analytical Framework

Regulatory Framework

    Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and its implementing 
regulations (50 CFR part 424) set forth the procedures for determining 
whether a species is an ``endangered species'' or a ``threatened 
species.'' The Act defines an ``endangered species'' as a species that 
is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of 
its range, and a ``threatened species'' as a species that is likely to 
become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout 
all or a significant portion of its range. The Act requires that we 
determine whether any species is an ``endangered species'' or a 
``threatened species'' because of any of the following factors:
    (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or 
curtailment of its habitat or range;
    (B) Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes;
    (C) Disease or predation;
    (D) The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
    (E) Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued 
existence.
    These factors represent broad categories of natural or human-caused 
actions or conditions that could have an effect on a species' continued 
existence. In evaluating these actions and conditions, we look for 
those that may have a negative effect on individuals of the species, as 
well as other actions or conditions that may ameliorate any negative 
effects or may have positive effects.
    We use the term ``threat'' to refer in general to actions or 
conditions that are known to or are reasonably likely to negatively 
affect individuals of a species. The term ``threat'' includes actions 
or conditions that have a direct impact on individuals (direct 
impacts), as well as those that affect individuals through alteration 
of their habitat or required resources (stressors). The term ``threat'' 
may encompass--either together or separately--the source of the action 
or condition or the action or condition itself.
    However, the mere identification of any threat(s) does not 
necessarily mean that the species meets the statutory definition of an 
``endangered species'' or a ``threatened species.'' In determining 
whether a species meets either definition, we must evaluate all 
identified threats by considering the expected response by the species, 
and the effects of the threats--in light of those actions and 
conditions that will ameliorate the threats--on an individual, 
population, and species level. We evaluate each threat and its expected 
effects on the species, then analyze the cumulative effect of all of 
the threats on the species as a whole. We also consider the cumulative 
effect of the threats in light of those actions and conditions that 
will have positive effects on the species, such as any existing 
regulatory mechanisms or conservation efforts. The Secretary determines 
whether the species meets the definition of an ``endangered species'' 
or a ``threatened species'' only after conducting this cumulative 
analysis and describing the expected effect on the species now and in 
the foreseeable future.
    The Act does not define the term ``foreseeable future,'' which 
appears in the statutory definition of ``threatened species.'' Our 
implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.11(d) set forth a framework for 
evaluating the foreseeable future on a case-by-case basis. The term 
``foreseeable future'' extends only so far into the future as the 
Service can reasonably determine that both the future threats and the 
species' responses to those threats are likely. In other words, the 
foreseeable future is the period of time in which we can make reliable 
predictions. ``Reliable'' does not mean ``certain''; it means 
sufficient to provide a reasonable degree of confidence in the 
prediction. Thus, a prediction is reliable if it is reasonable to 
depend on it when making decisions.
    It is not always possible or necessary to define foreseeable future 
as a particular number of years. Analysis of the foreseeable future 
uses the best scientific and commercial data available and should 
consider the timeframes applicable to the relevant threats and to the 
species' likely responses to those threats in view of its life-history 
characteristics. Data that are typically relevant to assessing the 
species' biological response include species-specific factors such as 
lifespan, reproductive rates or productivity,

[[Page 64010]]

certain behaviors, and other demographic factors.
    Our proposed rule described ``foreseeable future'' as the extent to 
which we can reasonably rely on predictions about the future in making 
determinations about the future conservation status of the species. The 
Service since codified its understanding of foreseeable future at 50 
CFR 424.11(d) (84 FR 45020; August 27, 2019). In those regulations, we 
explain the term ``foreseeable future'' extends only so far into the 
future as the Service can reasonably determine that both the future 
threats and the species' responses to those threats are likely. The 
Service will describe the foreseeable future on a case-by-case basis, 
using the best available data and taking into account considerations 
such as the species' life-history characteristics, threat-projection 
timeframes, and environmental variability. The Service need not 
identify the foreseeable future in terms of a specific period of time.
    These regulations did not significantly modify the Service's 
interpretation of the term ``foreseeable future''; rather they codified 
a framework that sets forth how the Service will determine what 
constitutes the foreseeable future based on our long-standing practice. 
However, the regulations at 50 CFR 424.11(d) do not apply to this final 
rule because the October 11, 2018, proposed rule for the Atlantic 
pigtoe (83 FR 51570) published prior to the effective date of the final 
rule amending 50 CFR 424.11(d) (84 FR 45020; August 27, 2019). Our 
assessment of the ``foreseeable future'' for the Atlantic pigtoe, as 
presented in our October 11, 2018, proposed rule and this final rule, 
has not changed.

Analytical Framework

    The SSA report documents the results of our comprehensive 
biological review of the best scientific and commercial data regarding 
the status of the species, including an assessment of the potential 
threats to the species. The SSA report does not represent a decision by 
the Service on whether the species should be listed as an endangered or 
threatened species under the Act. However, it does provide the 
scientific basis that informs our regulatory decisions, which involve 
the further application of standards within the Act and its 
implementing regulations and policies. The following is a summary of 
the key results and conclusions from the SSA report; the full SSA 
report can be found at http://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-
R4-ES-2018-0046.
    To assess Atlantic pigtoe viability, we used the three conservation 
biology principles of resiliency, redundancy, and representation (the 
``3 Rs'') (Shaffer and Stein 2000, pp. 306-310). Briefly, resiliency 
supports the ability of the species to withstand environmental and 
demographic stochasticity (for example, wet or dry, warm or cold 
years), redundancy supports the ability of the species to withstand 
catastrophic events (for example, droughts, large pollution events), 
and representation supports the ability of the species to adapt over 
time to long-term changes in the environment (for example, climate 
changes). In general, the more resilient and redundant a species is and 
the more representation it has, the more likely it is to sustain 
populations over time, even under changing environmental conditions. 
Using these principles, we identified the species' ecological 
requirements for survival and reproduction at the individual, 
population, and species levels, and described the beneficial and risk 
factors influencing the species' viability.
    The SSA process can be divided into three sequential stages. During 
the first stage, we evaluated the individual species' life-history 
needs. In the next stage, we assessed the historical and current 
condition of the species' demographics and habitat characteristics, 
including an explanation of how the species arrived at its current 
condition. In the final stage, we made predictions about the species' 
responses to positive and negative environmental and anthropogenic 
influences. Throughout all of these stages, we used the best available 
information to characterize viability as the ability of a species to 
sustain populations in the wild over time. We use this information to 
inform our regulatory decision.

Summary of Biological Status and Threats

    In this discussion, we review the biological condition of the 
species and its resources, and the threats that influence the species' 
current and future condition, in order to assess the species' overall 
viability and the risks to that viability.
    To evaluate the current and future viability of the Atlantic 
pigtoe, we assessed a range of conditions to allow us to consider the 
species' resiliency, representation, and redundancy. Populations were 
delineated using the 12 river basins that Atlantic pigtoe mussels 
historically occupied: The James, Chowan, Roanoke, Tar, Neuse, Cape 
Fear, Pee Dee, Catawba, Edisto, Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha River 
basins. Because the river basin level is at a very coarse scale, 
populations were further delineated using management units (MUs). The 
MUs were defined as one or more U.S. Geological Survey Hydrological 
Unit Code (HUC) 10 watersheds that species experts identified as the 
most appropriate unit for assessing population-level resiliency. To 
provide context for the current condition of the species using the 3 
Rs, we considered the historical range as context for the species' 
resiliency, redundancy, and representation on the landscape in the 
past. However, in addressing the current condition of the 3 Rs, only 
extant populations were analyzed.
    To assess resiliency, we qualitatively analyzed data related to 
three population factors (MU occupancy, recruitment, and abundance) and 
four habitat elements (water quality, water quantity/flow, instream 
substrate, and habitat connectivity). Overall population condition 
rankings and habitat condition rankings were determined by combining 
these factors and elements.
    We described representation for the Atlantic pigtoe in terms of 
river basin variability (known from 12 historical river basins, 
currently extant in 7), physiographic variability (Mountains, Piedmont, 
and Coastal Plain), and historical latitudinal variability (Virginia 
south to Georgia). We assessed Atlantic pigtoe redundancy by first 
evaluating occupancy within each of the hydrologic units (i.e., HUC10s) 
that constitute MUs, and then evaluating occupancy at the MU, and 
ultimately the population level.

Factors Influencing Atlantic Pigtoe Viability

    Aquatic systems face a multitude of natural and anthropogenic 
factors that may impact the status of species within those systems 
(Neves et al. 1997, p. 44). Generally, these factors can be categorized 
as either environmental stressors (e.g., development, agriculture 
practices, improper forest management) or systematic changes (e.g., 
climate change, invasive species, dams or other barriers). The largest 
threats to the future viability of the Atlantic pigtoe consist of 
habitat degradation from stressors influencing water quality, water 
quantity, instream habitat, and habitat connectivity. All of these 
threats are exacerbated by the effects of climate change. A brief 
summary of these primary stressors is presented below; for a full 
description of these stressors, refer to chapter 4 of the SSA report 
(Service 2021, pp. 45-61). We did not find that the species faces 
significant threats from overutilization for commercial,

[[Page 64011]]

recreational, scientific, or education purposes, or from disease or 
predation.
Environmental Stressors
    Development: Development refers to urbanization of the landscape, 
including (but not limited to) land conversion for urban and commercial 
use, infrastructure (roads, bridges, utilities), and urban water uses 
(water supply reservoirs, wastewater treatment, etc.). The effects of 
urbanization may include alterations to water quality, water quantity, 
and habitat (both in stream and streamside) (Ren et al. 2003, p. 649; 
Wilson 2015, p. 424). These alterations adversely affect both Atlantic 
pigtoe adults, which require clear, flowing water with a temperature 
less than 35 degrees Celsius ([deg]C) (95 degrees Fahrenheit ([deg]F)) 
and a dissolved oxygen greater than 3 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and 
juveniles, which require very specific interstitial chemistry to 
complete that life stage: Low salinity (similar to 0.9 parts per 
thousand (ppt)), low ammonia (similar to 0.7 mg/L), low levels of 
copper and other contaminants, and dissolved oxygen greater than 1.3 
mg/L.
    Impervious surfaces associated with development negatively affect 
water quality when pollutants that accumulate on impervious surfaces 
are washed directly into the streams during storm events. Storm water 
runoff affects such water quality parameters as temperature, pH, 
dissolved oxygen, and salinity, which in turn alter the water chemistry 
and could make habitat unsuitable for the Atlantic pigtoe. 
Concentrations of contaminants, including nitrogen, phosphorus, 
chloride, insecticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and personal 
care products, increase with urban development (Giddings et al. 2009, 
p. 2; Bringolf et al. 2010, p. 1311).
    Urban development can also lead to increased variability in 
streamflow, typically increasing the amount of water entering a stream 
after a storm and decreasing the time it takes for the water to travel 
over the land before entering the stream (Giddings et al. 2009, p. 1). 
Stream habitat is altered either directly via channelization or 
clearing of riparian areas, or indirectly via high stream flows that 
reshape the channel and cause sediment erosion (Giddings et al. 2009, 
p. 2). Impervious surfaces associated with increased development cause 
rain water to accumulate and flow rapidly into storm drains, thereby 
becoming overheated, which can stress or kill mussels when it enters 
streams. Pollutants like gasoline, oil, and fertilizers are also washed 
directly into streams and can kill mussels and other aquatic organisms. 
The large volumes and velocity of water, combined with the extra debris 
and sediment entering streams following a storm, can stress, displace, 
or kill Atlantic pigtoes and the host fish species on which they 
depend. Many of the known host fish of the Atlantic pigtoe can tolerate 
short periods of turbidity associated with rain events; however, the 
cyprinid host fish typically do not persist in streams with 
consistently high sedimentation. Changes in flow may also result in 
turbidity that can reduce feeding efficiency and eliminate spawning 
habitat due to lack of clean gravel substrate.
    A further risk of urbanization is the accompanying road development 
that often results in improperly constructed culverts at stream 
crossings. These culverts act as barriers, either if flow through the 
culvert varies significantly from the rest of the stream, or if the 
culvert ends up being perched above the stream bed so that host fish 
(and, therefore, the Atlantic pigtoe) cannot pass through them. This 
leads to loss of access to quality habitat, as well as fragmented 
habitat and a loss of connectivity between populations. This can limit 
both genetic exchange and recolonization opportunities.
    All of the river basins within the range of this species are 
affected to some extent by development, ranging from 3 percent of the 
Black River subbasin in the Cape Fear River Basin to 70 percent of the 
Crabtree Creek subbasin in the Neuse River Basin (based on the 2011 
National Land Cover Data). The Neuse River basin in North Carolina 
contains one-sixth of the entire State's population, indicating heavy 
development pressure on the watershed. As another example, the Middle 
James MU (in the James population) contains 159 impaired stream miles 
(i.e., waters that exceed water quality standards for a particular 
parameter), 2 major discharges, 32 minor discharges, and over 1,300 
road crossings. Similarly, the Muddy Creek MU is currently made up of 
12.3 percent impervious surfaces. For complete data on all of the 
populations, refer to appendix C of the SSA report.
    Agricultural Practices: The main impacts to the Atlantic pigtoe 
from agricultural practices are from nutrient pollution and water 
pumping for irrigation. Fertilizers and animal manure, which are both 
rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, are the primary sources of nutrient 
pollution from agricultural sources when agricultural best management 
practices are not used. Excess nutrients impact water quality when it 
rains or when water and soil containing nitrogen and phosphorus wash 
into nearby waters or leach into the water table and ground waters 
causing algal blooms. These algal blooms can harm freshwater mussels by 
suffocating host fish and decreasing available oxygen in the water 
column.
    It is common practice to pump water for irrigation from adjacent 
streams or rivers into a reservoir pond, or to spray the stream or 
river water directly onto crops. If the water withdrawal is excessive 
or done illegally, this may cause impacts to the amount of water 
available to downstream sensitive areas during low flow months, 
resulting in dewatering of channels and stranding of mussels, leading 
to desiccation and death. The Cape Fear River basin has 33 reservoirs, 
many of them supplying water to some of the most populated areas in 
North Carolina, including the Triad (Greensboro and High Point), Chapel 
Hill, Fayetteville, and Wilmington. All told, this basin contains one-
fifth of the entire State's population and is the most industrialized 
basin, as well as home to the most large-scale livestock operations in 
the State. However, according to the 2011 National Land Cover Data, all 
of the watersheds within the range of the Atlantic pigtoe are affected 
by agricultural land uses, most with 20 percent or more of the 
watershed having been converted to agricultural use.
    Incompatible Forest Management: Silvicultural activities, when 
performed according to strict forest practices guidelines (FPGs) or 
BMPs, can retain adequate conditions for aquatic ecosystems; however, 
when FPGs/BMPs are not followed or are implemented poorly, these 
practices can also contribute to the myriad of stressors facing aquatic 
systems in the Southeast. Both small- and large-scale clearing of 
forests have been shown to have a significant impact upon the physical, 
chemical, and biological characteristics of adjacent small streams 
(Allan 1995, pp. 324-327; Valente-Neto 2015, p. 116). Clearcutting and 
harvests in riparian systems can eliminate shade provided by forest 
canopies, exposing streams to more sunlight and increasing the instream 
water temperature (Swift and Messer 1971, p. 111; Hewlett and Forston 
1982, p. 983; GB Rishel 1982, p. 112; Lynch et al. 1984, p. 161; Allan 
1995, p. 325; Keim and Shoenholtz 1999, p. 197; Carroll et al. 2004, p. 
275; B.D. Clinton 2011, p. 979; Caldwell et al. 2014, p. 3). The 
increase in stream temperature and light after deforestation of 
riparian areas alters the macroinvertebrate and other aquatic species 
richness and abundance composition in streams (Wenger 1999, p. 35; 
Caldwell et al. 2014, p. 3). As

[[Page 64012]]

stated above, the Atlantic pigtoe is sensitive to changes in 
temperature, and sustained temperature increases will stress and 
possibly lead to mortality for this species.
    Forestry activities can include the construction of logging roads 
through the riparian zone, and this can directly degrade nearby stream 
environments. Roads can cause point-source pollution and sedimentation, 
as well as sediment traveling downstream into sensitive habitats. These 
effects lead to stress and mortality for the species, as discussed 
under Development, above, and as reported in studies of forestry-
related sedimentation effects on survival of aquatic invertebrates 
(Osterling et al. 2008, pp. 1368-1369; Reid et al. 2013, pp. 571, 577; 
O'Driscoll et al. 2014, pp. 87-90; Osterling and Hogberg 2014, pp. 215-
217, 219; Osterling 2015, pp. 448-450; Osterling 2019, pp. 444, 446-
448). While BMPs are widely adhered to now, they were not historically 
a common practice, and implementation is still imperfect. The most 
recent surveys of BMP implementation rates in North Carolina show that 
they average approximately 83-90 percent in river basins where Atlantic 
pigtoe occurs (Coats 2017, p. 38), and in Virginia, the most recent 
average Statewide BMP implementation rate was 91.8 percent (VDOF 2020, 
p. 2). Accordingly, while incompatible implementation is rare, the 
failure to implement BMPs or inadequate implementation can have 
negative effects on sensitive aquatic species. Acute impacts associated 
with episodic events may be particularly consequential for long-lived, 
sedentary species like the Atlantic pigtoe. Further, the most recent 
assessment of forestry BMPs in North Carolina reported that improperly 
implemented BMPs associated with SMZs and stream crossings were among 
the most frequently associated with risks to water quality (Coats 2017, 
p. 9); VDOF similarly identified stream crossings, along with roads and 
skid trails, among the BMP categories frequently associated with water 
quality concerns (VDOF 2020, p. 3).
Systemic Changes
    Climate Change: Aquatic systems are encountering changes and shifts 
in seasonal patterns of precipitation and runoff as a result of climate 
change. While mussels evolved in habitats that experience seasonal 
fluctuations in discharge, global weather patterns can have an impact 
on the normal regimes (e.g., El Ni[ntilde]o or La Ni[ntilde]a). Both 
excessively high (i.e., floods and storms) and excessively low (i.e., 
droughts) flows can adversely affect the species.
    As to droughts, even naturally occurring low flow events can cause 
mussels to become stressed, either because they must exert significant 
energy to move to deeper waters or they may succumb to desiccation. 
Because late summer and early fall are stressful periods for the 
species due to low flows, droughts during this time of year can be 
especially harmful, resulting in increased mortality rates. Atlantic 
pigtoe habitat must have adequate flow to deliver oxygen, enable 
passive reproduction, and deliver food to filter-feeding mussels. 
Further, flow removes contaminants and fine sediments from interstitial 
spaces, preventing mussel suffocation. Droughts have impacted all river 
basins within the range of Atlantic pigtoe, from an ``abnormally dry'' 
ranking for North Carolina and Virginia in 2001 on the Southeast 
Drought Monitor scale to the highest ranking of ``exceptionally dry'' 
for the entire range of the species in 2002 and 2007. In 2015, the 
entire Southeast ranged from ``abnormally dry'' to ``moderate drought'' 
or ``severe drought.'' These data covered the first week in September, 
which, as noted above, is a very sensitive time for drought to be 
affecting the species. The Middle Neuse tributaries of the Neuse River 
basin had consecutive drought years from 2005 through 2012, indicating 
sustained stress on the species over a long period of time.
    Increases in the frequency and strength of storms events alter 
stream habitat. Stream habitat is altered either directly via 
channelization or clearing of riparian areas, or indirectly via high 
stream flows that reshape the channel and cause sediment erosion. The 
large volumes and velocity of water, combined with the extra debris and 
sediment entering streams following a storm, stress, displace, or kill 
Atlantic pigtoes and the host fish species on which they depend.
    Sedentary freshwater mussels have limited ability to seek refuge 
from droughts and floods, and they are completely dependent on specific 
water temperatures to complete their physiological requirements. 
Changes in water temperature lead to stress, increased mortality, and 
also increase the likelihood of extinction.
    Invasive Species: Nonnative species are invading aquatic 
communities and altering biodiversity by competing with native species 
for food, light, or breeding and nesting areas in many areas across the 
range of the Atlantic pigtoe. For example, the Asian clam (Corbicula 
fluminea) alters benthic substrates, competes with native species for 
limited resources, and causes ammonia spikes in surrounding water when 
they die off en masse. Native mussel growth is negatively associated 
with Asian clam abundance, indicating invasive clams may be a pervasive 
stressor to native species (Haag et al. 2021, pp. 451-454). Juvenile 
mussels need low levels of ammonia to survive, and freshwater mollusks 
are more sensitive than previously known to some chemical pollutants, 
including ammonia (Augspurger et al. 2003, entire and references 
therein). The Asian clam is ubiquitous across the southeastern United 
States and is present in watersheds across the range of the Atlantic 
pigtoe.
    The flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) is an apex predator that 
feeds on almost anything, including other fish, crustaceans, and 
mollusks. Predation by flathead catfish diminishes host fish 
communities, reducing the amount of fish available as hosts for the 
mussels to complete their glochidia life stage. Introductions of 
flathead catfish into rivers in North Carolina and Georgia have led to 
steep declines in numbers of native fish (Service 2021, p. 59). The 
flathead catfish has been documented in six of the seven river systems 
currently inhabited by the Atlantic pigtoe (James, Roanoke, Tar, Neuse, 
Cape Fear, and Yadkin-Pee Dee).
    Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), an aquatic plant, alters habitat, 
decreases flows, and contributes to sediment buildup in streams. 
Hydrilla occurs in several watersheds where the Atlantic pigtoe occurs, 
including recent documentation from the upper Neuse system and the Tar 
River. The dense growth is altering the flow in these systems and 
causing sediment buildup, which can cause suffocation in filter-feeding 
mussels. While data are lacking on hydrilla currently having 
population-level effects on the Atlantic pigtoe, the spread of this 
invasive plant is expected to increase in the future.
    Dams and Barriers: Extinction and extirpation of North American 
freshwater mussels can be traced to impoundment and inundation of 
riffle habitats in all major river basins of the central and eastern 
United States. Upstream of dams, the change from flowing to impounded 
waters, increased depths, increased buildup of sediments, decreased 
dissolved oxygen, and the drastic alteration in resident fish 
populations can threaten the survival of mussels and their overall 
reproductive success. Downstream of dams, fluctuations in flow regimes, 
minimal releases and scouring flows, seasonal dissolved oxygen 
depletion, reduced or increased water temperatures, and changes in fish 
assemblages can also

[[Page 64013]]

threaten the survival and reproduction of many mussel species.
    Because Atlantic pigtoes use smaller host fish (e.g., darters and 
minnows), they are even more susceptible to impacts from habitat 
fragmentation due to increasing distance between suitable habitat 
patches and a low likelihood of host fish swimming over that distance. 
Even improperly constructed culverts at stream crossings can act as 
significant barriers and have some similar effects as dams on stream 
systems (see discussion under Development, above). These barriers not 
only fragment habitats along a stream course, they also contribute to 
genetic isolation of the Atlantic pigtoe. Nearly all of the MUs 
containing Atlantic pigtoe populations have been impacted by dams, with 
as few as 2 dams in Mill Creek in the James River basin to 237 dams 
throughout the Middle Neuse basin (Service 2021, appendix D). The 
Middle Neuse also contains over 5,000 stream crossings, so connectivity 
in that basin has been severely affected by barriers. Only the Edisto 
River basin within the range of the Atlantic pigtoe has not been 
impacted by dams.
Regulatory Mechanisms

State Endangered Species Laws

    Each state within the range of the Atlantic Pigtoe has state-level 
legislation modeled after the federal Endangered Species Act: In 
Virginia it is both the Virginia Endangered Species Act and the 
Endangered Plant and Insect Species Act, in North Carolina it is the 
North Carolina Endangered Species Act, in South Carolina it is the 
Nongame and Endangered Species Conservation Act, and in Georgia it is 
the Endangered Wildlife Act. Animal species that are protected by the 
state laws are regulated by state wildlife agencies: The Virginia 
Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, the North Carolina Wildlife 
Resources Commission, the South Carolina Department of Natural 
Resources, and the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.
    The state endangered species protection laws allow the state 
wildlife agencies to identify, document, and protect any animal species 
that is considered rare or in danger of extinction. In most of the 
states (VA, NC, SC, GA), illegal activities include take, transport, 
export, processing, selling, offering for sale, or shipping species, 
and the penalty for doing so is a misdemeanor crime, usually resulting 
in a fine of no more than $1,000 or imprisonment not to exceed a year 
(Pellerito 2002, entire). There are no mechanisms for recovery, 
consultation, or critical habitat designation other than in North 
Carolina where conservation plans must be developed for all state 
listed species (Pellerito 2002, Snape and George 2010, p.346). In 
addition, nothing in the North Carolina Endangered Species Act ``shall 
be construed to limit the rights of a landholder in the management of 
his lands for agriculture, forestry, development, or any other lawful 
purpose'' (NC GS 113-332).

State and Federal Stream Protections (Buffers & Permits)

    A buffer is a strip of trees, plants, or grass along a stream or 
wetland that naturally filters out dirt and pollution from rain water 
runoff before it enters rivers, streams, wetlands, and marshes (SELC 
2014, p.2). Several state laws require setbacks or buffers, and all 
allow variances/waivers for those restrictions. Virginia's Chesapeake 
Bay Preservation Act requires 100-foot buffers on all perennial streams 
in designated ``Resource Protection Areas.'' North Carolina used to 
have buffer requirements in specific watersheds (e.g., Tar-Pamlico, 
Neuse, Catawba, Jordan Lake, and Goose Creek), however, the NC 
Legislature enacted a Regulatory Reform effort, including ``Riparian 
Buffer Reform'' that allowed for the amendment of the buffer rules to 
allow/exempt development (see Session Law 2012-200, Section 8 and 
Session Law 2015-246, Section 13.1, G.S. 143-214.23A (NCDEQ 2016, 
entire)). North Carolina also has guidance for 200 foot riparian buffer 
protections for streams draining to listed aquatic species habitats 
(NCWRC 2002, p.11). In South Carolina, 30-45 ft buffer management zones 
are required for stormwater management (SCDHEC 2016, entire). In 
Georgia, all state waters are protected by a 25-foot vegetated buffer, 
and trout waters have a 50-foot vegetated buffer requirement.
    Section 401 of the federal Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that an 
applicant for a federal license or permit provide a certification that 
any discharges from the facility will not degrade water quality or 
violate water-quality standards, including state-established water 
quality standard requirements. Section 404 of the CWA establishes a 
program to regulate the discharge of dredged and fill material into 
waters of the United States. Permits to fill wetlands and fill, 
culvert, bridge or re-align streams or water features are issued by the 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under Nationwide, Regional General Permits 
or Individual Permits.
     Nationwide Permits are for ``minor'' impacts to streams 
and wetlands, and do not require an intense review process. These 
impacts usually include stream impacts under 150 feet, and wetland fill 
projects up to 0.50 acres. Mitigation is usually provided for the same 
type of wetland or stream impacted, and is usually at a 2:1 ratio to 
offset losses and make the ``no net loss'' closer to reality.
     Regional General Permits are for various specific types of 
impacts that are common to a particular region; these permits will vary 
based on location in a certain region/state.
     Individual permits are for the larger, higher impact and 
more complex projects. These require a complex permit process with 
multi-agency input and involvement. Impacts in these types of permits 
are reviewed individually and the compensatory mitigation chosen may 
vary depending on project and types of impacts.

State and Federal Water Quality Programs

    Current State regulations regarding pollutants are designed to be 
protective of aquatic organisms; however, freshwater mollusks may be 
more susceptible to some pollutants than the test organisms commonly 
used in bioassays. Additionally, water quality criteria may not 
incorporate data available for freshwater mussels (March et al. 2007, 
pp. 2,066-2,067). A multitude of bioassays conducted on 16 mussel 
species (summarized by Augspurger et al. 2007, pp. 2025-2028) show that 
freshwater mollusks are more sensitive than previously known to some 
chemical pollutants, including chlorine, ammonia, copper, fungicides, 
and herbicide surfactants. Another study found that nickel and chlorine 
were toxic to a federally threatened mussel species at levels below the 
current criteria (Gibson 2015, pp. 90-91). The study also found mussels 
are sensitive to SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), a surfactant commonly 
used in household detergents, for which water quality criteria do not 
currently exist. Several studies have demonstrated that the criteria 
for ammonia developed by EPA in 1999 were not protective of freshwater 
mussels (Augspurger et al. 2003, p. 2,571; Newton et al. 2003, pp. 
2,559-2,560; Mummert et al. 2003, pp. 2,548-2,552). However, in 2013 
EPA revised its recommended criteria for ammonia. The new criteria are 
more stringent and reflect new toxicity data on sensitive freshwater 
mollusks (78 FR 52192, August 22, 2013; p. 2). All of the states in the 
range of the Atlantic Pigtoe have not yet adopted the new ammonia 
criteria. NPDES permits are valid for 5 years, so even after the new 
criteria are

[[Page 64014]]

adopted, it could take several years before facilities must comply with 
the new limits.
    TMDL, or Total Maximum Daily Load, is a regulatory term from the 
CWA describing a plan for restoring impaired waters that identify the 
maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while 
still maintaining water quality standards. In North Carolina, despite 
management actions that started in the mid-1990s, long term monitoring 
and trend analyses have demonstrated that TMDL goals have not been met: 
``Despite the fact that the targeted point and nonpoint pollution 
sources have been able to meet their nutrient reductions, total 
nitrogen and total phosphorous concentrations do not show a downward 
trend and loads have not permanently fallen below 1991 baseline load 
goals'' (as referenced (p.6) in SRI public comment letter on Yellow 
Lance Listing to USFWS, 6/5/2017).
    Under the CWA, states are required to review their water quality 
standards and classifications every three years to make any 
modifications necessary to protect the waters of the state (NCDEQ 2016, 
entire). During this process, known as the Triennial Review, state 
water quality staff review current EPA guidelines, scientific data, and 
public comments and make recommendations for any changes of the water 
quality standards. In North Carolina, the most recent triennial review 
started in 2007 and was not completed until 2015 (NCDEQ 2016, entire). 
The state of North Carolina has not addressed water quality standards 
for several pollutants of concern for freshwater mussles, particularly 
ammonia, despite the EPA's 2013 recommended ambient water quality 
criteria for ammonia (as referenced (p.7) in SRI public comment letter 
on Yellow Lance Listing to USFWS, 6/5/2017).
    In summary, despite existing authorities such as the Clean Water 
Act, pollutants continue to impair the water quality throughout the 
current range of the Atlantic Pigtoe. State and Federal regulatory 
mechanisms have helped reduce the negative effects of point source 
discharges since the 1970s, yet these regulations are difficult to 
implement and regulate. While new water quality criteria are being 
developed that take into account more sensitive aquatic species, most 
criteria currently do not. It is expected that several years will be 
needed to implement new water quality criteria throughout the range.
Synergistic Effects
    In addition to impacting the species individually, it is likely 
that several of the above-summarized risk factors are acting 
synergistically or additively on the species. The combined impact of 
multiple stressors is likely more harmful than a single stressor acting 
alone. For example, in the Meherrin River MU, there are four stream 
reaches with 34 miles of impaired streams. They have low benthic-
macroinvertebrate scores, low dissolved oxygen, low pH, and contain 
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli). There are 16 non-major and 2 
major discharges within this MU, along with 7 dams, and 676 road 
crossings. Additionally, droughts were recorded for 4 consecutive years 
(2007-2010) in this MU. The combination of all of these stressors on 
the sensitive aquatic species in this habitat has probably impacted 
Atlantic pigtoe, in that only two individuals have been recorded here 
since 2005, and therefore are affecting the species more severely in 
combination than any factor alone.
    We note that, by using the SSA framework to guide our analysis of 
the scientific information documented in the SSA report, we have not 
only analyzed individual effects on the species, but we have also 
analyzed their potential cumulative effects. We incorporate the 
cumulative effects into our SSA analysis when we characterize the 
current and future condition of the species. To assess the current and 
future condition of the species, we undertake an iterative analysis 
that encompasses and incorporates the threats individually and then 
accumulates and evaluates the effects of all the factors that may be 
influencing the species, including threats and conservation efforts. 
Because the SSA framework considers not just the presence of the 
factors, but to what degree they collectively influence risk to the 
entire species, our assessment integrates the cumulative effects of the 
factors and replaces a standalone cumulative effects analysis.
Conservation Actions
    The Service and State wildlife agencies are working with numerous 
partners to provide technical guidance and offering conservation tools 
to meet both species and habitat needs in aquatic systems in North 
Carolina. Land trusts are targeting key parcels for acquisition; 
Federal and State biologists are surveying and monitoring species 
occurrences; and, recently, there has been a concerted effort to ramp 
up captive propagation and species population restoration via 
augmentation, expansion, and reintroduction efforts. In 2014, NCWRC 
staff and partners began a concerted effort to propagate the Atlantic 
pigtoe in hopes of augmenting existing populations in the Tar and Neuse 
River basins. In July 2015, 250 Atlantic pigtoes were stocked into 
Sandy Creek, a tributary of the Tar River. Annual monitoring to 
evaluate growth and survival is planned, and additional propagation and 
stocking efforts will continue in upcoming years (Service 2021, p. 59).

Current Condition of Atlantic Pigtoe

    The historical range of the Atlantic pigtoe included 12 populations 
in Atlantic river basins from Virginia to Georgia. The surveys 
conducted from 2005 to 2018 indicate that the currently occupied range 
of the Atlantic pigtoe consists of 13 MUs within 7 populations in 
Virginia and North Carolina, in the Tar, Neuse, James, Chowan, Roanoke, 
Cape Fear, and Yadkin-Pee Dee River basins. The species is presumed 
extirpated from the southern portion of its range, including the 
Catawba, Edisto, Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha River basins. The 
Atlantic pigtoe currently (defined as the observation of at least one 
specimen from 2005 to 2019) occupies 13 of the 81 historically occupied 
MUs. At the population level, the overall current condition (= 
resiliency) of the extant populations was estimated to be high for the 
Tar Population; moderate for the Neuse Population; and low for the 
James, Chowan, Roanoke, Cape Fear, and Yadkin-Pee Dee populations.
    The Atlantic pigtoe currently has reduced adaptive potential due to 
limited representation (compared with historical representation) in 
seven river basins and three physiographic regions. The species retains 
58 percent of its known river basin variability, but, as discussed 
above, distribution has been reduced in the James, Chowan, Roanoke, 
Cape Fear, and Yadkin-Pee Dee populations. In addition, although the 
species continues to maintain physiographic representation in all three 
regions it historically occupied, occupancy has decreased in each 
region. A 67 percent estimated loss has occurred in the Mountain 
region's watersheds, 48 percent loss in the Piedmont region's 
watersheds, and 76 percent loss in the Coastal Plain region's 
watersheds. Latitudinal variability is also reduced and is largely 
limited to the central portions of its historical range, primarily in 
the Tar and Neuse basins.
    Redundancy was estimated as the number of historically occupied MUs 
that remain currently occupied. The species has limited redundancy 
within the James, Chowan, Roanoke, and Cape Fear River populations, and 
only two

[[Page 64015]]

populations (Tar and Neuse) have multiple moderate or highly resilient 
MUs. Overall, the species has decreased redundancy across its range due 
to an estimated 60 percent reduction in occupancy compared to 
historical levels.

Future Scenarios

    For the purpose of this assessment, we define viability as the 
ability of the species to sustain populations in the wild over time. To 
help address uncertainty associated with the degree and extent of 
potential future stressors and their impacts on the needs of the 
species, the 3 Rs were applied using four plausible future scenarios. 
We devised these scenarios by eliciting expert information on the 
primary stressors anticipated to affect the species into the future: 
Habitat loss and degradation due to urbanization and the effects of 
climate change. The models that were used to forecast both urbanization 
and climate change projected 50 years in the future. Synergistic 
interactions are possible between the effects of climate change and the 
effects of other potential threats, such as development. Increases in 
temperature and changes in precipitation are likely to affect stream 
dynamics, which will in turn affect the Atlantic pigtoe. However, it is 
difficult to project how climate change will affect stream dynamics 
because there can be both an increase in storm events as well as an 
increase in low flow, or drought, conditions. Uncertainty about how 
stream dynamics will respond to climate change, combined with 
uncertainty about how changes in instream habitat conditions would 
affect suitability for Atlantic pigtoe, make projecting possible 
synergistic effects of climate change on the Atlantic pigtoe too 
speculative. Below, we provide a brief summary of each plausible future 
scenario (see Table 1); for more detailed information on these models 
and their projections, please see the SSA report (Service 2021, chapter 
3).
    Under Scenario 1, the ``Status Quo'', factors that influence 
current populations of Atlantic pigtoe were assumed to remain constant 
over the 50 year time horizon. Under this scenario a loss of 
resiliency, representation, and redundancy is expected. Under this 
scenario, we predicted that no MUs would remain in high condition, 2 
would be in moderate condition, 6 would be in low condition, and 20 MUs 
would be likely extirpated. Redundancy would be reduced to two MUs in 
the Tar Population. Representation would also be reduced, primarily 
with reduced variability in the Mountains and Coastal Plain.
    Under scenario 2, the ``Pessimistic'', factors that negatively 
influence Atlantic pigtoe populations get worse. We predicted 
substantial losses of resiliency, representation, and redundancy. 
Redundancy would be reduced to 4 MUs in just two populations, and the 
resiliency of those populations is expected to be low; 24 MUs were 
predicted to be extirpated. All measures of representation are 
predicted to decline under this scenario, leaving remaining Atlantic 
pigtoe populations underrepresented in river basin and physiographic 
variability.
    Under scenario 3, the ``Optimistic'', factors that influence the 
habitat conditions where Atlantic pigtoe populations exist were 
predicted to slightly improve over the 50 year time horizon. We 
predicted slightly higher levels of resiliency, representation, and 
redundancy than were estimated under the Status Quo or Pessimistic 
options. Two MUs would be in high condition, 5 in moderate condition, 
and 5 would be in low condition, but 16 would remain extirpated. 
Despite predictions of population persistence in the Chowan and Pee Dee 
river basins, these populations are expected to retain only low levels 
of resiliency; thus, levels of representation are also predicted to 
decline under this scenario.
    Finally, under scenario 4, the ``Opportunistic'', landscape-level 
factors that influence populations of Atlantic pigtoe were predicted to 
get moderately worse. We predicted reduced levels of resiliency, 
representation, and redundancy. None of the MUs would be in high 
condition, 3 would be in moderate condition, 5 would be in low 
condition, and 20 would be likely extirpated. Redundancy would be 
reduced by losing 6 MUs compared to current condition. Under the 
``Opportunistic'' scenario, representation is predicted to be reduced, 
with only 6 (50 percent) of the former 12 occupied river basins 
remaining occupied and with reduced variability in all three 
physiographic regions. This expected reduction in both the number and 
distribution of resilient populations is likely to make the species 
vulnerable to catastrophic disturbance.
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Determination of the Atlantic Pigtoe's Status

    Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and its implementing 
regulations (50 CFR part 424) set forth the procedures for determining 
whether a species meets the definition of an ``endangered species'' or 
a ``threatened species.'' The Act defines an ``endangered species'' as 
a species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a 
significant portion of its range, and a ``threatened species'' as a 
species that is likely to become an endangered species within the 
foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its 
range. The Act requires that we determine whether a species meets the 
definition of endangered species or threatened species because of any 
of the following factors: (A) The present or threatened destruction, 
modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) 
Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes; (C) Disease or predation; (D) The inadequacy of 
existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) Other natural or manmade factors 
affecting its continued existence.

Atlantic Pigtoe's Status Throughout All of Its Range

    We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial 
information available regarding the past, present, and future threats 
to the Atlantic pigtoe. Currently the Atlantic pigtoe is presumed 
extirpated from 54 percent (15) of the historically occupied MUs; of 
the remaining currently extant populations (13 MUs), 57 percent are 
characterized as moderately or highly resilient, and 43 percent are 
currently characterized by low resiliency. Many of the streams that 
remain part of the current species' range are estimated to be in low or 
very low condition with decreased occupancy of Atlantic pigtoe.
    The Atlantic pigtoe faces threats from declines in water quality, 
loss of stream flow, riparian and instream fragmentation, and 
deterioration of instream habitats (Factor A). These threats, which are 
expected to be exacerbated by continued urbanization (Factor A) and 
effects of climate change (Factor E), will impact the future viability 
of the Atlantic pigtoe. We did not find that the Atlantic pigtoe was 
impacted by overutilization (Factor B), or by disease or predation 
(Factor C). While there are regulatory mechanisms in place that may 
benefit the Atlantic pigtoe, the existing regulatory mechanisms did not 
reduce the impact of the stressors to the point that the species is not 
at risk of extinction (Factor D).
    Given current and future decreases in resiliency, populations 
become more vulnerable to extirpation from stochastic events, in turn, 
resulting in concurrent losses in representation and redundancy. The 
range of plausible future scenarios of Atlantic pigtoe habitat 
conditions and population factors suggest reduced viability into the 
future.
    We considered whether the Atlantic pigtoe is currently in danger of 
extinction and determined that endangered status is not appropriate. 
Notwithstanding the number of populations that are no longer extant, 
several moderately resilient populations remain over portions of the 
species' historical range. The historical range of the Atlantic pigtoe 
included streams and rivers in 12 Atlantic Slope drainages from the 
James River Basin to the Altamaha River Basin, with the documented 
historical distribution in 28 MUs within those basins. Currently, the 
Atlantic pigtoe is presumed extirpated from 54 percent (15) of the 
historically occupied MUs and 5 of the drainages. Of the remaining 13 
occupied MUs, 3 (21 percent) are estimated to be highly resilient and 5 
(36 percent) moderately resilient, with 5 (43 percent) having low 
resiliency. Eight moderate to high resiliency MUs provide the ability 
for the species to withstand stochastic disturbance events. Scaling up 
from the MU to the population level, 1 of 12 former populations (the 
Tar population) was estimated to have high resiliency, 1 population 
(the Neuse population) was estimated to have moderate resiliency, 5 
populations (the James, Chowan, Roanoke, Cape Fear, and Yadkin-Pee Dee 
populations) had low estimated resiliency, and 5 of the former 12 
populations are presumed extirpated; this means that 42 percent of the 
species' historical range has been eliminated. Seventy-one percent of 
streams that remain part of the current species' range are estimated to 
be in low condition as defined in the SSA report. The species continues 
to maintain physiographic representation in all 3 regions it 
historically occupied, although occupancy has decreased in each region 
by between 48 and 76 percent. However, while threats are currently 
acting on the species and many of those threats are expected to 
continue into the future (see below), we did not find that the species 
is currently in danger of extinction throughout all of its range. With 
eight moderately or highly resilient MUs in three physiographic 
regions, the current condition of the species still provides 
resiliency, redundancy, and representation such that it is not at risk 
of extinction now.
    However, after evaluating threats to the species and assessing the 
cumulative effect of the threats under the Act's section 4(a)(1) 
factors, we predict that the population and habitat factors that we 
used to determine the resiliency, representation, and redundancy for 
the Atlantic pigtoe will continue to decline. Fifty years was 
considered ``foreseeable'' in this case because it included projections 
from both available models, and Atlantic pigtoes are a long-lived and 
slow-growing species. We can reliably predict both the future threats 
and the species' responses to those threats over 50 years as presented 
in the models of predicted urbanization and climate change.
    As discussed above, the range of plausible future scenarios of 
Atlantic pigtoe habitat conditions and population factors projects 
reduced viability into the future. Under all future scenarios, 
resiliency is low in a majority of the remaining populations, and many 
populations are likely extirpated so that redundancy and representation 
are predicted to be significantly reduced. This expected reduction in 
both the number and distribution of sufficiently resilient populations 
is likely to make the species vulnerable to catastrophic disturbance. 
Our analysis of the species' future conditions show that habitat 
modification and destruction (Factor A) and other natural and manmade 
factors (Factor E) will continue to impact the resiliency, 
representation, and redundancy for the Atlantic pigtoe so that it is 
likely to become in danger of extinction throughout all or a 
significant portion of its range within the foreseeable future.

Atlantic Pigtoe's Status Throughout a Significant Portion of Its Range

    Under the Act and our implementing regulations, a species may 
warrant listing if it is in danger of extinction or likely to become so 
in the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of 
its range. The court in Center for Biological Diversity v. Everson, 
2020 WL 437289 (D.D.C. Jan. 28, 2020) (Center for Biological 
Diversity), vacated the aspect of the Final Policy on Interpretation of 
the Phrase ``Significant Portion of Its Range'' in the Endangered 
Species Act's Definitions of ``Endangered Species'' and ``Threatened 
Species'' (79 FR 37578; July 1, 2014) that provided that the Service 
does not undertake an analysis of significant portions of a species' 
range if the species warrants listing as threatened throughout all of 
its range. Therefore,

[[Page 64018]]

we proceed to evaluate whether the species is endangered in any 
significant portion of its range--that is, whether there is any portion 
of the species' range for which both (1) the portion is significant; 
and (2) the species is in danger of extinction in that portion. 
Depending on the case, it might be more efficient for us to address the 
``significance'' question or the ``status'' question first. We can 
choose to address either question first. Regardless of which question 
we address first, if we reach a negative answer with respect to the 
first question that we address, we do not need to evaluate the other 
question for that portion of the species' range.
    Following the court's holding in Center for Biological Diversity, 
we now consider whether there are any significant portions of the 
species' range where the species is in danger of extinction now (i.e., 
endangered). In undertaking this analysis for the Atlantic pigtoe, we 
chose to address the status question first--we considered information 
pertaining to the geographic distribution of both the species and the 
threats that the species faces to identify any portions of the range 
where the species is endangered.
    Specifically, we considered whether the threats are geographically 
concentrated in any portion of the species' range at a biologically 
meaningful scale. We examined the following threats: Declines in water 
quality, loss of stream flow, riparian and instream fragmentation, and 
deterioration of instream habitats, including cumulative effects. 
Overall, we found that threats are likely acting on individuals or MUs, 
or even basins (populations), similarly across the species' range. 
These threats are certain to occur, and in those basins with MUs that 
are predominantly in low condition currently, the populations are 
facing the same threats as those in moderate or high resiliency 
condition.
    Thus, there are no portions of the species' range where the species 
has a different status from its rangewide status. Therefore, no portion 
of the species' range provides a basis for determining that the species 
is in danger of extinction in a significant portion of its range, and 
we determine that the species is likely to become in danger of 
extinction within the foreseeable future throughout all of its range. 
This is consistent with the courts' holdings in Desert Survivors v. 
Department of the Interior, No. 16-cv-01165-JCS, 2018 WL 4053447 (N.D. 
Cal. Aug. 24, 2018), and Center for Biological Diversity v. Jewell, 248 
F. Supp. 3d, 946, 959 (D. Ariz. 2017).

Determination of Status

    Our review of the best available scientific and commercial 
information indicates that the Atlantic pigtoe meets the Act's 
definition of a threatened species. Therefore, we are listing the 
Atlantic pigtoe as a threatened species in accordance with sections 
3(20) and 4(a)(1) of the Act.

Available Conservation Measures

    Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or 
threatened species under the Act include recognition, recovery actions, 
requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain 
practices. Recognition through listing results in public awareness, and 
conservation by Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies, private 
organizations, and individuals. The Act encourages cooperation with the 
States and requires that recovery actions be carried out for all listed 
species. The protection required by Federal agencies and the 
prohibitions against certain activities are discussed, in part, below.
    The primary purpose of the Act is the conservation of endangered 
and threatened species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. The 
ultimate goal of such conservation efforts is the recovery of these 
listed species, so that they no longer need the protective measures of 
the Act. Section 4(f) of the Act requires the Service to develop and 
implement recovery plans for the conservation of endangered and 
threatened species. The recovery planning process involves the 
identification of actions that are necessary to halt or reverse the 
species' decline by addressing the threats to its survival and 
recovery. The goal of this process is to restore listed species to a 
point where they are secure, self-sustaining, and functioning 
components of their ecosystems.
    Recovery planning includes the development of a recovery outline 
shortly after a species is listed and preparation of a draft and final 
recovery plan. The recovery outline guides the immediate implementation 
of urgent recovery actions and describes the process to be used to 
develop a recovery plan. Revisions of the plan may be done to address 
continuing or new threats to the species, as new substantive 
information becomes available. The recovery plan identifies recovery 
criteria for review of when a species may be ready for for removal from 
protected status (``delisting''), and methods for monitoring recovery 
progress. Recovery plans also establish a framework for agencies to 
coordinate their recovery efforts and provide estimates of the cost of 
implementing recovery tasks. Recovery teams (composed of species 
experts, Federal and State agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and 
stakeholders) are often established to develop recovery plans. When 
completed, the recovery outline, draft recovery plan, and the final 
recovery plan will be available on our website (http://www.fws.gov/endangered) or from our Raleigh Ecological Services Field Office (see 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
    Implementation of recovery actions generally requires the 
participation of a broad range of partners, including other Federal 
agencies, States, Tribes, nongovernmental organizations, businesses, 
and private landowners. Examples of recovery actions include habitat 
restoration (e.g., restoration of native vegetation), research, captive 
propagation and reintroduction, and outreach and education. The 
recovery of many listed species cannot be accomplished solely on 
Federal lands because their range may occur primarily or solely on non-
Federal lands. To achieve recovery of these species requires 
cooperative conservation efforts on private, State, and Tribal lands.
    Following publication of this rule, funding for recovery actions 
will be available from a variety of sources, including Federal budgets, 
State programs, and cost share grants for non-Federal landowners, the 
academic community, and nongovernmental organizations. In addition, 
pursuant to section 6 of the Act, the States of Virginia, North 
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia will be eligible for Federal 
funds to implement management actions that promote the protection or 
recovery of the Atlantic pigtoe. Information on our grant programs that 
are available to aid species recovery can be found at: http://www.fws.gov/grants.
    Please let us know if you are interested in participating in 
recovery efforts for the Atlantic pigtoe. Additionally, we invite you 
to submit any new information on this species whenever it becomes 
available and any information you may have for recovery planning 
purposes (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
    Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal agencies to evaluate their 
actions with respect to any species that is listed as an endangered or 
threatened species and with respect to its critical habitat, if any is 
designated. Regulations implementing this interagency cooperation 
provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section 7(a)(2) 
of the Act requires Federal

[[Page 64019]]

agencies to ensure that activities they authorize, fund, or carry out 
are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered 
or threatened species or destroy or adversely modify its critical 
habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species or its 
critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency must enter into 
consultation with the Service.
    Federal agency actions within the species' habitat that may require 
conference or consultation or both as described in the preceding 
paragraph may include, but are not limited to, management and any other 
landscape-altering activities on Federal lands administered by the 
Service, U.S. Forest Service, and National Park Service; issuance of 
section 404 Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) permits by the 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; and construction and maintenance of roads 
or highways by the Federal Highway Administration.
    It is our policy, as published in the Federal Register on July 1, 
1994 (59 FR 34272), to identify to the maximum extent practicable at 
the time a species is listed, those activities that would or would not 
constitute a violation of section 9 of the Act. The intent of this 
policy is to increase public awareness of the effect of a listing on 
proposed and ongoing activities within the range of the listed species. 
The discussion below regarding protective regulations under section 
4(d) of the Act complies with our policy.

II. Final Rule Issued Under Section 4(d) of the Act

Background

    Section 4(d) of the Act contains two sentences. The first sentence 
states that the Secretary shall issue such regulations as she deems 
necessary and advisable to provide for the conservation of species 
listed as threatened. The U.S. Supreme Court has noted that statutory 
language like ``necessary and advisable'' demonstrates a large degree 
of deference to the agency (see Webster v.  Doe, 486 U.S. 592 (1988)). 
Conservation is defined in the Act to mean the use of all methods and 
procedures which are necessary to bring any endangered species or 
threatened species to the point at which the measures provided pursuant 
to the Act are no longer necessary. Additionally, the second sentence 
of section 4(d) of the Act states that the Secretary may by regulation 
prohibit with respect to any threatened species any act prohibited 
under section 9(a)(1), in the case of fish or wildlife, or section 
9(a)(2), in the case of plants. Thus, the combination of the two 
sentences of section 4(d) provides the Secretary with wide latitude of 
discretion to select and promulgate appropriate regulations tailored to 
the specific conservation needs of the threatened species. The second 
sentence grants particularly broad discretion to the Service when 
adopting the prohibitions under section 9.
    The courts have recognized the extent of the Secretary's discretion 
under this standard to develop rules that are appropriate for the 
conservation of a species. For example, courts have upheld rules 
developed under section 4(d) as a valid exercise of agency authority 
where they prohibited take of threatened wildlife, or include a limited 
taking prohibition (see Alsea Valley Alliance v. Lautenbacher, 2007 
U.S. Dist. Lexis 60203 (D. Or. 2007); Washington Environmental Council 
v. National Marine Fisheries Service, 2002 U.S. Dist. Lexis 5432 (W.D. 
Wash. 2002)). Courts have also upheld 4(d) rules that do not address 
all of the threats a species faces (see State of Louisiana v. Verity, 
853 F.2d 322 (5th Cir. 1988)). As noted in the legislative history when 
the Act was initially enacted, ``once an animal is on the threatened 
list, the Secretary has an almost infinite number of options available 
to [her] with regard to the permitted activities for those species. 
[She] may, for example, permit taking, but not importation of such 
species, or [s]he may choose to forbid both taking and importation but 
allow the transportation of such species'' (H.R. Rep. No. 412, 93rd 
Cong., 1st Sess. 1973).
    Exercising its authority under section 4(d), the Service has 
developed a rule that is designed to address the Atlantic pigtoe's 
specific threats and conservation needs. Although the statute does not 
require us to make a ``necessary and advisable'' finding with respect 
to the adoption of specific prohibitions under section 9, we find that 
this rule as a whole satisfies the requirement in section 4(d) of the 
Act to issue regulations deemed necessary and advisable to provide for 
the conservation of the Atlantic pigtoe. As discussed above under 
Summary of Biological Status and Threats, we have concluded that the 
Atlantic pigtoe is likely to become in danger of extinction within the 
foreseeable future primarily due to habitat degradation from stressors 
influencing water quality, water quantity, instream habitat, and 
habitat connectivity. The provisions of this 4(d) rule will promote 
conservation of the Atlantic pigtoe by encouraging management of the 
landscape in ways that meet both land management considerations and the 
conservation needs of the Atlantic pigtoe. The provisions of this rule 
are one of many tools that the Service will use to promote the 
conservation of the Atlantic pigtoe.

Provisions of the 4(d) Rule

    This 4(d) rule will provide for the conservation of the Atlantic 
pigtoe by prohibiting the following activities, except as otherwise 
authorized or permitted: Importing or exporting; take; possession and 
other acts with unlawfully taken specimens; delivering, receiving, 
transporting, or shipping in interstate or foreign commerce in the 
course of commercial activity; or selling or offering for sale in 
interstate or foreign commerce.
    Import/export, possession, transportation, sale, and commerce are 
of concern for many aquatic mollusks, primarily because they are sought 
after for use as fishing bait and for human consumption. Regulating 
these activities will help protect the Atlantic pigtoe from 
exploitation.
    Under the Act, ``take'' means to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, 
wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any 
such conduct. Some of these provisions have been further defined in 
regulation at 50 CFR 17.3. Take can occur knowingly or otherwise, by 
direct and indirect impacts, and intentionally or incidentally. 
Protecting the Atlantic pigtoe from direct forms of take, such as 
physical injury or killing or unauthorized handling or collecting of 
the species, whether incidental or intentional, will help preserve and 
recover the species. Therefore, we prohibit intentional take of 
Atlantic pigtoe, including, but not limited to, capturing, handling, 
trapping, collecting, or other activities.
    Also, as discussed above under Summary of Biological Status and 
Threats, habitat degradation from stressors influencing water quality, 
water quantity, instream habitat, and habitat connectivity are 
affecting the status of the Atlantic pigtoe. Across the species' range, 
stream and water quality have been degraded physically by 
sedimentation, pollution, contaminants, impoundments, channelization, 
destruction of riparian habitat, and loss of riparian vegetation due to 
development, agricultural practices, land conversion, incompatible 
forest management, invasive species, and dams and barriers. Other 
habitat or hydrological alteration (such as ditching, draining, 
diverting, dredging, snagging, impounding, channelization, or 
modification of stream channels or

[[Page 64020]]

banks; discharge of fill material into stream channels; or diversion or 
alteration of surface or ground water flow into or out of a stream) 
will impact the habitat of the species. Regulating incidental take that 
may result from these activities will help preserve the species' 
remaining populations, slow their rate of decline, and decrease 
synergistic, negative effects from other threats. Therefore, we 
prohibit incidental take of the Atlantic pigtoe resulting from 
activities that destroy, alter, or degrade the habitat in the manner 
described above.
    As discussed above, during both of the public comment periods, the 
Service received numerous comments on its proposal to exempt from these 
prohibitions incidental take resulting from silvicultural practices and 
forest management activities (see Summary of Comments and 
Recommendations, above). Forestry BMPs, when properly implemented, 
protect water quality and help conserve aquatic species, including the 
Atlantic pigtoe. Forest landowners who properly implement those BMPs 
are helping conserve the pigtoe, and this 4(d) rule is an incentive for 
all landowners to properly implement BMPs to avoid any take 
implications. Further, those forest landowners who are third-party 
certified to a credible forest management standard are providing 
audited certainty that BMP implementation is taking place across the 
landscape.
    To address any uncertainty regarding which silvicultural and forest 
management BMPs will satisfy the 4(d) rule's exception for incidental 
take resulting from silvicultural practices and forest management 
activities, our regulations specify the conditions that must be met. 
Further, we revised our 4(d) rule language to clarify that to qualify 
for the exception, the BMPs must result in protection of the habitat 
features that provide for the breeding, feeding, sheltering, and 
dispersal needs of the Atlantic pigtoe, which will in turn provide for 
the conservation of the species. In waterbodies that support listed 
aquatic species, a wider SMZ is more effective at reducing 
sedimentation, maintaining lower water temperatures through shading, 
and introducing food (such as leaves and insects) into the food chain 
(VDOF 2011, p. 37). Ninety percent of the food in forested streams 
comes from bordering vegetation (NCWRC 2002, p. 6; Service 2006, p. 6; 
Stewart et al. 2000, p. 210; Service 2021, p. 11). Atlantic pigtoes 
require cool, well-oxygenated water, and a clean stream bottom (Service 
2021, p. 11). A lack of these features limits the number of pigtoes a 
stream can support. Aquatic habitat and suitable water temperature can 
be maintained even during logging operations when streamside vegetation 
is left intact (VDOF 2011, p. 37). The exception for incidental take 
associated with these activities seeks to ensure these characteristics 
are maintained for the conservation of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    Therefore, under this 4(d) rule, most prohibitions and provisions 
of 50 CFR 17.21 for endangered wildlife apply to the Atlantic pigtoe, 
except that incidental take resulting from the following actions is not 
prohibited:
    (1) Species restoration efforts by State wildlife agencies, 
including collection of broodstock, tissue collection for genetic 
analysis, captive propagation, and subsequent stocking into currently 
occupied and unoccupied areas within the historical range of the 
species, and follow-up monitoring.
    (2) Channel restoration projects that create natural, physically 
stable, ecologically functioning streams (or stream and wetland 
systems) that are reconnected with their groundwater aquifers. These 
projects can be accomplished using a variety of methods, but the 
desired outcome is a natural channel with low shear stress (force of 
water moving against the channel); bank heights that enable 
reconnection to the floodplain; a reconnection of surface and 
groundwater systems, resulting in perennial flows in the channel; 
riffles and pools composed of existing soil, rock, and wood instead of 
large imported materials; low compaction of soils within adjacent 
riparian areas; and inclusion of riparian wetlands. Streams 
reconstructed in this way would offer suitable habitats for the 
Atlantic pigtoe and contain stable channel features, such as pools, 
glides, runs, and riffles, which could be used by the species for 
spawning, rearing, growth, feeding, dispersal, and other normal 
behaviors. Prior to restoration action, surveys to determine presence 
of Atlantic pigtoe must be performed, and if located, mussels must be 
relocated prior to project implementation.
    (3) Bank stabilization projects that use bioengineering methods to 
replace pre-existing, bare, eroding stream banks with vegetated, stable 
stream banks, thereby reducing bank erosion and instream sedimentation 
and improving habitat conditions for the species. Following these 
bioengineering methods, stream banks may be stabilized using native 
species live stakes (live, vegetative cuttings inserted or tamped into 
the ground in a manner that allows the stake to take root and grow), 
native species live fascines (live branch cuttings, usually willows, 
bound together into long, cigar-shaped bundles), or native species 
brush layering (cuttings or branches of easily rooted tree species 
layered between successive lifts of soil fill). Native species 
vegetation includes woody and herbaceous species appropriate for the 
region and habitat conditions. These methods do not include the sole 
use of quarried rock (rip-rap) or the use of rock baskets or gabion 
structures.
    (4) Forestry-related activities, including silvicultural practices, 
forest management work, and fire control tactics, that implement State-
approved BMPs. In order for this exception to apply to forestry-related 
activities, these BMPs must achieve all of the following:
    (a) Establish a streamside management zone alongside the margins of 
each waterway.
    (b) Restrain visible sedimentation caused by the forestry-related 
activity from entering the waterway.
    (c) Maintain native groundcover within the streamside management 
zone of the waterway, and promptly re-establish native groundcover if 
disturbed.
    (d) Limit installation of vehicle or equipment crossings of the 
waterway to only where necessary for the forestry-related activity. 
Such crossings must:
    (i) Have erosion and sedimentation control measures installed to 
divert surface runoff away and restrain visible sediment from entering 
the waterway;
    (ii) Allow for movement of aquatic organisms within the waterway; 
and
    (iii) Have native groundcover applied and maintained through 
completion of the forestry-related activity.
    (e) Prohibit the use of tracked or wheeled vehicles for 
reforestation site preparation within the streamside management zone of 
the waterway.
    (f) Prohibit locating log decks, skid trails, new roads, and 
portable mill sites in the streamside management zone of the waterway.
    (g) Prohibit obstruction and impediment of the flow of water within 
the waterway that is caused by direct deposition of debris or soil by 
the forestry-related activity.
    (h) Maintain shade over the waterway similar to that observed prior 
to the forestry-related activity.
    (i) Prohibit discharge of any solid waste, petroleum, pesticide, 
fertilizer, or other chemical into the waterway.
    We reiterate that these actions and activities may result in some 
minimal level of take of the Atlantic pigtoe, but they are unlikely to 
negatively impact the species' conservation and recovery efforts. To 
the contrary, we expect they would have a net beneficial effect on the

[[Page 64021]]

species. Across the species' range, instream habitats have been 
degraded physically by sedimentation and by direct channel disturbance. 
The activities in the 4(d) rule will correct some of these problems, 
creating more favorable habitat conditions for the species.
    We may issue permits to carry out otherwise prohibited activities, 
including those described above, involving threatened wildlife under 
certain circumstances. Regulations governing permits are codified at 50 
CFR 17.32. With regard to threatened wildlife, a permit may be issued 
for the following purposes: for scientific purposes, to enhance 
propagation or survival, for economic hardship, for zoological 
exhibition, for educational purposes, for incidental taking, or for 
special purposes consistent with the purposes of the Act. The statute 
also contains certain exemptions from the prohibitions, which are found 
in sections 9 and 10 of the Act.
    We recognize the special and unique relationship with our State 
natural resource agency partners in contributing to conservation of 
listed species. State agencies often possess scientific data and 
valuable expertise on the status and distribution of endangered, 
threatened, candidate, and at-risk species of wildlife and plants. 
State agencies, because of their authorities and their close working 
relationships with local governments and landowners, are in a unique 
position to assist the Service in implementing all aspects of the Act. 
In this regard, section 6 of the Act provides that the Service shall 
cooperate to the maximum extent practicable with the States in carrying 
out programs authorized by the Act. Therefore, any qualified employee 
or agent of a State conservation agency that is a party to a 
cooperative agreement with the Service in accordance with section 6(c) 
of the Act, who is designated by his or her agency for such purposes, 
will be able to conduct activities designed to conserve the Atlantic 
pigtoe that may result in otherwise prohibited take without additional 
authorization.
    Nothing in this 4(d) rule will change in any way the recovery 
planning provisions of section 4(f) of the Act, the consultation 
requirements under section 7 of the Act, or the ability of the Service 
to enter into partnerships for the management and protection of the 
Atlantic pigtoe. However, interagency cooperation may be further 
streamlined through planned programmatic consultations for the species 
between Federal agencies and the Service.

III. Critical Habitat

Background

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as:
    (1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the 
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which 
are found those physical or biological features
    (a) Essential to the conservation of the species, and
    (b) Which may require special management considerations or 
protection; and
    (2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the 
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas 
are essential for the conservation of the species.
    Our regulations at 50 CFR 424.02 define the geographical area 
occupied by the species as an area that may generally be delineated 
around species' occurrences, as determined by the Secretary (i.e., 
range). Such areas may include those areas used throughout all or part 
of the species' life cycle, even if not used on a regular basis (e.g., 
migratory corridors, seasonal habitats, and habitats used periodically, 
but not solely by vagrant individuals).
    Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means to use 
and the use of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring 
an endangered or threatened species to the point at which the measures 
provided pursuant to the Act are no longer necessary. Such methods and 
procedures include, but are not limited to, all activities associated 
with scientific resources management such as research, census, law 
enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live 
trapping, and transplantation, and, in the extraordinary case where 
population pressures within a given ecosystem cannot be otherwise 
relieved, may include regulated taking.
    Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act 
through the requirement that Federal agencies ensure, in consultation 
with the Service, that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is 
not likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of 
critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat does not affect 
land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or 
other conservation area. Such designation does not allow the government 
or public to access private lands. Such designation does not require 
implementation of restoration, recovery, or enhancement measures by 
non-Federal landowners. Where a landowner requests Federal agency 
funding or authorization for an action that may affect a listed species 
or critical habitat, the Federal agency would be required to consult 
with the Service under section 7(a)(2) of the Act. However, even if the 
Service were to conclude that the proposed activity would result in 
destruction or adverse modification of the critical habitat, the 
Federal action agency and the landowner are not required to abandon the 
proposed activity, or to restore or recover the species; instead, they 
must implement ``reasonable and prudent alternatives'' to avoid 
destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat.
    Under the first prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat, 
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time 
it was listed are included in a critical habitat designation if they 
contain physical or biological features (1) which are essential to the 
conservation of the species and (2) which may require special 
management considerations or protection. For these areas, critical 
habitat designations identify, to the extent known using the best 
scientific and commercial data available, those physical or biological 
features that are essential to the conservation of the species (such as 
space, food, cover, and protected habitat). In identifying those 
physical or biological features within an area, we focus on the 
specific features that support the life-history needs of the species, 
including but not limited to, water characteristics, soil type, 
geological features, prey, vegetation, symbiotic species, or other 
features. A feature may be a single habitat characteristic, or a more 
complex combination of habitat characteristics. Features may include 
habitat characteristics that support ephemeral or dynamic habitat 
conditions. Features may also be expressed in terms relating to 
principles of conservation biology, such as patch size, distribution 
distances, and connectivity.
    Under the second prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat, 
we can designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical 
area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a 
determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the 
species. We determine whether unoccupied areas are essential for the 
conservation of the species by considering the life-history, status, 
and conservation needs of the species. This determination is further 
informed by any generalized conservation strategy, criteria, or outline 
that may have been

[[Page 64022]]

developed for the species to provide a substantive foundation for 
identifying which features and specific areas are essential to the 
conservation of the species and, as a result, the development of the 
critical habitat designation. For example, an area currently occupied 
by the species but that was not occupied at the time of listing may be 
essential to the conservation of the species and may be included in the 
critical habitat designation.
    Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on 
the basis of the best scientific data available. Further, our Policy on 
Information Standards Under the Endangered Species Act (published in 
the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271)), the Information 
Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and General Government 
Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106-554; H.R. 5658)), 
and our associated Information Quality Guidelines provide criteria, 
establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure that our decisions 
are based on the best scientific data available. They require our 
biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of 
the best scientific data available, to use primary and original sources 
of information as the basis for recommendations to designate critical 
habitat.
    When we are determining which areas should be designated as 
critical habitat, our primary source of information is generally the 
information from the SSA report and other information developed during 
the listing process for the species. Additional information sources may 
include any generalized conservation strategy, criteria, or outline 
that may have been developed for the species; the recovery plan for the 
species; articles in peer-reviewed journals; conservation plans 
developed by States and counties; scientific status surveys and 
studies; biological assessments; other unpublished materials; or 
experts' opinions or personal knowledge.
    Habitat is dynamic, and species may move from one area to another 
over time. We recognize that critical habitat designated at a 
particular point in time may not include all of the habitat areas that 
we may later determine are necessary for the recovery of the species. 
For these reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signal that 
habitat outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be needed 
for recovery of the species. Areas that are important to the 
conservation of the species, both inside and outside the critical 
habitat designation, will continue to be subject to: (1) Conservation 
actions implemented under section 7(a)(1) of the Act; (2) regulatory 
protections afforded by the requirement in section 7(a)(2) of the Act 
for Federal agencies to ensure their actions are not likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened 
species; and (3) the prohibitions found in section 9 of the Act. 
Federally funded or permitted projects affecting listed species outside 
their designated critical habitat areas may still result in jeopardy 
findings in some cases. These protections and conservation tools will 
continue to contribute to recovery of the species. Similarly, critical 
habitat designations made on the basis of the best available 
information at the time of designation will not control the direction 
and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans 
(HCPs), or other species conservation planning efforts if new 
information available at the time of those planning efforts calls for a 
different outcome.
    On August 27, 2019, we published a final rule in the Federal 
Register (84 FR 45020) to amend our regulations concerning the 
procedures and criteria used for listing or removing species from the 
Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants and designating 
critical habitat. That rule became effective on September 26, 2019, 
but, as stated in that rule, the revisions it sets forth apply to 
classification and critical habitat rules for which a proposed rule was 
published after September 26, 2019. We published our proposed critical 
habitat designation for the Atlantic pigtoe on October 11, 2018 (83 FR 
51570); therefore, the revisions set forth in the August 27, 2019, 
final rule do not apply to this final designation of critical habitat 
for the Atlantic pigtoe and this final rule follows the version of 
Sec.  424.12 that was in effect prior to September 26, 2019.

Physical or Biological Features Essential to the Conservation of the 
Species

    In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at 
50 CFR 424.12(b), in determining which areas we will designate as 
critical habitat from within the geographical area occupied by the 
species at the time of listing, we consider the physical or biological 
features that are essential to the conservation of the species and 
which may require special management considerations or protection. The 
regulations at 50 CFR 424.02 define ``physical or biological features 
essential to the conservation of the species'' as the features that 
occur in specific areas and that are essential to support the life-
history needs of the species, including, but not limited to, water 
characteristics, soil type, geological features, sites, prey, 
vegetation, symbiotic species, or other features. A feature may be a 
single habitat characteristic or a more complex combination of habitat 
characteristics. Features may include habitat characteristics that 
support ephemeral or dynamic habitat conditions. Features may also be 
expressed in terms relating to principles of conservation biology, such 
as patch size, distribution distances, and connectivity. For example, 
physical features essential to the conservation of the species might 
include gravel of a particular size required for spawning, alkaline 
soil for seed germination, protective cover for migration, or 
susceptibility to flooding or fire that maintains necessary early-
successional habitat characteristics. Biological features might include 
prey species, forage grasses, specific kinds or ages of trees for 
roosting or nesting, symbiotic fungi, or a particular level of 
nonnative species consistent with conservation needs of the listed 
species. The features may also be combinations of habitat 
characteristics and may encompass the relationship between 
characteristics or the necessary amount of a characteristic essential 
to support the life history of the species.
    In considering whether features are essential to the conservation 
of the species, we may consider an appropriate quality, quantity, and 
spatial and temporal arrangement of habitat characteristics in the 
context of the life-history needs, condition, and status of the 
species. These characteristics include, but are not limited to, space 
for individual and population growth and for normal behavior; food, 
water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or physiological 
requirements; cover or shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, or 
rearing (or development) of offspring; and habitats that are protected 
from disturbance.

Summary of Essential Physical or Biological Features

    We derive the specific physical or biological features essential 
for the conservation of the Atlantic pigtoe from studies of this 
species' habitat, ecology, and life history. The primary habitat 
elements that influence resiliency of the Atlantic pigtoe include water 
quality, water quantity, substrate, and habitat connectivity. A full 
description of the needs of individuals, populations, and the species 
is available from the SSA report (Service 2021, p. 11). We have 
determined that the following physical

[[Page 64023]]

or biological features are essential to the conservation of Atlantic 
pigtoe:
    (1) Suitable substrates and connected instream habitats, 
characterized by geomorphically stable stream channels and banks (i.e., 
channels that maintain lateral dimensions, longitudinal profiles, and 
sinuosity patterns over time without an aggrading or degrading bed 
elevation) with habitats that support a diversity of freshwater mussel 
and native fish (such as stable riffle-run-pool habitats that provide 
flow refuges consisting of silt-free gravel and coarse sand 
substrates).
    (2) Adequate flows, or a hydrologic flow regime (which includes the 
severity, frequency, duration, and seasonality of discharge over time), 
necessary to maintain benthic habitats where the species is found and 
to maintain connectivity of streams with the floodplain, allowing the 
exchange of nutrients and sediment for maintenance of the mussel's and 
fish hosts' habitat, food availability, spawning habitat for native 
fishes, and the ability for newly transformed juveniles to settle and 
become established in their habitats.
    (3) Water and sediment quality (including, but not limited to, 
conductivity, hardness, turbidity, temperature, pH, ammonia, heavy 
metals, and chemical constituents) necessary to sustain natural 
physiological processes for normal behavior, growth, and viability of 
all life stages.
    (4) The presence and abundance of fish hosts necessary for 
recruitment of the Atlantic pigtoe.

Special Management Considerations or Protection

    When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the specific 
areas within the geographical area occupied by the species at the time 
of listing contain features which are essential to the conservation of 
the species and which may require special management considerations or 
protection. Special management considerations or protection may be 
required of the Federal action agency to eliminate, or to reduce to 
negligible levels, the threats affecting the physical and biological 
features of each unit. The features essential to the conservation of 
the Atlantic pigtoe may require special management considerations or 
protections to reduce the following threats: (1) Urbanization of the 
landscape, including (but not limited to) land conversion for urban and 
commercial use, infrastructure (roads, bridges, utilities), and urban 
water uses (water supply reservoirs, wastewater treatment, etc.); (2) 
nutrient pollution from agricultural activities that impact water 
quantity and quality; (3) significant alteration of water quality; (4) 
incompatible forest management or silviculture activities that remove 
large areas of forested wetlands or riparian systems; (5) culvert and 
pipe installation that creates barriers to movement; (6) impacts from 
invasive species; (7) changes and shifts in seasonal precipitation 
patterns as a result of climate change; and (8) other watershed and 
floodplain disturbances that release sediments or nutrients into the 
water.
    Management activities that could ameliorate these threats include, 
but are not limited to: Use of BMPs designed to reduce sedimentation, 
erosion, and bank side destruction; protection of riparian corridors 
and maintenance of sufficient canopy cover along banks; moderation of 
surface and ground water withdrawals to maintain natural flow regimes; 
increased use of stormwater management and reduction of stormwater 
flows into the systems; and reduction of other watershed and floodplain 
disturbances that release sediments, pollutants, or nutrients into the 
water.

Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

    As required by section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we use the best 
scientific data available to designate critical habitat. In accordance 
with the Act and our implementing regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(b), we 
review available information pertaining to the habitat requirements of 
the species and identify specific areas within the geographical area 
occupied by the species at the time of listing and any specific areas 
outside the geographical area occupied by the species to be considered 
for designation as critical habitat.
    The current distribution of the Atlantic pigtoe is much reduced 
from its historical distribution. We anticipate that recovery will 
require continued protection of existing populations and habitat, and 
it will need to ensure that there are adequate numbers of mussels 
occurring in stable populations and that these populations occur over a 
wide geographic area. This strategy will help to ensure that 
catastrophic events, such as the effects of hurricanes (e.g., flooding 
that causes excessive sedimentation, nutrients, and debris to disrupt 
stream ecology), cannot simultaneously affect all known populations. 
Rangewide recovery considerations, such as maintaining existing genetic 
diversity and striving for representation of all major portions of the 
species' current range, were considered in formulating this critical 
habitat designation.
    Sources of data for the critical habitat designation include 
multiple databases maintained by universities and State agencies for 
Virginia and North Carolina, and numerous survey reports on streams 
throughout the species' range (see SSA report). We have also reviewed 
available information that pertains to the habitat requirements of this 
species. Sources of information on habitat requirements include studies 
conducted at occupied sites and published in peer-reviewed articles, 
agency reports, and data collected during monitoring efforts (Service 
2021, p. 11).

Areas Occupied at the Time of Listing

    We identified stream channels that currently support populations of 
the Atlantic pigtoe. We defined ``current'' as stream channels with 
observations of the species from 2005 to the present, as described in 
the SSA report and supported by the species' life history and habitat 
stability over time (Service 2021, p. 10). Due to the breadth and 
intensity of survey effort done for freshwater mussels throughout the 
known range of the species, species experts found that it is reasonable 
to assume that streams with no positive surveys since 2005 should not 
be considered occupied for the purpose of our analysis. However, since 
each particular area is not surveyed every year, and these cryptic 
mussels have a 42 percent detection probability, only one negative 
survey would not be sufficient to determine that the species is not 
present. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that if the species had 
been seen within the past 15 years that it could be considered 
currently occupied. Specific habitat areas were delineated based on 
Natural Heritage Element Occurrences (EOs) following NatureServe's 
occurrence delineation protocol for freshwater mussels (NatureServe 
2018). These EOs provide habitat for Atlantic pigtoe subpopulations and 
are large enough to be self-sustaining over time, despite fluctuations 
in local conditions. The EOs contain stream reaches with interconnected 
waters so that host fish containing Atlantic pigtoe glochidia can move 
between areas, at least during certain flows or seasons.
    We consider the following streams to be occupied by the species at 
the time of listing: Craig Creek, Mill Creek, Sappony Creek, Nottoway 
River Subbasin, Meherrin River, Dan River, Aarons Creek, Little Grassy 
Creek, Upper/Middle Tar River Subbasin, Sandy/Swift Creek, Fishing 
Creek

[[Page 64024]]

Subbasin, Lower Tar River, Upper Neuse River Subbasin, Middle Neuse 
River Subbasin, New Hope Creek, Deep River Subbasin, and Little River 
Subbasin (see Final Critical Habitat Designation, below). The critical 
habitat designation does not include all streams known to have been 
occupied by the species historically; instead, it includes only the 
currently occupied streams within the historical range that have also 
retained the physical or biological features that will allow for the 
maintenance and expansion of existing populations.

Areas Outside the Geographic Area Occupied at the Time of Listing

    We are not designating any areas outside the geographical area 
currently occupied by the species because we did not find any 
unoccupied areas that were essential for the conservation of the 
species. The protection of eight moderately or highly resilient MUs 
across the physiographic representation of the range will sufficiently 
reduce the risk of extinction. Improving the resiliency of populations 
in the currently occupied streams will increase viability to the point 
that the protections of the Act are no longer necessary.

Critical Habitat Maps

    When determining critical habitat boundaries, we used Geographic 
Information System (GIS) hydrology data layers that can differ slightly 
based on the scale of the map; therefore, users should use published 
coordinates for upstream and downstream boundaries (see ADDRESSES). We 
also made every effort to avoid including developed areas such as lands 
covered by buildings, pavement, and other structures because such lands 
lack physical or biological features necessary for the Atlantic pigtoe. 
The scale of the maps we prepared under the parameters for publication 
within the Code of Federal Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of 
such developed lands. Any such lands inadvertently left inside critical 
habitat boundaries shown on the maps of this rule have been excluded by 
text in the rule and are not designated as critical habitat. Therefore, 
a Federal action involving these lands will not trigger section 7 
consultation under the Act with respect to critical habitat and the 
requirement of no adverse modification unless the specific action will 
affect the physical or biological features in the adjacent critical 
habitat.
    We are designating as critical habitat areas that we have 
determined are occupied at the time of listing (i.e., currently 
occupied) and that contain one or more of the physical or biological 
features that are essential to support life-history processes of the 
species. Units are designated based on one or more of the physical or 
biological features being present to support the Atlantic pigtoe's 
life-history processes. All units contain all of the identified 
physical or biological features and support multiple life-history 
processes.
    The critical habitat designation is defined by the map or maps, as 
modified by any accompanying regulatory text, presented at the end of 
this document under Regulation Promulgation. We include more detailed 
information on the boundaries of the critical habitat designation in 
the discussion of individual units below. We will make the coordinates 
on which each map is based available to the public on http://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2018-0046.

Final Critical Habitat Designation

    We are designating 17 units as critical habitat for the Atlantic 
pigtoe. The critical habitat areas described below constitute our best 
assessment at this time of areas that meet the definition of critical 
habitat. Those 17 units are: (1) Craig Creek, (2) Mill Creek, (3) 
Sappony Creek, (4) Nottoway River Subbasin, (5) Meherrin River, (6) Dan 
River, (7) Aarons Creek, (8) Little Grassy Creek, (9) Upper/Middle Tar 
River Subbasin, (10) Sandy/Swift Creek, (11) Fishing Creek Subbasin, 
(12) Lower Tar River, (13) Upper Neuse River Subbasin, (14) Middle 
Neuse River Subbasin, (15) New Hope Creek, (16) Deep River Subbasin, 
and (17) Little River. Table 2 below shows the occupied units.

         Table 2--Critical Habitat Units for the Atlantic Pigtoe
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            River miles
     Critical habitat unit          Riparian ownership     (kilometers)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. JR1--Craig Creek............  Private; Federal.......       29 (46.7)
2. JR2--Mill Creek.............  Private................         1 (1.6)
3. CR1--Sappony Creek..........  Private................         4 (6.6)
4. CR2--Nottoway River Subbasin  Private; Federal.......        64 (103)
5. CR3--Meherrin River.........  Private................           5 (8)
6. RR1--Dan River..............  Private................       14 (22.5)
7. RR2--Aarons Creek...........  Private................       12 (19.3)
8. RR3--Little Grassy Creek....  Private................         3 (4.8)
9. TR1--Upper/Middle Tar River   Private; Easements.....      91 (146.5)
 Subbasin.
10. TR2--Sandy/Swift Creek.....  Private; State;               50 (80.5)
                                  Easements.
11. TR3--Fishing Creek Subbasin  Private; State;              85 (136.8)
                                  Easements.
12. TR4--Lower Tar River.......  Private; State;               30 (48.3)
                                  Easements.
13. NR1--Upper Neuse River       Private; State;                 60 (95)
 Subbasin.                        Easements.
14. NR2--Middle Neuse River      Private; State; County;       61 (98.2)
 Subbasin.                        Easements.
15. CF1--New Hope Creek........  Private; Easements.....         4 (6.4)
16. CF2--Deep River Subbasin...  Private................       10 (16.1)
17. YR1- Little River..........  Private; Easements.....       40 (64.4)
                                                         ---------------
    Total......................  .......................       563 (906)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Mileage may not sum due to rounding.


[[Page 64025]]

    We present brief descriptions of all units, and reasons why they 
meet the definition of critical habitat for the Atlantic pigtoe, below. 
All units are considered occupied.

James River Population

Unit 1: JR1--Craig Creek, Craig and Botetourt Counties, Virginia
    Unit 1 consists of 29 river mi (46.7 river km) of Craig Creek near 
VA Route 616 northeast of New Castle downstream to just below VA Route 
817 crossing. The land adjacent to Craig Creek is primarily private, 
although approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) of land along the river is 
federally owned by George Washington and Jefferson National Forest (GWJ 
NF), and 2.5 mi (4 km) consists of conservation easements. The unit 
contains all of the physical or biological features that are essential 
to support life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required to 
address excess nutrients, sediment, and pollutants that enter the creek 
and serve as indicators of other forms of pollution such as bacteria 
and toxins, reducing water quality for the species. Sources of these 
types of pollution are wastewater, agricultural runoff, and urban 
stormwater runoff. Five stream reaches, totaling approximately 21 river 
miles, are impaired for aquatic life in the lower Craig Creek 
watershed. Impairment is indicated by low benthic-macroinvertebrate 
bioassessments, pH issues, high temperature, and fecal coliform. Given 
the stormwater and nonpoint source pollution identified as contributing 
to water quality issues in this unit, special management considerations 
including riparian buffer restoration, reduced surface and groundwater 
withdrawals, stormwater retrofits, eliminating direct stormwater 
discharges, and implementing highest levels of wastewater treatment 
practicable will benefit the species' habitat in this unit.
    The GWJ NF surrounds the Craig Creek Subbasin; protections and 
management of the GWJ NF will likely enable habitat conditions (water 
quality, water quantity/flow, instream substrate, and connectivity) to 
remain high into the future. Targeted species restoration in 
conjunction with current associated-species restoration efforts in 
Johns, Dicks, and Little Oregon Creeks within the Craig Creek Subbasin 
will likely improve the Atlantic pigtoe's resiliency in these areas. 
Maintenance of forested buffer conditions is essential to retaining 
high-quality instream habitat in this unit.
Unit 2: JR2--Mill Creek, Bath County, Virginia
    Unit 2 consists of a 1-mile (1.6-km) segment of Mill Creek at the 
VA39 (Mountain Valley Road) crossing. The land surrounding the creek is 
privately owned. The unit contains all of the physical or biological 
features that are essential to support life-history processes of the 
Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within Unit 2 to address excess nutrients, sediment, and pollutants 
that enter the creek and serve as indicators of other forms of 
pollution such as bacteria and toxins. Sources of these types of 
pollution are wastewater, agricultural runoff, and urban stormwater 
runoff. Given the urban stormwater and nonpoint source pollution 
identified as contributing to water quality issues in this unit, 
special management considerations including riparian buffer 
restoration, reduced surface and groundwater withdrawals, stormwater 
retrofits, eliminating direct stormwater discharges, increasing open 
space in the watershed, and implementing highest levels of wastewater 
treatment practicable will benefit the species' habitat in this unit.
    The GWJ NF surrounds most of the Mill Creek watershed; protections 
and management of the GWJ NF will likely enable habitat conditions to 
remain high into the future. Targeted species restoration in 
conjunction with current associated-species restoration efforts in Mill 
Creek will likely improve the Atlantic pigtoe's resiliency in these 
areas. Maintenance of forested buffer conditions is essential to 
retaining high-quality instream habitat in this unit.

Chowan River Population

Unit 3: CR1--Sappony Creek, Dinwiddie County, Virginia
    Unit 3 consists of 4 river miles (6.6 river km) of Sappony Creek 
beginning just upstream of the Seaboard Railroad crossing and ending 
just downstream of the Shippings Road (SR709) crossing. The riparian 
areas on either side of the river are privately owned. The unit 
contains all of the physical or biological features that are essential 
to support life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required to 
address excess sediment and pollutants that enter the creek and serve 
as indicators of other forms of pollution such as bacteria and toxins, 
reducing water quality for the species. Sources of these types of 
pollution are likely agricultural and silvicultural runoff. Special 
management focused on agricultural and silviculture BMPs, maintenance 
of forested buffers, and connection of protected riparian corridors 
will benefit habitat for the species in this unit.
Unit 4: CR2--Nottoway River Subbasin, Nottoway, Lunenburg, Brunswick, 
Dinwiddie, Greensville, and Sussex Counties, Virginia
    Unit 4 consists of 64 river miles (103 river km) of the Nottoway 
River, and a portion of Sturgeon Creek, beginning downstream of the 
Nottoway River's confluence with Dickerson Creek and ending just 
downstream of Little Mill Road, and includes Sturgeon Creek upstream of 
Old Stage Road. Land bordering the river is primarily privately owned, 
although some of the land is part of the Fort Pickett National Guard 
Installation (see Exemptions, below), containing 14.2 mi (23 km) of 
conservation parcels. The unit contains all of the physical or 
biological features that are essential to support life-history 
processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within this unit to address a variety of threats. In the past decade, 
the Nottoway River suffered from several seasonal drought events, which 
not only caused very low dissolved oxygen conditions but also decreased 
food delivery because of minimal flows. In addition, these conditions 
led to increased predation rates on potential host fishes that were 
concentrated into low-flow refugia (e.g., pools). Urban stormwater and 
nonpoint source pollution have been identified as contributing to water 
quality issues in this unit; therefore, special management 
considerations for riparian buffer restoration, reduced surface and 
groundwater withdrawals, and stormwater retrofits will benefit the 
habitat in this unit. Additional special management considerations or 
protection may be required within this unit to address low water levels 
as a result of water withdrawals and drought.
Unit 5: CR3--Meherrin River, Brunswick County, Virginia
    Unit 5 consists of 5 river miles (8 river km) of the Meherrin 
River, from approximately 1.5 miles below the confluence with 
Saddletree Creek under VA Highway 46 (Christana Highway) to VA715 (Iron 
Bridge Road). The land on either side of the river is privately owned. 
The unit contains all of the physical or biological features that are 
essential to support life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within

[[Page 64026]]

this unit to address a variety of threats. Like the Nottoway River, the 
Meherrin River has been affected by seasonal droughts, resulting in low 
flow conditions and low dissolved oxygen conditions. The rural nature 
of the unit will benefit from following agricultural and silvicultural 
BMPs. Additional special management considerations or protection such 
as riparian buffer protection, reduced surface and groundwater 
withdrawals, and water conservation programs may be required within 
this unit to address low water levels as a result of water withdrawals 
and drought.

Roanoke River Population

Unit 6: RR1--Dan River, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, and Rockingham 
County, North Carolina
    Unit 6 consists of 14 river miles (22.5 river km) of the Dan River 
along the border of Virginia and North Carolina from just upstream of 
NC Highway 700 near Eden, North Carolina, into Pittsylvania County, 
Virginia, and downstream to the confluence with Williamson Creek in 
Rockingham County, North Carolina. The land on either side of the river 
is privately owned. The unit contains all of the physical or biological 
features that are essential to support life-history processes of the 
Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within this unit to address threats. For example, a Duke Energy Coal 
Ash spill occurred upstream of this unit in February 2014; subsequent 
actions related to mitigating the effects of the spill will ultimately 
benefit the habitat in this unit, potentially allowing species 
restoration efforts.
Unit 7: RR2--Aarons Creek, Granville County, North Carolina, and 
Mecklenburg and Halifax Counties, Virginia
    Unit 7 consists of 12 river miles (19.3 river km) of Aarons Creek, 
from NC96 in Granville County, North Carolina, downstream across the 
North Carolina-Virginia border to just upstream of VA602 (White House 
Road) along the Mecklenburg County-Halifax County line in Virginia. 
Land on either side of the river is privately owned. The unit contains 
all of the physical or biological features that are essential to 
support life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within this unit to address a variety of threats. There are two 
impaired stream reaches totaling approximately 12 river miles (19.3 
river km) in the Aarons Creek watershed. An ``impairment'' designation 
by the State here is a result of low dissolved oxygen and low benthic-
macroinvertebrate assessment scores. Special management focused on 
maintaining riparian buffers and following BMPs will be important for 
the habitat in this unit.
Unit 8: RR3--Little Grassy Creek, Granville County, North Carolina
    Unit 8 consists of 3 river miles (4.8 river km) of Little Grassy 
Creek in Granville County, North Carolina, beginning at the Crawford 
Currin Road crossing and ending at the confluence with Grassy Creek. 
The riparian areas on either side of the river are privately owned. The 
unit contains all of the physical or biological features that are 
essential to support life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required to 
address excess sediment and pollutants that enter the creek and serve 
as indicators of other forms of pollution such as bacteria and toxins, 
reducing water quality for the species. Sources of these types of 
pollution are likely agricultural and silvicultural runoff. Given the 
nonpoint source pollution identified as contributing to water quality 
issues in this unit, special management considerations related to 
riparian buffer protection and restoration and reduced surface and 
groundwater withdrawals will benefit the species' habitat in this unit.

Tar River Population

Unit 9: TR1--Upper/Middle Tar River Subbasin, Granville, Vance, 
Franklin, and Nash Counties, North Carolina
    This unit consists of 91 river miles (146.5 river km) of the 
mainstem of the upper and middle Tar River as well as several 
tributaries (Bear Swamp Creek, Fox Creek, Crooked Creek, Cub Creek, and 
Shelton Creek), all in North Carolina. The portion of Cub Creek starts 
near Hobgood Road and continues to the confluence with the Tar River; 
the Tar River portion starts just upstream of the NC158 bridge and goes 
downstream to the NC 581 crossing; the Shelton Creek portion starts 
upstream of NC158 and goes downstream to the confluence with the Tar 
River; the Bear Swamp Creek portion begins upstream of Dyking Road and 
goes downstream to the confluence with the Tar River (and includes an 
unnamed tributary upstream of Beasley Road); the Fox Creek portion 
begins downstream of NC 561 and goes to the confluence with the Tar 
River; and the Crooked Creek portion begins upstream of NC98 crossing 
and goes downstream to confluence with Tar River. Land bordering the 
river and creeks is mostly privately owned (79 mi (119 km)), with some 
areas in public ownership or easements (12 mi (17 km)). The unit 
contains all of the physical or biological features that are essential 
to support life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within this unit to address a variety of threats. Excessive amounts of 
nitrogen and phosphorus run off the land or are discharged into the 
waters, causing too much growth of microscopic or macroscopic 
vegetation and leading to extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen. As 
a result, there are six ``impaired'' stream reaches (as defined on the 
State's 303d list) totaling approximately 32 river miles in the unit. 
Expansion or addition of new wastewater discharges are also a threat to 
habitat in this unit. Special management focused on agricultural BMPs, 
implementing highest levels of treatment of wastewater practicable, 
maintenance of forested buffers, and connection of protected riparian 
corridors will benefit habitat for the species in this unit.
Unit 10: TR2--Sandy/Swift Creek, Warren, Franklin, and Nash Counties, 
North Carolina
    This unit consists of a 50-mile (80.5-km) segment of Sandy/Swift 
Creek beginning at Southerland Mill Road and continuing downstream to 
NC301. Land bordering the river and creeks is mostly privately owned 
(42 mi (80 km)), with some areas covered by protective easements (8 mi 
(13 km)). The unit contains all of the physical or biological features 
that are essential to support life-history processes of the Atlantic 
pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within this unit to address a variety of threats. Excessive amounts of 
nitrogen and phosphorus run off the land or are discharged into the 
waters, causing excessive growth of microscopic or macroscopic 
vegetation and leading to extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen; 
there is one ``impaired'' stream reach totaling approximately 5 river 
miles (8 river km) in this unit. Given the nonpoint source pollution 
identified as contributing to water quality issues in this unit, 
special management considerations including riparian buffer protection 
and restoration, connection of protected riparian corridors, reduced 
surface and groundwater withdrawals,

[[Page 64027]]

and stormwater retrofits will benefit habitat for the species in this 
unit.
Unit 11: TR3--Fishing Creek Subbasin, Warren, Halifax, Franklin, and 
Nash Counties, North Carolina
    This unit consists of 85 river miles (136.8 river km) in Fishing 
Creek, Little Fishing Creek, Shocco Creek, and Maple Branch. The Shocco 
Creek portion begins downstream of the NC58 bridge and continues to the 
confluence with Fishing Creek; the entirety of Maple Branch is 
included, down to the confluence with Fishing Creek; Fishing Creek 
begins at Axtell Ridgeway Road (SR1112) downstream to I-95; and Little 
Fishing Creek begins upstream of Briston Brown Road (SR1532) downstream 
to the confluence with Fishing Creek. The land bordering the creeks 
includes private parcels (56 miles (90 km)), protective easements (14 
miles (23 km)), and State game lands (15 miles (24 km)). The unit 
contains all of the physical or biological features that are essential 
to support life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within this unit to address a variety of threats. Excessive amounts of 
nitrogen and phosphorus run off the land or are discharged into the 
waters, causing excessive growth of microscopic or macroscopic 
vegetation and leading to extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen. 
Given the nonpoint source pollution identified as contributing to water 
quality issues in this unit, special management considerations 
including riparian buffer restoration, reduced surface and groundwater 
withdrawals, and stormwater retrofits will benefit habitat for the 
species in this unit.
Unit 12: TR4--Lower Tar River, Edgecombe and Pitt Counties, North 
Carolina
    This unit consists of 30 river miles (48.3 river km) of the Lower 
Tar River, lower Swift Creek, and Fishing Creek in Edgecombe County, 
North Carolina, from NC97 near Leggett, North Carolina, to the 
Edgecombe-Pitt County line near NC33. Land along the river is divided 
between private parcels, protective easements, State game lands, and 
State park land. The unit contains all of the physical or biological 
features that are essential to support life-history processes of the 
Atlantic pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within this unit to address a variety of threats. Excessive amounts of 
nitrogen and phosphorus run off the land or are discharged into the 
waters, causing excessive growth of microscopic or macroscopic 
vegetation and leading to extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen. 
Special management focused on agricultural BMPs, maintenance of 
forested buffers, and connection of protected riparian corridors will 
benefit habitat for the species in this unit.

Neuse River Population

Unit 13: NR1--Upper Neuse River Subbasin, Person, Durham, and Orange 
Counties, North Carolina
    This unit consists of 60 river miles (95 river km) in four reaches 
including Flat River, Little River, Eno River, and the Upper Eno River. 
The unit contains all of the physical or biological features that are 
essential to support life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    The Flat River reach consists of 19 river miles (30.6 river km) in 
the Flat River Subbasin in Person and Durham Counties, North Carolina, 
including the South Flat River downstream of Dick Coleman Road, the 
North Flat River near Parsonage Road, and Deep Creek near Helena-Moriah 
Road downstream where each river converges into the Flat River 
downstream of State Forest Road. Land along the Flat River subunit 
includes mostly private parcels, with some easements (1 mi (1.7 km)) 
and State forest land (1.4 mi (2.3 km)).
    The Little River Subbasin includes 18 river miles (29 river km) of 
the North Fork and South Fork Little Rivers in Orange and Durham 
Counties, North Carolina, bordered by mostly private land and 0.2 mi 
(0.4 km) of conservation easements.
    The Upper Eno River reach consists of 4 river miles (6.4 river km) 
in Orange County, North Carolina, including the West Fork Eno River 
upstream of Cedar Grove Road to the confluence with McGowan Creek. This 
subunit is bordered by 3 miles (4.8 km) of private land and 1 mile (1.6 
km) of conservation parcels.
    The Eno River reach consists of 18 river miles (29 river km) in 
Orange and Durham Counties, North Carolina, from below Eno Mountain 
Road to NC15-501. Land bordering the river contains nearly all State 
park land (17 mi (27.4 km)) and 0.3 mi (0.45 km) of conservation 
parcels; the remaining land is privately owned.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within this unit to address a variety of threats. Large quantities of 
nutrients (especially nitrogen) contributed by fertilizers and animal 
waste washed from lawns, urban developed areas, farm fields, and animal 
operations are impacting aquatic ecosystems in this unit. More than 300 
permitted point-source sites discharge wastewater into streams and 
rivers in the basin. Development is also impacting areas along the 
Upper Neuse River. Special management considerations in this unit 
include using the highest available wastewater treatment technologies, 
retrofitting stormwater systems, eliminating direct stormwater 
discharges, increasing open space, maintaining connected riparian 
corridors, and treating invasive species (like hydrilla).
Unit 14: NR2--Middle Neuse River Subbasin, Wake, Johnston, Wilson 
Counties, North Carolina
    This unit consists of 61 river miles (98.2 river km) in five 
reaches including Swift Creek, Middle Creek, Upper Little River, Middle 
Little River, and Contentnea Creek, all in North Carolina. The unit 
contains all of the physical or biological features that are essential 
to support life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe and currently 
supports some breeding, feeding, and sheltering needs for the species.
    The Middle Creek reach is 19 river miles (30.6 river km) below Old 
Stage Road downstream to below Crantock Road, and the Swift Creek reach 
is 25 river miles (40.2 river km) from Lake Benson downstream to 
confluence with the Neuse, both in Wake and Johnston Counties. They are 
primarily bordered by private land with 1.2 mi (1.9 km) of easement 
parcels.
    The Upper Little River reach includes 4 river miles (6.4 river km) 
of the Upper Little River from the confluence with Perry Creek to 
Fowler Road in Wake County, North Carolina. The land along this stream 
reach is primarily county-owned (3.4 mi (5.4 km) with some private 
parcels.
    The Middle Little River reach includes 11 river miles (17.7 river 
km) from Atkinsons Mill downstream to NC301 in Johnston County, North 
Carolina. This area is bordered predominantly by private land and 0.2 
mi (0.4 km) of conservation parcels.
    The Contentnea Creek reach consists of 2 river miles (3.2 river km) 
below Buckhorn Reservoir to just below Sadie Road near NC581 in Wilson 
County, North Carolina, bordered entirely by private land.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within this unit to address a variety of threats. Large quantities of 
nutrients (especially nitrogen) contributed by fertilizers and animal 
waste washed from lawns, urban developed areas, farm fields, and animal 
operations are impacting aquatic ecosystems in this unit. More than 300 
permitted point-source sites discharge wastewater into streams and 
rivers in

[[Page 64028]]

the basin. Development is also impacting areas along the Middle Neuse 
River.
    There are 49 State-defined ``impaired'' stream reaches totaling 
approximately 447 river miles (719.4 river km) in this unit. There are 
many factors that cause an impairment label to be given by the State, 
including low benthic-macroinvertebrate assessment scores, low pH, poor 
fish community scores, low dissolved oxygen, polychlorinated biphenyls 
(PCBs), copper, and zinc. There are 349 non-major and 6 major (Apex 
Water Reclamation Facility, Central Johnston County Waste Water 
Treatment Plant, Cary Waste Water Treatment Plant, City of Raleigh 
Wastewater Treatment Plant, Dempsey Benton Water Treatment Plant, and 
Terrible Creek Waste Water Treatment Plant) permitted discharges in 
this MU. Special management related to developed areas, including using 
the best available wastewater treatment technologies, retrofitting 
stormwater systems, eliminating direct stormwater discharges, 
increasing open space in the watershed, and maintaining connected 
riparian corridors, will be important to maintain habitat in this unit.

Cape Fear Population

Unit 15: CF1--New Hope Creek, Orange County, North Carolina
    This unit consists of 4 river miles (6.4 river km) of habitat in 
the New Hope Creek from NC86 to Mimosa Road. The land bordering the 
creek includes private parcels and 2.5 mi (4 km) of conservation 
easements. The unit contains all of the physical or biological features 
that are essential to support life-history processes of the Atlantic 
pigtoe.
    Special management considerations or protection may be required 
within this unit to address a variety of threats. Large quantities of 
nutrients (especially nitrogen) contributed by fertilizers and animal 
waste washed from lawns, urban developed areas, farm fields, and animal 
operations are impacting aquatic ecosystems in this unit. More than 200 
permitted point-source sites discharge wastewater into streams and 
rivers in the basin. Development is also impacting areas along New Hope 
Creek.
    Special management, including using the best available wastewater 
treatment technologies, retrofitting stormwater systems, eliminating 
direct stormwater discharges, increasing open space in the watershed, 
and maintaining connected riparian corridors, may be required to 
maintain habitat in this unit.
Unit 16: CF2--Deep River Subbasin, Randolph County, North Carolina
    The Deep River Subbasin unit consists of 10 river miles (16.1 river 
km), including the mainstem between Richland and Brush Creeks as well 
as Richland Creek from Little Beane Store Road to the confluence with 
the Deep River and Brush Creek from Brush Creek Road to the confluence 
with the Deep River. Land bordering the area is privately owned. The 
unit contains all of the physical or biological features that are 
essential to support life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    The Deep River Subbasin is situated in a mostly rural part of the 
Cape Fear River Basin, and large-scale agriculture and livestock 
operations are present. Special management considerations or protection 
may be required within this unit to ensure the use of agriculture BMPs, 
especially preventing cattle access to streams, as well as protecting 
forested riparian buffers to benefit habitat in this unit. The invasive 
plant hydrilla has recently been identified in the Deep River, and 
special management will likely be required to eradicate the infestation 
to improve habitat conditions to meet the breeding, feeding, and 
sheltering needs of Atlantic pigtoe.

Yadkin-Pee Dee River Population

Unit 17: YR1--Little River, Randolph and Montgomery Counties, North 
Carolina
    This unit consists of 40 river miles (64.4 river km) of Little 
River from SR1114 downstream to Okeewemee Star Road, including the West 
Fork Little River from NC134 to the confluence with the Little River. 
Land along the river is predominantly privately owned, with 0.7 mi 
(1.15 km) of parcels in conservation easements. The unit contains all 
of the physical or biological features that are essential to support 
life-history processes of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    Habitat fragmentation from dams and reservoirs is impacting the 
aquatic ecosystems in this unit. Sedimentation from intensive 
agriculture is the top pollution problem in the basin. Special 
management considerations or protection may include the use of 
agricultural BMPs, especially preventing cattle access to streams, as 
well as protecting forested riparian buffers to benefit habitat in this 
unit.

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation

Section 7 Consultation

    Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the 
Service, to ensure that any action they fund, authorize, or carry out 
is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered 
species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse 
modification of designated critical habitat of such species.
    We published a final rule revising the definition of destruction or 
adverse modification on August 27, 2019 (84 FR 44976). Destruction or 
adverse modification means a direct or indirect alteration that 
appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat as a whole for the 
conservation of a listed species.
    If a Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical 
habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency) must enter into 
consultation with us. Examples of actions that are subject to the 
section 7 consultation process are actions on State, Tribal, local, or 
private lands that require a Federal permit (such as a permit from the 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act 
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or a permit from the Service under section 10 
of the Act) or that involve some other Federal action (such as funding 
from the Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation 
Administration, or the Federal Emergency Management Agency). Federal 
actions not affecting listed species or critical habitat--and actions 
on State, Tribal, local, or private lands that are not federally 
funded, authorized, or carried out by a Federal agency--do not require 
section 7 consultation.
    Compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) is documented 
through our issuance of:
    (1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect, but 
are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat; 
or
    (2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect, and 
are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical habitat.
    When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is 
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species and/or 
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we provide reasonable and 
prudent alternatives to the project, if any are identifiable, that 
would avoid the likelihood of jeopardy and/or destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat. We define ``reasonable and prudent 
alternatives'' (at 50 CFR 402.02) as alternative actions identified 
during consultation that:
    (1) Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the intended 
purpose of the action,

[[Page 64029]]

    (2) Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the Federal 
agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
    (3) Are economically and technologically feasible, and
    (4) Would, in the Service Director's opinion, avoid the likelihood 
of jeopardizing the continued existence of the listed species and/or 
avoid the likelihood of destroying or adversely modifying critical 
habitat.
    Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project 
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs 
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are 
similarly variable.
    Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 set forth requirements for Federal 
agencies to reinitiate formal consultation on previously reviewed 
actions. These requirements apply when the Federal agency has retained 
discretionary involvement or control over the action (or the agency's 
discretionary involvement or control is authorized by law) and, 
subsequent to the previous consultation: (1) If the amount or extent of 
taking specified in the incidental take statement is exceeded; (2) if 
new information reveals effects of the action that may affect listed 
species or critical habitat in a manner or to an extent not previously 
considered; (3) if the identified action is subsequently modified in a 
manner that causes an effect to the listed species or critical habitat 
that was not considered in the biological opinion; or (4) if a new 
species is listed or critical habitat designated that may be affected 
by the identified action.
    In such situations, Federal agencies sometimes may need to request 
reinitiation of consultation with us, but the regulations also specify 
some exceptions to the requirement to reinitiate consultation on 
specific land management plans after subsequently listing a new species 
or designating new critical habitat. See the regulations for a 
description of those exceptions.

Application of the ``Adverse Modification'' Standard

    The key factor related to the adverse modification determination is 
whether implementation of the proposed Federal action directly or 
indirectly alters the designated critical habitat in a way that 
appreciably diminishes the value of the critical habitat as a whole for 
the conservation of the listed species. As discussed above, the role of 
critical habitat is to support physical or biological features 
essential to the conservation of a listed species and provide for the 
conservation of the species.
    Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and 
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical 
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may violate section 
7(a)(2) of the Act by destroying or adversely modifying such habitat, 
or that may be affected by such designation.
    Activities that the Service may, during a consultation under 
section 7(a)(2) of the Act, consider likely to destroy or adversely 
modify critical habitat include, but are not limited to:
    (1) Actions that would alter the minimum flow or the existing flow 
regime. Such activities could include, but are not limited to, 
impoundment, channelization, water diversion, water withdrawal, and 
hydropower generation. These activities could eliminate or reduce the 
habitat necessary for the growth and reproduction of the Atlantic 
pigtoe by decreasing or altering flows to levels that would adversely 
affect its ability to complete its life cycle.
    (2) Actions that would significantly alter water chemistry or 
temperature. Such activities could include, but are not limited to, 
release of chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, metals, and salts), 
biological pollutants, or heated effluents into the surface water or 
connected groundwater at a point source or by dispersed release (non-
point source). These activities could alter water conditions to levels 
that are beyond the tolerances of the Atlantic pigtoe and result in 
direct or cumulative adverse effects to individuals and their life 
cycles.
    (3) Actions that would significantly increase sediment deposition 
within the stream channel. Such activities could include, but are not 
limited to, excessive sedimentation from livestock grazing, road 
construction, channel alteration, incompatible forestry activities, 
off-road vehicle use, and other watershed and floodplain disturbances. 
These activities could eliminate or reduce the habitat necessary for 
the growth and reproduction of the Atlantic pigtoe by increasing the 
sediment deposition to levels that would adversely affect its ability 
to complete its life cycle.
    (4) Actions that would significantly increase the filamentous algal 
community within the stream channel. Such activities could include, but 
are not limited to, release of nutrients into the surface water or 
connected groundwater at a point source or by dispersed release (non-
point source). These activities can result in excessive filamentous 
algae filling streams and reducing habitat for the Atlantic pigtoe, 
degrading water quality during algal decay, and decreasing oxygen 
levels at night from algal respiration to levels below the tolerances 
of the mussel.
    (5) Actions that would significantly alter channel morphology or 
geometry. Such activities could include, but are not limited to, 
channelization, impoundment, road and bridge construction, mining, 
dredging, and destruction of riparian vegetation. These activities may 
lead to changes in water flows and levels that would degrade or 
eliminate the Atlantic pigtoe and/or its habitats. These actions can 
also lead to increased sedimentation and degradation in water quality 
to levels that are beyond the tolerances of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    (6) Actions that result in the introduction, spread, or 
augmentation of nonnative aquatic species in occupied stream segments, 
or in stream segments that are hydrologically connected to occupied 
stream segments, even if those segments are occasionally intermittent, 
or introduction of other species that compete with or prey on the 
Atlantic pigtoe. Possible actions could include, but are not limited 
to, stocking of nonnative fishes or other related actions. These 
activities can introduce parasites or disease to mollusks; result in 
direct predation; or affect the growth, reproduction, and survival of 
Atlantic pigtoes.
    Finally, we note that for any of the six categories of actions 
outlined above, we and the relevant Federal agency may find that the 
agency's anticipated actions affecting critical habitat may be 
appropriate to consider programmatically in section 7 consultation. 
Programmatic consultations can be an efficient method for streamlining 
the consultation process by addressing an agency's multiple similar, 
frequently occurring, or routine actions expected to be implemented in 
a given geographic area. Programmatic section 7 consultation can also 
be conducted for an agency's proposed program, plan, policy, or 
regulation that provides a framework for future proposed actions. We 
are committed to responding to any agency's request for a programmatic 
consultation, when appropriate and subject to the approval of the 
Service Director, as a means to streamline the regulatory process and 
avoid time-consuming and inefficient multiple individual consultations.

[[Page 64030]]

Exemptions

Application of Section 4(a)(3) of the Act

    The Sikes Act Improvement Act of 1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 670a) 
required each military installation that includes land and water 
suitable for the conservation and management of natural resources to 
complete an integrated natural resources management plan (INRMP) by 
November 17, 2001. An INRMP integrates implementation of the military 
mission of the installation with stewardship of the natural resources 
found on the base. Each INRMP includes:
    (1) An assessment of the ecological needs on the installation, 
including the need to provide for the conservation of listed species;
    (2) A statement of goals and priorities;
    (3) A detailed description of management actions to be implemented 
to provide for these ecological needs; and
    (4) A monitoring and adaptive management plan.
    Among other things, each INRMP must, to the extent appropriate and 
applicable, provide for fish and wildlife management; fish and wildlife 
habitat enhancement or modification; wetland protection, enhancement, 
and restoration where necessary to support fish and wildlife; and 
enforcement of applicable natural resource laws.
    The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub. 
L. 108-136) amended the Act to limit areas eligible for designation as 
critical habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (16 
U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) provides that the Secretary shall not 
designate as critical habitat any lands or other geographical areas 
owned or controlled by the Department of Defense, or designated for its 
use, that are subject to an INRMP prepared under 16 U.S.C. 670a, if the 
Secretary determines in writing that such plan provides a benefit to 
the species for which critical habitat is proposed for designation.
    We consult with the military on the development and implementation 
of INRMPs for installations with listed species. We analyze INRMPs 
developed by military installations located within the range of 
critical habitat designations to determine if they meet the criteria 
for exemption from critical habitat under section 4(a)(3) of the Act.

Approved INRMPs

    We have identified one area within the critical habitat designation 
that consists of Department of Defense lands with a completed, Service-
approved INRMP. The Army National Guard--Maneuver Training Center Fort 
Pickett (Fort Pickett) is located in southeastern Virginia on 41,000 
acres in three counties: Nottoway, Brunswick, and Dinwiddie. Fort 
Pickett is federally owned land that is managed by the Virginia Army 
National Guard and is subject to all federal laws and regulations. The 
Fort Pickett INRMP covers fiscal years 2017-2021, and serves as the 
principal management plan governing all natural resource activities on 
the installation. Among the goals and objectives listed in the INRMP is 
habitat management for rare, threatened, and endangered species, and 
the Atlantic pigtoe is included in this plan. Management actions that 
benefit the Atlantic pigtoe include maintenance and improvement of 
habitat, monitoring mussel populations, and improving water quality. 
Additional elements of the management actions included in the INRMP 
that will benefit Atlantic pigtoe and its habitat are forest 
management, stream and wetland protection zones, and public outreach 
and education.
    Fourteen river miles (22.5 km) of Unit 4 (CR2--Nottoway River 
Subbasin) are located within the area covered by this INRMP. Based on 
the above considerations, and in accordance with section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) 
of the Act, we have determined that the identified streams are subject 
to the Fort Pickett INRMP and that conservation efforts identified in 
the INRMP will provide a benefit to the Atlantic pigtoe. Therefore, 
streams within this installation are exempt from critical habitat 
designation under section 4(a)(3) of the Act. We are not including 
approximately 14 river miles (22.5 river km) of habitat in this 
critical habitat designation because of this exemption.

Consideration of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary shall 
designate and make revisions to critical habitat on the basis of the 
best available scientific data after taking into consideration the 
economic impact, national security impact, and any other relevant 
impact of specifying any particular area as critical habitat. The 
Secretary may exclude an area from critical habitat if we determine 
that the benefits of such exclusion outweigh the benefits of specifying 
such area as part of the critical habitat, unless we determine, based 
on the best scientific data available, that the failure to designate 
such area as critical habitat will result in the extinction of the 
species. In making the determination to exclude a particular area, the 
statute on its face, as well as the legislative history, are clear that 
the Secretary has broad discretion regarding which factor(s) to use and 
how much weight to give to any factor. On December 18, 2020, we 
published a final rule in the Federal Register (85 FR 82376) revising 
portions of our regulations pertaining to exclusions of critical 
habitat. These final regulations became effective on January 19, 2021, 
and apply to critical habitat rules for which a proposed rule was 
published after January 19, 2021. Consequently, these new regulations 
do not apply to this final rule.
    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we may exclude an area from 
designated critical habitat based on economic impacts, impacts on 
national security, or any other relevant impacts. In considering 
whether to exclude a particular area from the designation, we identify 
the benefits of including the area in the designation, identify the 
benefits of excluding the area from the designation, and evaluate 
whether the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion. 
If the analysis indicates that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the 
benefits of inclusion, the Secretary may exercise discretion to exclude 
the area only if such exclusion would not result in the extinction of 
the species. We describe below the process that we undertook for taking 
into consideration each category of impacts and our analyses of the 
relevant impacts.

Consideration of Economic Impacts

    Section 4(b)(2) of the Act and its implementing regulations require 
that we consider the economic impact that may result from a designation 
of critical habitat. In order to consider economic impacts, we prepared 
an incremental effects memorandum (IEM) and screening analysis which, 
together with our narrative and interpretation of effects we consider 
our draft economic analysis (DEA) of the proposed critical habitat 
designation and related factors (IEc, 2018, entire). The analysis, 
dated April 13, 2018, was made available for public review from October 
11, 2018, through December 10, 2018 (83 FR 51570). We then accepted 
public comments on the analysis for an additional 30 days, from 
September 22, 2020, through October 22, 2020, when we published a 
revised proposed critical habitat designation (85 FR 59487). The DEA 
addressed probable economic impacts of critical habitat designation for 
the Atlantic pigtoe. Following the close of the comment periods, we 
reviewed and evaluated all information submitted during the comment 
periods that may pertain to our consideration of the probable 
incremental economic

[[Page 64031]]

impacts of this critical habitat designation. Additional information 
relevant to the probable incremental economic impacts of critical 
habitat designation for the Atlantic pigtoe is summarized below and 
available in the screening analysis for the Atlantic pigtoe (IEc, 2018, 
entire), available at http://www.regulations.gov.
    Executive Orders (E.O.s) 12866 and 13563 direct Federal agencies to 
assess the costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives in 
quantitative (to the extent feasible) and qualitative terms. Consistent 
with the E.O. regulatory analysis requirements, our effects analysis 
under the Act may take into consideration impacts to both directly and 
indirectly affected entities, where practicable and reasonable. If 
sufficient data are available, we assess to the extent practicable the 
probable impacts to both directly and indirectly affected entities. As 
part of our screening analysis, we considered the types of economic 
activities that are likely to occur within the areas likely affected by 
the critical habitat designation. In our March 19, 2018, IEM describing 
probable incremental economic impacts that may result from the proposed 
designation, we first identified probable incremental economic impacts 
associated with each of the following categories of activities: (1) 
Federal lands management (National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, 
Department of Defense); (2) agriculture; (3) forest management/
silviculture/timber; (4) development; (5) recreation; (6) restoration 
activities; and (7) transportation. We considered each industry or 
category individually. Additionally, we considered whether the 
activities have any Federal involvement. Critical habitat designation 
generally will not affect activities that do not have any Federal 
involvement; under the Act, designation of critical habitat only 
affects activities conducted, funded, permitted, or authorized by 
Federal agencies. This rule lists the Atlantic pigtoe as a threatened 
species, and, on the effective date of this rule (see DATES, above), in 
areas where the Atlantic pigtoe is present, under section 7 of the Act, 
Federal agencies will be required to consult with the Service on 
activities they fund, permit, or implement that may affect the species.
    In our IEM, we attempted to clarify the distinction between the 
effects that will result from the species being listed and those 
attributable to the critical habitat designation (i.e., difference 
between the jeopardy and adverse modification standards) for the 
Atlantic pigtoe. Because critical habitat is being designated 
concurrently with the listing, it has been our experience that it is 
more difficult to discern which conservation efforts are attributable 
to the species being listed and those which will result solely from the 
designation of critical habitat. However, the following specific 
circumstances in this case help to inform our evaluation: (1) The 
essential physical or biological features identified for critical 
habitat are the same features essential for the life requisites of the 
species, and (2) any actions that would result in sufficient harm or 
harassment to constitute jeopardy to the Atlantic pigtoe would also 
likely adversely affect the essential physical or biological features 
of critical habitat. The IEM outlines our rationale concerning this 
limited distinction between baseline conservation efforts and 
incremental impacts of the designation of critical habitat for this 
species. This evaluation of the incremental effects has been used as 
the basis to evaluate the probable incremental economic impacts of this 
designation of critical habitat.
    The critical habitat designation for the Atlantic pigtoe totals 
approximately 563 river miles (906 river km), all of which are 
currently occupied by the species. In these areas, any actions that may 
affect the species or its habitat will likely also affect critical 
habitat, and it is unlikely that any additional conservation efforts 
will be required to address the adverse modification standard over and 
above those recommended as necessary to avoid jeopardizing the 
continued existence of the species. Therefore, the only additional 
costs that are expected in all of the critical habitat designations are 
administrative costs, due to the fact that this additional analysis 
will require time and resources by both the Federal action agency and 
the Service. However, it is believed that, in most circumstances, these 
costs would not reach the threshold of ``significant'' under E.O. 
12866. We anticipate a maximum of 109 section 7 consultations annually 
at a total incremental cost of less than $230,000 per year. The 
addition of two units did not affect the economic analysis because the 
analysis was done at county level, and the new units were included in 
the initial calculations.

Exclusions

Exclusions Based on Economic Impacts

    As discussed above, the Service considered the economic impacts of 
this critical habitat designation, and the Secretary is not exercising 
her discretion to exclude any areas from this designation of critical 
habitat for the Atlantic pigtoe based on economic impacts. A copy of 
the IEM and screening analysis with supporting documents may be 
obtained by contacting the Raleigh Ecological Services Field Office 
(see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) or by downloading from the 
internet at http://www.regulations.gov.

Exclusions Based on National Security Impacts or Homeland Security 
Impacts

    Section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act (see Exemptions, above) may not 
cover all Department of Defense lands or areas that pose potential 
national-security concerns (e.g., a DoD installation that is in the 
process of revising its INRMP for a newly listed species or a species 
previously not covered). If a particular area is not covered under 
section 4(a)(3)(B)(i), national-security or homeland-security concerns 
are not a factor in the process of determining what areas meet the 
definition of ``critical habitat.'' Nevertheless, when designating 
critical habitat under section 4(b)(2), the Service must consider 
impacts on national security, including homeland security, on lands or 
areas not covered by section 4(a)(3)(B)(i). Accordingly, we will always 
consider for exclusion from the designation areas for which Department 
of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, or another Federal agency 
has requested exclusion based on an assertion of national-security or 
homeland-security concerns. We have determined that, other than the 
land exempted under section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act based upon the 
existence of an approved INRMP (see Exemptions, above), the lands 
within the designation of critical habitat for the Atlantic pigtoe are 
not owned or managed by the Department of Defense or Department of 
Homeland Security. Furthermore, we did not receive any requests for 
exclusion from any federal agency responsible for homeland or national 
security. Therefore, we anticipate no impact on national security, and 
the Secretary is not exercising her discretion to exclude any areas 
from the final designation based on impacts on national security.

Exclusions Based on Other Relevant Impacts

    Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we consider any other relevant 
impacts, in addition to economic impacts and impacts on national 
security. Other relevant impacts may include, but are not limited to, 
impacts to Tribes, States, local governments, public health and safety, 
community interests, the environment (such as increased risk of

[[Page 64032]]

wildfire or pest and invasive species management), Federal lands, and 
conservation plans, agreements, or partnerships. To identify other 
relevant impacts that may affect the exclusion analysis, we consider a 
number of factors, including whether there are permitted conservation 
plans covering the species in the area such as HCPs, safe harbor 
agreements, or candidate conservation agreements with assurances, or 
whether there are non-permitted conservation agreements and 
partnerships that may be impaired by designation of, or exclusion from, 
critical habitat. In addition, we look at whether Tribal conservation 
plans and partnerships, Tribal resources, or government-to-government 
relationships of the United States with Tribal entities may be affected 
by the designation. We also consider any State, local, public-health, 
community-interest, environmental, or social impacts that might occur 
because of the designation.
    In preparing this designation, we have determined that there are 
currently no HCPs or other management plans for the Atlantic pigtoe, 
and the designation does not include any Tribal lands or trust 
resources. We anticipate no impact on Tribal lands, partnerships, or 
HCPs from this critical habitat designation. Accordingly, the Secretary 
is not exercising her discretion to exclude any areas from the final 
designation based on other relevant impacts.

Required Determinations

Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Orders 12866 and 13563)

    Executive Order 12866 provides that the Office of Information and 
Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget will 
review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is not 
significant.
    Executive Order 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866 while 
calling for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote 
predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most 
innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends. 
The executive order directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches 
that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for 
the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and 
consistent with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further 
that regulations must be based on the best available science and that 
the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open 
exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent 
with these requirements.

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.)

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), 
as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 
1996 (SBREFA; 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), whenever an agency is required to 
publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must 
prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility 
analysis that describes the effects of the rule on small entities 
(i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government 
jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required 
if the head of the agency certifies the rule will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
The SBREFA amended the RFA to require Federal agencies to provide a 
certification statement of the factual basis for certifying that the 
rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial 
number of small entities.
    According to the Small Business Administration, small entities 
include small organizations such as independent nonprofit 
organizations; small governmental jurisdictions, including school 
boards and city and town governments that serve fewer than 50,000 
residents; and small businesses (13 CFR 121.201). Small businesses 
include manufacturing and mining concerns with fewer than 500 
employees, wholesale trade entities with fewer than 100 employees, 
retail and service businesses with less than $5 million in annual 
sales, general and heavy construction businesses with less than $27.5 
million in annual business, special trade contractors doing less than 
$11.5 million in annual business, and agricultural businesses with 
annual sales less than $750,000. To determine whether potential 
economic impacts to these small entities are significant, we considered 
the types of activities that might trigger regulatory impacts under 
this designation as well as types of project modifications that may 
result. In general, the term ``significant economic impact'' is meant 
to apply to a typical small business firm's business operations.
    Under the RFA, as amended, and as understood in the light of recent 
court decisions, Federal agencies are required to evaluate the 
potential incremental impacts of rulemaking on those entities directly 
regulated by the rulemaking itself; in other words, the RFA does not 
require agencies to evaluate the potential impacts to indirectly 
regulated entities. The regulatory mechanism through which critical 
habitat protections are realized is section 7 of the Act, which 
requires Federal agencies, in consultation with the Service, to ensure 
that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by the agency is not 
likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Therefore, 
under section 7, only Federal action agencies are directly subject to 
the specific regulatory requirement (avoiding destruction and adverse 
modification) imposed by critical habitat designation. Consequently, it 
is our position that only Federal action agencies will be directly 
regulated by this critical habitat designation. The RFA does not 
require evaluation of the potential impacts to entities not directly 
regulated. Moreover, Federal agencies are not small entities. 
Therefore, because no small entities will be directly regulated by this 
rulemaking, the Service certifies that this critical habitat 
designation will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.
    In summary, we have considered whether the designation will result 
in a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. For the above reasons and based on currently available 
information, we certify that this critical habitat designation will not 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
business entities. Therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not 
required.

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use--Executive Order 13211

    Executive Order 13211 (Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use) requires 
agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking 
certain actions. In our economic analysis, we did not find that the 
designation of this critical habitat will significantly affect energy 
supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a 
significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is 
required.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.)

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 
et seq.), we make the following findings:
    (1) This final rule will not produce a Federal mandate. In general, 
a Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or regulation 
that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or Tribal 
governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal

[[Page 64033]]

intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.'' 
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal 
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose 
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or Tribal governments'' with two 
exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It also 
excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary Federal 
program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing Federal 
program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually to State, 
local, and Tribal governments under entitlement authority,'' if the 
provision would ``increase the stringency of conditions of assistance'' 
or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal Government's 
responsibility to provide funding,'' and the State, local, or Tribal 
governments ``lack authority'' to adjust accordingly. At the time of 
enactment, these entitlement programs were: Medicaid; Aid to Families 
with Dependent Children work programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; 
Social Services Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants; 
Foster Care, Adoption Assistance, and Independent Living; Family 
Support Welfare Services; and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal 
private sector mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose an 
enforceable duty upon the private sector, except (i) a condition of 
Federal assistance or (ii) a duty arising from participation in a 
voluntary Federal program.''
    The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally 
binding duty on non-Federal Government entities or private parties. 
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must 
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive 
Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require 
approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action, may be 
indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally 
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical 
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the 
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they 
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid 
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor would 
critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs 
listed above onto State governments.
    (2) We do not believe that this final rule will significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments because the government-owned lands 
being designated as critical habitat are owned by the States of 
Virginia and North Carolina. These government entities do not fit the 
definition of ``small governmental jurisdiction.'' Therefore, a Small 
Government Agency Plan is not required.

Takings--Executive Order 12630

    In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference 
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have 
analyzed the potential takings implications of designating critical 
habitat for Atlantic pigtoe in a takings implications assessment. The 
Act does not authorize the Service to regulate private actions on 
private lands or confiscate private property as a result of critical 
habitat designation. Designation of critical habitat does not affect 
land ownership, or establish any closures, or restrictions on use of or 
access to the designated areas. Furthermore, the designation of 
critical habitat does not affect landowner actions that do not require 
Federal funding or permits, nor does it preclude development of habitat 
conservation programs or issuance of incidental take permits to permit 
actions that do require Federal funding or permits to go forward. 
However, Federal agencies are prohibited from carrying out, funding, or 
authorizing actions that would destroy or adversely modify critical 
habitat. A takings implications assessment has been completed and 
concludes that this designation of critical habitat for Atlantic pigtoe 
does not pose significant takings implications for lands within or 
affected by the designation.

Federalism--Executive Order 13132

    In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this final rule does 
not have significant Federalism effects. A federalism summary impact 
statement is not required. In keeping with Department of the Interior 
and Department of Commerce policy, we requested information from, and 
coordinated development of this critical habitat designation with, 
appropriate State resource agencies in Virginia and North Carolina. 
From a federalism perspective, the designation of critical habitat 
directly affects only the responsibilities of Federal agencies. The Act 
imposes no other duties with respect to critical habitat, either for 
States and local governments, or for anyone else. As a result, the 
final rule does not have substantial direct effects either on the 
States, or on the relationship between the national government and the 
States, or on the distribution of powers and responsibilities among the 
various levels of government. The designation may have some benefit to 
these governments because the areas that contain the features essential 
to the conservation of the species are more clearly defined, and the 
physical or biological features of the habitat necessary to the 
conservation of the species are specifically identified. This 
information does not alter where and what federally sponsored 
activities may occur. However, it may assist these local governments in 
long-range planning because these local governments no longer have to 
wait for case-by-case section 7 consultations to occur.
    Where State and local governments require approval or authorization 
from a Federal agency for actions that may affect critical habitat, 
consultation under section 7(a)(2) will be required. While non-Federal 
entities that receive Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that 
otherwise require approval or authorization from a Federal agency for 
an action, may be indirectly impacted by the designation of critical 
habitat, the legally binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse 
modification of critical habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency.

Civil Justice Reform--Executive Order 12988

    In accordance with Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform), 
the Office of the Solicitor has determined that the rule does not 
unduly burden the judicial system and that it meets the requirements of 
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We are designating critical 
habitat in accordance with the provisions of the Act. To assist the 
public in understanding the habitat needs of the species, this final 
rule identifies the physical or biological features essential to the 
conservation of the species. The areas of designated critical habitat 
are presented on maps, and the rule provides several options for the 
interested public to obtain more detailed location information, if 
desired.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.)

    This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and 
a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the 
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not 
required. We may not conduct or sponsor and you are not required to 
respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently 
valid OMB control number.

[[Page 64034]]

National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.)

    We have determined that environmental assessments and environmental 
impact statements, as defined under the authority of the National 
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), need not be prepared in connection 
with adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Act. We published a notice 
outlining our reasons for this determination in the Federal Register on 
October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This position was upheld by the U.S. 
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 
F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied 516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).

Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes

    In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994 
(Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal 
Governments; 59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and 
Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments), and the Department of the 
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our 
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal 
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with 
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights, 
Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act), 
we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with 
Tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge 
that Tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal 
public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make 
information available to Tribes. We have identified no Tribal interests 
that will be affected by this rule.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited is available on the 
internet at http://www.regulations.gov and upon request from the 
Raleigh Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT).

Authors

    The primary authors of this rule are the staff members of the U.S. 
Fish and Wildlife Service Species Assessment Team and Raleigh 
Ecological Services Field Office.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17

    Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.

Regulation Promulgation

    Accordingly, we amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 
of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:

PART 17--ENDANGERED AND THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS

0
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 1531-1544; and 4201-4245, 
unless otherwise noted.


0
2. Amend Sec.  17.11(h) by adding an entry for ``Pigtoe, Atlantic'' to 
the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife in alphabetical order 
under CLAMS to read as follows:


Sec.  17.11  Endangered and threatened wildlife.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                          Listing citations and
           Common name              Scientific name      Where listed         Status         applicable rules
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
              Clams
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Pigtoe, Atlantic................  Fusconaia masoni..  Wherever found....  T              86 FR [insert Federal
                                                                                          Register page where
                                                                                          the document begins],
                                                                                          November 16, 2021; 50
                                                                                          CFR 17.45(a); \4d\ 50
                                                                                          CFR 17.95(f).\CH\
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


0
3. Revise Sec.  17.45 to read as follows:


Sec.  17.45  Special rules--snails and clams.

    (a) Atlantic pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni)--(1) Prohibitions. The 
following prohibitions that apply to endangered wildlife also apply to 
the Atlantic pigtoe. Except as provided under paragraphs (a)(2) and (3) 
of this section and Sec. Sec.  17.4 and 17.5, it is unlawful for any 
person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to commit, to 
attempt to commit, to solicit another to commit, or cause to be 
committed, any of the following acts in regard to this species:
    (i) Import or export, as set forth at Sec.  17.21(b) for endangered 
wildlife.
    (ii) Take, as set forth at Sec.  17.21(c)(1) for endangered 
wildlife.
    (iii) Possession and other acts with unlawfully taken specimens, as 
set forth at Sec.  17.21(d)(1) for endangered wildlife.
    (iv) Interstate or foreign commerce in the course of commercial 
activity, as set forth at Sec.  17.21(e) for endangered wildlife.
    (v) Sale or offer for sale, as set forth at Sec.  17.21(f) for 
endangered wildlife.
    (2) General exceptions from prohibitions. In regard to this 
species, you may:
    (i) Conduct activities as authorized by a permit under Sec.  17.32.
    (ii) Take, as set forth at Sec.  17.21(c)(2) through (c)(4) for 
endangered wildlife.
    (iii) Take, as set forth at Sec.  17.31(b).
    (iv) Possess and engage in other acts with unlawfully taken 
Atlantic pigtoe, as set forth at Sec.  17.21(d)(2) through (4) for 
endangered wildlife.
    (3) Exceptions from prohibitions for specific types of incidental 
take. The following entities and activities that cause take that is 
incidental to an otherwise lawful activity are not in violation of the 
prohibitions:
    (i) Species restoration efforts by State wildlife agencies, 
including collection of broodstock, tissue collection for genetic 
analysis, captive propagation, and subsequent stocking into currently 
occupied and unoccupied areas within the historical range of the 
species, and follow-up monitoring.
    (ii) Channel restoration projects that create natural, physically 
stable, ecologically functioning streams (or stream and wetland 
systems) that are reconnected with their groundwater aquifers. These 
projects can be accomplished using a variety of methods, but the 
desired outcome is a natural channel with low shear stress (force of 
water moving against the channel); bank heights that enable 
reconnection to the floodplain; a reconnection of surface and

[[Page 64035]]

groundwater systems, resulting in perennial flows in the channel; 
riffles and pools comprised of existing soil, rock, and wood instead of 
large imported materials; low compaction of soils within adjacent 
riparian areas; and inclusion of riparian wetlands. Streams 
reconstructed in this way would offer suitable habitats for the 
Atlantic pigtoe and contain stable channel features, such as pools, 
glides, runs, and riffles, which could be used by the species and its 
host fish for spawning, rearing, growth, feeding, migration, and other 
normal behaviors. Prior to restoration action, surveys to determine 
presence of Atlantic pigtoe must be performed, and if located, mussels 
must be relocated prior to project implementation.
    (iii) Bank stabilization projects that use bioengineering methods 
to replace pre-existing, bare, eroding stream banks with vegetated, 
stable stream banks, thereby reducing bank erosion and instream 
sedimentation and improving habitat conditions for the species. 
Following these bioengineering methods, stream banks may be stabilized 
using native species live stakes (live, vegetative cuttings inserted or 
tamped into the ground in a manner that allows the stake to take root 
and grow), native species live fascines (live branch cuttings, usually 
willows, bound together into long, cigar-shaped bundles), or native 
species brush layering (cuttings or branches of easily rooted tree 
species layered between successive lifts of soil fill). Native 
vegetation includes woody species appropriate for the region and 
habitat conditions. These methods do not include the sole use of 
quarried rock (rip-rap) or the use of rock baskets or gabion 
structures.
    (iv) Forestry-related activities, including silvicultural 
practices, forest management work, and fire control tactics, that 
implement State-approved best management practices. In order for this 
exception to apply to forestry-related activities, these best 
management practices must achieve all of the following:
    (A) Establish a streamside management zone alongside the margins of 
each waterway.
    (B) Restrain visible sedimentation caused by the forestry-related 
activity from entering the waterway.
    (C) Maintain native groundcover within the streamside management 
zone of the waterway, and promptly re-establish native groundcover if 
disturbed.
    (D) Limit installation of vehicle or equipment crossings of the 
waterway to only where necessary for the forestry-related activity. 
Such crossings shall:
    (1) Have erosion and sedimentation control measures installed to 
divert surface runoff away and restrain visible sediment from entering 
the waterway;
    (2) Allow for movement of aquatic organisms within the waterway; 
and
    (3) Have native groundcover applied and maintained through 
completion of the forestry-related activity.
    (E) Prohibit the use of tracked or wheeled vehicles for 
reforestation site preparation within the streamside management zone of 
the waterway.
    (F) Prohibit locating log decks, skid trails, new roads, and 
portable mill sites in the streamside management zone of the waterway.
    (G) Prohibit obstruction and impediment of the flow of water within 
the waterway that is caused by direct deposition of debris or soil by 
the forestry-related activity.
    (H) Maintain shade over the waterway similar to that observed prior 
to the forestry-related activity.
    (I) Prohibit discharge of any solid waste, petroleum, pesticide, 
fertilizer, or other chemical into the waterway.
    (b) [Reserved]


0
4. Amend Sec.  17.95(f) immediately following the entry for 
``Rabbitsfoot (Quadrilla cylindrica cylindrica)'' by adding an entry 
for ``Atlantic Pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni)'' to read as follows:


Sec.  17.95  Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.

* * * * *
    (f) Clams and Snails.
* * * * *
Atlantic Pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni)
    (1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Bath, Botetourt, 
Brunswick, Craig, Dinwiddie, Greensville, Halifax, Lunenburg, 
Mecklenburg, Nottoway, Pittsylvania, and Sussex Counties in Virginia, 
and Durham, Edgecombe, Franklin, Granville, Halifax, Johnston, 
Montgomery, Nash, Orange, Person, Pitt, Randolph, Rockingham, Vance, 
Wake, Warren, and Wilson Counties in North Carolina, on the maps in 
this entry.
    (2) Within these areas, the physical or biological features 
essential to the conservation of Atlantic pigtoe consist of the 
following components:
    (i) Suitable substrates and connected instream habitats, 
characterized by geomorphically stable stream channels and banks (i.e., 
channels that maintain lateral dimensions, longitudinal profiles, and 
sinuosity patterns over time without an aggrading or degrading bed 
elevation) with habitats that support a diversity of freshwater mussel 
and native fish (such as stable riffle-run-pool habitats that provide 
flow refuges consisting of silt-free gravel and coarse sand 
substrates).
    (ii) Adequate flows, or a hydrologic flow regime (which includes 
the severity, frequency, duration, and seasonality of discharge over 
time), necessary to maintain benthic habitats where the species is 
found and to maintain connectivity of streams with the floodplain, 
allowing the exchange of nutrients and sediment for maintenance of the 
mussel's and fish hosts' habitat, food availability, spawning habitat 
for native fishes, and the ability for newly transformed juveniles to 
settle and become established in their habitats.
    (iii) Water and sediment quality (including, but not limited to, 
conductivity, hardness, turbidity, temperature, pH, ammonia, heavy 
metals, and chemical constituents) necessary to sustain natural 
physiological processes for normal behavior, growth, and viability of 
all life stages.
    (iv) The presence and abundance of fish hosts necessary for 
recruitment of the Atlantic pigtoe.
    (3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as 
buildings, aqueducts, runways, roads, and other paved areas) and the 
land on which they are located existing within the legal boundaries on 
December 16, 2021.
    (4) Data layers defining map units were created by overlaying 
Natural Heritage Element Occurrence data and U.S. Geological Survey 
(USGS) hydrologic data for stream reaches. The hydrologic data used in 
the critical habitat maps were extracted from the USGS 1:1M scale 
nationwide hydrologic layer (https://nationalmap.gov/small_scale/mld/1nethyd.html) with a projection of EPSG:4269-North American Datum of 
1983 (NAD83) Geographic. The North Carolina and Virginia Natural 
Heritage program species presence data and the Virginia Department of 
Wildlife Resources species data were used to select specific stream 
segments for inclusion in the critical habitat layer. The maps in this 
entry, as modified by any accompanying regulatory text, establish the 
boundaries of the critical habitat designation. The coordinates or plot 
points on which each map is based are available to the public at http://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2018-0046 and at the 
field office responsible for this designation. You may obtain field 
office location information by contacting one of the Service regional 
offices, the addresses of which are listed at 50 CFR 2.2.
    (5) Note: Index map follows:
BILLING CODE 4333-15-P

[[Page 64036]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.196

    (6) Unit 1: JR1--Craig Creek, Craig and Botetourt Counties, 
Virginia.
    (i) This unit consists of 29 river miles (46.7 river kilometers 
(km)) of Craig Creek near VA Route 616 northeast of New Castle 
downstream to just below VA Route 817 crossing.

[[Page 64037]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 1 (Craig Creek) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.197
    
    (7) Unit 2: JR2--Mill Creek, Bath County, Virginia.
    (i) This unit consists of a 1-mile (1.6-km) segment of Mill Creek 
at the VA39 (Mountain Valley Road) crossing.

[[Page 64038]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 2 (Mill Creek) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.198
    
    (8) Unit 3: CR1--Sappony Creek, Dinwiddie County, Virginia.
    (i) This unit consists of 4 river miles (6.6 river km) of Sappony 
Creek beginning just upstream of the Seaboard Railroad crossing and 
ending just downstream of the Shippings Road (SR709) crossing.

[[Page 64039]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 3 (Sappony Creek) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.199
    
    (9) Unit 4: CR2--Nottoway River Subbasin, Nottoway, Lunenburg, 
Brunswick, Dinwiddie, Greensville, and Sussex Counties, Virginia.
    (i) This unit consists of 64 river miles (103 river km) of the 
Nottoway River, and a portion of Sturgeon Creek, beginning downstream 
of the Nottoway River's confluence with Dickerson Creek and ending just 
downstream of Little Mill Road, and includes Sturgeon Creek upstream of 
Old Stage Road. Land bordering the river is primarily privately owned, 
although some of the land along the river is part of the Fort Pickett 
National Guard Installation.

[[Page 64040]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 4 (Nottoway River Subbasin) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.200
    
    (10) Unit 5: CR3--Meherrin River, Brunswick County, Virginia.
    (i) This unit consists of 5 river miles (8 river km) of the 
Meherrin River from approximately 1.5 miles below the confluence with 
Saddletree Creek under VA Highway 46 (Christana Highway) to VA715 (Iron 
Bridge Road).

[[Page 64041]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 5 (Meherrin River) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.201
    
    (11) Unit 6: RR1--Dan River, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, and 
Rockingham County, North Carolina.
    (i) This unit consists of 14 river miles (22.5 river km) of the Dan 
River along the border of Virginia and North Carolina from just 
upstream of NC Highway 700 near Eden, North Carolina, into Pittsylvania 
County, Virginia, and downstream to the confluence with Williamson 
Creek in Rockingham County, North Carolina.

[[Page 64042]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 6 (Dan River) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.202
    
    (12) Unit 7: RR2--Aarons Creek, Granville County, North Carolina, 
and Mecklenburg and Halifax Counties, Virginia.
    (i) This unit consists of 12 river miles (19.3 river km) of Aarons 
Creek, from NC96 in Granville County, North Carolina, downstream across 
the North Carolina-Virginia border to just upstream of VA602 (White 
House Road) along the Mecklenburg County-Halifax County line in 
Virginia.

[[Page 64043]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 7 (Aarons Creek) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.203
    
    (13) Unit 8: RR3--Little Grassy Creek, Granville County, North 
Carolina.
    (i) This unit consists of 3 river miles (4.8 river km) of Little 
Grassy Creek in Granville County, North Carolina, beginning at the 
Crawford Currin Road crossing and ending at the confluence with Grassy 
Creek.

[[Page 64044]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 8 (Little Grassy Creek) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.204
    
    (14) Unit 9: TR1--Upper/Middle Tar River Subbasin, Granville, 
Vance, Franklin, and Nash Counties, North Carolina.
    (i) This unit consists of 91 river miles (146.5 river km) of the 
mainstem of the upper and middle Tar River as well as several 
tributaries (Bear Swamp Creek, Fox Creek, Crooked Creek, Cub Creek, and 
Shelton Creek), all in North Carolina. The portion of Cub Creek starts 
near Hobgood Road and continues to the confluence with the Tar River; 
the Tar River portion starts just upstream of the NC158 bridge and goes 
downstream to the NC581 crossing; the Shelton Creek portion starts 
upstream of NC158 and goes downstream to the confluence with the Tar 
River; the Bear Swamp Creek portion begins upstream of Dyking Road and 
goes downstream to the confluence with the Tar River (and includes an 
unnamed tributary upstream of Beasley Road); the Fox Creek portion 
begins downstream of NC561 and goes to the confluence with the Tar 
River; and the Crooked Creek portion begins upstream of NC98 crossing 
and goes downstream to confluence with Tar River.

[[Page 64045]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 9 (Upper/Middle Tar River Subbasin) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.205
    
    (15) Unit 10: TR2--Sandy/Swift Creek, Warren, Franklin, and Nash 
Counties, North Carolina.
    (i) This unit consists of a 50-mile (80.5-km) segment of Sandy/
Swift Creek beginning at Southerland Mill Road and continuing 
downstream to NC301.

[[Page 64046]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 10 (Sandy/Swift Creek) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.206
    
    (16) Unit 11: TR3--Fishing Creek Subbasin, Warren, Halifax, 
Franklin, and Nash Counties, North Carolina.
    (i) This unit consists of 85 river miles (136.8 river km) in 
Fishing Creek, Little Fishing Creek, Shocco Creek, and Maple Branch. 
The Shocco Creek portion begins downstream of the NC58 bridge and 
continues to the confluence with Fishing Creek; the entirety of Maple 
Branch is included, down to the confluence with Fishing Creek; Fishing 
Creek begins at Axtell Ridgeway Road (SR1112) and goes downstream to I-
95; and Little Fishing Creek begins upstream of Briston Brown Road 
(SR1532) and goes downstream to the confluence with Fishing Creek.

[[Page 64047]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 11 (Fishing Creek Subbasin) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.207
    
    (17) Unit 12: TR4--Lower Tar River, Edgecombe and Pitt Counties, 
North Carolina.
    (i) This unit consists of 30 river miles (48.3 river km) of the 
Lower Tar River, lower Swift Creek, and Fishing Creek in Edgecombe 
County, North Carolina, from NC97 near Leggett, North Carolina, to the 
Edgecombe County-Pitt County line near NC33.

[[Page 64048]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 12 (Lower Tar River) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.208
    
    (18) Unit 13: NR1--Upper Neuse River Subbasin, Person, Durham, and 
Orange Counties, North Carolina.
    (i) This unit consists of 60 river miles (95 river km) in four 
reaches including Flat River, Little River, Eno River, and the Upper 
Eno River. The Flat River reach consists of 19 river miles (30.6 river 
km) in the Flat River Subbasin in Person and Durham Counties, North 
Carolina, including the South Flat River downstream of Dick Coleman 
Road, the North Flat River near Parsonage Road, and Deep Creek near 
Helena-Moriah Road downstream where each river converges into the Flat 
River downstream of State Forest Road. The Little River Subbasin 
includes 18 river miles (29 river km) of the North Fork and South Fork 
Little Rivers in Orange and Durham Counties, North Carolina. The Upper 
Eno River reach consists of 4 river miles (6.4 river km) in Orange 
County, North Carolina, including the West Fork Eno River upstream of 
Cedar Grove Road to the confluence with McGowan Creek. The Eno River 
reach consists of 18 river miles (29 river km) in Orange and Durham 
Counties, North Carolina, from below Eno Mountain Road to NC15-501.

[[Page 64049]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 13 (Upper Neuse River Subbasin) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.209
    
    (19) Unit 14: NR2--Middle Neuse River Subbasin, Wake, Johnston, and 
Wilson Counties, North Carolina.
    (i) This unit consists of 61 river miles (98.2 river km) in five 
reaches including Swift Creek, Middle Creek, Upper Little River, Middle 
Little River, and Contentnea Creek, all in North Carolina. The Middle 
Creek reach is 19 river miles (30.6 river km) below Old Stage Road 
downstream to below Crantock Road, and the Swift Creek reach is 25 
river miles (40.2 river km) from Lake Benson downstream to its 
confluence with the Neuse, both in Wake and Johnston Counties. The 
Upper Little River reach includes 4 river miles (6.4 river km) of the 
Upper Little River from the confluence with Perry Creek to Fowler Road 
in Wake County, North Carolina. The Middle Little River reach includes 
11 river miles (17.7 river km) from Atkinsons Mill downstream to NC301 
in Johnston County, North Carolina. The Contentnea Creek reach consists 
of 2 river miles (3.2 river km) below Buckhorn Reservoir to just below 
Sadie Road near NC581 in Wilson County, North Carolina.

[[Page 64050]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 14 (Middle Neuse River Subbasin) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.210
    
    (20) Unit 15: CF1--New Hope Creek, Orange County, North Carolina.
    (i) This unit consists of 4 river miles (6.4 river km) of habitat 
in the New Hope Creek from NC86 to Mimosa Road.

[[Page 64051]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 15 (New Hope Creek) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.211
    
    (21) Unit 16: CF2--Deep River Subbasin, Randolph County, North 
Carolina.
    (i) The Deep River Subbasin unit consists of 10 river miles (16.1 
river km), including the mainstem between Richland and Brush Creeks as 
well as Richland Creek from Little Beane Store Road to the confluence 
with the Deep River and Brush Creek from Brush Creek Road to the 
confluence with the Deep River.

[[Page 64052]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 16 (Deep River Subbasin) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.212
    
    (22) Unit 17: YR1--Little River, Randolph and Montgomery Counties, 
North Carolina.
    (i) This unit consists of 40 river miles (64.4 river km) of Little 
River from SR1114 downstream to Okeewemee Star Road, including the West 
Fork Little River from NC134 to the confluence with the Little River.

[[Page 64053]]

    (ii) Map of Unit 17 (Little River) follows:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR16NO21.213
    
* * * * *

Martha Williams
Principal Deputy Director, Exercising the Delegated Authority of the 
Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 2021-24784 Filed 11-15-21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4333-15-C