[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 185 (Tuesday, September 28, 2021)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 53818-53843]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2021-20616]



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Vol. 86

Tuesday,

No. 185

September 28, 2021

Part III





Department of Commerce





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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration





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50 CFR Part 216





Swim With and Approach Regulation for Hawaiian Spinner Dolphins Under 
the Marine Mammal Protection Act; Establishment of Time-Area Closures 
for Hawaiian Spinner Dolphins Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act; 
Final Rule and Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 86 , No. 185 / Tuesday, September 28, 2021 / 
Rules and Regulations  

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

50 CFR Part 216

[Docket No. 210901-0173]
RIN 0648-AU02


Swim With and Approach Regulation for Hawaiian Spinner Dolphins 
Under the Marine Mammal Protection Act

AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Commerce.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We, NMFS, establish a regulation under the Marine Mammal 
Protection Act (MMPA) to prohibit swimming with and approaching a 
Hawaiian spinner dolphin within 50 yards (45.7 meters (m)) (for 
persons, vessels, and objects), including approach by interception. 
These regulatory measures are intended to prevent take of Hawaiian 
spinner dolphins from occurring in marine areas where viewing pressures 
are most prevalent; the swim-with and approach prohibitions apply in 
waters within 2 nautical miles (nmi; 3.7 kilometers (km)) of the 
Hawaiian Islands and in designated waters bounded by the islands of 
L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and Kaho`olawe. Although unauthorized take of 
marine mammals, including harassment of spinner dolphins, already is 
and continues to be prohibited under the MMPA throughout their range, 
the purpose of this regulation is to identify and prohibit specific 
human activities that result in take (including harassment) of Hawaiian 
spinner dolphins, and thus reduce disturbance and disruption of 
important Hawaiian spinner dolphin behaviors in areas where human-
dolphin interactions are most likely to occur. This regulation is 
expected to reduce take of Hawaiian spinner dolphins and the impact of 
human viewing and interaction on these animals in the main Hawaiian 
Islands (MHI).

DATES: This final rule is effective October 28, 2021.

ADDRESSES: Copies of this rule and the Final Environmental Impact 
Statement (FEIS) and Record of Decision can be obtained from the 
website. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/enhancing-protections-hawaiian-spinner-dolphins. Written requests for copies of these 
documents should be addressed to Kevin Brindock, Deputy Assistant 
Regional Administrator, Protected Resources Division, National Marine 
Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Regional Office, 1845 Wasp Blvd., 
Bldg. 176, Honolulu, HI 96818, Attn: Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin Final 
Rule.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kevin Brindock, NMFS, Pacific Islands 
Region, Deputy Assistant Regional Administrator, Protected Resources 
Division, 808-725-5146; or Trevor Spradlin, NMFS, Office of Protected 
Resources, Deputy Chief, Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Conservation 
Division, Office of Protected Resources, 301-427-8402.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: We developed this final rule after 
considering comments submitted in response to an Advance Notice of 
Proposed Rulemaking (ANPR), as well as information from the public 
scoping period and public comment period for the Draft Environmental 
Impact Statement (DEIS) and the proposed rule, from community meetings 
and hearings on the proposed rule, and from relevant scientific 
literature and a dedicated scientific research project.

Background

    Viewing wild marine mammals in Hawai`i has been a popular 
recreational activity for both tourists and residents over the past 
several decades. Historically, most marine mammal viewing focused on 
humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) during the winter months when 
the whales migrate from their feeding grounds off the coast of Alaska 
to Hawai`i's warm and protected waters to breed and calve. However, 
increased marine mammal viewing has focused on small cetaceans, with a 
particular emphasis on Hawaiian spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris 
longirostris), which can be predictably found close to shore in shallow 
waters throughout the MHI.
    The number of commercial operators engaged in wild dolphin viewing 
has grown dramatically in Hawai`i in recent years (O'Connor 2009, 
Impact Assessment 2018), putting new pressures on easily accessible 
groups of resting Hawaiian spinner dolphins. Wiener (2016) found that 
on the Wai`anae coast of O`ahu and the Kona coast of Hawai`i Island, 
752,762 people are estimated to have participated in boat-based 
commercial dolphin tours annually in 2013, which is 632,762 more than a 
preliminary estimate conducted statewide in 2008 (O'Conner et al. 
2009). Supporting this finding, Impact Assessment (2018) documented the 
number of spiritual retreats (i.e., organized retreats centered on 
dolphin encounters, dolphin-assisted therapy, and dolphin-associated 
spiritual practices) on Hawai`i Island as increasing from 5 in 2007 to 
47 in 2017. Similarly, commercial boat tours that facilitate close in-
water dolphin interactions increased on Hawai`i Island from 6 to 47 
over the same period. In addition, a number of residents and visitors 
venture on their own, independent of commercial operators, to view and 
interact with spinner dolphins.
    The expectation for close interactions with wild dolphins has been 
encouraged by some operators and various news and social media outlets, 
which routinely contradict established wildlife viewing guidelines by 
promoting close vessel or in-water encounters with the dolphins. As 
noted by Wiener, Needham, and Wilkenson (2009) when interviewing 
dolphin swim-with tourists, participants verbalized extreme 
disappointment if they did not participate in up-close activities 
during wild dolphin encounter trips, even when operators said that it 
would not be in the best interest of the animals.
    We have received many complaints that spinner dolphins are being 
routinely disturbed by people attempting to closely approach and 
interact with the dolphins by boat or other watercraft (e.g., kayaks), 
or in the water (e.g., snorkel or ``swim-with-wild-dolphins'' 
activities). For example, Tyne (2015), who studied spinner dolphins 
along the Kona coast of Hawai`i Island, noted that the spinner dolphin 
population there is chronically exposed to human tourism activities 
more than 82 percent of the time during daylight hours, with a median 
interval between exposure events of 10 minutes. Heenehan et al. (2014) 
observed up to 13 tour boats jockeying for position on a single dolphin 
group, with up to 60 snorkelers in the water. In addition, officials 
from the Hawai`i Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) and 
the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission (MMC), as well as various members of 
the public, including representatives of the Native Hawaiian community, 
scientific researchers, wildlife conservation organizations, public 
display organizations, and some commercial tour operators have 
expressed their concerns over human-dolphin interactions.
    In 2010, we recognized 5 island-associated stocks and one pelagic 
stock of Hawaiian spinner dolphins in our annual Stock Assessment 
Report (SAR), identifying genetic distinctions and site fidelity 
differences as reasons to separately manage stocks found in waters 
surrounding the Hawaiian

[[Page 53819]]

Islands (Andrews 2009, Andrews et al. 2010, Hill et al. 2009, Carretta 
et al. 2011). Three of the five island-associated stocks (the Kaua`i/
Ni`ihau stock, O`ahu/four Islands stock, and Hawai`i Island stock) are 
found near the MHI and are considered resident stocks. These three 
stocks reside in waters surrounding their namesake islands out to 
approximately 10 nmi (18.5 km) (Hill et al. 2010), and population 
estimates for each stock are relatively small. The most recent SAR 
indicates that the Hawai`i Island stock, which is thought to be the 
largest stock, has an estimated 665 individuals (Coefficient of 
Variation (CV)=0.09) (Tyne et al. 2014, Carretta et al. 2019). The 
Kaua`i/Ni`ihau and O`ahu/4 Islands stocks are estimated to be around 
601 (CV=0.20) and 355 (CV=0.09) individuals, respectively (Carretta et 
al. 2019).
    Island-associated spinner dolphins, such as those found in the MHI, 
have complex social structures and behavioral patterns linked to 
specific habitats that support their high energetic demands. The rigid, 
cyclical, and patterned behavior of a Hawaiian spinner dolphin's day is 
well documented from decades of scientific research on spinner dolphins 
off the Kona coast on Hawai`i Island (Norris and Dohl 1980, Norris et 
al. 1994). The daily pattern of Hawaiian spinner dolphins has been 
characterized as ``working the night shift,'' because the energetically 
demanding task of foraging is accomplished nightly when spinner 
dolphins move offshore in large groups to feed. Spinner dolphins feed 
on fish, shrimp, and squid found in the mesopelagic boundary community, 
part of the pelagic zone that extends from a depth of 200 to 1,000 m 
(~660 to 3,300 feet) below the ocean surface. Spinner dolphins maximize 
their foraging time by actively moving with, or tracking, the 
horizontal migration of the mesopelagic boundary community throughout 
the night, as it moves inshore until midnight and then offshore around 
sunrise (Benoit-Bird and Au 2003). Spinner dolphins are acoustically 
very active during foraging activities (Norris et al. 1994), working 
cooperatively in large groups using coordinated movements to maximize 
foraging potential (Benoit-Bird 2004).
    During the day, spinner dolphins return in smaller groups to areas 
closer to shore to socialize, nurture their young, and rest in 
preparation for nightly foraging (Norris et al. 1994, Tyne et al., 
2017). These smaller groups visit specific habitats that are located 
along the coastlines of the MHI. These preferred daytime habitats of 
spinner dolphins are areas that provide space with optimal 
environmental conditions for resting, socializing, and nurturing young, 
and are referred to hereafter as ``essential daytime habitats.'' 
Spinner dolphins' essential daytime habitats are located close to 
offshore feeding areas, which minimizes the energetic cost of nightly 
travel to and from these areas (Norris et al. 1994, Thorne et al. 
2012). Additionally, essential daytime habitats have large patches of 
sand bottom habitat, which increases the dolphins' ability to visually 
(instead of acoustically) detect predators while resting, and thus 
minimizes the energetic costs of vigilance (Norris et al. 1994). 
Throughout the day, spinner dolphins take advantage of the physical 
characteristics of essential daytime habitats to engage in specific 
patterned resting behaviors to recuperate between foraging bouts. The 
physical characteristics of these essential daytime habitats, combined 
with specific patterned resting behaviors, play an important role in 
supporting the dolphins' activity and energetic budgets.
    Commercial operators and individuals interested in viewing or 
interacting with Hawaiian spinner target essential daytime habitats 
(Sepez 2006). In addition, organized retreats centered on dolphin 
encounters, dolphin-assisted therapy, and dolphin-associated spiritual 
practices have flourished in certain areas, further increasing the 
intensity of dolphin-directed activities in nearshore areas and 
especially within essential daytime habitats (Sepez 2006, Impact 
Assessment 2018).
    The effects of dolphin-directed activities on spinner dolphins, 
especially activities that involve close approaches by humans, have 
been well documented. Peer-reviewed scientific literature documents 
disturbance of individual spinner dolphins as well as changes to 
spinner dolphin group behavioral patterns and effects of swimmers on 
dolphins' daily resting behavioral patterns (Norris et al. 1994; 
Lammers 2004; Danil et al. 2005; Courbis 2007; Courbis and Timmel 2009; 
Timmel et al. 2008; Forest 2001; Heenehan et al. 2017; Ostman-Lind et 
al. 2004; Ostman-Lind 2009; Thorne et al. 2012; and Wiener 2016).
    There are several studies that have investigated the importance of 
adequate rest, and the negative impacts that can occur if animals do 
not obtain adequate rest (e.g., Cirelli & Tononi 2008; Siegel 2008). 
Studies involving Hawaiian spinner dolphins reported behaviors that 
suggest a heightened state of alertness in response to swimmers and 
vessels. Responses include aerial displays, tail-slapping, or other 
visible behavior changes when closely approached by vessels and 
swimmers (Forest 2001, Courbis and Timmel 2008); avoidance behaviors, 
including increased swimming speed, directional changes, moving around 
and away from swimmers and vessels, or leaving the area in response to 
human pursuit (Ostman-Lind et al. 2004, Courbis 2004, Courbis and 
Timmel 2008); and aggressive behaviors directed at people, including 
charging or threat displays (Norris et al. 1985, Norris et al. 1994). 
In some resting areas with consistent levels of exposure to human 
activity, Hawaiian spinner dolphin resting activity is characterized by 
such vigilance that it does not represent a natural resting state 
(Danil et al. 2005; Tyne 2018). Vigilance, or enhanced brain function, 
is essential for active behaviors such as foraging, socializing, and 
avoiding predators. However, remaining in a state of constant vigilance 
without recovering with adequate rest can hinder the abilities of 
spinner dolphins to effectively forage and avoid predators (Dukas & 
Clark 1995; Benoit-Bird & Au 2003; Tyne et al. 2018). Thus, an 
inability to achieve a natural resting state could potentially cause 
negative population-wide impacts to spinner dolphins over time.
    Additionally, when marine mammals respond to disturbance events, 
they can incur a cost in the form of the energy expended to respond 
(Williams et al. 2006), as well as the lost opportunity to engage in 
natural fitness-enhancing behavior (Lusseau 2003). For example, spinner 
dolphins disturbed during rest engage in avoidance or distress 
behaviors (Timmel et al. 2008; Danil et al. 2005; Forest 2001; Courbis 
2008), which require energy. This disturbance detracts from the 
dolphins' abilities to recuperate from energetically demanding 
behaviors like foraging, transiting to and from offshore foraging 
grounds, and nurturing their young. In this example, the lack of 
consistent, undisturbed resting periods can reduce the amount of energy 
available to forage and care for young.
    The predictable temporal and spatial patterns of MHI resident 
spinner dolphins' nearshore distribution and daytime behaviors result 
in concentrated daily viewing and interaction pressure on individual 
dolphins and groups over extended periods of time. As stated above, 
several researchers have observed disruption of Hawaiian spinner 
dolphin behavioral patterns in response to human activity that suggest 
the potential for biologically significant impacts. In other small 
cetacean populations, chronic disturbance to natural behavioral 
patterns has been linked to biologically

[[Page 53820]]

significant impacts, such as habitat abandonment, reduced female 
reproductive success, impeded activity and energy budgeting, and 
increased vigilance (Bejder 2005; Bejder et al. 2006a, 2006b; Lusseau 
and Bejder 2007; Williams et al. 2006; Lusseau 2003; Johnston 2014). 
Researchers investigating impacts of human disturbance to spinner 
dolphin populations outside of Hawai`i observed a decrease in residency 
times in a Tahitian resting bay (Gannier & Petiau 2006) and abandonment 
of a resting bay in Samadai Reef, Egypt (Nature Conservation Sector 
2006; Notarbartolo-di-Sciara et al. 2009) in response to high levels of 
human activity.
    Similarly, over time, chronic disturbance to the MHI's resident 
spinner dolphins could ultimately lead to habitat displacement and/or 
long term impacts to their individual fitness. These types of impacts 
may be amplified for Hawaiian spinner dolphins because they are 
theorized to be more vulnerable to disturbance than other marine mammal 
populations. Bejder (2005) suggests resident, closed, or isolated 
populations (i.e., local populations with barriers to gene flow, 
similar to Hawaiian spinner dolphins) are more at risk from negative 
stressors, such as disturbance from human activity, because the impacts 
to multiple individuals' health and fitness are quickly reflected in 
the overall fitness of the population.
    Spinner dolphins also exhibit spatially and temporally constrained 
behavioral patterns in their daily cycle that likely make it more 
difficult to compensate for high levels of disturbance. Spinner 
dolphins are reported to have high fidelity to specific daytime resting 
and evening foraging areas and reside in these areas during certain 
times of the day (Norris & Dohl 1980; Norris et al. 1994; Benoit-Bird & 
Au 2009; Thorne et al. 2012; Tyne et al. 2015). This spatially and 
temporally constrained behavioral strategy allows spinners dolphins to 
both forage efficiently and limit their risk of predation while resting 
(Johnston 2014). Disruption to essential behaviors (e.g., resting) by 
human activity drive individuals to respond by either moving away from 
the disturbance to continue the behavior somewhere else, or remaining 
in the area as an attempt to continue the behavior, despite the 
disturbance. The ability of a population to adapt and persist through a 
disturbance is a measure of its resilience (Hollins 1973), and 
populations that are more constrained, like the island-associated 
stocks of Hawaiian spinner dolphins, are less resilient to disturbance 
than populations that exhibit more flexible behavioral strategies 
(Lusseau et al. 2009). Accordingly, the rigid daily cycle of small 
resident spinner dolphin populations of the MHI likely makes them more 
vulnerable to negative impacts from human disturbance (Tyne et al. 
2017).
    Disturbances to dolphins' daily behavioral patterns may result in 
``take,'' as defined and prohibited under the MMPA and its implementing 
regulations, and the chronic nature of these problems in Hawai`i and 
observed changes to spinner dolphin behavioral patterns over time are a 
cause for concern. Prohibiting approach within 50 yards (45.7 m) of 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins and eliminating swim-with activities is 
expected to minimize disturbance that would result in take.
    This regulation adopts a 50 yard (45.7 m) approach buffer around 
spinner dolphins, which is consistent with well-established national 
and regional guidelines, including the recommended viewing distance for 
the Dolphin SMART program, our regional Responsible Marine Wildlife 
Viewing Guidelines (publicly available at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/marine-life-viewing-guidelines/viewing-marine-wildlife-hawaii), and our national viewing guidelines 
for dolphins and porpoises (publicly available at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/marine-life-viewing-guidelines#guidelines-&-distances).
    The 50 yard (45.7 m) approach regulation, which includes a 
prohibition on swimming with dolphins, is intended to reduce the degree 
of behavioral disruption from close approaches by vessels and swimmers, 
while placing the least restrictive burden on the viewing public. As 
indicated in the proposed rule (81 FR 57854, August 24, 2016) and the 
FEIS, research indicates that spinner dolphins exhibit changes and 
disruptions to natural behaviors from close approach by swimmers (Danil 
et al. 2005, Courbis and Timmel 2008) and that swimmer presence within 
150 m (approximately 164 yards) reduces the likelihood of spinner 
dolphins being in a resting state (Symons 2013, Johnston et al. 2014). 
Approach by vessels and watercraft have also been shown to disrupt and 
alter spinner dolphin behavior (Ross 2001, Forest 2001, Timmel et al. 
2008). In the MHI, several studies note that close approach by vessels 
disrupt dolphin behaviors at various distances ranging from 10 m to 300 
m (Forest 2001, Timmel et al. 2008). At Midway Atoll in the 
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Ross (2001) found that spinner dolphins 
were affected by vessel presence at distances as great as 500 m and 
that the effects increased as the distance decreased. Although Johnson 
et al.'s (2013) work in the MHI found the likelihood that dolphins were 
resting was higher when vessels were present between 50 and 150 m, they 
noted that these results may be influenced by the fact that vessels 
were present in proximity to the dolphins most of the time.
    It is possible that implementing an approach restriction at a 
greater distance (e.g., 100 or 150 yards (91.4 or 137.1 m)) could 
provide better protection from disturbance. However, we also recognized 
that not all approaches within 100 or 150 yards (91.4 or 137.1 m) 
result in take of spinner dolphins, and that swimmers may have 
difficulty judging and achieving greater distances around these animals 
because spinner dolphins are fast moving and relatively small (81 FR 
57862, August 24, 2016). We have therefore determined that a 50 yard 
(45.7 m) approach distance is appropriate, as this will provide 
increased protection and safety for these spinner dolphins, has been a 
recommended viewing distance in long-lasting regional and national 
guidelines, and will not unreasonably restrict the public from 
observing these animals. We caution that disruptive human behaviors can 
still result in take at distances greater than 50 yards (45.7 m), and 
that compliance with the 50 yard (45.7 m) requirement does not 
necessarily absolve those behaviors from enforcement action
    Marine wildlife viewing can be a powerful tool to promote species 
awareness and conservation. Dolphin and whale watching experiences 
provide an avenue for the public to learn about conservation issues and 
increase empathy towards these animals (Wilson & Tisdell 2002; Wiener 
2016). Implementing a 50 yard approach rule will still allow the 
wildlife viewing public to experience spinner dolphins in a way that 
will minimize disturbance to the animals' natural behaviors. These safe 
encounters, particularly if coupled with educational interpretation 
and/or trained tour guides, will likely benefit spinner dolphin 
conservation and bring an awareness to conservation issues for other 
protected marine species.

Changes From Proposed Rule

    In a proposed rule published on August 24, 2016 (81 FR 57854), we 
proposed a regulation under the MMPA to prohibit (with exceptions) 
swimming with and approaching a Hawaiian spinner dolphin within 50 
yards (45.7 m) (for persons, vessels, and objects),

[[Page 53821]]

including approach by interception, within 2 nmi of the MHI and 
designated waters in between the islands of L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and 
Kaho`olawe. This proposed rule was published along with a DEIS 
describing alternative actions and announcements for six public 
hearings occurring in September 2016.
    There are a number of changes that were made to this proposed rule 
following the public input process and the review of new data. These 
changes are outlined in the following paragraphs.
    In the proposed rule, we refer to the ``designated waters in 
between the islands of L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and Kaho`olawe.'' In the 
final rule we changed the text to read, ``designated waters bounded by 
the islands of L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and Kaho`olawe.'' This change does 
not alter the boundaries of the area described in the proposed rule.
    In the proposed rule, we specified that the rule was applicable in 
all waters within 2 nmi of the MHI and in all waters located between 
the islands of L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and Kaho`olawe.
    In the final rule, we specify that the rule was applicable in all 
waters within 2 nautical miles (nmi) of the main Hawaiian Islands, and 
in all waters bounded by the islands of L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and 
Kaho`olawe.
    In the proposed rule, we listed six exceptions to this rule:
    (1) Any person who inadvertently comes within 50 yards (45.7 m) of 
a Hawaiian spinner dolphin or is approached by a spinner dolphin, 
provided the person makes no effort to engage or pursue the animal and 
takes immediate steps to move away from the animal;
    (2) Any vessel that is underway and is approached by a Hawaiian 
spinner dolphin, provided the vessel continues normal navigation and 
makes no effort to engage or pursue the animal. For purposes of this 
exception, a vessel is defined as a watercraft or other artificial 
contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of 
transportation on water (1 U.S.C. 3); a vessel is underway if it is not 
at anchor, made fast to the shore, or aground;
    (3) Any vessel transiting to or from a port, harbor, or in a 
restricted channel when a 50 yard distance will not allow the vessel to 
maintain safe navigation;
    (4) Vessel operations necessary to avoid an imminent and serious 
threat to a person or vessel;
    (5) Activities authorized through a permit or authorization issued 
by the National Marine Fisheries Service to take Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins; and
    (6) Federal, state, or local government vessels, aircraft, 
personnel, and assets when necessary in the course of performing 
official duties.
    Upon review of the comments received during the public comment 
period, we decided to add two exceptions for: (1) Vessels that are 
anchored or aground and approached by spinner dolphins, provided they 
do not make any effort to engage or pursue the animal(s), and (2) 
commercial fishing vessels that incidentally take spinner dolphins 
during the course of commercial fishing operations, provided such 
vessels operate in compliance with a valid marine mammal authorization 
in accordance with MMPA Section 118(c). This change is fully described 
below in the response to Comment 6.
    In response to a public comment, we also amended exception (2) to 
read ``Any vessel that is underway and is approached by a Hawaiian 
spinner dolphin, provided the vessel continues normal navigation and 
makes no effort to engage or pursue the animal.'' This amendment to the 
exception, adds ``Hawaiian'' to spinner dolphins to specify the island-
associated stocks of spinner dolphins that are found near the MHI and 
are considered resident stocks.

Current MMPA Prohibitions and NMFS Guidelines and Regulations

    Under section 102 of the MMPA, 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq., it is 
unlawful for any person, vessel, or other conveyance to ``take'' any 
marine mammal in waters under the jurisdiction of the United States (16 
U.S.C. 1372). The prohibition against take includes acts that 
``harass'' marine mammals (16 U.S.C. 1362(13)). Harassment means any 
act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which has the potential to injure 
a marine mammal in the wild (Level A Harassment), or has the potential 
to disturb a marine mammal in the wild by causing disruption of 
behavioral patterns, including, but not limited to, migration, 
breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering (Level B 
Harassment) (16 U.S.C. 1362 (18); see also 50 CFR 216.3).
    In addition, NMFS' regulations implementing the MMPA further define 
the term ``take'' to include ``the negligent or intentional operation 
of an aircraft or vessel, or the doing of any other negligent or 
intentional act which results in disturbing or molesting a marine 
mammal; and feeding or attempting to feed a marine mammal in the wild'' 
(50 CFR 216.3).
    Section 112 of the MMPA authorizes NOAA to implement regulations 
that are ``necessary and appropriate to carry out the purpose'' of the 
MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1382). NMFS has developed regulations under the MMPA to 
protect marine mammals from take. An example of this type of regulation 
is a 100 yard (91.4 m) approach limit for humpback whales within 200 
nmi of the islands of Hawai`i (81 FR 62010; September 8, 2021). This 
regulation also prohibits approach by interception and prohibits 
approach by aircraft within 1,000 feet (304.8 m). In addition to 
regulations, NMFS has developed national and regional guidelines for 
conducting responsible marine wildlife viewing to help the public avoid 
causing any take (harassment or disturbance) of protected wildlife 
species. The NMFS Pacific Islands Regional Office's viewing guidelines 
for Hawai`i recommend that people view wild dolphins from a safe 
distance of at least 50 yards (45.7 m) and advise against trying to 
chase, closely approach, surround, swim with, or touch the animals. To 
support the guidelines in Hawai`i, NMFS has partnered with the State of 
Hawai`i and the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine 
Sanctuary over the past several years to promote safe and responsible 
wildlife viewing practices through the development of outreach 
materials, training workshops, signage, and public service 
announcements. See the proposed rule for more examples and discussion 
of additional regulations and guidelines.

Need for Additional Action

    Despite the prohibitions, guidelines, outreach, and stewardship 
efforts currently in place, close interactions between humans and 
spinner dolphins continue to occur in Hawai`i's waters (see Background 
and the proposed rule for more discussion). Based on extensive review 
and analysis through internal scoping, external scoping via an ANPR (70 
FR 73426, December 12, 2005), public scoping for the DEIS, the best 
available scientific information, and public comments on the proposed 
rule, we have determined that the existing prohibitions, regulations, 
and guidelines need to be strengthened to protect Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins from various forms of take from human activities that cause 
harassment or disturbance. Despite the existing regulations and 
guidelines, chronic disturbance to spinner dolphins continues to occur 
and additional action is required to protect spinner dolphins from 
take. We therefore deem it necessary and appropriate to adopt 
additional regulations to protect Hawaiian spinner dolphins from 
activities that result in take, including harassment or other forms of 
disturbance as currently defined by 0statute and regulation.

[[Page 53822]]

Development of the Regulation

    In 2005, NMFS convened a Spinner Dolphin Working Group with 
representatives from the MMC, state and Federal agencies, and 
scientific researchers who work on spinner dolphin conservation 
concerns. The group evaluated the best available information at the 
time to understand the scope of the tourist and recreational activities 
targeting spinner dolphins. In December 2005, we published an ANPR in 
the Federal Register (70 FR 73426, December 12, 2005) to solicit input 
from the public on potential ways to enhance protections for spinner 
dolphins and mitigate activities of concern (e.g., close approach and 
swim-with activities). This was followed by a Notice of Intent (NOI) to 
Prepare an EIS under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (71 
FR 57923; October 2, 2006), in which we identified a preliminary list 
of potential regulations for future consideration and comment, which 
included partial time-area closures in certain spinner dolphin 
essential daytime habitats, a minimum distance limit for approaching 
dolphins in the wild, restrictions on certain human behaviors in NMFS-
identified spinner dolphin resting areas, and complete closure of all 
known spinner dolphin resting areas in the MHI.
    During the ANPR and the NOI comment periods, five public scoping 
meetings were held on the islands of Kaua`i, O`ahu, Maui, and Hawai`i, 
and oral statements were taken at each meeting. NMFS received a 
combined total of 4,641 public comments in response to the ANPR and the 
NOI (this includes all emails, letters, and public testimonies). 
Comments were submitted by concerned citizens, tour operators, 
scientific researchers, conservation and education groups, and Federal, 
state, and other government entities.
    Comments received throughout both public comment periods varied 
widely and recommended numerous actions to consider, ranging from no 
regulations to permanent closure of areas used by the dolphins for rest 
and shelter. Additionally, public comments raised concerns about 
various topics that should be addressed in the EIS or proposed action. 
These concerns are grouped by topic in the final scoping report, and 
include the following: Hawaiian spinner dolphin biology and behavior; 
cultural issues; cumulative effects; data/data gaps; direct and 
indirect effects; education/outreach; enforcement; guidelines/solutions 
for other species or from other countries; human-dolphin interaction; 
medical benefits from swimming with dolphins; the MMPA; monitoring; the 
NEPA; public and stakeholder involvement; regulatory regime; social and 
economic issues; spiritual and religious issues; take and harassment; 
traditional Hawaiian knowledge; and welfare of the dolphins. Although 
comments varied greatly, a consistent theme was the need for effective 
and enforceable regulations.
    As a result of stakeholder concerns expressed through these public 
comments, and to prepare the proposed rule and associated DEIS, we made 
multiple site visits to areas where concerns have been raised regarding 
Hawaiian spinner dolphin disturbance in the MHI. During these visits, 
we met with concerned members of the public to gather information 
relevant to this analysis. Additionally, we coordinated with state and 
Federal agencies, and used the public comments generated from the ANPR 
and NOI to develop a range of actions and mitigation measures that are 
reflected in numerous alternatives considered in the DEIS.
    Presentations made at the public scoping meetings, the April 2007 
EIS public scoping summary report, a list of the attendees, the ANPR, 
public comments, and background materials are provided at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/enhancing-protections-hawaiian-spinner-dolphins.
    During the initial scoping period for the DEIS, we received 
comments that recommended gathering additional information on Hawaiian 
spinner dolphins, including monitoring local populations to determine 
impacts to numbers and overall health of the MHI resident spinner 
dolphins. In response to this recommendation and to inform this 
rulemaking effort, NMFS internal grant funding was awarded to the 
``Spinner Dolphin Acoustics, Population Parameters, and Human Impact 
Research'' (SAPPHIRE) project, conducted jointly by Duke University and 
Murdoch University between September 2010 and December 2012. The 
SAPPHIRE project's objective was to provide baseline data on the local 
abundance, distribution, and behavior of spinner dolphins at four bays 
on Hawai'i Island to assess spinner dolphin daytime habitat use and 
resting behavior, residency and fidelity patterns in nearshore habitats 
spinner dolphin exposure to human activities, and spinner dolphin 
demographic response to human activities.
    Results from this study provided robust population estimates for 
the Hawai`i Island stock (see Background), as well as additional 
information about spinner dolphin habitat use and the pressure that 
this resident stock faces from dolphin-directed human activities. Many 
of the results from the SAPPHIRE project have been published in 
scientific literature and scientific reports and were used to inform 
this rulemaking process (Thorne et al. 2012, Johnston et al. 2013, 
Heenehan et al. 2014, Heenehan et al. 2016, Heenehan et al. 2017, Tyne 
et al. 2014, Tyne 2015, Tyne et al. 2015, Tyne et al. 2016, Tyne et al. 
2017, Tyne et al. 2018). Many of these studies are described in detail 
in the proposed rule and the Background section above.
    We relied on the public comments on the ANPR and the NOI, and on 
the best available scientific information to develop a range of 
regulatory and non-regulatory alternatives in the DEIS, including the 
No Action alternative of not adopting regulations. We analyzed the 
environmental effects of these alternatives and considered options for 
mitigating effects. After a preliminary analysis of alternatives, we 
developed and analyzed the effects of the swim-with and 50 yard (45.7 
m) approach regulation, which also includes no interception (i.e., 
``leapfrogging'' or placing a person or vessel in the path of dolphins 
for the purpose of interception).

Proposed Rulemaking

    On August 24, 2016, we proposed a regulation under the MMPA to 
prohibit swimming with and approaching a Hawaiian spinner dolphin 
within 50 yards (45.7 m) (for persons, vessels, and objects), including 
approach by interception. The proposed regulatory measures were 
intended to prevent take of Hawaiian spinner dolphins, including 
harassment and disturbance, from occurring in marine areas where 
viewing pressures are most prevalent. Prohibitions would apply in 
waters within 2 nm (3.7 km) of the MHI and in the waters bounded by the 
islands of L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and Kaho`olawe. The proposed rule also 
included exemptions for certain activities. We published the proposed 
rule in the Federal Register and requested public comment on the 
proposed regulation, the draft EIS, and supporting documents. The 
public comment period ended on October 23, 2016; however, in response 
to multiple requests from the public, the comment period was later 
extended until December 1, 2016 (81 FR 80629, November 16, 2016). We 
held six public hearings occurring in September 2016 across the State 
of Hawai`i. During the public hearings, 145 people provided recorded, 
oral testimony on the proposed rule.

[[Page 53823]]

Comments and Responses to Comments on the Proposed Rule

    Throughout the public comment period, NMFS received 22,031 written 
submissions via letter, email, and the Federal eRulemaking Portal, in 
addition to the 145 oral testimonies received during the public 
hearings described above. Of these comments, 2,294 were unique, with 
anywhere from two to 17,000 near-duplicates of each. Additionally, NMFS 
received a letter supporting swim-with and approach regulations 
submitted by Kama`[amacr]ina United to Protect the `[Amacr]ina (KUPA)--
Friends of Ho`okena Beach Park (Kauhak[omacr] Bay), which contained 
over 285 names and signatures. Comments were submitted by individuals; 
research, conservation, and education groups; trade and industry 
associations; tour and retreat operators and participants; and Federal, 
state, and local government entities. We posted all written comments 
received during the comment period on the Federal eRulemaking Portal 
(https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=NOAA-2005-0226-0002). We have 
considered all public comments and provide responses to all significant 
issues raised by commenters that are associated with the proposed 
rulemaking. Comments and issues have been aggregated into the comment 
summaries below in an order that similar assertions, suggested 
alternatives or actions, data, and clarifications are addressed 
together. We have not responded to comments or concerns outside the 
scope of this rulemaking, which is to prevent take of Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins caused by viewing and interaction pressures. Many of the 
written and oral comments from individual members of the public were 
short or general statements that (1) expressed support for the proposed 
regulation and/or spinner dolphin conservation in general, (2) 
expressed disagreement with the proposed regulation, or (3) expressed 
disagreement with all regulations prohibiting human interaction with 
dolphins in general. We did not respond to comments expressing general 
support or opposition. In addition, we did not respond to anecdotes 
that many people shared regarding their personal experiences swimming 
with the dolphins, nor to anecdotes that were shared about witnessing 
human users harassing spinner dolphins in coastal bays, unless they 
were accompanied by specific information or comment on the proposed 
rule. The following comment summaries and agency responses are 
organized by the issue categories we identified in the proposed rule 
for public comment, with three issue categories added at the end 
because they did not fit squarely in one of the categories in the 
proposed rule.

Effects of the Increasing Number of Human Interactions With Hawaiian 
Spinner Dolphins

    Comment 1: Many commenters raised questions about the scientific 
information used to support the spinner dolphin protections in this 
rule. Scientific information on the impacts of close approach was 
called biased, inconclusive, incomplete, or wrong. Some commenters 
noted their personal observations were not consistent with the 
published studies, asserting that they have not seen spinner dolphins 
changing their behavior in response to vessels and swimmers, nor have 
they seen spinner dolphin populations decreasing. Additionally, some 
commenters suggested that scientific studies are not complete since 
most peer reviewed studies include shore-based or vessel-based 
observations as opposed to underwater observations.
    Response: We relied on the best available science to develop a 
regulation to improve protections for spinner dolphins in Hawai`i. The 
majority of information used to develop the proposed rule, DEIS, and 
FEIS came from peer reviewed scientific publications. To a lesser 
extent, we used unpublished data, personal accounts, and other 
anecdotal information. We gave greater weight to empirical studies 
published in scientific journals than to personal observation and 
interpretation because such scientific studies use established 
scientific methods, test hypotheses, employ statistical analyses, and 
have been peer reviewed. These steps in the scientific process reduce 
the potential for bias in results. Reviewing best-available information 
from multiple independent scientists limits concerns about potential 
bias related to any one researcher, and provides a complete, robust set 
of information from which a decision can be made. Reported behavioral 
changes observed in scientific studies may not be obvious to an 
observer who is not systematically observing the behavioral patterns 
that support spinner dolphins throughout the day.
    Many independent scientists studying Hawaiian spinner dolphins have 
reported changes in spinner dolphin behavior or reduced time spent 
engaging in resting behavior when in the presence of human activity 
(Norris et al. 1994; Lammers 2004; Danil et al. 2005; Courbis 2007; 
Courbis and Timmel 2009; Timmel et al. 2008; Forest 2001; Heenehan et 
al. 2017; Ostman-Lind et al. 2004; Ostman-Lind 2009; Thorne et al. 
2012; and Wiener 2016). These studies show a clear trend that certain 
types of human activity, especially dolphin-directed activity, can 
disturb spinner dolphins by disrupting behavioral patterns, to a degree 
that is considered Level B harassment under the MMPA.
    Additionally, we relied on studies that investigated the biological 
and population-wide impacts of human disturbance to other dolphin and 
marine mammal populations around the world. As indicated in the 
sections above, high levels of exposure to human activities have had 
deleterious impacts on other analogous dolphins and marine mammal 
species, including habitat abandonment, reduced female reproductive 
success, impeded activity and energy budgeting, and increased vigilance 
(Bejder 2005; Bejder et al. 2006a, 2006b; Lusseau and Bejder 2007; 
Williams et al. 2006; Lusseau 2003; Johnston 2014). Several spinner 
dolphin researchers have also argued that spinner dolphins are at a 
higher risk of experiencing negative biological impacts because they 
are much more vulnerable to human disturbance than other marine mammal 
populations, as previously stated (Danil et al. 2005; Bejder 2005; Tyne 
et al. 2017; Tyne et al. 2018).
    A few commenters referenced a study by Tyne (2015) in Hawai`i 
Island resting bays that claimed he did not observe a significant 
effect from human activity on the probability of spinner dolphins 
resting, socializing, or traveling, and that spinner dolphins have 
become habituated and/or tolerant to human activity. Tyne concluded, 
however, that the absence of a measurable impact was likely because the 
high levels of exposure to human activity (82.7 percent within 100 m) 
and the brief time periods between exposures (median duration of 10 
minutes) within these bays did not allow an adequate level of control 
data (i.e., data collected when no human activity was present). The 
author claims that this level of exposure to human activity is higher 
than any other studied dolphin population in the world, and several 
other studies on Hawaiian spinner dolphins have observed a disruption 
in resting behavioral patterns from human activities (Forest 2001; 
Danil et al. 2005; Courbis 2007; Courbis 2008; Timmel et al. 2008). In 
a subsequent publication, Tyne and his co-authors suggested that 
spinner dolphins did not have enough time in between exposures to human 
activity to regress into pre-disturbed resting behavior, and the 
observed

[[Page 53824]]

resting behavior was one of a more vigilant nature and may not 
represent a natural resting state (Tyne et al. 2018). The authors 
concluded that vigilance decrement (i.e., physical and cognitive 
fatigue from inadequate rest from a vigilant state) experienced by 
spinner dolphins may impair cognitive and decision-making abilities. 
Resting and abating vigilance decrement is particularly crucial for 
spinner dolphin survival because spinner dolphins require complex 
cooperative strategies and coordination between individuals to forage 
and avoid predation. Although spinner dolphins may appear to 
``tolerate'' close human activity, the authors argue that spinner 
dolphins may decide that it is less costly to remain in areas where 
they are frequently disturbed and may experience constant vigilance, as 
opposed to an alternate undisturbed site that would make them more 
vulnerable to predation. Even though spinner dolphins may appear to be 
habituated or tolerant to human activity, their continued residence in 
these areas is likely due to the lack of suitable, undisturbed 
habitats, and, therefore, the dolphins are subject to endure high 
levels of disturbance (Tyne et al. 2018).
    Several spinner dolphin studies utilize multiple data collection 
techniques to observe dolphin behavior in the presence of human users 
and vessels, including shore-based observations, vessel-based 
observations, and in-water passive acoustic monitoring. Additionally, 
Wiener (2016) conducted in-water surveys of human and dolphin behaviors 
using Go-Pro cameras at 14 known spinner dolphin resting sites and 
found that humans exhibited aggressive behaviors (defined as active 
pursuit of interaction by chasing, diving, or deliberate approach) 
while interacting with dolphins 27 percent of their in-water time. 
Combined, the above studies provide multiple lines of evidence 
regarding certain vessel and swimmer activities that can potentially 
disturb and disrupt behavioral patterns of spinner dolphins, which is 
considered take by Level B harassment under the MMPA. Additionally, 
while underwater observations can yield insights into dolphin mating 
behaviors, they are not required to record evidence of disturbance, as 
disturbance can be seen in acoustic activity of dolphins, as well as 
behaviors visible from shore and from vessels. An overview of the 
scientific literature used in our decision making is available in the 
FEIS, section 1.4 ``Scientific evidence of impacts of small cetaceans 
caused by human interactions.''
    We do not base this rule on population decline. The MMPA prohibits 
harassment of any marine mammal and additional measures are necessary 
to minimize harassment and prevent take from occurring. It is not 
possible to gain a thorough understanding of spinner dolphin abundance 
from observations in one or two bays. Factors such as habitat 
displacement, the movement of prey species in offshore waters, or 
season can account for increases or decreases in the number of spinner 
dolphins observed using a particular bay. Analysis of long-term trends 
has not been conducted with the available data because the methods used 
for spinner dolphin abundance surveys throughout the last several 
decades were not consistent, and are, therefore, difficult to compare. 
Although the most recent survey suggested a potential decline in the 
Hawai`i Island stock from earlier studies, the research conducted in 
the 1980s did not include year-round surveys and used different methods 
and a different survey area than more recent 2010-2011 surveys (Norris 
et al. 1994; Tyne et al. 2014; SAR 2019). However, more recent survey 
studies, such as surveys conducted in the SAPPHIRE project, provide 
baseline data that can be compared to future survey studies to analyze 
a long-term population abundance trend. That said, other investigations 
have examined the relationship between cumulative vessel exposure and 
female dolphin reproductive success. For example, Bejder (2005 and 
2006a) observed bottlenose dolphins and cautioned that dolphin tourism 
has potential for long-term consequences on female dolphin 
productivity, and that impacts may be amplified for small, closed, or 
isolated, resident cetacean populations. While Bejder does not focus 
his studies on spinner dolphins, it is important to note here that 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins fit the description of small, closed, or 
isolated, resident cetacean populations.
    It is important to note that evidence of a decline in population 
abundance or adverse physiological or reproductive impacts are not a 
requirement when classifying which human actions are considered 
harassment under the MMPA. The statute characterizes Level B harassment 
as certain human acts (i.e., pursuit, torment, or annoyance) that have 
the potential to disturb a marine mammal by disrupting behavioral 
patterns. Studies that provide clear evidence of this phenomenon with 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins have been thoroughly referenced in the 
Background section. The threshold for Level B harassment does not 
require evidence of adverse biological or population-wide impacts. 
However, we do assert that human activities that cause disruption of 
behavioral patterns could be adversely impacting Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins, similar to what is referenced in the aforementioned studies 
on other analogous small cetacean populations. Therefore, we have 
decided to implement additional protections for Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins to minimize take that we know is currently occurring, even 
though we recognize that there is not clear evidence of population 
decline or adverse biological impacts. This precautionary approach is 
the best way to protect and conserve Hawaiian spinner dolphin 
populations and is necessary in order for NMFS to comply with our 
statutory requirement under the MMPA.

Proposed Prohibited and Exempted Activities

    Comment 2: One commenter stated he is against commercial swim-with-
dolphin programs and proposed a 5-year moratorium on all commercial 
aspects of swimming with dolphins. Several commenters suggested that 
commercial swim-with-dolphin operators need to be regulated/restricted 
but are not in favor of limiting non-motorized vessels or individuals' 
rights to swim with the dolphins. Commenters suggested that approach 
distance regulations should only be applied to commercial tour 
operators, rather than individual swimmers. One commenter noted that 
large boatloads of people cause most of the trouble for spinner 
dolphins. Additionally, one commenter suggested that the 50 yard (45.7 
m) approach distance only apply within designated essential daytime 
habitats.
    Response: First, we note that all of our alternatives, except the 
no action alternative, would prohibit swimming with dolphins. One 
reason for this is that, while commercial operations may occur at a 
larger scale and may appear to be more egregious, scientific studies 
have shown that any vessel or person approaching near dolphins has the 
potential to disturb and change their behavior (Forest 2001, Courbis 
and Timmel 2008, Ostman-Lind et al. 2004, Courbis 2004). This can 
result in take which is prohibited under the MMPA. The regulation is 
written to apply to any person or vessel that approaches a Hawaiian 
spinner dolphin within 50 yards (45.7 m).
    As noted in the proposed rule, DEIS, and FEIS, Hawaiian spinner 
dolphin take (including harassment and

[[Page 53825]]

disturbance) is not a problem that is specific to one ocean user group 
or one area of the Hawaiian Islands. Taking Hawaiian spinner dolphins 
occurs as a result of close approach by a variety of ocean users, 
including commercial tour operators, non-commercial motorized and non-
motorized vessels, and swimmers in many areas of Hawai`i's nearshore 
waters (see section 3.1.8 of the FEIS describing the Affected 
Environment and targeted areas across the MHI). There are multiple 
studies that have attempted to analyze how the presence of swimmers, 
independent of vessels, can disturb the natural behavior of spinner 
dolphins, including changes in resting patterns, avoidance behavior, 
changes in direction, aerial behavior patterns (Danil et al. 2005; 
Courbis 2004; Courbis 2007; Timmel et al. 2008; Johnston et al. 2013). 
While tour operations may be the primary cause of disturbance in some 
areas (e.g., Makako Bay), in other areas, shore-based swimmers or 
recreational users are the primary concern (e.g., Kauhak[omacr] Bay). 
Therefore, we apply these prohibitions designed to limit take to all 
user groups.
    Although specific essential daytime habitats are often targeted for 
close approach activities, spinner dolphins may travel among these 
areas and be found in many nearshore locations throughout the day. We 
are concerned that applying approach limits only within certain 
heavily-used areas will displace human interactions with dolphins to 
other areas. In addition, in some areas, dolphins do not predominantly 
use discrete bays for their resting habitat as they do in other 
locations. For example, the 10-fathom isobath off O`ahu's west coast 
was nicknamed the ``spinner expressway'' because dolphins are often 
found moving back and forth between sites throughout the day. Only 
protecting discrete areas would leave the dolphins vulnerable to take 
in areas outside of designated essential daytime habitats.
    Comment 3: Some commenters claimed harassment of spinner dolphins 
is not a problem because swimmers and tour operators police themselves.
    Response: Several studies suggest that Hawaiian spinner dolphins 
are regularly being disturbed by human activities, especially in known 
resting areas (Norris et al. 1994; Lammers 2004; Danil et al. 2005; 
Courbis 2007; Courbis and Timmel 2009; Timmel et al. 2008; Forest 2001; 
Heenehan et al. 2017; Ostman-Lind et al. 2004; Ostman-Lind 2009; Thorne 
et al. 2012; and Wiener 2016). Further, the swim-with-dolphin tour 
industry has grown tremendously over the last decade (Wiener, 2016), 
thus exacerbating such disturbance. Individual and tour self-policing 
may help limit harassment, but it has not been sufficient to avoid 
negative effects to the dolphins and, given the potential for long-term 
impacts, such as habitat displacement, adverse impacts to reproductive 
fitness, and population declines, there is a need for enhancing 
protections beyond self-policing.
    Comment 4: One commenter argued that the Federal government does 
not have authority to regulate coastal waters. The commenter argues 
that this is a local issue, and should be governed by local government 
authorities.
    Response: NMFS disagrees. These regulations apply in specified 
areas of U.S. navigable waters surrounding the State of Hawaii. Under 
sections 102(a) and 103 of the MMPA, NMFS may enforce regulations 
prohibiting take of marine mammals by any person, vessel, or conveyance 
in waters, lands, ports, harbors and other places under the 
jurisdiction of the United States. Additionally, as described in a 
November 16, 2016 letter NMFS received from the State of Hawai`i DLNR 
following publication of the 2016 proposed rule, the State supports 
implementation of regulations to prohibit swimming with or approaching 
a Hawaiian spinner dolphin within 50 yards.
    Comment 5: Some commenters expressed concern that exceptions #1 and 
#2 in the proposed rule (which provide exceptions for people who 
inadvertently come within 50 yards (45.7 m) of a dolphin or are 
approached by a dolphin, and for vessels that are underway and 
approached by a dolphin, provided the person or vessel makes no effort 
to engage the dolphin and continues normal navigation) will ``hollow-
out'' the rule and specifically make enforcement difficult as it will 
allow those approaching dolphins within 50 yards (45.7 m) to claim that 
the animal approached them. Additionally, commenters asked how NMFS 
will distinguish between an interaction that was inadvertent and one 
that was purposeful. One commenter suggested that subsection (d) of the 
proposed rule ``affirmative defense'' be eliminated in its entirety 
because it places too much burden on a vessel operator and makes the 
exceptions difficult to successfully invoke.
    Response: In developing this rule, NMFS understood that spinner 
dolphins, as fast-moving marine mammals, may approach swimmers and 
boaters who, through no fault of their own, are placed in apparent 
violation of the 50-yard approach regulation. NMFS intends this rule to 
deter humans from approaching and disturbing spinner dolphins; it is 
not intended to punish individuals who come into inadvertent contact 
with spinners and then take all necessary and appropriate action to 
withdraw. While we appreciate that some individuals might abuse this 
defense, we believe that the NOAA enforcement proceeding is the 
appropriate forum for resolving these questions on a case by case 
basis.
    Comment 6: We received comments requesting specific exemptions from 
this proposed rule for fishing vessels. In particular, Hawai`i 
Fishermen's Alliance for Conservation and Tradition (HFACT) requested 
that NMFS consider the following exception, ``Any fishing vessel that 
is anchored or adrift and is approached by a spinner dolphin, provided 
the vessel makes no effort to engage or pursue the animal.'' In 
addition, the Hawai`i Longline Association (HLA) noted that the 
longline fisheries do not threaten spinner dolphins with ``chronic 
disturbance'' and that, to the extent that the fisheries could interact 
with spinner dolphins, these interactions are already regulated under 
the MMPA. To minimize confusion for these commercial fishing vessel 
operators, HLA requested an exemption for ``vessels that are duly 
licensed to fish in the Hawai`i-based commercial longline fisheries.''
    Response: In response to this comment, the final rule clarifies 
that this prohibition does not apply to a commercial fishing vessel 
that incidentally takes a spinner dolphin during the course of 
commercial fishing operations, provided such vessel operates in 
compliance with a valid marine mammal authorization in accordance with 
MMPA Section 118(c). See exception (8) in the final regulations. 
Regarding HFACT's requested exception, a vessel that is adrift is, in 
accordance with COLREGS Rule 3, a vessel underway powered by the 
prevailing current, a scenario which is included in exception (2). 
However, HFACT has identified that a vessel at anchor may not be able 
to avoid coming within 50 yards (45.7 m) of spinner dolphins if 
approached by these animals, and we agree that this scenario should be 
included in the exceptions to prohibitions. As a result, we have added 
an exception to the final rule, which exempts any vessel that is 
anchored or aground and is approached by a Hawaiian spinner dolphin, 
provided the vessel makes no effort to engage or pursue the animal (50 
CFR 216.20 (c)(5)). We believe that the addition of this exception will 
not affect the overall purpose of this rule and will provide allowances 
for vessels that are not

[[Page 53826]]

engaged in dolphin-directed activities, but find themselves within 50 
yards (45.7 m) of approaching animals. Additional information is 
included in the Changes from Proposed Rule section later in this rule.
    Comment 7: Several commenters suggested that, as part of this 
regulation, NMFS should require all vessels to participate in the 
Dolphin SMART program and should include Dolphin SMART guidelines in 
the regulation. One particular commenter stated that they operate a 
tour company that follows Dolphin SMART guidelines and has successfully 
maintained a stable business.
    Response: This regulation adopts a 50 yard (45.7 m) approach buffer 
around spinner dolphins, which is the same approach distance 
recommended by the Dolphin SMART program, our regional Responsible 
Marine Wildlife Viewing Guidelines (publicly available at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/pacific-islands/marine-life-viewing-guidelines/viewing-marine-wildlife-hawaii), and our national guidelines for 
dolphins and porpoises (publicly available at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/marine-life-viewing-guidelines#guidelines-&-distances). While we appreciate the commenters' support of the 
Dolphin SMART program, this program is a voluntary recognition and 
education program designed specifically for tour operators and is not 
appropriate for all vessels, including fishing vessels and personal 
recreational vessels. For instance, guidelines such as those requiring 
vessels to engage in responsible advertising and to provide outreach 
materials on responsible viewing to customers may not be applicable to 
private vessels. Therefore, we support maintaining the Dolphin SMART 
program as part of a separate spinner dolphin conservation effort, 
rather than making all of the guidelines part of this regulation.

Whether 50 Yards Is the Most Appropriate Distance for Swim-With and 
Approach Restrictions To Reduce Take of Spinner Dolphins

    Comment 8: Several commenters expressed concern that the proposed 
rule will be difficult to enforce and will be easily arguable since the 
burden will be on enforcement officials to show that a human user was 
within 50 yards (45.7 m) and that a violation occurred. Commenters also 
noted that it can be difficult to judge distance, making it difficult 
for people in the water and for enforcement officials to determine if 
people in the water are within 50 yards (45.7 m).
    Response: Because the rule has an objective approach distance, we 
believe that this rule can be effectively enforced. This approach 
prohibition clarifies protections in the MMPA by establishing a clear, 
objective distance requirement, thus facilitating enforcement 
activities while preventing take of spinner dolphins. NMFS has 
implemented 50 yards (45.7 m) as the recommended viewing distance for 
dolphins and small whales at both the regional and national level for 
decades, so this standard will not be a novel standard for members of 
the public. Enforcement officials are experienced at judging the 
distances and have experience through enforcement of other approach 
regulations, such as the 100 yard (91.4 m) approach rule for humpback 
whales in Hawai`i (81 FR 62010, September 8, 2016). In addition to 
visual observations, enforcement officials will use other evidence, 
such as photographic evidence, video evidence, and/or eye-witness 
accounts, when determining if a violation of the rule occurred.

Whether 100 Yards (91.4 m) or Another Distance is the Most Appropriate 
Distance for Swim-With and Approach Restrictions To Reduce Take of 
Spinner Dolphins

    Comment 9: We received comments in favor of decreasing or 
increasing the proposed approach distance to lessen the impact on the 
viewing industry and to increase protections for Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins, respectively. Specifically, three commenters suggested that a 
50 yard (45.7 m) approach distance is too strict, and would not allow 
for any dolphin viewing activities to take place at that distance. One 
commenter suggested a 25 yard (22.9 m) approach distance be used 
instead, and others suggested 20 yards (18.3 m) or even 10 yards (9.1 
m). Over 17,900 commenters suggested that a 100 yard (91.4 m) approach 
distance is more appropriate than 50 yards (45.7 m). These commenters, 
many submitting comments through a form letter, argued that a 100 yard 
(91.4 m) approach distance would be easier to comply with because it is 
consistent with the humpback whale approach rule in Hawaiian waters (81 
FR 62018, September 8, 2016). Commenters argued that this consistency 
would lead to greater compliance and easier enforcement. Additionally, 
commenters argued that a 100 yard (91.4 m) buffer zone would provide 
spinner dolphins in Hawai`i increased protection from exposure to human 
disturbance. Over 2,600 commenters suggested that 150 yards (137.1 m) 
is a more appropriate buffer distance because it conforms to scientific 
evidence that dolphins can detect a disturbance within 150 yards (137.1 
m). Several commenters suggested different approach distances based on 
the type of human user or the location. Finally, one commenter claimed 
that dolphin tour boats on the Wai'anae coast of O'ahu are chumming the 
waters to attract dolphins, honu (green sea turtles), and fishes, which 
also attracts sharks. Therefore, they felt that 50 yards (45.7 m) is 
not enough and that a radius of 1 mile is required so as to protect 
humans from what they perceived as an increased frequency in shark 
attacks.
    Response: As stated in the rationale of the proposed rule and in 
the DEIS, we selected the 50 yard (45.7 m) approach regulation because 
this distance is the least restrictive measure that still reduces the 
threat of take from occurring (including harassment and disturbance) to 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins from close approaches by vessels and 
swimmers. NMFS believes the 50 yard (45.7 m) distance will still allow 
for meaningful dolphin watching opportunities. The 50 yard (45.7 m) 
viewing distance has been recommended in NOAA's Watchable Wildlife 
Viewing guidelines for many years and is also used by the Dolphin SMART 
program. We disagree that this distance is overly restrictive, as many 
tour operators in Hawai`i and elsewhere around the country have been 
certified in the Dolphin SMART program and have been able to run 
successful dolphin watching operations while complying with the 50 yard 
(45.7 m) approach distance.
    We evaluated the effects of a 50 yard and 100 yard (91.4 m) 
approach distance and discussed scientific literature regarding other 
distances. As indicated in the proposed rule, the FEIS, and the 
background section of this rule, scientific literature indicates that 
changes in spinner dolphin behavior are detectable when vessels or 
swimmers are found at distances ranging out as far as 500 m (Ross 2001, 
Forest 2001, Danil et al. 2005, Courbis and Timmel 2008, Timmel et al. 
2008, Symons 2013, Johnston et al. 2014) and that effects generally 
increased as distance from the dolphins decreased (Ross 2001). We also 
recognized that there are scientific studies indicating that swimmer 
presence within 150 m (164 yards) reduces the likelihood of spinner 
dolphins being in a resting state, although vessel presence within this 
distance did not appear to cause disturbance. This research illustrates 
the complexity of the issue and why selecting one distance that will 
provide

[[Page 53827]]

protection from disturbance can be difficult. However, as described in 
the proposed rule, we also recognized that not all approaches within 
100 or 150 yards (91.4 or 137.1 m) are likely to result in take of 
spinner dolphins, and that swimmers may have difficulty judging and 
achieving greater distances around these animals because they are fast 
moving and relatively small. In comparison to viewing distances for 
large whales, the 100 yard distance (or greater) would likely decrease 
viewers' ability to actually see spinner dolphins without using visual 
aids, such as binoculars. Although consistency with the humpback 
approach regulation (which prohibits approaching within 100 yards (91.4 
m) of humpback whales) may be easier to remember, and thus simplify 
compliance, our selection of 50 yards (45.7 m) was guided by the most 
appropriate distance to prevent take of spinner dolphins from 
occurring, while placing the least restrictive burden on the viewing 
public. We have therefore determined that a 50 yard (45.7 m) approach 
distance is appropriate, as this distance will allow people to observe 
spinner dolphins, while providing increased protection and safety for 
these animals.
    Finally, NMFS regulations do prohibit the feeding of wild dolphins 
(50 CFR 216.3), so any chumming activity is properly reported to NMFS 
Office of Law Enforcement. These regulations prohibit feeding and, 
while not specifically designed to prevent shark attacks on humans, 
should serve as a deterrent for any person considering chumming to 
attract dolphins.

Research Recommendations and Priorities for Better Understanding How 
Human Disturbance Affects Hawaiian Spinner Dolphins

    Comment 10: Several commenters suggested that we should take 
different actions instead of an approach rule, such as working directly 
with experts in dolphin communication, instituting a 2-year moratorium 
on intentional dolphin interactions at essential daytime resting 
habitat, or monitoring the change in spinner dolphin behavior/
population health.
    Response: We agree that additional research is necessary to better 
understand spinner dolphin ecology. However, we believe that research 
is a necessary complement to, and not a substitute for, regulatory 
measures to reduce the impact of take on spinner dolphins. While we 
appreciate that there may be other actions that could be taken to 
address take of spinner dolphins in their resting habitat, we note that 
voluntary measures have been tried in the past and, while helpful, they 
have not been sufficient. We intend to implement this rule at this time 
and monitor its impact.
    Comment 11: Several commenters suggested that monitoring the 
effectiveness of the regulation would be an important step to assess 
compliance with the rule. One commenter suggested that we conduct a 
review of the rule's effectiveness after 2 years, requesting feedback 
from local stakeholders. Other commenters requested that we utilize 
``citizen scientists'' as part of spinner dolphin monitoring.
    Response: We agree that monitoring the effectiveness of the final 
rule would be an important step to assess compliance with the rule. 
Citizen science, in the form of volunteer data collectors, may be one 
aspect of a multi-pronged approach to gathering the data necessary to 
determine such an impact. This multi-pronged approach could include 
data collection by volunteer observers, spinner dolphin researchers 
(through passive acoustic monitoring equipment), and NOAA OLE and the 
State of Hawai`i's Department of Conservation and Resource Enforcement 
(DOCARE) officials.
    Comment 12: One commenter states that we did not consider a study 
that shows there are no harmful effects when dolphins remain vigilant 
for extended periods of time. The research article cited is Branstetter 
et al. (2012), and entitled, ``Dolphins Can Maintain Vigilant Behavior 
through Echolocation for 15 Days without Interruption or Cognitive 
Impairment.''
    Response: The research to which the commenter refers was conducted 
on captive bottlenose dolphins and looked at the impacts to their 
cognitive abilities, in the form of their ability to detect objects via 
echolocation, after 5 days and 15 days of constant engagement by 
researchers. The researchers found that there was no detectable loss of 
the dolphins' cognitive ability after maintaining a vigilant state for 
these extended time periods. Their results seemed to demonstrate that 
bottlenose dolphins can continuously monitor their environment and 
maintain long-term vigilant behavior through echolocation. The comment 
suggests that this research provides evidence that Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins do not suffer harm from disturbance by human interactions due 
to their ability to sleep with one half of their brain while the other 
half remains vigilant. However, there are several points that would 
argue against this assertion. First, captive bottlenose dolphins have 
already been habituated to human disturbance by their very state of 
captivity, and may have even been subjected to other research projects 
over the course of their captive lives. Captive dolphins also do not 
need to forage for food, detect predators, or socialize with others in 
the pods in order to survive. Captive bottlenose dolphins cannot, 
therefore, be readily compared to wild dolphins. Second, bottlenose 
dolphins are a much more robust animal than are spinner dolphins, and 
they have a much more fluid life history strategy. They are adaptable 
to being held in captivity, whereas spinner dolphins have never been 
successfully held in captivity. Bottlenose dolphins are larger than 
spinner dolphins, both in size and weight, and forage opportunistically 
throughout the day on a large variety of prey species. Spinner dolphins 
forage only on the mesopelagic species that are hunted at night and are 
therefore only able to rest and nurture their young during the day, 
making them more susceptible to the impacts of human disturbance on 
their essential daytime behaviors. Finally, this study looked only at 
cognitive impacts to the dolphins, and did not consider physical 
impacts to their well-being and fitness from maintaining a constant 
state of vigilance.
    Comment 13: Many commenters suggested that NMFS should focus 
rulemaking efforts on other factors that they perceive as having a 
greater impact on the health of Hawaiian spinner dolphins than close 
approach from humans. These commenters identified overfishing of prey 
species, pollution (e.g., storm water runoff, trash, and trace 
chemicals from sunken, decommissioned military ships), captive dolphin 
swim-with programs and hotel exhibits (an activity that they suggested 
NMFS should ban), and acoustic impacts from military operations (e.g., 
Exercise Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) and military use of sonar 
equipment). Further, one commenter suggested that new regulations 
should not be implemented until NMFS understands how each of the above-
mentioned factors impacts spinner population health.
    Response: Commenters are correct in noting that many factors can 
negatively affect the health of Hawaiian spinner dolphins. There are a 
variety of external factors or actions that have affected, may be 
affecting, or may have future effects on Hawaiian spinner dolphins. 
Many of these external factors are beyond the scope of this rulemaking, 
which is addressing close approach by humans as a specific threat to 
Hawaiian spinner dolphin health. Additional information about the 
effects of these external factors on Hawaiian spinner

[[Page 53828]]

dolphin health is included in section 4.5.1.1 of the FEIS (``Cumulative 
Effects of External Factors'') and some are discussed below.
    Regarding commenter concerns about overfishing of spinner dolphin 
prey species, we work closely with the Western Pacific Regional Fishery 
Management Council to reduce impacts of Federal fisheries to marine 
mammals through regulations and management actions, and work with the 
state and other fishery councils where our concerns overlap with 
nearshore fisheries.
    Regarding exposure to marine debris or trace chemicals from 
decommissioned ships, a variety of existing Federal laws and 
regulations regulate or prohibit the discharge of oil, garbage, waste, 
plastics, and hazardous substances into ocean waters, including the 
Clean Water Act as amended by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990; MARPOL 
1973/1978; and the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act. 
These laws have strict civil and criminal penalties for violations.
    Regarding concerns about human interaction with dolphins in 
captivity, this rule only applies to wild Hawaiian spinner dolphins, 
not dolphins in captivity. NMFS issues permits under the MMPA for the 
taking or the importation of marine mammals for the purposes of public 
display (16 U.S.C. 1374 Sec. 104(c)), the transfer of ``releasable'' 
rehabilitated marine mammals, and maintains the National Inventory of 
Marine Mammals, which tracks acquisitions, dispositions, and transfers/
transports of marine mammals.
    Regarding the use of sonar in the marine environment and its impact 
on spinner dolphins, section 101(a)(5) of the MMPA allows for 
incidental take for certain limited activities. Such authorizations for 
incidental take are subject to a public process that provides for 
notice and comment for each proposed activity, and accordingly, are 
beyond the scope of this rulemaking.
    Regardless of the other factors potentially affecting Hawaiian 
spinner dolphins, peer-reviewed scientific studies cited in the 
proposed rule and again in this final rule have shown that close 
approach by humans may result in negative impacts on Hawaiian spinner 
dolphin health, and multiple studies have shown an increase in the 
intensity of human interactions with dolphins in recent years. While we 
recognize that close approach by humans is not the only threat to 
dolphin health, this rule seeks to mitigate this real and increasing 
threat by reducing the impact of human viewing and interaction on 
resident stocks.
    Comment 14: One commenter stated that the information published in 
the DEIS does not comply with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
requirements under the Information Quality Act (a.k.a. Data Quality 
Act) by not adequately presenting a balance of best and worst case 
scenarios, a lack of bias and exhibited transparency, and by not 
adequately fulfilling the public notice requirements. Additionally, the 
commenter provided additional scientific articles that they believe 
need to be included in the rule's environmental impact analysis.
    Response: Under NOAA's Information Quality Guidelines, which 
fulfill OMB requirements under the Information Quality Act (IQA), the 
proposed rule does not qualify as Influential Scientific Information 
(scientific information the agency reasonably can determine will have 
or does have a clear and substantial impact on important public 
policies or private sector decisions) or Highly Influential Scientific 
Assessment (influential scientific information that the agency or the 
Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in 
the Office of Management and Budget determines to be a scientific 
assessment that: (i) Could have a potential impact of more than $500 
million in any year, or (ii) is novel, controversial, or precedent-
setting or has significant interagency interest).
    With regard to the science supporting the rule, we relied on 
published reports and studies, most of which have been peer reviewed 
prior to publication under independent processes, dependent upon the 
terms of the publication. We have reviewed the articles referenced by 
the commenter for their applicability to this final rule and address 
them here.
    The article cited as Christiansen and Lusseau (2015) describes 
studies that were conducted to determine if disturbance corresponded to 
changes in female reproductive success. The researchers developed a 
mechanistic model for minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) to 
measure the effects of behavioral disturbances caused by whale watching 
activities on fetal growth. The model illustrates the pathway through 
which behaviorally mediated effects of anthropogenic disturbance might 
influence female reproductive success. The results indicated that, 
although the behavioral disruptions caused by whale watching 
interactions were substantial, the cumulative exposure of individuals 
to whale watching boats was low, resulting in an effect on fetal growth 
no different from natural variability. For the minke whales studied in 
this research, the whale watching took place at their feeding grounds, 
and even the highest exposure to whale watching vessels amounted to a 
total of only 427.5 minutes during the feeding season. The authors 
concluded that female minke whales would have to spend a large 
proportion of their day with whale watching boats during each day of 
the feeding season for them to start having a biologically important 
effect on fetal growth. The results of this research are not directly 
applicable to the issue being addressed by this final rule because 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins are exposed to much higher levels of 
disturbance in their essential daytime habitats. In fact, the authors 
of the study conclude that if these minke whales were exposed to boats 
throughout the day (i.e., similar to levels experienced by spinner 
dolphins in Hawai`i), they would experience a net energy loss 
sufficient enough to have significant effects on fetal growth. The 
cumulative exposure of spinner dolphins to human disturbance is 
occurring on a daily or near-daily basis throughout the year, and also 
occurs during times and at places that they would normally be resting 
and nurturing their young, not during feeding times. These essential 
daytime behaviors are needed to replenish and restore their energy and 
provide the nourishment needed for calves to reach maturity.
    The research cited as Hartel and Torres (2015) studied exclusion 
zones designed to protect bottlenose dolphin habitats. The research 
found that, over time, the bottlenose dolphins did not use the 
designated exclusion zones, and that they were therefore ineffective in 
providing habitat protection. While this research may seem to be 
applicable, we note that there are significant differences in the 
behaviors and life history strategies of bottlenose and spinner 
dolphins. Spinner dolphins have a very rigid, predictable behavior 
pattern of hunting at night and resting and nurturing their young 
during the day. They generally return from their offshore feeding 
grounds to the same protected bays and shallow, sandy bottomed habitats 
and are found there with regularity. This is one of the main reasons 
why the swim-with-dolphin industry has been so successful in Hawai`i, 
as the tour vessels are consistently able to locate the dolphins at the 
same sites on a daily basis. Researchers believe Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins choose these areas because of their proximity to their 
offshore feeding grounds and the protection they afford from predators, 
providing a safe place to rest and nurture their young. In contrast,

[[Page 53829]]

bottlenose dolphins are much more fluid in their behaviors, feeding and 
resting throughout the day and foraging over much wider areas. They do 
not exhibit the same site fidelity to a particular area that spinner 
dolphins do.
    The research cited as New et al. (2013) explored the response by 
bottlenose dolphins to a scenario in which vessel traffic increased 
from 70 to 470 vessels a year in response to the construction of a 
proposed offshore renewables' facility. Despite the more than six-fold 
increase in vessel traffic, the dolphins' behavioral time budget, 
spatial distribution, motivations, and social structure remained 
unchanged. They found that the dolphins are able to compensate for 
their immediate behavioral response to disturbances by commercial 
vessels. The research showed that if the increased commercial vessel 
traffic is the only escalation in anthropogenic activity, then the 
dolphins' response to disturbance is not biologically significant 
because the dolphins' health is unaffected, leaving the vital rates and 
population dynamics unchanged. The authors note that behavioral change 
should not automatically be correlated with biological significance 
when assessing the conservation and management needs of species of 
interest. Again, this study centered on the responses of bottlenose 
dolphins to increased vessel traffic. For the same reasons stated 
above, the differences between bottlenose and spinner dolphins needs to 
be taken into consideration when looking at the results of this study. 
Unlike bottlenose dolphins, spinner dolphins have very rigid and stable 
behavioral patterns of daily rest and socialization and nighttime 
foraging, and are therefore much more susceptible to disturbance at 
their essential daytime behaviors.
    Comment 15: Two commenters expressed the need for NMFS to address 
climate change in the environmental analysis.
    Response: We provided a complete analysis of climate change impacts 
associated with this rulemaking in section 4.5.5 of the FEIS (``Impacts 
of Climate Change''). In this section, we detailed the cumulative 
effects that climate change may have on Hawaiian spinner dolphin 
health, including impacts on abundance and distribution of prey 
species, impacts of sea level rise, and impacts associated with rising 
ocean temperatures (see section 4.5.5.1 of the FEIS). Additionally, we 
considered and evaluated impacts that the proposed alternatives could 
have on climate change (see section 4.5.5.2 of the FEIS).
    Comment 16: We received comments that questioned the credibility of 
some of the research used to support the proposed rule and the analyses 
of alternatives in the DEIS. Specifically, commenters noted that the 
SAPPHIRE Project received partial funding from Dolphin Quest, which 
profits from swim-with captive dolphin programs. Commenters suggested 
that this presents a conflict of interest, as findings that support 
prohibitions for approaching wild dolphins could increase support for 
Dolphin Quest's business.
    Response: To clarify, the research effort to which the commenters 
refer (which resulted in several publications, see Background above) 
received a portion (less than 25 percent) of their funding from Dolphin 
Quest. Our decisions associated with this rulemaking do not rest solely 
on the studies from the SAPPHIRE project. Rather we relied on the many 
scientific publications, including multiple studies in Hawai`i, that 
indicate that intense human pressure can have negative effects on local 
wild spinner dolphin populations. A comprehensive list of journal 
articles and information sources are referenced in the Final EIS.
    Researchers in many fields rely on funding from various sources to 
conduct their work, including government grants, NGOs, and private 
sources, and on that basis alone we do not assume that the acceptance 
of funds from specific entities would compromise the research being 
conducted. The academic papers in question were peer-reviewed, which is 
a process by which research is checked by a group of experts in the 
same field to ensure that the scholarly work meets necessary standards 
before it is published in an academic journal. Tyne's papers were peer 
reviewed and published in the academic journals Royal Society Open 
Science, Biological Conservation, and the Journal of Applied Ecology. 
The abundance information was reviewed closely by PIFSC researchers and 
currently provides the most rigorous estimate for our local spinner 
dolphin populations. Tyne et al.'s work indicating the significance of 
resting habitat in supporting spinner dolphin resting behavior 
confirmed ideas presented by earlier works by Ken Norris in the 1990s. 
Additionally, Tyne et al.'s work questioning the quality of rest that 
this population receives echoes concerns expressed by other 
researchers, including Courbis and Timmel (2009), Heenehan et al. (2015 
and 2016), Forrest (2001), and Danil et al. (2005). As a result, we 
determined that these studies by Tyne et al. are credible and unbiased, 
and included them in our analysis of the best available science.

Information on Responsible Viewing of Marine Mammals

    Comment 17: Several commenters expressed concern that limiting 
interaction with spinner dolphins may displace the impacts of human 
interaction onto other wild marine mammals, or onto captive bottlenose 
dolphins. Additionally, commenters specifically suggested that to avoid 
this displaced impact, NMFS should expand the scope of this rule to 
protect all marine mammals in Hawai`i, including dolphins in captivity.
    Response: All marine mammals are protected from take by the MMPA, 
defined as ``to harass, hunt, capture, or kill or attempt to harass, 
hunt, capture, or kill any marine mammal'' (16 U.S.C. 1362). While this 
regulation implements necessary and appropriate measures to reduce take 
in the form of harassment of spinner dolphins, other wild marine 
mammals are still protected from take (including harassment) under the 
MMPA. Spinner dolphins are unique in that they spend time resting in 
areas close to shore, and therefore are easily accessible to human 
users of the nearshore environment. Their predictable daytime behavior 
has made it possible for the swim-with-wild-dolphin industry to 
develop. It is difficult to determine to what degree operators may 
switch to ``swim-with'' activities with other marine mammals.
    With regard to other marine mammals in Hawaiian waters, we note 
that we have approach distance regulations for some other species of 
marine mammals, such as humpback whales in Hawai`i (50 CFR 216.19). 
However, each rule is based on the ecology of the specific animal, as 
well as the best available scientific information on the nature of the 
threats.
    This rule implements additional protections to prevent harassment 
of spinner dolphins in the wild. Extending these protections to captive 
dolphins is beyond the scope of this rulemaking. Please see the 
response to comment 13 for additional information on dolphins in 
captivity.

Additional Information on Spinner Dolphin Behaviors

    Comment 18: Many commenters suggest that Hawaiian spinner dolphins 
choose to interact with human users and vessels. Additionally, 
commenters suggest that if dolphins did not want to interact with human 
users and vessels, the dolphins have the ability to swim away. As a 
result, some commenters assert that people can't swim with

[[Page 53830]]

dolphins; rather, it is the dolphins who swim with people, because the 
dolphins could swim away at any time.
    Response: We recognize that dolphins can appear curious and may 
approach humans in the water. Indeed, there was an exception in the 
proposed rule, which remains in the final rule, that allows humans to 
be within 50 yards (45.7 m) of a dolphin if the dolphin approaches 
them, provided that they do not purposefully place themselves in the 
path of oncoming dolphins, that they make no effort to engage or pursue 
the animal, and that they take immediate steps to move away from the 
animal. Requiring the swimmer to withdraw reduces the likelihood that 
exposure to human activities will result in harassment. There is ample 
evidence that humans often approach dolphins in their daytime resting 
areas, and this may have negative biological impacts on spinner 
dolphins. As discussed in the Background, Hawaiian spinner dolphins 
experience high frequency and intensity of disturbance at essential 
daytime habitats. Some dolphins may stay in these habitats even when 
people are present, swimming in relatively close proximity to people, 
because these areas provide habitat essential for resting, recovering 
from nighttime feeding, and protection from predators. Leaving these 
sites carries increased risk of predation and may move dolphins further 
away from offshore feeding areas.
    While dolphins can indeed swim away from and faster than humans, 
having to do so interrupts their rest, keeps them in a state of 
vigilance, and forces the dolphins to expend energy to increase their 
swimming speed and/or change direction. This increase in their 
energetic expenditures for purposes of avoidance could lead to 
decreased energy needed for other important behaviors, such as foraging 
and nurturing their young. Over the long term, this could affect the 
fitness of individual dolphins, and their ability to forage as a group. 
Further, their ability to swim away is limited by the fact that 
avoiding humans or leaving their preferred resting habitat altogether 
can lead to a greater risk of predation, and may involve greater 
energetic demands because they may need to travel farther distances to 
reach their feeding grounds. Finally, peer reviewed studies on Hawai`i 
Island suggest that dolphins are unlikely to rest outside of their 
daytime essential habitat in resting bays (Tyne et al. 2015; Lammers 
2004; Norris et al. 1994).
    Comment 19: Many commenters argued that NMFS fails to understand 
the consciousness of dolphins and that NMFS perceives a problem with 
humans swimming with dolphins where none exists. Additionally, one 
commenter suggested that humans swimming with dolphins is important to 
both species, while another commenter argued that those who attend 
spiritual retreats to swim with dolphins attest that the experience is 
life-changing.
    Response: As mentioned in the Background section, we believe that 
safe, responsible viewing of spinner dolphins can provide benefits to 
species awareness and conservation. However, there is a substantial and 
growing body of scientific evidence documenting the negative effects of 
dolphin-directed activities on spinner dolphins, especially activities 
that involve close approaches by humans, regardless of the intent of 
the humans. There is no scientific evidence to suggest that Hawaiian 
spinner dolphins receive a long-term health benefit from prolonged, 
close interactions with humans. Peer-reviewed scientific literature 
documents dolphin-directed human activity as causing disturbance to 
individual spinner dolphins, as well as changes to spinner dolphin 
group behavioral patterns. Individual dolphin responses to these 
activities vary and, in some cases, may not be apparent to an observer 
(e.g., elevated heart rates or increased vigilance). However, 
discernible responses include aerial displays, tail-slapping, or other 
visible behavior changes when closely approached by vessels and 
swimmers (Forest 2001, Courbis and Timmel 2008); avoidance behaviors, 
including increased swimming speed, directional changes, moving around 
and away from swimmers and vessels, or leaving the area in response to 
human pursuit (Ostman-Lind et al. 2004, Courbis 2004, Courbis and 
Timmel 2008); and aggressive behaviors directed at people, including 
charging or threat displays (Norris et al. 1985, Norris et al. 1994). 
Effects have also been documented in the form of changes to spinner 
dolphins' behavior patterns in essential daytime habitats, including 
the amount of time spent within resting habitat, distribution within 
the habitat, and changes to patterns associated with aerial behaviors 
(Courbis 2004, 2007; Timmel et al. 2008; [Ouml]stman-Lind 2007; Danil 
et al. 2005; Forest 2001).
    Swimming with Hawaiian spinner dolphins has become a popular 
activity in Hawai`i, because Hawaiian spinner dolphins are charismatic 
animals, are easily accessible to humans while in their resting 
habitat. However, as stated in our response to Comment 13, spinner 
dolphins that interact with swimmers incur an energetic cost, and the 
time for restorative or fitness-enhancing behaviors, particularly rest, 
is lost due to these disruptions. Additionally, several spinner dolphin 
studies provide evidence of chronic disturbance to natural behavioral 
patterns that could potentially cause biologically significant impacts, 
see Background for discussion on chronic disturbance. People are often 
unaware that changes in dolphin behavior take away from daytime 
fitness-promoting behaviors with other dolphins.
    The purpose of this regulation is to prevent encounters that result 
in disturbance to and harassment of Hawaiian spinner dolphins. This 
rule implements regulations for the conservation purposes of MMPA, 
including necessary and appropriate regulations that protect spinner 
dolphins from harassment. As described in the preamble, human 
encounters with Hawaiian spinner dolphins may have long-term adverse 
effects that may not be immediately apparent to the observer. We 
considered other distances for swim-with and approach regulations, 
including 100 and 150 yards (91.4 or 137.1 m), as well as no swim-with 
and approach measures. We do not believe that the status quo provides 
adequate safeguards for these marine mammals. One of the considerations 
in choosing a 50 yard (45.7 m) approach rule, as opposed to 100 or 150 
yards (91.4 or 137.1 m), was that it was the minimum appropriate 
distance to prevent disturbance to them, while still allowing people to 
view the dolphins. At this time, we believe that a 50 yard (45.7 m) 
approach buffer provides the least restrictive means for accomplishing 
the important conservation purposes of the approach regulation, while 
still accounting for the interests of the observing public.

Other Human Activities Affected by the Proposed Rule That Were Not 
Discussed

    Comment 20: Many commenters expressed concern that this rule would 
have a large impact on the local economy. Some commenters representing 
the tour industry specifically indicated that they anticipate this rule 
to have a large impact on their businesses. Additionally, 17 commenters 
argued that the data used in our economic impact analysis, presented as 
part of the DEIS, was insufficient, out-of-date, and needed to include 
additional data in order to analyze the potential economic impact of 
this rule's implementation. One commenter specifically suggested a need 
for more data on the tour industry on West O'ahu.
    Response: In response to concerns raised that the economic data 
used for

[[Page 53831]]

the analysis in the DEIS is outdated, we have updated the economic 
analysis and conducted a Regulatory Impact Review/Regulatory Impact 
Assessment in accordance with Executive Order 12866 and the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act, and incorporate this assessment and the Final 
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis into the final EIS as Chapter 5 for the 
final rule. While we have supplemented the 2008 economic analysis and 
2016 RIR/IFRA, the new economic information does not materially alter 
earlier findings in the proposed rule about the need for regulation and 
the impact of the regulation on small entities. There has been an 
approximately 6-fold increase in the number of tours and spiritual 
retreats offering swim-with-wild-dolphin experiences, as well as a 
corresponding increase in the gross revenues generated by these 
businesses, in the 10-year span between the original economic data 
report and the updated report. This increased economic activity also 
represents an increase in human pressures on spinner dolphins. The 
expected economic impact of the final rule on dolphin-directed business 
activity is similar to that of the proposed rule. It is possible that 
some tour operators will experience some loss of revenues due to 
differences in the amounts charged for a swim-with-dolphin experience 
versus a general marine tour/wildlife viewing experience. Indeed a 
commenter stated that they had experienced declines in their dolphin 
tour business after shifting to a 50 yard (45.7 m) viewing distance. 
However, tour operators in Hawai`i that voluntarily follow Dolphin 
SMART safe viewing guidelines that use a 50 yard (45.7 m) viewing 
distance from spinner dolphins have stayed in business and remained 
competitive for nearly a decade, and the final rule will implement even 
handed requirements for all operators, mitigating lower revenues 
resulting from competition with swim-with-dolphin operators.
    Restrictions resulting from the COVID pandemic have significantly 
impacted the tourism industry in Hawaii, and COVID restrictions and the 
overall decline in tourism have significantly curtailed wild dolphin 
tours. Nevertheless, tourism has rebounded over the last year, with 
791,053 visitors in June 2021 (https://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/media/7582/june-2021-visitor-statistics-press-release.pdf). As 
conditions continue to improve, NMFS anticipates that dolphin-directed 
activities will resume at or near pre-pandemic levels.
    Comment 21: One commenter indicated that they receive ``life 
force'' from dolphins and whales, and that this regulation would 
violate the commenter's constitutional rights.
    Response: As discussed in the response to Comment 19, the purpose 
of this regulation is to prevent encounters that result in disturbance 
to and harassment of Hawaiian spinner dolphins. This rule implements 
regulations for the conservation purposes of MMPA, including necessary 
and appropriate regulations that protect spinner dolphins from 
harassment. As described in the preamble, human encounters with 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins may have long-term adverse effects that may 
not be immediately apparent to the observer. We considered other 
distances for swim-with and approach regulations, including 100 and 150 
yards (91.4 or 137.1 m), as well as no swim-with and approach measures. 
We do not believe that the status quo provides adequate safeguards for 
these marine mammals. One of the considerations in choosing a 50 yard 
(45.7 m) approach rule, as opposed to 100 or 150 yards (91.4 or 137.1 
m), was that it was the minimum appropriate distance to prevent 
disturbance to them, while still allowing people to view the dolphins. 
At this time, we believe that a 50 yard (45.7 m) approach buffer 
provides the least restrictive means for accomplishing the important 
conservation purposes of the approach regulation, while still 
accounting for the interests of the observing public.
    Comment 22: One commenter noted that spotted dolphins (Stenella 
attenuata) often interact with fishing vessels for long periods of time 
and have intensive feeding requirements similar to those of spinner 
dolphins, but the need for spotted dolphins to have uninterrupted sleep 
is not a concern to NMFS. Additionally, this commenter notes that 
bottlenose dolphins have long been harassed by fishermen off the Kona 
coast for stealing live bait from marlin and tuna fishermen and market 
fish from bottom fishermen, yet NMFS has not established protections 
for bottlenose dolphins.
    Response: As described in several comment responses above, as well 
as the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section of the Final Rule, wild marine 
mammal harassment is prohibited by the MMPA. This includes Level A 
harassment (any act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which has the 
potential to injure a marine mammal) and Level B harassment (any act 
that has the potential to disturb a marine mammal in the wild by 
causing disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not limited 
to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering). 
As a result, harassment of any wild dolphin species, including spotted 
dolphins and bottlenose dolphins, is illegal under the MMPA. While NMFS 
is concerned about spotted and bottlenose dolphins, this rule focused 
on spinner dolphins because their unique habitat preferences and 
resting behaviors make them particularly vulnerable to disturbance. 
More detail about spinner dolphin vulnerability to disturbance is 
available in the response to Comment 24, as well as in section 3.1.4 of 
the FEIS ``Ecology and Behavior.''

The Temporal and Geographic Scope (i.e., Two nmi From Shore) of the 
Approach Regulation

    Comment 23: Multiple commenters suggested that we should implement 
a rule that extends 10 nmi from shore to encompass the entire range of 
the MHI-associated resident stocks. Some commenters suggested that 
people may seek encounters with the dolphins outside of two nmi, 
leaving the dolphins unprotected outside of this boundary.
    Response: Extending the effective area of the regulation out to 10 
nmi from shore was considered in the DEIS and FEIS (see section 2.1.3 
in the DEIS and FEIS). As stated in the rationale for the rule and in 
the EIS, these regulatory measures are intended to prevent take of 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins from occurring in marine areas where viewing 
pressures are most prevalent. We have no information to suggest that 
these stocks of Hawaiian spinner dolphins face any kind of regular 
exposure to wildlife viewing activities that cause take outside of two 
nmi from shore. Unlike nearshore areas where spinner dolphins 
predictably use essential daytime habitats, the locations where spinner 
dolphins might be found beyond two nmi is not predictable and we do not 
anticipate that encounters with dolphins outside of two nmi will become 
common after the rule is finalized. MMPA take prohibitions will 
continue to apply in the U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and high 
seas where these regulations do not apply. To encompass the range of 
dolphin-directed activities that are likely to result in take, we 
focused on where people are most likely to encounter Hawaiian spinner 
dolphin groups, i.e., where dolphins are known to occur during the day 
when they are engaged in nearshore resting and socializing activities. 
We reviewed information from scientific literature about Hawaiian 
spinner dolphin daytime habitat preferences and information from over 
400 sightings of spinner dolphins collected around the MHI since 1992

[[Page 53832]]

from various members of the Pacific Islands Photo Identification 
Network (PIPIN) to determine that the 2 nmi boundary sufficiently 
covered the dolphins' daytime habitat use. Because almost all viewing 
and interaction pressures occur during the day within two nmi from 
shore and in the designated waters bounded by L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and 
Kaho'olawe, expanding the scope to include the resident stock's entire 
range would provide negligible additional protection from take by 
approach within 50 yards (45.7 m).
    Comment 24: The State of Hawai`i DLNR commented that it supports 
the proposed rule, but believes it should be expanded to apply to the 
entire U.S. EEZ within 200 nmi from shore, to simplify compliance for 
users and streamline enforcement efforts.
    Response: As described above in our response to Comment 23, we 
considered the geographic scope of the rulemaking in our EIS, including 
applying it to the entire EEZ, and determined that a 2nm boundary 
provided the protections from daytime disturbance needed for spinner 
dolphins. These proposed regulatory measures are intended to prevent 
take of Hawaiian spinner dolphins from occurring in areas where viewing 
pressures are most prevalent. We therefore felt it was unnecessary to 
extend the reach of the regulation to areas where take is less likely 
to occur. Further, keeping the boundary to two nmi allows enforcement 
efforts to be concentrated within the two nmi boundary rather than 
spread across a much larger area, thereby increasing the effectiveness 
of these efforts.
    Comment 25: A commenter suggested that the regulation should be 
applicable to all dolphin species and all U.S. citizens or nationals 
anywhere in the world (and also advocated for a 100 yard approach 
rule).
    Response: The purpose of this rule is to address the increase in 
human pressures on spinner dolphins in coastal waters around the state 
of Hawaii. A no-approach regulation with national application is beyond 
the scope of this rule. Additionally, swim-with tours have not been 
identified as a major threat for other dolphin species in the areas 
surrounding MHI at this time. While this rule does not apply to other 
dolphin species, other species may benefit as public ocean users become 
aware of the potential impacts of close approach and would keep their 
distance from all wildlife.
    As described in the responses to Comment 23 and Comment 24, we do 
not find, at this time, that the enhanced protections in this rule are 
necessary seaward of two nmi off the Hawaiian islands, or in other 
regions of the United States. The MMPA's general moratorium on the 
taking of marine mammals, which applies in waters under U.S. 
jurisdiction as well as to persons and vessels subject to U.S. 
jurisdiction on the high-seas, continues to protect dolphins that may 
be found outside the boundaries of this rule. With regard to the 
specific comment that the regulation should include a 100 yard approach 
rule, see our response to Comment 9.
    Comment 26: Many commenters suggested that the geographic action 
area for the proposed rule should be limited to one or two islands, 
rather than all waters within two nmi of each of the MHI and in the 
designated waters bounded by the islands of L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and 
Kaho`olawe. Specifically, commenters noted that the problem of spinner 
dolphin harassment from close approach by humans is greater on Hawai`i 
Island and O`ahu than it is on islands like Maui and Kaua`i. As such, 
the geographic action area for the proposed rule establishing 
protections for spinner dolphins should be limited to areas with the 
largest number of tour operators and human users. Additionally, several 
commenters argued that, because many of the supporting studies cited by 
NMFS in the proposed rule and DEIS conducted their research along the 
Kona coast of Hawai`i Island, the geographic action area of the 
proposed rule should only include waters surrounding Hawai`i Island. 
These commenters argue that the DEIS gives too much weight to these 
studies, which cover a small geographic area (relative to the state as 
a whole), and therefore the rule does not adequately account for the 
behavioral or social differences between island-specific populations of 
spinner dolphins. One commenter suggested that the geographic action 
area of the proposed rule be limited to the range of one or more of the 
three island-associated stocks of spinner dolphins in the MHI. The 
commenter did not suggest a specific stock for protection.
    Response: The commenters are correct that the islands of O`ahu and 
Hawai`i have a greater number of dolphin-directed tour companies, 
spiritual retreats, and individuals swimming to the dolphins from shore 
due to factors such as easily accessible essential daytime habitats. 
However, Hawaiian spinner dolphins utilize sandy, protected bays and 
nearshore areas for resting and socializing across the state. While the 
largest number of human users are concentrated on one or two islands, 
close approach by humans occurs statewide (Sepez, 2006; see section 1.6 
of the FEIS, ``Description and Scope of the Proposed Action'') and 
affects all of the island-associated spinner stocks. Limiting this rule 
to only one or two islands or to the geographic extent of an island-
associated stock could result in displacement of dolphin-directed human 
activity to other areas of the state where Hawaiian spinner dolphins 
are present, thus undermining the protections established in this 
regulation.
    Regarding the concern by some commenters that spinner dolphin data 
informing this rule was only collected on Hawai`i Island, this rule was 
developed through a literature review of available data for Hawaiian 
spinner dolphins throughout the state. Many recent research efforts 
focused on bays on Hawai`i Island, as these bays are often used as 
daytime resting habitat for spinner dolphins and are a place where 
researchers can reliably study spinner dolphin behavior. These 
locations include H[omacr]naunau Bay, Kealakekua Bay, Makako Bay, and 
Kauhak[omacr] Bay, which were the sites for more recent studies on the 
impacts of human interaction on dolphin population health, such as the 
SAPPHIRE studies. While these studies focused on a limited geography, 
the findings regarding spinner dolphin behavior changes in the presence 
of human users are representative of wider scenarios where humans are 
in prolonged contact with resting Hawaiian spinner dolphins. 
Additionally, while the SAPPHIRE studies researched Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins on Hawai`i Island, research has been conducted on O`ahu, Maui, 
L[amacr]na`i, Kaho`olawe, Moloka`i, and Kaua`i, resulting in peer-
reviewed journal articles that were consulted when developing this rule 
and FEIS (e.g., Norris and Dohl 1980; Benoit-Bird and Au 2003; Danil et 
al. 2005; Hill et al. 2005; Lammers et al. 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 
2006; Mobley et al. 2000, and Wiener 2016). In short, we consulted 
studies conducted across the state, and, because close approach of 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins by humans is occurring statewide, we 
determined that the geographic extent of the rule should be statewide 
as well.
    Comment 27: Multiple commenters submitted ideas for alternative 
management considerations with different combinations of geographic 
ranges, approach distances, and enforcement times. For example, one 
commenter, citing O`ahu-based studies done by Lammers and Danil, 
suggested a 100 yard approach regulation on O`ahu from 11AM to 6PM. The 
commenter stated that 100 yards (91.4 m) is easier to judge and more

[[Page 53833]]

enforceable than 50 yards (45.7 m), and suggested that the regulation 
be O`ahu-specific given habitat and behavioral differences between 
O`ahu spinner dolphins and Hawai`i Island spinner dolphins, 
specifically that they often rest during the midday and early afternoon 
periods.
    Response: We addressed aspects of this alternative suggestion in 
multiple comment responses. As stated in the response to Comment 9, we 
determined that a 100 yard (91.4 m) approach distance would decrease a 
dolphin viewer's ability to see the animals without visual aids, and is 
inconsistent with our current wildlife viewing guidelines. We 
determined that an approach distance of 50 yards (45.7 m) would provide 
increased protection for the animals by reducing harassment, while 
still allowing people to observe spinner dolphins. Regarding an O`ahu-
specific regulation, we would like to direct the commenter to our 
response to Comment 26, in which we address comments to limit the 
regulation to certain areas. Limiting the swim-with and approach 
regulation to O`ahu only would not provide protections to spinner 
dolphins in other areas of the MHI where disturbance at daytime 
essential habitats is also occurring, undermining the protections 
established in this regulation.

Whether Time-Area Closures are Necessary To Address the Intensity of 
Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin-Directed Activities in Some Areas

    Comment 28: We received comments that were opposed to the 
implementation of time-area closures. These commenters felt that 
closures were either unnecessary to achieve the desired protections 
because the proposed approach regulation would provide adequate 
protection, or overly restrictive to the public because they could 
restrict shore access rights or use of waters in Hawai`i. The State of 
Hawai`i DLNR provided comments to the proposed rule stating that they 
did not support time-area closures because they felt that an approach 
rule best addresses the threat posed by dolphin-directed activities 
across the extent of their range.
    Response: Although time-area closures provide members of the public 
with precise boundaries around which they may readily tailor their 
conduct, we recognize that such closures can also carry undesired 
costs, such as imposing a burden on the public when spinner dolphins 
are not present. Accordingly, and as we explained in the proposed rule, 
we are not including time-area closures in this final rule. However, 
based on consideration of public comments and revised input from the 
State of Hawaii, NMFS has reconsidered its prior position and is 
publishing a separate proposed rule to implement time-area closures.
    Comment 29: Researchers suggested looking at the time-area closures 
in Samadai Reef, Egypt as an example of what has been proven to be 
effective in protecting other dolphin species.
    Response: When determining whether to propose implementing time-
area closures, we considered the Samadai Reef example, in which spinner 
dolphins that had abandoned the site returned to it after management 
measures were put in place to prevent human entry into the core resting 
area (see DEIS section 1.5.2). As noted in the response to comment 28, 
NMFS has reconsidered its prior position on time-area closures and is 
publishing a separate proposed rule to implement time-area closures.
    Comment 30: Several commenters said an approach rule is too 
difficult to enforce and time-area closures is a more appropriate 
alternative. The National Park Service also commented that, while they 
support the proposed rule, the data from [Ouml]stman-Lind (2009) and 
other studies (Johnston et al. 2013) suggest that a larger buffer 
distance or a selection of mandatory time-area closures (with the 
exceptions mentioned in the DEIS) would be more beneficial to the 
Hawaiian spinner dolphin population, and would likely improve 
enforcement of the proposed rule
    Response: Given our experience with enforcing the 100 yard (91.4 m) 
humpback whale approach rule in Hawai`i, we believe that this spinner 
dolphin approach rule can be successfully enforced. We also recognize 
that time-area closures provide members of the public with precise 
boundaries around which they may tailor their conduct and makes 
enforcement of such closures straightforward. We considered this 
comment and others that are supportive of time-area closures. In 
addition to the swim-with and approach regulation established in this 
final rule, we are proposing time-area closures in a separate 
rulemaking. With regard to larger ``buffer'' distances, see our 
response to Comment 9.

The Bays and Times of Day Identified for Time-Area Closures

    Comment 31: One commenter suggested that the proposed boundaries of 
the time-area closures be changed to cover half of the bays so that one 
half of each bay could be reserved for humans to interact with the 
dolphins, while the other half could be reserved as essential resting 
habitat. The commenter argues that this would allow the dolphins to 
choose either to swim with humans or to rest.
    Response: We have considered these comments and are publishing a 
separate proposed rule to implement time-area closures.
    Comment 32: Many commenters supported time-area closures, but 
suggested alternative closures times such as from 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., 
from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., or from 11 a.m. and 6 p.m. to reduce the 
impacts to other ocean users. Some commenters claim that if time-area 
closures are chosen, the time should be expanded to when the dolphins 
leave, as the dolphins often stay in the bays past 3 p.m.
    Response: We have considered these comments and are publishing a 
separate proposed rule to implement time-area closures.
    Comment 33: Several members of the Ho`okena community advocated 
closing Kauhak[omacr] Bay to swimming with dolphins with the aim of 
restoring their akule fishery. Anecdotal observations by community 
members indicate they have seen no akule in Kauhak[omacr] Bay since 
1997 which coincides with the time when swimming with dolphins became 
popular in their bay. In addition, a petition with over 285 names and 
signatures was submitted by members of the Ho`okena community, KUPA, 
and Friends of Ho`okena Beach Park voicing their support for stronger 
rules to prohibit people from approaching resting Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins.
    Response: We recognize that Kauhak[omacr] Bay faces intense 
pressure from people approaching spinner dolphins and we are working 
with members of the Ho`okena community to increase outreach and 
education to the public. Although restoration of the akule fishery is 
outside the scope of this rule, we plan to continue working with the 
community and DOCARE to address the community's concerns regarding the 
disturbance of dolphins at this location. The swim-with and approach 
regulation will reduce the intensity of dolphin-directed activities 
within essential daytime habitats to some degree. We are proposing 
time-area closures as part of a separate rulemaking, and such 
regulation, combined with the swim-with and approach regulation, can be 
expected to reduce the intensity of dolphin-directed activities within 
the essential daytime habitat at this location. We will continue to 
work with the community to address their concerns as needed.
    Comment 34: Several commenters noted that La Perouse Bay banned the

[[Page 53834]]

use of kayaks in the bay in 2006. These commenters observed that the 
dolphins, which used to frequent the area, no longer use that essential 
daytime habitat to the same extent following the ban on kayaks. The 
commenters suggest that the number of dolphins using La Perouse Bay has 
decreased because kayakers are no longer using the bay, leading the 
commenters to suggest that the dolphins enjoy the presence of kayaks.
    Response: In 2004, the State of Hawai`i declared the `[Amacr]hihi-
K[imacr]na'u Natural Area Reserve and neighboring La Perouse Bay off 
limits to commercial kayaking and other commercial operations. We 
understand that the State has not banned non-commercial operations, 
such as using a personally-owned kayak, within the bay.
    Although NMFS is unable to determine whether the number of dolphins 
using La Perouse Bay has decreased since 2006, as the commenters 
suggest, we do not agree that we can attribute changes in abundance of 
dolphins in certain bays to any one factor, such as the number of 
kayaks. Dolphins choose their resting habitat for a number of factors, 
which is described further in the response to Comment 1. Any number of 
these factors can cause a change in habitat preference. Additionally, 
NMFS has no reason to believe dolphins are ``attracted to'' kayaks, as 
the commenter suggests, on the contrary kayaks may contribute to 
harassment of dolphins.

Suggestions on Other Areas That Should Be Considered for Time-Area 
Closures

    Comment 35: NMFS received comments suggesting that if closures are 
implemented, time-area closures should also be considered in Hulopo`e 
and M[amacr]nele bays on L[amacr]na`i, Honolua Bay on Maui, and 
M[amacr]kua Bay on O`ahu because these areas are also targeted by tour 
operators and swimmers and, specific to M[amacr]kua Bay, because they 
claim that it is a spinner dolphin nursery.
    Response: In a separate rulemaking we are proposing time-area 
closures based on Alternatives provided in the DEIS, FEIS, and the 2016 
proposed rule. The sites we are proposing for time-area closures are 
descried in the DEIS as areas reported as having a high level of 
chronic human disturbance at daytime essential resting habitat. Should 
we consider implementing additional time-area closures other than the 5 
selected sites described in the DEIS, we will look closely at the areas 
identified by the commenter, likely using a step-down process similar 
to that used in the DEIS Appendix A.

Alternate Management Strategies

    Comment 36: Several commenters asked why we couldn't make the Coral 
Reef Alliance (CORAL) West Hawai`i Voluntary Standards (WHVS) into 
enforceable regulations. The WHVS were created by the CORAL, with 
stakeholder input and consensus by a wide variety of Hawai`i Island 
businesses and community members, to apply to all wildlife viewing and 
interactions in West Hawai`i. This includes viewing and interaction 
guidelines for marine mammals, including Hawaiian spinner dolphins 
(WHVS 2009). Measures under section 4.6 of the document include 
educational information about prohibitions already outlined in the 
MMPA, detailed boating etiquette and safety measures around marine 
mammals and swimmers, and human activities to avoid when viewing and 
interacting with marine mammals. In addition, section 4.7 focuses on 
voluntary standards specific to spinner dolphins.
    Response: In the FEIS, we considered promulgating regulations based 
on the WHVS as an alternative to enhance protections for Hawaiian 
spinner dolphins, but eliminated that alternative from further 
consideration because these standards did not meet the primary criteria 
necessary to effectively address our purpose and need, which is to 
reduce the threat of take to Hawaiian spinner dolphins, including 
harassment and disturbance caused by dolphin-directed activities that 
are concentrated in coastal waters, and to address chronic interaction 
and viewing impacts on resident stocks of Hawaiian spinner dolphins 
(see section 1.1 of the FEIS). As outlined in section 2.9.5 of the 
FEIS, the WHVS standards are mainly adapted for marine recreational 
providers (tour operators). Therefore, some measures, such as 
restricting the number of boats surrounding a pod of dolphins to no 
more than three at a time, do not convert well to all user groups and 
may not be easily understood by other resource users. Further, the 
complexity of certain standards (e.g., no boat staying longer than 30 
minutes with a pod, but boats being allowed to return to a pod for an 
additional 30 minute time period after a minimum of 1 hour away from 
the pod, as long as doing so does not exceed the three boat maximum) 
makes them difficult to follow and enforce. We also note that, because 
the measures addressed in the WHVS were narrowly focused on commercial 
activities and areas on the west coast of Hawai`i Island, not all 
measures would easily transfer to other areas. Finally, the WHVS do not 
apply to individuals who choose to swim, kayak, or otherwise approach 
the dolphins on their own apart from a commercial tour operation, 
leaving the dolphins vulnerable to disturbance by a large sector of the 
population in Hawai`i. The combination of these factors led to the 
decision to eliminate this alternative from further analysis.
    Comment 37: A number of commenters suggested that it is essential 
to have a strong educational component in order for new regulations to 
be effective. Additionally, many commenters suggested that regulations 
would not be necessary if swimmers and vessels were educated about the 
impacts of close approach of spinner dolphins by humans, advocating for 
self-regulation rather than this proposed rule.
    Response: We agree that conducting outreach and education with the 
public and tour industry is essential to promote compliance with any 
new regulation and reduce the impacts on spinner dolphins caused by 
disturbance by humans. A robust education and outreach effort with 
partners, including state and Federal government partners, non-profit 
organizations, and researchers, will support the implementation of this 
regulation. Based on the lack of consistent compliance with voluntary 
measures to protect Hawaiian spinner dolphins to date (e.g., wildlife 
viewing guidelines, NMFS guidelines, and the CORAL West Hawai`i 
Voluntary Standards) as well as the number of people wanting to be in 
proximity to the dolphins, we anticipate that relying solely upon 
education and self-regulation would have limited success in reducing 
the overall intensity of dolphin-directed activities in most areas.
    Comment 38: Multiple commenters suggested that, in lieu of the 
proposed rule, NMFS or the State of Hawai`i should institute a permit 
program. In these comments, this permit program could take numerous 
forms. For example, thirteen commenters suggested using a permit system 
to limit the total number of human users in order to limit the impact 
of close approach by humans on dolphins. One commenter suggested 
establishing a permit system for operators that would require the 
operators to participate in a training program on proper dolphin 
viewing practices before they are allowed to operate swim-with dolphin 
tours. Another suggestion was to establish a permit system that 
educates swim-with dolphin tour participants on proper dolphin viewing 
practices before they can participate in a guided tour. Commenters also 
suggested other

[[Page 53835]]

permitting strategies, such as limiting human activity to non-motorized 
vessels only, limiting the number of tour operators allowed to conduct 
swim-with dolphin tours, and limiting the number of people allowed per 
vessel. Finally, some of these commenters suggested that funding 
generated through the permit system could be used to support research/
education efforts.
    Response: We considered the alternative of licensing and permitting 
of commercial tour operators and eliminated it from further analysis 
because it would require a large infrastructure to administer, monitor, 
and enforce. A licensing and permitting system could also introduce 
equity issues between those receiving a permit and those not receiving 
a permit. We also noted that such a system would not resolve the 
threats from stakeholders other than tour operators (such as personal 
vessels and swimmers from the shore). A uniform system that applies 
more or less equally to everyone and reduces the cumulative effect of 
the disturbances occurring on the spinner dolphins is preferable to a 
permit system.
    Comment 39: Several commenters suggested alternative solutions, 
such as enforcing a limit on the number of vessels and swimmers allowed 
in a bay at one time, with one additional commenter suggesting that a 
limit be enforced on the number of people allowed per tour boat.
    Response: Although particularly high numbers of swimmers and 
vessels can be problematic, limiting the number of human users allowed 
in a dolphin resting bay at any given time can still result in take if 
the human users closely approach the dolphins. Therefore, we concluded 
that such limitations would not adequately meet the conservation 
purpose of this rule, which is to prevent take.
    Comment 40: Several commenters suggested that the proposed rule was 
not developed with community input or recommendations, and that NMFS 
should engage community members and tour operators to hear local 
concerns and to develop a new regulation. Several commenters suggested 
that this could take the form of a committee of local community members 
that would advise NMFS on formulating a new regulation.
    Response: We recognize the importance of community and stakeholder 
input when creating a regulation, and we took steps to solicit and 
incorporate community input and recommendations into the rulemaking 
process. The process for enhancing protections for Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins from human disturbance began in 2005, when we published an 
ANPR (70 FR 73426, December 12, 2005), which was followed by a Notice 
of Intent to prepare an EIS for this proposed rule (71 FR 57923, 
October 2, 2006). In this notice, we identified five preliminary 
alternatives for public consideration and comment, and invited 
information from the public on the scope of the issues that should be 
addressed in a Draft EIS, the issues of concern regarding practical 
considerations involved in applying the proposed regulation, and 
identifying environmental and socioeconomic concerns to be addressed in 
the analysis. In 2006, we also held five public scoping meetings on the 
islands of Kaua`i, O`ahu, Maui, and Hawai`i, and collected 4,641 public 
comments in response to the ANPR and the NOI. Comments submitted during 
this process included many that focused on cultural issues (e.g., 
accommodating local culture and livelihoods, as well as the visitor 
industry) and traditional Hawaiian knowledge (e.g., recommending that 
researchers listen to Native Hawaiians' knowledge instead of relying on 
outside research). In addition to these public scoping meetings, we 
attended a forum organized by State Senator Colleen Hanabusa's office 
specifically for the k[umacr]puna (elders) of the Wai`anae community to 
voice their opinions. Full details regarding how we collected, 
analyzed, and responded to comments on the ANPR and the notice are 
available in section 1.5.3 of the FEIS.
    In addition to the scoping process to develop the proposed rule, we 
held six public hearings on the proposed rule in September 2016, in 
which 145 attendees provided their oral testimony on the proposed rule. 
These attendees included community members, native Hawaiian community 
leaders, tour operators, researchers, and government officials. In 
addition to the 145 testimonies, we received over 22,000 additional 
comments during the public comment period. Following the public hearing 
some modifications were made to the rule. See section titled Changes 
from Proposed Rule in the final rule background, which highlights the 
differences between the proposed rule and the final rule.
    Comment 41: One commenter specifically mentioned the Wai`anae 
Baseline Environmental Study and the West O`ahu Ocean Protocols as 
existing examples of community efforts to address the issue of spinner 
dolphin harassment, and stated that these two documents are not 
referred to in the DEIS.
    Response: The West O`ahu Ocean Operation Protocols and the 
subsequent Wai`anae Baseline Environmental Study were developed with a 
goal of reducing conflict among multiple ocean users, not reducing 
spinner dolphin disturbance as a result of close human approach. These 
two products stemmed from Act 6, passed by the Hawai`i State 
Legislature in 2006, which directed DLNR to establish waters in West 
O`ahu as an Ocean Recreation Management Area in order to ``limit the 
locations, times, and types of permitted ocean recreation activities'' 
(DOBOR 2009). This state legislation was passed to minimize conflict 
among multiple ocean users, such as between tourism industry vessels 
and fishing vessels.
    Although we did reference the Wai`anae Baseline Environmental Study 
in the DEIS and FEIS when discussing conflicts between akule fishing 
and the tourism industry when those uses overlap (DEIS section 
3.4.4.1), our focus in this rule was to establish protections for 
spinner dolphins from close approach under the MMPA, not to manage 
interactions between two different industries.
    Comment 42: Commenters suggested our consideration of a designated 
swim-with area in the bays where it would be permissible to swim with 
the dolphins. One commenter suggested, rather than implementing a swim-
with and approach regulation, that we consider closing two bays to 
dolphin swimming for 10 years, then studying this to compare the 
difference between dolphin health in the closed bays versus the open 
bays. Several commenters suggested roping off half of two bays to study 
whether the dolphins would choose to interact with people or not, 
believing that the dolphins are not harmed by interacting with people, 
but rather seek them out and enjoy it.
    Response: As noted in the final rule and FEIS, the MMPA provides 
limited exceptions to the prohibitions on take (e.g., scientific 
research permits) and requires that people and organizations conduct 
wildlife viewing in a manner that does not cause take. Because close 
interactions with marine mammals are likely to result in take, 
including harassment and disturbance, we cannot support, condone, 
approve, or authorize attempting to swim with, pet, touch, or elicit a 
reaction from dolphins. We recognize there are numerous ways to test 
hypotheses and efficacy of different management strategies. However, we 
have chosen the approach rule as the best way to immediately relieve 
the pressure on the dolphins. We are also proposing time-area closures 
in a separate rulemaking to provide

[[Page 53836]]

protections for spinner dolphins in essential daytime habitats.

Hawaiian Cultural Concerns

    Comment 43: One commenter expressed concern that Native Hawaiians 
practicing a traditional burial of a marine mammal could be fined under 
this regulation.
    Response: This regulation has no effect on traditional burials of 
marine mammals. The NOAA Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response 
Program oversees and coordinates all responses to stranded marine 
mammals in the United States, including traditional burial of a marine 
mammal and other cultural practices. In Hawai`i, NMFS engages Hawaiian 
cultural practitioners in marine mammal stranding responses whenever 
possible and in compliance with the MMPA. These cultural practitioners 
can help us be culturally respectful of the individual animal and the 
community where the stranding occurs. In order to be in compliance with 
the MMPA, all responders must be authorized as a regional stranding 
network participant (in accordance with section 112(c) and section 403, 
or section 109(h) of the MMPA), which gives authority to state and 
local government employees to humanely take marine mammals in the 
course of their official duties.
    Comment 44: Some commenters expressed concern that the cultural 
impact analysis in the DEIS completed for this proposed rule is 
inadequate. One commenter stated that input from Ho'okena residents was 
heard and considered by NMFS, but because the proposed rule is 
statewide, the cultural impact analysis needs to be expanded to include 
other areas in the list of proposed restricted areas. Some of these 
commenters recommended that, in lieu of this proposed regulation, NMFS 
work with local residents and elders to craft a new alternative.
    Response: We conducted a comprehensive scoping process through 
which we received feedback from concerned citizens, including members 
of the native Hawaiian community, tour operators, researchers, members 
of the public involved in dolphin-directed activities, and other 
stakeholders from around the state, not just on Hawai`i Island. Further 
detail about the public input we solicited on this regulation is 
available in the response to Comment 40.
    In addition to this public input process, we initiated a separate 
scoping process to determine if historic properties could be affected 
by any of the alternatives under consideration, as required by the 
National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). With assistance from 
Hawai`i's State Historic Preservation Division, we identified and 
contacted Native Hawaiian organizations, communities, and individuals, 
and then held four scoping meetings in 2012 with those who expressed 
interest in participating. Following these meetings, we contracted a 
consultant to conduct interviews with three lineal descendants from 
each of the five bays identified as potential time-area closure 
locations (Kealakekua Bay, Kauhak[omacr] Bay (Ho`okena), H[omacr]naunau 
Bay, Makako Bay, and La Perouse Bay), to help us identify historic 
properties or practices that could be affected by the time-area 
closures that were under consideration to protect Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins. We incorporated the findings from the initial scoping process 
in 2006, as well as the 2012 NHPA scoping process into the development 
of the various alternatives in the DEIS, and we have not received any 
information through the public comment period to suggest that this rule 
would hinder cultural practices identified through the interviews with 
lineal descendants (e.g., fishing, canoe activities, ancestral 
caretaking and worship, and care of burial sites; see section 3.4.5 in 
the FEIS for descriptions of activities in various bays around the 
state). We have determined that this final rule to implement swim-with 
and approach regulations for Hawaiian spinner dolphins has no potential 
to cause effects to historic properties under section 106 of the NHPA.

Enforcement

    Comment 45: We received comments requesting that this rule be 
enforced upon all water users, including swimmers and all private and 
commercial vessels. Conversely, we received comments requesting that 
the regulation be tailored so that there would be ``no burden'' for 
non-dolphin tour operators and responsible dolphin-viewing vessels, 
since those vessels are not harassing the dolphins.
    Response: We agree that this rule should be enforced for all water 
users, both private and commercial (including non-dolphin tour 
operators). As described in Comment 1 and 2, multiple scientific 
studies provide evidence regarding the various and differing vessel and 
swimmer impacts on the behavior of spinner dolphins and how those 
impacts can create long term health impacts. Because spinner dolphins 
can be affected by numerous activities on the water, this rule applies 
to all water users, unless a narrow exception applies. We believe that 
the 50 yard (45.7 m) limit provides an appropriate opportunity for 
responsible wildlife viewing, without unnecessarily burdening the 
public. Exceptions are provided in the final rule (50 CFR 216.20 (c)).
    Comment 46: Several commenters expressed concern that this rule 
will not be enforced, noting that DLNR has limited resources devoted to 
enforcement. Several commenters suggested actions for NMFS to provide 
resources for enforcement, including providing funding to DOCARE, 
staffing observers in bays with lots of human activity, collecting 
funding from tour vessels for enforcement in the form of a licensing 
fee, and using fines levied on violators of this proposed rule to 
support enforcement.
    Response: Enforcement of the MMPA is accomplished via all available 
means, including through land and sea patrols conducted by the NMFS 
OLE, the United States Coast Guard, and DOCARE, all of whom work with 
us on outreach and enforcement. NMFS OLE conducts periodic patrols, 
which include areas with high amounts of human activity, and accepts 
evidence of harassment submitted by citizens observing violations. 
Historically, NMFS has also provided funds to DOCARE through a Joint 
Enforcement Agreement to conduct enforcement activities. NMFS OLE, with 
support from DOCARE, is actively pursuing violations of the MMPA and 
will continue to do so. Regarding the suggestion to use fines levied on 
violators of the proposed rule to support enforcement, MMPA civil fines 
are currently directed into a national Asset Forfeiture Fund, which is 
then used to help fund enforcement activities subject to NOAA policy. 
Finally, with regard to the comment recommending collection of funding 
from tour vessel operators in the form of a licensing fee, we refer the 
commenter to our response to Comment 38 regarding permitting fees.
    Comment 47: Several commenters suggested that NMFS should focus on 
enforcing the MMPA, rather than creating a new regulation, since 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins are already protected from take by the MMPA. 
One commenter, noted that spinner dolphins are not threatened or 
endangered under the ESA, and this regulation will set a precedent for 
establishing protections for non-ESA listed species.
    Response: The MMPA protects all marine mammals, whether or not 
listed under the ESA, in U.S. waters and on the high seas from take, 
which includes Level B harassment. This regulation further enhances 
protections for spinner dolphins under the MMPA (see the

[[Page 53837]]

responses to Comment 8 and Comment 14). The commenter is correct that 
the spinner dolphin is not currently listed as threatened or endangered 
under the ESA; however, the MMPA protects all marine mammals, 
regardless of whether they are ESA listed, and this action is taken 
under authority of the MMPA to strengthen protections for spinner 
dolphins from increased human pressures that have resulted in observed 
disruption of behavioral patterns.

Final Rulemaking

    The swim-with and approach prohibitions described in this rule are 
designed to protect spinner dolphins from take, including harassment 
and disturbance, caused by dolphin-directed activities, such as close 
viewing and interaction. Although we stress that unauthorized take of 
spinner dolphins or any marine mammals already is and continues to be 
prohibited by the MMPA in any location, we believe that specific 
regulations aimed at identified human activities that result in take of 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins are warranted because of the chronic 
disturbance that is currently taking place in nearshore waters. This 
regulation is limited to nearshore areas, within 2 nmi (3.7 km) from 
shore of the MHI and including designated waters bounded by 
L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and Kaho`olawe (see Figures 2 and 3 in section 
216.20(e) and Geographic Action Area section below), where threats from 
dolphin-directed activities are concentrated and where spinner dolphins 
engage in essential daytime behaviors, including resting, socializing, 
nurturing, and traveling. These measures are intended to prevent take 
during important resting periods and allow Hawaiian spinner dolphins to 
engage in normal fitness-enhancing behaviors, thereby preventing long-
term negative impacts to individuals and to the population. We are 
finalizing this regulation pursuant to our rulemaking authority under 
MMPA sections 112 (a) (16 U.S.C. 1382(a)) and 102 (16 U.S.C. 1372).

Scope and Applicability

Application to All Hawaiian Spinner Dolphins

    The rule's swim-with and approach prohibitions apply to all 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins found in the action area (see Geographic 
Action Area section below).

Geographic Action Area

    The action area for the swim-with and approach prohibitions in this 
rule is limited to waters within 2 nmi (3.7 km) of each of the MHI and 
in designated waters bounded by the islands of L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and 
Kaho`olawe (see Figures 2 and 3 in section 216.20(e)). The latter 
designated waters include all water areas enclosed by three line 
segments that connect points at the 2-nm boundary bounded by the 
islands as follows: The rhumb line between (A1) 20[deg]32'51'' N/
156[deg]43'50'' W (Kaho`olawe) and (A2) 20[deg]42'4'' N/156[deg]55'34'' 
W (L[amacr]na`i); the rhumb line between (B1) 20[deg]51'1'' N/
156[deg]54'0'' W (L[amacr]na`i) and (B2) 20[deg]59'48'' N/
156[deg]42'28'' W (Maui); and the rhumb line between (C1) 
20[deg]33'55'' N/156[deg]26'43'' W (Maui) and (C2) 20[deg]32'15'' N/
156[deg]29'51'' W (Kaho`olawe). Throughout this rule, all coordinates 
are referenced to the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84).
    This is inclusive of the majority of the nearshore habitats where 
MHI resident stocks of spinner dolphins engage in essential daytime 
behaviors and where dolphin-directed human activities that may result 
in take are known to occur (see Rationale section below).

Applications to All Forms of Swimming and Approach

    The regulation applies to all forms of swim-with and approach 
activities in water and air. Forms of approaching spinner dolphins 
include, but are not limited to, operating a manned or unmanned 
motorized, non-motorized, self-propelled, human-powered, or submersible 
vessel; operating an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) or drone; and 
swimming at the water surface or underwater (i.e., SCUBA, snorkeling, 
or free diving).

Requirements of the Rule

Swim-With and Approach Regulation

    The rule prohibits people from approaching or remaining within 50 
yards (45.7 m) of a spinner dolphin; swimming or attempting to swim 
within 50 yards (45.7 m) of a spinner dolphin; causing a vessel, 
person, or object to approach or remain within 50 yards (45.7 m) of a 
spinner dolphin; and intercepting, or placing a vessel, person, or 
other object in the path of a spinner dolphin so that the dolphin 
approaches within 50 yards (45.7 m) of the vessel, person, or object.

Exceptions

    Specific categories are exempt from the swim-with and approach 
regulation, and are outlined below:
    (1) Any person who inadvertently comes within 50 yards (45.7 m) of 
a Hawaiian spinner dolphin or is approached by a spinner dolphin, 
provided the person makes no effort to engage or pursue the animal and 
takes immediate steps to move away from the animal;
    (2) Any vessel that is underway and is approached by a Hawaiian 
spinner dolphin, provided the vessel continues normal navigation and 
makes no effort to engage or pursue the animal. For purposes of this 
exception, a vessel is underway if it is not at anchor, made fast to 
the shore, or aground;
    (3) Any vessel transiting to or from a port, harbor, or in a 
restricted channel when a 50 yard (45.7 m) distance will not allow the 
vessel to maintain safe navigation;
    (4) Vessel operations necessary to avoid an imminent and serious 
threat to a person or vessel;
    (5) Any vessel that is anchored or aground and is approached by a 
Hawaiian spinner dolphin, provided the vessel makes no effort to engage 
or pursue the animal;
    (6) Activities authorized through a permit or authorization issued 
by the National Marine Fisheries Service to take Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins; and
    (7) Federal, state, or local government vessels, aircraft, 
personnel, and assets when necessary in the course of performing 
official duties.
    (8) Commercial fishing vessels that incidentally take spinner 
dolphins during the course of commercial fishing operations, provided 
such vessels operate in compliance with a valid marine mammal 
authorization in accordance with MMPA Section 118(c).
    The exception for vessels transiting to or from ports, harbors, or 
restricted channels is necessary to allow continuation of safe 
navigation when approaching spinner dolphins closer than 50 yards (45.7 
m) is unavoidable. For these cases, the vessel should continue normal 
navigation to reduce the likelihood that close interactions result in 
disturbances for an appreciable period of time. The exception for 
vessel operations necessary to avoid an imminent and serious threat to 
a person or vessel is needed for the safety of human life and property, 
and to allow for compliance with applicable navigation rules. The 
exception for anchored and aground vessels was added in response to 
public comments received on the proposed rule and is intended to 
recognize that anchored vessels may not be able to avoid coming within 
50 yards (45.7 m) of Hawaiian spinner dolphins if approached by the 
animals. The exception for vessels, aircraft (manned or unmanned) or 
persons engaged in an activity authorized through a permit or other 
authorization issued by NMFS to take spinner dolphins is necessary to 
ensure

[[Page 53838]]

the continued availability of scientific research and biological data 
necessary to inform management and conservation decisions related to 
the dolphins. We anticipate that compliance with relevant permit terms 
and conditions will help minimize the potential impacts to dolphins. 
The exception for government vessels, aircraft, personnel, and assets 
operating in the course of official duties is intended to avoid 
disruption of essential government missions, including enforcement and 
national security activities. The exception for commercial fishing 
vessels is limited to incidental take by those vessels in compliance 
with the associated valid marine mammal authorization in accordance 
with MMPA Section 118(c).

Rationale

    Hawaiian spinner dolphins resident to the MHI are made up of small, 
genetically isolated stocks that exhibit a specialized behavioral 
ecology that makes them easy to access in coastal environments during 
their daytime resting hours. This leaves these resident stocks 
vulnerable to human-caused disturbance and its effects, such as habitat 
abandonment or declines in reproductive success (Norris et al. 1994, 
Andrews et al. 2010, Tyne et al. 2014). In the MHI, dolphin-directed 
activities have increased in recent years, and the public's expectation 
of close interactions has placed increased pressure on resident stocks 
of Hawaiian spinner dolphins and the habitats that support these stocks 
(see Background above). Despite outreach, guidelines, and current 
prohibitions, observations indicate that MHI resident Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins' natural behaviors are disrupted by activities that include 
approach by both swimmers and vessels (Ostman-Lind et al. 2004, Danil 
et al. 2005, Courbis 2004, Courbis and Timmel 2008), and overarching 
spinner dolphin group behavioral patterns may be changing in essential 
daytime habitats as a result of these pressures (Norris et al. 1994, 
Forest 2001, Courbis 2004, Courbis and Timmel 2008).
    The public, through public comment submissions, brought several 
recent studies to our attention that they believed should be 
incorporated into environmental review process. Upon review of these 
studies (Branstetter et al., 2012; Christiansen and Lusseau, 2015; 
Hartel and Torres, 2015; and New et al., 2013), we determined that 
these were not applicable to the issue being addressed by this 
regulation. A detailed review of these studies, including why we 
determined they were not applicable to this regulation, is available in 
the responses to Comments 12 and 14.
    This regulation is designed to address dolphin-directed activities 
that result in various forms of take of Hawaiian spinner dolphins. As 
described in the proposed rule, we selected 2 nmi (3.7 km) from shore 
around the MHI, as well as designated waters bounded by the islands of 
L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and Kaho`olawe, for the boundaries for the swim-
with and approach regulation. We are maintaining this as the boundary 
for the final regulation because this range encompasses the areas where 
current and best available information indicates that most dolphin-
directed activities are likely to be concentrated. For further detail 
regarding this decision, please see the responses to Comments 23-26.
    Regarding the approach distance, this final regulation maintains 
the 50 yard (45.7 m) approach distance proposed in the DEIS, proposed 
rulemaking, and analyzed in the FEIS. We received public comments in 
support of both increasing the distance and decreasing the distance. 
However, we selected 50 yards (45.7 m) as the approach distance for 
this regulation because it would reduce the threat of take occurring to 
spinner dolphins resulting from close approach by swimmers and vessels, 
while placing the least restrictive burden on the viewing public. 
Additionally, we already recommend this distance (50 yards (45.7 m)) in 
our wildlife viewing guidelines and request that people do not swim-
with wild dolphins to reduce the risk of behavioral disruption from 
close encounters. These guidelines are recognized by tour operators and 
are used by some (e.g., Dolphin SMART operators) to help ensure that 
spinner dolphins are viewed responsibly. This decision is more fully 
described in the responses to Comments 8 and 9.
    For further information regarding the effects of close approach on 
spinner dolphins, please see the proposed rule.

References Cited

    A complete list of all references cited in this rulemaking can be 
found on our website at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/enhancing-protections-hawaiian-spinner-dolphins, or at 
www.regulations.gov, and is available upon request from the NMFS office 
in Honolulu, Hawai`i (see ADDRESSES).

Classification

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Regulatory Impact Review 
(RIR)

    NMFS has prepared an FEIS and an RIR pursuant to NEPA (42 U.S.C. 
4321 et seq.) and Executive Order (E.O.) 12866, to support this 
regulation. The FEIS/RIR contains a full analysis of a No Action 
Alternative, five action alternatives, and the Preferred Alternative. 
NMFS prepared a Record of Decision (ROD) detailing the agency's 
decision concerning this regulation. The FEIS/RIR, ROD, and supporting 
documents are available for review and comment and can be found on the 
NMFS Pacific Islands Region website at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/enhancing-protections-hawaiian-spinner-dolphins.

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    A final regulatory flexibility analysis (FRFA) was prepared for 
this action and is included below. The FRFA incorporates the initial 
regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) prepared for the proposed rule 
stage, an analysis of updated information collected after the comment 
period for the proposed rule closed (Impact Assessment 2018), and 
includes a summary of the significant issues raised by the public and 
the Small Business Administration (SBA) in response to the IRFA, along 
with NMFS' responses to those comments.
    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) 
as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act 
(SBREFA) of 1996, whenever an agency publishes a notice of rulemaking 
for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for 
public comment a Regulatory Flexibility Analysis describing the effects 
of the rule on small entities, i.e., small businesses, small 
organizations, and small government jurisdictions.
    Pursuant to the RFA, NMFS prepared the following Final Regulatory 
Flexibility Analysis (FRFA). A description of the action, why it is 
being considered, and the legal basis for this action are contained in 
the preamble to this final rule. This final rule does not duplicate, 
overlap, or conflict with other Federal rules. The analysis contains a 
description of and, where feasible, an estimate of the number of, small 
entities to which the rule will apply. The Small Business 
Administration (SBA) establishes criteria for defining a ``small 
entity'' for purposes of the RFA. There are no record-keeping or 
reporting requirements associated with this action.
    The Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration 
did not file any comments on the proposed rule. NMFS did not receive 
comments on the IRFA, although some comments on the economic aspects of 
the proposed rule, including those that affect small entities, could be 
relevant. Please see

[[Page 53839]]

Comments 20, 38, 39, and 40 and NMFS's responses to those comments.
    There are several types of industries directly affected by this 
rulemaking: Swim-with-wild-dolphins tour operators; dolphin watch tour 
operators; non-motorized vessel ocean wildlife viewing tour operators; 
and generalized commercial boat tour operators. This analysis uses size 
standards prescribed by the SBA. Specifically, for scenic and 
sightseeing water transportation operators (North American Industry 
Classification System Code 487210), the SBA size standard for a small 
business is average annual receipts of $8.0 million or less. Much of 
the background information for potentially affected entities is based 
on a 2018 report (2018 report) that summarized information collected in 
2017 with regard to participants within these industries that 
potentially interact with Hawaiian spinner dolphins to varying degrees 
in the MHI (Impact Assessment 2018). The 2018 report is similar to the 
socioeconomic report finalized in 2007 (which contained information 
collected in 2006 and provided much of the information for the IRFA in 
support of the proposed rule), but with updated information. The 2018 
report provides information that suggests that most, if not all, 
businesses operating in the swim-with-wild-dolphins tour and the 
dolphin watch tour industries operating in 2017 could be considered 
small entities, and most of the generalized commercial boat tour 
operators were assumed to be small entities (Impact Assessment 2018).
    Swim-with-wild-dolphins tour operators are those that bring 
clientele into close proximity with spinner dolphins. This includes 
health and/or spiritual retreat operations as well as dolphin-oriented 
swim tours. Health and spiritually-linked businesses provide 
opportunities for persons wishing to interact with spinner dolphins for 
perceived physical, mental, and/or spiritual well-being enhancement. 
The number of businesses in this category increased between 2007 and 
2017, especially on the Island of Hawai`i. Spiritually-linked tour 
operations may charter vessels through other established dolphin-swim 
companies to transport customers as part of an overall per-person 
package consisting of lodging, swimming with dolphins, and other 
activities. According to the 2018 report, an estimated six to eight 
locally owned spiritual retreat businesses and at least 33 non-local 
(i.e., mainland United States, Europe, Japan, South Africa, and 
Australia) spiritual retreat businesses operating on Hawai`i Island 
reportedly provided direct Hawaiian spinner dolphin interaction in 
2017. No numbers were provided for spiritual retreat businesses 
operating on O`ahu, Maui, and Kaua`i.
    Dolphin-oriented swim tours operate by transporting passengers by 
boat or having them swim from shore to areas in which dolphins are 
known to be present during daytime hours. Customers may also be 
provided with facemasks, fins, flotation devices, and snorkels to 
enhance viewing. The 2018 report suggests that at least 41 swim-with-
dolphins tour companies operated on Hawai`i and seven operated on 
O`ahu. The report also indicated that commercial boat tours on Maui did 
not appear to advertise underwater encounters with spinner dolphins, 
nor did those on Kauai, although unplanned encounters may occur. All 
are believed to be small entities.
    Dolphin-watch tour operators involve taking clients out 
specifically to view wild dolphins. These companies tend to operate 
smaller boats than the more generalized commercial boat tours described 
below, and are more likely to view dolphins at a closer range. Revenue 
information for this specific business category is not available. The 
2018 report did not provide estimated number of businesses that 
primarily focused on dolphin viewing, but NMFS had previously estimated 
the number of dolphin watch tour businesses to be as follows: Hawai`i 
(3), Maui (21), O`ahu (3), and Kaua`i (11) in 2015 (NOAA Fisheries, 
PIRO).
    More generalized commercial boat tours offer a range of ocean 
activities, which may include sightseeing, snorkeling, diving, viewing 
various forms of sea life from a vantage point in and/or above the 
water, or just generally spending time on the ocean. The majority of 
the general tour boats derive revenue from whale watching and 
sightseeing operations, while a number of the dive/snorkel vessels 
offer snorkeling or diving trips. The 2018 report provided economic or 
operational information from 28 generalized commercial boat tour 
businesses (Hawai`i Island: 5, O`ahu: 2, Maui: 16, and Kaua`i: 15), 
although there are likely more businesses that fall in this category. 
NMFS believes that most, but not all, would be considered small 
entities.
    Non-motorized vessel ocean wildlife viewing tour operators, 
specifically kayak tour businesses around the MHI, provide a general 
wildlife viewing experience, with a very few, if any, operators 
advertising direct or intentional interactions with dolphins. The 2018 
report indicated that these operations were designed to provide clients 
with a variety of recreational and sightseeing experiences that 
typically did not include dolphin interactions. The 2018 report did not 
provide estimated number of businesses in this category, but NMFS had 
previously estimated that in 2015, the numbers of companies that either 
operate kayak tours or rent out kayaks to be as follows: Hawai`i (6), 
Maui (9), O`ahu (6), and Kaua`i (13) (NOAA Fisheries, PIRO). Based on 
the information from the 2018 report and/or obtained by NMFS in 2015, 
the estimated numbers of small entities directly affected by the final 
rulemaking, by industry, on the MHI are as follows: At least 60 or 70 
swim-with-wild-dolphins tour operators (including health and/or 
spiritual retreats enabling opportunities to swim with wild dolphins), 
and at least 38 generalized commercial boat tour operators (one or more 
of which are likely to be considered large entities).
    Because information on these entities were collected in 2017, their 
numbers might differ currently and in the near term, as these are 
businesses whose customer base are often comprised of tourists and 
visitors to the State of Hawaii or interisland travelers. Beginning in 
March 2020, the Hawaii tourism industry has been undergoing a 
significant drop in travel and tourism-related business activities due 
to the COVID pandemic. In April 2020, 4,564 visitors arrived in Hawaii, 
a 99.5% decrease from the number of visitors that arrived in April 2019 
(https://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/media/4635/april-2020-visitor-statistics-press-release-final.pdf). While tourism has increased in the 
state over the last year with 791,053 visitor arriving in Hawaii in 
June 2021, this number represents a 16.5 percent decline compared to 
June 2019 (https://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/media/7582/june-2021-visitor-statistics-press-release.pdf). As a result, the tourism 
industry has faced immediate financial challenges and businesses that 
rely on tourists, such as boat-based wildlife viewing tours, snorkel 
tours, and spiritual retreats have been financially impacted from the 
COVID pandemic. Although it is not known when tourism will return to 
pre-COVID levels, we anticipate that that dolphin directed activities 
would resume to pre-pandemic levels in the future.
    This final rule would restrict all activities associated with close 
approach to Hawaiian spinner dolphins, including swimming with dolphins 
and close approach by vessel. These approach prohibitions would be 
applicable within 2 nmi (3.7 km) of each

[[Page 53840]]

of the MHI and in designated waters bounded by the islands of 
L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and Kaho`olawe. This rule implements the least 
restrictive measure that still achieves reduction in harassment of 
dolphins.
    The ban on swimming and approaching within 50 yards (45.7 m) of 
Hawaiian spinner dolphins, has the potential to eliminate all 
activities, including commercial activities that may result in take of 
spinner dolphins (e.g., swim-with-wild-dolphins) at a close distance. 
Therefore, implementing this final action would require operators that 
currently offer the opportunity to swim with spinner dolphins to cease 
this specific activity, although they may choose to continue to provide 
other services among their menu of options. For example, a spiritual 
retreat that offers a menu of other activities along with swim-with-
wild-dolphins activities may continue to offer the other activities. In 
addition, swim-with-wild-dolphins tour operators may choose to 
transition to operate as a dolphin-watching or generalized tour vessel 
operation. For these businesses, eliminating opportunities to swim with 
wild spinner dolphins within 50 yards (45.7 m) is likely to result in a 
reduction in revenue in the short term and potentially in the long 
term. The decrease in revenue could come from the reduction in the 
number of customers, specifically those who seek the experience of 
swimming with spinner dolphins, and/or reduced trip or package prices 
with a reduced menu of options available for each trip. The loss in 
overall revenue to individual businesses and the industry as a whole 
that rely on close approach with spinner dolphins by any means for 
revenue is uncertain. The same is true with regard to the number of 
businesses that would be still be able to remain in operation after the 
implementation of the final rule. The 2018 report indicated that many 
of the business owners or operators facilitating underwater dolphin 
encounters expected that they would see lower profits, devaluation of 
business assets, employee layoffs, or they might decide move the 
business to a different location outside of Hawaii, or some operators 
expected they would go out of business. One operator reported laying 
off all his employees after voluntarily complying with the proposed 
rule. NMFS, however, has no corroborating information for this report. 
Some others stated that they would try to create a different kind of 
retreat.
    Commercial wildlife boat tour operators, including generalized 
commercial boat tour operators, dolphin watch tour operators, and non-
motorized vessel tour operators, would no longer be able to take 
customers to view Hawaiian spinner dolphins from closer than 50 yards 
(45.7 m). Restricting operators from approaching within 50 yards (45.7 
m) of spinner dolphins may reduce demand for vessel-based tours among 
customers who specifically hope to view dolphins from a vessel at a 
closer range, although there will be no options other than not taking a 
tour at all, as no boats in Hawai`i would be able to offer tours closer 
than 50 yards (45.7 m). Some tour operators may be able to offer 
alternative recreational opportunities or amenities as part of a tour 
to help offset any loss in demand for tours. For generalized tour boat 
operators with a clientele base that does not have a specific goal of 
viewing spinner dolphins, the direct economic impact of the final 
action is likely to be minimal.
    Participants of dolphin directed activities may also support other 
industries indirectly, including lodging, food industry, and car 
rentals. Many dolphin-swim participants may travel to Hawaii and 
participate in a wide variety of other ocean based activities, 
including vessel based wildlife viewing. Weiner (2016) found that 78 
percent of participants of swim-with dolphin tours would still 
participate in a dolphin tour, even if they could not go in the water 
with dolphins. The industries that provide goods and services to 
visitors could potentially see some loss in revenue if new regulations 
were implemented that prohibited swimming with dolphins. However, many 
of these businesses serve a much larger number of local, U.S., and 
international visitors to the state seeking a wide range of 
experiences, of which direct encounters with dolphins are a small 
component.
    NMFS concludes that there would be disproportionate impacts to the 
swim-with-wild-dolphin tour operators from implementation of this final 
action relative to all other general wildlife viewing tour operators. 
Similarly, because of the focus of activities, it is also likely that 
the dolphin watch tour industry will face greater impacts than the 
generalized wildlife tour companies. As a result, dolphin-watch tour 
entities may face disproportionate impacts relative to the generalized 
commercial boat tour companies, which are likely to incur few direct 
economic impacts from the final action. We note that dolphin watch tour 
entities are all believed to be small entities, and most of the 
generalized commercial boat tour companies are as well, although a few 
might be considered large entities with revenues exceeding $8.0 
million.
    NMFS considered other alternatives in addition to the swim-with and 
50 yard (45.7 m) approach regulations (Alternative 3(A)). These include 
Alternative 1: No action; Alternative 2: Swim-with regulations; 
Alternative 3(B): Swim-with and 100 yard (91.4 m) approach regulations; 
Alternative 4: Mandatory time-area closures, swim-with, and 50 yard 
(45.7 m) approach regulations; and Alternative 5: Voluntary time-area 
closures and swim-with and 50 yard (45.7 m) approach regulations. As is 
the case for this final action, Alternatives 2, 3(B), 4, and 5 would 
all be applicable within 2 nmi of each MHI and in designated waters 
bounded by the islands of L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and Kaho`olawe. Among the 
non-selected action alternatives, all would likely result in a higher 
direct economic impact to individual small entities and the dolphin-
viewing industry as a whole, relative to the final action, except for 
Alternative 2. NMFS has determined that the final action meets the 
goals and objective of reducing human-caused disturbances that Hawaiian 
spinner dolphins are facing in their natural habitat, and will help 
protect against declines in the fitness of the population over time.
    No additional reporting, record keeping, and other compliance 
requirements are anticipated for small businesses. NMFS has identified 
no Federal rules that may duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the 
action alternatives.

Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review

    This rule was determined to be not significant for purposes of E.O. 
12866.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    The purpose of the Paperwork Reduction Act is to minimize the 
paperwork burden for individuals, small businesses, educational and 
nonprofit institutions, and other persons resulting from the collection 
of information by or for the Federal government. The rule includes no 
new collection of information, so further analysis is not required.

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA)

    The goal of the NHPA (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.) is to have Federal 
agencies act as responsible stewards of our nation's resources when 
their actions affect historic properties. Section 106 of the NHPA 
requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of 
undertakings they carry out, assist, fund, or permit on historic 
properties. Federal agencies meet this requirement by completing the

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section 106 process set forth in the implementing regulation, 
``Protection of Historic Properties,'' 36 CFR part 800. The goal of the 
section 106 process is to identify and consider historic properties (or 
sites eligible for listing) that might be affected by an undertaking, 
and to attempt to resolve any adverse effects through consultation. 
Under the NHPA, an ``effect'' means an alteration to the 
characteristics of a historic property qualifying it for inclusion or 
eligibility for the National Register.
    NMFS conducted a scoping process to determine if historic 
properties may be affected by the proposed regulation. Native Hawaiian 
organizations, communities, and individuals were contacted upon 
recommendation from Hawai`i's State Historic Preservation Division and 
four community scoping meetings were held in 2012 with those who 
expressed interest in the proposed undertaking. NMFS has not received 
any information to suggest that this undertaking would adversely affect 
historic properties or hinder cultural practices within historic 
properties such as those identified through the interviews with lineal 
descendants (e.g., fishing, canoe activities, ancestral caretaking and 
worship, and care of burial sites).
    We have determined a swim-with and approach regulation for Hawaiian 
spinner dolphins does not have the potential to cause effects on or 
alterations to the characteristics of historic properties. In 
consideration of the foregoing the NMFS has determined that the 
undertaking is a no potential to effect determination (36 CFR 800.3) 
under Section 106 of the NHPA.

Coastal Zone Management Act

    Section 307(c)(1) of the Federal Coastal Zone Management Act of 
1972 requires that all Federal activities that affect any land or water 
use or natural resource of the coastal zone be consistent with approved 
state coastal zone management programs to the maximum extent 
practicable. We determined that this regulation is consistent to the 
maximum extent practicable with the enforceable policies of the 
approved Coastal Zone Management Program of Hawai`i. This determination 
and the DEIS were submitted for review by the Hawai`i Coastal Zone 
Management (CZM) Program. The Hawai`i CZM Program concurred with our 
determination in a letter dated September 27, 2016.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 216

    Administrative practice and procedure, Marine mammals.

    Dated: September 20, 2021.
Samuel D. Rauch III,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Regulatory Programs, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.

    For the reasons set out in the preamble, 50 CFR part 216 is amended 
as follows:

PART 216--REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE TAKING AND IMPORTING OF MARINE 
MAMMALS

0
1. The authority citation for 50 CFR part 216 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.


0
2. Add Sec.  216.20 to subpart B to read as follows:


Sec.  216.20   Special restrictions for Hawaiian spinner dolphins.

    (a) Applicability. The following special restrictions designed to 
protect Hawaiian Spinner Dolphins apply:
    (1) In all waters within 2 nautical miles (nmi) of the main 
Hawaiian Islands, and
    (2) In all waters bounded by the islands of L[amacr]na`i, Maui, and 
Kaho`olawe enclosed by 3 line segments that connect points on the 2-nmi 
boundary between the islands as follows: The straight line between 
20[deg]32'51'' N/156[deg]43'50'' W (Kaho`olawe) and 20[deg]42'4'' N/
156[deg]55'34'' W (L[amacr]na`i), the straight line between 
20[deg]51'1'' N/156[deg]54'0'' W (L[amacr]na`i) and 20[deg]59'48'' N/
156[deg]42'28'' W (Maui), and the straight line between 20[deg]33'55'' 
N/156[deg]26'43'' W (Maui) and 20[deg]32'15'' N/156[deg]29'51'' W 
(Kaho`olawe) (all coordinates referenced to The World Geodetic System 
of 1984 (WGS 84)).

 Table 1 to Paragraph (a)(2)--Coordinates for the Extent of the Designated Waters Bounded by L[amacr]na`i, Maui,
                                                and Kaho`olawe *
                   [All coordinates referenced to The World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS 84).]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Line segment between islands          Figure 3 label               Latitude                  Longitude
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kaho`olawe and L[amacr]na`i......  A1                         20[deg]32'51'' N          156[deg]43'50'' W
                                   A2                         20[deg]42'4'' N           156[deg]55'34'' W
L[amacr]na`i and Maui............  B1                         20[deg]51'1'' N           156[deg]54'0'' W
                                   B2                         20[deg]59'48'' N          156[deg]42'28'' W
Maui and Kaho`olawe..............  C1                         20[deg]33'55'' N          156[deg]26'43'' W
                                   C2                         20[deg]32'15'' N          156[deg]29'51'' W
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* (see Figure 3 of this section).

    (b) Prohibitions. Except as noted in paragraph (c) of this section, 
it is unlawful for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United 
States to commit, to attempt to commit, to solicit another to commit, 
or to cause to be committed any of the following:
    (1) Approach or remain within 50 yards (45.7 m) of a Hawaiian 
spinner dolphin by any means;
    (2) Swim within 50 yards (45.7 m) of a Hawaiian spinner dolphin;
    (3) Cause a vessel, person, or other object to approach or remain 
within 50 yards (45.7 m) of a Hawaiian spinner dolphin; or
    (4) Intercept or place a vessel, person, or other object in the 
path of a Hawaiian spinner dolphin so that the dolphin approaches 
within 50 yards (45.7 m) of the vessel, person, or object.
    (c) Exceptions. The prohibitions of paragraph (b) of this section 
do not apply to:
    (1) Any person who inadvertently comes within 50 yards (45.7 m) of 
a Hawaiian spinner dolphin or is approached by a spinner dolphin, 
provided the person makes no effort to engage or pursue the animal and 
takes immediate steps to move away from the animal;
    (2) Any vessel that is underway and is approached by a Hawaiian 
spinner dolphin, provided the vessel continues normal navigation and 
makes no effort to engage or pursue the animal. For purposes of this 
exception, a vessel is defined as a watercraft or other artificial 
contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of 
transportation on water (1 U.S.C. 3); a vessel is underway if it is not 
made fast to the shore, at anchor, or aground;

[[Page 53842]]

    (3) Any vessel transiting to or from a port, harbor, or in a 
restricted channel when a 50-yard (45.7 m) distance will not allow the 
vessel to maintain safe navigation;
    (4) Vessel operations necessary to avoid an imminent and serious 
threat to a person or vessel;
    (5) Any vessel that is anchored or aground and is approached by a 
Hawaiian spinner dolphin, provided the vessel makes no effort to engage 
or pursue the animal;
    (6) Activities authorized through a permit or authorization issued 
by the National Marine Fisheries Service to take Hawaiian spinner 
dolphins;
    (7) Federal, State, or local government vessels, aircraft, 
personnel, and assets when necessary in the course of performing 
official duties;
    (8) Commercial fishing vessels that incidentally take spinner 
dolphins during the course of commercial fishing operations, provided 
such vessels operate in compliance with a valid marine mammal 
authorization in accordance with MMPA section 118(c).
    (d) Affirmative defense. In connection with any action alleging a 
violation of this section, any person claiming the benefit of any 
exemption, exception, or permit listed in paragraph (c) of this section 
has the burden of proving that the exemption or exception is 
applicable, or that the permit was granted and was valid and in force 
at the time of the alleged violation.
    (e) Maps of areas for Hawaiian spinner dolphin special 
restrictions. The following are overview maps and a table with 
corresponding coordinate data for the areas for Hawaiian spinner 
dolphin special restriction.
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[FR Doc. 2021-20616 Filed 9-27-21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-22-C