[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 79 (Tuesday, April 27, 2021)]
[Notices]
[Pages 22249-22251]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2021-08768]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

National Park Service

[NPS-WASO-NAGPRA-NPS0031768; PPWOCRADN0-PCU00RP14.R50000]


Notice of Intent To Repatriate Cultural Items: American Museum of 
Natural History, New York, NY

AGENCY: National Park Service, Interior.

ACTION: Notice.

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SUMMARY: The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), in consultation 
with the appropriate Indian Tribes or Native Hawaiian organizations, 
has determined that the cultural items listed in this notice meet the 
definition of objects of cultural patrimony. Lineal descendants or 
representatives of any Indian Tribe or Native Hawaiian organization not

[[Page 22250]]

identified in this notice that wish to claim these cultural items 
should submit a written request to the American Museum of Natural 
History. If no additional claimants come forward, transfer of control 
of the cultural items to the lineal descendants, Indian Tribes, or 
Native Hawaiian organizations stated in this notice may proceed.

DATES: Lineal descendants or representatives of any Indian Tribe or 
Native Hawaiian organization not identified in this notice that wish to 
claim these cultural items should submit a written request with 
information in support of the claim to the American Museum of Natural 
History at the address in this notice by May 27, 2021.

ADDRESSES: Nell Murphy, American Museum of Natural History, Central 
Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, telephone (212) 769-5837, 
email [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Notice is here given in accordance with the 
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 25 
U.S.C. 3005, of the intent to repatriate cultural items under the 
control of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, that 
meet the definition of objects of cultural patrimony under 25 U.S.C. 
3001.
    This notice is published as part of the National Park Service's 
administrative responsibilities under NAGPRA, 25 U.S.C. 3003(d)(3). The 
determinations in this notice are the sole responsibility of the 
museum, institution, or Federal agency that has control of the Native 
American cultural items. The National Park Service is not responsible 
for the determinations in this notice.

History and Description of the Cultural Item(s)

    In 1911, Rudolf Rasmessen, a Tucson-based curio dealer, gifted two 
Vikita ceremonial items--a bull roarer and a set of cocoon rattles--to 
the AMNH. The bull roarer is constructed of two flat pieces of saguaro 
cactus ribs connected by a heavy cord, and it exhibits the remnants of 
a black paint stripe on top and fainter black markings on the body. The 
rattle consists of two long strands of the inner casings of silkworm 
moth cocoons filled with pebbles.
    In 1911, Carl Lumholtz, a Norwegian naturalist, sold 107 Vikita 
ceremonial items to the AMNH. Between 1909 and 1910, Lumholtz was 
commissioned by private individuals to explore northwestern Sonora, 
Mexico and southwestern Arizona, and he sold the items he collected 
during these expeditions to the AMNH. The 107 items include 20 masks 
(14 Singer Masks, five Clown or Nawichu Masks, one boy's mask), one 
Clown's Plume, one Clown's medicine plume, two pairs of sandals, two 
Clown saguaro sticks, four Clown quivers, three Clown bows, 15 Clown 
arrows, two Clown knives, five Clown belts, three Clown tobacco 
pouches, two Clown bracelets, two bells, one stick with bird figure, 
one V[iacute]kita drinking gourd, eight strings of shells, two 
ceremonial sticks, one V[iacute]kita corn offering, 13 bullroarers, one 
cloud symbol and 18 rattles (one gourd rattle and 17 Cocoon Rattles).
    According to Lumholtz, a man named Simon served as one of his 
informants when he visited Santa Rosa, Arizona. Simon eventually sold 
Lumholtz his own complete Clown or nawichu outfit. This outfit includes 
the following 16 items: One Clown mask; one belt; one quiver; four 
Clown's arrows; one Clown's knife; two strings of shells; one set of 
ankle rattles; two bells; one pair of sandals; one Clown's bow; and one 
saguaro stick. Additionally, Lumholtz recorded that he purchased one 
Clown mask from a medicine man in Kav Vaxia (Badger's Well) and one 
Clown mask from a medicine man named Tia Yimika Kass (spelling 
unclear). Simon's outfit and the two Clown masks that Lumholtz acquired 
from the medicine men are part of the 107 Vikita items described below.
    Five of the 20 masks that the AMNH purchased from Lumholtz are 
Clown or Nawichu masks, which resemble hoods and feature large plumes, 
primarily from turkeys, hawks, and black sea birds. The canvas faces 
are pierced to reveal two eye holes and are decorated with painted 
chevron motifs representing clouds. A pair of long horns constructed 
from cat's claw and capped with downy feathers extend from the top of 
each headdress. Horsehair braids fall down the sides of each Clown 
mask, and a long textile train descends the back. Fourteen masks are 
Singer masks, and are made of painted gourds. The top portions of the 
masks are decorated with red ochre, followed by a central black band 
made of a mixture of mesquite sap and iron oxide, and a lower, white 
section consisting of chalk. Eight Singer masks feature yarn tassels, 
and one Singer mask has a ribbon tassel. Seven Singer masks include a 
row of blue triangles painted just below the central black band. One of 
the 20 masks is described in Museum records as a boy's feast mask. It 
is made of fringed canvas and is worn like a hood. A rectangle painted 
on the canvas frames a face made of two eye holes, hide ears, and a 
gourd nose. The mask also features a top knot of matted wool with a 
heavy clay paint coating. The one Clown's plume consists of a circle of 
turkey feathers. The one Clown's medicine plume is constructed of two 
turkey tail feathers bound together at the quills. The two pairs of 
sandals have leather soles and hide thongs. The two Clown saguaro 
sticks are made of saguaro ribs crossed with short pieces of 
greasewood. The three Clown bows are made from gnarled mesquite root 
and string; one of the bows exhibits traces of pigment. The first of 
the four Clown quivers is made of canvas with a fringe down the back 
and is adorned with a bundle of feathers. The second quiver is made of 
canvas and is adorned with two triangular pieces of canvas that are 
painted with a red zigzag design. The third quiver, which belonged to 
Simon, is covered with animal fur, and is adorned with three strips of 
cloth. The fourth quiver is constructed entirely from the body of a 
wild cat. The 15 Clown arrows are carved from saguaro cactus ribs. They 
are painted and adorned with turkey feathers. The two Clown knives are 
carved from wood to resemble a machete. The two Clown bracelets are 
made from animal hide; one is tied together with red string and the 
other has traces of fur. The five Clown belts are constructed of canvas 
which bear traces of red pigment and are festooned with rattles of 
empty metal gun cartridges worn at the back. The fifth Clown belt is 
distinguished from the other four by a strip of red cloth onto which is 
sewn a strip of metal diamonds. The first of the three Clown tobacco 
pouches is constructed of hide and decorated with black paint in a 
design that resembles ribs. The second tobacco pouch is made of canvas 
with a fringed front flap painted with four rows of red triangles and 
finished with a row of rattles of empty metal gun cartridges. The third 
tobacco pouch is made of hide with black cloth up the side seams. The 
eight strings of shells are made with seashells. The two ceremonial or 
prayer sticks are carved from a desert bush. They are painted blue and 
adorned with turkey feathers. The one Vikita corn offering consists of 
a stick painted red with white dots representing corn. The one gourd 
has a hole from which to drink liquid. The two metal bells are held 
together with string. The one bird figure consists of a swallow 
figurine carved from yucca root and painted blue. A small hole on its 
belly fits snugly on a long stick made from desert willow. The 13 
bullroarers are constructed of two flat pieces of saguaro cactus ribs 
connected by a heavy cord and painted with geometric designs. The one 
cloud symbol is

[[Page 22251]]

constructed of twigs in the shape of an isosceles triangle with two 
handles on the side. One of the 19 rattles is a gourd filled with small 
pebbles and perforated with a notched wooden handle. Eighteen of the 19 
rattles are worn around the ankles. They are made of the inner casings 
of silkworm moth cocoons that have been filled with pebbles and then 
stitched onto a piece of leather or dark cloth.
    Based on the Museum's records and consultation with representatives 
of the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona, these 109 ceremonial items 
which were collected in Arizona and catalogued as Papago, are 
culturally affiliated with the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona. 
Evidence from museum records, scholarly publications, and information 
provided during consultation indicates that these 109 items were used 
during the V[iacute]kita Ceremony, also called the ``Great Harvest 
Festival'' and ``Prayerstick Festival,'' which is regarded as one of 
the great ritual dramas of the Tohono O'odham people and historically, 
has been performed every four years. These Vikita ceremonial items have 
ongoing historical, traditional, and cultural importance to the Tohono 
O'odham Nation of Arizona, and no individual had the right to alienate 
them.

Determinations Made by the American Museum of Natural History

    Officials of the American Museum of Natural History have determined 
that:
     Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(3)(D), the 109 cultural items 
described above have ongoing historical, traditional, or cultural 
importance central to the Native American group or culture itself, 
rather than property owned by an individual.
     Pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001(2), there is a relationship of 
shared group identity that can be reasonably traced between the objects 
of cultural patrimony and the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona.

Additional Requestors and Disposition

    Lineal descendants or representatives of any Indian Tribe or Native 
Hawaiian organization not identified in this notice that wish to claim 
these cultural items should submit a written request with information 
in support of the claim to Nell Murphy, American Museum of Natural 
History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, 
telephone (212) 769-5837, email [email protected], by May 27, 2021. 
After that date, if no additional claimants have come forward, transfer 
of control of the objects of cultural patrimony to the Tohono O'odham 
Nation of Arizona may proceed.
    The American Museum of Natural History is responsible for notifying 
the Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona that this notice has been 
published.

    Dated: April 19, 2021.
Melanie O'Brien,
Manager, National NAGPRA Program.
[FR Doc. 2021-08768 Filed 4-26-21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4312-52-P