[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 245 (Monday, December 21, 2020)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 83162-83298]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-24781]



[[Page 83161]]

Vol. 85

Monday,

No. 245

December 21, 2020

Part II





 Securities and Exchange Commission





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17 CFR Parts 239, 249, 270, et al.





Use of Derivatives by Registered Investment Companies and Business 
Development Companies; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 245 / Monday, December 21, 2020 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 83162]]


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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

17 CFR Parts 239, 249, 270, and 274

[Release No. IC-34084; File No. S7-24-15]
RIN 3235-AL60


Use of Derivatives by Registered Investment Companies and 
Business Development Companies

AGENCY: Securities and Exchange Commission.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Securities and Exchange Commission (the ``Commission'') is 
adopting a new exemptive rule under the Investment Company Act of 1940 
(the ``Investment Company Act'') designed to address the investor 
protection purposes and concerns underlying section 18 of the Act and 
to provide an updated and more comprehensive approach to the regulation 
of funds' use of derivatives and the other transactions the new rule 
addresses. In addition, the Commission is adopting new reporting 
requirements designed to enhance the Commission's ability to 
effectively oversee funds' use of and compliance with the new rule, and 
to provide the Commission and the public additional information 
regarding funds' use of derivatives. Finally, the Commission is 
adopting amendments under the Investment Company Act to allow 
leveraged/inverse ETFs that satisfy the rule's conditions to operate 
without the expense and delay of obtaining an exemptive order. The 
Commission, accordingly, is rescinding certain exemptive relief that 
has been granted to these funds and their sponsors.

DATES: Effective Date: This rule is effective February 19, 2021. 
Compliance Date: August 19, 2022. See Section II.L of the SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Blair Burnett, Senior Counsel; Joel 
Cavanaugh, Senior Counsel; Mykaila DeLesDernier, Senior Counsel, John 
Lee, Senior Counsel; Amy Miller, Senior Counsel; Amanda Hollander 
Wagner, Branch Chief; Thoreau A. Bartmann, Senior Special Counsel; or 
Brian McLaughlin Johnson, Assistant Director, at (202) 551-6792, 
Investment Company Regulation Office, Division of Investment 
Management; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE, 
Washington, DC 20549-1090.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Regulations in 17 CFR 270.18f-4 (``rule 18f-
4'') will apply to mutual funds (other than money market funds), 
exchange-traded funds (``ETFs''), registered closed-end funds, and 
companies that have elected to be treated as business development 
companies (``BDCs'') under the Investment Company Act (collectively, 
``funds''). It will permit these funds to enter into derivatives 
transactions and certain other transactions, notwithstanding the 
restrictions under sections 18 and 61 of the Investment Company Act, 
provided that the funds comply with the conditions of the rule. The 
rule also permits money market funds (and other funds) to invest in 
securities on a when-issued or forward-settling basis, or with a non-
standard settlement cycle, subject to conditions.
    The Commission is adopting rule 18f-4 under the Investment Company 
Act, amendments to 17 CFR 270.6c-11 (rule 6c-11), 17 CFR 270.22e-4 
(rule 22e-4), and 17 CFR 270.30b1-10 (rule 30b1-10) under the 
Investment Company Act; amendments to Form N-PORT [referenced in 17 CFR 
274.150], Form N-LIQUID (which we are re-titling as ``Form N-RN'') 
[referenced in 17 CFR 274.223], Form N-CEN [referenced in 17 CFR 
274.101], and Form N-2 [referenced in 17 CFR 274.11a-1] under the 
Investment Company Act.

Table of Contents

I. Introduction
    A. Overview of Funds' Use of Derivatives
    B. Derivatives and the Senior Securities Restrictions of the 
Investment Company Act
    1. Requirements of Section 18
    2. Investment Company Act Release 10666 and the Status of 
Derivatives Under Section 18
    3. Need for Updated Regulatory Framework
    C. Overview of the Final Rule
II. Discussion
    A. Scope of Rule 18f-4
    B. Derivatives Risk Management Program
     1. Program Administration
     2. Required Elements of the Program
    C. Board Oversight and Reporting
    1. Board Approval of the Derivatives Risk Manager
    2. Board Reporting
    D. Limit on Fund Leverage Risk
    1. Use of VaR
    2. Relative VaR Test
    3. Absolute VaR Test
    4. Funds Limited to Certain Investors
    5. Choice of Model and Parameters for VaR Test
    6. Implementation
    E. Limited Derivatives Users
    1. Derivatives Exposure
    2. Limited Derivatives User Threshold
    3. Risk Management
    4. Exceedances of the Limited Derivatives User Exception
    F. Approach to Leveraged/Inverse Funds
    1. Proposed Alternative Requirements for Leveraged/Inverse Funds
    2. Treatment of Leveraged/Inverse Funds Under Rule 18f-4
    3. Standards of Conduct for Broker-Dealers and Registered 
Investment Advisers
    4. Staff Review of Regulatory Requirements Relating to Complex 
Financial Products
    5. Treatment of Existing Leveraged/Inverse Funds That Seek To 
Provide Leveraged or Inverse Market Exposure Exceeding 200% of the 
Return of the Relevant Index
    6. Amendments to Rule 6c-11 Under the Investment Company Act and 
Proposed Rescission of Exemptive Relief for Leveraged/Inverse ETFs
    G. Amendments To Fund Reporting Requirements
    1. Amendments to Form N-PORT
    2. Amendments to Current Reporting Requirements
    3. Amendments to Form N-CEN
    H. Reverse Repurchase Agreements
    I. Unfunded Commitment Agreements
    J. Recordkeeping Provisions
    K. Conforming Amendments
    1. Form N-PORT and Rule 22e-4
    2. Form N-2 (Senior Securities Table)
    L. Compliance Date
    M. Other Matters
III. Economic Analysis
    A. Introduction
    B. Economic Baseline
    1. Fund Industry Overview
    2. Funds' Use of Derivatives and Reverse Repurchase Agreements
    3. Current Regulatory Framework for Derivatives
    4. Funds' Derivatives Risk Management Practices and Use of VaR 
Models
    5. Leveraged/Inverse Funds
    C. Benefits and Costs of the Final Rules and Amendments
    1. Derivatives Risk Management Program and Board Oversight and 
Reporting
    2. VaR-Based Limit on Fund Leverage Risk
    3. Limited Derivatives Users
    4. Reverse Repurchase Agreements and Similar Financing 
Transactions
    5. Treatment of Existing Leveraged/Inverse Funds That Seek To 
Provide Leveraged or Inverse Market Exposure Exceeding 200% of the 
Return of the Relevant Index
    6. Amendments to Rule 6c-11 Under the Investment Company Act and 
Rescission of Exemptive Relief for Leveraged/Inverse ETFs
    7. Unfunded Commitment Agreements
    8. Recordkeeping
    9. Amendments To Fund Reporting Requirements
    10. When-Issued and Forward-Settling Transactions
    D. Effects on Efficiency, Competition, and Capital Formation
    1. Efficiency
    2. Competition
    3. Capital Formation
    E. Reasonable Alternatives
    1. Alternative Implementations of the VaR Tests
    2. Alternatives to the VaR Tests
    3. Stress Testing Frequency
    4. Enhanced Disclosure
    5. Alternative Treatment for Leveraged/Inverse Funds
IV. Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis
    A. Introduction
    B. Rule 18f-4
    1. Derivatives Risk Management Program

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    2. Board Oversight and Reporting
    3. VaR Remediation
    4. Disclosure Requirement for Certain Leveraged/Inverse Funds
    5. Disclosure Changes for Money Market Funds
    6. Requirements for Limited Derivatives Users
    7. Recordkeeping Requirements
    8. Rule 18f-4 Total Estimated Burden
    C. Rule 6c-11
    D. Form N-PORT
    E. Form N-RN and Rule 30b1-10
    F. Form N-CEN
V. Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
    A. Need for and Objectives of the Rule and Form Amendments
    B. Significant Issues Raised by Public Comments
    C. Small Entities Subject to the Final Rule
    D. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance 
Requirements
    1. Rule 18f-4
    2. Amendments to Forms N-PORT, N-RN, and N-CEN
    3. Amendments to Rule 6c-11
    E. Agency Action To Minimize Effect on Small Entities
    1. Alternative Approaches to Rule 18f-4
    2. Alternative Approaches to Amendments to Forms N-PORT, N-
LIQUID (N-RN), and N-CEN
    3. Alternative Approaches to Rule 6c-11
VI. Statutory Authority

I. Introduction

    The Commission is adopting rule 18f-4 under the Investment Company 
Act to provide an updated, comprehensive approach to the regulation of 
funds' use of derivatives. This rule, along with amendments that the 
Commission is adopting to rule 6c-11 and certain forms under the 
Investment Company Act, will modernize the regulatory framework for 
funds to reflect the broad ways in which funds' use of derivatives has 
developed over past decades, and also will address investor protection 
concerns related to funds' derivatives use. We are committed to 
designing regulatory programs that reflect the ever-broadening product 
innovation and investor choice available in today's asset management 
industry, while also taking into account the risks associated with 
funds' increasingly complex portfolio composition and operations. The 
rules we are adopting reflect these considerations, and are also 
informed by the Commission's ongoing exploration--particularly over the 
past decade--of the benefits, risks, and costs associated with funds' 
current practices regarding derivatives.\1\
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    \1\ See, e.g., Use of Derivatives by Investment Companies under 
the Investment Company Act of 1940, Investment Company Act Release 
No. 29776 (Aug. 31, 2011) [76 FR 55237 (Sept. 7, 2011)] (``2011 
Concept Release''). The comment letters on the 2011 Concept Release 
(File No. S7-33-11) are available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-33-11/s73311.shtml. See also Use of Derivatives by Registered 
Investment Companies and Business Development Companies, Investment 
Company Act Release No. 31933 (Dec. 11, 2015) [80 FR 80883 (Dec. 28, 
2015)] (``2015 Proposing Release''); Use of Derivatives by 
Registered Investment Companies and Business Development Companies; 
Required Due Diligence by Broker-Dealers and Registered Investment 
Advisers Regarding Retail Customers' Transactions in Certain 
Leveraged/Inverse Investment Vehicles, Investment Company Act 
Release No. 33704 (Nov. 25, 2019) [85 FR 4446 (Jan. 24, 2020)] 
(``Proposing Release''). The comment letters on both the 2015 
Proposing Release and the Proposing Release (File No. S7-24-15) are 
available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-24-15/s72415.shtml.
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    Under this new framework, funds using derivatives generally will 
have to adopt a derivatives risk management program that a derivatives 
risk manager administers and that the fund's board of directors 
oversees, and comply with an outer limit on fund leverage risk based on 
value at risk, or ``VaR.'' Funds that use derivatives only in a limited 
manner will not be subject to these requirements, but they will have to 
adopt and implement policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
manage the fund's derivatives risks. Funds also will be subject to 
reporting and recordkeeping requirements regarding their derivatives 
use.
    Funds using derivatives must consider requirements under the 
Investment Company Act of 1940.\2\ These include sections 18 and 61 of 
the Investment Company Act, which limit a fund's ability to obtain 
leverage or incur obligations through the issuance of ``senior 
securities.'' \3\ The Commission and its staff have addressed the use 
of specific derivatives instruments and practices, and other financial 
instruments, under section 18. In determining how they will comply with 
section 18, we understand that funds consider Commission and staff 
guidance, as well as staff no-action letters and the practices that 
other funds disclose in their registration statements.\4\
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    \2\ 15 U.S.C. 80a (the ``Investment Company Act,'' or the 
``Act''). Except in connection with our discussion of the proposed 
sales practices rules (see infra paragraph following footnote 7) or 
as otherwise noted, all references to statutory sections are to the 
Investment Company Act, and all references to rules under the 
Investment Company Act, including rule 18f-4, will be to title 17, 
part 270 of the Code of Federal Regulations, 17 CFR part 270.
    \3\ See infra section I.B.1. Funds using derivatives must also 
comply with all other applicable statutory and regulatory 
requirements, such as other federal securities law provisions, the 
Internal Revenue Code, Regulation T of the Federal Reserve Board, 
and the rules and regulations of the Commodity Futures Trading 
Commission (the ``CFTC''). See also Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall 
Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Public Law 111-203, 124 
Stat. 1376 (2010) (the ``Dodd-Frank Act''), available at http://www.sec.gov/about/laws/wallstreetreform-cpa.pdf.
     Section 61 of the Investment Company Act makes section 18 of 
the Act applicable to BDCs, with certain modifications. See infra 
footnote 33 and accompanying text. Except as otherwise noted, or 
unless the context dictates otherwise, references in this release to 
section 18 of the Act should be read to refer also to section 61 
with respect to BDCs.
    \4\ Any staff guidance or no-action letters discussed in this 
release represent the views of the staff of the Division of 
Investment Management. They are not a rule, regulation, or statement 
of the Commission. Furthermore, the Commission has neither approved 
nor disapproved their content. Staff guidance has no legal force or 
effect; it does not alter or amend applicable law; and it creates no 
new or additional obligations for any person.
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    In November 2019, the Commission proposed rule 18f-4, an exemptive 
rule under the Act designed to address the investor protection purposes 
and concerns underlying section 18.\5\ The proposal also was designed 
to provide an updated and more comprehensive approach to the regulation 
of funds' use of derivatives and the other transactions addressed in 
the proposed rule by replacing the Commission and staff guidance with a 
codified, consistent regulatory framework. The Commission observed in 
proposing this rule that, in the absence of Commission rules and 
guidance that encompass the current broad range of funds' derivatives 
use, inconsistent industry practices have developed.\6\ The proposal 
was designed to respond to the concern that certain of these practices 
may not address investor protection concerns that underlie section 18's 
limitations on funds' issuance of senior securities. Specifically, 
certain fund practices can heighten leverage-related risks, such as the 
risk of potentially significant losses and increased fund volatility, 
that section 18 is designed to address. By standardizing the regulatory 
framework governing funds' derivatives use, the proposal also was 
designed to respond to the concern that funds' disparate practices 
could create an un-level competitive landscape and make it difficult 
for funds and the Commission

[[Page 83164]]

to evaluate funds' compliance with section 18.\7\
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    \5\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1. This proposal was a 
re-proposal of rules that the Commission proposed in 2015 to address 
funds' derivatives use, which included an earlier version of 
proposed rule 18f-4. See 2015 Proposing Release, supra footnote 1. 
In developing the 2019 re-proposal, the Commission considered the 
approximately 200 comment letters in response to the 2015 proposal, 
as well as subsequent staff engagement with large and small fund 
complexes and investor groups. See also Division of Economic and 
Risk Analysis, Memorandum re: Risk Adjustment and Haircut Schedules 
(Nov. 1, 2016), available at https://www.sec.gov/comments/s7-24-15/s72415260.pdf (``2016 DERA Memo'').
    \6\ See infra section I.B.3 (discussing the asset segregation 
practices funds have developed to ``cover'' their derivatives 
positions, which vary based on the type of derivatives transaction 
and with respect to the types of assets that funds segregate to 
cover their derivatives positions).
    \7\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.9 and 
accompanying text (discussing funds that segregate the notional 
amount of physically-settled futures contracts, and those that 
segregate only the marked-to-marked obligation in respect of cash-
settled futures, and the concern that these practices can result in 
differing treatment of arguably equivalent products).
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    The rules that the Commission proposed in 2019 would permit a fund 
to enter into derivatives transactions, notwithstanding the 
restrictions under section 18 of the Investment Company Act, subject to 
certain conditions. These proposed conditions include adopting a 
derivatives risk management program and complying with a limit on the 
amount of leverage-related risk that the fund may obtain, based on VaR. 
Under the proposed rule, a streamlined set of requirements would apply 
to funds that use derivatives in a limited way. The proposed rule would 
also permit a fund to enter into reverse repurchase agreements and 
similar financing transactions, as well as ``unfunded commitments'' to 
make certain loans or investments, subject to conditions tailored to 
these transactions. The proposal also included new reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements for funds using derivatives.
    Certain registered investment companies that seek to provide 
leveraged or inverse exposure to an underlying index--including 
leveraged/inverse ETFs--would not have been subject to the limit on 
fund leverage risk under the 2019 proposal but instead would be subject 
to alternative requirements. The 2019 proposal provided that sales of 
these funds also would be subject to new sales practices rules for 
brokers, dealers, and investment advisers that are registered with the 
Commission (collectively, the ``proposed sales practices rules'').\8\ 
Finally, the proposal would amend rule 6c-11 under the Investment 
Company Act to allow leveraged/inverse ETFs that satisfy that rule's 
conditions to operate without the expense and delay of obtaining an 
exemptive order.
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    \8\ As discussed in more detail in section II.G, the proposed 
sales practices rules would have covered transactions in 
``leveraged/inverse investment vehicles,'' which include registered 
investment companies and certain exchange-listed commodity- or 
currency-based trusts or funds that seek, directly or indirectly, to 
provide investment returns that correspond to the performance of a 
market index by a specified multiple, or to provide investment 
returns that have an inverse relationship to the performance of a 
market index, over a predetermined period of time. For purposes of 
this release, we refer to leveraged, inverse, and leveraged inverse 
investment vehicles collectively as ``leveraged/inverse.''
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    The Commission received approximately 6,100 comment letters in 
response to the 2019 proposal. Of these comment letters, approximately 
70 addressed proposed rule 18f-4, and the balance addressed the 
proposed sales practices rules. The majority of commenters who 
discussed proposed rule 18f-4 supported the Commission acting to 
provide an updated and more comprehensive approach to the regulation of 
funds' use of derivatives.\9\ Commenters generally supported the 
proposal's derivatives risk management program requirement and use of 
VaR to provide a limit on fund leverage risk, while suggesting certain 
modifications.\10\ Many commenters, however, expressed concerns with 
the proposed sales practices rules, and urged the Commission not to 
adopt these proposed rules (or to adopt alternative requirements 
designed to address the investor protection concerns underlying the 
proposed sales practices rules).\11\
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    \9\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of the American Bar Association 
(May 2, 2020) (``ABA Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of Better 
Markets (Mar. 24, 2020) (``Better Markets Comment Letter''); Comment 
Letter of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce (``Chamber Comment Letter''); 
Comment Letter of Investment Company Institute (Apr. 20, 2020) 
(``ICI Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of New York City Bar (May 
1, 2020) (``NYC Bar Comment Letter'').
    \10\ See infra footnotes 125, 287 and accompanying text.
    \11\ See, e.g., infra footnotes 579-584 and accompanying text.
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    After consideration of the comments received, we are adopting rule 
18f-4, with certain modifications. The final rule retains each of the 
elements of the proposed rule, as we continue to believe that these 
requirements provide important investor protections. We have, however, 
made modifications to the proposed rule to address the comments the 
Commission received. We are also adopting, with certain modifications, 
the proposed new reporting and recordkeeping requirements, as well as 
the proposed amendments to rule 6c-11. We are not, however, adopting 
the proposed sales practices rules. Instead, leveraged/inverse funds 
will generally be subject to rule 18f-4, like other funds that use 
derivatives. The enhanced standard of conduct for broker-dealers under 
Regulation Best Interest and the fiduciary obligations of registered 
investment advisers also apply to broker-dealer recommendations and 
advice from investment advisers in connection with leveraged/inverse 
funds, as well as with respect to the listed commodity pools following 
the same strategies that would have been subject to the proposed sales 
practices rules.\12\ In addition, we have directed the staff to review 
the effectiveness of the existing regulatory requirements in protecting 
investors who invest in leveraged/inverse funds and other complex 
investment products.
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    \12\ See Regulation Best Interest: The Broker-Dealer Standard of 
Conduct, Exchange Act Release No. 86031 (June 5, 2019) [84 FR 33318 
(July 12, 2019)] (``Regulation Best Interest Adopting Release''). 
The proposed sales practices rules would have applied to certain 
exchange-listed commodity- or currency-based trusts or funds. See 
proposed rule 15l-2(d); proposed rule 211(h)-1(d). In this release 
we refer to these trusts or funds collectively as listed commodity 
pools.
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A. Overview of Funds' Use of Derivatives

    As we discussed in the Proposing Release, funds today use a variety 
of derivatives. These derivatives can reference a range of assets or 
metrics, such as: Stocks, bonds, currencies, interest rates, market 
indexes, currency exchange rates, or other assets or interests. 
Examples of derivatives that funds commonly use include forwards, 
futures, swaps, and options. Derivatives are often characterized as 
either exchange-traded or over-the-counter (``OTC'').\13\
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    \13\ Exchange-traded derivatives--such as futures, certain 
options, and options on futures--are standardized contracts traded 
on regulated exchanges. OTC derivatives--such as certain swaps, non-
exchange-traded options, and combination products such as swaptions 
and forward swaps--are contracts that parties negotiate and enter 
into outside of an organized exchange. See Proposing Release, supra 
footnote 1, at n.14 and accompanying text. Unlike exchange-traded 
derivatives, OTC derivatives may be significantly customized and may 
not be cleared by a central clearing organization. Title VII of the 
Dodd-Frank Act provides a comprehensive framework for the regulation 
of the OTC swaps market. See supra footnote 3.
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    A common characteristic of most derivatives is that they involve 
leverage or the potential for leverage. The Commission has stated that 
``[l]everage exists when an investor achieves the right to a return on 
a capital base that exceeds the investment which he has personally 
contributed to the entity or instrument achieving a return.'' \14\ Many 
fund derivatives transactions, such as futures, swaps, and written 
options, involve leverage or the potential for leverage because they 
enable the fund to magnify its gains and losses compared to the fund's 
investment, while also obligating the fund to make a payment or deliver 
assets to a counterparty under specified conditions.\15\ Other 
derivatives transactions, such as

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purchased call options, provide the economic equivalent of leverage 
because they can magnify the fund's exposure beyond its investment but 
do not impose a payment obligation on the fund beyond its 
investment.\16\
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    \14\ See Securities Trading Practices of Registered Investment 
Companies, Investment Company Act Release No. 10666 (Apr. 18, 1979) 
[44 FR 25128 (Apr. 27, 1979)], at n.5 (``Release 10666'').
    \15\ The leverage created by such an arrangement is sometimes 
referred to as ``indebtedness leverage.'' See Proposing Release, 
supra footnote 1, at n.16.
    \16\ This type of leverage is sometimes referred to as 
``economic leverage.'' See id. at n.17.
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    The Proposing Release considered, and commenters also discussed, 
how funds use derivatives both to obtain investment exposures as part 
of their investment strategies and to manage risk. A fund may use 
derivatives to gain, maintain, or reduce exposure to a market, sector, 
or security more quickly, and with lower transaction costs and 
portfolio disruption, than investing directly in the underlying 
securities.\17\ A fund also may use derivatives to obtain exposure to 
reference assets for which it may be difficult or impractical for the 
fund to make a direct investment, such as commodities.\18\ With respect 
to risk management, funds may employ derivatives to hedge currency, 
interest rate, credit, and other risks, as well as to hedge portfolio 
exposures.\19\ At the same time, a fund's derivatives use may entail 
risks relating to, for example, leverage, markets, operations, 
liquidity (particularly with respect to complex OTC derivatives), and 
counterparties, as well as legal risks (e.g., contract 
enforceability).\20\
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    \17\ See id. at n.18; see also, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; 
Comment Letter of SIFMA, Asset Management Group (Apr. 21, 2020) 
(``SIFMA AMG Comment Letter'').
    \18\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.19; see also 
ICI Comment Letter.
    \19\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.20; see also 
infra sections II.E.2.b and II.E.2.c.
    \20\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.21.
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    Section 18 is designed to limit the leverage a fund can obtain or 
incur through the issuance of senior securities. The Proposing Release 
discussed recent examples involving significant fund losses, which 
illustrate how a fund's use of derivatives may raise the investor 
protection concerns underlying section 18.\21\ While the losses 
suffered in the examples discussed in the 2019 proposal are extreme, 
and funds rarely suffer such large and rapid losses, these examples 
illustrate the rapid and extensive losses that can result from a fund's 
investments in derivatives absent effective derivatives risk 
management. In contrast, there are many other instances in which funds, 
by employing derivatives, have avoided losses, increased returns, and 
lowered risk.
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    \21\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at nn.22-23 and 
accompanying text (discussing the following settled actions: In the 
Matter of OppenheimerFunds, Inc. and OppenheimerFunds Distributor, 
Inc., Investment Company Act Release No. 30099 (June 6, 2012) 
(settled action); In the Matter of Claymore Advisors, LLC, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 30308 (Dec. 19, 2012) and In the 
Matter of Fiduciary Asset Management, LLC, Investment Company Act 
Release No. 30309 (Dec. 19, 2012) (settled actions); In the Matter 
of UBS Willow Management L.L.C. and UBS Fund Advisor L.L.C., 
Investment Company Act Release No. 31869 (Oct. 16, 2015) (settled 
action); In the Matter of Team Financial Asset Management, LLC, Team 
Financial Managers, Inc., and James L. Dailey, Investment Company 
Act Release No. 32951 (Dec. 22, 2017) (settled action); In the 
Matter of Mohammed Riad and Kevin Timothy Swanson, Investment 
Company Act Release No. 33338 (Dec. 21, 2018) (settled action); In 
the Matter of Top Fund Management, Inc. and Barry C. Ziskin, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 30315 (Dec. 21, 2012) (settled 
action)).
    The Proposing Release also discussed the 2018 liquidation of the 
LJM Preservation and Growth Fund, which occurred after the fund--
whose investment strategy involved purchasing and selling call and 
put options on the Standard & Poor's (``S&P'') 500 Futures Index--
sustained considerable losses in connection with a market volatility 
spike in February 2018. See id. at nn.24-25 and accompanying text.
    Following the issuance of the Proposing Release, an additional 
settled action similarly illustrates substantial and rapid losses 
resulting from a fund's investment in derivatives. See In the Matter 
of Catalyst Capital Advisors, LLC and Jerry Szilagyi, Investment 
Advisers Act Release No. 5436 (Jan. 27, 2020) (settled action) 
(involving a mutual fund that advises and invests primarily in 
options on S&P 500 index futures contracts incurring losses of 20% 
of its net asset value--more than $700 million--during the period 
December 2016 through February 2017).
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    The 2020 outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 
related effects on markets similarly have highlighted the importance of 
funds' derivatives risk management. Our staff has considered, and 
multiple commenters also discussed, the impact of COVID-19 both on 
funds' current derivatives risk management, as well as considerations 
relating to the Commission's 2019 proposal in light of market events 
stemming from this health crisis. The market volatility that followed 
the onset of this health crisis resulted in disruptions and challenges 
across asset classes.\22\ In the context of derivatives, this 
volatility resulted in trading, liquidity, and pricing disruptions, 
valuation challenges, counterparty issues, and issues relating to 
derivatives' underlying assets, all of which emphasize the significance 
of robust derivatives risk management.\23\ Certain leveraged/inverse 
ETFs changed their investment objectives and strategies during this 
period.\24\ On the other hand, commenters observed that the recent 
market volatility has shown the importance for funds to be able to use 
derivatives both to hedge risk and the flexibility to respond to 
quickly-changing market demands.\25\ Some commenters suggested changes 
to certain aspects of proposed rule 18f-4 that reflect their 
experiences with this market volatility.\26\ The rules we are adopting 
here take these considerations into account.
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    \22\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of AQR Capital Management, LLC 
(Apr. 21, 2020) (``AQR Comment Letter I'') (observing ``extremely 
high levels of market volatility driven by the COVID-19 pandemic''); 
Comment Letter of AQR Capital Management, LLC (Sept. 29, 2020) 
(``AQR Comment Letter II'') (discussing the impact and investment 
returns for certain alternative strategy funds at the onset of 
stressed market conditions related to the COVID-19 global health 
pandemic); see also ISDA COVID-19 Updates (July, 30, 2020), 
available at https://www.isda.org/2020/03/13/covid-19-isda-update/ 
(providing updates on trading suspensions and regulatory emergency 
relief relating to COVID-19).
    \23\ See, e.g., ISDA and Greenwich Associates, The Impact of 
COVID-19 and Government Intervention on Swaps Market Liquidity (Q2 
2020), available at https://www.isda.org/a/YfbTE/The-Impact-of-COVID-19-on-Swaps-Market-Liquidity.pdf; CFTC, COVID-19 Commission 
Action, available at https://www.cftc.gov/coronavirus (discussing 
CFTC actions designed to help facilitate orderly trading and 
liquidity in the U.S. derivatives markets in response to the COVID-
19 pandemic); CFTC Letter No. 20-17, Staff Advisory on Risk 
Management and Market Integrity Under Current Market Conditions (May 
13, 2020), available at https://www.cftc.gov/coronavirus (advisory 
issued to remind certain CFTC-regulated market participants that 
they are expected to prepare for the possibility that certain 
contracts may continue to experience ``extreme market volatility, 
low liquidity and possibly negative pricing''); Derivatives close-
outs: COVID-19--Challenges to the valuation of derivatives upon 
early termination, FTI Consulting (June 2020), available at https://
www.fticonsulting.com/~/media/Files/emea--files/insights/articles/
2020/jun/covid-19-derivatives-close-outs-crisis.pdf; COVID-19 
Update: The Impact of COVID-19 on Financial Contracts, The National 
Law Review Vol. X, Number 111 (Apr. 20, 2020) (discussing market 
volatility arising from the restrictions imposed to reduce the risk 
of spread of COVID-19, the impact of this volatility on existing 
contractual relationships, and illustrating practical issues that a 
counterparty to a financial contract might take into account using, 
as an example, a derivative transaction).
    \24\ In particular, one of the two ETF sponsors that currently 
relies on exemptive relief from the Commission permitting them to 
operate leveraged/inverse ETFs changed the objectives of a number of 
its funds, while also closing a number of its funds. See ``Direxion 
Changes Objectives of Ten Leveraged Funds to Address Extreme Market 
Conditions, While Also Closing Eight Funds Due to Limited Interest 
Since Launch'' (Mar. 24, 2020), available at https://www.direxion.com/uploads/Change-in-Investment-Objectives-and-Strategies-of-Ten-Daily-Leveraged-and-Daily-Inverse-Leveraged-Funds.pdf (``Direxion Press Release''); see also infra footnote 821 
and accompanying text.
    \25\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of BlackRock, Inc. (Apr. 22, 
2020) (``BlackRock Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of 
International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (Apr. 24, 
2020) (``ISDA Comment Letter''); see also, e.g., PIMCO: Taxonomy of 
Crisis, presentation to Commission's Asset Management Advisory 
Committee on May 27, 2020, available at https://www.sec.gov/files/marc-seidner-pimco.pdf.
    \26\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Comment Letter of Capital Research and Management Company (Apr. 21, 
2020) (``Capital Group Comment Letter'').

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[[Page 83166]]

B. Derivatives and the Senior Securities Restrictions of the Investment 
Company Act

1. Requirements of Section 18
    Section 18 of the Investment Company Act imposes various limits on 
the capital structure of funds, including, in part, by restricting the 
ability of funds to issue ``senior securities.'' Protecting investors 
against the potentially adverse effects of a fund's issuance of senior 
securities, and in particular the risks associated with excessive 
leverage of investment companies, is a core purpose of the Investment 
Company Act.\27\ ``Senior security'' is defined, in part, as ``any 
bond, debenture, note, or similar obligation or instrument constituting 
a security and evidencing indebtedness.'' \28\
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    \27\ See, e.g., sections 1(b)(7), 1(b)(8), 18(a), and 18(f) of 
the Investment Company Act; see also Provisions Of The Proposed Bill 
Related To Capital Structure (Sections 18, 19(B), And 21(C)), 
Introduced by L.M.C Smith, Associate Counsel, Investment Trust 
Study, Securities and Exchange Commission, Hearings on S.3580 Before 
a Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, 76th 
Congress, 3rd session (1940), at 1028 (``Senate Hearings''); see 
also Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.26.
    \28\ See section 18(g) of the Investment Company Act. The 
definition of ``senior security'' in section 18(g) also includes 
``any stock of a class having priority over any other class as to 
the distribution of assets or payment of dividends'' and excludes 
certain limited temporary borrowings.
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    As discussed in the Proposing Release, Congress' concerns 
underlying the limits in section 18 focused on: (1) Excessive borrowing 
and the issuance of excessive amounts of senior securities by funds 
when these activities increase unduly the speculative character of 
funds' junior securities; (2) funds operating without adequate assets 
and reserves; and (3) potential abuse of the purchasers of senior 
securities.\29\ To address these concerns, section 18 prohibits an 
open-end fund from issuing or selling any ``senior security,'' other 
than borrowing from a bank (subject to a requirement to maintain 300% 
``asset coverage'').\30\ Section 18 similarly prohibits a closed-end 
fund from issuing or selling any ``senior security [that] represents an 
indebtedness'' unless it has at least 300% ``asset coverage,'' although 
closed-end funds' ability to issue senior securities representing 
indebtedness is not limited to bank borrowings.\31\ Closed-end funds 
also may issue or sell senior securities that are a stock, subject to 
the limitations of section 18 (including that these funds must have 
asset coverage of at least 200% immediately after such issuance or 
sale).\32\ The Investment Company Act also subjects BDCs to the 
limitations of section 18 to the same extent as registered closed-end 
funds, except the applicable asset coverage amount for any senior 
security representing indebtedness is 200% (and can be decreased to 
150% under certain circumstances).\33\
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    \29\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.28 and 
accompanying text (citing to discussion of each of these enumerated 
concerns in certain Investment Company Act provisions, Release 
10666, supra footnote 14, and Senate Hearings, supra footnote 27).
    \30\ See section 18(f)(1) of the Investment Company Act. ``Asset 
coverage'' of a class of senior securities representing indebtedness 
of an issuer generally is defined in section 18(h) of the Investment 
Company Act as ``the ratio which the value of the total assets of 
such issuer, less all liabilities and indebtedness not represented 
by senior securities, bears to the aggregate amount of senior 
securities representing indebtedness of such issuer.'' Take, for 
example, an open-end fund with $100 in assets and with no 
liabilities or senior securities outstanding. The fund could, while 
maintaining the required coverage of 300% of the value of its 
assets, borrow an additional $50 from a bank. The $50 in borrowings 
would represent one-third of the fund's $150 in total assets, 
measured after the borrowing (or 50% of the fund's $100 net assets).
    \31\ See section 18(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act.
    \32\ See section 18(a)(2) of the Investment Company Act.
    \33\ See section 61(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act. BDCs, 
like registered closed-end funds, also may issue a senior security 
that is a stock (e.g., preferred stock), subject to limitations in 
section 18. See sections 18(a)(2) and 61(a)(1) of the Investment 
Company Act. In 2018, Congress passed the Small Business Credit 
Availability Act, which, among other things, modified the statutory 
asset coverage requirements applicable to BDCs (permitting BDCs that 
meet certain specified conditions to elect to decrease their 
effective asset coverage requirement from 200% to 150%). See section 
802 of the Small Business Credit Availability Act, Public Law 115-
141, 132 Stat. 348 (2018).
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2. Investment Company Act Release 10666 and the Status of Derivatives 
Under Section 18
Investment Company Act Release 10666
    As discussed in the Proposing Release, the Commission considered 
the application of section 18's restrictions on the issuance of senior 
securities to certain transactions--reverse repurchase agreements, firm 
commitment agreements, and standby commitment agreements--in a 1979 
General Statement of Policy (Release 10666).\34\ The Proposing Release 
discussed the Commission's conclusion that these agreements fall within 
the ``functional meaning of the term `evidence of indebtedness' for 
purposes of Section 18 of the Investment Company Act.'' \35\ The 
Commission stated in Release 10666 that, for purposes of section 18, 
``evidence of indebtedness'' would include ``all contractual 
obligations to pay in the future for consideration presently 
received.'' \36\ The Commission recognized that, while section 18 would 
generally prohibit open-end funds' use of reverse repurchase 
agreements, firm commitment agreements, and standby commitment 
agreements, Release 10666 nonetheless permitted funds to use these and 
similar arrangements subject to certain constraints.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ See Release 10666, supra footnote 14.
    \35\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.34 and 
accompanying and following text.
    \36\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These constraints relied on funds' use of ``segregated accounts'' 
to ``cover'' senior securities, which ``if properly created and 
maintained, would limit the investment company's risk of loss.'' \37\ 
The Commission also stated that the segregated account functions as ``a 
practical limit on the amount of leverage which the investment company 
may undertake and on the potential increase in the speculative 
character of its outstanding common stock'' and that it ``[would] 
assure the availability of adequate funds to meet the obligations 
arising from such activities.'' \38\ The Commission stated that its 
expressed views were not limited to the particular trading practices 
discussed, emphasizing that Release 10666 discussed certain securities 
trading practices as examples and that the Commission sought to address 
the implications of all comparable trading practices that could 
similarly affect funds' capital structures.\39\
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    \37\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.35 and 
accompanying text.
    \38\ See id. at n.36 and accompanying text.
    \39\ See id. at n.37 and accompanying text. The Commission in 
Release 10666 stated that although it was expressing its views about 
the particular trading practices discussed in that release, its 
views were not limited to those trading practices, in that the 
Commission sought to ``address generally the possible economic 
effects and legal implications of all comparable trading practices 
which may affect the capital structure of investment companies in a 
manner analogous to the securities trading practices specifically 
discussed in Release 10666.''
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Transactions Involving Senior Securities for Purposes of Section 18
    We continue to view the transactions described in Release 10666 as 
falling within the functional meaning of the term ``evidence of 
indebtedness,'' for purposes of section 18. These transactions, as well 
as short sales of securities for which the staff initially developed 
the segregated account approach, all impose on a fund a contractual 
obligation under which the fund is or may be required to pay or deliver 
assets in the future to a counterparty.\40\ These transactions 
therefore involve the issuance of a senior security for purposes of 
section 18.\41\
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    \40\ See id. at n.38 and accompanying text.
    \41\ See id. at n.38 and accompanying text (citing Release 
10666, supra footnote 14, at ``The Agreements as Securities'' 
discussion and noting that the Investment Company Act's definition 
of the term ``security'' is broader than the term's definition in 
other federal securities laws); see also section 18(g) (defining the 
term ``senior security,'' in part, as ``any bond, debenture, note, 
or similar obligation or instrument constituting a security and 
evidencing indebtedness'').

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[[Page 83167]]

    We also continue to apply the same analysis to all derivatives 
transactions that create future payment obligations.\42\ As was the 
case for trading practices that Release 10666 describes, where the fund 
has entered into a derivatives transaction and has such a future 
payment obligation, we believe that such a transaction involves an 
evidence of indebtedness that is a senior security for purposes of 
section 18.\43\
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    \42\ This is the case where the fund has a contractual 
obligation to pay or deliver cash or other assets to a counterparty 
in the future, either during the life of the instrument or at 
maturity or early termination. These payments--which may include 
payments of cash, or delivery of other assets--may occur as margin, 
as settlement payments, or otherwise.
    \43\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.41 and 
accompanying text (stating that, as the Commission explained in 
Release 10666, the Commission continues to believe that an evidence 
of indebtedness, for purposes of section 18, includes not only a 
firm and un-contingent obligation, but also a contingent obligation, 
such as a standby commitment or a ``put'' (or call) option sold by a 
fund).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Most commenters were silent on the Commission's interpretation. 
Some commenters, however, raised questions about whether all of the 
transactions covered in the rule's definition of ``derivatives 
transaction'' involve senior securities. For example, some of these 
commenters stated that derivatives such as swaps, options, and futures 
are not generally structured as ``borrowings'' and therefore questioned 
whether these derivatives represent ``indebtedness.'' \44\ One of these 
commenters stated that the reverse repurchase agreements, firm 
commitment agreements, and standby commitment agreements that Release 
10666 addresses ``can fairly be characterized as `evidence of 
indebtedness,' '' but questioned whether those types of arrangements 
are derivatives ``in today's parlance'' and stated that Release 10666's 
discussion of those arrangements does not indicate that ``today's 
derivatives--swaps, options, futures--represent `indebtedness.' '' \45\ 
Certain commenters also questioned whether a fund ``issues'' senior 
securities when it engages in derivatives transactions, and some 
furthermore expressed the view that derivatives transactions do not 
involve senior securities under section 18.\46\
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    \44\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of Nuveen Funds Advisors, LLC 
(Apr. 1, 2020) (``Nuveen Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of 
Rafferty Asset Management and Rafferty Capital Markets, LLC, 
including on behalf of the separate series of Direxion Funds and 
Direxion Shares ETF Trust (Mar. 31, 2020) (``Direxion Comment 
Letter''); Comment Letter of ProShares (Mar. 28, 2016) (``ProShares 
Comment Letter'').
    \45\ See Nuveen Comment Letter; see also Direxion Comment Letter 
(stating that total return swap contracts should not qualify as 
``evidencing indebtedness'' because they are not the type of long-
term debt securities issued by a fund that Congress intended to be 
considered part of the fund's capital structure and thus subject to 
regulation under section 18, and stating also that the exception in 
section 18(f) for bank borrowings does not imply that all borrowings 
constitute ``senior securities''); ProShares Comment Letter (arguing 
that derivatives such as options and futures are not ``evidence of 
indebtedness'').
    \46\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of James Angel, Associate 
Professor of Finance Georgetown University (Feb. 24, 2020); Comment 
Letter of Competitive Enterprise Institute (Apr. 30, 2020); Direxion 
Comment Letter; ProShares Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the Proposing Release, we continue to believe that 
the express scope of section 18, and the broad definition of the term 
``senior security'' in section 18, support the interpretation that a 
derivatives transaction that creates a future payment obligation 
involves an evidence of indebtedness that is a senior security for 
purposes of section 18.\47\ Section 18 defines the term ``senior 
security'' broadly to include instruments and transactions that other 
provisions of the federal securities laws might not otherwise consider 
to be securities.\48\ For example, section 18(f)(1) generally prohibits 
an open-end fund from issuing or selling any senior security ``except 
[that the fund] shall be permitted to borrow from any bank.'' \49\ This 
statutory permission to engage in a specific borrowing makes clear that 
such borrowings are senior securities, which otherwise section 18 would 
prohibit absent this specific permission.\50\
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    \47\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at paragraph 
accompanying nn.42-44.
    \48\ Consistent with Release 10666, and as the Commission stated 
in the Proposing Release (as well as in the 2015 Proposing Release), 
we are only expressing our views in this release concerning the 
scope of the term ``senior security'' in section 18 of the 
Investment Company Act. See also section 12(a) of the Investment 
Company Act (prohibiting funds from engaging in short sales in 
contravention of Commission rules or orders).
    \49\ Section 18(c)(2) similarly treats all promissory notes or 
evidences of indebtedness issued in consideration of any loan as 
senior securities except as section 18 otherwise specifically 
provides.
    \50\ The Commission similarly observed in Release 10666 that 
section 18(f)(1), ``by implication, treats all borrowings as senior 
securities,'' and that ``[s]ection 18(f)(1) of the Act prohibits 
such borrowings unless entered into with banks and only if there is 
300% asset coverage on all borrowings of the investment company.'' 
See Release 10666, supra footnote 14, at ``Reverse Repurchase 
Agreements'' discussion.
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    In addition to continuing to believe that section 18's scope 
supports the interpretation that a derivatives transaction creating a 
future payment obligation involves an evidence of indebtedness that is 
a senior security for purposes of section 18, we continue to believe 
that this interpretation is consistent with the fundamental policy and 
purposes underlying the Investment Company Act expressed in sections 
1(b)(7) and 1(b)(8) of the Act.\51\ These respectively declare that 
``the national public interest and the interest of investors are 
adversely affected'' when funds ``by excessive borrowing and the 
issuance of excessive amounts of senior securities increase unduly the 
speculative character'' of securities issued to common shareholders and 
when funds ``operate without adequate assets or reserves.'' The 
Commission emphasized these concerns in Release 10666, and we continue 
to believe that the prohibitions and restrictions under the senior 
security provisions of section 18 should ``function as a practical 
limit on the amount of leverage which the investment company may 
undertake and on the potential increase in the speculative character of 
its outstanding common stock'' and that funds should not ``operate 
without adequate assets or reserves.'' \52\
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    \51\ Several commenters discussed the Commission's authority to 
adopt rules based on the policy considerations reflected in section 
1 of the Act. See, e.g., Direxion Comment Letter; ProShares Comment 
Letter. The authority under which we are adopting rules today is set 
forth in section VI of this release and includes, among other 
provisions, section 6(c) of the Act. That section provides that 
``The Commission, by rules and regulations upon its own motion, or 
by order upon application, may conditionally or unconditionally 
exempt any person, security, or transactions . . . from any 
provision or provisions of this title or of any rule or regulation 
thereunder, if and to the extent that such exemption is necessary or 
appropriate in the public interest and consistent with the 
protection of investors . . . .'' As discussed in the paragraph 
accompanying this footnote, the fundamental statutory policy and 
purposes underlying the Investment Company Act, as expressed in 
section 1(b) of the Act, continue to inform our interpretation of 
the scope of the term ``senior security'' in section 18. This also 
separately informs our consideration of appropriate conditions for 
the exemption that rule 18f-4 provides, as we discuss in sections 
II.B-II.F infra.
    \52\ See Release 10666, supra footnote 14, at ``Segregated 
Account'' discussion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds' use of derivatives, like the trading practices the 
Commission addressed in Release 10666, may raise the undue speculation 
and asset sufficiency concerns in section 1(b).\53\ First, funds' 
obtaining leverage (or potential for leverage) through

[[Page 83168]]

derivatives may raise the Investment Company Act's undue speculation 
concern because a fund may experience gains and losses that 
substantially exceed the fund's investment, and also may incur a 
conditional or unconditional obligation to make a payment or deliver 
assets to a counterparty.\54\ Not viewing derivatives that impose a 
future payment obligation on the fund as involving senior securities, 
subject to appropriate limits under section 18, would frustrate the 
concerns underlying section 18.\55\ Some commenters mentioned undue 
speculation concerns underlying section 18 and discussed ways in which 
the Commission's 2019 proposal would address these concerns.\56\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ As the Commission stated in Release 10666, leveraging an 
investment company's portfolio through the issuance of senior 
securities ``magnifies the potential for gain or loss on monies 
invested and therefore results in an increase in the speculative 
character of the investment company's outstanding securities'' and 
``leveraging without any significant limitation'' was identified 
``as one of the major abuses of investment companies prior to the 
passage of the Act by Congress.'' Id.
    \54\ See, e.g., The Report of the Task Force on Investment 
Company Use of Derivatives and Leverage, Committee on Federal 
Regulation of Securities, ABA Section of Business Law (July 6, 
2010), at 8 (``2010 ABA Derivatives Report'') (stating that 
``[f]utures contracts, forward contracts, written options and swaps 
can produce a leveraging effect on a fund's portfolio'' because 
``for a relatively small up-front payment made by a fund (or no up-
front payment, in the case with many swaps and written options), the 
fund contractually obligates itself to one or more potential future 
payments until the contract terminates or expires''; noting, for 
example, that an ``[interest rate] swap presents the possibility 
that the fund will be required to make payments out of its assets'' 
and that ``[t]he same possibility exists when a fund writes puts and 
calls, purchases short and long futures and forwards, and buys or 
sells credit protection through [credit default swaps]'').
    \55\ One commenter on the 2011 Concept Release made this point 
directly. See Comment Letter of Stephen A. Keen on the 2011 Concept 
Release (Nov. 8, 2011) (File No. S7-33-11), at 3 (``Keen Concept 
Release Comment Letter'') (``If permitted without limitation, 
derivative contracts can pose all of the concerns that section 18 
was intended to address with respect to borrowings and the issuance 
of senior securities by investment companies.''); see also, e.g., 
Comment Letter of the Investment Company Institute on the 2011 
Concept Release (Nov. 7, 2011) (File No. S7-33-11) (``ICI Concept 
Release Comment Letter''), at 8 (``The Act is thus designed to 
regulate the degree to which a fund issues any form of debt--
including contractual obligations that could require a fund to make 
payments in the future.''). The Commission similarly noted in 
Release 10666 that, given the potential for reverse repurchase 
agreements to be used for leveraging and their ability to magnify 
the risk of investing in a fund, ``one of the important policies 
underlying section 18 would be rendered substantially nugatory'' if 
funds' use of reverse repurchase agreements were not subject to 
limitation. See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, n.49.
    \56\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I (``For a fund engaging in 
significant or complex derivative usage, the key to curbing 
excessive borrowing and undue speculation lies in implementing an 
effective risk management program.''); Capital Group Comment Letter 
(``We believe the Proposal is an effective way to address the 
investor protection concerns underlying Section 18 of the Investment 
Company Act of 1940 . . . In particular, we believe that creating 
leverage limits that constrain economic risk, coupled with a 
derivatives risk management program, is a better way to constrain 
leverage and prevent undue speculation by funds than limits based on 
the aggregate gross notional exposure of a fund's derivative 
transactions, as proposed in 2015.''); Comment Letter of Consumer 
Federation of America (Mar. 30, 2020) (``CFA Comment Letter'') 
(``Congress' findings and declaration of policy underlying Section 
18 make clear that Congress was concerned with the potential for 
investment companies, through excessive borrowing, to engage in 
undue speculation and operate without sufficient assets to cover 
potential losses . . . While Section 18 does not explicitly refer to 
funds' use of derivatives, the concerns are the same.''); ICI 
Comment Letter (``We fully support the Commission's goal of 
addressing the investor protection concerns underlying Section 18 of 
the Investment Company Act of 1940, and the reproposed rule is an 
effective way to achieve that goal. In particular, the leverage 
limits coupled with elements of the derivatives risk management 
program, including required stress testing, will restrict the amount 
of exposure to economic risk that a fund could take when investing 
in derivatives. Creating leverage limits that confine economic risk 
is a far better way to addresses Section 18's ``undue speculation'' 
concerns than limits based solely on the aggregate gross notional 
exposure (``GNE'') of a fund's derivatives transactions, as proposed 
in 2015.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, with respect to the Investment Company Act's asset 
sufficiency concern, a fund's use of derivatives with future payment 
obligations also may raise concerns regarding the fund's ability to 
meet those obligations. Many fund derivatives investments, such as 
futures contracts, swaps, and written options, pose a risk of loss that 
can result in payment obligations owed to the fund's 
counterparties.\57\ Losses on derivatives therefore can result in 
counterparty payment obligations that directly affect the capital 
structure of a fund and the relative rights of the fund's 
counterparties and shareholders. These losses and payment obligations 
also can force a fund's adviser to sell the fund's investments to meet 
its obligations. When a fund uses derivatives to leverage its 
portfolio, this can amplify the risk of a fund having to sell its 
investments, potentially generating additional losses for the fund.\58\ 
In an extreme situation, a fund could default on its payment 
obligations.\59\ Some commenters mentioned asset sufficiency concerns 
underlying section 18 and discussed ways in which the Commission's 2019 
proposal would address these concerns.\60\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ Some derivatives transactions, like physically-settled 
futures and forwards, can require the fund to deliver the underlying 
reference assets regardless of whether the fund experiences losses 
on the transaction.
    \58\ See, e.g., Markus K. Brunnermeier & Lasse Heje Pedersen, 
Market Liquidity and Funding Liquidity, 22 The Review of Financial 
Studies 6, 2201-2238 (June 2009), available at https://
www.princeton.edu/~markus/research/papers/liquidity.pdf (providing 
both empirical support as well as a theoretical foundation for how 
short-term leverage obtained through borrowings or derivative 
positions can result in funds and other financial intermediaries 
becoming vulnerable to tighter funding conditions and increased 
margins, specifically during economic downturns (as in the recent 
financial crisis), thus potentially increasing the need for the fund 
or intermediary to de-lever and sell portfolio assets at a loss).
    \59\ See ICI Concept Release Comment Letter, supra footnote 55, 
at 11 (noting that, ``[h]ypothetically, in an extreme scenario, a 
fund that used derivatives heavily and segregated most of its liquid 
assets to cover its obligation on a pure mark-to-market basis could 
potentially find itself with insufficient liquid assets to cover its 
derivative positions''); see also Aditum Comment Letter (discussing 
asset sufficiency concerns in the context of unfunded commitment 
agreements and the recent market disruption associated with COVID-
19).
    \60\ See, e.g., Better Markets Comment Letter; Comment Letter of 
CBOE (May 1, 2020) (``CBOE Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of 
Dechert LLP (Mar. 24, 2020) (``Dechert Comment Letter I''); Comment 
Letter of Invesco, Ltd. (Mar. 24, 2020) (``Invesco Comment Letter'') 
(``Invesco agrees with the Commission that registered funds using 
derivatives transactions should be subject to a regulatory framework 
that requires them and their advisers to manage attendant risks, 
including the risk of leverage that implicates the ``undue 
speculation'' and ``asset sufficiency'' concerns expressed in 
Sections 1(b)(7) and 1(b)(8), respectively, of the Investment 
Company Act . . . We believe the Proposed Rule will aptly address 
the investor protection purposes and concerns that underlie Section 
18 . . .''); Comment Letter of Vanguard Group, Inc. (Apr. 23, 2020) 
(``Vanguard Comment Letter'') (``We agree with the Commission's 
assessment that the proposed requirements for a derivatives risk 
management program, including VaR and stress testing, would 
appropriately address the asset sufficiency concerns underlying 
Section 18 with respect to derivatives use.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applying rule 18f-4 to derivatives transactions--including swaps, 
options, and futures--also is consistent with the Commission's views in 
Release 10666. As discussed above, in Release 10666, the Commission 
stated that its expressed views were not limited to the particular 
trading practices discussed, emphasizing that Release 10666 discussed 
certain securities trading practices as examples and that the 
Commission sought to address the implications of all comparable trading 
practices that could similarly affect funds' capital structures.\61\ 
The Commission observed in Release 10666 that firm commitment 
agreements are also known as forward contracts, and that standby 
commitment agreements involve, in economic reality, the issuance and 
sale by the investment company of a ``put.'' \62\ Both forward and 
futures contracts involve the agreement to buy or sell an underlying 
reference asset at a set price in the future, and a swap contract is 
structurally the equivalent of a series of forward contracts.\63\ 
Moreover, derivatives transactions as defined in the final rule 
generally involve a

[[Page 83169]]

synthetic borrowing, in that they provide a market exposure exceeding 
the fund's investment while also involving a future payment 
obligation.\64\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ See supra footnote 39.
    \62\ See Release 10666, supra footnote 14, at nn.10-12 and 
accompanying text, and at ``Standby Commitment Agreements.''
    \63\ See e.g. John C. Hull, Options, Futures, and Other 
Derivatives, Prentice Hall, 7th Edition (2008) at 161.
    \64\ For example, one commenter on the 2011 Concept Release 
observed that ``a fund's purchase of an equity total return swap 
produces an exposure and economic return substantially equal to the 
exposure and economic return a fund could achieve by borrowing money 
from the counterparty in order to purchase the equities that are 
reference assets.'' Comment Letter of BlackRock on the 2011 Concept 
Release (Nov. 4, 2011) (File No. S7-33-11).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Need for Updated Regulatory Framework
Market and Industry Developments Following Release 10666
    Following Release 10666, Commission staff issued more than thirty 
no-action letters to funds concerning the maintenance of segregated 
accounts or otherwise ``covering'' their obligations in connection with 
various transactions otherwise restricted by section 18.\65\ Funds have 
developed certain general asset segregation practices to cover their 
derivatives positions, considering at least in part the staff's no-
action letters and guidance, which vary based on the type of 
derivatives transaction.\66\ Funds also segregate a broader range of 
assets to cover their derivatives positions than those the Commission 
identified in Release 10666.\67\
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    \65\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at paragraph 
accompanying n.53 (stating that, in these letters and through other 
staff guidance, staff addressed questions regarding the application 
of Release 10666 to various types of derivatives and other 
transactions); see also Concept Release, supra footnote 1, at 
section I.
    \66\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at paragraph 
accompanying n.54 (discussing funds' practices for segregating an 
amount equal to the full amount of the fund's potential obligation 
under the contract, or the full market value of the underlying 
reference asset for the derivative (``notional amount segregation'') 
for certain derivatives, and funds practices for segregating an 
amount equal to the fund's daily mark-to-market liability, if any 
(``mark-to-market segregation'') for certain cash settled-
derivatives).
    \67\ See id.at paragraph accompanying nn.56-57 (discussing 
Release 10666's statement that assets eligible to be included in 
segregated accounts should be ``liquid assets'' such as cash, U.S. 
government securities, or other appropriate high-grade debt 
obligations, and a subsequent staff no-action letter stating that 
the staff would not recommend enforcement action if a fund were to 
segregate any liquid asset, including equity securities and non-
investment grade debt securities); see also Merrill Lynch Asset 
Management, L.P., SEC Staff No-Action Letter (July 2, 1996).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result of these asset segregation practices, funds' 
derivatives use--and thus funds' potential leverage through derivatives 
transactions--does not appear to be subject to a practical limit as the 
Commission contemplated in Release 10666. Funds' mark-to-market 
liability often does not reflect the full investment exposure 
associated with their derivatives positions.\68\ As a result, a fund 
that segregates only the mark-to-market liability could theoretically 
incur virtually unlimited investment leverage.\69\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ For example, for derivatives where there is no loss in a 
given day, a fund applying the mark-to-market approach might not 
segregate any assets. This may be the case, for example, because the 
derivative is currently in a gain position, or because the 
derivative has a market value of zero (as will generally be the case 
at the inception of a transaction). The fund may, however, still be 
required to post collateral to comply with other regulatory or 
contractual requirements.
    \69\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.59; see also 
BlackRock Comment Letter (``We agree with the Commission's view that 
the use of derivatives should not be unlimited or unregulated.''); 
Comment Letter of J.P. Morgan Asset Management (Mar. 24, 2020) 
(``J.P. Morgan Comment Letter'') (``Evolving market practices, 
together with staff guidance over the years, have enabled funds to 
segregate large portions of their portfolios, while using mark-to-
market exposure amounts for many instruments. This approach to asset 
segregation could result in a fund obtaining a significant degree of 
leverage.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, as discussed in the Proposing Release, funds' current 
asset segregation practices also may not assure the availability of 
adequate assets to meet funds' derivatives obligations, on account of 
both the amount and types of assets that funds may segregate.\70\ When 
a fund's derivatives payment obligations are substantial relative to 
the fund's liquid assets, the fund may be forced to sell portfolio 
securities to meet its derivatives payment obligations. These forced 
sales could occur during stressed market conditions, including at times 
when prudent management could advise against such liquidation.\71\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at nn.60-62 and 
accompanying text (discussing: (1) Funds' segregation of assets that 
only reflect losses that would occur as a result of transaction 
termination; and (2) funds' practices of segregating any liquid 
asset, rather than the more narrow range of high-quality assets that 
the Commission described in Release 10666).
    \71\ See id. at n.62 and accompanying text.
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Regulatory Framework To Address Concerns Underlying Section 18 in Light 
of Current Fund Practices
    As a result of market and industry developments over the past four 
decades, funds' current practices regarding derivatives use may not 
address the undue speculation and asset sufficiency concerns underlying 
section 18.\72\ Additionally, a fund's derivatives use may involve 
risks that can result in significant losses to a fund.\73\ Accordingly, 
we continue to believe that it is appropriate for funds to address 
these risks and considerations relating to their derivatives use. 
Nevertheless, we also recognize the valuable role derivatives can play 
in helping funds to achieve their objectives efficiently or manage 
their investment risks.
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    \72\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.63 and 
accompanying text; see also supra footnotes 56 and 60 and 
accompanying text (discussing, respectively, commenters' statements 
regarding undue speculation and asset sufficiency concerns 
underlying section 18 and their discussion of ways in which the 
Commission's 2019 proposal would address these concerns).
    \73\ See supra paragraph accompanying footnote 21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We therefore are requiring funds that use derivatives in a more 
than limited way to adopt and implement formalized programs, which must 
cover certain elements but otherwise will be tailored to manage the 
risks that funds' derivatives use may pose. In addition, the framework 
we are adopting addresses our concern that funds today are not subject 
to a practical limit on potential leverage that they may obtain through 
derivatives transactions.
    We believe that a comprehensive approach to regulating funds' 
derivatives use also will help address potential adverse results from 
funds' current, disparate asset segregation practices. The development 
of staff guidance and industry practice on an instrument-by-instrument 
basis, together with growth in the volume and complexity of derivatives 
markets over past decades, has resulted in situations in which 
different funds may treat the same kind of derivative differently, 
based on their own view of our staff's guidance or observation of 
industry practice. This may unfairly disadvantage some funds.\74\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.65 and 
accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The lack of comprehensive guidance also makes it difficult for 
funds and our staff to evaluate and inspect for funds' compliance with 
section 18 of the Investment Company Act. Moreover, where there is no 
specific guidance, or where the application of existing guidance is 
unclear or applied inconsistently, funds may take approaches that 
involve an extensive use of derivatives and may not address the 
purposes and concerns underlying section 18. The new framework that we 
are adopting will replace the current, multi-part guidance framework 
with a unitary rule. This will level-set the regulation of funds' 
derivatives use in light of the breadth of fund strategies and the 
variety of ways that funds use derivatives today.

C. Overview of the Final Rule

    We are adopting rule 18f-4 to provide an updated, comprehensive 
approach to the regulation of funds' use of derivatives and certain 
other

[[Page 83170]]

transactions that the rule addresses. The amendments we are adopting to 
Forms N-PORT, N-LIQUID (which we are re-titling as ``Form N-RN''), and 
N-CEN will enhance the Commission's ability to oversee funds' use of 
and compliance with the rules, and will provide the Commission, fund 
investors, and other market participants additional information 
regarding funds' use of derivatives.
    Rule 18f-4 will permit a fund to enter into derivatives 
transactions, notwithstanding the prohibitions and restrictions on the 
issuance of senior securities under section 18 of the Investment 
Company Act, subject to the following conditions.\75\ These conditions 
are designed to address the undue speculation and asset sufficiency 
concerns underlying section 18, and they support the Commission's 
conclusion that the exemptions that the rule provides are in the public 
interest and consistent with the protection of investors and the 
purposes fairly intended by the policy and provisions of the Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ See rule 18f-4(b) and (d). Rule 18f-4(b) provides an 
exemption for funds' derivatives transactions from sections 
18(a)(1), 18(c), 18(f)(1), and 61 of the Investment Company Act. See 
supra section I.B.1 of this release (providing an overview of the 
requirements of section 18). Because the conditions provide a 
tailored set of requirements for derivatives transactions, the rule 
also provides that a fund's derivatives transactions will not be 
considered for purposes of computing asset coverage under section 
18(h). See infra section II.K.
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     Derivatives risk management program. The rule will 
generally require a fund to adopt a written derivatives risk management 
program with risk guidelines that must cover certain elements, but that 
will otherwise be tailored based on how the fund's use of derivatives 
may affect its investment portfolio and overall risk profile. The 
program also will include stress testing, backtesting, internal 
reporting and escalation, and program review elements. The program will 
institute a standardized risk management framework for funds that 
engage in more than a limited amount of derivatives transactions, while 
allowing principles-based tailoring to the fund's particular risks. The 
program requirement that we are adopting retains the same framework and 
elements as the proposed program requirement.
     Limit on fund leverage risk. The rule will generally 
require funds when engaging in derivatives transactions to comply with 
an outer limit on fund leverage risk based on VaR. This outer limit is 
based on a relative VaR test that compares the fund's VaR to the VaR of 
a ``designated reference portfolio'' for that fund. Under the final 
rule, a fund generally can use either an index that meets certain 
requirements, or the fund's own securities portfolio (excluding 
derivatives transactions), as its designated reference portfolio. If 
the fund's derivatives risk manager reasonably determines that a 
designated reference portfolio would not provide an appropriate 
reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test, the fund 
would be required to comply with an absolute VaR test. In light of our 
consideration of comments received, the requirements we are adopting 
incorporate certain changes to the proposed VaR test. These include 
permitting a fund to use its securities portfolio as the reference 
portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test (instead of requiring a 
fund to compare its VaR against the VaR of a designated index for the 
relative VaR test), and increasing the relative and absolute VaR limits 
from 150% and 15% to 200% and 20%, respectively.
     Board oversight and reporting. The rule will require a 
fund's board of directors to approve the fund's designation of a 
derivatives risk manager, who will be responsible for administering the 
fund's derivatives risk management program. The fund's derivatives risk 
manager will have to report to the fund's board on the derivatives risk 
management program's implementation and effectiveness and the results 
of the fund's stress testing. The derivatives risk manager will have a 
direct reporting line to the fund's board. We are adopting these 
requirements substantially as proposed, with minor changes to clarify 
the requirements and conform to changes in other rule provisions.
     Exception for limited derivatives users. The rule will 
except limited derivatives users from the derivatives risk management 
program requirement, the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, and the 
related board oversight and reporting requirements, provided that the 
fund adopts and implements written policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to manage the fund's derivatives risks. This exception will be 
available to a fund that limits its derivatives exposure to 10% of its 
net assets. In a change from the proposal, in calculating derivatives 
exposure to determine eligibility for the exception, a fund will be 
permitted to exclude derivatives transactions that it uses to hedge 
certain currency and interest rate risks. The exception also includes, 
in a change from the proposal, provisions for a fund with derivatives 
exposure that exceeds the 10% threshold. If the fund does not reduce 
its exposure within five business days, the fund's adviser must provide 
a written report to the fund's board informing it whether the adviser 
intends to reduce the exposure promptly, but within no more than 30 
days, or put in place a derivatives risk management program and comply 
with the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk as soon as reasonably 
practicable.
     Alternative requirements for certain leveraged/inverse 
funds. After considering comments on the proposed sales practices 
rules, we have determined not to adopt them at this time. Leveraged/
inverse funds instead will generally be subject to rule 18f-4 like 
other funds, including the requirement to comply with the VaR-based 
limit on fund leverage risk. This will effectively limit leveraged/
inverse funds' targeted daily return to 200% of the return (or inverse 
of the return) of the fund's underlying index. The final rule also 
provides an exception from the VaR-based limit for leveraged/inverse 
funds in operation as of October 28, 2020 that seek an investment 
return above 200% of the return (or inverse of the return) of the 
fund's underlying index and satisfy certain conditions and the other 
requirements of rule 18f-4. The conditions to this exception are 
designed to allow these funds to continue to operate in their current 
form, but prohibit them from changing their index or increasing the 
amount of their leveraged or inverse market exposure. We believe that 
the enhanced standard of conduct for broker-dealers under Regulation 
Best Interest and the fiduciary obligations of registered investment 
advisers help address some of the sales practice concerns that 
leveraged/inverse funds and listed commodity pools following the same 
strategies may raise, in the context of recommended transactions and 
transactions occurring in an advisory relationship. To help ensure that 
our regulatory framework addresses all potential investor protection 
concerns associated with complex financial products, including those 
that use leveraged/inverse strategies and those that are available to 
investors who do not receive either recommendations subject to 
Regulation Best Interest or investment advice subject to an adviser's 
fiduciary obligation, we have directed the staff to begin a review. 
This review will assess the effectiveness of the existing regulatory 
requirements in protecting investors--particularly those with self-
directed accounts--who invest in leveraged/inverse products and other 
complex investment products.
     Recordkeeping. The final rule will require a fund to 
adhere to recordkeeping requirements that are designed to provide the 
Commission,

[[Page 83171]]

and the fund's board of directors and compliance personnel, the ability 
to evaluate the fund's compliance with the rule's requirements. We are 
adopting these provisions largely as proposed, with certain conforming 
changes in light of modifications to other aspects of the final rule.
    Final rule 18f-4 also will permit funds to enter into reverse 
repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions, as well as 
``unfunded commitments'' to make certain loans or investments, subject 
to conditions tailored to these transactions. Under the final rule, a 
fund is permitted to engage in reverse repurchase agreements and 
similar financing transactions so long as they meet the asset coverage 
requirements under section 18. If the fund also borrows from a bank or 
issues bonds, for example, these senior securities as well as the 
reverse repurchase agreement would be required to comply with the asset 
coverage requirements under the Investment Company Act. This approach 
would provide the same asset coverage requirements under section 18 for 
reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions, bank 
borrowings, and other borrowings permitted under the Investment Company 
Act. In a change from the proposal, a fund also will be permitted to 
enter into these transactions by electing to treat them as derivatives 
transactions under the final rule. This alternative approach will 
permit funds to apply a consistent set of requirements to its 
derivatives transactions and any reverse repurchase agreements or 
similar financing transactions.
    A fund will be permitted to enter into unfunded commitment 
agreements under the final rule if the fund reasonably believes that 
its assets will allow the fund to meet its obligations under these 
agreements, as proposed. This approach recognizes that, while unfunded 
commitment agreements may raise the risk that a fund may be unable to 
meet its obligations under these transactions, such unfunded 
commitments do not generally involve the leverage and other risks 
associated with derivatives transactions.
    In a change from the proposal, the final rule also includes a new 
provision that will permit funds, as well as money market funds, to 
invest in securities on a when-issued or forward-settling basis, or 
with a non-standard settlement cycle, subject to conditions. Money 
market funds, for example, will continue to be able to invest in when-
issued U.S. Treasury securities under this provision notwithstanding 
that these investments trade on a forward basis involving a temporary 
delay between the transaction's trade date and settlement date.
    The amendments we are adopting to Forms N-PORT, N-LIQUID, and N-CEN 
will require each fund to provide information regarding its compliance 
with rule 18f-4. This information includes: (1) Certain identifying 
information about the fund (e.g., identifying the provisions of rule 
18f-4 that the fund is relying on to engage in derivatives transactions 
and the other transactions that the rule addresses); (2) as applicable, 
information regarding a fund's VaR and designated reference portfolio, 
and VaR backtesting results; (3) VaR test breaches, to be reported to 
the Commission in a non-public current report; and (4) for a fund that 
is operating as a limited derivatives user, information about the 
fund's derivatives exposure and the number of business days that its 
derivatives exposure exceeded 10% of its net assets. We are adopting 
these amendments largely as proposed, with certain modifications, such 
as streamlining the VaR information and exposure information that 
certain funds would provide, and requiring additional information about 
funds operating as limited derivatives users that exceed the 10% 
threshold. We also are making certain of these data elements non-public 
in response to comments.
    In connection with our adoption of rule 18f-4, we are also adopting 
amendments to rule 6c-11 under the Investment Company Act. Rule 6c-11 
generally permits ETFs to operate without obtaining a Commission 
exemptive order, subject to certain conditions.\76\ When the Commission 
adopted rule 6c-11, the rule prohibited leveraged/inverse ETFs from 
relying on the rule, to allow the Commission to consider the section 18 
issues raised by these funds' investment strategies as part of a 
broader consideration of derivatives use by registered funds and 
BDCs.\77\ As part of this further consideration, and in connection with 
the adoption of rule 18f-4, we are modifying this provision to permit 
leveraged/inverse ETFs to rely on rule 6c-11 if they comply with all 
applicable provisions of rule 18f-4. This will permit new leveraged/
inverse funds that can satisfy the requirements of rule 18f-4 to come 
to market under rule 6c-11 without first being required to receive a 
separate ETF exemptive order. We also are rescinding exemptive orders 
the Commission previously issued to sponsors of leveraged/inverse funds 
permitting these funds to operate as ETFs, as these orders will be 
superseded. Amending rule 6c-11 and rescinding these exemptive orders 
will help promote a more level playing field by allowing any sponsor 
(in addition to the sponsors currently granted exemptive orders) to 
form and launch a leveraged/inverse ETF subject to the conditions in 
rule 6c-11 and rule 18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ See generally Exchange-Traded Funds, Investment Company Act 
Release No. 33646 (Sept. 25, 2019) [84 FR 57162 (Oct. 24, 2019)] 
(``ETFs Adopting Release'').
    \77\ See id. at nn.72-74 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, in view of the updated, comprehensive approach to the 
regulation of funds' derivative use that the final rules provide, we 
are rescinding Release 10666. In addition, staff in the Division of 
Investment Management has reviewed certain of its no-action letters and 
other guidance addressing derivatives transactions and other 
transactions covered by rule 18f-4 to determine which letters and staff 
guidance, or portions thereof, should be withdrawn in connection with 
our adoption of the final rules. As discussed in section II.L below, 
some of these letters and staff guidance, or portions thereof, are 
moot, superseded, or otherwise inconsistent with the final rule and, 
therefore, will be withdrawn. We are providing funds an eighteen-month 
transition period while they prepare to come into compliance with rule 
18f-4 before Release 10666 is withdrawn.

II. Discussion

A. Scope of Rule 18f-4

    As proposed, the rule will apply to a ``fund,'' defined as a 
registered open-end or closed-end company or a BDC, including any 
separate series thereof.\78\ The rule will therefore apply to mutual 
funds, ETFs, registered closed-end funds, and BDCs.\79\ The rule's 
definition of a ``fund'' excludes money market funds regulated under 
rule 2a-7 under

[[Page 83172]]

the Investment Company Act (``money market funds''), as proposed.\80\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ See rule 18f-4(a); see also proposed rule 18f-4(a).
    \79\ Section 18 of the Investment Company Act applies only to 
open-end or closed-end companies (i.e., management investment 
companies). Rule 18f-4 therefore will not apply to unit investment 
trusts (``UITs'') because they are not management investment 
companies. As the Commission has noted, derivatives transactions 
generally require a significant degree of management, and a UIT 
engaging in derivatives transactions therefore may not meet the 
Investment Company Act requirements applicable to UITs. See section 
4(2) of the Investment Company Act; see also Custody Of Investment 
Company Assets with Futures Commission Merchants And Commodity 
Clearing Organizations, Investment Company Act Release No. 22389 
(Dec. 11, 1996), at n.18 (explaining that UIT portfolios are 
generally unmanaged). See also ETFs Adopting Release, supra footnote 
76, at n.42.
    \80\ See rule 18f-4(a); see also proposed rule 18f-4(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally supported the scope of funds that are 
permitted to rely on the proposed rule.\81\ Some commenters also 
specifically expressed support for excluding money market funds from 
the full scope of rule 18f-4 because money market funds do not 
typically engage in derivatives transactions.\82\ Under rule 2a-7, 
money market funds seek to maintain a stable share price or limit 
principal volatility by limiting their investments to short-term, high-
quality debt securities that fluctuate very little in value under 
normal market conditions. As a result of these and other requirements 
in rule 2a-7, money market funds do not enter into derivatives such as 
futures, swaps, and options. These instruments are not eligible 
securities in which money market funds are permitted to invest under 
rule 2a-7. We also believe that entering into these transactions would 
be inconsistent with a money market fund maintaining a stable share 
price or limiting principal volatility, especially if the money market 
fund were to use derivatives to leverage the fund's portfolio.\83\ We 
therefore continue to believe that generally excluding money market 
funds from the full scope of the rule is appropriate. As discussed in 
more detail below, we are, however, including a targeted provision in 
the final rule that permits funds (including money market funds) to 
continue to invest in securities on a when-issued or forward-settling 
basis, or with a non-standard settlement cycle.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; Comment Letter of 
Fidelity Investments (Mar. 24, 2020) (``Fidelity Comment Letter''); 
Comment Letter of T. Rowe Price (Apr. 14, 2020) (``T. Rowe Price 
Comment Letter'').
    \82\ See, e.g., Fidelity Comment Letter; J.P. Morgan Comment 
Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Stephen A. Keen 
(Aug. 11, 2020) (``Keen Comment Letter'').
    \83\ See Money Market Fund Reform; Amendments to Form PF, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 31166 (July 23, 2014) [79 FR 
47735 (Aug. 14, 2014)] (discussing: (1) Retail and government money 
market funds, which seek to maintain a stable net asset value per 
share; and (2) institutional non-government money market funds whose 
net asset value fluctuates, but nevertheless seek to minimize 
principal volatility given that, as ``commenters pointed out[,] 
investors in floating NAV funds will continue to expect a relatively 
stable NAV'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule will permit funds to enter into derivatives 
transactions, subject to the rule's conditions. The rule defines the 
term ``derivatives transaction'' to mean: (1) Any swap, security-based 
swap, futures contract, forward contract, option, any combination of 
the foregoing, or any similar instrument (``derivatives instrument''), 
under which a fund is or may be required to make any payment or 
delivery of cash or other assets during the life of the instrument or 
at maturity or early termination, whether as margin or settlement 
payment or otherwise; (2) any short sale borrowing; and (3) reverse 
repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions, for those 
funds that choose to treat these transactions as derivatives 
transactions under the rule.\84\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \84\ See rule 18f-4(a); see also infra section II.H (discussing 
the provision in the final rule that provides an option for funds to 
manage reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing 
transactions under the asset coverage provisions of section 18 
applicable to bank borrowings. If a fund does not choose to use this 
option, then reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing 
transactions would instead be derivatives transactions under the 
final rule.).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The first prong of this definition is designed to describe those 
derivatives transactions that involve the issuance of a senior 
security, because they involve a contractual future payment 
obligation.\85\ This prong of the definition incorporates a list of 
derivatives instruments that, together with ``any similar instrument,'' 
covers the types of derivatives that funds currently use and that 
section 18 would restrict because they impose on the fund a contractual 
obligation (or potential obligation) to make payments or deliver assets 
to the fund's counterparty. This list is designed to be sufficiently 
comprehensive to include derivatives that may be developed in the 
future.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ See supra footnotes 28, 36 and accompanying text (together, 
observing that ``senior security'' is defined in part as ``any . . . 
similar obligation or instrument constituting a security and 
evidencing indebtedness,'' and that the Commission has previously 
stated that, for purposes of section 18, ``evidence of 
indebtedness'' would include ``all contractual obligations to pay in 
the future for consideration presently received''); see also infra 
footnotes 86-87 (recognizing that not every derivative instrument 
will involve the issuance of a senior security).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This prong of the definition also provides that a derivatives 
instrument, for purposes of the rule, must involve a future payment 
obligation.\86\ This aspect of the definition recognizes that not every 
derivatives instrument imposes such an obligation, and therefore not 
every derivatives instrument will involve the issuance of a senior 
security. A fund that purchases a standard option traded on an 
exchange, for example, generally will make a non-refundable premium 
payment to obtain the right to acquire (or sell) securities under the 
option but generally will not have any subsequent obligation to deliver 
cash or assets to the counterparty unless the fund chooses to exercise 
the option.\87\ A derivative that does not impose any future payment 
obligation on a fund generally resembles a securities investment that 
is not a senior security, in that it may lose value but it will not 
require the fund to make any payments in the future.\88\ Whether a 
transaction involves the issuance of a senior security will depend on 
the nature of the transaction. The label that a fund or its 
counterparty assigns to the transaction is not determinative.\89\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ Under the rule, a derivatives instrument is one where the 
fund ``is or may be required to make any payment or delivery of cash 
or other assets during the life of the instrument or at maturity or 
early termination, whether as margin or settlement payment or 
otherwise.''
    \87\ See 2015 Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at paragraph 
accompanying nn.82-83. A few commenters suggested we address these 
purchased options specifically in rule 18f-4. See Comment Letter of 
Guggenheim Investments (Apr. 27, 2020) (``Guggenheim Comment 
Letter''); see also CBOE Comment Letter. We do not believe that 
further revisions to address these comments are necessary, however, 
because rule 18f-4's definition of a derivatives transaction is 
limited to derivatives instruments that involve a future payment 
obligation.
    \88\ See 2015 Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at paragraph 
accompanying n.82.
    \89\ For example, the Commission received a comment on the 2015 
proposal addressing a type of total return swap, asserting that 
``[t]he Swap operates in a manner similar to a purchased option or 
structure, in that the fund's losses under the Swap cannot exceed 
the amount posted to its tri-party custodian agreement for purposes 
of entering into the Swap,'' and that, in the commenter's view, the 
swap should be ``afforded the same treatment as a purchased option 
or structured note'' because ``[a]lthough the Swap involves interim 
payments through the potential posting of margin from the custodial 
account, the payment obligations cannot exceed the [amount posted 
for purposes of entering into the Swap].'' See Comment Letter of 
Dearborn Capital Management (Mar. 24, 2016). Unlike a fund's payment 
of a one-time non-refundable premium in connection with a standard 
purchased option or a fund's purchase of a structured note, this 
transaction appears to involve a fund obligation to make interim 
payments of fund assets posted as margin or collateral to the fund's 
counterparty during the life of the transaction in response to 
market value changes of the underlying reference asset, as this 
commenter described. The fund also must deposit additional margin or 
collateral to maintain the position if the fund's losses deplete the 
assets that the fund posted to initiate the transaction; if a fund 
effectively pursues its strategy through such a swap, or a small 
number of these swaps, the fund may as a practical matter be 
required to continue reestablishing the trade or refunding the 
collateral account in order to continue to offer the fund's 
strategy. The transaction therefore appears to involve the issuance 
of a senior security as the fund may be required to make future 
payments. See also infra section II.I (discussing the 
characterization of ``unfunded commitment'' agreements for purposes 
of the rule, and as senior securities).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A few commenters suggested that the Commission further revise the 
definition of a derivatives transaction to address situations where 
several derivatives instruments considered together, or a derivatives 
instrument and a securities position, in commenters' view did not 
involve the same risks as the derivatives transactions considered

[[Page 83173]]

in isolation. For example, commenters urged that the definition exclude 
purchased option spread transactions because commenters asserted that 
the options together would not create a fund payment obligation that 
will exceed the payment potential of a purchased option involved in the 
transaction.\90\ Commenters also suggested that the scope of the rule 
should exclude written covered calls, which involves a fund selling a 
call option where the fund agrees to deliver an asset already held by 
the fund if the option is exercised.\91\ Because the fund holds the 
asset underlying the option, commenters asserted that the leverage risk 
of the option is eliminated.\92\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \90\ See Comment Letter of CBOE Vest Financial LLC (Mar. 24, 
2020) (``CBOE Vest Comment Letter'') (stating that a ``purchased-
options-spread position is entered by buying and selling an equal 
number of options of the same class (i.e., options on the same 
underlying security), same options style (i.e., either only 
exercisable at expiration or exercisable at times prior to expiry), 
and same expiration date, but with different strike prices''); see 
also Guggenheim Comment Letter.
    \91\ See Comment Letter of Refinitiv US SEF LLC (Mar. 24, 2020) 
(``Refinitiv Comment Letter''); see also CBOE Vest Comment Letter 
(stating that ``[a]lthough sold call options in isolation do expose 
the fund to a potential future obligation, that obligation will be 
entirely offset by the position in the underlying security'').
    \92\ Refinitiv Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Each of these examples, however, involves derivatives transactions 
that involve future payment obligations. We do not believe it would be 
appropriate or feasible to identify in rule 18f-4 combinations of 
derivatives instruments or other investments that, together, may 
involve less risk or different risks than the constituent transactions 
considered in isolation. We believe these kinds of relationships are 
appropriate to assess as part of a fund's derivatives risk management, 
but do not support excluding the kinds of transactions commenters 
identified from the rule's derivatives transaction definition.
    Additionally, a commenter urged the Commission to exclude certain 
foreign exchange derivatives instruments from the scope of transactions 
covered by the rule because the commenter believes that these 
instruments have limited exposure to market fluctuations and do not 
introduce section 18 leverage concerns.\93\ However, funds may use 
foreign currency derivatives to take speculative positions on the 
relationships between different currencies just as funds may use 
derivatives to obtain exposures to other rates or metrics or changes in 
asset prices.\94\ Therefore, we do not believe that there is a 
principled basis to treat foreign currency derivatives, such as foreign 
currency forwards and swaps, differently than other derivatives that 
involve a potential future payment obligation and are encompassed 
within the rule's ``derivatives transaction'' definition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ Id. (requesting that FX forwards, FX swaps, non-deliverable 
forwards involving FX, and FX options be excluded from the scope of 
the rule).
    \94\ See 2015 Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at paragraph 
accompanying n.239.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Short sale borrowings are included in the second prong of the 
rule's definition of ``derivatives transaction.'' We appreciate that 
short sales of securities do not involve derivatives instruments such 
as swaps, futures, and options. The value of a short position is, 
however, derived from the price of another asset, i.e., the asset sold 
short. A short sale of a security provides the same economic exposure 
as a derivatives instrument, like a future or swap, that provides short 
exposure to the same security. The rule therefore treats short sale 
borrowings and derivatives instruments identically for purposes of 
funds' reliance on the rule's exemption.\95\ Commenters did not address 
the treatment of short sale borrowings in the proposal's definition of 
``derivatives transactions,'' and we are adopting it as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \95\ See rule 18f-4(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The third prong of the definition reflects the final rule's 
treatment of reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing 
transactions. In a change from the proposal and as discussed further in 
section II.H below, a fund may either elect to treat reverse repurchase 
agreements and similar financing transactions as derivatives 
transactions under the rule or elect to subject such transactions to 
the asset coverage requirements of section 18.\96\ The final rule's 
definition of ``derivatives transaction'' therefore includes a 
conforming change to reflect the final rule's treatment of these 
transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \96\ See rule 18f-4(d); see also infra section II.H. Similarly, 
because rule 18f-4 addresses funds' use of unfunded commitment 
agreements separately from funds' use of derivatives, the definition 
of ``derivatives transaction'' does not include unfunded commitment 
agreements. See infra section II.J.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule, like the proposed rule, does not specifically list 
firm or standby commitment agreements in the definition of 
``derivatives transaction.'' However, as the Proposing Release 
discussed, we interpret the definitional phrase ``or any similar 
instrument'' to include these agreements. A firm commitment agreement 
has the same economic characteristics as a forward contract.\97\ 
Similarly, the Commission has previously stated that a standby 
commitment agreement is economically equivalent to the issuance of a 
put option.\98\ To the extent that a fund engages in transactions 
similar to firm or standby commitment agreements, they may fall within 
the ``any similar instrument'' definitional language, depending on the 
facts and circumstances.\99\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \97\ Indeed, the Commission stated in Release 10666 that a firm 
commitment is known by other names such as a ``forward contract.'' 
See Release 10666, supra footnote 14, at nn.10-12 and accompanying 
text.
    \98\ See id. at ``Standby Commitment Agreements.''
    \99\ For example, a fund that enters into a binding commitment 
to make a loan or purchase a note upon demand by the borrower, with 
stated principal and term and a fixed interest rate, would appear to 
have entered into an agreement that is similar to a standby 
commitment agreement or a written put option. This transaction would 
expose the fund to investment risk during the life of the 
transaction because the value of the fund's commitment agreement 
will change as interest rates change. Such an agreement thus would 
fall within the rule's definition of ``derivatives transaction.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters urged the Commission to exclude certain firm and 
standby commitment agreements from the scope of the rule or to subject 
them to different conditions.\100\ Many commenters urged that money 
market funds, in particular, engage in these transactions and urged 
that the Commission clearly permit money market funds to continue to do 
so.\101\ In particular, these commenters identified transactions that 
trade on a when-issued basis, or that involve a settlement cycle that 
exceeds the ``T+2'' settlement cycle applicable to most securities 
transactions but that nonetheless settle within a short period of time. 
Commenters urged that these transactions limit the ability of funds to 
leverage their portfolios where the delay between trade date and 
settlement date is short, this delay is a result of the manner in which 
the securities are customarily issued or traded, and the fund intends 
to physically settle the transaction.\102\ Commenters explained that 
funds engage in these transactions to purchase the underlying 
securities rather than as a means of obtaining an unfunded investment 
exposure to the underlying security that may be effectively used by 
funds to leverage their portfolios.\103\ Further, commenters stated 
that the use of when-issued U.S. Treasury securities transactions is an 
important tool to enhance transparency and pricing stability in the 
U.S. Treasury market, and subjecting the use

[[Page 83174]]

of these transactions to the rule could diminish their use and 
negatively impact the short-term fixed income market.\104\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \100\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; 
SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \101\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; T. 
Rowe Price Comment Letter.
    \102\ See SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; see also Keen Comment 
Letter.
    \103\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; 
SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \104\ See SIFMA AMG Comment Letter. Investments in when-issued 
securities enable market participants to contract for the purchase 
and sale of a new security before the security has been issued. The 
most common type of when-issued trading involves U.S. Treasury 
securities. For example, on Monday, October 19th, the U.S. Treasury 
may announce that it will hold an auction of a specified quantity of 
new U.S. Treasury bills on Wednesday, October 21st with the 
securities being issued on Monday, October 25th. Following the 
announcement, market participants may begin to trade the new 
security on a when-issued basis. Settlement of the securities 
purchased on a when-issued basis as well as those purchased at 
auction will occur on the issue date.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We agree with commenters that the potential for leveraging is 
limited in these transactions, particularly because of the short period 
of time between trade date and settlement date and the fund's intention 
to physically settle the transaction rather than to engage in an 
offsetting transaction. Accordingly, we have included a provision in 
the final rule that allows funds to invest in securities on a when-
issued or forward-settling basis, or with a non-standard settlement 
cycle, and the transaction will be deemed not to involve a senior 
security (``delayed-settlement securities provision'').\105\ While the 
final rule generally excludes money market funds from its scope, the 
scope of the rule's delayed-settlement securities provision includes 
money market funds, as well as the other funds to which the rule 
applies. This provision is subject to two conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \105\ Rule 18f-4(f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, as some commenters suggested, the fund must intend to settle 
the transaction physically.\106\ Physical settlement may occur 
electronically through the Depository Trust Company or other electronic 
platforms. This condition distinguishes these investments from bond 
forwards and other derivatives transactions where a fund commonly 
intends to execute an offsetting transaction rather than to actually 
purchase (or sell) the security. The provision is designed to permit 
funds to invest in the underlying security rather than to obtain 
unfunded investment exposure to the underlying security beyond the 
limited period of time between trade and settlement date.\107\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \106\ SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter. The 
discussion in this release regarding this condition and any future 
interpretation of this condition do not apply to the exclusion from 
the swap and security-based swap definitions for security forwards. 
See section 1a(47)(B)(ii) of the Commodity Exchange Act, 7 U.S.C. 
1a(47)(B)(ii) (excluding from the swap and security-based swap 
definitions ``any sale of a . . . security for deferred shipment or 
delivery, so long as the transaction is intended to be physically 
settled'').
    \107\ Commenters suggested that the final rule also require that 
these transactions involve a defined delivery obligation, to 
distinguish these investments from the kinds of instruments included 
in the derivatives transaction definition. See Invesco Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter. Many 
derivatives transactions, however, such as forwards and futures 
contracts, involve a delivery obligation fixed at trade date. We 
therefore do not believe this condition is useful to distinguish 
when-issued and similar securities, and believe that the requirement 
that the fund intend to physically settle the transaction will serve 
to distinguish a fund's intent to invest in the underlying 
securities from a fund engaging in derivatives transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the transactions must settle within 35 days. Commenters 
addressing the short-term nature of these transactions offered 
differing suggestions for the permissible length of their settlement 
period.\108\ Some commenters simply urged that we permit transactions 
with a ``relatively short'' delay between trade date and settlement 
date without specifying a particular number of days, while other 
commenters suggested a more precise 35-day period between trade date 
and settlement for a threshold.\109\ The final rule's 35-day settlement 
threshold reflects our view that securities that trade on a when-issued 
or forward-settling basis, or with a non-standard settlement cycle that 
have a settlement cycle of 35 days or less, more closely resemble 
regular-way securities transactions that are not covered by the rule 
rather than forwards and similar transactions that involve a greater 
potential for leveraging.\110\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \108\ See, e.g., Invesco Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
Fidelity Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \109\ See, e.g., Invesco Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
Fidelity Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Keen Comment 
Letter.
    \110\ As one commenter observed, this 35-day period is 
consistent with the threshold under Regulation T, which provides 
that a transaction that settles in T+35 or sooner and has an 
extended settlement date due to the mechanics of the transaction, is 
not an extension of credit under the rule. See SIFMA AMG Comment 
Letter; see also Regulation T, Section 220.8(b)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not subjecting these transactions to an asset segregation 
requirement, as some commenters suggested, because we believe the 
conditions discussed above render that additional requirement 
unnecessary.\111\ Because funds will be required to intend to settle 
these transactions physically, funds must have sufficient assets to 
meet that obligation regardless of any separate asset segregation 
requirement in the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \111\ See, e.g., SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Dechert Comment 
Letter I; Keen Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters separately recommended that we provide an asset 
segregation approach for firm and standby commitment agreements 
generally.\112\ For example, some commenters recommended a specific 
provision to address securities transactions that settle within a short 
period of time, similar to the delayed-settlement securities provision 
in the final rule.\113\ These commenters also urged that the Commission 
should permit funds the option of adopting an alternative asset 
segregation regime for when-issued securities, to-be-announced 
investments (``TBAs''), dollar rolls, and bond forwards, that have 
characteristics that would make them ineligible for such a provision, 
such as delays between trade date and settlement date that do not 
settle within a short period of time.\114\ Commenters asserted that any 
risks associated with these firm and standby commitment agreements can 
be appropriately managed by requiring funds to maintain assets 
sufficient to cover the obligations of the transactions, similar to the 
approach the Commission proposed for these transactions in 2015.\115\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \112\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; 
Comment Letter of Calamos Investments LLC (May 1, 2020) (``Calamos 
Comment Letter'').
    \113\ ICI Comment Letter; Calamos Comment Letter; Dechert 
Comment Letter I.
    \114\ See ICI Comment Letter; Calamos Comment Letter; see also 
Dechert Comment Letter I (urging that, for purposes of the limited 
derivatives user exception, firm and standby commitment agreements 
should be excluded from a fund's derivatives exposure threshold if a 
fund segregates liquid assets sufficient to cover such obligations).
    \115\ See ICI Comment Letter; see also 2015 Proposing Release 
supra footnote 1, at section III.C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Where these firm and standby commitment agreements and similar 
transactions do not satisfy the conditions in the delayed-settlement 
securities provision, we do not see a basis to differentiate the 
transactions from other instruments included in the derivatives 
transactions definition. For example, this suggested approach would 
treat a bond forward differently than an equity or currency forward. 
Moreover, we understand that funds typically settle forward contracts 
in cash, by an offsetting transaction, or by ``rolling'' the exposure 
via subsequent transactions. Therefore, bond forward contracts, and 
other transactions identified by commenters, could involve many of the 
same kinds of risks as other transactions that are considered 
derivatives transactions under the rule, such as futures contracts. We 
believe it is appropriate for the final rule to provide a consistent 
set of requirements for funds engaging in transactions that present the 
same kinds of risks rather than providing separate requirements for 
economically similar transactions.

[[Page 83175]]

    The delayed-settlement securities provision also applies to money 
market funds. Commenters urged that the Commission permit money market 
funds to continue to invest in eligible securities under rule 2a-7, as 
they do today, even where those investments may involve when-issued 
securities or securities with a forward-settling convention or a non-
standard settlement cycle.\116\ Money market funds today segregate 
assets in connection with these transactions under Release 10666, which 
we are rescinding. The delayed-settlement securities provision is 
designed to address commenters' concerns that the proposed rule would 
have resulted in uncertainty for money market funds that invest in 
certain when-issued securities or securities with a forward-settling 
convention or a non-standard settlement cycle. The final rule permits 
money market funds to continue to engage in these and the other types 
of transactions covered by the delayed-settlement securities 
provision.\117\ We have not, however, modified the rule to provide an 
exemption in rule 18f-4 for any eligible security as defined in rule 
2a-7, as some commenters recommended.\118\ Rule 2a-7 imposes protective 
conditions on money market funds tailored to these funds' operations, 
including requirements for a money market fund to maintain a 
significant amount of liquid assets and invest in assets that meet the 
rule's credit quality, maturity, and diversification requirements. Rule 
2a-7 is not, however, designed to address senior security concerns and 
its conditions alone do not provide a basis for an exemption from 
section 18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \116\ See, e.g., T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I. Several 
commenters expressed particular concern that the proposed exclusion 
of money market funds from the scope of the rule would result in 
uncertainty with respect to the ability of money market funds to 
continue to invest in when-issued U.S. Treasury securities. See, 
e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price 
Comment Letter.
    \117\ The final rule provides that these transactions are not 
senior securities, but a money market fund must of course also 
comply with rule 2a-7 in connection with the investments.
    \118\ See, e.g., BlackRock Comment Letter; Keen Comment Letter; 
T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, although a fund or money market fund may invest in 
TBAs under the delayed-settlement securities provision, we are not 
excluding TBAs from the scope of the rule generally, as one commenter 
recommended.\119\ The TBA market facilitates the trading of forward-
settling mortgage-backed securities by allowing participants to enter 
into a contract agreeing to purchase mortgage-backed securities issued 
by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae at a later date, typically, 
two or three months from the transaction date.\120\ The commenter urged 
that the Commission reconsider the inclusion of TBAs within the rule's 
derivatives transaction definition to avoid the possibility of a 
chilling effect on the market and because these transactions may be 
subject to margin requirements under FINRA rules.\121\ The other 
commenters who addressed TBAs, however, recommended that we clarify 
that TBAs are derivatives transactions under the rule.\122\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \119\ See Fidelity Comment Letter.
    \120\ See Comment Letter of Putnam Investments (Apr. 1, 2020) 
(``Putnam Comment Letter'') (stating that ``[i]n a TBA trade, the 
parties agree on six parameters of the securities to be delivered 
(issuer, maturity, coupon, price, par amount and settlement date), 
but the actual identity of the securities to be delivered at 
settlement is not specified [until 48 hours prior to the 
settlement]'').
    \121\ See Fidelity Comment Letter. Under amended FINRA Rule 
4210, effective March 25, 2021, brokers will be required to collect 
mark-to-market margin from counterparties engaging in TBA 
transactions.
    \122\ See, e.g., Putnam Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter; cf. Invesco Comment Letter (recommending 
we permit certain short-term when-issued or forward-settling 
transactions and observing that the settlement periods for these 
transactions ``are still relatively short compared to TBAs and other 
forward contracts captured by the Proposed Rule's derivatives 
transaction definition'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    TBAs and dollar rolls are included in the final rule's derivatives 
transaction definition because we believe they are forward contracts or 
``similar instruments.'' \123\ We recognize the importance of TBAs to 
the market for forward-settling mortgage-backed securities and the 
importance of the FINRA margin requirements to the TBA market. However, 
TBAs, like other forwards and similar instruments can be used to 
leverage a fund's portfolio by permitting funds to take unfunded 
positions in the underlying reference assets and involve a potential 
future payment obligation. The investor protection concerns the final 
rule is designed to address do not turn on the nature of a derivatives 
transaction's underlying reference assets. We do not see a basis to 
differentiate TBAs for purposes of the final rule from other types of 
transactions included in the derivatives transaction definition, where 
the fund's TBA investment does not satisfy the conditions of the 
delayed-settlement securities provision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \123\ See, e.g., SIFMA AMG Comment Letter. Some of the 
commenters who sought clarity that TBAs would be derivatives 
transactions under the final rule also argued that TBAs are not 
``similar financing transactions'' that would be treated like 
reverse repurchase agreements under the final rule. We agree that 
TBAs are not reverse repurchase agreements or ``similar financing 
transactions'' under the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Derivatives Risk Management Program

    A fund should manage its derivatives use to ensure alignment with 
the fund's investment objectives, policies, and restrictions, its risk 
profile, and relevant regulatory requirements. In addition, a fund's 
board of directors is responsible for overseeing the fund's activities 
and the adviser's management of risks, including any derivatives 
risks.\124\ Given the dramatic growth in the volume and complexity of 
the derivatives markets over the past two decades, and the increased 
use of derivatives by certain funds and their related risks, we believe 
that requiring funds that are users of derivatives (other than limited 
derivatives users) to have a formalized risk management program with 
certain specified elements (a ``program'') supports exempting these 
transactions from section 18. A fund's program would be part of an 
adviser's overall management of portfolio risk and would complement--
but would not replace--a fund's other risk management activities, such 
as a fund's liquidity risk management program adopted under rule 22e-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \124\ See, e.g., Interpretive Matters Concerning Independent 
Directors of Investment Companies, Investment Company Act Release 
No. 24083 (Oct. 14, 1999) [64 FR 59877 (Nov. 3, 1999)]; Role of 
Independent Directors of Investment Companies, Investment Company 
Act Release No. 24816 (Jan. 2, 2001) [66 FR 3733 (Jan. 16, 2001)]; 
Independent Directors Council, Fund Board Oversight of Risk 
Management (Sept. 2011), available at http://www.ici.org/pdf/pub_11_oversight_risk.pdf (``2011 IDC Report'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, under the program requirement we are adopting, a fund 
will have to adopt and implement a written derivatives risk management 
program that includes policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
manage the fund's derivatives risks. A derivatives risk manager whom 
the fund's board approves will be responsible for administering the 
program. A fund's derivatives risk management program should take into 
account the way the fund uses derivatives, whether to increase 
investment exposures in ways that increase portfolio risks or, 
conversely, to reduce portfolio risks or facilitate efficient portfolio 
management.
    The program requirement is designed to result in a program with 
elements that are tailored to the particular types of derivatives that 
the fund uses and their related risks, as well as how those derivatives 
impact the fund's investment portfolio and strategy. A

[[Page 83176]]

fund's program must include the following elements:
     Program administration. As proposed, the program will have 
to be administered by an officer or officers of the fund's investment 
adviser serving as the fund's derivatives risk manager.
     Risk identification and assessment. As proposed, the 
program will have to provide for the identification and assessment of a 
fund's derivatives risks, which must take into account the fund's 
derivatives transactions and other investments.
     Risk guidelines. As proposed, the program will have to 
provide for the establishment, maintenance, and enforcement of 
investment, risk management, or related guidelines that provide for 
quantitative or otherwise measurable criteria, metrics, or thresholds 
related to a fund's derivatives risks.
     Stress testing. As proposed, the program will have to 
provide for stress testing of derivatives risks to evaluate potential 
losses to a fund's portfolio under stressed conditions.
     Backtesting. The program will have to provide for 
backtesting of the VaR calculation model that the fund uses under the 
rule. We are adopting this requirement largely as proposed, but with a 
required weekly minimum frequency instead of the proposed daily 
frequency.
     Internal reporting and escalation. The program will have 
to provide for the reporting of certain matters relating to a fund's 
derivatives use to the fund's portfolio management and board of 
directors. We are adopting this requirement largely as proposed, but 
with conforming amendments to reflect changes we are adopting to the 
relative VaR test.
     Periodic review of the program. A fund's derivatives risk 
manager will be required to periodically review the program, at least 
annually, to evaluate the program's effectiveness and to reflect 
changes in risk over time. We are adopting this requirement largely as 
proposed, but with conforming amendments to reflect changes we are 
adopting to the relative VaR test.

The program requirement is drawn from existing fund best practices. We 
believe it will enhance practices for funds that have not already 
implemented a derivatives risk management program, while building off 
practices of funds that already have one in place.
    Many commenters expressed their broad support for the proposed 
derivatives risk management program.\125\ In particular, commenters 
highlighted that the proposed rule would permit funds to tailor the 
derivatives risk management program to the particular unique needs of a 
fund.\126\ One commenter acknowledged that the proposed derivatives 
risk management program would codify best practices many funds already 
have in place, including stress testing, backtesting, and other risk 
management tools.\127\ As discussed below, commenters provided specific 
feedback regarding the individual elements of the program requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \125\ See e.g. ICI Comment Letter; Comment Letter of the 
Investment Adviser Association (Apr. 30, 2020) (``IAA Comment 
Letter''); Blackrock Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter I; Comment 
Letter of the Mutual Fund Directors Forum (Apr. 9, 2020) (``MFDF 
Comment Letter''); Dechert Comment Letter I.
    \126\ ICI Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter I; MFDF Comment 
Letter; J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \127\ Blackrock Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Program Administration
    The final rule will require an officer or officers of the fund's 
investment adviser to serve as the fund's derivatives risk 
manager.\128\ The derivatives risk manager may not be a portfolio 
manager of the fund, and must have relevant experience regarding the 
management of derivatives risk.\129\ We are adopting these requirements 
specifying what person(s) may be eligible to serve as the derivatives 
risk manager as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \128\ Rule 18f-4(a).
    \129\ See infra section II.C.1 (discussing the requirement that 
the board approve the designation of the derivatives risk manager, 
and stating that because the final definition of ``derivatives risk 
manager'' requires the person fulfilling the role to have ``relevant 
experience regarding the management of derivatives risk,'' the 
board's consideration of the designation of the derivatives risk 
manager would necessarily take into account the candidate's 
experience, among all other relevant factors).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Persons Eligible To Serve as Derivatives Risk Manager
    The proposed rule specified that the derivatives risk manager must 
be an officer or officers of the fund's investment adviser, and we are 
adopting this provision as proposed.\130\ Many commenters supported 
allowing multiple officers to serve as the derivatives risk manager, 
and no commenters suggested that the rule should instead require that a 
single officer serve in this role.\131\ For example, one commenter 
believed allowing multiple officers would permit the derivatives risk 
manager to reflect a broader range of expertise.\132\ Commenters also 
noted that permitting multiple officers to serve as the derivatives 
risk manager would be consistent with the Investment Company Act rule 
governing the persons who may serve as administrators of funds' 
liquidity risk management programs.\133\ Commenters urged, however, 
that the final rule also permit non-officer employees of the adviser to 
serve as the derivatives risk manager.\134\ One commenter stated that 
allowing employees of the adviser to serve as the derivatives risk 
manager would provide needed flexibility for boards to approve the 
designation of the best individuals to serve in the role.\135\ Some 
commenters supported allowing a third-party not affiliated with the 
adviser to serve as the derivatives risk manager.\136\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \130\ Rule 18f-4(a); proposed rule 18f-4(a). Allowing multiple 
officers of the fund's adviser (including any sub-advisers) to serve 
as the fund's derivatives risk manager is designed to allow funds 
with differing sizes, organizational structures, or investment 
strategies to more effectively tailor the programs to their 
operations.
    \131\ See J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
Blackrock Comment Letter; Chamber Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price 
Comment Letter; ABA Comment Letter.
    \132\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \133\ See, e.g., J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \134\ Dechert Comment Letter I; Fidelity Comment Letter; SIFMA 
AMG Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Angel Oak Capital (Apr. 30, 
2020) (``Angel Oak Comment Letter''); Capital Group Comment Letter; 
Chamber Comment Letter.
    \135\ Fidelity Comment Letter; Angel Oak Capital Comment Letter.
    \136\ Comment Letter of Foreside Financial Group, LLC (Apr. 22, 
2020) (``Foreside Comment Letter''); NYC Bar Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, we have determined to adopt the 
requirement that the derivatives risk manager must be an officer or 
officers of the fund's investment adviser as proposed. The person(s) 
serving in the role of the derivatives risk manager must be able to 
carry out their responsibilities under the rule, which requires that 
they administer the derivatives risk management program and policies 
and procedures in addition to the board reporting requirements.\137\ 
The person(s) serving in this role must have sufficient authority 
within the investment adviser to carry out these responsibilities. We 
believe that an officer of the fund's investment adviser would be more 
likely to have the requisite level of seniority to be effective than a 
non-officer employee or third-party service provider. We recognize that 
investment advisers may have personnel who, although not designated as 
``officers'' in accordance with the adviser's corporate bylaws, have a 
comparable degree of seniority and authority within the organization. 
Such a person therefore could have a comparable ability to carry out a 
derivatives risk manager's

[[Page 83177]]

responsibilities under the final rule, if the person otherwise met the 
qualifications for being a derivatives risk manager. In these 
circumstances, we believe such a person(s) could be treated as an 
officer, for purposes of the final rule, and serve as a fund's 
derivatives risk manager if approved by the fund's board. This person, 
like any other person serving as a fund's derivatives risk manager, 
would have a direct reporting line to the board.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \137\ See rule 18f-4(a); and rule 18f-4(c)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that employees of the adviser may have relevant 
derivatives risk management experience that would be helpful to the 
derivatives risk manager in administering the derivatives risk 
management program. While employees may not serve as the derivatives 
risk manager, they may provide support to the person(s) serving in the 
role. Advisory employees also may carry out derivatives risk management 
activities as discussed below.
    Many commenters also urged the Commission to permit the fund's 
adviser to serve as the derivatives risk manager.\138\ Commenters 
maintained that, because the board has already considered the quality 
and expertise of the fund's investment adviser, the adviser is well 
suited to serve as the derivatives risk manager.\139\ Commenters also 
stated that requiring the board to consider and designate a separate 
individual(s) to serve as the derivatives risk manager is overly 
burdensome, compared to permitting the adviser to serve in this 
role.\140\ Commenters stated that the adviser as an entity should serve 
as the derivatives risk manager, which could then designate its 
employees to staff the administration of the derivatives risk 
management program.\141\ Commenters also suggested that permitting a 
fund's adviser to serve as the derivatives risk manager would be 
appropriate in light of the fact that the Commission's liquidity risk 
management program rule permits a fund's adviser to serve as the 
liquidity risk management program administrator.\142\ Conversely, some 
commenters expressly supported the Commission permitting a third party, 
separate from the adviser, to serve as the derivatives risk 
manager.\143\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \138\ See, e.g., Fidelity Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter 
I; ICI Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Independent Directors 
Council (Apr. 20, 2020) (``IDC Comment Letter''); SIFMA AMG Comment 
Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment Letter; 
Chamber Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; ABA Comment 
Letter. One commenter supported the board approving a committee 
created by the adviser. J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \139\ See Fidelity Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI 
Comment Letter.
    \140\ See Fidelity Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; IDC 
Comment Letter. For example, one commenter stated that the proposed 
designation requirement could require extra board meetings, which is 
costly. Fidelity Comment Letter. Another commenter stated that 
having extra board meetings associated with designating the 
derivatives risk manager could delay the appointment of the 
derivatives risk manager. Fidelity Comment Letter.
    \141\ See ICI Comment Letter; ABA Comment Letter.
    \142\ Fidelity Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI 
Comment Letter; IDC Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
BlackRock Comment Letter.
    \143\ Foreside Comment Letter; NYC Bar Comment Letter; ABA 
Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not allowing an adviser to serve as the derivatives risk 
manager under the final rule. We continue to believe that requiring the 
derivatives risk manager to be one or more natural persons, 
specifically approved by the board, will promote independence and 
objectivity in this role. We believe that requiring one or more 
officers of the adviser to serve in this role, rather than the adviser 
as an entity or a committee created by the adviser and composed of 
individuals selected by the adviser from time to time, would promote 
accountability to the board by creating a direct reporting line between 
the board and the individual(s) responsible for administering the 
program.\144\ Unlike rule 22e-4, where the board is required to approve 
a fund's liquidity risk management program that contains certain 
specific program elements, the board is not required to approve the 
derivatives risk management program.\145\ Instead, the board will 
engage with the derivatives risk management program through its 
appointment of the derivatives risk manager, who is responsible for 
administering the program and reporting to the board on the program's 
implementation and effectiveness.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \144\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1 (discussing the 
role of the derivatives risk manager).
    \145\ See infra section II.C. See also rules 22e-4 and 38a-1. 
Under rule 38a-1, boards will also be responsible for overseeing 
compliance with rule 18f-4. See infra paragraph accompanying 
footnote 247.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, any person serving as a fund's derivatives risk manager 
is responsible for administering the fund's program under rule 18f-4. 
The rule does not require, however, that the person be responsible for 
carrying out all activities associated with the fund's derivatives risk 
management program, and we do not anticipate that the person 
necessarily would carry out all such activities. For example, the final 
rule provides that a fund's derivatives risk management program must 
provide for risk identification and assessment, the establishment of 
risk guidelines, and stress testing, but does not require that the 
individual(s) serving as the derivatives risk manager carry out these 
activities. The derivatives risk manager also could seek inputs that 
could help inform risk management from third parties that are separate 
from the adviser, such as third-party service providers, and may 
reasonably rely on such inputs. The derivatives risk manager therefore 
may benefit from the expertise and assistance of third-party service 
providers even though the service provider (or its employees) may not 
itself serve as the fund's derivatives risk manager.
    Commenters expressed concern that, if an individual were to serve 
in the role, he or she could face personal liability for his or her 
administration of the program.\146\ The final rule, however, does not 
change the standards that apply in determining whether a person is 
liable for aiding or abetting or causing a violation of the federal 
securities laws. We recognize that risk management necessarily involves 
judgment. That a fund suffers losses does not, itself, mean that a 
fund's derivatives risk manager acted inappropriately.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \146\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
NYC Bar Comment Letter; Chamber Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Segregation of Derivatives Risk Management Function From Fund's 
Portfolio Management
    The rule will prohibit the derivatives risk manager position from 
being filled by the fund's portfolio manager, if a single person serves 
in this position.\147\ Similarly, if multiple officers serve as a 
derivatives risk manager, a majority of these persons may not be 
composed of portfolio managers. The rule will require a fund to 
reasonably segregate the functions of the program from its portfolio 
management.\148\ We are adopting each of these requirements as 
proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \147\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1).
    \148\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters supported the proposed requirement that the 
derivatives risk manager not be the fund's portfolio manager.\149\ 
While one commenter agreed that portfolio managers should not serve as 
the derivatives risk manager, the commenter stated that portfolio 
managers do have expertise the derivatives risk management program may 
need in order to react to market events.\150\ Commenters stated that 
smaller firms may have more difficulty segregating portfolio management 
from derivatives risk management due to limited

[[Page 83178]]

personnel qualified to serve in these roles.\151\ In order to provide 
flexibility, one commenter suggested that we should permit a fund's 
derivatives risk manager to be the portfolio manager of a separate 
fund.\152\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \149\ See SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; ABA Comment Letter.
    \150\ ABA Comment Letter.
    \151\ ABA Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \152\ ABA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that it is important to segregate the 
portfolio management function from the risk management function. 
Segregating derivatives risk management from portfolio management is 
designed to promote objective and independent identification, 
assessment, and management of the risks associated with derivatives 
use. Accordingly, this element of the derivatives risk manager 
requirement is designed to enhance the independence of the derivatives 
risk manager and other risk management personnel and, therefore, to 
enhance the program's effectiveness.\153\ Because a fund may compensate 
its portfolio management personnel in part based on the returns of the 
fund, the incentives of portfolio managers may not always be consistent 
with the restrictions that a derivatives risk management program would 
impose. Keeping these functions separate in the context of derivatives 
risk management should help mitigate the possibility that these 
competing incentives diminish the program's effectiveness.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \153\ See, e.g., Comptroller of the Currency Administrator of 
National Banks, Risk Management of Financial Derivatives: 
Comptroller's Handbook (Jan. 1997), at 9 (discussing the importance 
of independent risk management functions in the banking context).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Separation of the derivatives risk management function and the 
portfolio management function creates important checks and balances. 
Separation of functions may be established through a variety of 
methods, such as independent reporting chains, oversight arrangements, 
or separate monitoring systems and personnel. While we understand that 
smaller funds may have more limited employee resources, making it more 
difficult to segregate the portfolio management and derivatives risk 
management functions, we continue to believe that segregation of these 
functions is important and funds may need to hire additional 
personnel.\154\ The reasonable segregation requirement is not meant to 
indicate that the derivatives risk manager and portfolio management 
must be subject to a communications ``firewall.'' For example, the 
internal reporting and escalation requirements we are adopting will 
require communication between a fund's risk management and portfolio 
management regarding the operation of the program.\155\ We recognize 
the important perspective and insight regarding the fund's use of 
derivatives that the portfolio manager can provide and generally 
understand that the fund's derivatives risk manager would work with the 
fund's portfolio management in implementing the program requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \154\ See infra III.C.1. In addition, and as proposed, the final 
rule prohibits a portfolio manager from serving as the derivatives 
risk manager for funds for which he or she is a portfolio manager, 
but does not prohibit that person from serving as the derivatives 
risk manager for other funds. See supra footnote 152 and 
accompanying text.
    \155\ See infra section II.B.2.e.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Relevant Experience Regarding the Management of Derivatives Risk
    The final rule, as proposed, requires a fund's derivatives risk 
manager to have relevant experience regarding the management of 
derivatives risk.\156\ This requirement is designed to reflect the 
potential complex and unique risks that derivatives can pose to funds 
and promote the selection of a derivatives risk manager who is well-
positioned to manage these risks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \156\ Rule 18f-4(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters requested clarification regarding this requirement. 
In particular, commenters requested clarification of what ``relevant 
experience'' means in the context of selecting a derivatives risk 
manager.\157\ One commenter suggested that ``relevant experience'' 
should not require expertise in all types of derivatives risk.\158\ The 
requirement that the derivatives risk manager must have ``relevant 
experience'' is designed to provide flexibility such that the person(s) 
serving in this role may have experience that is relevant in light of 
the derivatives risks unique to the fund, rather than the rule taking a 
more prescriptive approach in identifying a specific amount or type of 
experience that the derivatives risk manager must have. We do not 
believe it would be practical to detail in our rules the specific 
experience a derivatives risk manager should hold. We recognize that 
different funds may appropriately seek out different types of 
derivatives risk experience from their respective derivatives risk 
managers, depending on the funds' particular circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \157\ Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; IDC Comment 
Letter.
    \158\ ABA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Program Administration in the Context of Sub-Advised Funds
    A number of commenters sought clarification about the 
administration of a fund's derivatives risk management program for sub-
advised funds. Commenters supported permitting the derivatives risk 
manager to delegate certain aspects of the day-to-day management of the 
derivatives risk management program to the fund's sub-adviser(s).\159\ 
Further, commenters suggested that the derivatives risk manager should 
develop a program specifying the responsibilities and role of the sub-
adviser.\160\ One commenter, for example, stated that sub-advisers 
would provide important support to the derivatives risk manager by 
identifying and assessing the fund's derivatives risks, to establish, 
maintain, and enforce certain risk guidelines, and to implement the 
measures needed if those guidelines are exceeded.\161\ Several 
commenters stated that while the derivatives risk manager should be 
able to create a role for sub-advisers in the derivatives risk 
management program, the derivatives risk manager should retain the 
board reporting responsibilities.\162\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \159\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
Capital Group Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter. A number 
of these commenters noted that the staff of the Commission had 
provided guidance regarding sub-advisers in the context of rule 22e-
4.
    \160\ T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
    \161\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \162\ T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule provides flexibility for funds to involve sub-
advisers in derivatives risk management. For example, the rule permits 
a group of individuals to serve as a fund's derivatives risk manager, 
which could include officers of both the fund's primary adviser and 
sub-adviser(s).\163\ For a fund in which a sub-adviser manages the 
entirety of the fund's portfolio (as opposed to a portion, or 
``sleeve'' of the fund's assets), the officer(s) of a sub-adviser alone 
also could serve as a fund's derivatives risk manager, if approved by 
the fund's board.\164\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \163\ See supra footnote 129 (explaining that the term 
``adviser'' as used in this release and rule 18f-4 generally refers 
to any person, including a sub-adviser, that is an ``investment 
adviser'' of an investment company as that term is defined in 
section 2(a)(20) of the Investment Company Act); see also Proposing 
Release, supra footnote 1, at n. 107.
    \164\ See infra paragraph accompanying footnote 166 (discussing 
delegation of risk management activities).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the final rule does not preclude a derivatives risk 
manager from delegating to a sub-adviser specific derivatives risk 
management activities that are not specifically assigned to the 
derivatives risk manager in the final rule, subject to appropriate 
oversight.

[[Page 83179]]

The derivatives risk manager also may reasonably rely on information 
provided by sub-advisers in fulfilling his or her responsibilities 
under the rule. The fund, of course, retains ultimate responsibility 
for compliance with rule 18f-4, and the derivatives risk manager 
remains responsible under the rule for the reporting obligations to the 
board and the administration of the derivatives risk management 
program.\165\ Accordingly, where a fund delegates risk management 
activities to a sub-adviser, in order to be reasonably designed to 
manage the fund's derivatives risks and achieve compliance with the 
rule, the fund's policies and procedures generally should address the 
oversight of any delegated activities, including the scope of and 
conditions on activities delegated to a sub-adviser(s), as well as 
oversight of the sub-adviser(s). The same considerations would apply 
with respect to any sub-delegates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \165\ See rule 18f-4(a); rule 18f-4(c)(3)(ii) and (iii); see 
also infra section II.C.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For certain elements of the derivatives risk management program, 
delegation to a sub-adviser that manages a sleeve of a fund's assets 
generally would not be consistent with the fund's obligations to 
implement a derivatives risk management program under rule 18f-4. For 
example, certain elements of the derivatives risk management program 
(e.g., stress testing) must be evaluated at the portfolio level. We 
therefore believe that the fund's derivatives risk manager and not the 
sub-adviser may be better suited in this case--in having a portfolio-
level view--to administer these program elements.\166\ Sub-advisers 
managing a portion of the fund's assets, however, may be appropriately 
positioned to assist the derivatives risk manager by providing 
information relevant to the derivatives risk management program at a 
more-granular level. Examples of these areas include risk 
identification, risk assessment, and monitoring the program's risk 
guidelines.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \166\ See infra section II.B.2.c.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Required Elements of the Program
a. Risk Identification and Assessment
    We are adopting, as proposed, the requirement that a fund must 
identify and assess its derivatives risks as part of the derivatives 
risk management program.\167\ This assessment must take into account 
the fund's derivatives transactions and other investments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \167\ See rule 18f-4(c)(1)(i); compare with proposed rule 18f-
4(c)(1)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters supported the proposed risk identification and 
assessment requirement. One commenter expressed support for the 
flexible, principles-based nature of this program element.\168\ Several 
commenters agreed that the derivatives risk management program should 
begin with risk identification and assessment.\169\ No commenter 
opposed this requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \168\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \169\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Morningstar, 
Inc. (Mar. 24 2020) (``Morningstar Comment Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that an appropriate assessment of 
derivatives risks generally involves assessing how a fund's derivatives 
may interact with the fund's other investments or whether the fund's 
derivatives have the effect of helping the fund manage risks.\170\ As 
proposed, the rule defines the derivatives risks that must be 
identified and managed to include leverage, market, counterparty, 
liquidity, operational, and legal risks, as well as any other risks the 
derivatives risk manager deems material.\171\ In the context of a 
fund's derivatives transactions:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \170\ For example, the risks associated with a currency forward 
would differ if a fund is using the forward to hedge the fund's 
exposure to currency risk associated with a fund investment 
denominated in a foreign currency or, conversely, to take a 
speculative position on the relative price movements of two 
currencies. We believe that by assessing its derivatives use 
holistically, a fund will be better positioned to implement a 
derivatives risk management program that does not over- or 
understate the risks its derivatives use may pose. Accordingly, we 
believe that this approach will result in a more-tailored 
derivatives risk management program. See, e.g., Proposing Release, 
supra footnote 1, at section II.B.3 (discussing the goal of 
promoting tailored derivatives risk management programs).
    \171\ Rule 18f-4(a); see also proposed rule 18f-4(a). In the 
case of funds that are limited derivatives users under the rule, the 
definition will include any other risks that the fund's investment 
adviser (as opposed to the fund's derivatives risk manager) deems 
material, because a fund that is a limited derivatives user would be 
exempt from the requirement to adopt a derivatives risk management 
program (and therefore also exempt from the requirement to have a 
derivatives risk manager). See infra section II.E.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Leverage risk generally refers to the risk that 
derivatives transactions can magnify the fund's gains and losses; \172\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \172\ See, e.g., Independent Directors Council, Board Oversight 
of Derivatives Task Force Report (July 2008), at 12 (``2008 IDC 
Report'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Market risk generally refers to risk from potential 
adverse market movements in relation to the fund's derivatives 
positions, or the risk that markets could experience a change in 
volatility that adversely impacts fund returns and the fund's 
obligations and exposures; \173\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \173\ Funds should consider market risk together with leverage 
risk because leveraged exposures can magnify such impacts. See, 
e.g., NAPF, Derivatives and Risk Management Made Simple (Dec. 2013), 
available at https://www.jpmorgan.com/cm/BlobServer/is_napfms2013.pdf?blobkey=id&blobwhere=1320663533358&blobheader=application/pdf&;blobheadername1=Cache-
Control&blobheadervalue1=private&blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Counterparty risk generally refers to the risk that a 
counterparty on a derivatives transaction may not be willing or able to 
perform its obligations under the derivatives contract, and the related 
risks of having concentrated exposure to such a counterparty; \174\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \174\ See, e.g., Nils Beier, et al., Getting to Grips with 
Counterparty Risk, McKinsey Working Papers on Risk, Number 20 (June 
2010).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Liquidity risk generally refers to risk involving the 
liquidity demands that derivatives can create to make payments of 
margin, collateral, or settlement payments to counterparties;
     Operational risk generally refers to risk related to 
potential operational issues, including documentation issues, 
settlement issues, systems failures, inadequate controls, and human 
error; \175\ and
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \175\ See, e.g., 2008 IDC Report, supra footnote 172; RMA, 
Statement on best practices for managing risk in derivatives 
transactions (2004) (``Statement on best practices for managing risk 
in derivatives transactions''), available at http://www.rmahq.org/securities-lending/best-practices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Legal risk generally refers to insufficient documentation, 
insufficient capacity or authority of counterparty, or legality or 
enforceability of a contract.\176\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \176\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.123 
(providing additional details and examples regarding each of these 
elements of legal risk, and describing how, because derivatives 
contracts that are traded over the counter are not standardized, 
they bear a certain amount of legal risk in that poor draftsmanship, 
changes in laws, or other reasons may cause the contract to not be 
legally enforceable against the counterparty).

We believe these risks are common to most derivatives 
transactions.\177\ We did not receive any comments regarding the risks 
that are included in the definition of ``derivatives risks'' under the 
rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \177\ See id. at n.124.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The rule does not limit a fund's identification and assessment of 
derivatives risks to only those specified in the rule. As proposed, the 
definition of the term ``derivatives risks'' that we are adopting 
includes any other risks a fund's derivatives risk manager deems 
material. Some derivatives transactions could pose certain 
idiosyncratic risks. For example, some derivatives transactions could 
pose a risk that a complex OTC derivative could fail to produce the 
expected result (e.g., because historical correlations change or 
unexpected merger events occur) or pose a political risk (e.g., events 
that affect currencies). To the extent the derivatives risk manager 
considers any such idiosyncratic risk to be material,

[[Page 83180]]

that risk would be a ``derivatives risk'' for purposes of the rule.
b. Risk Guidelines
    We are adopting, as proposed, the requirement that a fund's program 
provide for the establishment, maintenance, and enforcement of 
investment, risk management, or related guidelines that provide for 
quantitative or otherwise measurable criteria, metrics, or thresholds 
of the fund's derivatives risks (the ``guidelines'').\178\ The 
guidelines must specify levels of the given criterion, metric, or 
threshold that a fund does not normally expect to exceed and the 
measures to be taken if they are exceeded.\179\ The guidelines 
requirement is designed to address the derivatives risks that a fund 
would be required to monitor routinely as part of its program, and to 
help the fund identify when it should respond to changes in those 
risks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \178\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1)(ii); see also proposed rule 18f-
4(c)(1)(ii).
    \179\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters supported the proposed risk guidelines requirement, 
specifically expressing their support for a requirement that does not 
impose specific limits or guidance for how the risk thresholds should 
be calculated.\180\ One commenter, however, stated that the proposed 
guidelines should be removed because many risks are not susceptible to 
quantification.\181\ The commenter also stated that, for aspects of the 
required derivatives risk management program where quantitative 
measures are likely to be used, such as stress testing and backtesting 
results, the proposed quantitative guidelines requirement would be 
duplicative.\182\ Several other commenters requested clarification. 
Specifically, one asked for clarification that non-quantifiable risks 
may be managed through other practices.\183\ Other commenters asked for 
more detailed criteria for how a fund should define its program's risk 
guidelines.\184\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \180\ See, e.g., J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment 
Letter.
    \181\ ABA Comment Letter.
    \182\ See id.
    \183\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \184\ See Dechert Comment Letter I; ABA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that risk guidelines are a key component of 
a fund's derivatives risk management. To manage risks, a fund must 
identify relevant risks and put in place means to measure them. A 
fund's risk guidelines are designed to complement, and not duplicate, 
the stress testing and other aspects of the fund's derivatives risk 
management program. For example, a fund's risk guidelines would provide 
information about the fund's portfolio risks in current market 
conditions, as opposed to the fund's stress testing, which would 
evaluate the effects of stressed conditions. We recognize, however, 
that some risks may not be readily quantifiable or measurable and 
reflected in a risk guideline. For example, certain legal risks may not 
fit within a quantifiable risk guideline.\185\ We agree that one 
appropriate way to manage these risks is through other practices, such 
as review and approval procedures for derivatives contracts as 
suggested by one commenter, consistent with the overall requirement in 
the final rule that the fund's policies and procedures be reasonably 
designed to manage the fund's derivatives risks.\186\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \185\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \186\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule, as proposed, does not impose specific risk limits 
for these guidelines, but instead requires a fund to adopt guidelines 
that provide for quantitative thresholds tailored to the fund. We 
believe that the quantitative thresholds should be those the fund 
determines to be appropriate and that are most pertinent to its 
investment portfolio, and that the fund reasonably determines are 
consistent with its risk disclosure.\187\ A fund must establish 
discrete metrics to monitor its derivatives risks, which will require 
the fund and its derivatives risk manager to measure changes in the 
fund's risks regularly, and this in turn is designed to lead to 
timelier steps to manage these risks. Moreover, a fund must identify 
its response when these metrics have been exceeded, which should 
provide the fund's derivatives risk manager with a clear basis from 
which to determine whether to involve other persons, such as the fund's 
portfolio management or board of directors, in addressing derivatives 
risks appropriately.\188\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \187\ See, e.g., Mutual Fund Directors Forum, Risk Principles 
for Fund Directors: Practical Guidance for Fund Directors on 
Effective Risk Management Oversight (Apr. 2010), available at http://www.mfdf.org/images/Newsroom/Risk_Principles_6.pdf.
    \188\ See rule 18f-4(c)(1)(v).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds may use a variety of approaches in developing guidelines that 
comply with the rule.\189\ This draws on the risk identification 
element of the program and the scope and objectives of the fund's use 
of derivatives. The rule will allow a fund to use quantitative metrics 
that it determines would allow it to monitor and manage its particular 
derivatives risks most appropriately. In developing the guidelines (and 
determining whether to change the guidelines), a fund generally should 
consider how to implement them in view of its investment portfolio and 
the fund's disclosure to investors. For example, a fund could consider 
establishing corresponding investment size controls or lists of 
approved transactions across the fund.\190\ A fund generally should 
consider whether to implement appropriate monitoring mechanisms 
designed to allow the fund to abide by the guidelines, including the 
guidelines' quantitative metrics.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \189\ See, e.g., Comprehensive Risk Management of OTC 
Derivatives, supra footnote 177; Statement on best practices for 
managing risk in derivatives transactions, supra footnote 175; 2008 
IDC Report, supra footnote 172.
    \190\ A fund could also consider establishing an approved list 
of specific derivatives instruments or strategies that may be used, 
as well as a list of persons authorized to engage in the 
transactions on behalf of the fund. A fund could consider providing 
new instruments (or instruments newly used by the fund) additional 
scrutiny. See, e.g., MFDF Guidance, supra footnote 187, at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Stress Testing
    A fund's program must provide for stress testing to evaluate 
potential losses to the fund's portfolio.\191\ We are adopting this 
requirement as proposed.\192\ Specifically, the fund's stress tests 
must evaluate potential losses in response to extreme but plausible 
market changes or changes in market risk factors that would have a 
significant adverse effect on the fund's portfolio.\193\ The stress 
tests must take into account correlations of market risk factors and 
resulting payments to derivatives counterparties. Finally, the 
frequency with which stress testing is conducted must take into account 
the fund's strategy and investments and current market conditions, 
provided that stress tests must be conducted no less frequently than 
weekly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \191\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1)(iii).
    \192\ See proposed rule 18f-4(c)(1)(iii).
    \193\ The rule requires a fund that is required to establish a 
derivatives risk management program to stress test its portfolio, 
that is, all of the fund's investments, and not just the fund's 
derivatives transactions. Rule 18f-4(c)(1)(iii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters expressed general support for the proposed stress 
testing requirement.\194\ They stated, for example, that stress testing 
provides funds with valuable information regarding potentially extreme 
market conditions that the rule's VaR test may not capture.\195\ We 
agree, and we continue to believe that stress testing is an important 
component to a fund's derivatives risk management

[[Page 83181]]

program.\196\ We believe stress testing is an important tool to 
evaluate different drivers of derivatives risks, including non-linear 
derivatives risks that may be understated by metrics or analyses that 
do not focus on periods of stress. We also continue to believe that 
stress testing will serve as an important complement to the VaR-based 
limit on fund leverage risk, as well as any VaR testing under the 
fund's risk guidelines.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \194\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; Fidelity Comment 
Letter; J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; Better Markets Comment Letter; 
Invesco Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment Letter; AQR Comment 
Letter I; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \195\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; J.P. Morgan Comment 
Letter.
    \196\ The Commission also has required certain types of funds to 
conduct stress tests or otherwise consider the effect of stressed 
market conditions on their portfolios. See rule 2a-7 under the 
Investment Company Act; see also rule 22e-4 under the Investment 
Company Act (requiring a fund subject to the rule to assess its 
liquidity risk by considering, for example, its investment strategy 
and portfolio investment liquidity under reasonably foreseeable 
stressed conditions).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally agreed with the proposed approach not to 
require stress tests to include certain identified market risk factors. 
One commenter stated that the stress testing requirement took the 
``right approach by not prescribing specific stress testing scenarios, 
magnitudes, or types of simulations.'' \197\ We continue to believe 
that a principles-based approach to stress testing allows funds to 
tailor their simulations to a fund's particular relevant risk 
factors.\198\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \197\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \198\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at paragraphs 
accompanying nn.138-144.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, the rule requires that stress tests take into account 
correlations of market risk factors and resulting payments to 
derivatives counterparties.\199\ One commenter requested clarification 
regarding the scope of ``correlations of market risk factors.'' \200\ 
The commenter stated that there were many factors beyond the six 
factors that the Proposing Release identified--liquidity, volatility, 
yield curve shifts, sector movements, or changes in the price of the 
underlying reference security or asset--that could be considered for 
stress testing. As discussed in the proposal, these requirements are 
designed to promote stress tests that produce results that are valuable 
in appropriately managing derivatives risks by focusing the testing on 
extreme events that may provide actionable information to inform a 
fund's derivatives risk management. We agree with the commenter that 
there are factors other than the six specific factors provided as an 
example in the Proposing Release that could be considered for stress 
testing. For example, stress testing could also take into account 
interest rates, credit spreads, volatility, and foreign exchange 
rates.\201\ The specific factors to consider in a particular stress 
test may vary from fund to fund and will require judgment by fund risk 
professionals in designing stress tests. The rule's principles-based 
approach to stress testing will provide flexibility to enable those 
professionals to exercise their judgment in designing and implementing 
the stress tests required by the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \199\ See rule 18f-4(c)(1)(iii).
    \200\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \201\ See Refinitiv Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In terms of the frequency of stress testing, comments were mixed. 
Some commenters specifically stated their support for the proposed 
weekly stress testing requirement. For example, some acknowledged that 
the proposed timing requirement is consistent with many funds' current 
practice.\202\ Several commenters, however, supported decreasing the 
frequency of the stress testing requirement.\203\ Some specifically 
suggested a monthly stress testing requirement.\204\ Alternatively, 
rather than specifying the frequency of stress tests in the rule, some 
commenters preferred that the derivatives risk manager be given the 
discretion to determine the appropriate frequency.\205\ Commenters 
urging less frequent stress testing stated that weekly stress tests are 
too burdensome, particularly during times of low market stress.\206\ 
One commenter contended that weekly stress testing would not be 
necessary given the overlay of the rule's VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk.\207\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \202\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; Better Markets Comment Letter.
    \203\ Dechert Comment Letter I; Fidelity Comment Letter, at 13; 
T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment 
Letter; Comment Letter of PIMCO (Apr. 30, 2020) (``PIMCO Comment 
Letter''); ABA Comment Letter (advocating that the stress testing 
requirement for UCITs should be used).
    \204\ Dechert Comment Letter I; Fidelity Comment Letter; T. Rowe 
Price Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
PIMCO Comment Letter.
    \205\ Dechert I Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; T. Rowe 
Price Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
PIMCO Comment Letter; ISDA Comment Letter.
    \206\ See Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter (stating 
that, particularly in periods of low market stress, weekly stress 
testing is not generally necessary and that monthly stress testing 
would allow a fund to observe trends and changes over time without 
sacrificing its ability to assess in a timely manner its risk of 
potential loss).
    \207\ ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that weekly stress testing is an important 
risk management tool. During periods of stress, returns, correlations, 
and volatilities tend to change dramatically over a very short period 
of time.\208\ These and other variables also can change quickly outside 
of periods of overall market stress or as stressed conditions begin to 
materialize. Monthly stress testing may not be frequent enough to 
observe these trends or to identify risks that may arise or become more 
acute if market conditions were to change quickly. Weekly or more 
frequent stress testing may be particularly useful during times of 
unexpected or unprecedented market stress. Monthly stress testing may 
not provide a fund's derivatives risk manager adequate and timely 
insight into the fund's derivatives risk, particularly where the fund 
has a high portfolio turnover.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \208\ See supra footnote 23 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that the minimum weekly stress testing frequency 
balances the attendant costs of establishing a stress testing program 
with the benefits of frequent testing.\209\ While a fund must run 
stress tests on a weekly basis, the scope of stress testing may vary. 
Funds may, for example, conduct more-detailed scenario analyses on a 
less-frequent basis--such as the monthly frequency suggested by some 
commenters-while conducting more-focused weekly stress tests under rule 
18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \209\ See infra section III.C.1. We recognize that the costs 
associated with stress testing may increase with the frequency of 
conducting such tests. We understand, however, that once a fund 
initially implements a stress testing framework, subsequent stress 
tests could be automated and, as a result, be less costly.
    In establishing the frequency of stress testing, a fund must 
take into account the fund's strategy and market conditions. See 
rule 18f-4(c)(2). For example, a fund whose strategy involves a high 
portfolio turnover might determine to conduct stress testing more 
frequently than a fund with a more static portfolio. A fund 
similarly might conduct more-frequent stress tests in response to 
increases in market stress. In determining this minimum frequency, 
we also took into account that this requirement would only apply to 
funds that do not qualify for the limited derivatives user exception 
because they use derivatives in a more limited way.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to commenters that stated that weekly stress testing 
would not be necessary when complemented by VaR limits, losses under 
stressed conditions--or ``tail risks''--would not be reflected in VaR 
analyses that are not calibrated to a period of market stress and that 
do not estimate losses that occur on the trading days with the highest 
losses.\210\ Requiring funds to stress test their portfolios would 
provide information regarding these ``tail risks'' that VaR and other 
analyses may miss. Stress testing allows funds to tailor the 
hypothetical scenario to the needs of a particular fund. VaR, in 
contrast, is based on historical data. The rule's VaR test is intended 
as an outer limit on fund leverage risk. Stress testing may

[[Page 83182]]

identify risks that may not result in a VaR breach, yet may not be 
appropriate in light of the fund's investment strategy. We continue to 
believe that stress testing and VaR limits are complementary and 
important tools to help funds manage their derivatives risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \210\ The rule does not require a fund to implement a stressed 
VaR test. See infra section II.D.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Backtesting
    The rule will require a fund to backtest the results of the VaR 
calculation model used by the fund in connection with the relative VaR 
or absolute VaR test, as applicable, as part of the program.\211\ As 
proposed, the backtesting requirement will require that the fund 
compare its actual gain or loss for each business day with the VaR the 
fund had calculated for that day, and identify as an exception any 
instance in which the fund experiences a loss exceeding the 
corresponding VaR calculation's estimated loss. In a modification from 
the proposal, the rule will permit a fund to perform this analysis on a 
weekly instead of a daily basis, comparing the fund's daily gain and 
loss to the estimated VaR for each business day in the week. This 
requirement is designed to require a fund to monitor the effectiveness 
of its VaR model.\212\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \211\ See rule 18f-4(c)(1)(iv).
    \212\ As we explained in the Proposing Release, if 10 or more 
exceptions are generated in a year from backtesting that is 
conducted using a 99% confidence level and over a one-day time 
horizon, and assuming 250 trading days in a year, it is 
statistically likely that such exceptions are a result of a VaR 
model that is not accurately estimating VaR. See, e.g., Philippe 
Jorion, Value at Risk: The New Benchmark for Managing Financial Risk 
(3d ed. 2006), at 149-150; see also rule 15c3-1e under the Exchange 
Act (requiring backtesting of VaR models and the use of a 
multiplication factor based on the number of backtesting 
exceptions).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters indicated general support for the backtesting 
requirement but provided mixed views regarding the frequency of 
backtesting.\213\ Several commenters noted that they currently use 
backtesting as an effective tool in their risk management 
framework.\214\ We continue to believe that backtesting is important 
for funds to monitor the effectiveness of their VaR models. The 
backtesting requirements we are adopting will assist a fund in 
confirming the appropriateness of its model and related assumptions and 
help identify when a fund should consider model adjustments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \213\ See, e.g., J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter 
I; Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \214\ See, e.g., J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; MFDF Comment Letter 
(observing that stress testing and backtesting are critical for the 
operation of the rule).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters, however, supported decreasing the frequency of 
backtesting from the proposed daily requirement. Some commenters 
supported a weekly requirement.\215\ Several other commenters supported 
a monthly requirement, with some of these commenters identifying 
compliance efficiencies that could result for advisers to UCITS funds, 
which conduct backtesting on a monthly basis.\216\ Commenters urging 
less frequent than daily backtesting stated that a less frequent 
backtesting requirement in the final rule would serve as a baseline, 
while permitting the derivatives risk manager to adjust the frequency 
based on the particular needs of the fund.\217\ In supporting weekly 
backtesting, one commenter stated that it would allow a retroactive 
comparison of the VaR measure for each business day without incurring 
the costs and burdens of daily testing.\218\ Several commenters went on 
to say that backtesting should be looked at on a longer time horizon so 
that the data is analyzed in the context of more than one day's 
results.\219\ Additionally, commenters stated that daily testing does 
not provide enough data on its own for model validation to allow a 
derivatives risk manager to adjust a fund's VaR model, and therefore 
the rule should incorporate a less-frequent backtesting 
requirement.\220\ For example, in order to alter a VaR model, some 
commenters stated that in addition to backtesting, the fund must 
consider market trends, risk factors assessed by the risk team, a 
formal review by the model risk governance committee and approval by a 
risk forum.\221\ In light of these critiques, commenters stated that 
the value of daily backtesting is not justified by the costs and 
burdens of implementing the requirement.\222\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \215\ Fidelity Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter.
    \216\ Dechert Comment Letter I; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; 
ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; see also CESR's 
Guidelines on Risk Measurement and the Calculation of Global 
Exposure and Counterparty Risk for UCITS (July 28, 2010) (``UCITS 
Guidelines'') Section 3.6.4, available at https://www.fsc.gi/uploads/legacy/download/ucits/CESR-10-788.pdf.
    \217\ Dechert Comment Letter I; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; 
SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \218\ PIMCO Comment Letter.
    \219\ PIMCO Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I (``VaR 
backtesting could provide more meaningful results if smoothed by a 
longer period of data points.'').
    \220\ Dechert Comment Letter I; J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; ICI 
Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter.
    \221\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
    \222\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; PIMCO Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In considering these comments, we agree that daily backtesting may 
not be necessary for funds to gather the information needed in order 
for a fund to readily and efficiently adjust or calibrate its VaR 
calculation model. We are therefore requiring funds to conduct 
backtesting on a weekly, rather than a daily, basis (taking into 
account the fund's gain and loss on each business day that occurred 
during the weekly backtesting period).\223\ This will ensure that funds 
collect backtesting data for each business day, while also providing 
funds with the added flexibility of only running the test weekly. We 
believe this requirement addresses commenters' concerns while still 
ensuring that funds gather necessary data for VaR data calibration and 
derivatives risk management and conduct backtesting analyses to analyze 
the VaR model's effectiveness at least weekly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \223\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1)(iv).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have not, however, revised the rule to provide for monthly 
backtesting as some commenters suggested. Although the costs of weekly 
backtesting will likely be marginally higher than the costs of less-
frequent backtesting, we believe that any additional costs associated 
with a weekly backtesting requirement will be limited because a fund 
will be required to calculate its portfolio VaR each business day to 
satisfy the limits on fund leverage risk.\224\ We believe the limited 
additional costs for weekly backtesting relative to monthly testing are 
justified by the benefits of providing more-recent information 
regarding the effectiveness of a fund's VaR model. We therefore are 
requiring weekly backtesting to provide derivatives risk managers more-
current information regarding the effectiveness of the fund's VaR 
model, in line with the requirement under the final rule for weekly 
stress testing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \224\ See infra section III.C.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the final rule, the derivatives risk manager may alter the 
frequency of backtesting, so long as the frequency is no less frequent 
than weekly.\225\ While backtesting may not provide the only 
information that a derivatives risk manager should take into account 
when adjusting a fund's VaR model, we believe it is an important tool 
for funds to use in validating and adjusting a fund's VaR model. The 
derivatives risk management program may incorporate additional elements 
that the derivatives risk manager may find important when assessing 
whether the fund's VaR model should be adjusted. Market trends, 
additional risk factors, formal reviews by a model risk governance 
committee, and approval by a risk forum may be factors that a 
derivatives risk manager

[[Page 83183]]

would choose to incorporate into the derivatives risk management 
program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \225\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1)(iv).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Internal Reporting and Escalation
    The final rule will require a fund's derivatives risk management 
program to address internal reporting and escalation. Specifically, the 
program must identify the circumstances under which persons responsible 
for portfolio management will be informed regarding the operation of 
the program, including guidelines exceedances and the results of the 
fund's stress testing.\226\ The final rule also specifies that a fund's 
derivatives risk manager must also directly inform the fund's board, as 
appropriate, of material risks arising from the fund's derivatives use, 
including risks that exceedances of the guidelines and results of the 
fund's stress tests indicate.\227\ We are adopting these requirements 
as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \226\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1)(v)(A).
    \227\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1)(v)(B). For example, an unexpected risk 
may arise due to a sudden market event, such as a downgrade of an 
investment bank that is a substantial derivatives counterparty to 
the fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The internal reporting and escalation requirements will require 
communication between a fund's risk management and portfolio management 
regarding the operation of the program. We continue to believe that 
these lines of communication are a key part of derivatives risk 
management.\228\ Providing portfolio managers with the insight of a 
fund's derivatives risk manager is designed to inform portfolio 
managers' execution of the fund's strategy and recognize that portfolio 
managers will generally be responsible for transactions that could 
mitigate or address derivatives risks as they arise. The rule also will 
require communication between a fund's derivatives risk manager and its 
board, as appropriate. We understand that funds today often have a 
dialogue between risk professionals and fund boards. Requiring a 
dialogue between a fund's derivatives risk manager and the fund's board 
provides the fund's board with key information to facilitate its 
oversight function.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \228\ See 2011 IDC Report, supra footnote 124.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    No commenters opposed the proposed requirements, and the Commission 
received one comment supporting the proposed internal reporting and 
escalation requirements. This commenter appreciated that the proposed 
rule for reporting and escalation requirements did not prescribe 
criteria or thresholds for discussion or escalation.\229\ We agree that 
the internal reporting and escalation program requirement should be 
principles-based. In light of the breadth of funds' differing 
strategies and the variety of ways in which we anticipate funds will 
manage their derivatives risks, we believe that funds should have 
flexibility when implementing this program requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \229\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter. But see Comment Letter of 
North American Securities Administrators Association, Inc. (Mar. 27, 
2020) (``NASAA Comment Letter'') (while not clearly addressing the 
escalation requirement, urging that the Commission require immediate 
board reporting when a fund ``exceeds the maximum [VaR] threshold 
during backtesting''). Because a fund is expected to experience a 
given number of backtesting exceedances, we do not believe it would 
be appropriate to require a derivatives risk manager to report every 
such exceedance to a fund's board. See also infra footnotes 282-283 
and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters requested clarification regarding what the 
particular standard for escalating material risks should be under the 
rule. While the rule requires the derivatives risk manager to inform 
portfolio managers in a timely manner of material risks arising from 
the fund's derivatives transactions, the derivatives risk manager has 
flexibility to inform the board about these material risks ``as 
appropriate.'' Some commenters urged the Commission to adopt backstops 
to ensure that funds do not set reporting and escalation standards too 
low, potentially leading to the escalation of day-to-day issues or 
over-reporting.\230\ One commenter stated that the derivatives risk 
manager should not have discretion regarding which material risks 
should be escalated to the board, and that all material risks should be 
escalated.\231\ Another commenter stated that the derivatives risk 
manager should determine escalation based on a good faith 
determination.\232\ Some commenters stated that exceedances should only 
be reported when they are material and not remediated promptly 
(suggesting within five business days) unless the results show material 
weaknesses.\233\ This commenter went on to state that the reporting and 
escalation requirements should be tailored based on the fund's size, 
sophistication, and needs.\234\ One commenter urged that that the 
Commission permit funds' boards to work with derivatives risk managers 
to establish policies and procedures outlining under what circumstances 
such risks should be communicated.\235\ Another commenter, while 
broadly supporting a derivatives risk manager's ability to communicate 
material risks directly to the board, similarly stated that the board 
should work together with the derivatives risk manager to define the 
circumstances under which the manager would communicate an issue to the 
fund board.\236\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \230\ CFA Comment Letter; ABA Comment Letter; J.P. Morgan 
Comment Letter.
    \231\ Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \232\ NYC Bar Comment Letter.
    \233\ SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \234\ Id.
    \235\ Dechert Comment Letter I.
    \236\ MFDF Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that the derivatives risk manager should 
have discretion to determine, as appropriate, when and what material 
risks escalated to the fund's portfolio management also should be 
escalated to the board of directors. We believe that a fund's 
derivatives risk manager is best positioned to determine when it is 
appropriate to inform the fund's portfolio management and board of 
material risks. The final rule provides flexibility for the derivatives 
risk manager to calibrate the escalation framework to suit the needs of 
the fund and to avoid the over-reporting concern some commenters 
identified. We agree that the escalation requirements for the fund 
should be tailored based on the fund's size, sophistication, and needs 
and believe that these would be appropriate factors for the derivatives 
risk manager to consider in establishing the fund's escalation 
requirements.\237\ In addition, the rule does not limit a board's 
ability to engage with the derivatives risk manager on the 
circumstances under which risks will be communicated to the board. This 
engagement may help a derivatives risk manager develop an understanding 
of risks that the board would find most salient, or important to raise 
outside of a regularly scheduled board meeting.\238\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \237\ See SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \238\ The final rule also requires a fund's derivatives risk 
manager to provide certain reports to the fund's board at a 
frequency determined by the board. Rule 18f-4(c)(3)(iii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

f. Periodic Review of the Program
    The final rule requires a fund's derivatives risk manager to review 
the program at least annually to evaluate the program's effectiveness 
and to reflect changes in the fund's derivatives risks over time.\239\ 
The review applies to the overall program, including each of the 
specific program elements discussed above. The periodic review must 
include a review of the fund's VaR calculation model and any designated 
reference portfolio to evaluate whether it remains appropriate. We did 
not receive any comments on this requirement and are adopting it as 
proposed apart from conforming

[[Page 83184]]

changes to reflect modifications to the final rule's relative VaR test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \239\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1)(vi).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that the periodic review of a fund's program 
and VaR calculation model is necessary to determine whether the fund is 
appropriately addressing its derivatives risks. A fund's derivatives 
risk manager, as a result of the review, could determine whether the 
fund should update its program, its VaR calculation model, or any 
designated reference portfolio.\240\ The rule does not prescribe review 
procedures or incorporate specific developments that a derivatives risk 
manager must consider as part of its review. We believe a derivatives 
risk manager generally should implement periodic review procedures for 
evaluating regulatory, market-wide, and fund-specific developments 
affecting the fund's program so that it is well positioned to evaluate 
the program's effectiveness.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \240\ The periodic review requirement applies to a fund's 
designated reference portfolio, rather than a designated reference 
index as proposed, because the final rule permits a fund to use 
either a designated index or its securities portfolio as the fund's 
reference portfolio for the relative VaR test, subject to 
conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that a fund should conduct this review on at least an 
annual basis, because derivatives and fund leverage risks, and the 
means by which funds evaluate such risks, can change. The rule requires 
at least an annual review so that there would be a recurring dialogue 
between a fund's derivatives risk manager and its board regarding the 
implementation of the program and its effectiveness. This frequency 
also mirrors the minimum period in which the fund's derivatives risk 
manager would be required to provide a written report on the 
effectiveness of the program to the board. A fund's derivatives risk 
manager could, however, determine that more frequent reviews are 
appropriate based on the fund's particular derivatives risks, the 
fund's policies and procedures implementing the program, market 
conditions, or other facts and circumstances.\241\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \241\ See also rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iii)(A) (requiring, for a fund 
that is not in compliance with the applicable VaR test within five 
business days, the derivatives risk manager to report to the fund's 
board of directors and explain how and by when (i.e., number of 
business days) the derivatives risk manager reasonably expects that 
the fund will come back into compliance).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Board Oversight and Reporting

    The final rule will require: (1) A fund's board of directors to 
approve the designation of the fund's derivatives risk manager; and (2) 
the derivatives risk manager to provide regular written reports to the 
board regarding the program's implementation and effectiveness, and 
analyzing exceedances of the fund's guidelines and the results of the 
fund's stress testing.\242\ We are adopting these requirements with 
some modifications from the proposal, as we describe in more detail 
below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \242\ Rule 18f-4(c)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule's requirements regarding board oversight and 
reporting are designed to further facilitate the board's oversight of 
the fund's derivatives risk management. We believe that directors 
should understand the program and the derivatives risks it is designed 
to manage as well as participate in determining who should administer 
the program. They also should ask questions and seek relevant 
information regarding the adequacy of the program and the effectiveness 
of its implementation. Therefore, we believe that the board should 
inquire about material risks arising from the fund's derivatives 
transactions and follow up regarding the steps the fund has taken to 
address such risks and any change in those risks over time. To 
facilitate the board's oversight, the rule will require the fund's 
derivatives risk manager to provide reports to the board.
    The Commission received many comments, as discussed throughout this 
section, regarding the role of the board in overseeing a fund's 
derivatives risk management program. In addition to the comments on the 
specific requirements of the rule regarding board approval of the 
derivatives risk manager and regarding board reports, the Commission 
received comments regarding the role of the board more broadly. 
Specifically, commenters requested that the Commission provide guidance 
reiterating that the board's role is one of oversight and that the 
board members may exercise their reasonable business judgment in 
overseeing a fund's program.\243\ We believe the role of the board 
under the rule is one of general oversight, and consistent with that 
obligation, we expect that directors will exercise their reasonable 
business judgment in overseeing the program on behalf of the fund's 
investors.\244\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \243\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; Invesco Comment 
Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; MFDF Comment Letter; ICI 
Comment Letter. Commenters discussed the board's role under other of 
the Commission's rules--in particular, rule 22e-4 and rule 38a-1--in 
making observations and suggestions about the board's oversight role 
in the context of funds' derivatives risk management. See SIFMA AMG 
Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment 
Letter.
    Commenters also requested that the Commission clarify that the 
board's role does not exceed standards under state law, standards in 
Release 10666, rule 22e-4, and rule 38a-1. See Dechert Comment 
Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \244\ See Investment Company Liquidity Risk Management Programs, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 32315 (Oct. 13, 2016) [81 FR 
82142 (Nov. 18, 2016)], at section III.H.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that the board should view oversight as an 
iterative process. Several commenters expressed concern over the use of 
the word ``iterative'' when describing the oversight role of the 
board.\245\ These commenters suggested that this word implies that the 
Commission expects the board to act in a management capacity, similar 
to the derivatives risk manager. The use of the word ``iterative'' is 
not intended to imply that the board is responsible for the day-to-day 
management of the fund's derivatives risk, but is instead intended to 
clarify that the board's oversight role requires regular engagement 
with the derivatives risk management program rather than a one-time 
assessment. We continue to believe that the board's role should be an 
active one that involves inquiry into material risks arising from the 
fund's derivatives transactions and follow-up regarding the steps the 
fund has taken to address such risks, including as those risks may 
change over time. Effective board oversight depends on the board 
receiving sufficient information on a regular basis to remain abreast 
of the specific derivatives risks that the fund faces. Boards should 
request follow-up information when appropriate and take reasonable 
steps to see that matters identified are addressed. Whether a board 
requests follow-up information, however, will depend on the facts and 
circumstances. As one commenter noted, ``[d]epending on the 
circumstances, regular follow-up may or may not be necessary, as the 
reports provided to the board may already contain sufficient 
information, or the matter may have been resolved.'' \246\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \245\ ICI Comment Letter; IDC Comment Letter; Capital Group 
Comment Letter.
    \246\ IDC Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fund's board also will be responsible for overseeing a fund's 
compliance with rule 18f-4. Rule 38a-1 under the Investment Company Act 
requires a fund's board, including a majority of its independent 
directors, to approve policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
prevent violation of the federal securities laws by the fund and its 
service providers.\247\ Rule 38a-

[[Page 83185]]

1 provides for oversight of compliance by the fund's adviser and other 
service providers through which the fund conducts its activities. Rule 
38a-1 would encompass a fund's compliance obligations with respect to 
rule 18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \247\ See rule 38a-1 under the Investment Company Act; 
Compliance Programs of Investment Companies and Investment Advisers, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 26299 (Dec. 17, 2003) [68 FR 
74714 (Dec. 24, 2003)] (``Compliance Program Release'') (discussing 
the adoption and implementation of policies and procedures required 
under rule 38a-1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Board Approval of the Derivatives Risk Manager
    The rule requires a fund's board, including a majority of directors 
who are not interested persons of the fund, to approve the designation 
of the fund's derivatives risk manager.\248\ We are adopting this 
provision with one modification from the proposal, as discussed 
below.\249\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \248\ Rule 18f-4(c)(3)(i).
    \249\ Proposed rule 18f-4(c)(5)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters expressed concern regarding the role of the board 
in selecting the derivatives risk manager. Several commenters stated 
that the fund's adviser--and not its board--should select the 
derivatives risk manager.\250\ Similarly, some commenters stated that 
requiring the board to select the derivatives risk manager is a 
management function that should be outside the scope of board 
responsibilities.\251\ Commenters stated that the selection process for 
approving a specific person or persons to serve as the derivatives risk 
manager would be unduly burdensome for the board.\252\ On the other 
hand, one commenter stated that the proposed approval requirement was 
among several responsible measures in the proposal, but expressed 
concern that the proposal would not ensure appropriate independence of 
the derivatives risk manager.\253\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \250\ Dechert Comment Letter I; MFDF Comment Letter; T. Rowe 
Price Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; ABA Comment Letter.
    \251\ IDC Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter.
    \252\ Dechert Comment Letter I; IDC Comment Letter.
    \253\ Better Markets Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that requiring the board to designate the 
derivatives risk manager is important to establish the foundation for 
an effective relationship and line of communication between a fund's 
board and its derivatives risk manager.\254\ While the derivatives risk 
manager is responsible for administering the fund's derivatives risk 
management program, we believe it is important that the board, in its 
oversight role, remains engaged with the program by designating a 
qualified derivatives risk manager who will have a direct reporting 
line to the board. We believe that a fund's board, in its oversight 
role, is well-positioned to consider a prospective derivatives risk 
manager based on all the facts and circumstances relevant to the fund 
in considering whether to approve the derivatives risk manager's 
designation, including the derivatives risks particular to the fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \254\ Cf. rules 22e-4 and 38a-1 under the Investment Company 
Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to commenters who suggested that the adviser to the 
fund is in the best position to evaluate a candidate, we agree that the 
adviser could play a role in putting forward derivatives risk manager 
candidates for the board's consideration.\255\ The final rule requires 
that the board approve the designation of the fund's derivatives risk 
manager but does not preclude the adviser from participating in the 
selection process. We anticipate that boards generally would request 
that the adviser carry out due diligence on appropriate candidates and 
articulate the qualifications of the candidate(s) that the adviser puts 
forward to the board.\256\ The adviser to the fund could, for example, 
nominate potential candidates, review resumes, conduct initial 
interviews, and articulate the adviser's view of the candidate. We 
acknowledge that the selection of the derivatives risk manager has 
attendant burdens, but nevertheless think it appropriate that the final 
rule require the board to exercise oversight by designating the 
derivatives risk manager.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \255\ MFDF Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; see 
also supra section II.B.1 (discussing the selection of the 
derivatives risk manager).
    \256\ See J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; 
MFDF Comment Letter; ABA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comments on the proposed requirement that the fund's board consider 
relevant experience in managing derivatives risk when selecting the 
derivatives risk manager were mixed. Some commenters expressed support 
for this proposed requirement.\257\ In contrast, several commenters 
stated that the board should not be required to take into account the 
relevant experience of managing derivatives risk.\258\ One commenter 
stated that if the board is responsible for selecting the derivatives 
risk manager, the board should have flexibility in determining what 
experience it believes is relevant.\259\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \257\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; NYC Bar Comment Letter.
    \258\ Dechert Comment Letter I; Fidelity Comment Letter; ICI 
Comment Letter; IDC Comment Letter.
    \259\ MFDF Comment Letter. Some commenters also requested 
additional clarity about what experience would be considered 
``relevant'' in the context of selecting a derivatives risk manager. 
See supra paragraph accompanying footnotes 157-158.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, we are removing the specific 
requirement in the proposal that the fund's board ``tak[e] into account 
the derivatives risk manager's relevant experience regarding the 
management of derivatives risk'' when approving the designation of the 
derivatives risk manager. The definition of ``derivatives risk 
manager'' requires the person fulfilling the role to have ``relevant 
experience regarding the management of derivatives risk.'' \260\ We 
believe that a fund board's consideration of a candidate to serve as a 
derivatives risk manager necessarily would take into account the 
candidate's experience, among all other relevant factors, and that a 
specific requirement in the final rule requiring the board to take the 
candidate's experience into account is unnecessary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \260\ Rule 18f-4(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Board Reporting
    The rule will require the derivatives risk manager to provide a 
written report on the effectiveness of the program to the board at 
least annually and also to provide regular written reports at a 
frequency determined by the board.\261\ This requirement is designed to 
facilitate the board's oversight role, including its role under rule 
38a-1.\262\ As discussed below, we are adopting these reporting 
obligations with some modifications from the proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \261\ Rule 18f-4(c)(3)(ii) and (iii).
    \262\ See Compliance Program Release, supra footnote 247, at 
n.33 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission received many comments regarding the type and amount 
of information that is required to be submitted to boards under the 
board reporting obligations. Specifically, commenters stated their 
concern that the amount of information that the derivatives risk 
manager would submit to the board under the proposal may shift the 
board's role from one of oversight to day-to-day risk management.\263\ 
Some commenters similarly stated their concern that the proposed rule 
suggests that board members should have a more substantive knowledge of 
derivatives risks than is reasonable to expect for board members 
serving in an oversight capacity.\264\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \263\ Dechert Comment Letter I; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; 
MFDF Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
ABA Comment Letter.
    \264\ ICI Comment Letter; ProShares Comment Letter; ABA Comment 
Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We agree with commenters that the board's role is distinct from 
that of the derivatives risk manager and is not one that requires the 
board to be involved in the day-to-day management of the fund. It is 
the derivatives risk manager, not the board, that is responsible for 
having

[[Page 83186]]

sufficient derivatives experience to administer the derivatives risk 
management program. The final rule does not place day-to-day 
responsibility for the fund's derivatives risk management on a fund's 
board. Board oversight should not, however, be a passive activity. We 
continue to believe that the board reporting requirements, discussed 
below, are important to facilitate the board's oversight role. In order 
for the board members to fulfil their oversight role--and in light of 
the fact that funds required to establish a program use derivatives 
more extensively--we believe that it is critically important for a 
board to be informed of certain derivatives risks faced by the fund. 
Consistent with that view, we believe that directors should understand 
the program and the derivatives risks it is designed to manage. They 
also should ask questions and seek relevant information regarding the 
adequacy of the program and the effectiveness of its implementation. 
The board reporting requirements are designed to equip board members 
with the information they need to provide effective oversight, 
including their oversight responsibilities under rule 38a-1.
Reporting on Program Implementation and Effectiveness
    The rule will require a fund's derivatives risk manager to provide 
to the fund's board, on or before the implementation of the program and 
at least annually thereafter, a written report providing a 
representation that the program is reasonably designed to manage the 
fund's derivatives risks and to incorporate the required elements of 
the program.\265\ The report must include the basis for the derivatives 
risk manager's representation along with such information as may be 
reasonably necessary to evaluate the adequacy of the fund's program and 
the effectiveness of its implementation. The representation may be 
based on the derivatives risk manager's reasonable belief after due 
inquiry. A derivatives risk manager, for example, could form its 
reasonable belief based on an assessment of the program and taking into 
account input from fund personnel, including the fund's portfolio 
management, or data that third parties provide. Additionally, the 
written report must include, as applicable, the fund's derivatives risk 
manager's basis for the approval of the designated reference portfolio 
(or any change in the designated reference portfolio) used under the 
relative VaR test; or an explanation of the basis for the derivatives 
risk manager's determination that a designated reference portfolio 
would not provide an appropriate reference portfolio for purposes of 
the relative VaR test such that the fund relied on the absolute VaR 
test instead.\266\ These requirements are designed to provide a fund's 
board with information about the effectiveness and implementation of 
the program so that the board may appropriately exercise its oversight 
responsibilities, including its role under rule 38a-1. We are adopting 
these requirements substantially as proposed, with some modifications 
as discussed below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \265\ Rule 18f-4(c)(3)(ii).
    \266\ See infra section II.D.2.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally supported the derivatives risk manager 
providing to the fund's board, on or before implementation of the 
program, and at least annually thereafter, an annual report regarding 
the program's design.\267\ One commenter specifically supported the 
requirement that the derivatives risk manager determine whether the 
program is operating effectively.\268\ Several commenters, however, 
suggested modifications to this proposed reporting requirement, 
expressing concern about the requirement for the derivatives risk 
manager to make affirmative representations regarding the program due 
to the burden this would impose.\269\ For example, one commenter stated 
that the reporting requirement should be replaced by a written report, 
provided at least annually, that addresses operations, adequacy and 
effectiveness of implementation, and discloses any material changes to 
the program.\270\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \267\ See, e.g., J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
Invesco Comment Letter.
    \268\ MFDF Comment Letter.
    \269\ Dechert Comment Letter I; Invesco Comment Letter; T. Rowe 
Price Comment Letter; MFDF Comment Letter.
    \270\ Invesco Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that a derivatives risk manager's 
affirmative representation that the program is reasonably designed to 
manage the fund's derivatives risks, incorporating each of the program 
elements that rule 18f-4 requires, is appropriate to provide the board 
with the information they need to understand the effectiveness and 
content of the derivatives risk program. The final rule includes this 
requirement--rather than a requirement that the board approve the 
derivatives risk management program, for example--because we believe 
that the derivatives risk manager, rather than the board, is best 
positioned to make the determinations underlying the affirmative 
representations. Requiring the derivatives risk manager to include the 
information in a board report will also reinforce that the fund and its 
adviser are responsible for derivatives risk management while the 
board's responsibility is to oversee this activity.\271\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \271\ One commenter stated that the rule should not require or 
suggest through an affirmative representation obligation that the 
derivatives risk manager is certifying or guaranteeing the 
effectiveness of a fund's program to manage derivatives risks, even 
if subject to a reasonableness standard and based upon due inquiry. 
See Invesco Comment Letter. The rule does not require or suggest any 
such certification or guarantee.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter expressed concern regarding the requirement that the 
board report include ``such information as may be reasonably necessary 
to evaluate the adequacy of the fund's program and the effectiveness of 
its implementation.'' \272\ The commenter supported the rule not 
requiring the board to make these specific findings and was concerned 
that this reporting requirement could imply a board obligation to make 
the findings. This reporting requirement applies to the content of the 
board reports and is designed to facilitate the board's oversight role, 
including its role under rule 38a-1. This requirement does not imply 
any obligation for a board to make any particular findings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \272\ MFDF Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter who supported the proposed requirement that the 
written report provide the basis for the derivatives risk manager's 
selection of the designated index also suggested that the board report 
include the basis for any change in the index.\273\ We agree that the 
basis for a change in a designated reference portfolio that the fund 
uses in complying with the relative VaR test may be just as important 
to understanding the operation of the relative VaR test as the basis 
for a designated reference portfolio's initial approval.\274\ 
Accordingly, in a clarifying change from the proposal, the derivatives 
risk manager will also be required to include in the report the basis 
for any change in the designated reference portfolio as well as the 
basis for the approval of a designated

[[Page 83187]]

reference portfolio.\275\ The derivatives risk manager's approval of a 
particular designated reference portfolio or approval of a change in 
that portfolio, or a determination that a designated reference 
portfolio would not provide an appropriate reference portfolio for 
purposes of the relative VaR test, can affect the amount of leverage 
risk a fund may obtain under the final rule. We therefore believe it is 
important that a fund's board have sufficient information to oversee 
this aspect of the fund's derivatives risk management.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \273\ Invesco Comment Letter; see also infra footnote 319 
(discussing the use of the proposed term ``designated reference 
index'' and the final rule's definition of ``designated index,'' and 
stating that, for consistency with the final rule, we discuss 
comments received about the designated reference index as comments 
about the designated index).
    \274\ This could include either a change from one designated 
index to another, or a determination to change from using a 
designated index to using the fund's own securities portfolio in 
complying with the relative VaR test (or, vice versa, a change from 
using the fund's securities portfolio to using a designated index). 
See infra section II.D.2.b.
    \275\ The final rule also refers to a fund's designated 
reference portfolio, rather than its designated reference index as 
proposed, because the final rule permits a fund to use either a 
designated index or its securities portfolio as the fund's reference 
portfolio for the relative VaR test, subject to conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Regular Board Reporting
    The rule requires a fund's derivatives risk manager to provide to 
the fund's board, at a frequency determined by the board, written 
reports analyzing exceedances of the fund's risk guidelines and the 
results of the fund's stress tests and backtesting.\276\ These reports 
must include information reasonably necessary for the board to evaluate 
the fund's response to exceedances and the results of the fund's stress 
testing. We are adopting this provision with some modification from the 
proposal, as discussed below. Requiring the derivatives risk manager to 
provide information about how the fund performed relative to these 
measures and at a board-determined frequency is designed to provide the 
board with timely information to facilitate its oversight of the fund 
and the operation of the program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \276\ Rule 18f-4(c)(3)(iii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission received several comments expressing general support 
for the proposed requirement that the derivatives risk manager provide 
regular reports to the board.\277\ Commenters expressed concerns, 
however, regarding both the frequency of board reporting and the detail 
required to be included in each report. Specifically, one commenter 
stated that the Commission's rules should require only an annual report 
and allow the board and the derivatives risk manager to determine the 
content and format of the report.\278\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \277\ See e.g. J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
Invesco Comment Letter; MFDF Comment Letter.
    \278\ ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are adopting as proposed the requirement that the derivatives 
risk manager provide reports to the board at a frequency determined by 
the board. This aspect of the rule will provide the board with 
discretion in setting the frequency of reporting. We believe it is 
important that the board determines for itself how frequently it will 
receive these reports. This flexibility will permit boards to tailor 
their oversight to funds' particular facts and circumstances. We also 
understand that many fund advisers today provide regular reports to 
fund boards, often in connection with quarterly board meetings, 
regarding a fund's use of derivatives and their effects on a fund's 
portfolio, among other information.
    Commenters expressed concern regarding the amount of detail that 
should be included in board reports, with many requesting clarification 
that the regular board reporting include summaries of guidelines 
exceedances, stress testing, and backtesting (as opposed to a greater 
degree of detail). For example, one commenter noted that receiving the 
results of stress testing and backtesting in summary form are 
``critical for the operation of the rule.'' \279\ Several commenters 
suggested the board reports provide executive summaries.\280\ 
Commenters stated that executive summaries would ensure that boards are 
not overly inundated with details and technical determinations.\281\ 
Some commenters specifically supported a rule that does not require 
every stress testing or backtesting exceedance be reported to the 
board, preferring the use of summaries instead.\282\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \279\ MFDF Comment Letter.
    \280\ Dechert Comment Letter I; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; 
ICI Comment Letter; IDC Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment 
Letter.
    \281\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter.
    \282\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; 
ICI Comment Letter; IDC Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment 
Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In a change from the proposal, and to clarify the scope of this 
reporting obligation in the rule in response to commenters' concerns, 
the rule we are adopting does not specify the board must receive a 
report of ``any'' exceedances of the risk guidelines.\283\ This change 
is designed to clarify that the derivatives risk manager need not 
report every single exceedance to the board. Instead, the reports to 
the board must include an analysis of exceedances that occurred during 
the period covered by the report, as well as stress testing and 
backtesting conducted during the period. The written report reflecting 
this analysis could be in summary form, rather than an itemization of 
each exceedance, stress test, or backtest exception. As the Commission 
stated in the Proposing Release, and as clarified by our changes in the 
final rule, a simple listing of exceedances and stress testing and 
backtesting results without context, in contrast to an analysis of 
these matters, would provide less useful information for a fund's board 
and would not satisfy the requirement that the reports include such 
information as may be reasonably necessary for the board of directors 
to evaluate the fund's response to exceedances and the results of the 
fund's stress testing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \283\ See rule 18f-4(c)(3)(iii); see also proposed rule 18f-
4(c)(5)(iii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Limit on Fund Leverage Risk

    Consistent with the proposal, the final rule will generally require 
funds relying on the rule when engaging in derivatives transactions to 
comply with a VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk.\284\ This outer 
limit is based on a relative VaR test that compares the fund's VaR to 
the VaR of a ``designated reference portfolio.'' A fund can use an 
index that meets certain requirements or its own investments, excluding 
derivatives transactions, as its designated reference portfolio. If the 
fund's derivatives risk manager reasonably determines that a designated 
reference portfolio would not provide an appropriate reference 
portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test, the fund will be 
required to comply with an absolute VaR test.\285\ A fund will satisfy 
the relative VaR test if its portfolio VaR does not exceed 200% of the 
VaR of its designated reference portfolio and will satisfy the absolute 
VaR test if its portfolio VaR does not exceed 20% of the value of the 
fund's net assets. The final rule also provides relative and absolute 
VaR limits of 250% and 25%, respectively, for closed-end funds that 
have issued to investors and have outstanding shares of a senior 
security that is a stock.\286\ We discuss each aspect of the limit on 
fund leverage risk below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \284\ See rule 18f-4(c)(2); see also proposed rule 18f-4(c)(2).
    \285\ The final rule provides an exception from the rule's VaR 
test for limited derivatives users. See infra section II.E. In a 
change from the proposal, the final rule does not provide an 
exception for funds that met the proposed sales practices rule's 
definition of a leveraged/inverse investment vehicle. See infra 
section II.F.
    \286\ In this release, we refer to shares of a class of senior 
security that is a stock as ``preferred stock.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Use of VaR
    VaR is an estimate of an instrument's or portfolio's potential 
losses over a given time horizon and at a specified confidence level. 
VaR will not provide, and is not intended to provide, an estimate of an 
instrument's or portfolio's maximum loss amount. For example, if a 
fund's VaR calculated at a 99% confidence level was $100, this means

[[Page 83188]]

the fund's VaR model estimates that, 99% of the time, the fund would 
not be expected to lose more than $100. However, 1% of the time, the 
fund would be expected to lose more than $100, and VaR does not 
estimate the extent of this loss.
    Many commenters expressed support for the use of VaR as the rule's 
means of providing an outside limit on fund leverage risk.\287\ 
Commenters identified benefits of using VaR in the rule, including many 
of the benefits the Commission identified in the Proposing 
Release.\288\ For example, commenters observed that VaR enables risk to 
be measured in a reasonably comparable and consistent manner across 
diverse types of instruments and provides an adequate overall 
indication of market risk.\289\ One commenter highlighted VaR as an 
analytic metric with broad utilization across the financial services 
sector.\290\ Others stated more generally that VaR is time tested and a 
familiar risk-analytics tool.\291\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \287\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Fidelity Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Franklin Resources, Inc. 
(Apr. 23, 2020) (``Franklin Comment Letter''); J.P. Morgan Comment 
Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Comment Letter of the Managed 
Funds Association and Alternative Investment Management Association 
(Apr. 30, 2020) (``MFA Comment Letter''); Comment Letter of Eaton 
Vance Corp. (May 1, 2020) (``Eaton Vance Comment Letter''); Putnam 
Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter.
    \288\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section II.D.1 
for a discussion of the benefits of VaR in the context of proposed 
rule 18f-4.
    \289\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \290\ See Franklin Comment Letter.
    \291\ See Franklin Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter; 
Chamber Comment Letter. As the Commission observed in the Proposing 
Release, VaR calculation tools are widely available, and many 
advisers that enter into derivatives transactions--and particularly 
those that would not qualify as limited derivatives users--already 
use risk management or portfolio management platforms that include 
VaR capability. See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at nn.180-
181 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission recognized in the Proposing Release that VaR is not 
itself a leverage measure.\292\ But a VaR test, and especially one that 
compares a fund's VaR to an unleveraged reference portfolio that 
reflects the markets or asset classes in which the fund invests, can be 
used to analyze whether a fund is using derivatives transactions to 
leverage the fund's portfolio, magnifying its potential for losses and 
significant payment obligations of fund assets to derivatives 
counterparties. At the same time, VaR tests can also be used to analyze 
whether a fund is using derivatives with effects other than leveraging 
the fund's portfolio that may be less likely to raise the concerns 
underlying section 18. For example, fixed-income funds use a range of 
derivatives instruments, including credit default swaps, interest rate 
swaps, swaptions, futures, and currency forwards. These funds often use 
these derivatives in part to seek to mitigate the risks associated with 
a fund's bond investments or to achieve particular risk targets, such 
as a specified duration. If a fund were using derivatives extensively, 
but had either a low VaR or a VaR that did not substantially exceed the 
VaR of an appropriate benchmark, this would indicate that the fund's 
derivatives were not substantially leveraging the fund's portfolio. One 
commenter similarly stated that VaR provides helpful information on 
whether a fund is using derivatives transactions to leverage its 
portfolio and can be used to analyze whether a fund is using 
derivatives for other purposes, like hedging its portfolio 
investments.\293\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \292\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.D.1.
    \293\ See ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While we believe there are significant benefits to using a VaR-
based limit on fund leverage risk, we recognize, and the Commission 
discussed in the Proposing Release, risk literature critiques of VaR 
(especially since the 2007-2009 financial crisis).\294\ Commenters 
highlighted concerns with one common critique of VaR: That it does not 
reflect the size of losses that may occur on the trading days during 
which the greatest losses occur--sometimes referred to as ``tail 
risks.'' \295\ A related critique is that VaR calculations may 
underestimate the risk of loss under stressed market conditions.\296\ 
These critiques often arise in the context of discussing risk managers' 
use of additional risk tools to address VaR's shortcomings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \294\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at nn.182-187 and 
accompanying paragraph; Chris Downing, Ananth Madhavan, Alex Ulitsky 
& Ajit Singh, Portfolio Construction and Tail Risk, 42 The Journal 
of Portfolio Management 1, 85-102 (Fall 2015), available at https://jpm.iijournals.com/content/42/1/85 (``for especially fat-tailed 
return distributions the VaR threshold value might appear to be low, 
but the actual amount of value at risk is high because VaR does not 
measure the mass of distribution beyond the threshold value'').
    \295\ See, e.g., Better Markets Comment Letter; CFA Comment 
Letter; Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.182 and 
accompanying text.
    With respect to VaR, the ``tail'' refers to the observations in 
a probability distribution curve that are outside the specified 
confidence level. ``Tail risk'' describes the concern that losses 
outside the confidence level may be extreme.
    \296\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.183 and 
accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that tests based on VaR are appropriate 
means to limit fund leverage risk as part of rule 18f-4. As the 
Commission explained in the Proposing Release, the VaR tests in rule 
18f-4 are designed to provide a metric that can help assess the extent 
to which a fund's derivatives transactions raise concerns underlying 
section 18, but we do not believe they should be the sole component of 
a derivatives risk management program.\297\ We do not intend to 
encourage risk managers to over-rely on VaR as a stand-alone risk 
management tool.\298\ Instead, the final rule requires a fund to 
establish risk guidelines and to stress test its portfolio as part of 
its derivatives risk management program in part because of concerns 
that VaR as a risk management tool may not adequately reflect tail 
risks. A fund that adopts a derivatives risk management program under 
the rule also will have to consider other risks that VaR does not 
capture (such as counterparty risk and liquidity risk) as part of its 
derivatives risk management program.\299\ We believe that the final 
rule's derivatives risk management program provides an effective 
complement to the VaR tests and, in particular, that the stress testing 
component of the program will require funds to evaluate the ``tail 
risks'' that VaR by its nature does not capture. A fund's compliance 
with its VaR test would satisfy the final rule's outside limit on fund 
leverage risk but is not a substitute for an effective derivatives risk 
management program. A fund's derivatives risk management program is 
designed to complement the applicable VaR test as well as the fund's 
other risk management activities, such as compliance with rule 22e-4 
for funds subject to that rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \297\ See supra section II.B.2.
    \298\ See, e.g., James O'Brien & Pawel J. Szerszen, An 
Evaluation of Bank VaR Measures for Market Risk During and Before 
the Financial Crisis, Federal Reserve Board Staff Working Paper 
2014-21 (Mar. 7, 2014), available at https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2014/201421/201421pap.pdf (``Criticism of banks' VaR 
measures became vociferous during the financial crisis as the banks' 
risk measures appeared to give little forewarning of the loss 
potential and the high frequency and level of realized losses during 
the crisis period.''); see also Pablo Triana, VaR: The Number That 
Killed Us, Futures Magazine (Dec. 1, 2010), available at http://www.futuresmag.com/2010/11/30/var-number-killed-us (stating that 
``in mid-2007, the VaR of the big Wall Street firms was relatively 
quite low, reflecting the fact that the immediate past had been 
dominated by uninterrupted good times and negligible volatility'').
    \299\ One commenter similarly stated that the VaR tests will be 
particularly beneficial when used in conjunction with elements of 
the derivatives risk management program, including stress testing, 
backtesting, and risk guidelines. See BlackRock Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also recognize that there are circumstances where VaR tests may 
potentially under- or overstate a

[[Page 83189]]

particular fund's leverage risk, which may be particularly restrictive 
for certain funds in idiosyncratic circumstances.\300\ A fund that 
believes an alternative means of estimating and limiting its leverage 
risk would be more effective in accomplishing the Commission's stated 
goals in adopting the final rule given these idiosyncratic 
circumstances, including addressing the concerns underlying section 18, 
may raise such issues via the exemptive application process. The 
exemptive application process would allow the Commission to consider, 
for example, the details of the fund's derivatives risk management 
program; the particular circumstances under which the fund believes the 
final rule's VaR tests may under- or overstate the fund's leverage 
risk; and alternate means of appropriately limiting that leverage risk 
under such circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \300\ See, e.g., Gary Strumeyer, The Capital Markets: Evolution 
of the Financial Ecosystem (2017), at 100.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters suggested alternatives to the proposed VaR test 
in light of the fact that VaR does not measure ``tail'' risks. One 
commenter stated that using VaR as the means of limiting fund leverage 
risk may create incentives for fund managers to take excessive risks by 
engaging in derivatives strategies that are ``extremely risky under 
certain conditions but [the conditions are] highly unlikely to occur.'' 
\301\ A few commenters suggested requiring funds to measure expected 
shortfall or stressed VaR, in addition to complying with the applicable 
proposed VaR-based tests, to address this incentive.\302\ Although we 
are not adopting a requirement that funds use stressed VaR or expected 
shortfall, funds may incorporate these methodologies into their 
derivatives risk management programs. Stressed VaR refers to a VaR 
model that is calibrated to a period of market stress. A stressed VaR 
approach would address some of the VaR test critiques related to tail 
risk and underestimating expected losses during stressed conditions. 
Calibrating VaR to a period of market stress, however, can pose 
quantitative challenges by requiring funds to identify a stress period 
with a full set of risk factors for which historical data is available. 
We believe that the stress testing required as part of a fund's 
derivatives risk management program provides an effective means to 
analyze stressed market conditions without raising the quantitative 
challenges that would apply if the final rule were to require VaR tests 
that incorporate stressed VaR calculations that the fund conducts each 
trading day.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \301\ See CFA Comment Letter.
    \302\ See Better Markets Comment Letter; CFA Comment Letter; see 
also infra paragraphs between text accompanying footnotes 300 and 
303 (discussing expected shortfall and stressed VaR).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Expected shortfall analysis is similar to VaR, but accounts for 
tail risk by taking the average of the potential losses beyond the 
specified confidence level. For example, if a fund's VaR at a 99% 
confidence level is $100, the fund's expected shortfall would be the 
average of the potential losses in the 1% ``tail,'' which are the 
losses that exceed $100. Because there are fewer observations in the 
tail, however, there is an inherent difficulty in estimating the 
distribution of larger losses. As a result, expected shortfall analysis 
generally is more sensitive to extreme outlier losses than VaR 
calculations because expected shortfall is based on an average of a 
small number of observations that are in the tail. This heightened 
sensitivity could be disruptive to a fund's portfolio management in the 
context of the final rule because it could result in large changes in a 
fund's expected shortfall as outlier losses enter and exit the 
observations that are in the tail or that are used to model the tail's 
distribution. For all of these reasons, we are adopting an outside 
limit on fund leverage risk using VaR, which is commonly used and does 
not present the same quantitative challenges associated with stressed 
VaR and expected shortfall, complemented by elements in the final 
rule's derivatives risk management program requirement designed to 
address VaR's limitations.
    In addition to concerns about tail risks, one commenter expressed 
support for limiting fund leverage risk by adopting an exposure-based 
limit that tracks the approach proposed by the Commission in 2015.\303\ 
This approach would limit the amount of a fund's derivatives use based 
on the derivatives' gross notional amounts. A limitation based on gross 
notional amounts would not differentiate between derivatives 
transactions that have the same notional amount, but whose underlying 
reference assets differ and entail potentially very different risks. A 
fund could have a high amount of gross notional exposure without a 
commensurately high level of risk. Many commenters opposed using a 
fund's gross notional amounts as a means of providing an outside limit 
on fund leverage risk.\304\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \303\ See CFA Comment Letter; see also 2015 Proposing Release, 
supra footnote 1.
    \304\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; T. 
Rowe Price Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment Letter; AQR Comment 
Letter I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, we continue to believe that a VaR-based 
approach is a better means of limiting fund leverage risk because, 
unlike notional amounts which do not measure risk or leverage, VaR 
enables risk to be measured in a reasonably comparable and consistent 
manner, as well as other benefits highlighted by the Commission and 
many commenters discussed above. We believe that the risk-based 
approach in the final rule, which relies on VaR, stress testing, and 
overall risk management, effectively will address concerns about fund 
leverage risk underlying section 18, while also allowing funds to 
continue to use derivatives for a variety of purposes. We recognize 
that an exposure-based approach can be useful, and that it can be a 
more straightforward calculation. The final rule includes such an 
approach as means of identifying limited derivatives users as discussed 
in section II.E below.
    In addition and as proposed, we are not adopting a general asset 
segregation requirement to complement the rule's VaR-based limit on 
fund leverage risk.\305\ The Commission and staff have historically 
taken the position that a fund may appropriately manage risks that 
section 18 is designed to address if the fund ``covers'' its 
obligations in connection with various transactions by maintaining 
``segregated accounts.'' \306\ Two commenters suggested that we add an 
asset segregation requirement to the final rule as a means of 
providing: (1) An additional limit on fund leverage risk with respect 
to a fund's use of derivatives transactions; and (2) a specific 
requirement that funds have adequate assets to cover derivatives-
related obligations.\307\ Many commenters, however, did not support an 
additional asset segregation requirement, and several of these 
commenters stated that an asset segregation regime may not be an 
effective means of addressing undue speculation concerns.\308\ For 
example, one commenter stated that, under the current asset segregation 
approach, a fund may obtain ``a significant degree of

[[Page 83190]]

leverage.'' \309\ Another commenter stated that disparate asset 
segregation practices may create potential adverse results and would 
not require funds to ``holistically assess and manage the several risks 
associated with derivatives transactions, including market and 
counterparty risks.'' \310\ One commenter stated that rather than an 
asset segregation requirement, a formalized risk management program is 
``foundational to any effective regulation'' and ``the key to curbing 
excessive borrowing and undue speculation.'' \311\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \305\ See infra sections II.H, II.I (discussing specific asset 
segregation comments received relating to reverse repurchase 
agreements and unfunded commitment agreements).
    \306\ See supra section I.B.2; see also Proposing Release, supra 
footnote 1, at section II.F. The Commission included an asset 
segregation requirement in the 2015 proposal. See 2015 Proposing 
Release, supra footnote 1, at section III.C.
    \307\ See Better Markets Comment Letter; CFA Comment Letter.
    \308\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I; J.P. Morgan Comment 
Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter.
    \309\ See J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \310\ See Invesco Comment Letter; see also PIMCO Comment Letter. 
The Commission similarly observed in the Proposing Release that 
funds' disparate practices under the current approach could create 
an un-level competitive landscape and make it difficult for funds 
and Commission staff to evaluate funds' compliance with section 18. 
See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section I.B.3. We 
continue to make these observations in this release. See supra 
footnote 7 and accompanying text.
    \311\ See AQR Comment Letter I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, we continue to believe that a general 
asset segregation requirement is not necessary in light of the final 
rule's requirements, including the requirements that funds must 
establish derivatives risk management programs and comply with the VaR-
based limit on fund leverage risk. A fund relying on rule 18f-4 will be 
required to adopt and implement a written derivatives risk management 
program that, among other things, will require the fund to: Identify 
and assess its derivatives risks; put in place guidelines to manage 
these risks; stress test the fund's portfolio at least weekly; and 
escalate material risks to the fund's portfolio managers and, as 
appropriate, the board of directors.\312\ These requirements are 
designed to require a fund to manage all of the risks associated with 
its derivatives transactions, including the risk that a fund may be 
required to sell its investments to generate cash to pay derivatives 
counterparties. Moreover, a fund's stress testing must specifically 
take into account the fund's payments to derivatives counterparties, 
and the rule's VaR-based limit on leverage risk is designed to limit a 
fund's leverage risk and therefore the potential for payments to 
derivatives counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \312\ Rule 18f-4(c)(1). Funds that rely on the limited 
derivatives user exception similarly would be required to manage the 
risks associated with their more limited use of derivatives. See 
infra section II.E.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Relative VaR Test
    The relative VaR test will require a fund to calculate the VaR of 
the fund's portfolio and compare it to the VaR of a ``designated 
reference portfolio.'' \313\ We are adopting the relative VaR test as 
proposed with certain modifications discussed below, including the 
modification to permit a fund to use as its reference portfolio for the 
VaR test either an index that meets certain requirements (a 
``designated index'') or the fund's own investments, excluding 
derivatives transactions (the fund's ``securities portfolio'').\314\ A 
fund's designated reference portfolio is designed to create a baseline 
VaR that functions as the VaR of a fund's unleveraged portfolio. To the 
extent a fund entered into derivatives to leverage its portfolio, the 
relative VaR test is designed to identify this leveraging effect. If a 
fund is using derivatives and its VaR exceeds that of the designated 
reference portfolio, this difference may be attributable to leverage 
risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \313\ See rule 18f-4(a) (defining the term ``relative VaR 
test'').
    \314\ See rule 18f 4(a) (defining the term ``relative VaR 
test,'' ``designated reference portfolio,'' and ``securities 
portfolio'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Relative VaR as the Default VaR Test
    The final rule, consistent with the proposal, uses the relative VaR 
test as the default test. Specifically, the final rule requires a fund 
to comply with the relative VaR test unless the fund's derivatives risk 
manager reasonably determines that a designated reference portfolio 
would not provide an appropriate reference portfolio for purposes of 
the relative VaR test, taking into account the fund's investments, 
investment objectives, and strategy.\315\ A fund that does not apply 
the relative VaR test must comply with the absolute VaR test.\316\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \315\ See rule 18f-4(c)(2).
    \316\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters recommended that the final rule not provide a 
relative VaR test as the default means of limiting fund leverage risk 
and instead permit a fund to choose to comply with either the relative 
VaR test or the absolute VaR test.\317\ Some of these commenters were 
concerned that a relative VaR test default would create ambiguity about 
the circumstances under which a fund appropriately could use the 
absolute VaR test.\318\ For example, some commenters stated that the 
proposal is unclear on what it means for a derivatives risk manager to 
be ``unable to identify'' an appropriate designated index, which could 
create compliance challenges or differing regulatory determinations for 
different funds.\319\ Some commenters similarly were concerned that 
this aspect of the proposed rule would raise questions for derivatives 
risk managers about their process of searching for potential indexes 
(e.g., the extent to which the derivatives risk manager would need to 
search for potentially appropriate indexes before determining that the 
fund would rely on the absolute VaR test).\320\ Some commenters stated 
that either the relative or the absolute VaR tests would protect 
investors.\321\ Other commenters did not object to the proposed rule's 
relative VaR test default but urged that the Commission provide 
additional clarity regarding the kinds of funds that appropriately 
would rely on the absolute VaR test under the rule.\322\ For example, 
commenters identified various fund strategies for which they believed 
the absolute VaR test should be appropriate under the final rule, 
including market-neutral funds, multi-alternative funds/non-correlated 
strategy funds, long-short funds, managed futures funds, and funds that 
invest in unique asset classes that may not have a broad-based 
index.\323\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \317\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I; MFA Comment Letter; 
BlackRock Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter.
    \318\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I; NYC Bar Comment Letter; 
PIMCO Comment Letter.
    \319\ See, e.g., Putnam Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter; 
Dechert Comment Letter I.
     As discussed in section II.D.2.b.i below, we are renaming the 
proposed term ``designated reference index'' as ``designated index'' 
in the final rule. For consistency with the final rule, we discuss 
comments received about the designated reference index as comments 
about the designated index.
    \320\ See Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; NYC Bar 
Comment Letter.
    \321\ See Dechert Comment Letter I; PIMCO Comment Letter.
    \322\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \323\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; 
Invesco Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, we are adopting a relative VaR test as 
the default means of limiting fund leverage risk because we believe it 
resembles the way that section 18 limits a fund's leverage risk. Some 
commenters disagreed with this assertion in the Proposing Release 
because, for example, VaR measures risk--including non-leverage-related 
variables--while section 18 limits the amount of a fund's 
borrowings.\324\ We recognize that a relative VaR test differs from the 
asset coverage requirements in section 18. Section 18, however, limits 
the extent to which a fund can potentially increase its market exposure 
through leveraging by issuing senior securities, but it does not 
directly limit a fund's level of risk or volatility. For example, a 
fund that invests in less-volatile securities and borrows the maximum 
amount permitted by section 18 and uses the

[[Page 83191]]

borrowings to leverage the fund's portfolio may not be as volatile as a 
completely unleveraged fund that invests in more-volatile securities. 
In other words, section 18, like the relative VaR test, limits a fund's 
potential leverage on a relative rather than absolute basis. We 
designed the relative VaR test likewise to limit the extent to which a 
fund increases its market risk by leveraging its portfolio through 
derivatives, while not restricting a fund's ability to use derivatives 
for other purposes. For example, if a derivatives transaction reduces 
(or does not substantially increase) a fund's VaR relative to the VaR 
of the designated reference portfolio, the transaction would not be 
restricted by the relative VaR test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \324\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; PIMCO Comment Letter; 
MFA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that allowing a fund to use the absolute VaR test may be 
inconsistent with investors' expectations where there is an appropriate 
reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test. For example, 
a fund that invests in short-term fixed-income securities would have a 
relatively low level of volatility. The fund's investors could 
reasonably expect that the fund might exhibit a degree of volatility 
that is broadly consistent with the volatility of the markets or asset 
classes in which the fund invests, as represented by the fund's 
designated reference portfolio. This fund's designated reference 
portfolio would be composed of short-term fixed income securities, and 
could, for example, have a VaR of 4%. If the fund were permitted to 
rely on the absolute VaR test, however, the fund could substantially 
leverage its portfolio five times its designated reference portfolio's 
VaR to achieve a level of volatility that substantially exceeds the 
volatility associated with short-term fixed income securities. Although 
commenters urged that a fund could address investor expectation 
concerns regarding a fund's leverage risk through disclosure,\325\ 
section 18 limits a fund's ability to obtain leverage through the 
issuance of senior securities and operates independently of a fund's 
disclosure. Investors therefore may reasonably expect that a fund will 
not be highly leveraged. The fixed-income fund in this example, in 
contrast, would be highly leveraged and the fund's disclosing that risk 
would not address the leverage risks that section 18 addresses or that 
the VaR test is designed to limit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \325\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; PIMCO Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize, however, that the proposed rule's reference to a 
derivatives risk manager being unable ``to identify'' a designated 
index that is appropriate for the fund raised questions about the 
diligence a derivatives risk manager was expected to undertake in 
considering potential indexes.\326\ As noted above, the final rule 
requires a fund to comply with the relative VaR test unless the fund's 
derivatives risk manager reasonably determines that a designated 
reference portfolio would not provide an appropriate reference 
portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test, taking into account 
the fund's investments, investment objectives, and strategy. This 
modification from the proposal is designed to make clear that this 
provision involves a derivatives risk manager's determination after 
reasonable inquiry and analysis regarding the feasibility of applying a 
relative VaR test to a fund and the appropriate reference portfolio for 
that purpose. We believe the final rule provides greater clarity on 
this point than the proposed rule's reference to an index that is 
``appropriate'' for the fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \326\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; 
SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that the modification also should address the concern 
expressed by a commenter that the proposed provision could have created 
confusion concerning ``whether a derivatives risk manager must in all 
cases undertake an analysis of how a designated index might work for a 
fund even where that derivatives risk manager clearly knows that 
absolute VaR is the most appropriate test.'' \327\ For example, some 
funds may make frequent changes to how they allocate their assets 
across a varying set of markets and asset classes, where a different, 
appropriate unleveraged index might be available for each allocation 
but the appropriate unleveraged index would change frequently. 
Switching the fund's designated index frequently could be impractical 
and support a determination that a designated index would not provide 
an appropriate reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR 
test. Whether the fund's securities portfolio would provide an 
appropriate reference portfolio would depend on the facts and 
circumstances and could change from time to time. For example, a fund 
obtaining its investment exposure through both cash-market investments 
and derivatives transactions may find that, by excluding its derivative 
transactions, the fund's securities portfolio does not reflect the 
overall markets or asset classes in which the fund invests both 
directly and indirectly through derivatives transactions. The fund is 
subject to the absolute VaR test if the fund's derivatives risk manager 
reasonably determines that neither a designated index nor the fund's 
securities portfolio would provide an appropriate reference portfolio 
for purposes of the relative VaR test, taking into account the fund's 
investments, investment objectives, and strategy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \327\ See AQR Comment Letter I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As another example, the derivatives risk manager for a long/short 
or market neutral fund may determine that, although an index is 
available that reflects the markets or asset classes in which the fund 
invests, the funds' strategies do not involve the kind of risk that is 
associated with the market risk of the index, and the index therefore 
does not provide an appropriate reference portfolio for purposes of the 
relative VaR test. As in the prior example, the fund's securities 
portfolio may not reflect the overall markets or asset classes in which 
the fund invests or involve the kind of market risk associated with the 
fund's strategy. The fund, for example, may obtain its long exposure 
through cash-market investments in securities and its short exposure 
through derivatives transactions.\328\ A final example, which the 
Commission discussed in the proposal, is that some multi-strategy funds 
manage their portfolios based on target volatilities but implement a 
variety of investment strategies, making it difficult to identify a 
single index (even a blended index) that would be appropriate.\329\ The 
fund's securities portfolio also may not reflect the markets or asset 
classes in which the fund invests if, for example, the fund pursues 
certain strategies through investments in derivatives transactions and 
others through cash-market investments in securities. As some 
commenters noted, a variety of factors may bear on whether a designated 
reference portfolio would be appropriate for purposes of the relative 
VaR test, including a fund's investment strategy.\330\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \328\ The fund in this example also could obtain both its long 
and short exposure through derivatives transactions, with its 
securities portfolio consisting primarily of cash and cash 
equivalents. As we observed in the Proposing Release, this would not 
provide an appropriate comparison for a relative VaR test because 
the VaR of the cash and cash equivalents would be very low and would 
not provide a reference level of risk associated with the fund's 
strategy.
    \329\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.D.3.
    \330\ See, e.g., J.P. Morgan Comment Letter (including factors 
such as ``fund composition by security selection, asset class, 
region, duration or market capitalization, consistency of investment 
approach over time, internal or disclosed constraints, and ability 
to materially deviate from its primary investment strategy''); 
Putnam Comment Letter (including factors such as ``differences in 
constituents and risk profiles'' between the fund's portfolio and 
benchmark indexes).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83192]]

b. Designated Reference Portfolio
    The final rule's relative VaR test compares the fund's VaR to the 
VaR of a designated reference portfolio. Under the rule, a designated 
reference portfolio is either a designated index or the fund's 
securities portfolio, which we discuss in turn below.
i. Designated Index
    We are adopting the definition of a ``designated index'' with 
certain modifications from the proposed definition of a ``designated 
reference index'' discussed below. We are renaming the proposed 
definition to ``designated index'' to differentiate it more clearly 
from the final rule's definition of a ``designated reference 
portfolio.'' The final rule will define a ``designated index'' as an 
unleveraged index that is approved by the derivatives risk manager for 
purposes of the relative VaR test, and that reflects the markets or 
asset classes in which the fund invests.\331\ The definition also will 
require that the designated index not be an index that is administered 
by an organization that is an affiliated person of the fund, its 
investment adviser, or principal underwriter, or created at the request 
of the fund or its investment adviser, unless the index is widely 
recognized and used (a ``prohibited index'').\332\ In a change from the 
proposal, the designated index is not required to be an ``appropriate 
broad-based securities market index'' or an ``additional index'' as 
defined in Item 27 of Form N-1A or Item 24 of Form N-2.\333\ We are 
making this change in light of the fact that the final rule will not 
require a fund to disclose its designated index in the annual report, 
together with a presentation of the fund's performance relative to the 
designated index.\334\ We discuss each of the elements of the final 
definition of the term ``designated index'' below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \331\ See rule 18f-4(a) (defining the term ``designated 
index''). Under the final rule, a designated index is an index 
``approved,'' rather than ``selected,'' by the derivatives risk 
manager as proposed. As one commenter observed in recommending this 
modification, advisory personnel may recommend an index to the 
derivatives risk manager based on their market expertise and 
knowledge of the fund's investment strategy and seek the derivatives 
risk manager's approval. See J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \332\ Furthermore, for a blended index, none of the indexes that 
compose the blended index may be administered by an organization 
that is an affiliated person of the fund, its investment adviser, or 
principal underwriter, or created at the request of the fund or its 
investment adviser, unless the index is widely recognized and used. 
See rule 18f-4(a).
    \333\ See rule 18f-4(a); proposed rule 18f-4(a); see also 
Instructions 5 and 6 to Item 27(b)(7)(ii) of Form N-1A (discussing 
the terms ``appropriate broad-based securities market index'' and 
``additional index''); Instruction 4 to Item 24 of Form N-2 
(discussing the terms ``appropriate broad-based securities market 
index'' and ``additional index'').
    \334\ See rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iv).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

An Unleveraged Index
    As proposed, a fund's designated index must be unleveraged. This 
requirement is designed to provide an appropriate baseline against 
which to measure a fund's portfolio VaR for purposes of assessing the 
fund's leverage risk. Conducting a VaR test using a designated index 
that itself is leveraged would distort the leverage-limiting purpose of 
the VaR comparison by inflating the volatility of the index that serves 
as the reference portfolio for the relative VaR test. For example, an 
equity fund might select as its designated index an index that tracks a 
basket of large-cap U.S. listed equity securities such as the S&P 500. 
But the fund could not select an index that is leveraged, such as an 
index that tracks 200% of the performance of the S&P 500.
    A few commenters requested clarification regarding when an index 
would be ``leveraged.'' \335\ These commenters urged that an index 
should be considered leveraged if it seeks to provide a multiple of 
returns, but not solely because it includes derivatives instruments. 
Commenters identified certain commodity indexes and currency-hedged 
equity indexes as examples of indexes that commenters believed were 
unleveraged, notwithstanding that the indexes included derivatives 
instruments.\336\ We agree that whether a particular index is 
``leveraged'' would depend on the economic characteristics of the 
index's constituents, and not just on whether some or all of the 
constituents are derivatives. An index would be leveraged if, for 
example, the derivatives included in the index multiply the returns of 
the index or index constituents, as suggested by these commenters.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \335\ See, e.g., BlackRock Comment Letter; Invesco Comment 
Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter.
    \336\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Reflects the Markets or Asset Classes in Which the Fund Invests
    As the Commission discussed in the proposal, the requirement that 
the designated index reflect the markets or asset classes in which the 
fund invests is designed to provide an appropriate baseline for the 
relative VaR test.\337\ A few commenters raised concerns about 
scenarios in which a fund may invest in markets and asset classes that 
are reflected in an index, but the index would not provide an 
appropriate point of comparison for a relative VaR test because it did 
not reflect the fund's investment strategy.\338\ These commenters 
therefore suggested that the Commission revise the definition to 
reference the fund's investment strategy, either in lieu of or in 
addition to the markets or asset classes in which the fund invests.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \337\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.D.2.
    \338\ See Franklin Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI 
Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have not made this suggested modification because we believe 
that the concerns raised by commenters are addressed by the 
modifications discussed above concerning the derivatives risk manager's 
reasonable determination that a designated index would not provide an 
appropriate reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test, 
which includes taking into account the fund's investment strategy. As 
discussed above in the context of an example involving a long/short or 
market neutral fund, a fund's derivatives risk manager may determine 
that, although an index is available that reflects the markets or asset 
classes in which the fund invests, the funds' strategies do not involve 
the kind of risk that is associated with the market risk of the index, 
and the index therefore does not provide an appropriate reference 
portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test. We believe this 
modification clarifies that a fund's investment strategy is relevant 
even if an index reflects the markets or asset classes in which the 
fund invests.
Prohibited Indexes
    We are adopting, as proposed, the requirement that a fund's 
designated index is not a prohibited index. Accordingly, unless it is 
widely recognized and used, the designated index must not be an index 
administered by an organization that is an affiliated person of the 
fund, its investment adviser, or its principal underwriter, or created 
at the request of the fund or its investment adviser.\339\

[[Page 83193]]

This provision is designed to prevent an actively managed fund from 
using an index for the purpose of obtaining additional fund leverage 
risk. In a change from the proposal discussed further below, 
notwithstanding this requirement, a fund with the investment objective 
to track the performance (including a leveraged multiple or inverse 
multiple) of an unleveraged index must use the unleveraged index it is 
tracking as its designated reference portfolio.\340\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \339\ See rule 18f-4(a); see also proposed rule 18f-4(a). This 
``widely recognized and used'' standard has historically been used 
to permit a fund to employ affiliated-administered indexes for 
disclosure purposes, when the use of such indexes otherwise would 
not be permitted. See Instructions 5 and 6 to Item 27(b)(7)(ii) of 
Form N-1A and Instruction 4 to Item 24 of Form N-2 (discussing the 
terms ``appropriate broad-based securities market index'' and 
``additional index'').
    \340\ In this release we refer to funds that do not have the 
investment objective to track the performance (including a leveraged 
multiple or inverse multiple) of an unleveraged index as ``actively 
managed.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A few commenters suggested that we allow funds to use indexes that 
would be prohibited by the proposed provision.\341\ One commenter 
suggested that the rule permit an unaffiliated index created at the 
request of the fund or its investment adviser to be a designated index 
on the basis that the index provider, in its sole discretion, 
determines the composition of the index, the rebalance protocols of the 
index, the weightings of the securities and other instruments in the 
index, and any updates to the methodology.\342\ Similarly, another 
commenter stated that the proposed prohibited indexes need not present 
a conflict in the management of the index, as index providers develop 
and maintain the index methodology independently as their own 
intellectual property.\343\ This commenter suggested the final rule 
could require the proposed prohibited indexes to comply with principles 
developed by the International Organization of Securities Commissions 
and that an index administrator could disclose its policies and 
procedures with respect to index design and disclose any material 
conflicts of interest. Another commenter raised concerns that if 
prohibited indexes are excluded under the rule, a fund may be forced to 
use a more ``broad-based'' index that does not closely mirror the 
fund's investment program.\344\ This in turn could result in the 
relative VaR test failing to properly measure the contribution of 
derivatives to that fund's overall investment exposure, making the VaR 
test inappropriately restrictive or permissive.\345\ On the other hand, 
one commenter stated that prohibited indexes do not solve this concern 
because of the administrative and cost burdens associated with bespoke 
indexes, including index creation, maintenance, and oversight.\346\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \341\ See, e.g., BlackRock Comment Letter; Morningstar Comment 
Letter; Nuveen Comment Letter.
    \342\ See BlackRock Comment Letter.
    \343\ See Morningstar Comment Letter.
    \344\ See Nuveen Comment Letter.
    \345\ Id.
    \346\ See Comment Letter of Dechert LLP (July 6, 2020) 
(``Dechert Comment Letter III'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule provides flexibility for actively managed funds in 
identifying designated indexes. As proposed, it permits a fund to use a 
blended index as its designated index, provided that each constituent 
index meets the rule's requirements.\347\ This provision is designed to 
provide a fund flexibility to blend indexes to create a designated 
index that is more closely tailored to the fund's investment program. 
Solely for the purpose of complying with the relative VaR test, we 
would not view a designated index blended by the fund's investment 
adviser as a prohibited index if each of the constituent indexes meets 
the rule's requirements for a designated index.\348\ The final rule 
also seeks to address potential differences in the composition of a 
designated index and a fund's portfolio by raising the level of the 
relative VaR test, as discussed in more detail below. The final rule, 
with these modifications, is designed to provide funds flexibility in 
selecting a designated index, while making it less likely that indexes 
permissible under the final rule will be designed with the intent of 
permitting a fund to incur additional leverage-related risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \347\ See rule 18f-4(a); proposed rule 18f-4(a). Under the rule, 
the composition of a blended index is limited to indexes and the 
rule does not permit a fund to blend one or more indexes and its 
securities portfolio.
    \348\ A few commenters sought clarification regarding indexes 
blended by a fund's adviser. See, e.g., BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Fidelity Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter. One commenter also 
sought guidance regarding the circumstances under which a fund could 
determine to change the composition of a blended index. See PIMCO 
Comment Letter. The final rule does not limit a fund's ability to 
change its designated index, including a blended index. Any 
designated index used by a fund, however, is subject to the 
requirements in the final rule and related reporting requirements. 
For example, the derivatives risk manager as part of its periodic 
review of the program will evaluate the appropriateness of the 
designated index, and if the derivatives risk manager approves a 
different designated index, it must report the basis for the change 
and approval of the new designated index in its written report to 
the board.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For all of these reasons, we are not modifying the proposed rule to 
permit funds to use the prohibited indexes suggested by some 
commenters. Although commenters suggested additional restrictions 
discussed above to attempt to address concerns regarding the potential 
for funds to obtain additional fund leverage risk inconsistent with the 
rule, we believe that the final rule provides sufficient flexibility 
for funds to identify appropriate designated indexes without 
introducing the ``gaming'' and oversight concerns associated with 
prohibited indexes.\349\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \349\ One of the commenters suggesting additional restrictions 
raised the concern that not allowing funds to use a prohibited index 
unless it is widely recognized and used ``could entrench incumbents, 
further concentrating monopoly power in the index business, and 
prevent funds from finding an appropriate derivatives reference 
index.'' Morningstar Comment Letter. This requirement is not 
intended to favor incumbents and the ``widely recognized'' qualifier 
is derived from current disclosure requirements. See supra footnote 
339. The ``widely recognized'' qualifier does not apply to indexes 
generally under the final rule. That qualifier only applies if the 
index is administered by an organization that is an affiliated 
person of the fund, its investment adviser, or principal 
underwriter, or created at the request of the fund or its investment 
adviser, in light of the potential gaming concerns discussed above. 
In addition, as discussed below, an index-tracking fund will use its 
index as the fund's designated index, even if that index otherwise 
would be a prohibited index.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In a change from the proposal, the final rule provides that, if the 
fund's investment objective is to track the performance (including a 
leverage multiple or inverse multiple) of an unleveraged index, the 
fund must use that index as its designated reference portfolio, even if 
the index otherwise would be a prohibited index that would not be 
permitted under the rule.\350\ Although the limitations on prohibited 
indexes generally are designed to address concerns about indexes 
created for the purpose of permitting a fund to incur additional 
leverage-related risks, these ``gaming'' concerns are not present where 
the fund's investment objective is to track an unleveraged index. We 
also agree with the commenters who observed that, where a fund tracks 
an index, that index will provide the most appropriate reference 
portfolio for a relative VaR test, regardless of whether the index 
would otherwise be an impermissible prohibited index under the 
rule.\351\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \350\ See rule 18f-4(a) (defining the term ``designated 
reference portfolio''); proposed rule 18f-4(a).
    \351\ See, e.g., BlackRock Comment Letter; Dechert Comment 
Letter I; ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Proposed Index Disclosure Requirement in the Fund's Annual Report
    In a change from the proposal, the final rule will not require that 
a fund publicly disclose the designated index in the fund's annual 
report.\352\ The proposed rule would have required an open-end fund and 
a registered closed-end fund to disclose the fund's designated index in 
the fund's annual report as the fund's ``appropriate broad-based 
securities market index'' or an

[[Page 83194]]

``additional index'' in the context of the fund's performance 
disclosure.\353\ The proposed rule similarly would have required a BDC 
to disclose its designated index in its annual report filed on Form 10-
K. The Commission proposed this requirement to promote the fund's 
selection of an appropriate index that reflects the fund's portfolio 
risks and its investor expectations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \352\ See rule 18f-4(a); proposed rule 18f-4(a); proposed rule 
18f-4(c)(2)(iv).
    \353\ See proposed rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iv).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After further consideration, we are not adopting this requirement. 
Disclosing the fund's designated index in the fund's annual report 
could make the annual report disclosure less effective in serving its 
primary purpose of showing the investor how his or her fund performed 
relative to the market. This would not be consistent with our goal of 
promoting concise fund disclosure to highlight key information to 
investors, as reflected in the Commission's recent proposal to the 
disclosure framework for open-end funds.\354\ In addition, no commenter 
suggested that disclosing a fund's designated index would be effective 
in promoting the selection of appropriate indexes.\355\ Moreover, to 
the extent scrutiny of a fund's performance relative to its designated 
index would serve this purpose, a fund's designated index will remain 
publicly available on Form N-PORT. Financial professionals, including 
research analysts, can still consider and compare a fund's performance 
with the performance of its designated index and in that way provide a 
secondary ``check'' on funds' designated indexes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \354\ See Tailored Shareholder Reports, Treatment of Annual 
Prospectus Updates for Existing Investors, and Improved Fee and Risk 
Disclosure for Mutual Funds and Exchange-Traded Funds; Fee 
Information in Investment Company Advertisements, Investment Company 
Act Release No. 33963 (Aug. 5, 2020). We also are not requiring that 
a fund disclose in its annual report certain additional information 
related to a fund's adherence to risk metrics, as one commenter 
suggested, because we similarly do not believe this information 
would be consistent with our goal of promoting concise fund 
disclosure to highlight key information to investors. See NASAA 
Comment Letter; see also infra section II.G.1.b.
    \355\ One commenter supported the proposed disclosure 
requirement generally but did not state that it would be effective 
in promoting the selection of appropriate indexes. See NASAA Comment 
Letter. Several commenters stated that there should not be a 
presumption that a fund's performance benchmark will be its 
designated index. See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I; Dechert Comment 
Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter. We agree, and 
we believe that the decision not to require a fund to include its 
designated index in the context of its performance disclosure helps 
to clarify this. However, as discussed above, an index-tracking fund 
that tracks an unleveraged index must use that index as its 
designated reference portfolio.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also believe that the final rule includes appropriate incentives 
to promote the fund's selection of an appropriate index that reflects 
the fund's portfolio risks and its investors' expectations. First, the 
rule requires the derivatives risk manager to approve the designated 
index and to review it periodically. Second, the board of directors 
will receive a written report providing the derivatives risk manager's 
basis for approving the fund's designated index or a change to that 
index. Third, the fund will disclose its designated index to the 
Commission on Form N-PORT, which will be publicly available for the 
third month of each fund's quarter.
ii. Securities Portfolio
    In a change from the proposal, an actively managed fund can use its 
securities portfolio as the reference portfolio for the relative VaR 
test. A fund's securities portfolio, as defined in the final rule, is 
the fund's portfolio of securities and other investments, excluding any 
derivatives transactions, subject to certain additional requirements 
discussed below. This provision is limited to actively managed funds 
because, as discussed above, an index-tracking fund must use the index 
it tracks as its designated reference portfolio.
    In the Proposing Release the Commission requested comment on 
whether to permit funds to compare their VaRs to their ``securities 
VaR,'' that is, the VaR of the fund's portfolio of securities and other 
investments, but excluding any derivatives transactions.\356\ This is 
similar to an approach the Commission proposed in 2015.\357\ In not 
proposing this approach in 2019, the Commission stated that it would 
not be appropriate for all funds, identifying in particular funds that 
invest extensively in derivatives and hold primarily cash and cash 
equivalents and derivatives.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \356\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.205 and 
accompanying discussion.
    \357\ See 2015 Proposing Release, supra footnote 1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter urged the Commission to adopt this approach as an 
option that funds could use instead of a relative VaR test that 
requires a comparison using a designated index.\358\ The commenter 
recommended that a fund compute the VaR of its actual portfolio of 
securities and other investments, but excluding any derivatives 
transactions, consistent with the Commission's request for comment. The 
commenter stated that this approach would help to address instances 
where the fund's portfolio differed from its designated index, with the 
fund's own investments serving as a better representation of the fund's 
unleveraged portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test. Similar to 
provisions applicable to the designated index approach, the commenter 
recommended a fund's use of its securities portfolio be subject to 
formalized procedures. For example, the commenter suggested that a 
fund's use of a securities portfolio (or designated index) would be 
addressed in the fund's derivatives risk management program, which 
requires the derivatives risk manager to periodically review--and 
report to the board regarding--a fund's designated reference portfolio. 
Other commenters, although not recommending this approach specifically, 
identified challenges funds could face where the fund's VaR deviates 
from the VaR of the fund's benchmark index due to security selection 
rather than leveraging.\359\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \358\ See Invesco Comment Letter.
    \359\ We discuss these comments in more detail in section 
II.D.2.c.i.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering these comments, we have determined to permit 
actively managed funds to use their ``securities portfolio'' for 
purposes of the relative VaR test. A fund's securities portfolio will 
be the fund's portfolio of securities and other investments, excluding 
any derivatives transactions. Excluding the fund's derivatives 
transactions is designed to provide an unleveraged reference portfolio, 
akin to a designated index, to measure potential leverage risk 
introduced by the fund's derivatives transactions. The final rule also 
provides that the securities portfolio is approved by the derivatives 
risk manager for purposes of the relative VaR test and reflects the 
markets or asset classes in which the fund invests (i.e., the markets 
or asset classes in which the fund invests directly through securities 
and other investments and indirectly through derivatives transactions). 
The requirement that the fund's securities portfolio reflects the 
markets or asset classes in which the fund invests is designed to 
provide an appropriate baseline for the relative VaR test, consistent 
with the same requirement applicable to designated indexes.\360\ Absent 
this requirement, a fund could, for example, invest in a small number 
of highly-volatile securities that are not representative of the fund's 
overall investments for the purpose of obtaining a higher amount of 
leverage risk. Finally, the final rule includes provisions designed to 
promote a fund's appropriate use of the securities portfolio approach 
that are analogous to the requirements for funds' use of designated 
indexes. These requirements

[[Page 83195]]

include periodic review by the fund's derivatives risk manager and 
board reporting.\361\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \360\ See supra footnote 337 and accompanying text.
    \361\ See rule 18f-4(c)(1)(vi) (requiring periodic review); rule 
18f-4(c)(3)(ii) (requiring a written report to the board providing 
the basis for the derivatives risk manager's approval); item 
B.10.b.i on Form N-PORT (requiring a fund to report on Form N-PORT 
that it is using its securities portfolio for purposes of the 
relative VaR test).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These requirements, taken together, are designed to produce a 
reference portfolio that, like a designated index, creates a baseline 
VaR that functions as the VaR of a fund's unleveraged portfolio for 
purposes of the relative VaR test. Allowing a fund to use its 
securities portfolio may allow funds to use a VaR reference portfolio 
that is more tailored to the fund's investments than an index, or allow 
the fund to avoid the expense associated with blending or licensing an 
index just for purposes of the final rule's relative VaR test.
    The final rule does not require that a fund ``scale down'' the VaR 
of its securities portfolio if the fund also has issued senior security 
debt not represented by the fund's derivatives transactions, as a 
commenter recommended.\362\ We do not believe this specific adjustment 
is necessary in order for a fund's securities portfolio to represent an 
unleveraged reference portfolio. This is because the final rule 
provides that VaR must be expressed as a percentage of the value of the 
relevant portfolio--the scale of the fund's securities portfolio, even 
if increased by borrowings, would not change the portfolio's VaR when 
expressed as a percentage.\363\ The final rule includes a clarifying 
edit to make clear that a fund's VaR is measured as a percentage of the 
value of the fund's net assets, whereas the VaR of a fund's securities 
portfolio (or designated index) is measured as a percentage of the 
value of the portfolio.\364\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \362\ See Invesco Comment Letter.
    \363\ Take, for example, a fund with $100 to invest that borrows 
$50 and invests its then-$150 in total assets in a portfolio that 
replicates the S&P 500. If the S&P's VaR is 10%, the fund's 
securities portfolio would likewise have a VaR of 10%, regardless of 
the size of the portfolio as a result of borrowing, just as if the 
fund had used the S&P 500 as its designated index. The fund's own 
VaR would be 150% of the S&P 500 VaR because the fund's estimated 
losses would be measured relative to the fund's $100 net asset 
value, rather than the fund's total assets of $150.
    \364\ See rule 18f-4 (a) (defining the term ``value-at-risk or 
VaR'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. 200% and 250% Limits Under Relative VaR Test
    Under the final rule a fund's VaR must not exceed 200% of the VaR 
of the fund's designated reference portfolio, unless the fund is a 
closed-end company that has then-outstanding shares of a preferred 
stock issued to investors.\365\ For such closed-end funds, the VaR must 
not exceed 250% of the VaR of the fund's designated reference 
portfolio. This requirement is modified from the proposal, which would 
have limited a fund's VaR, including a closed-end fund's VaR, to 150% 
of the VaR of the fund's designated index.\366\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \365\ See rule 18f-4(a) (defining the term ``relative VaR 
test''). A ``closed-end company'' means any management company other 
than an open-end company, and thus includes both registered closed-
end funds and BDCs.
    \366\ See proposed rule 18f-4(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. 200% Limit
    In proposing a 150% relative VaR limit, the Commission first 
considered the extent to which a fund could borrow in compliance with 
the requirements of section 18.\367\ For example, a mutual fund with 
$100 in assets and no liabilities or senior securities outstanding 
could borrow an additional $50 from a bank. With the additional $50 in 
bank borrowings, the mutual fund could invest $150 in securities based 
on $100 of net assets. This fund's VaR would be approximately 150% of 
the VaR of the fund's designated index if the fund used the borrowings 
to leverage its portfolio by investing in securities consistent with 
the fund's strategy. The proposed 150% relative VaR limit was designed 
to limit a fund's leverage risk related to derivatives transactions in 
a way that is effectively similar to the way that section 18 limits a 
registered open- or closed-end fund's ability to borrow from a bank (or 
issue other senior securities representing indebtedness for registered 
closed-end funds) subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement in 
section 18. The proposed limit also was designed to recognize that, 
while a fund could achieve certain levels of market exposure through 
borrowings permitted under section 18, it may be more efficient to 
obtain those exposures through derivatives transactions. In the 
proposal, the Commission requested comment on the appropriate relative 
VaR test limit, including specifically requesting comment on a 200% 
relative VaR test limit, and discussed the 200% relative VaR limit 
applicable to UCITS funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \367\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.D.2.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters urged the Commission to raise the relative VaR 
limit from 150% to 200% of a fund's designated index.\368\ These 
commenters stated that this modification would be appropriate to 
address factors other than a fund's use of derivatives that could cause 
a fund's VaR to exceed the VaR of a designated index.\369\ For example, 
some commenters stated that a fund's security selection will influence 
a fund's relative VaR calculation.\370\ Commenters stated that the 
proposed VaR test could be particularly restrictive for actively-
managed fixed-income funds.\371\ These commenters stated that an 
actively-managed fixed-income fund will have an expected amount of 
tracking error against a low-volatility benchmark based on the fund's 
security selection and concentration levels. Differences between a 
fund's portfolio and its reference portfolio--rather than leveraging 
with derivatives--could cause a fund's VaR to exceed the VaR of its 
designated reference portfolio.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \368\ See, e.g., Capital Group Comment Letter; ISDA Comment 
Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; ABA Comment 
Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; Chamber Comment Letter; Franklin 
Comment Letter; J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; Eaton Vance Comment 
Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter; Putnam Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price 
Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter.
    \369\ See, e.g., Capital Group Comment Letter; Franklin Comment 
Letter; J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \370\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; T. Rowe Price Comment 
Letter; MFA Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \371\ See AQR Comment Letter I; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
Invesco Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter III.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters suggested that setting the relative VaR limit to 
150% as an analogy to the 300% asset coverage requirement for bank 
borrowings under section 18 is inappropriate because the restriction on 
bank borrowings isolates leverage related to bank borrowings, whereas a 
VaR test measures risk from non-derivative instruments and is affected 
by variables other than leverage risk introduced by a fund's use of 
derivatives.\372\ Some of these commenters provided examples of funds 
that do not use derivatives but have VaRs exceeding the VaR of their 
respective indexes, including, as examples, funds with portfolio VaRs 
equal to 120% or more of their index VaR.\373\ While supporting the use 
of VaR as a means of limiting fund leverage risk, these commenters 
urged that an incrementally higher VaR limit would be needed to account 
for the inherent imprecision in using VaR to identify potential 
leverage relative to a fund's index's VaR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \372\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter.
    \373\ See Nuveen Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also stated that firms would likely set internal VaR 
thresholds that are lower than the rule would prescribe because of the 
proposed board and SEC reporting requirements for VaR

[[Page 83196]]

exceedances.\374\ As one commenter observed ``fund managers for years 
managed portfolio risks against internal risk tolerance limits using 
VaR-based metrics, among other tools.'' \375\ This is consistent with 
the design of rule 18f-4, which uses VaR as an outer limit on fund 
leverage risk for any fund using derivatives transactions that is 
unable to rely on the limited derivatives user exception. Because the 
final rule's VaR tests provide an outer limit on fund leverage risk for 
funds generally, and given the wide range of fund strategies, we expect 
that many funds will use derivatives transactions in such a manner that 
their fund's VaR generally is not at or approaching this limit. A 
fund's derivatives risk management program could incorporate internal 
VaR thresholds lower than the rule's VaR-based outer limit, as 
described by commenters, that in conjunction with the other program 
elements are tailored to appropriately manage a fund's particular 
derivatives risks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \374\ See T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter 
I; J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \375\ See Vanguard Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters also observed that raising the relative VaR limit 
to 200% would match the 200% relative VaR limit in the UCITS framework 
and provide compliance and operational efficiencies.\376\ Some 
commenters stated that more closely aligning with the UCITS framework 
would permit global fund complexes to streamline their risk management 
programs and VaR testing across jurisdictions because these firms could 
rely on existing risk management tools and VaR testing already in use 
to satisfy UCITS requirements.\377\ Two commenters stated that these 
efficiencies may benefit investors due to lower compliance costs.\378\ 
Two other commenters stated that raising the relative VaR limit to 
align with UCITS' VaR limits would create operational efficiencies 
because fund complexes that seek to create similar investment programs 
could use similar portfolio and risk management for U.S. funds and 
UCITS funds.\379\ Commenters also emphasized that the UCITS framework 
is an existing regime that they believe provides effective investor 
protections.\380\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \376\ See NYC Bar Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Dechert Comment Letter I.
    \377\ See ABA Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; Eaton 
Vance Comment Letter.
    \378\ See Capital Group Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter.
    \379\ See PIMCO Comment Letter; Franklin Comment Letter.
    \380\ See, e.g., ABA Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Eaton Vance Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, we have determined to increase the 
relative VaR test's outer limit on fund leverage risk from 150% to 200% 
(with additional modifications for certain closed-end funds discussed 
below).\381\ We believe that a relative VaR test that first considers 
the extent to which a fund could borrow in compliance with the 
requirements of section 18 is appropriate. We recognize, however, that 
VaR is not itself a leverage measure and factors other than derivatives 
and leverage can cause a fund's VaR to exceed the VaR of its designated 
reference portfolio, such as a fund's security selection.\382\ Where a 
fund uses its securities portfolio, the fund's securities investments 
will reflect the markets or asset classes in which the fund invests. 
However, there still may be differences between the VaR of the fund's 
securities portfolio and the VaR of its total portfolio that relate to 
differences in risks associated with specific securities versus 
derivatives investments, rather than leverage risk. A fund, for 
example, might obtain investment exposure to a number of issuers--in 
some cases through direct investments in the issuer's securities and in 
other cases indirectly through derivatives transactions referencing the 
issuer's securities. The derivatives transactions could result in the 
fund's VaR exceeding the VaR of the fund's securities portfolio, not 
necessarily because of any leveraging associated with the derivatives 
transactions, but because of the issuer-specific risk associated with 
the derivatives transactions' underlying reference assets. Adopting a 
200% relative VaR limit decreases the likelihood that security 
selection and the additional risks VaR measures beyond leverage risk 
would cause a fund to come out of compliance with the relative VaR 
test. We also believe that raising the relative VaR test limit to 200% 
is consistent with the VaR tests providing an appropriate outer bound 
on fund leverage risk, complemented by a derivatives risk management 
program tailored to the fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \381\ See rule 18f-4(a).
    \382\ Moreover, as discussed above, the final rule generally 
does not permit funds to use prohibited indexes as their designated 
indexes to address the potential for funds to construct indexes for 
the purpose of increasing potential fund leverage risk. This 
limitation may, however, increase the likelihood that security 
selection--rather than derivatives and leverage--may cause the 
fund's VaR to exceed the VaR of its designated index. This is 
because an unleveraged broad-based index may include a broader range 
of securities than those held by the fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 200% relative VaR limit also may provide compliance and 
operational efficiencies. We recognize that many advisers to U.S. funds 
using derivatives transactions also advise, or may have affiliates that 
advise, UCITS funds that comply with UCITS requirements. Providing a 
degree of consistency between the final rule and UCITS requirements 
therefore may provide the compliance and operational efficiencies 
identified by commenters, including by facilitating advisers' ability 
to offer similar strategies in the United States and Europe. This may 
benefit investors by facilitating investor choice and reducing costs 
(to the extent these efficiencies result in cost savings that are 
passed on to investors).
    Two commenters suggested that the Commission modify the relative 
VaR test such that a fund would satisfy the test if its VaR did not 
exceed the greater of: (1) 200% of the VaR of the designated index; or 
(2) 10% of the fund's net asset value.\383\ These commenters stated 
that this approach would acknowledge that the absolute level of risk-
taking by some funds is low and would not represent undue speculation 
in the commenters' view, while providing an alternative means of 
providing these funds flexibility where their portfolio composition 
deviates from the composition of their designated indexes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \383\ See AQR Comment Letter I; Dechert Comment Letter III 
(suggesting also an alternate version of this 10% formulation: The 
fund's portfolio does not exceed the lesser of 300% of the VaR of 
the designated index or 10% of the fund's net asset value).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We have not incorporated these suggestions into the final rule 
because we believe that modifications we have made to the final rule 
should help to address commenters' concerns about the relative VaR 
test. For example, we are increasing the relative VaR levels from the 
proposal and modifying the remediation provision, among other 
changes.\384\ In addition, we are permitting actively managed funds to 
use their securities portfolio, where appropriate, which will allow 
these funds to use their own non-derivatives investments as the 
reference portfolio for the relative VaR test. Also, the suggested 
absolute VaR level of 10% included in these suggestions may permit 
substantial leverage for funds that invest in less-volatile securities. 
For example, a low-volatility bond fund and its designated index could 
each have a VaR of 1.5%, where under a 10% absolute VaR provision, the 
fund could leverage its portfolio almost seven times

[[Page 83197]]

its designated index's VaR to substantially exceed the volatility 
associated with the low-volatility securities in its portfolio. 
Although one of these commenters suggested that a 10% absolute VaR 
limit could be capped at 300% of the VaR of its designated index, for 
all the reasons discussed above, we believe the relative VaR test limit 
should be 200%.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \384\ See supra section II.D.2.c (discussing relative VaR test 
limits); infra sections II.D.3 (discussing absolute VaR test 
limits), II.D.6.b (discussing remediation provisions).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. 250% Limit
    The Commission considered proposing different relative VaR tests 
for different types of investment companies, tied to the asset coverage 
requirements applicable to registered open-end funds, registered 
closed-end funds, and BDCs.\385\ The Commission did not propose a 
higher VaR limit for registered closed-end funds because, although 
these funds are permitted to issue preferred stock and open-end funds 
are not, registered closed-end funds' senior securities representing 
indebtedness are subject to the same 300% asset coverage requirements 
applicable to open-end funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \385\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at text 
accompanying n.210.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to the proposal's requests for comment, several 
commenters urged the Commission to provide closed-end funds with a 
higher relative VaR limit than open-end funds under the rule.\386\ 
These commenters generally reasoned that a higher VaR limit is 
appropriate for closed-end funds in consideration of the equity-based 
structural leverage that closed-end funds--and not open-end funds--can 
obtain through the issuance of preferred stock permitted under section 
18 of the Investment Company Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \386\ See PIMCO Comment Letter; Calamos Comment Letter; NYC Bar 
Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; 
Invesco Comment Letter; Nuveen Comment Letter; Eaton Vance Comment 
Letter; Comment Letter of Kramer Levin Naftalis Frankel LLP (Mar. 
24, 2020) (``Kramer Levin Comment Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters raised the concern that a closed-end fund that has 
outstanding preferred stock, before entering into any derivatives 
transactions, would have a higher starting VaR attributable to the 
structural leverage obtained through the issuance of preferred 
stock.\387\ Using the example of a fund with $100 in assets and no 
liabilities or senior securities outstanding, a registered closed-end 
fund could only borrow $50 through senior securities representing 
indebtedness, the same amount an open-end fund could borrow from a 
bank, but would be permitted also to issue an additional $50 in 
preferred stock. If the closed-end fund raised $50 in preferred stock 
and invested it in securities, the fund's VaR could potentially equal 
the proposed 150% relative VaR limit before the fund entered into any 
derivatives transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \387\ See ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Invesco 
Comment Letter; Nuveen Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters offered a number of methods to provide closed-end funds 
with a higher VaR limit.\388\ For example, commenters suggested that 
the rule could provide an increase for closed-end funds' relative VaR 
limit based on the amount of structural leverage that a closed-end fund 
obtained, either based on the disclosed amount of structural leverage 
or the liquidation preference of any issued and then-outstanding 
preferred stock.\389\ Other commenters suggested that the rule could 
provide a relative VaR limit specific to closed-end funds that is 
higher than the relative VaR limit applicable to open-end funds, with 
most of these commenters suggesting that a provision specific to 
closed-end funds reflect the addition of 50% to the relative VaR limit 
applicable to open-end funds (i.e., 250% of the VaR of its designated 
index for closed-end funds to reflect their ability to obtain equity-
based leverage).\390\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \388\ See Calamos Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI 
Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; NYC Bar Comment Letter; 
PIMCO Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Nuveen Comment 
Letter.
    \389\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; Invesco Comment 
Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter; Nuveen Comment Letter; Calamos Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter. Commenters 
suggested a few different ways to effectuate these suggestions, 
including a preferred stock multiplier that a closed-end fund could 
apply to the relative VaR limit or to the underlying designated 
index. See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; Nuveen 
Comment Letter.
    \390\ See Dechert Comment Letter I; NYC Bar Comment Letter; 
Nuveen Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter (recommending an 
approach that includes a 50% maximum in additional relative VaR 
limit for closed-end funds). A few commenters provided, as examples, 
closed-end funds with higher relative VaR limits than what the 
Commission proposed, which is consistent with the 250% relative VaR 
limit supported by other commenters. See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; 
PIMCO Comment Letter; see also SIFMA AMG Comment Letter (suggesting 
raising the relative VaR limit applicable to open-end funds by 25% 
for closed-end funds and BDCs); Nuveen Comment Letter (suggesting 
also 225% relative VaR limit for closed-end funds).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering these comments, we are modifying the proposed 
rule's relative VaR test to include a clause providing a higher VaR 
limit of 250% of the VaR of a fund's designated reference portfolio for 
a closed-end fund with outstanding preferred stock. This modification 
is designed to address the concern, raised by commenters, that 
providing the same relative VaR limit for open-end funds and closed-end 
funds does not take into account that closed-end funds may have a 
higher VaR because of their issuance of preferred stock before entering 
into any derivatives transactions. Absent a modification in these 
circumstances, a closed-end fund could potentially have no or limited 
flexibility to enter into derivatives transactions under the rule. For 
example, if a closed-end fund with $100 in assets and no liabilities or 
senior securities outstanding then raised $100 in preferred stock and 
invested it in securities, the fund's VaR could potentially equal the 
200% relative VaR limit before the fund entered into any derivatives 
transactions.
    Increasing the relative VaR test from the 200% relative VaR limit 
applicable to funds generally under the rule, to the 250% relative VaR 
limit for closed-end funds with equity-based leverage, is designed to 
reflect those funds' ability to use equity-based leverage under the 
Investment Company Act. Adding an additional 50% to the relative VaR 
limit is designed to reflect the additional extent to which closed-end 
funds are permitted to obtain equity-based leverage under the 
Investment Company Act. For example, a closed-end fund, like a mutual 
fund, with $100 in assets and no liabilities or senior securities 
outstanding could borrow $50 from a bank. A closed-end fund, unlike a 
mutual fund, could also raise an additional $50 by issuing preferred 
stock.
    We also believe that, because the Investment Company Act permits 
closed-end funds to obtain greater leverage than open-end funds, and 
many closed-end funds take advantage of this flexibility, investors may 
expect closed-end funds to exhibit a greater degree of leverage risk. 
We believe these factors support higher VaR limits on fund leverage 
risk for closed-end funds with equity-based leverage in recognition 
that the VaR tests are designed to provide an outer bound on fund 
leverage risk.\391\ This provision is designed to provide incrementally 
higher VaR limits only for closed-end funds that raise capital by 
issuing preferred stock to investors in the ordinary course of pursuing 
their investment strategy. If a closed-end fund does not obtain equity-
based structural leverage, however, the fund would be subject to the 
same 200% relative VaR limit as other funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \391\ See, e.g., Nuveen Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; 
NYC Bar Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We considered the alternative approaches suggested by commenters 
that would adjust a closed-end fund's relative VaR limit based on the 
extent to

[[Page 83198]]

which the closed-end fund had preferred stock outstanding (or based on 
the disclosed intended amount of such issuances). These approaches 
would result in a relative VaR limit that would be more closely tied to 
the amount of a closed-end fund's issuance of preferred stock. These 
approaches, however, would introduce certain compliance and regulatory 
challenges. For example, approaches based on the percentage of a fund's 
net asset value represented by preferred stock would result in a fund's 
relative VaR limit changing each day, which could raise compliance 
challenges.\392\ Although one commenter suggested using an approach 
that considers a fund's intended issuance of preferred stock to address 
this concern, that approach also could raise compliance and regulatory 
concerns by basing a leverage risk limit on a fund's intended 
characteristics.\393\ This could raise questions about the appropriate 
limit for a fund where the fund's actual structural leverage differs 
from a purported or intended level, particularly if those differences 
persist for a long period of time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \392\ See ICI Comment Letter.
    \393\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although the final rule's provision for equity-based leverage is 
available to both registered closed-end funds and BDCs, we are not 
adopting a separate higher leverage limit for BDCs specifically. 
Although some commenters urged that their suggestions for registered 
closed-end funds also should apply to BDCs, commenters did not suggest 
that the rule should provide higher VaR limits for BDCs than for 
registered closed-end funds.\394\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \394\ See NYC Bar Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
Nuveen Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the proposal, the Investment Company Act provides 
greater flexibility for BDCs to issue senior securities.\395\ BDCs, 
however, generally do not use derivatives or do so only to a limited 
extent. In the proposal, the Commission explained that to help evaluate 
the extent to which BDCs use derivatives, the staff sampled 48 of the 
current 99 BDCs by reviewing their most recent financial statements 
filed with the Commission.\396\ As discussed in the proposal, based on 
this analysis the Commission believed that most BDCs either would not 
use derivatives or would rely on the exception for limited derivatives 
users. Commission staff updated this analysis by reviewing the most 
recent financial statements that the same previously-sampled 48 BDCs 
(or their successor funds) filed with the Commission.\397\ The staff's 
sample included both BDCs with shares listed on an exchange and BDCs 
whose shares are not listed. The sampled BDCs' net assets ranged from 
$27 million to $6.6 billion. Of the 48 sampled, 59.1% did not report 
any derivatives holdings, and a further 31.8% reported using 
derivatives with gross notional amounts below 10% of net assets.\398\ 
We therefore believe that most BDCs either would not use derivatives or 
would rely on the exception for limited derivatives users.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \395\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.D.2.
    \396\ See id.
    \397\ As of July 2020, there were 99 BDCs.
    \398\ See infra footnote 512 and accompanying paragraph 
(discussing BDCs that use derivatives and would qualify as limited 
derivatives users).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the greater flexibility for BDCs to issue senior 
securities allows them to provide additional equity or debt financing 
to the ``eligible portfolio companies'' in which BDCs are required to 
invest at least 70% of their total assets. Derivatives transactions, in 
contrast, generally will not have similar capital formation benefits 
for portfolio companies unless the fund's counterparty makes an 
investment in the underlying reference assets equal to the notional 
amount of the derivatives transaction. Allowing BDCs to leverage their 
portfolios with derivatives to a greater extent than other closed-end 
funds therefore would not appear to further the capital formation 
benefits that underlie BDCs' ability to obtain additional leverage 
under the Investment Company Act. We also understand that, even when 
BDCs do use derivatives more extensively, derivatives generally do not 
play as significant of a role in implementing the BDCs' strategies, as 
compared to many other types of funds that use derivatives extensively. 
BDCs' ``eligible portfolio companies'' investment requirement may limit 
the role that derivatives can play in a BDC's portfolio relative to 
other kinds of funds that would generally execute their strategies 
primarily through derivatives transactions (e.g., a managed futures 
fund). The final rule does not restrict a fund from issuing senior 
securities subject to the limits in section 18 to the full extent 
permitted by the Investment Company Act.\399\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \399\ For purposes of calculating asset coverage, as defined in 
section 18(h), BDCs have used derivatives transactions' notional 
amounts, less any posted cash collateral, as the ``amount of senior 
securities representing indebtedness'' associated with the 
transactions. We believe this approach--and not the transactions' 
market values--represents the ``amount of senior securities 
representing indebtedness'' for purposes of this calculation. These 
issues do not tend to arise with respect to open-end funds and 
registered closed-end funds. Open-end funds cannot enter into 
derivatives transactions under section 18, absent relief from that 
section's requirements, because section 18 limits open-end funds' 
senior securities to bank borrowings. Section 18(c) also limits a 
registered closed-end fund's ability to enter into derivatives 
transactions absent such relief.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Absolute VaR Test
    Under the final rule, a fund complying with the absolute VaR test 
will satisfy the test if its VaR does not exceed 20% of the value of 
the fund's net assets, unless the fund is a closed-end fund that has 
then-outstanding preferred stock.\400\ For such closed-end funds, the 
VaR must not exceed 25% of the value of the fund's net assets.\401\ 
This is a modification from the proposed rule, which would have limited 
a fund's VaR to 15% of the value of its net assets.\402\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \400\ See rule 18f-4(a) (defining the term ``absolute VaR 
test'').
    \401\ See id.
    \402\ See proposed rule 18f-4(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In proposing a 15% absolute VaR limit, the Commission considered 
the comparison of a fund complying with the absolute VaR test and a 
fund complying with the relative VaR test. In the proposal, the 
Commission explained that for funds that rely on the absolute VaR test 
a 15% absolute VaR limit would provide approximately comparable 
treatment with funds that rely on the relative VaR test and use the S&P 
500 as their designated index during periods where the S&P 500's VaR is 
approximately equal to the historical mean. In the proposal, the 
Commission requested comment on the appropriate absolute VaR test 
limit, including specifically requesting comment on a 20% absolute VaR 
test limit, and discussed the 20% absolute VaR limit applicable to 
UCITS funds.\403\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \403\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.D.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters urged the Commission to raise the absolute VaR 
limit from 15% to 20% of a fund's net assets.\404\ In urging the 
Commission to raise the relative VaR limit from 150% to 200%, 
commenters also urged a parallel increase in the absolute VaR limit 
from 15% to 20%.\405\ They stated that this would be consistent with 
the analysis in the Proposing Release if, as commenters suggested, the 
Commission were to increase the relative VaR test to 200%.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \404\ See Capital Group Comment Letter; ISDA Comment Letter; 
Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter I; 
ABA Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; Chamber Comment 
Letter; Franklin Comment Letter; J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; Eaton 
Vance Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter; Putnam Comment Letter; 
T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter.
    \405\ See, e.g., Invesco Comment Letter; MFA Comment Letter; T. 
Rowe Price Comment Letter.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83199]]

    A number of commenters agreed with the Commission's stated view in 
the Proposing Release that the VaR tests would serve as an outside 
limit on fund leverage risk, which would be consistent with the 
Commission's estimates that only a small number of funds, if any, would 
have to adjust their portfolios to comply with the VaR-based test.\406\ 
Commenters stated, however, that more funds would fail a 15% absolute 
VaR limit than the Commission contemplated in the Proposing Release, 
which commenters suggested indicates that the proposed 15% absolute VaR 
limit would not function as an outside limit on fund leverage risk as 
intended.\407\ Commenters suggested that a higher absolute VaR limit of 
20% would more effectively achieve the Commission's goal of imposing an 
outside limit on fund leverage risk and would allow a fund's 
derivatives risk management program to provide day-to-day constraints 
on fund risk instead of the proposed absolute VaR limit.\408\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \406\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter I; 
Invesco Comment Letter.
    \407\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter (providing survey data 
showing that during periods of stressed market conditions, about one 
in four survey respondents indicated that their fund would breach an 
absolute VaR limit of 15%); BlackRock Comment Letter (stating that 
during March 2020 market volatility related to the COVID-19 global 
health pandemic, most of its funds would have remained under a 20% 
absolute VaR limit, but some would have breached a 15% absolute VaR 
limit); see also Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.516 and 
accompanying paragraph.
    \408\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter II; ISDA Comment Letter; 
SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; T. Rowe Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To support its urging the Commission to raise the absolute VaR 
limit to 20%, one commenter analyzed the VaR of the S&P 500 as the 
risk-based reference point for setting the absolute VaR limit and 
highlighted that the S&P 500 itself would breach a 15% absolute VaR 
limit for specific periods of time.\409\ The commenter noted that the 
S&P 500 would continue to breach the proposed 15% limit for a nearly 
three-year period, including after the volatility of the index came 
back down to typical historical levels following the 2008-2009 
financial crisis. The commenter also observed the magnitude of the S&P 
500's breach of the proposed 15% limit, stating that a fund taking risk 
equivalent to the S&P 500 would need to reduce its risk by 32% to 
comply with the proposed 15% VaR limit and would need to do this two 
years after the 2008-2009 crisis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \409\ See AQR Comment Letter I (stating that other widely-known 
benchmarks composed of small market capitalization stocks that are 
more volatile than the S&P 500, such as the Russell 2000, would be 
in breach more often than the S&P 500, supporting the 
appropriateness of raising the absolute VaR limit to 20%); see also 
J.P. Morgan Comment Letter (supporting an absolute VaR limit of 20% 
and suggesting that the S&P 500 volatility since inception as used 
in the Commission staff's analysis is less relevant than the more 
recent market conditions that reflect increases in market volatility 
since the 1980s); MFA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Other commenters stated that raising the absolute VaR limit to 20% 
would be consistent with the UCITS framework.\410\ Commenters suggested 
that providing a 20% absolute VaR limit in rule 18f-4 would result in 
compliance and operational efficiencies for advisers to both UCITS 
funds and funds subject to rule 18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \410\ See, e.g., ABA Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Eaton Vance Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, we are adopting an absolute VaR limit 
of 20% of a fund's net assets. The 20% absolute VaR limit is based on 
the same analysis that the Commission used to propose a 15% absolute 
VaR limit, as we continue to believe it is an appropriate basis to set 
this limit, and adjusts the absolute VaR limit to 20% in light of the 
increases we are adopting to the proposed relative VaR limit. For 
example, under the final rule, a fund that uses the S&P 500 as its 
benchmark index, as many funds do, would be permitted to have a VaR 
equal to 200% of the VaR of the S&P 500 if the fund uses that index as 
its designated index.\411\ Setting the level of loss in the absolute 
VaR test at 20% of a fund's net assets would therefore provide 
approximately comparable treatment for funds that rely on the absolute 
VaR test and funds that rely on the relative VaR test with a 200% limit 
and use the S&P 500 as their designated index during periods where the 
S&P 500's VaR is approximately equal to the historical mean. Moreover, 
we recognize there are some regulatory and compliance efficiencies in 
setting the absolute VaR limit at 20% because some fund complexes have 
existing regulatory and compliance infrastructures for UCITS funds that 
comply with a 20% absolute VaR limit.\412\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \411\ The Division of Economic and Risk Analysis (``DERA'') 
staff analyzed the S&P 500 because funds often select broad-based 
large capitalization equities indexes such as the S&P 500 for 
performance comparison purposes, including funds that are not broad-
based large capitalization equity funds. This is based on staff 
experience and analysis of data obtained from Morningstar. Many 
investors may therefore understand the risk inherent in these 
indexes as the level of risk inherent in the markets generally.
    DERA staff calculated the VaR of the S&P 500, using the 
parameters specified in this rule over various time periods. DERA 
staff's calculation of the S&P 500's VaR since inception, for 
example, produced a mean VaR of approximately 10.5%, although the 
VaR of the S&P 500 varied over time.
    DERA staff calculated descriptive statistics for the VaR of the 
S&P 500 using Morningstar data from March 4, 1957 to June 30, 2020, 
based on daily VaR calculations, each using three years of prior 
return data and calculated using historical simulation at a 99% 
confidence level for a 20-day horizon using overlapping 
observations.
    \412\ As discussed in section II.D.2.c.i above, we recognize 
that many advisers to U.S. funds using derivatives transactions also 
advise, or may have affiliates that advise, UCITS funds that comply 
with UCITS requirements. Providing a degree of consistency between 
the final rule and UCITS requirements therefore may provide the 
compliance and operational efficiencies identified by commenters, 
including by facilitating advisers' ability to offer similar 
strategies in the United States and Europe.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also are modifying the proposed rule to provide a higher 
absolute VaR test limit of 25% of the fund's net assets in the case of 
a closed-end fund with then-outstanding shares of preferred stock. This 
reflects the parallel clause we added to the definition of the term 
``relative VaR test.'' We are increasing the absolute VaR limit for 
certain closed-end funds for the same reasons we are increasing the 
relative VaR limit for these funds.\413\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \413\ See supra section II.D.2.c.ii (discussing the 250% 
relative VaR limit for closed-end funds that have shares of 
preferred stock outstanding).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter also suggested that the Commission modify the 
absolute VaR test to provide that a fund complies if it does not exceed 
either: (1) The absolute VaR limit, which the commenter urged be at 
least 20%; or (2) 150% of the then-current VaR of the S&P 500.\414\ The 
effect of this suggestion, if we incorporated it into the final rule 
(which, as adopted, includes a 200% relative VaR limit), would always 
permit a fund to have a portfolio VaR of 20% or less of the fund's net 
assets. Moreover, this suggestion would permit a fund to increase its 
portfolio VaR beyond this level to 200% of the S&P 500's VaR, if the 
fund's portfolio VaR were to exceed 20%. This suggested approach would 
therefore allow a fund's permissible VaR to increase in times when 
market volatility increases and this increase is reflected in the S&P 
500's VaR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \414\ See AQR Comment Letter I. The commenter raised concerns 
that in particular funds pursuing a volatility-targeting strategy 
would be adversely affected by the absolute VaR test under the 
proposal because of the counter-cyclical investment nature of these 
funds, which the commenter suggested may be addressed by this 
modification. The commenter also suggested an alternative method of 
calculating VaR to address these concerns, which we discuss below in 
section II.D.5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not including this suggested approach in the final rule. In 
determining the level of the absolute VaR test, we have used the mean 
VaR of S&P 500 as a reference point for this analysis to represent the 
level of risk that investors may understand as inherent in the markets 
generally. If a fund is relying on the absolute VaR test,

[[Page 83200]]

it is because its derivatives risk manager reasonably determined that a 
designated reference portfolio would not provide an appropriate 
reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test. It would be 
inconsistent with the rule's framework to include a provision that 
effectively uses the S&P 500 as a fund's designated index regardless of 
the fund's investments and only during periods where this relative VaR 
approach permits a fund's VaR to exceed 20%, but not during other 
market conditions. This approach also could result in a fund being 
permitted to take on substantial additional risk--and potentially 
substantially additional leverage depending on the fund's investments--
in periods when market risks already are elevated.
    The relative VaR test is designed to address concerns about 
compliance with the VaR test during stressed periods because, although 
the fund's VaR may increase during these periods, the VaR of the fund's 
designated reference portfolio would be expected to increase as well. A 
fund can rely on the relative VaR test if the fund's designated 
reference portfolio reflects the markets or asset classes in which the 
fund invests and meets the rule's other requirements. This is true even 
if the fund's strategy is focused on an absolute return rather than a 
level of return relative to an index or market. We believe such a 
portfolio would provide a more appropriate reference portfolio for a 
fund's relative VaR test than prescribing the S&P 500 in all cases.
4. Funds Limited to Certain Investors
    The final rule does not provide an exemption from the rule's VaR-
based limit for funds that limit their investors to ``qualified 
clients,'' as defined in rule 205-3 under the Advisers Act, and/or are 
sold exclusively to ``qualified clients,'' ``accredited investors,'' or 
``qualified purchasers.'' \415\ A few commenters urged the Commission 
to exempt closed-end funds that limit their investor base in this way 
from the rule's VaR limits.\416\ One of these commenters urged that, 
instead of being subject to the VaR tests, these funds should be 
permitted to set and disclose limits of their own choosing.\417\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \415\ An ``accredited investor'' is defined in rules 215 and 
501(a) under the Securities Act of 1933 and is intended to identify 
``investors that have sufficient knowledge and expertise to 
participate in investment opportunities that do not have the 
rigorous disclosure and procedural requirements, and related 
investor protections, provided by registration under the Securities 
Act of 1933.'' See, e.g., Amending the ``Accredited Investor'' 
Definition, Securities Act Release No. 10824 (Aug. 26, 2020) [85 FR 
64234 (Oct. 9, 2020)].
    A ``qualified purchaser'' is defined in section 2(a)(51) of the 
Investment Company Act and includes natural persons who own not less 
than $5 million in investments, family-owned companies that own not 
less than $5 million in investments, certain trusts, and persons, 
acting for their own accounts or the accounts of other qualified 
purchasers, who in the aggregate own and invest on a discretionary 
basis, not less than $25 million in investments (e.g., institutional 
investors). See id. at n.8.
    \416\ Some of these commenters recommended an exemption from the 
VaR tests for closed-end funds that limit their investors to 
qualified clients. See Comment Letter of Dechert LLP (Mar. 24, 2020) 
(``Dechert Comment Letter II''); Kramer Levin Comment Letter. Other 
commenters urged exemptions more broadly for closed-end funds sold 
exclusively to accredited investors, qualified purchasers, or 
qualified clients. See NYC Bar Comment Letter; ABA Comment Letter.
    \417\ See ABA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters asserted that complying with the VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk would negatively affect how these funds operate and the 
investment strategies they can pursue.\418\ Commenters asserted that 
because their investors are sophisticated, with the ability to 
understand the risks associated with a fund obtaining significant 
derivatives exposure, the funds should not be subject to VaR testing 
because these investors do not require the same investor protections as 
other registered funds.\419\ Commenters urged that failing to provide 
these funds an exemption would encourage their investors to move to 
private funds, losing investor protections that the Investment Company 
Act provides.\420\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \418\ See Dechert Comment Letter II (stating that compliance 
with the rule ``could significantly and negatively impact investment 
performance and create unnecessary costs for investors [of qualified 
client funds]''); Kramer Levin Comment Letter.
    \419\ See Kramer Levin Comment Letter (stating that ``[u]nlike 
mutual funds, [closed-end funds that limit their investors to 
``qualified clients''] are only offered to sophisticated, high net 
worth investors (with a $2.1 million net worth minimum), who not 
only certify as to their financial wherewithal but also acknowledge 
all of the risks involved in investing in such [funds]''); Dechert 
Comment Letter II; contra CFA Comment Letter at 9 (stating that that 
these ``exotic-hedge fund like strategies that use extensive 
leverage . . . . are more appropriately reserved for the 
unregistered space where, at least in theory, investors are 
sophisticated, can withstand losses resulting from risky strategies, 
and are able to access information that would enable them to make 
informed investment decisions'').
    \420\ See ABA Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter II; Kramer 
Levin Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule does not provide an exemption for these funds from 
the rule's VaR test. To the extent a fund that limits its investor base 
as described by these commenters is able to qualify for the exclusions 
from the investment company definition in sections 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7), 
the fund can operate as a private fund under those exclusions and will 
not be subject to section 18.\421\ Private funds can pursue complex 
derivatives strategies with significant leverage. Where a fund is 
registered under the Investment Company Act (or regulated under the Act 
in the case of BDCs), however, the fund remains subject to all 
applicable provisions of the Act and its rules, notwithstanding its 
investor base.\422\ The Investment Company Act's requirements for 
registered investment companies and BDCs generally do not vary based on 
the nature of the fund's investors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \421\ Section 3(c)(1) of the Investment Company Act excludes 
from the definition of ``investment company'' any issuer whose 
outstanding securities (other than short-term paper) are 
beneficially owned by not more than 100 persons, and which is not 
making and does not presently propose to make a public offering of 
its securities. Section 3(c)(7) of the Investment Company Act 
excludes from the definition of ``investment company'' any issuer 
whose outstanding securities are owned exclusively by persons who, 
at the time of acquisition of such securities, are ``qualified 
purchasers,'' and which is not making and does not at that time 
propose to make a public offering of its securities.
    \422\ The final rule does include modifications to the proposed 
VaR tests, including commenter suggestions to raise the VaR limits 
from the proposed levels. See Kramer Levin Comment Letter 
(recommending that closed-end funds under the rule be subject, as 
applicable, to a limit of 200% relative VaR or 20% absolute VaR). We 
also modified the proposed rule to take account of closed-ends' 
funds ability to issue preferred stock by providing these funds a 
higher VaR limit. We believe these and other modifications to the 
final rule should help to address the concerns commenters raised 
about the final rule's impact on the funds' strategies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Choice of Model and Parameters for VaR Test
    We are adopting the VaR model and parameters for the VaR test as 
proposed. The final rule will require a VaR model to take into account 
and incorporate certain market risk factors associated with a fund's 
investments and provide parameters for the VaR calculation's confidence 
level, time horizon, and historical market data. The final rule also 
will not require a fund to use the same VaR model for calculating its 
portfolio's VaR and the VaR of its designated reference portfolio. We 
discuss each of these requirements below in addition to certain VaR 
calculation considerations raised by commenters.
Risk Factors and Methodologies
    As proposed, the final rule will require that any VaR model a fund 
uses for purposes of the relative or absolute VaR test take into 
account and incorporate all significant, identifiable market risk 
factors associated with a fund's investments.\423\ The rule includes a 
non-exhaustive list of common market

[[Page 83201]]

risk factors that a fund must account for in its VaR model, if 
applicable. These market risk factors are: (1) Equity price risk, 
interest rate risk, credit spread risk, foreign currency risk and 
commodity price risk; (2) material risks arising from the nonlinear 
price characteristics of a fund's investments, including options and 
positions with embedded optionality; and (3) the sensitivity of the 
market value of the fund's investments to changes in volatility.\424\ 
VaR models are often categorized according to three modeling methods--
historical simulation, Monte Carlo simulation, or parametric 
models.\425\ Each method has certain benefits and drawbacks, which may 
make a particular method more or less suitable, depending on a fund's 
strategy, investments and other factors. In particular, some VaR 
methodologies may not adequately incorporate all of the material risks 
inherent in particular investments, or all material risks arising from 
the nonlinear price characteristics of certain derivatives.\426\ By 
specifying certain parameters but not prescribing particular VaR 
models, the final rule is designed to allow each fund to use a VaR 
model that is appropriate for the fund's investments. The commenters 
who addressed this provision supported it.\427\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \423\ See rule 18f-4(a) (defining the term ``value-at-risk'' or 
``VaR'' in the final rule); proposed rule 18f-4(a) (defining the 
term ``value-at-risk'' or ``VaR'' in the proposed rule).
    \424\ See id.
    \425\ Historical simulation models rely on past observed 
historical returns to estimate VaR. Historical VaR involves taking a 
fund's current portfolio, subjecting it to changes in the relevant 
market risk factors observed over a prior historical period, and 
constructing a distribution of hypothetical profits and losses. The 
resulting VaR is then determined by looking at the largest (100 
minus the confidence level) percent of losses in the resulting 
distribution.
    Monte Carlo simulation uses a random number generator to produce 
a large number (often tens of thousands) of hypothetical changes in 
market values that simulate changes in market factors. These outputs 
are then used to construct a distribution of hypothetical profits 
and losses on the fund's current portfolio, from which the resulting 
VaR is ascertained by looking at the largest (100 minus the 
confidence level) percent of losses in the resulting distribution.
    Parametric methods for calculating VaR rely on estimates of key 
parameters (such as the mean returns, standard deviations of 
returns, and correlations among the returns of the instruments in a 
fund's portfolio) to create a hypothetical statistical distribution 
of returns for a fund, and use statistical methods to calculate VaR 
at a given confidence level.
    See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.227.
    \426\ For example, some parametric methodologies may be more 
likely to yield misleading VaR estimates for assets or portfolios 
that exhibit non-linear returns, due, for example, to the presence 
of options or instruments that have embedded optionality (such as 
callable or convertible bonds). See, e.g., Thomas J. Linsmeier & 
Neil D. Pearson, Value at Risk, 56 Journal of Financial Analysts 2 
(Mar.-Apr. 2000) (``Linsmeier & Pearson'') (stating that historical 
and Monte Carlo simulation ``work well regardless of the presence of 
options and option-like instruments in the portfolio. In contrast, 
the standard [parametric] delta-normal method works well for 
instruments and portfolios with little option content but not as 
well as the two simulation methods when options and option-like 
instruments are significant in the portfolio.'').
    \427\ See J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Franklin Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Confidence Level and Time Horizon
    As proposed, the final rule requires a fund's VaR model to use a 
99% confidence level and a time horizon of 20 trading days.\428\ VaR 
models that use relatively high confidence levels and longer time 
horizons--as the final rule parameters reflect--result in a focus on 
more-``extreme'' but less-frequent losses. This is because a fund's VaR 
model will be based on a distribution of returns, where a higher 
confidence level would go further into the tail of the distribution 
(i.e., more-``extreme'' but less-frequent losses) and a longer time 
horizon would result in larger losses in the distribution (i.e., losses 
have the potential to be larger over twenty days than over, for 
example, one day). The VaR tests in the final rule, as proposed, are 
designed to measure, and seek to limit the severity of, these less-
frequent but larger losses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \428\ See rule 18f-4(a); proposed rule 18f-4(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters provided general support for a 99% confidence level 
for the rule's VaR test.\429\ Several commenters that supported this 
parameter suggested providing guidance regarding confidence interval 
rescaling, specifically from a 95% confidence level to a 99% confidence 
level.\430\ Under this approach, a fund would first compute its VaR at 
a 95% confidence level, which will involve more observations because 
this approach looks to losses in 5% of the distribution rather than 1%. 
The fund would then use the statistical relationship of the normal 
distribution between the 99th percentile and the 95th percentile, using 
the ratio of their respective Z-scores, in calculating a fund's VaR 
consistent with the VaR model and parameters requirements under the 
rule.\431\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \429\ See, e.g., J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter 
I; BlackRock Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment 
Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter. But see 
ISDA Comment Letter (suggesting the rule permit a fund to determine 
its own confidence level from 95% to 99% for purposes of the rule's 
VaR test).
    \430\ See AQR Comment Letter I; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; Invesco Comment 
Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \431\ The Z-scores for these confidence levels are: (1) The 
value of the 99th percentile minus the population mean and (2) the 
value of the 95th percentile minus the population mean, both divided 
by the population standard deviation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters stated that this approach would produce more stable 
results because the VaR calculation would be based on a larger number 
of observations. For example, one commenter stated that while there are 
benefits to selecting a 99% confidence level, one of the tradeoffs is 
that being so far into the ``tail'' of the distribution of returns for 
VaR calculations implies an inherently imprecise, unstable, and 
unnecessarily sensitive metric of risk.\432\ The commenter stated that, 
for example, if a fund calculated a 3-year VaR with 20-day non-
overlapping periods, the 99% VaR is based on less than one observation. 
Rescaling a VaR calculated at a 95% confidence to a 99% confidence 
level would address the effects of having a limited number of 
observations.\433\ Two commenters similarly stated that permitting 
rescaling from a 95% confidence level to a 99% confidence level is 
useful as another means for obtaining additional observations, when 
compared to increasing the number of observations by using overlapping 
periods, because it better addresses concerns with small sample bias in 
estimating VaR at higher confidence levels.\434\ One commenter stated 
that this confidence level scaling would ensure that the VaR outputs 
are appropriately representative and take into account unusual 
volatility periods, and in this commenter's view, ensure greater 
reliability of the model outputs.\435\ A few commenters stated that 
this also would align with other regulatory regimes, creating 
regulatory compliance efficiencies for funds complying with the 
rule.\436\ Commenters also supported the Commission's statement in the 
Proposing Release that funds could scale a one-day VaR calculation to a 
20-day calculation for purposes of the rule under appropriate 
circumstances and urged that permitting confidence level scaling would 
likewise be appropriate. With respect to the proposed time horizon of 
20 trading days, the Commission received one comment that supported the 
proposed parameter and another that did not object to it and noted that 
this and other parameters generally are in line with UCITS 
requirements.\437\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \432\ See AQR Comment Letter I.
    \433\ See id.
    \434\ See ICI Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter.
    \435\ See SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \436\ See BlackRock Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; 
ICI Comment Letter.
    \437\ See J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We agree with commenters that it is a commonly used technique in 
performing VaR calculations to determine a 99% confidence level VaR

[[Page 83202]]

by rescaling a calculation initially performed at a 95% confidence 
level. Like the time-scaling technique the Commission discussed in the 
proposal, it may be beneficial in that it would allow a fund's VaR 
calculation to take into account additional observations while still 
complying with the final rule's VaR tests calibrated to a 99% 
confidence level and a time horizon of 20 trading days.\438\ We believe 
that both approaches are appropriate for purposes of the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \438\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.230.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Historical Market Data
    We are adopting the requirement, as proposed, that the fund's 
chosen VaR model must be based on at least three years of historical 
market data. As discussed in the proposal, we understand that the 
availability of data is a key consideration when calculating VaR, and 
that the length of the data observation period may significantly 
influence the results of a VaR calculation. When proposing this 
requirement, the Commission recognized that a shorter observation 
period means that each observation will have a greater influence on the 
result of the VaR calculation (as compared to a longer observation 
period), such that periods of unusually high or low volatility could 
result in unusually high or low VaR estimates.\439\ Longer observation 
periods, however, can lead to data collection problems, if sufficient 
historical data is not available.\440\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \439\ See Linsmeier & Pearson, supra footnote 426 (stating that, 
because historical simulation relies directly on historical data, a 
danger is that the price and rate changes in the last 100 (or 500 or 
1,000) days might not be typical. For example, if by chance the last 
100 days were a period of low volatility in market rates and prices, 
the VaR computed through historical simulation would understate the 
risk in the portfolio).
    \440\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.178 and 
accompanying text (citing Kevin Dowd, An Introduction to Market Risk 
Measurement (Oct. 2002) at 68 (stating that ``[a] long sample period 
can lead to data collection problems. This is a particular concern 
with new or emerging market instruments, where long runs of 
historical data don't exist and are not necessarily easy to 
proxy'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission received a few comments on this aspect of the 
proposal. One commenter suggested that the rule should require at a 
minimum five years of historical data rather than the proposed three 
years of historical data requirement.\441\ This commenter stated that 
five years would be more representative of market conditions, but not 
so long as to mute the effects of extreme market events. Another 
commenter, however, stated that it supported the proposed three years 
of historical data requirement.\442\ Another commenter expressly stated 
that it did not object to the proposed three-year historical data 
requirement.\443\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \441\ See Better Markets Comment Letter. This commenter also 
suggested stressed VaR, as discussed above (suggesting that the 
historical data include a one-year period of extreme but plausible 
market conditions). See supra section II.D.1.
    \442\ See J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
    \443\ See ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not persuaded to extend the requirement, as suggested by one 
commenter, to at least five years of historical data.\444\ Funds with 
newer or novel investment exposures, for example, may experience 
challenges in collecting this data set. The rule's historical market 
data requirement is designed to permit a fund to base its VaR estimates 
on a meaningful number of observations, while also recognizing that 
requiring a longer period could make it difficult for a fund to obtain 
sufficient data to estimate VaR for the instruments in its 
portfolio.\445\ We believe requiring a fund's chosen VaR model to be 
based on at least three years of historical market data strikes an 
appropriate balance.\446\ Derivatives risk managers can base their VaR 
calculations on additional historical data if they choose.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \444\ See Better Markets Comment Letter.
    \445\ See Michael Minnich, Perspectives On Interest Rate Risk 
Management For Money Managers And Traders (Frank Fabozzi, ed.) 
(1998) (stating that for historical simulation, ``[l]onger periods 
of data have a richer return distribution while shorter periods 
allow the VAR to react more quickly to changing market events'' and 
that ``[t]hree to five years of historical data are typical''); see 
also Darryll Hendricks, Evaluation of Value-at-Risk Models Using 
Historical Data, FRBNY Economic Policy Review (Apr. 1996) (finding 
that, when using historical VaR, ``[e]xtreme [confidence level] 
percentiles such as the 95th and particularly the 99th are very 
difficult to estimate accurately with small samples'' and that the 
complete dependence of historical VaR models on historical 
observation data ``to estimate these percentiles directly is one 
rationale for using long observation periods'').
    \446\ The three-year data requirement applies to all VaR 
calculations under the rule, as proposed, rather than only 
historical simulation as the Commission proposed in 2015. All VaR 
models--not just historical simulation--rely on historical data. The 
Commission received no comments on this aspect of the proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

VaR Models for the Fund's Portfolio and Its Designated Reference 
Portfolio
    The final rule, as proposed, does not require a fund to apply its 
VaR model consistently (i.e., the same VaR model applied in the same 
way) when calculating (1) the VaR of its portfolio and (2) the VaR of 
its designated reference portfolio. The rule will, however, require 
that VaR calculations comply with the same VaR definition under the 
rule and its specified model requirements.
    As proposed, we have determined not to adopt a model consistency 
requirement because it could prevent funds from using less-costly 
approaches. For example, under the final rule's approach, in many cases 
a fund could calculate the VaR of a designated index based on the index 
levels over time without having to obtain more-detailed information 
about the index constituents. A fund also may obtain the VaR from a 
third-party vendor instead of analyzing it in-house. A model 
consistency requirement could preclude these approaches, however, 
because a fund might not be able apply the same approach to its 
portfolio.\447\ Commenters supported this approach.\448\ We believe 
similar considerations apply to funds using their securities portfolios 
in lieu of a designated index. For example, such a fund may have a 
securities portfolio composed solely of listed equities securities 
while also writing options or entering into other derivatives 
transactions with non-linear returns. A simpler VaR model may be 
appropriate to calculate the VaR of the fund's securities portfolio, 
and a comparatively more complex VaR model could be more appropriate 
for calculating the VaR of the fund's total portfolio that includes the 
fund's derivatives transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \447\ For example, if a fund invested significantly in options, 
it generally would not be appropriate to use certain parametric VaR 
models. The fund might instead use Monte Carlo simulation, which is 
more computationally intensive and takes more time to perform. A 
model consistency requirement would require the fund to apply the 
same Monte Carlo simulation model to its unleveraged designated 
index or securities portfolio, for which a parametric or other 
simpler and less costly VaR model might be appropriate.
    \448\ See BlackRock Comment Letter; Franklin Comment Letter 
(stating its support for the proposed VaR model calculation 
flexibility and noting that it is supported by the Commission's 
discussion in the proposal regarding index licensing fees).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Other VaR Calculation Considerations
    Funds of funds. One commenter requested guidance on how the VaR 
tests should be applied to investments by a fund that invests in other 
registered investment companies (``underlying funds'').\449\ This 
commenter observed that calculating VaR based on the acquiring fund's 
holdings can be challenging because an acquiring fund's adviser may not 
have daily transparency into the holdings of underlying funds. 
Accordingly, the commenter suggested we confirm that a fund need only 
comply with the rule if the fund itself directly engages in derivatives 
transactions and need not look through to the holdings of underlying 
funds. The commenter also sought confirmation

[[Page 83203]]

that, when an acquiring fund does enter into derivatives transactions 
and also holds shares of underlying funds, that the acquiring fund may 
calculate its VaR by taking into account the historic return of the 
acquiring fund rather than determining the acquiring fund's VaR based 
on the aggregate VaR of the underlying funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \449\ See Fidelity Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We agree that, in general, an acquiring fund that does not use 
derivatives transactions would not be required to comply with the final 
rule or to look through to an underlying registered investment company 
or BDC's use of derivatives transactions for purposes of determining 
the acquiring fund's derivatives exposure. These underlying funds, 
themselves, will be subject to rule 18f-4 with respect to their 
investments in derivatives.\450\ If a fund enters into derivatives 
transactions indirectly through controlled foreign corporations, these 
derivatives transactions are treated as direct investments of the fund 
for regulatory and other purposes, including for purposes of section 18 
and therefore for rule 18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \450\ However, section 48(a) of the Act provides that it shall 
be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, to cause to be 
done any act or thing through or by means of any other person which 
it would be unlawful for such person to do under the provisions of 
the Investment Company Act or any rule, regulation, or order 
thereunder. This provision prevents a fund from investing through a 
registered investment company or BDC, or a private fund or other 
pooled investment vehicle, as a means of directly or indirectly 
causing to be done any act or thing through or by means of any other 
person which it would be unlawful under section 18 and the final 
rule for the acquiring fund to do directly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When an acquiring fund does engage in derivatives transactions 
beyond the 10% limited derivatives user threshold and also holds shares 
of underlying funds, the acquiring fund will be required under the rule 
to calculate its own VaR. In these circumstance we believe that it 
would be sufficient for the acquiring fund to use the historic returns 
of the underlying funds when determining the acquiring fund's VaR, in 
recognition of the compliance challenges associated with obtaining 
daily transparency into the holdings of the underlying funds. We do not 
believe it would be appropriate, however, for the acquiring fund (or 
any other fund under the rule) to use its own historic return for 
calculating VaR. The acquiring fund will have information about its own 
direct investments and can calculate its VaR taking these investments 
into account rather than looking to the fund's historic return, which 
will include return information that may be based on investments that 
differ from those in the fund's current portfolio.
    Volatility-targeting funds. One commenter suggested that the 
Commission permit different VaR parameters for funds that target a 
constant volatility or volatility range (``volatility-targeting 
funds'').\451\ Such funds generally will increase the size of their 
positions when market risks are lower and decrease the size of their 
positions when market risks are higher. The commenter expressed 
concerns about applying a VaR test to such funds, particularly in 
periods of low volatility that follow high-volatility periods. In this 
case, the fund would increase the size of its position because of the 
low volatility in the market but, when calculating the fund's VaR, 
effectively would be simulating how the fund's current portfolio would 
perform during the past high-volatility period. The commenter believed 
that this would not measure effectively the fund's risk because during 
the prior high-volatility periods simulated in the VaR model, the 
fund's positions would have been smaller than in its current portfolio 
because volatility was higher.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \451\ See AQR Comment Letter I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenter urged that the final rule permit this fund's 
derivatives risk manager to use a VaR model that, in simulating the 
fund's performance over the look-back period, would reflect the way in 
which the fund would change its position sizes based on the fund's 
publicly-disclosed investment strategy.\452\ The commenter explained 
that this alternative VaR model adjusts historical returns data by 
considering the ex-ante volatility of the holdings on each day in the 
lookback window and scaling those returns to reflect the target 
volatility of the fund. The commenter acknowledged that this VaR model 
modification would not be appropriate for all funds and could be 
misused by funds that do not effect these strategies during high 
volatility market conditions, but suggested the Commission could 
address such concerns by providing guidance that this methodology would 
be limited to only those funds that have an explicit strategy of 
targeting a specific volatility level or range that is disclosed as a 
principal investment strategy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \452\ The commenter also suggested a modification to the 
absolute VaR test designed to address concerns for volatility-
targeting funds as discussed at supra footnote 414 and accompanying 
text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that the VaR of a fund's current portfolio is based on 
past trading conditions and that this can affect volatility-targeting 
funds as this commenter discussed. Where these high-volatility periods 
are in the VaR lookback period and market volatility currently is low, 
VaR may limit the size of the fund's positions. We have not, however, 
modified the proposed rule to permit the alternative method suggested. 
The VaR test is designed to measure the leverage risk in a fund's 
portfolio. The suggested method appears to measure the risk in the 
fund's strategy. It also assumes that the fund effectively achieves the 
targeted volatility each day, which may not be the case. In addition, 
allowing a fund to adjust historical returns when measuring the current 
leverage risk in a fund's portfolio would appear to introduce 
``gaming'' concerns that we do not believe can be fully addressed by 
limiting such a method to only those funds that have an explicit 
strategy of targeting a specific volatility level or range that is 
disclosed as a principal investment strategy. We have, however, 
incorporated a number of other modifications suggested by the commenter 
to other aspects of the rule that may help to address the concerns the 
commenter expressed.\453\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \453\ See, e.g., supra sections II.D.2.c, II.D.3, II.D.4 
(discussing raising VaR limits and confidence level re-scaling).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Implementation
a. Testing Frequency
    Under the final rule, a fund must determine its compliance with the 
applicable VaR test at least once each business day, as proposed.\454\ 
Although we believe that funds will calculate their VaRs at a 
consistent time each day, which would generally be either in the 
mornings before markets open or in the evenings after markets close, 
the rule does not require one at the exclusion of the other.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \454\ Rule 18f-4(c)(2)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission proposed a daily testing frequency because, if this 
testing requirement were less frequent, a fund could satisfy the 
condition only on business days requiring a VaR test and modify its 
trading strategy to circumvent the purpose of the test on other 
business days. Testing each business day also reflects the potential 
for market risk factors associated with a fund's investments to change 
quickly. The Commission received one comment on this aspect of the 
rule, which supported it, and we are adopting it as proposed.\455\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \455\ See J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Remediation
    If a fund determines that it is not in compliance with the 
applicable VaR test, then under the rule a fund must

[[Page 83204]]

come back into compliance promptly after such determination, in a 
manner that is in the best interests of the fund and its 
shareholders.\456\ If the fund is not in compliance within five 
business days:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \456\ See rule 18f-4(c)(2)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     The derivatives risk manager must provide a written report 
to the fund's board of directors and explain how and by when (i.e., the 
number of business days) the derivatives risk manager reasonably 
expects that the fund will come back into compliance; \457\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \457\ The final rule clarifies that this report must be in 
writing. See rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iii)(A); proposed rule 18f-
4(c)(2)(iii)(A). The Commission did not receive comment on whether 
this reporting requirement must be in writing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     The derivatives risk manager must analyze the 
circumstances that caused the fund to be out of compliance for more 
than five business days and update any program elements as appropriate 
to address those circumstances; \458\ and
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \458\ See rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iii)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     The derivatives risk manager must provide a written report 
within thirty calendar days of the exceedance to the fund's board of 
directors explaining how the fund came back into compliance and the 
results of the derivatives risk manager's analysis of the circumstances 
that caused the fund to be out of compliance for more than five 
business days and any updates to the program elements.\459\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \459\ See rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iii)(C).

If the fund remains out of compliance with the applicable VaR test at 
that time, the derivatives risk manager's written report must update 
the report explaining how and by when he or she reasonably expects the 
fund will come back into compliance, and the derivatives risk manager 
must update the board of directors on the fund's progress in coming 
back into compliance at regularly scheduled intervals at a frequency 
determined by the board.\460\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \460\ See id.; see also infra section II.G.2 (discussing the 
requirement to submit a confidential report to the Commission if the 
fund is out of compliance with the applicable VaR test for five 
business days).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule would have required the derivatives risk manager 
to satisfy the additional reporting and analysis requirements if the 
fund was out of compliance for three consecutive business days.\461\ 
Additionally, the proposed rule would have prohibited a fund from 
entering into any derivatives transactions (other than derivatives 
transactions that, individually or in the aggregate, are designed to 
reduce the fund's VaR) until the fund has been back in compliance with 
the applicable VaR test for three consecutive business days (the 
``proposed derivatives entry restriction''), among other 
requirements.\462\ The Commission requested comment in the Proposing 
Release on whether the remediation provision would exacerbate fund or 
market instability and harm investors.\463\ The Commission also 
requested comment on whether there was a more-effective means for the 
remediation provision to balance investor protection concerns regarding 
compliance with the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk and not 
forcing asset sales or unwinding transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \461\ See proposed rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iii).
    \462\ See proposed rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iii)(A) through (C).
    \463\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.D.5.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters urged the Commission to extend the remediation 
period from three business days to five business days or seven calendar 
days.\464\ These commenters suggested that the proposed three business 
days is too short to ensure an orderly process of getting back into 
compliance.\465\ In particular, commenters raised concerns that during 
periods of high market volatility and dislocation, funds would engage 
in sales and other actions to get back into compliance with the VaR 
test that may have adverse effects on a fund and its shareholders.\466\ 
Moreover, some commenters pointed out that a five-business-day 
remediation period would align better with respect to over-the-counter 
derivatives contracts' termination provisions that, based on industry 
market practices, are often set at seven calendar days.\467\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \464\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I; Capital Group Comment 
Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; Franklin 
Comment Letter; Putnam Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; see 
also ISDA Comment Letter (suggesting seven business days); Dechert 
Comment Letter III (suggesting ten business days in light of 
concerns relating to funds fire selling assets to avoid VaR test 
compliance issues that may trigger reporting requirements to the 
Commission).
    \465\ See, e.g., Franklin Comment Letter; Putnam Comment Letter; 
T. Rowe Price Comment Letter.
    \466\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I; Capital Group Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
    \467\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; 
MFA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters similarly urged that the Commission eliminate or modify 
the proposed derivatives entry restriction.\468\ Commenters urged that 
this restriction could be disruptive to a fund's execution of its 
strategy and could adversely affect a fund and its shareholders.\469\ 
Several commenters urged that it should be eliminated because the other 
provisions requiring reporting to the fund's board of directors and to 
the Commission under the rule provide sufficient incentives for funds 
to come back into compliance promptly with the rule's VaR test.\470\ A 
few commenters also expressed concerns with the proposed derivatives 
entry restriction because of the challenges with predicting whether a 
new derivatives transaction will be VaR reducing.\471\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \468\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I; Capital Group Comment 
Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; Franklin 
Comment Letter; Putnam Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
Dechert Comment Letter III.
    \469\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I; Franklin Comment Letter; 
ISDA Comment Letter.
    \470\ See, e.g., SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Nuveen Comment 
Letter; Putnam Comment Letter. But see CFA Comment Letter (stating 
that the proposed remediation provisions did not have enough 
incentives for funds to comply with the rule's VaR-based test).
    \471\ See, e.g., Franklin Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter 
I; ICI Comment Letter (suggesting that the implication is that a 
fund must engage in pre-trade monitoring). But see J.P. Morgan 
Comment Letter (suggesting pre-trade documentation by the portfolio 
management team of the intended impact of the derivatives 
transaction should satisfy this proposed requirement).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, we are making several modifications 
from the proposal. We are extending from three business days to five 
business days the time period during which a fund may be out of 
compliance with its VaR test without being required to report to the 
fund's board and confidentially to the Commission.\472\ We appreciate 
that investigating a VaR breach and taking steps to remediate it may 
take more time than reducing a fund's outstanding bank borrowings, 
which was the basis for the three-day period at proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \472\ Under the rule, a fund that is not in compliance within 
five business days also will be required to file a report to the 
Commission on Form N-RN. See rule 18f-4(c)(7); infra section II.H.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also are modifying the rule to provide that a fund out of 
compliance with its VaR test must reduce its VaR promptly, in a manner 
that is in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders, which 
may exceed this five-business day period. Although a fund remaining out 
of compliance with the applicable VaR test raises investor protection 
concerns related to fund leverage risk, if the rule were to force a 
fund to exit derivatives transactions immediately or at the end of the 
five-day period, this could result in greater harm to investors. For 
example, it could require the fund to realize trading losses that could 
have been avoided under a more-flexible approach. Requiring the fund to 
come back into compliance promptly, in a manner that is in the best 
interests of the fund and its shareholders, is designed to require a

[[Page 83205]]

fund to reduce its VaR promptly but without requiring the fund to 
engage in deeply discounted transactions (sometimes known as ``fire 
sales'') or otherwise incur trading losses that reasonably might be 
avoided while coming back into compliance in a deliberate manner that 
is in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders.\473\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \473\ Cf. Dechert Comment Letter III (suggesting that the final 
rule require a fund to reduce risk in the best interest of investors 
and in line with an adviser's fiduciary responsibilities).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If a fund does not come back into compliance within five business 
days, the remediation provision requires the fund to satisfy three 
additional requirements. First, the derivatives risk manager must 
provide a written report to the fund's board of directors and explain 
how and by when (i.e., the number of business days) the derivatives 
risk manager reasonably expects that the fund will come back into 
compliance.\474\ A few commenters expressed general support for this 
remediation provision because it incentivizes funds to stay in 
compliance or come back into compliance with the applicable VaR 
limit.\475\ However, one commenter suggested eliminating the proposed 
board reporting prong of the remediation provision and replacing it 
with a rule requiring funds out of compliance with the VaR-based test 
to ``reduce risk in the best interest of investors and in line with an 
adviser's fiduciary responsibilities.'' \476\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \474\ Rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iii)(A).
    \475\ See, e.g., T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; AQR Comment 
Letter I.
    \476\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter III.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering the comments received, we are adopting this 
requirement as proposed other than the change from three to five 
business days discussed above and a modification to require that the 
board report be in writing. This requirement is designed to facilitate 
the fund coming back into compliance promptly by requiring the 
derivatives risk manager to develop a specific remediation course of 
action and to facilitate the board's oversight by requiring the 
derivatives risk manager to report this information to the board.
    Second, the derivatives risk manager must analyze the circumstances 
that caused the fund to be out of compliance for more than five 
business days and update any program elements as appropriate to address 
those circumstances.\477\ Commenters did not address this aspect of the 
remediation provision. We are adopting this provision as proposed, 
other than a conforming change from three to five business days 
discussed above. This provision is designed to address any deficiencies 
in the fund's program, which the fund's inability to come back into 
compliance with the applicable VaR test within five business days may 
suggest exist.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \477\ Proposed rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iii)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, the derivatives risk manager, in a change from the proposal, 
must provide a written report within thirty calendar days of the 
exceedance (i.e., thirty calendar days of the fund's determination that 
it is out of compliance with its applicable VaR test) to the fund's 
board of directors explaining: (1) How the fund came back into 
compliance; (2) the results of the derivatives risk manager's analysis 
of the circumstances that caused the fund to be out of compliance for 
more than five business days; and (3) any updates to the program 
elements. Under the rule, if the fund remains out of compliance with 
the applicable VaR test at that time, the derivatives risk manager's 
written report must update the report that explained how and by when he 
or she reasonably expects the fund will come back into compliance, and 
the derivatives risk manager must update the board of directors on the 
fund's progress in coming back into compliance at regularly scheduled 
intervals at a frequency determined by the board.
    In the proposal, the Commission requested comment on whether the 
remediation provision should include any changes that would distinguish 
funds that have more frequent or longer periods of non-compliance with 
the VaR test from other funds and potentially subject them to 
additional remediation provisions.\478\ A few commenters addressed this 
concern.\479\ For example, one commenter stated that because of the 
proposed reporting requirements to the Commission and the fund's board 
of directors, any fund that has more frequent or longer periods of non-
compliance would ``immediately stand apart as an outlier'' and the 
fund's board and the Commission staff could address it.\480\ Another 
commenter stated that it would be unlikely a fund would intentionally 
exceed the VaR limits for a specific period because of the burdens and 
``potentially costly and embarrassing consequences'' of exceeding the 
VaR limit beyond the remediation period.\481\ A commenter also stated 
that in lieu of the proposed restriction that may address this concern, 
the Commission ``has many other tools'' that can address these types of 
funds including requiring reporting to the fund's board of 
directors.\482\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \478\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.D.5.b.
    \479\ See, e.g., MFA Comment Letter; ISDA Comment Letter; AQR 
Comment Letter I.
    \480\ See AQR Comment Letter I.
    \481\ See ISDA Comment Letter; but see CFA Comment Letter.
    \482\ See MFA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering the comments received, we are adopting this new 
written reporting requirement. This provision is designed to facilitate 
appropriate board engagement and oversight when a fund is out of 
compliance with its VaR test. The rule provides for this follow-up 
within thirty calendar days because we anticipate that funds generally 
would have mitigated VaR breaches by that time and would be in a 
position to report to the board regarding the process.
    For funds that are out of compliance beyond that time period, by 
requiring the derivatives risk manager to update the initial board 
report, the rule is designed to facilitate appropriate board oversight 
and incentivize compliance with the rule's VaR-based fund leverage risk 
limit. For the same reasons, the rule requires the fund's board of 
directors to determine regularly scheduled intervals to meet with the 
derivatives risk manager until the fund has come back into compliance 
with its VaR-based test. If a fund is repeatedly out of compliance with 
its applicable VaR test for more than five business days, we would 
expect the fund and its board of directors to reconsider whether the 
fund's derivatives risk management program is appropriately designed 
and operating effectively.
    Finally, we are eliminating the proposed restrictions on a fund's 
ability to enter into derivatives transactions while out of compliance 
with the VaR test. We appreciate the concerns commenters raised about 
the negative effects this could have on a fund's ability to pursue its 
strategy, to the potential detriment of shareholders. We also believe 
that the requirement that the fund report to the fund's board and the 
Commission when a fund's VaR exceeds the limits in its VaR test for 
five business days, as well as the other aspects of the remediation 
provisions, will create a strong incentive for funds to come back into 
compliance without the need for the final rule to limit a fund's 
investment activities in ways that could be detrimental to 
shareholders. We do not believe that additional mandatory Commission 
reporting is necessary because Commission staff can determine whether 
and how to follow up with a fund after receiving an initial report on 
Form N-RN. The fund also must report confidentially to the Commission 
on Form N-RN once it

[[Page 83206]]

comes back into compliance. This allows the Commission to monitor the 
length of time that a fund has been out of compliance and the fund's 
progress in coming back into compliance. We expect that this monitoring 
would include staff outreach to a fund concerning its remediation plans 
where the fund has remained out of compliance for a longer period of 
time.
    Many commenters supported the Form N-RN reporting requirement as an 
appropriate adjunct to the rule's remediation provision, facilitating 
regulatory monitoring by the Commission.\483\ One commenter, however, 
suggested removing the Form N-RN reporting requirement due to fund 
sensitivities regarding having to immediately report to the 
Commission.\484\ This commenter expressed concern that to avoid this 
reporting requirement a fund may engage in ``fire sales'' during 
stressed market conditions that may contribute to additional systemic 
risk from portfolio managers selling into a volatile market and 
realizing losses during a period where transaction costs may be higher.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \483\ See, e.g., J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; Dechert Comment 
Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG 
Comment Letter; Nuveen Comment Letter. But see ISDA Comment Letter 
(suggesting that the board reporting requirement under the proposed 
remediation provision is sufficient and SEC reporting on Form N-RN 
is not necessary).
    \484\ See Dechert Comment Letter III (suggesting that some of 
the proposed Form N-RN reporting information could be required on 
Form N-PORT, which would provide this information to the Commission 
on a more time delayed basis). Although this commenter stated that 
it ``would eliminate the SEC reporting requirement on Form N-RN and 
the board reporting requirement immediately post a [VaR] limit 
breach,'' the commenter's concern appeared focused on filing Form N-
RN because the commenter later observed in its letter that ``[i]t is 
the immediate SEC posting [on Form N-RN], not the [b]oard reporting 
requirement, which creates the sense of urgency and may cause forced 
selling not in the best interest of the fund.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, the final rule, consistent with the 
proposal, will require a fund that is not in compliance with the 
applicable VaR test within five business days after determining it is 
out of compliance to report this to the Commission on Form N-RN.\485\ 
We believe this requirement is important for facilitating appropriate 
regulatory oversight of fund leverage risk and compliance with the 
rule. This requirement is designed to provide the Commission with 
current information regarding potential increased risks and stress 
events (as opposed to delayed reporting on Form N-PORT), as discussed 
in more detail below.\486\ We have modified the rule expressly to 
require a fund that is promptly coming back into compliance with the 
applicable VaR test to do so in a manner that is in the best interests 
of the fund and its shareholders. A fund engaging in ``fire sales'' to 
avoid filing a report on Form N-RN would violate the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \485\ See infra section II.G.2 (discussing Form N-RN disclosure 
reporting requirements).
    \486\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Limited Derivatives Users

    Consistent with the proposal, rule 18f-4 includes an exception from 
the rule's requirements to adopt a derivatives risk management program, 
comply with the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, and comply with 
the related board oversight and reporting provisions for funds that use 
derivatives in a limited manner (collectively, the ``VaR and program 
requirements'').\487\ Requiring funds that use derivatives only in a 
limited way to comply with these requirements could potentially require 
funds (and therefore their shareholders) to incur costs and bear 
compliance burdens that may be disproportionate to the resulting 
benefits.\488\ We recognize that the risks and potential effect of 
derivatives transactions on a fund's portfolio generally increase as 
the fund's level of derivatives usage increases and when a fund uses 
derivatives for speculative purposes. The rule's limited derivatives 
user exception is designed to provide an objective standard to identify 
funds that use derivatives in a limited manner.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \487\ One commenter observed that if a limited derivatives user 
is exempt from the rule's requirements to establish a derivatives 
risk management program and comply with the VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk, it seems implicit that the fund also would be exempt 
from the related board oversight and reporting requirements that are 
only relevant to funds that are required to establish a derivatives 
risk management program. See NYC Bar Comment Letter. The final rule 
clarifies this point by expressly providing that a limited 
derivatives user is not subject to the related board oversight and 
reporting requirements in rule 18f-4. See rule 18f-4(c)(4)(i).
    \488\ The cost burden concern extends to smaller funds as well, 
which could experience an even more disproportionate cost than 
larger funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters supported the proposed limited derivatives user 
exception, and we are adopting it with certain modifications in 
response to comments.\489\ Under the final rule, the exception will be 
available to a fund that limits its derivatives exposure to 10% of its 
net assets. A fund may exclude from the 10% threshold derivatives 
transactions that are used to hedge certain currency and/or interest 
rate risks and positions closed out with the same counterparty.\490\ A 
fund that relies on the exception will be required to adopt policies 
and procedures that are reasonably designed to manage its derivatives 
risks.\491\ The rule also contains remediation provisions to address 
instances in which a fund exceeds the 10% threshold.\492\ We discuss 
each element of the exception below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \489\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Gateway 
Investment Advisers, LLC (Mar. 24, 2020) (``Gateway Comment 
Letter''); SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Comment Letter of TPG Specialty 
Lending (Apr. 2, 2020) (``TPG Comment Letter''); T. Rowe Price 
Comment Letter.
    \490\ See rule 18f-4(c)(4).
    \491\ See rule 18f-4(c)(4)(i).
    \492\ See rule 18f-4(c)(4)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Derivatives Exposure
    The final rule defines the term ``derivatives exposure'' to mean 
the sum of: (1) The gross notional amounts of a fund's derivatives 
transactions such as futures, swaps, and options; and (2) in the case 
of short sale borrowings, the value of any asset sold short.\493\ We 
are adopting this aspect of the rule as proposed, except with a 
modification clarifying that derivatives instruments that do not 
involve future payment obligations--and therefore are not a 
``derivatives transaction'' under the rule--are not included in a 
fund's derivatives exposure.\494\ Further, although commenters seemed 
to assume that derivatives exposure was to be calculated on a gross 
basis in the proposed rule, the final rule expressly requires 
derivatives exposure to be based on ``gross'' notional amounts.\495\ 
This is designed to make clear that a fund's derivatives exposure must 
include the sum of the absolute values of the notional amounts of the 
fund's derivatives transactions, rather than a figure based on 
calculations that net long and short positions. In addition, because 
the final rule permits a fund to treat reverse repurchase agreements or 
similar financing transactions as derivatives transactions under 
certain circumstances, a fund treating these transactions as 
derivatives transactions also must include in its derivatives exposure 
the proceeds that the fund received but has not yet repaid or returned, 
or for which the associated liability has not been extinguished, in 
connection with each such transaction.\496\ The derivatives exposure 
definition is designed to provide a measure of the market exposure 
associated with a limited derivative user's derivatives transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \493\ See rule 18f-4(a).
    \494\ See rule 18f-4(a).
    \495\ Id.
    \496\ See rule 18f-4(a); see also rule 18f-4(d)(1)(ii); Item 
B.9.e of Form N-PORT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Using gross notional amounts to measure market exposure could be

[[Page 83207]]

viewed as a relatively blunt measurement, as discussed in the Proposing 
Release.\497\ The derivatives exposure threshold in the limited 
derivatives user exception, however, is not designed to provide a 
precise measure of a fund's market exposure or to serve as a risk 
measure. Rather it is designed to serve as an efficient way to identify 
funds that use derivatives in a limited way. Commenters supported 
permitting the inclusion of an exception from the VaR and program 
requirements for funds that engage in derivatives transactions to a 
limited extent, based on a fund's derivatives exposure.\498\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \497\ See Proposing Release supra footnote 1, at 149.
    \498\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of the Options Clearing 
Corporation (Apr. 15, 2020) (``OCC Comment Letter''); T. Rowe Price 
Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Adjustments for Interest Rate Derivatives and Options
    Like the proposed rule, the final rule permits funds to make two 
adjustments designed to address certain limitations associated with 
notional measures of market exposure. The commenters who addressed 
these adjustments supported them.\499\ Specifically, the first 
adjustment permits a fund to convert the notional amount of interest 
rate derivatives to 10-year bond equivalents, and the second adjustment 
permits a fund to delta adjust the notional amounts of options 
contracts.\500\ Converting interest rate derivatives to 10-year bond 
equivalents will provide for greater comparability of the notional 
amounts of different interest rate derivatives that provide similar 
exposure to changes in interest rates but that have different 
unadjusted notional amounts. Absent this adjustment, short-term 
interest rate derivatives in particular can produce large unadjusted 
notional amounts that may not correspond to large exposures to interest 
rate changes. Permitting funds to convert these and other interest rate 
derivatives to 10-year bond equivalents is designed to result in 
adjusted notional amounts that better represent a fund's exposure to 
interest rate changes. Similarly, permitting delta adjusting of options 
is designed to provide for a more tailored notional amount that better 
reflects the exposure that an option creates to the underlying 
reference asset. Further, providing these adjustments also would be 
efficient for some funds because the adjustments are consistent with 
the reporting requirements in Form PF and Form ADV.\501\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \499\ See OCC Comment Letter (stating that ``allowing a fund to 
delta-adjust the notional amount of a listed options contract allows 
the fund to get a more accurate picture of its exposure to the 
underlying security or index''); see also ISDA Comment Letter.
    \500\ Delta refers to the ratio of change in the value of an 
option to the change in value of the asset into which the option is 
convertible. A fund would delta adjust an option by multiplying the 
option's unadjusted notional amount by the option's delta.
    \501\ See, e.g., General Instruction 15 to Form PF; Item B.30 of 
Section 2b of Form PF; Glossary of Terms, Gross Notional Value of 
Form ADV; Schedule D of Part 1A of Form ADV.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Closed-Out Derivatives Positions
    Several commenters stated that the rule should allow for netting of 
offsetting derivatives transactions when calculating a fund's 
derivatives exposure.\502\ They asserted that permitting a fund to 
calculate its derivatives exposure by netting offsetting derivatives 
positions is necessary to more accurately identify the fund's market 
exposure through derivatives.\503\ Commenters stated that a derivatives 
transaction previously executed by a fund is often exited through the 
fund's execution of an identical but offsetting transaction and that 
this process is a useful tool in controlling a fund's derivatives 
exposure.\504\ Some commenters favored incorporating a broad use of 
netting, for instance, allowing netting of offsetting derivatives 
holdings with different counterparties.\505\ Other commenters suggested 
that the rule should allow for netting only for offsetting transactions 
with the same counterparty.\506\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \502\ See, e.g., Angel Oak Comment Letter; Dechert Comment 
Letter I; Guggenheim Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment Letter.
    \503\ See, e.g., Guggenheim Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
Invesco Comment Letter; ISDA Comment Letter; Angel Oak Comment 
Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I.
    \504\ See, e.g., T. Rowe Price Comment Letter; Invesco Comment 
Letter; Guggenheim Comment Letter.
    \505\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter.
    \506\ Guggenheim Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that, in certain circumstances, funds seeking to exit 
a derivatives position may enter into a directly offsetting position to 
eliminate the fund's market exposure. Accordingly, we are modifying the 
proposed ``derivatives exposure'' definition in the final rule to allow 
a fund to exclude from its derivatives exposure any closed-out 
positions. These positions must be closed out with the same 
counterparty and must result in no credit or market exposure to the 
fund.\507\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \507\ Rule 18f-4(a). In addition, the final rule's approach to 
offsetting positions is consistent with the way advisers report 
derivatives exposures on Form PF, which may provide some 
efficiencies where these advisers also manage funds that are limited 
derivatives users.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule does not, however, permit a fund to exclude offset 
positions across different counterparties. This could result in the 
fund having a large volume of open derivatives positions subject to 
their own margin and other requirements with various counterparties. 
For example, when a fund must make margin or collateral payments on a 
derivatives transaction to one counterparty, and has not yet received 
payments from an offsetting transaction from a different counterparty, 
the fund might have to sell investments to raise cash for these 
purposes. This could result from differences in the timing of required 
payments, effects of margin thresholds or minimum transfer amounts for 
the exchange of margin or collateral, or other reasons. These 
transactions could involve a scale of derivatives positions and related 
operational and counterparty risks that we believe should be managed as 
part of a fund's derivatives risk management program.
2. Limited Derivatives User Threshold
    A fund will qualify as a limited derivatives user under the rule if 
its derivatives exposure does not exceed 10% of its net assets. As 
discussed in more detail above, a fund's derivatives exposure is based 
primarily on the gross notional amounts of a fund's derivatives 
transactions such as futures, swaps, and options, subject to certain 
adjustments. In addition, and in a change from the proposal, the final 
rule permits a fund to exclude certain currency and interest rate 
hedges from the 10% threshold. This threshold is designed to provide an 
objective standard to identify funds that use derivatives in a limited 
manner.
a. 10% Derivatives Exposure Threshold
    The Commission proposed a 10% derivatives exposure threshold based 
in part on staff analysis of funds' practices regarding derivatives use 
based on Form N-PORT filings. Specifically, DERA staff's analysis in 
connection with the proposal showed that 78% of funds had adjusted 
notional amounts below 10% of NAV; 80% of funds had adjusted notional 
amounts below 15% of NAV; 81% of funds had adjusted notional amounts 
below 20% of NAV; and 82% of funds had adjusted notional amounts below 
25% of NAV.\508\ One commenter conducted a survey of funds' derivatives

[[Page 83208]]

exposure and found similar results.\509\ Although BDCs are not required 
to file reports on Form N-PORT, our staff separately analyzed a 
sampling of 48 BDCs and found that of the sampled BDCs, 54% did not 
report any derivatives holdings and a further 29% reported using 
derivatives with gross notional amounts below 10% of net assets.\510\ 
Commenters did not provide alternative data regarding the extent to 
which BDCs use derivatives in the context of the limited derivatives 
user exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \508\ See Proposing Release supra footnote 1, at 151 (citing 
data based on Form N-PORT filings from September 2019). These 
figures, as well as the updated figures provided below, include 
funds that did not report any derivatives transactions.
    \509\ See ICI Comment Letter (asserting that ``75 percent of 
respondents (3,940 out of 5,228 funds) indicated that, as of 
December 31, 2019, they would have qualified as limited derivative 
users'').
    \510\ See Proposing Release supra footnote 1, at 151-52.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 10% threshold the Commission proposed took these findings into 
account, including the Commission's observation that setting the 
threshold at 10%, 15%, 20%, or 25%, for example, seemed likely to 
result in nearly the same percentages of funds qualifying for the 
exception. Since the proposal, DERA staff updated their analysis of 
funds' use of derivatives based on September 2020 Form N-PORT filings. 
The results of the updated analysis are similar to the findings at 
proposal, with the updated analysis reflecting that 79% of funds had 
adjusted notional amounts below 10% of NAV; 81% of funds had adjusted 
notional amounts below 15% of NAV; 82% of funds had adjusted notional 
amounts below 20% of NAV; and 83% of funds had adjusted notional 
amounts below 25% of NAV. Similarly, our staff updated their analysis 
of the use of derivatives by BDCs. Of the 48 BDCs sampled at proposal 
(or their successor funds), updated data reflects that 59.1% did not 
report any derivatives holdings, and a further 31.8% reported using 
derivatives with gross notional amounts below 10% of net assets. Four 
of the BDCs sampled used derivatives more extensively, when measured on 
a gross notional basis, mainly due to their use of currency forwards 
and/or interest rate swaps. However, as proposed, the final rule 
permits a fund to convert the notional amount of interest rate 
derivatives to 10-year bond equivalents.\511\ Further, as discussed in 
more detail below, and in a change from the proposal, a fund may 
exclude currency and interest rate derivatives from the 10% derivatives 
exposure threshold if these transactions meet certain criteria for 
hedging under the final rule. Most commenters generally supported the 
limited derivatives user exception but did not comment specifically on 
the proposed 10% threshold. One commenter, however, suggested that a 
fund with derivatives exposure up to 20% or 25% of net assets should be 
permitted to rely on this exception absent data indicating harm would 
result from a higher threshold.\512\ This commenter stated that 
distressed or volatile market conditions could make it difficult for 
funds to consistently maintain a derivatives exposure of less than 10%.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \511\ See rule 18f-4(a); see also supra section II.E.1.a. Our 
staff did not have access to sufficient information to adjust the 
notional amounts of the BDCs' interest rate derivatives.
    \512\ See ISDA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are adopting the proposed 10% derivatives exposure threshold 
rather than a higher figure, like 25%, because we believe the 10% 
exposure level is likely to result in nearly the same percentage of 
funds qualifying for the exception based on current practices. The 10% 
threshold will provide greater investor protections than a 25% 
threshold, for example, without a materially greater compliance burden 
on funds, since only 4% more funds would be subject to the derivatives 
risk management program at the 25% threshold. Further, we believe that 
a fund that maintains derivatives exposure at 10% or below is using 
derivatives in a limited manner, whereas a fund that has derivatives 
exposure near 20% or 25% of its net assets is more likely to present 
risks that we believe should be managed as part of a derivatives risk 
management program. For instance, we believe that it is important that 
a fund with derivatives exposure near 20% or 25% is subject to the 
periodic stress testing requirement of the derivatives risk management 
program.\513\ For example, although the final rule permits a fund to 
delta adjust options because we believe this provides for a more 
tailored notional amount, delta-adjusting options also creates the risk 
that the size of a fund's investment exposure can increase quickly as 
market conditions change, including in times of stress. The final 
rule's stress testing requirement will result in the fund manager 
developing a more complete understanding of the fund's potential losses 
during distressed or volatile market conditions, such as those related 
to the recent COVID-19 global health pandemic.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \513\ See infra section II.B.2.c (discussing the stress testing 
requirements of the derivatives risk management program).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. The 10% Derivatives Exposure Threshold Excludes Certain Hedging 
Transactions
    In a modification of the proposal, the final rule allows a fund to 
exclude certain hedging transactions from the 10% derivatives exposure 
threshold. The proposed rule, in contrast, included two mutually-
exclusive bases for relying on the limited derivatives user exception. 
The first prong of the proposed exception would have excluded funds 
when their derivatives exposure is less than 10% of net assets. The 
second prong would have excluded funds that limited their derivatives 
use solely to certain currency hedging transactions. The Commission 
observed that using currency derivatives solely to hedge currency risk 
does not raise the policy concerns underlying section 18.
    Commenters urged the Commission to combine the proposed exposure-
based and currency hedging exceptions by allowing a fund to exclude 
currency hedges from the derivatives exposure calculation.\514\ 
Commenters stated that requiring a limited derivatives user to choose 
between these exceptions could require funds that use derivatives in a 
limited way nevertheless to incur the costs and compliance burdens of 
complying with the VaR and program requirements.\515\ For example, 
several commenters were concerned that, under the proposal, a fund with 
currency derivatives exposure exceeding 10% of the fund's net assets 
would be unable to use a single derivative for any other purpose while 
remaining a limited derivatives user.\516\ The fund would have to 
either leave its foreign-currency denominated investments unhedged or, 
if it hedged its currency risk, forgo even a limited use of non-
currency hedging derivatives.\517\ Commenters also stated that, because 
they believed that currency hedging derivatives permitted in the 
proposed exception do not raise section 18 policy concerns, excluding 
currency hedging derivatives from the 10% derivatives exposure 
threshold would not raise additional risks that need to be managed 
under a derivatives risk management program.\518\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \514\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; 
TPG Comment Letter.
    \515\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Calamos Comment Letter.
    \516\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; T. Rowe Price Comment 
Letter; TPG Comment Letter.
    \517\ Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter (stating that 
this ``is inefficient and likely detrimental to a fund's returns and 
could create more risk for the fund'').
    \518\ See, e.g., Vanguard Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters also suggested broadening the scope of the 
exclusion to

[[Page 83209]]

include interest rate hedging that corresponds directly to a specific 
cash-market instrument held by the fund.\519\ Some commenters stated 
that they routinely enter into fixed-to-floating interest rate swaps 
(or vice versa) and that these transactions are matched to the notional 
amount and maturity of a specific security in the fund's 
portfolio.\520\ These commenters asserted that such matched interest 
rate hedging is conceptually the same as the currency hedging that the 
proposed exception would permit because the transactions are easily 
identified as a hedge, offset a single risk (interest rate risk), and 
are tied to a specific instrument in a fund's portfolio.\521\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \519\ See, e.g., SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; ISDA Comment Letter.
    \520\ See, e.g., SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; TPG Comment Letter.
    \521\ See, e.g., Guggenheim Comment Letter; TPG Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, we are permitting funds to exclude 
certain currency and interest rate hedges from the 10% derivatives 
exposure threshold, in the final rule.\522\ While distinguishing most 
hedging transactions from leveraged or speculative derivatives 
transactions is challenging, the rule limits this exclusion to interest 
rate or currency hedging transactions directly matched to particular 
investments held by the fund, or the principal amount of borrowings by 
the fund. We believe these currency and interest rate derivatives are 
appropriate for limited derivatives users because they will predictably 
and mechanically provide the anticipated hedging exposure without 
giving rise to basis risks or other potentially complex risks that 
should be managed as part of a derivatives risk management program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \522\ See rule 18f-4(c)(4)(i)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, under the final rule a fund may exclude currency and 
interest rate derivatives used to hedge the respective currency and 
interest rate risks associated with specific equity or fixed-income 
investments held by the fund or borrowings by the fund. In the case of 
currency hedges, the equity or fixed-income investments being hedged 
must be foreign-currency-denominated. These derivatives must be entered 
into and maintained by the fund for hedging purposes. The notional 
amounts of such derivatives may not exceed the value of the hedged 
instruments (or the par value thereof, in the case of fixed-income 
investments, or the principal amount, in the case of borrowings) by 
more than 10%. These requirements are substantially similar to the 
proposal's currency hedging exception, except the proposal provided 
that the derivative's notional amount could not exceed the value of the 
hedged investment by more than a ``negligible amount'' instead of 
10%.\523\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \523\ See proposed rule 18f-4(c)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters urged that we replace a ``negligible amount'' 
with a fixed numerical value to provide greater clarity and facilitate 
compliance.\524\ Many commenters suggested that a 10% numerical value 
would be consistent with the limited derivatives user exception's 10% 
derivatives exposure threshold.\525\ Commenters stated that there are 
situations, such as shareholder redemptions or fluctuations in the 
market value of a hedged investment, that can temporarily cause the 
notional amounts of the hedges to exceed the value of the hedged 
investments by more than a negligible amount.\526\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \524\ See, e.g., BlackRock Comment Letter; Dechert Comment 
Letter I.
    \525\ See, e.g., BlackRock Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
    \526\ See Invesco Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering these comments, we have modified the proposal to 
replace ``negligible amount'' with a 10% threshold in the final rule. 
We are not taking the position that this threshold reflects a 
negligible amount. Rather, this change is designed to provide an 
unambiguous numerical value to facilitate compliance. Setting the level 
at 10%, as opposed to a lower value like 5% or 3%, also will avoid 
funds frequently trading (and incurring the attendant costs) to resize 
their hedges in response to small changes in value of the hedged 
investments. If the notional amount of a derivatives transaction 
exceeds the value of the hedged investments by more than 10%, however, 
it will no longer qualify as a hedge under the limited derivatives user 
exception.
    One commenter urged that the final rule refer simply to foreign-
currency denominated ``investments,'' rather than ``foreign-currency-
denominated equity or fixed-income investments.'' \527\ The commenter 
stated that certain investments, such as foreign currency itself, may 
not constitute an equity or fixed-income investment. We have not made 
this modification because we understand, based on our staff's analysis 
of Form N-PORT filings, that funds rarely hold foreign currency in such 
significant amounts, and for an extended period, that they would hedge 
this currency risk. Moreover, we believe that a rule that refers 
specifically to ``equity or fixed-income investments'' is appropriate 
because, absent this limitation, a fund could enter into derivatives 
transactions to hedge the risks associated with other derivatives 
transactions. We view using derivatives to hedge the risks of a fund's 
cash-market investments, in contrast, as more consistent with 
``limited'' derivatives use.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \527\ Invesco Comment Letter. This commenter also asserted that, 
although denominated in U.S. dollars, investors in American 
depositary receipts (``ADRs'') are exposed to currency risk 
equivalent to that incurred by investing directly in the foreign 
security held in the ADR and that it would therefore be appropriate 
to ``look through'' the ADR to the underlying foreign security for 
purposes of identifying currency hedges under the rule. We agree.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Certain Suggested Transactions Not Excluded From the 10% Derivatives 
Exposure Threshold
    We have not further expanded the limited derivatives user exception 
as some commenters urged to include additional hedging or other 
transactions. We understand that certain other derivatives strategies 
could mitigate funds' portfolio risks. The exception is not meant to 
provide parameters for hedging generally or to provide a comprehensive 
list of transactions that may pose more limited or defined risks. The 
final rule's limited derivatives user exception, however, is designed 
to provide an objective standard to identify funds that use derivatives 
in a limited manner and help facilitate compliance with the rule.\528\ 
Unlike the currency and interest rate hedges discussed above, other 
transactions commenters suggested may not always predictably and 
mechanically provide the anticipated hedging exposure without giving 
rise to basis risks or many other potentially complex risks that we 
believe should be managed as part of a derivatives risk management 
program. Moreover, if we were to permit funds to engage in some or all 
of these transactions, as some commenters suggested, that could result 
in a fund obtaining derivatives exposure up to the 10% threshold while 
also engaging in a range of other transactions. We do not believe this 
would represent a limited use of derivatives that should be exempted 
from the rule's derivatives

[[Page 83210]]

risk management program and VaR requirements. We discuss commenters' 
specific suggestions below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \528\ The challenges of distinguishing between hedging and 
speculative activity have been considered in numerous regulatory and 
financial contexts. For example, the exemption for certain risk-
mitigating hedging activities from the prohibition on proprietary 
trading by banking entities in the rules implementing section 13 of 
the Bank Holding Company Act (commonly known as the ``Volcker 
Rule''). See Prohibitions and Restrictions on Proprietary Trading 
and Certain Interests in, and Relationships With, Hedge Funds and 
Private Equity Funds, Release No. BHCA-1 (Dec. 10, 2013) 79 FR 5536 
(Jan. 31, 2014), at 5629, 5627. The complexity of distinguishing 
hedging from speculation in this context is notable because the 
exemption is designed for entities that would not otherwise be 
engaged in speculative activity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters stated that certain derivatives transactions used 
for hedging purposes but not directly matched to a particular 
instrument in the fund's portfolio should be excluded from a fund's 10% 
derivatives exposure threshold. For instance, a few commenters 
requested an exclusion for duration hedging, which is used primarily by 
fixed-income funds to manage their exposure to interest rate 
fluctuations.\529\ We are not including duration hedging and similar 
transactions in the rule because, in contrast to the currency and 
interest rate hedging permitted under the exclusion, duration hedging 
is not directly matched to a particular instrument in a fund's 
portfolio, but rather seeks to modify a portfolio's general interest 
rate exposure. Duration hedging can involve more complex hedging 
activities than the hedging transactions permitted under the final 
rule, which are tied to specific securities held by the fund. Duration 
hedging therefore can require a degree of sophistication to implement 
and manage.\530\ For these reasons, we believe that a fund that engages 
in these transactions, to a sufficient degree, should address these 
transactions as part of the fund's derivatives risk management program 
and in its compliance with the final rule's VaR requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \529\ For example, if a portfolio has a duration of five 
(meaning that for every 1% increase in interest rates, the value of 
the portfolio will decline by 5%), interest rate derivatives could 
be used to reduce that sensitivity to a lower rate (for example, 2% 
or 3%). See Guggenheim Comment Letter; see also SIFMA AMG Comment 
Letter.
    \530\ See, e.g., Robert Daigler, Mark Copper, A Futures 
Duration-Convexity Hedging Method, 33 The Financial Review 61 (1998) 
(discussing the limitations and complexities of duration hedging).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, several commenters requested that purchased single-name 
credit default swaps be excluded.\531\ Commenters asserted that these 
swaps are used to hedge a single risk factor, credit risks.\532\ 
Although these derivatives transactions may be tied to a particular 
reference asset held by the fund, we are not excluding these 
transactions from a fund's 10% derivatives exposure threshold. Market 
value changes in the fund's investment in the reference asset may not 
be offset precisely by changes in value of, or payment amounts under, 
the credit default swap. Further, credit default swaps are typically 
administered and governed by procedures and documents established by 
the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (``ISDA''), a third 
party separate from the parties to the transaction. The ISDA procedures 
may determine whether the issuer has experienced a credit event that 
triggers a payment from the seller of protection. These determinations 
will affect whether a fund receives a payment from the protection 
seller in the event of a possible credit event. The specific credit 
events for a given credit default swap also can affect the swap's value 
or its payment amount and, accordingly, can introduce basis risk 
between the swap and an investment held by the fund. These mismatches 
can occur particularly if the fund holds a security issued by the 
entity referenced in the credit default swap but not the exact 
reference obligation used by the relevant ISDA procedure. A credit 
default swap therefore will not always predictably and mechanically 
provide the anticipated hedging exposure without giving rise to basis 
risks or other risks that, if incurred in sufficient size, should be 
managed as part of a derivatives risk management program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \531\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter, ISDA Comment Letter; SIFMA 
AMG Comment Letter.
    \532\ See, e.g., SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; see also Guggenheim 
Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Separately, one commenter asserted that after the initial premium, 
a purchased single-name credit default swap only obligates a fund to 
pay a regularly-scheduled coupon at a rate fixed on trade date.\533\ 
The commenter urged treating this transaction as an unfunded commitment 
agreement under the rule. We are not taking this approach. We believe 
that purchased single-name credit default swaps are derivatives 
instruments and are distinguishable from unfunded commitment 
agreements. For example, they involve investment risks during the life 
of the transaction as the value of the swap changes as perceptions of 
the credit risk of the entity that the swap references change.\534\ 
Credit default swaps, including purchased credit default swaps, provide 
the ability to take unfunded positions in an issuer's credit risk with 
a future payment obligation that can create leverage and other 
risks.\535\ We therefore are not excluding purchased credit default 
swaps from a fund's 10% derivatives exposure threshold the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \533\ See Guggenheim Comment Letter (further stating that if 
``the reference issuer fails during the term of the trade, an 
auction settlement process will unfold pursuant to which the fund 
will receive a cash payment equal to the difference (if greater than 
zero) between the par value of the reference issuer's debt and the 
auction-determined price of such debt'').
    \534\ See footnote 751 and accompanying text for further 
discussion of the differences between derivatives transactions and 
unfunded commitment agreements.
    \535\ See, e.g., In the Matter of UBS Willow Management L.L.C. 
and UBS Fund Advisor L.L.C., Investment Company Act Release No. 
31869 (Oct. 16, 2015) (settled action) (involving a registered 
closed-end fund that incurred significant losses due in part to 
large losses on the fund's purchased credit default swap portfolio).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, commenters suggested that covered call options and 
certain purchased option spreads should be excluded from a fund's 10% 
derivatives exposure threshold.\536\ Commenters asserted that for these 
transactions, the potential future payment obligation is fully covered 
either by shares the fund already owns, in the case of a covered call 
option, or by offsetting purchased options, in the case of a purchased 
option spread.\537\ Although these transactions have a defined risk 
tied to an investment held by the fund, they may be used for 
speculative purposes, which makes it difficult to categorically 
classify these derivatives transactions as hedges. Further, we do not 
believe that it is appropriate or feasible for the limited derivatives 
user exception to identify all derivatives instruments or combinations 
of derivatives instruments that may mitigate a defined risk in the fund 
or a fund position considered in isolation. We therefore have not 
modified the rule as these commenters suggested.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \536\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; Franklin Templeton 
Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
    \537\ See Franklin Templeton Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, one commenter expressed the view that the Commission 
should exclude any derivatives transactions from the 10% derivatives 
exposure threshold if a fund earmarks liquid assets equal to the 
derivatives' full notional obligations.\538\ The commenter suggested 
that this approach would allow funds to engage in hedging transactions 
while keeping fund leverage ratios low, at 200% or below. The approach 
suggested by the commenter would allow a fund to engage in a 
potentially significant amount of derivatives transactions while 
remaining a limited derivatives user. Although these transactions may 
be ``unelaborate'' in some cases, as described by the commenter,\539\ 
these transactions could be used to leverage a fund's portfolio and 
could be used to introduce significant risk. We believe that funds 
engaging in such a level of derivatives activity should comply with the 
VaR and program requirements. We therefore have not modified the rule 
as the commenter suggested.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \538\ Keen Comment Letter.
    \539\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter also requested that the exclusion include synthetic 
positions where a fund holds cash with

[[Page 83211]]

a value equal to the notional amount of derivatives held by the fund, 
less any posted margin.\540\ This commenter asserted that a fund's use 
of synthetic derivatives should be excluded because they do not create 
leverage. We understand that funds may use derivatives to create 
synthetic positions to replicate a cash-market exposure in a given 
security or group of securities. However, based on Commission staff's 
experience, we understand that there could be events that cause these 
synthetic positions to behave differently than the equivalent cash-
market position. For instance, an equity swap may contain a complex 
merger event or potential adjustment event where the consequences 
diverge from the desired consequences available to a cash-market 
investor. For example, a swap contract may terminate upon a valid 
tender offer for the underlying stock. A swap dealer also may terminate 
a transaction due to the dealer's inability to continue to hedge its 
market exposure under the swap or due to increased hedging costs. These 
kinds of events could lead to an early termination of a synthetic 
position prior to the desired liquidation of the related cash-market 
investment. Further, the ability to adjust a fund's position in such a 
swap may be more limited than its adjustment of cash-market 
investments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \540\ Fidelity Comment Letter (stating that these synthetic 
positions are ``routinely used by funds to fully invest shareholder 
funds where access to a particular market may be limited at any 
given time, or to manage large flows into a fund'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, although we believe that a derivatives transaction's 
notional amount is an appropriate means of measuring derivatives 
exposure for purposes of the limited derivatives user exception, the 
notional amount is not a risk measure and may not appropriately reflect 
the derivative's market exposure in all cases, such as with respect to 
certain complex derivatives.\541\ This commenter's suggestion would 
permit a fund to obtain substantially more derivatives exposure than 
permitted under the 10% threshold--with exposure theoretically up to 
100% of the fund's net assets--increasing the likelihood that the fund 
could incur substantial derivatives risks without establishing a 
derivatives risk management program or complying with the rule's VaR 
test requirements. We do not believe this would be a sufficiently 
limited use of derivatives that it should not be subject to those 
requirements. For these reasons we are not excluding synthetic 
positions from the 10% derivatives exposure threshold in the exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \541\ See, e.g., 2015 Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at 
n.175 and accompanying discussion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested calculating each derivatives transaction's 
impact on VaR as an alternative method for identifying hedging 
transactions that a fund would exclude from its 10% derivatives 
exposure threshold. If the incremental VaR calculation is negative, the 
derivatives transaction reduces the fund's risk profile and should 
therefore be deemed to fall within the hedging-based exclusion.\542\ As 
we discuss above, VaR can be used to analyze whether a fund is using 
derivatives transactions to leverage the fund's portfolio. VaR is just 
one risk management tool, however, and we believe that it is more 
effective if supplemented with other measures.\543\ This commenter's 
suggestion could involve funds taking on substantial derivatives 
exposure based on VaR calculations without complying with the other 
aspects of the rule, like stress testing, that are designed to 
complement VaR. This is because an approach based solely on VaR could 
identify derivatives transactions as reducing a fund's risk based on 
historical correlations that could break down, including in periods of 
market stress or the trading days during which the greatest losses 
occur (i.e., the ``tail risks'' that VaR does not measure).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \542\ Angel Oak Comment Letter (stating that the ``risk of [the] 
overall portfolio should be reduced after the hedging transactions 
are executed'').
    \543\ See supra section II.D.1, at footnotes 297-299 and the 
accompanying paragraph.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, one commenter urged that we expand the limited derivatives 
user exception to exclude commodity hedging from a fund's derivatives 
exposure.\544\ Funds typically do not invest directly in commodities, 
however, and this suggestion could, for example, involve funds hedging 
the exposure created from investments in commodity derivatives with 
other commodity derivatives. We recognize that the parties to certain 
commodity derivatives transactions (like commodity futures and options 
on those futures) may view these transactions as hedged in that they 
may be delta neutral.\545\ If these positions remain delta neutral, 
losses on one of the positions will be offset by gains on the other. 
However, these transactions continue to pose risks that may be 
significant. For instance, as certain factors change over time, such as 
the price of the underlying asset and/or the interest rate, the 
underlying delta can change quickly, introducing risk that will no 
longer be offset by the other position. Accordingly, we believe these 
transactions, if incurred in sufficient size, should be addressed 
through the rule's derivatives risk management program and VaR test 
requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \544\ See Guggenheim Comment Letter.
    \545\ As an example, if a fund sells a put option on natural gas 
futures and also sells those same futures contracts, and the amount 
of the sold futures contracts equals the delta of the sold option, 
these positions will be ``delta neutral.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Risk Management
    A fund relying on the limited derivatives user exception, as 
proposed, will be required to manage the risks associated with its 
derivatives transactions by adopting and implementing written policies 
and procedures that are reasonably designed to manage the fund's 
derivatives risks.\546\ The requirement that funds relying on the 
exception manage their derivatives risks recognizes that even a limited 
use of derivatives can present risks that a fund should manage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \546\ See rule 18f-4(c)(4)(i)(A). We are adopting the definition 
of derivatives risks as proposed, including the requirement that, in 
addition to the enumerated risks, a fund's derivatives risks include 
any other risks a fund's investment adviser deems material in the 
case of a limited derivatives user. See supra section II.B.2.a 
(discussing the derivatives risks definition).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For example, a fund that uses derivatives to hedge currency risks 
would not be introducing leverage risk, but could still introduce other 
risks, including counterparty risk and a risk of selling investments to 
meet margin calls. As another example, certain derivatives, and 
particularly derivatives with non-linear or path-dependent returns, may 
pose risks that require monitoring even when the derivatives' delta-
adjusted notional amount represents a small portion of net asset value. 
In such case, because of the non-linear payout profiles associated with 
put and call options, changes in the value of the option's underlying 
reference asset can increase the option's delta, and thus a fund's 
derivatives exposure from the option. An options transaction that 
represents a small percentage of a fund's net asset value can rapidly 
increase to a larger percentage.
    The policies and procedures that a fund relying on the limited 
derivatives user exception adopts should be tailored to the extent and 
nature of the fund's derivatives use. For example, a fund that uses 
derivatives only occasionally and for a limited purpose, such as to 
equitize cash, is likely to have limited policies and procedures 
commensurate with this limited use. A fund that uses more complex 
derivatives with derivatives exposure approaching 10% of net asset 
value, in contrast, should

[[Page 83212]]

have more extensive policies and procedures.
    Commenters generally supported the proposed requirement that a fund 
relying on the limited derivatives user exception should adopt and 
implement written policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage 
the funds' derivatives risks.\547\ One commenter requested that the 
Commission provide further guidance on the contents of these required 
policies and procedures.\548\ This commenter specifically requested 
additional clarity on the minimum frequency of testing for continued 
compliance with the exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \547\ See, e.g., Gateway Comment Letter; Franklin Comment 
Letter.
    \548\ See SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule is designed to require a fund relying on the limited 
derivatives user exception to manage all risks associated with its 
derivatives transactions. Moreover, this approach allows funds to scale 
their policies and procedures to address the different strategies funds 
may pursue, the different level of derivatives exposure they may seek 
(so long as they remain below the 10% derivatives exposure threshold), 
and the different risks associated with their derivatives transactions. 
In contrast, although a more prescriptive approach regarding a fund's 
policies and procedures, such as a minimum frequency of testing as one 
commenter suggested, would provide clearer guidelines to facilitate 
compliance, this approach may be over- or under-inclusive considering 
the breadth of funds' use of derivatives and the derivatives' 
particular risks.
4. Exceedances of the Limited Derivatives User Exception
    In the Proposing Release, the Commission stated that if a fund's 
derivatives exposure were to exceed the 10% threshold for any reason, 
the fund would have to reduce its derivatives exposure promptly or 
establish a derivatives risk management program and comply with the 
VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk as soon as reasonably 
practicable.\549\ The Commission also requested comment on whether the 
rule should otherwise address exceedances and remediation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \549\ See Proposing Release supra footnote 1, at 155.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters requested further clarity on issues related to 
exceedances and remediation of the exception in the final rule, 
including to prevent confusion and divergent practices.\550\ As 
discussed in more detail below, commenters sought additional clarity 
and made suggestions regarding cases where a fund's derivatives 
exposure were to exceed the 10% threshold temporarily, as well as cases 
where a fund exceeded the derivatives exposure threshold and determined 
to come into compliance with the VaR and program requirements rather 
than reduce the fund's derivatives exposure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \550\ See, e.g., BlackRock Comment Letter; Nuveen Comment 
Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; see also 
ICI Comment Letter (urging that further confusion could result 
without clear guidance in situations in which the Commission's exam 
staff questions whether a fund's remediation activities were 
timely).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To address commenters' concerns, we have determined to modify the 
final rule to address exceedances of the 10% derivatives exposure 
threshold. The final rule includes two alternative paths for 
remediation. If a fund's derivatives exposure exceeds the 10% 
derivatives exposure threshold for five business days, the fund's 
investment adviser must provide a written report to the fund's board of 
directors informing it whether the investment adviser intends either 
to: (1) Promptly, but within no more than thirty calendar days of the 
exceedance, reduce the fund's derivatives exposure to be in compliance 
with the 10% threshold (``temporary exceedance''); or (2) establish a 
derivatives risk management program, comply with the VaR-based limit on 
fund leverage risk, and comply with the related board oversight and 
reporting requirements as soon as reasonably practicable (``derivatives 
risk management program adoption'').\551\ In either case the fund's 
next filing on Form N-PORT must specify the number of business days, in 
excess of the five-business-day period that the final rule provides for 
remediation, that the fund's derivatives exposure exceeded 10% of its 
net assets during the applicable reporting period.\552\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \551\ See rule 18f-4(c)(4)(ii). A fund with derivatives exposure 
exceeding the 10% threshold that complies with the remediation 
provision and other requirements of rule 18f-4 applicable to a 
limited derivatives user will still qualify as a limited derivatives 
user. Under these circumstances the fund's derivatives transactions 
therefore will not affect a fund's computation of asset coverage, a 
concern that one commenter raised. See Calamos Comment Letter. This 
is because the final rule provides that a fund's derivatives 
transactions entered into in compliance with the rule will not be 
considered for purposes of computing asset coverage under section 
18(h). See rule 18f-4(b).
    \552\ See section II.G.1.a. For example, if a fund relying on 
the limited derivatives user exception were to determine, on the 
evening of Monday, June 1, that its derivatives exposure exceeded 
10% of its net assets, and this exceedance were to persist through 
Tuesday (June 2), Wednesday (June 3), Thursday (June 4), Friday 
(June 5), Monday (June 8), and Tuesday (June 9), the fund would 
specify on its next Form N-PORT filing that it had exceeded the 10% 
derivatives exposure threshold for 1 day (because five business days 
following the determination on June 1 is June 8, and the fund is 
required to report the number of business days in excess of the 
five-business-day remediation period, therefore the fund will only 
report the exceedance on Tuesday, June 9). Information provided in 
response to this new Form N-PORT reporting item will not be made 
public.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The two paths that the final rule permits for remediation are 
designed to balance providing a clear framework for addressing 
exceedances that persist beyond five business days with investor 
protection concerns related to fund leverage risk and potential harm to 
a fund if it were required to sell assets or exit positions quickly to 
remain a limited derivatives user. We discuss each of the two paths for 
remediation below.
a. Temporary Exceedance
    Several commenters who addressed temporary exceedances urged that 
we provide greater clarity by including in the final rule a specific 
cure period for a fund to remediate a breach.\553\ A commenter also 
urged us to consider including an exception for temporary exceedances 
that result from certain ``routine'' fund events, such as large 
redemptions and fund rebalancings.\554\ This commenter suggested that 
the investment adviser would determine the appropriate duration of the 
fund's exceedance based on the fund's risk guidelines and market 
convention.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \553\ See ICI Comment Letter (requesting a 14-calendar-day cure 
period for a temporary breach, stating that such cure period ``is a 
sufficient and reasonable period of time for funds to unwind, close 
out, or terminate such transactions in order to come back into 
compliance with the exception''); see also Invesco Comment Letter 
(requesting a 7-calendar-day cure period); SIFMA AMG Comment Letter 
(requesting a 5-business-day cure period).
    \554\ Fidelity Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering comments, we are providing an initial five-
business-day period for a fund to address any temporary exceedance of 
the threshold.\555\ We recognize that there can be circumstances that 
could cause a fund's derivatives exposure temporarily to exceed the 10% 
threshold. These might include circumstances that are consistent with 
the fund generally using derivatives in a limited way, for example, a 
decrease in the fund's net asset value while its derivatives' notional 
amounts remain relatively constant. This could happen more frequently 
during periods of volatile market conditions. The five-business-day 
remediation period is designed to provide funds with some flexibility 
in coming back into compliance with the limited derivatives user 
exception without triggering an obligation to inform the fund's board 
of directors or a Form N-PORT reporting requirement.

[[Page 83213]]

This time period is consistent with the time period that the final rule 
permits for a fund to come back into compliance with the VaR test 
before the fund reports a breach to its board and the Commission.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \555\ See rule 18f-4(c)(4)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This provision also provides some flexibility for a fund that 
cannot reduce its exposure within five business days in a manner that 
is in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders.\556\ For 
example, a fund with derivatives exposure that exceeds the 10% 
threshold because of rebalancing activities as identified by one 
commenter would have flexibility either to reduce derivatives exposure 
below 10% within five business days, or to take more time to reduce 
exposure (up to thirty calendar days of the fund's determination that 
it is out of compliance with the 10% threshold) if the adviser reports 
to the fund's board.\557\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \556\ See Fidelity Comment Letter (identifying certain events 
that could cause a fund's derivatives exposure to exceed the 10% 
threshold temporarily).
    \557\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although this provision provides flexibility, if a fund were to 
exceed the 10% threshold repeatedly, and particularly if those 
exceedances occurred over a long period of time and did not occur in 
connection with extreme market events that may cause rapid and 
significant changes in a fund's net asset value, the fund would not 
appear to be using derivatives in a limited manner. In order for a 
fund's compliance policies and procedures under rule 38a-1 to be 
reasonably designed to achieve compliance with the final rule, they 
should be designed to prevent such repeated exceedances. The fund's 
policies and procedures likewise should be reasonably designed 
generally to address the fund's compliance with the 10% threshold and 
support the fund's reliance on the exclusion.
b. Derivatives Risk Management Program Adoption
    The alternate path will require a fund to establish a derivatives 
risk management program and comply with the related requirements as 
soon as reasonably practicable. Commenters requested greater clarity of 
the meaning of ``reasonably practicable'' in the Proposing Release's 
discussion of the timing to establish a derivatives risk management 
program and comply with the rule's VaR requirements after an 
exceedance.\558\ Some commenters requested that we provide a particular 
remediation period to allow a fund to implement a derivatives risk 
management program.\559\ One commenter suggested that instead of 
providing more definitive regulatory guidance, the Commission should 
provide assurances that it will not second-guess reasonable actions and 
interpretations.\560\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \558\ See, e.g., BlackRock Comment Letter; Dechert Comment 
Letter I; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \559\ See ICI Comment Letter (requesting a 90-calendar-day 
period); see also SIFMA AMG Comment Letter (requesting a 60-
calendar-day period); T. Rowe Price Comment Letter (requesting a 45-
calendar-day period).
    \560\ Dechert Comment Letter I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We understand that there are practical considerations that would 
prevent a fund that is no longer a limited derivatives user from coming 
into immediate compliance with the VaR and program requirements. 
Compliance with the rule requires a fund to adopt a written derivatives 
risk management program that a board-approved derivatives risk manager 
administers. The program includes mandatory stress testing, 
backtesting, internal reporting and escalation, and program review 
elements, among other requirements. We recognize that some funds may be 
able to comply with the VaR and program requirements relatively 
quickly. Their ability to comply quickly would vary based on a variety 
of factors, including the complexity of a fund's derivatives use. Other 
funds may require additional time. For these reasons, the final rule 
provides, as the Commission stated in the proposal, that a fund 
transitioning from a limited derivatives user to full compliance with 
the rule's other requirements must do so as soon as reasonably 
practicable.\561\ We continue to believe this standard is more 
appropriate than specifying in the rule the specific time periods 
commenters suggested or some other period. Any prescribed period might 
provide more or less time than a particular fund may need.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \561\ A fund transitioning from a limited derivatives user to 
full compliance with the rule's other requirements may be able to 
reduce its exposure below the 10% threshold. If the fund were able 
to resume operating below the 10% threshold as a limited derivatives 
user, the fund could do so rather than finalizing the fund's 
derivatives risk management program and complying with the rule's 
VaR test. As noted above, however, if a fund were to exceed the 10% 
threshold repeatedly, and particularly if those exceedances occurred 
over a long period of time and did not occur in connection with 
extreme market events that may cause rapid and significant changes 
in a fund's net asset value, the fund would not appear to be using 
derivatives in a limited manner. See supra discussion following 
footnote 557.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

F. Approach to Leveraged/Inverse Funds

    Proposed rule 18f-4 included an alternative set of requirements for 
leveraged/inverse funds. Under the proposal, a leveraged/inverse fund 
would not have been required to comply with rule 18f-4's VaR-based 
leverage risk limit if: (1) Transactions in the fund's shares would be 
subject to the proposed sales practices rules, discussed below; (2) the 
fund limited the investment results it seeks to 300% of the return (or 
inverse of the return) of the underlying index; and (3) the fund 
disclosed in its prospectus that it was not subject to rule 18f-4's 
leverage risk limit.\562\ As discussed in more detail below, after 
considering comments, we are not adopting the proposed sales practices 
rules or the proposed exception from the VaR-based limit on leverage 
risk that was predicated on those rules. Leveraged/inverse funds will 
be subject to all of the provisions of rule 18f-4, including the 
relative VaR test. Rule 18f-4 will provide, however, an exception from 
the VaR test requirement for leveraged/inverse funds in operation as of 
October 28, 2020 that seek an investment result above 200% of the 
return (or inverse of the return) of an underlying index and satisfy 
certain additional conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \562\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.G.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Proposed Alternative Requirements for Leveraged/Inverse Funds
    As the Commission stated in the Proposing Release, leveraged/
inverse funds present unique considerations. In contrast to other funds 
that use derivatives as part of their broader investment strategy, the 
strategy of a leveraged/inverse fund is predicated on the use of 
derivatives to amplify the returns (or to correspond to the inverse of 
the returns) of an underlying index by a specified multiple.\563\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \563\ Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section II.G.1. 
The term ``multiple'' as used in rule 18f-4 has the same meaning as 
in rule 6c-11. See ETFs Adopting Release, supra footnote 76, at 
section II.A.3. As such, leveraged/inverse funds that seek returns 
over a predetermined time period that are not evenly divisible by 
100 (e.g., 150% of the performance of an index), or that seek 
returns within a specified range of an index's performance (e.g., 
200% to 300% of an index's performance or -200% to -300% of an 
index's performance), are ``leveraged/inverse funds'' for the 
purposes of rule 18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Leveraged/inverse funds also rebalance their portfolios on a daily 
(or other predetermined) basis in order to maintain a constant leverage 
ratio. This reset, and the effects of compounding, can result in 
performance over longer holding periods that differs significantly from 
the leveraged or inverse performance of the underlying reference index 
over those longer holding periods.\564\ This effect can be more

[[Page 83214]]

pronounced in volatile markets.\565\ As a result, buy-and-hold 
investors in a leveraged/inverse fund who have an intermediate or long-
term time horizon--and who may not evaluate their portfolios 
frequently--may experience large and unexpected losses or otherwise 
experience returns that are different from what they anticipated.\566\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \564\ For example, as a result of compounding, a leveraged/
inverse fund can outperform a simple multiple of its index's returns 
over several days of consistently positive returns, or underperform 
a simple multiple of its index's returns over several days of 
volatile returns.
    \565\ See supra footnotes 23-26 and accompanying text 
(discussing effects of market volatility caused by COVID-19 pandemic 
on issues related to funds' use of derivatives). See also FINRA 
Regulatory Notice 09-31, Non-Traditional ETFs-FINRA Reminds Firms of 
Sales Practice Obligations Relating to Leveraged and Inverse 
Exchange-Traded Funds (June 2009) (``FINRA Regulatory Notice 09-
31'') (``Using a two-day example, if the index goes from 100 to 
close at 101 on the first day and back down to close at 100 on the 
next day, the two-day return of an inverse ETF will be different 
than if the index had moved up to close at 110 the first day but 
then back down to close at 100 on the next day. In the first case 
with low volatility, the inverse ETF loses 0.02 percent; but in the 
more volatile scenario the inverse ETF loses 1.82 percent. The 
effects of mathematical compounding can grow significantly over 
time, leading to scenarios such as those noted above.'').
    \566\ See Regulation Best Interest Adopting Release, supra 
footnote 12, at discussion following n.597 (stating leveraged and 
inverse exchange-traded products ``may not be in the best interest 
of a retail customer absent an identified, short-term, customer-
specific trading objective''); see also FINRA Regulatory Notice 09-
31, supra footnote 565 (reminding member firms of their sales 
practice obligations relating to leveraged/inverse ETFs and stating 
that leveraged/inverse ETFs are typically not suitable for retail 
investors who plan to hold these products for more than one trading 
session); see also Fiduciary Interpretation, infra footnote 564 
(stating that ``leveraged exchange-traded products are designed 
primarily as short-term trading tools for sophisticated investors . 
. . [and] require daily monitoring . . . .''); Securities Litigation 
and Consulting Group, Leveraged ETFs, Holding Periods and Investment 
Shortfalls (2010), at 13 (``The percentage of investors that we 
estimate hold [leveraged/inverse ETFs] longer than a month is quite 
striking.''); ETFs Adopting Release, supra footnote 76, at n.78 
(discussing comment letters submitted by Consumer Federation of 
America (urging the Commission to consider additional investor 
protection requirements for leveraged/inverse ETFs) and by Nasdaq 
(stating that ``there is significant investor confusion regarding 
existing leveraged/inverse ETFs' daily investment horizon'')).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the Proposing Release, the Commission's Office of 
Investor Education and Advocacy and FINRA have issued alerts in the 
past decade to highlight issues investors should consider when 
investing in leveraged/inverse funds.\567\ In addition, some commenters 
on the 2015 proposal indicated that at least some segment of investors 
may hold leveraged/inverse funds for long periods of time, which can 
lead to significant losses under certain circumstances.\568\ FINRA has 
sanctioned a number of brokerage firms for making unsuitable sales of 
leveraged/inverse ETFs.\569\ More recently, the Commission has brought 
enforcement actions against investment advisers for, among other 
things, soliciting advisory clients to purchase leveraged/inverse ETFs 
for their retirement accounts with long-term time horizons, and holding 
those securities in the client accounts for months or years.\570\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \567\ SEC Investor Alert and Bulletins, Leveraged and Inverse 
ETFs: Specialized Products with Extra Risks for Buy-and-Hold 
Investors (Aug. 1, 2009), available at http://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/leveragedetfs-alert.htm. This investor alert, jointly issued by 
SEC staff and FINRA, followed FINRA's June 2009 alert, which raised 
concerns about retail investors holding leveraged/inverse ETFs over 
periods of time longer than one day. See FINRA Regulatory Notice 09-
31, supra footnote 565.
    \568\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of the Consumer Federation of 
America (Mar. 28, 2016) (``There is evidence that suggests investors 
are incorrectly using certain alternative investments that use 
derivatives extensively. For example, despite the fact that double 
and triple leveraged ETFs are short-term trading vehicles that are 
not meant to be held longer than one day, a significant number of 
shares are held for several days, if not weeks.''). But cf. Comment 
Letter of Rafferty Asset Management (Mar. 28, 2016) (asserting that 
there is no evidence that investors do not understand the leveraged/
inverse ETF product, citing, for example, an analysis of eight of 
its leveraged/inverse ETFs between May 1, 2009 and July 31, 2015, 
and finding an average implied holding period ranging from 1.18 days 
to 4.03 days and suggesting, therefore, that investors understand 
the products are designed for active trading). We note, however, 
that the analysis relied upon in the Comment Letter of Rafferty 
Asset Management did not analyze shareholder-level trading activity 
or provide any information on the distribution of shareholder 
holding periods.
    \569\ See FINRA News Release, FINRA Sanctions Four Firms $9.1 
Million for Sales of Leveraged and Inverse Exchange-Traded Funds 
(May 1, 2012), available at https://www.finra.org/newsroom/2012/finra-sanctions-four-firms-91-million-sales-leveraged-and-inverse-exchange-traded; FINRA News Release, FINRA Orders Stifel, Nicolaus 
and Century Securities to Pay Fines and Restitution Totaling More 
Than $1 Million for Unsuitable Sales of Leveraged and Inverse ETFs, 
and Related Supervisory Deficiencies (Jan. 9, 2014), available at 
https://www.finra.org/newsroom/2014/finra-orders-stifel-nicolaus-and-century-securities-pay-fines-and-restitution-totaling; FINRA 
News Release, FINRA Sanctions Oppenheimer & Co. $2.9 Million for 
Unsuitable Sales of Non-Traditional ETFs and Related Supervisory 
Failures (June 8, 2016), available at http://www.finra.org/newsroom/2016/finra-sanctions-oppenheimer-co-29-million-unsuitable-sales-non-traditional-etfs. See also ProEquities, Inc., FINRA Letter of 
Acceptance, Waiver and Consent (``AWC'') No. 2014039418801 (Aug. 8, 
2016), available at http://disciplinaryactions.finra.org/Search/ViewDocument/66461; Citigroup Global Markets Inc., FINRA Letter of 
AWC No. 20090191134 (May, 1, 2012), available at http://disciplinaryactions.finra.org/Search/ViewDocument/31714. See also 
Regulation Best Interest Adopting Release, supra footnote 12, at 
paragraph accompanying nn.593-98.
    See also, e.g., SEC. v. Hallas, No 1:17-cv-2999 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 
27, 2017) (default judgement); In the Matter of Demetrios Hallas, 
SEC. Release No. 1358 (Feb. 22, 2019) (initial decision), Exchange 
Act Release No 85926 (May 23, 2019) (final decision) (involving a 
former registered representative of registered broker-dealers 
purchasing and selling leveraged ETFs and exchange-traded notes for 
customer accounts while knowingly or recklessly disregarding that 
they were unsuitable for these customers, in violation of section 
17(a) of the Securities Act and section 10(b) and rule 10b-5 
thereunder of the Exchange Act).
    \570\ See, e.g., In the Matter of Wells Fargo Clearing Services, 
LLC, et al., Investment Advisers Act Release No. 5451 (Feb. 27, 
2020) (settled action); In the Matter of Morgan Stanley Smith 
Barney, LLC, Investment Advisers Act Release No. 4649 (Feb. 14, 
2017) (settled action).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposal, as well as market volatility following the onset of 
COVID-19, each elicited feedback from investors in leveraged/inverse 
funds. As discussed below, the Commission received many comments on the 
proposal from individual investors asserting they understand the risks 
involved in these funds,\571\ as well as some comments suggesting that 
retail investors do not understand the unique risks of leveraged/
inverse funds.\572\ The Commission's Office of Investor Education and 
Advocacy has received complaints and other communications from 
investors following the onset of the market volatility related to 
COVID-19 expressing concerns that these funds did not behave as these 
investors had expected, with some of these investors experiencing 
significant losses. Furthermore, several leveraged/inverse funds with 
3x leverage or inverse multiples recently reduced their leverage 
multiples to 2x due to the increased market volatility caused by COVID-
19.\573\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \571\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of Kerry Copple (Apr. 17, 2020); 
Comment Letter of Praveen Lobo (Apr. 7, 2020); Comment Letter of 
Arlene Hellman (Mar. 25, 2020); Comment Letter of Sean Ward (Apr. 
27, 2020); Comment Letter of Stephen Cecchini (Apr. 22, 2020).
    \572\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of Steve Woeste (Mar. 17, 2020); 
Comment Letter of James Reichl (Mar. 17, 2020); Comment Letter of 
Steven Bell (Mar. 18, 2020); Comment Letter of Richard Herber (Mar. 
17, 2020); Comment Letter of Daniel P. Smith (Jan. 29, 2020).
    \573\ See, e.g., Direxion Press Release, supra footnote 24; see 
also paragraph accompanying supra footnotes 23-26 (discussing 
effects of COVID-19 related volatility on funds' use of 
derivatives).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As the Commission recognized in the Proposing Release, most 
leveraged/inverse funds provide leveraged or inverse market exposure 
that exceeds 150% of the return or inverse return of the relevant 
index.\574\ Such funds would not have been able to comply with the 
proposed limitation on leverage risk under rule 18f-4 because they 
would not have been able to satisfy the proposed relative VaR test, and 
would not have been eligible to use the proposed absolute VaR test. As 
such, requiring these funds to comply with the proposed limit on 
leverage risk

[[Page 83215]]

effectively would have precluded sponsors from offering the funds in 
their current form.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \574\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at nn.317-318 and 
accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission proposed a set of alternative requirements for 
leveraged/inverse funds that, if satisfied, would have excepted such 
funds from the leverage risk limit in proposed rule 18f-4. These 
proposed alternative requirements were designed to address the investor 
protection concerns that underlie section 18 of the Investment Company 
Act, in part, by helping to ensure that retail investors in leveraged/
inverse funds are limited to those investors who are capable of 
evaluating the risks these products present. They also would have 
limited the amount of leverage that leveraged/inverse funds subject to 
rule 18f-4 can obtain to 300% of the return (or inverse of the return) 
of the underlying index.
    Proposed rule 15l-2 under the Exchange Act and rule 211(h)-1 under 
the Advisers Act would have required broker-dealers and investment 
advisers, respectively, to exercise due diligence on retail investors 
before approving retail investor accounts to invest in ``leveraged/
inverse investment vehicles.'' As defined in the proposed sales 
practices rules, leveraged/inverse investment vehicles include 
leveraged/inverse funds and certain exchange-listed commodity- or 
currency-based trusts or funds that use a similar leveraged/inverse 
strategy.\575\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \575\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.G.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed due diligence requirements provided that a broker-
dealer or investment adviser must exercise due diligence to ascertain 
the essential facts relative to the retail investor, his or her 
financial situation, and investment objectives before approving his or 
her account to invest in leveraged/inverse investment vehicles. This 
requirement would have required the broker-dealer or investment adviser 
to seek to obtain certain information about the retail investor, 
including, at a minimum, information about his or her financial status 
(e.g., employment status, income, and net worth (including liquid net 
worth)); and information about his or her investment objectives 
generally and his or her anticipated investments in, and experience 
with, leveraged/inverse investment vehicles (e.g., general investment 
objectives, percentage of liquid net worth intended for investment in 
leveraged/inverse investment vehicles, and investment experience and 
knowledge).
    The proposed due diligence requirement was designed to provide the 
broker-dealer or investment adviser with a comprehensive picture of the 
retail investor on which to evaluate whether the retail investor has 
the financial knowledge and experience to be reasonably expected to be 
capable of evaluating the risks of buying and selling leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles.\576\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \576\ In addition, the proposed sales practices rules would have 
required broker-dealers and investment advisers to adopt and 
implement written policies and procedures addressing compliance with 
the applicable sales practices rule, and would have required broker-
dealers and investment advisers to retain certain records arising 
from the due diligence and account approval requirements. See 
Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at sections II.G.2.b-c.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed sales practices rules were generally modeled after 
current FINRA options account approval requirements for broker-dealers, 
in part based on the Commission's belief that leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles, when held over longer periods of time, may have 
certain similarities to options.\577\ Under the FINRA rules for 
options, a broker-dealer may not accept a customer's options order 
unless the broker-dealer has approved the customer's account for 
options trading.\578\ This account-approval requirement applies to all 
customers who wish to trade options, including self-directed investors 
who do not receive advice or recommendations from the broker-dealer.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \577\ See, e.g., FINRA rule 2360(b)(16)-(17) (requiring firm 
approval, diligence and recordkeeping for options accounts); see 
also Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at nn.325-327 and 
accompanying text.
    \578\ FINRA rule 2360(b)(16).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission received significant comment on the proposed 
alternative requirements for leveraged/inverse funds. Most commenters 
categorically opposed the adoption of the proposed sales practices 
rules. These commenters provided numerous reasons for their opposition, 
including:
     The proposed sales practices rules would restrict investor 
choice because retail investors who wish to invest or continue to 
invest in leveraged/inverse investment products, including investors 
who understand their unique risks, might not be approved for trading in 
those products by a broker-dealer or investment adviser.\579\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \579\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of Nathaniel Reynolds (Apr. 28, 
2020); Comment Letter of Steve Ludwig (Apr. 22, 2020); Comment 
Letter of Jesse Underwood (Apr. 17, 2000); Comment Letter of Angie 
Hall (Apr. 17, 2020); Comment Letter of Barbara Kalib (Mar. 22, 
2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     The proposed sales practices rules would provide few 
additional protections for investors because their requirements are 
duplicative of existing Commission requirements for the activities of 
broker-dealers and investment advisers in the recommended transaction 
context, including rule 15l-1 under the Exchange Act (``Regulation Best 
Interest'') and investment advisers' fiduciary obligations to their 
clients.\580\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \580\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of TD Ameritrade (May 4, 2020) 
(``TD Ameritrade Comment Letter''); SIFMA Comment Letter. See also 
Regulation Best Interest Adopting Release, supra footnote 12; 
Commission Interpretation Regarding Standard of Conduct for 
Investment Advisers, Investment Advisers Act Release No. 5248 (June 
5, 2019) [84 FR 33669 (July 12, 2019)] (``Fiduciary 
Interpretation'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     The Commission should not address the investor protection 
concerns underlying section 18 of the Investment Company Act by 
imposing sales practice requirements on financial intermediaries rather 
than placing requirements on leveraged/inverse funds themselves.\581\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \581\ See Direxion Comment Letter; see also Comment Letter of 
Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. (Mar. 24, 2020) (``Schwab Comment 
Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     The operational burden and expense of implementing the due 
diligence and account approval requirements, as well as the potential 
legal liability arising from the performance of those requirements, 
could cause broker-dealers and investment advisers simply to stop 
offering leveraged/inverse investment vehicles to retail investors, 
causing harm to leveraged/inverse fund sponsors and restricting 
investor choice.\582\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \582\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of Americans for Limited 
Government (Mar. 24, 2020) (``Americans for Limited Government 
Comment Letter''); SIFMA Comment Letter; Direxion Comment Letter; 
ProShares Comment Letter; Schwab Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     The FINRA options account-approval framework is not well 
suited as a model for leveraged/inverse investment vehicles because 
options trading strategies are significantly more complex and have 
significantly more risk, including the risk that an investor could lose 
more than the amount invested, than investments in leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles.\583\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \583\ See, e.g., Schwab Comment Letter; SIFMA Comment Letter. 
Several commenters stated that the FINRA options rule, unlike the 
proposed sales practices rules, applies only to transactions for 
which there is a broker-dealer recommendation. See, e.g., Direxion 
Comment Letter. Although the proposed sales practice rules 
incorporated one element from the FINRA rule that applies to 
recommended options transactions, FINRA rule 2360(b)(19), the FINRA 
rule on which the proposed sales practices rules principally were 
based, rule 2360(b)(16), applies regardless of whether the broker-
dealer has made a recommendation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     The proposed sales practices rules, because they would 
apply to only two categories of leveraged/inverse products--leveraged/
inverse funds and

[[Page 83216]]

listed commodity pools that use leveraged/inverse strategies--would not 
sufficiently advance the Commission's investor protection goals. 
Exchange-traded notes (``ETNs''), for example, would not be subject to 
the proposed sales practices rules, but can use leveraged/inverse 
strategies with a nearly identical risk/return profile to leveraged/
inverse investment vehicles, and can present additional risks, 
including the risk of issuer default. Accordingly, the proposed sales 
practices rules, if adopted, could cause: (1) Sponsors of leveraged/
inverse investment vehicles to offer leveraged/inverse strategies as 
ETNs rather than funds or listed commodity pools; and (2) retail 
investors to seek out leveraged/inverse strategies through ETNs or 
other products that would not be subject to the requirements of the 
proposed sales practices rules.\584\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \584\ See, e.g., Direxion Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Mark 
J. Flannery, Ph.D. (Mar. 31, 2020) (``Flannery Comment Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Commenters questioned whether the proposed sales practices 
rules regulate ``sales practices'' and therefore the Commission's 
authority to promulgate the proposed rules.\585\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \585\ See, e.g., Direxion Comment Letter; ProShares Comment 
Letter; Comment Letter of Virtu Financial (Apr. 24, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters expressed support for the proposed sales practices 
rules on the basis that additional investor protections are warranted 
in light of the unique characteristics and risks of leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles.\586\ In addition, several commenters stated that 
many retail investors do not understand the risks associated with 
investing in leveraged/inverse investment vehicles.\587\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \586\ See, e.g., Herber Comment Letter; Comment Letter of Tom 
Antony (Apr. 9, 2020); Comment Letter of Thomas Garman (Mar. 6, 
2020); Comment Letter of Patrick Oberman (Feb. 20, 2020); NASAA 
Comment Letter. One commenter supported the sales practices rules as 
proposed, but suggested that the Commission not amend rule 6c-11 to 
include leveraged/inverse funds within that rule's scope (as 
proposed), without first implementing additional identification and 
categorization requirements for exchange-traded products generally. 
See BlackRock Comment Letter (also discussed at infra footnote 618 
and accompanying text).
    \587\ See supra footnote 572.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters recommended alternatives to the proposed sales 
practices rules that they believed would address investor protection 
concerns associated with leveraged/inverse funds. Commenters suggested 
that we should place additional disclosure-based requirements on 
intermediaries offering leveraged/inverse investment vehicles to retail 
investors, rather than due diligence and account approval 
requirements.\588\ Some commenters suggested we require broker-dealers 
to: (1) Provide their self-directed customers with short, plain-English 
disclosures of the potential risks of trading leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles, both at the point of sale and periodically 
thereafter; and (2) require such customers to provide an 
acknowledgement of receipt of these disclosures.\589\ Another commenter 
suggested that we require broker-dealers and investment advisers to 
adopt and implement policies and procedures designed to protect 
investors in leveraged/inverse investment vehicles.\590\ This commenter 
stated that such policies and procedures could include, among other 
things, procedures for reviewing purchases of leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles and monitoring accounts that hold positions in 
leveraged/inverse investment vehicles for extended time periods.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \588\ See, e.g., Direxion Comment Letter; Schwab Comment Letter.
    \589\ See, e.g., Schwab Comment Letter; TD Ameritrade Comment 
Letter; see also NASAA Comment Letter.
    \590\ See Comment Letter of Cambridge Investment Research, Inc. 
(May 1, 2020) (``Cambridge Investment Research Comment Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also suggested that we allow leveraged/inverse funds 
with a stated target multiple that is equal to or below the VaR-based 
limit on leveraged risk in rule 18f-4 (e.g., a fund that seeks 100% 
inverse exposure to the relevant index) to comply with all the 
requirements of rule 18f-4, including the VaR-based risk limitation, 
rather than requiring broker-dealers or investment advisers to comply 
with the proposed sales practices rules with respect to transactions in 
these funds. According to these commenters, leveraged/inverse funds 
that do not exceed the VaR-based risk limit (and thus would not require 
an exception to the VaR limit) should not be subject to the proposed 
sales practices rules.\591\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \591\ See, e.g., Direxion Comment Letter; ProShares Comment 
Letter. See also Comment Letter of Innovator Capital Management (May 
8, 2020) (``Innovator Comment Letter'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Treatment of Leveraged/Inverse Funds Under Rule 18f-4
    After considering the comments discussed above, we have determined 
not to adopt the proposed sales practices rules or the proposed 
exception from the leverage risk limit that was predicated on broker-
dealers' and investment advisers' compliance with the sales practices 
rules. Leveraged/inverse funds, like funds generally, will be required 
to comply with the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk in rule 18f-4, 
as adopted, with the exception of certain existing funds discussed in 
section II.F.3 below.
    We recognize, as commenters suggested, that our proposal to address 
the investor protection concerns underlying section 18 by placing 
requirements on the activities of broker-dealers and investment 
advisers that offer leveraged/inverse funds, rather than on the 
leveraged/inverse funds themselves, presents unique challenges. These 
challenges include, as commenters stated, that broker-dealers and 
investment advisers would be required to carry out new due diligence 
requirements designed to address concerns under section 18, and that 
section 18 does not apply to the broker-dealers and investment advisers 
that would be subject to those new requirements.\592\ We also recognize 
that many leveraged/inverse funds can comply with final rule 18f-4, 
particularly given the adjustments to the relative VaR test. We believe 
the approach we are adopting addresses many of the concerns raised by 
commenters regarding the proposed sales practices rules. We believe the 
final approach will preserve meaningful choice for investors by 
permitting a substantial number of leveraged/inverse funds to continue 
to operate under rule 18f-4, subject to the rule's requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \592\ Some commenters also expressed the concern that a 
leveraged/inverse fund sponsor would not be able to ensure that a 
broker-dealer or investment adviser complied with the sales 
practices rules. See, e.g., Direxion Comment Letter. The alternative 
requirements in proposed rule 18f-4 would have applied to leveraged/
inverse funds that were within the scope of the proposed sales 
practices rules. Broker-dealers and investment advisers would have 
been responsible for their own compliance with the sales practices 
rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Leveraged/inverse funds generally will be subject to the 
requirements of rule 18f-4 on the same basis as other funds that are 
subject to that rule, including the VaR-based leverage risk limit.\593\ 
Leveraged/inverse funds, because they provide a leveraged return of an 
index, will be subject to the rule's relative VaR and, under the rule, 
a leveraged/inverse fund must use the index it tracks as its designated 
reference portfolio.\594\ For a leveraged/inverse fund that seeks, 
directly or indirectly, to provide investment returns that correspond 
to 200% of the performance or inverse performance of an index, we 
recognize that there may

[[Page 83217]]

be minor deviations between the VaR of the fund and 200% of the VaR of 
its designated index. These are attributable to financing costs 
embedded in the fund's derivatives and valuation differences between 
the fund's portfolio and the index it tracks.\595\ These minor 
differences would be expected to cause a fund's VaR to exceed 200% of 
the VaR of its designated index by a de minimis amount from time to 
time where the fund is seeking to provide investment exposure equal to 
200% of the return, or inverse of the return, of an index. We would not 
view these de minimis deviations by a leveraged/inverse fund as 
exceedances of the relative VaR test under these circumstances because 
they do not reflect an increase in the fund's leveraged or inverse 
market exposure. Therefore, we would not view these deviations, alone, 
as giving rise to the remediation requirements in rule 18f-4 for funds 
that are not in compliance with the VaR test, or the requirements for 
funds to file Form N-RN to report information about VaR test breaches 
to the Commission.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \593\ The Commission considered and requested comment on this 
alternative in section III.E.5 of the Proposing Release.
    \594\ As discussed above, if a fund's investment objective is to 
track the performance of an unleveraged index--as we understand to 
be the case for leveraged/inverse funds--the fund will be required 
under the final rule to use that index as the fund's designated 
reference portfolio. See supra section II.D.2.b.
    \595\ See, e.g., ProShares Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, where a fund's investment strategy is to provide the 
inverse performance, or a multiple of the inverse performance, of an 
index, we anticipate the fund would calculate the VaR of the index 
based upon the index's inverse performance for purposes of the relative 
VaR test. This is because, for inverse funds, the potential for losses 
that VaR seeks to measure is driven by the potential for increases in 
the index.
3. Standards of Conduct for Broker-Dealers and Registered Investment 
Advisers
    Although the final rules we are adopting will not include the 
proposed sales practices rules, we agree with commenters that, in the 
context of recommended transactions, certain of the investor protection 
concerns the Commission articulated in the Proposing Release regarding 
leveraged/inverse investment vehicles are addressed by the best 
interest standard of conduct for broker-dealers under Regulation Best 
Interest. Further, in the context of advisory relationships, the 
fiduciary obligations of investment advisers, as the Commission 
discussed in the Fiduciary Interpretation, address many of the same 
concerns. The best interest standard of conduct for broker-dealers and 
the fiduciary obligations of investment advisers apply to transactions 
in all exchange-traded products where the transaction is recommended by 
a broker-dealer or pursuant to the advice of an investment adviser. 
These include transactions in leveraged/inverse funds and listed 
commodity pools that the proposed sales practices rules covered, as 
well as transactions in products such as ETNs that the proposed rules 
did not address.
    The Commission's adoption of Regulation Best Interest enhanced the 
standard of conduct for broker-dealers beyond the then-existing 
suitability obligations by requiring broker-dealers to act in the best 
interest of a retail customer when recommending a securities 
transaction or investment strategy involving securities to a retail 
customer.\596\ To meet this best interest standard, a broker-dealer 
must, among other things, satisfy its care obligation. The care 
obligation requires the broker dealer to exercise reasonable diligence, 
care, and skill to understand the potential risks, rewards, and costs 
associated with the recommendation, and have a reasonable basis to 
believe that the recommendation could be in the best interest of at 
least some retail customers. This requirement is especially important 
where broker-dealers recommend products that are particularly complex 
or risky, including leveraged/inverse funds and other products that 
follow a similar leveraged or inverse strategy. Broker-dealers 
recommending such products should understand that leveraged/inverse 
products that are reset daily may not be suitable for, and as a 
consequence also not in the best interest of, retail customers who plan 
to hold them for longer than one trading session, particularly in 
volatile markets. A broker-dealer cannot establish a reasonable basis 
to recommend leveraged/inverse products to retail customers without 
understanding the terms, features, and risks of these products.\597\ 
The care obligation also requires a broker-dealer to have a reasonable 
basis to believe that a recommendation provided to a retail customer is 
in the customer's best interest. Leveraged/inverse products may not be 
in the best interest of a retail customer absent an identified, short-
term, customer-specific trading objective.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \596\ Regulation Best Interest Adopting Release, supra footnote 
12.
    \597\ Id. at nn.593-597 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, as the Commission stated in the Fiduciary 
Interpretation, a reasonable belief that investment advice is in the 
best interest of a client requires that an adviser conduct a reasonable 
investigation into the investment sufficient not to base its advice on 
materially inaccurate or incomplete information. An investment adviser 
also must have a reasonable belief that the advice it provides is in 
the best interest of the client based on the client's investment 
objectives.\598\ Complex products, such as leveraged/inverse products 
that are designed primarily as short-term trading tools for 
sophisticated investors, may not be in the best interest of a retail 
client absent an identified, short-term, client-specific trading 
objective.\599\ Moreover, to the extent that such products are in the 
best interest of a retail client initially, they would require daily 
monitoring by the adviser.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \598\ See Fiduciary Interpretation, supra footnote 580.
    \599\ Id. at n.39 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To satisfy their respective obligations in making recommendations 
or giving investment advice to retail investors, broker-dealers and 
investment advisers need to ascertain certain information about their 
customer or client, which can include the same kinds of information the 
Commission proposed that firms would collect under the sales practices 
rules' due diligence requirement.\600\ Broker-dealers must develop an 
investment profile for a retail customer based on the customer's age, 
other investments, financial situation and needs, tax status, 
investment objectives, investment experience, investment time horizon, 
liquidity needs, risk tolerance, and any other information the retail 
customer may disclose to the broker-dealer.\601\ Similarly, investment 
advisers are required to develop a reasonable understanding of a retail 
client's objectives, which should, at a minimum, include a reasonable 
inquiry into the client's financial situation, level of financial 
sophistication, investment experience, and financial goals.\602\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \600\ The proposed sales practices rules would have required 
broker-dealers and investment advisers to seek to obtain information 
about the retail investor, including, at a minimum, his or her 
investment objectives (e.g., safety of principal, income, growth, 
trading profits, speculation) and time horizon; employment status 
(name of employer, self-employed or retired); estimated annual 
income from all sources; estimated net worth (exclusive of family 
residence); estimated liquid net worth (cash, liquid securities, 
other); percentage of the customer's estimated liquid net worth that 
he or she intends to invest in leveraged/inverse investment 
vehicles; and investment experience and knowledge (e.g., number of 
years, size, frequency and type of transactions) regarding 
leveraged/inverse investment vehicles, options, stocks and bonds, 
commodities, and other financial instruments. See Proposing Release, 
supra footnote 1, at n.333 and accompanying text.
    \601\ See Regulation Best Interest Adopting Release, supra 
footnote 12, at paragraph (a)(2).
    \602\ See Fiduciary Interpretation, supra footnote 580, at 
section II.B.1.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83218]]

4. Staff Review of Regulatory Requirements Relating to Complex 
Financial Products
    We recognize that while Regulation Best Interest applies to all 
exchange-traded products, including products that the proposed sales 
practices rules did not cover, it applies only where a broker-dealer 
recommends a transaction or an investment strategy involving securities 
to a retail customer. Similarly, rule 18f-4 does not address the 
universe of potential investor protection issues related to 
transactions in complex products, as it applies only to registered 
investment companies and business development companies, and its 
requirements for leveraged/inverse funds specifically address the 
section 18 concerns that these funds raise. As such, neither Regulation 
Best Interest nor rule 18f-4 applies where a retail investor with a 
self-directed account invests in ETNs or other complex financial 
products that use leveraged/inverse strategies with a nearly identical 
risk/return profile to leveraged/inverse funds or in other complex 
investment products.
    Accordingly, we have directed the staff to review the effectiveness 
of the existing regulatory requirements in protecting investors--
particularly those with self-directed accounts--who invest in 
leveraged/inverse products and other complex investment products.\603\ 
Based on this review, the staff will make recommendations to the 
Commission for potential new rulemakings, guidance, or other policy 
actions, if appropriate. As part of this review, the staff will 
consider whether the Commission's promulgation of any additional 
requirements for these products may be effective in helping to promote 
retail investor understanding of these products' unique characteristics 
and risks. The staff may consider requirements that include, among 
other things, additional obligations for broker-dealers and investment 
advisers relating to leveraged/inverse investment vehicles and other 
complex products, as well as the alternatives to the proposed sales 
practices rules that commenters recommended, including: (1) Point-of-
sale disclosure; and (2) policies and procedures tailored to the risks 
of leveraged/inverse investment vehicles and other complex 
products.\604\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \603\ See Joint Statement Regarding Complex Financial Products 
and Retail Investors (Oct. 28, 2020), available at https://www.sec.gov/news/public-statement/clayton-blass-hinman-redfearn-complex-financial-products-2020-10-28.
    \604\ See supra footnotes 588-590 and accompanying text 
(discussing alternative approaches proposed by commenters).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Treatment of Existing Leveraged/Inverse Funds That Seek To Provide 
Leveraged or Inverse Market Exposure Exceeding 200% of the Return of 
the Relevant Index
    Under the relative VaR test with a 200% limit, as adopted, 
leveraged/inverse funds that seek to provide leveraged or inverse 
market exposure exceeding 200% of the return or inverse return of the 
relevant index (``over-200% leveraged/inverse funds'') generally could 
not satisfy the limit on fund leverage risk in rule 18f-4. As such, 
over-200% leveraged/inverse funds in operation today would have to 
significantly change their investment strategies if they were required 
to comply with rule 18f-4's relative VaR test. While we believe that it 
is important to continue to consider these funds in light of investor 
protection concerns, and the staff review that we discuss above will 
assess these funds in addition to other complex investment products, we 
believe that these concerns would most appropriately be addressed 
holistically as a result of any Commission action that may result from 
the staff review.
    Accordingly, rule 18f-4 includes a provision permitting over-200% 
leveraged/inverse funds to continue operating at their current leverage 
levels, provided they comply with all the provisions of rule 18f-4 
other than the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk and meet certain 
additional requirements, as discussed below. This provision recognizes 
the unique circumstances facing these funds, which have existed for 
years under Commission exemptive orders prior to our reconsideration of 
our regulatory approach regarding fund derivative use under section 18 
and our adoption of a new approach for such regulation under rule 18f-
4. Given this history and in light of the staff review discussed above, 
we have determined to allow these existing funds to continue but 
subject to further constraints and a limitation to funds currently in 
operation because of the section 18 concerns that these highly 
leveraged funds present.\605\ Because the final rule limits this 
treatment to those over-200% leveraged/inverse funds that are currently 
in operation, absent a different regulatory approach following the 
staff review that might permit additional over-200% leveraged/inverse 
funds, the number of these funds may decrease over time, to the extent 
that fund sponsors remove existing funds from the market or reduce 
their leverage multiples.\606\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \605\ See rule 18f-4(c)(5). In addition, under rule 18f-4(a), 
``fund'' is defined, in part, to mean a registered open-end or 
closed-end company or a business development company, including any 
separate series thereof.
    \606\ See infra section III.C.5. (discussion in the Economic 
Analysis section about, among other things, the potential market 
effects of the Commission's approach with respect to over-200% 
leveraged/inverse funds).
     We understand that there are approximately 70 over-200% 
leveraged/inverse funds currently in operation. These funds 
represent approximately 0.07% of the total assets held by funds and 
business development companies subject to rule 18f-4. See infra 
section III.B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule's approach to these funds is limited to a leveraged/
inverse fund that cannot comply with rule 18f-4's limit on fund 
leverage risk and that, as of October 28, 2020, is: (1) In operation; 
(2) has outstanding shares issued in one or more public offerings to 
investors; and (3) discloses in its prospectus a leverage multiple or 
inverse multiple that exceeds 200% of the performance or the inverse of 
the performance of the underlying index.\607\ A leveraged/inverse fund 
that can comply with rule 18f-4's limit on leverage risk because, for 
example, it rebalances its portfolios less frequently than daily or 
subsequently reduces its disclosed leverage or inverse multiple to 200% 
or less, will not qualify for the exception from the leverage risk 
limit and will be required to comply with all the provisions of rule 
18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \607\ See rule 18f-4(c)(5)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 18f-4 provides that an over-200% leveraged/inverse fund 
relying on this exception may not change the underlying market index or 
increase the level of leveraged or inverse market exposure the fund 
seeks, directly or indirectly, to provide.\608\ The Commission's 
exemptive orders for leveraged/inverse ETFs contemplate those funds 
seeking investment results corresponding to a multiple of the return 
(or inverse of the return) of an underlying index that does not exceed 
300%, and thus no funds with an over-300% leverage multiple or inverse 
multiple currently exist. We are therefore not adopting the proposed 
requirement that leveraged/inverse funds must not seek or obtain, 
directly or indirectly, investment results exceeding 300% of the return 
(or inverse of the return) of the underlying index.\609\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \608\ See rule 18f-4(c)(5)(ii).
    \609\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at nn.349-350 and 
accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also are requiring existing over-200% leveraged/inverse funds to 
disclose in their prospectuses that they are not subject to the 
condition of rule 18f-4 limiting fund leverage risk.\610\ Under the 
final rule requirement, the

[[Page 83219]]

prospectus disclosure that over-200% leveraged/inverse funds will 
provide is identical to the prospectus disclosure that all leveraged/
inverse funds would have been required to provide under the 
proposal.\611\ The proposed prospectus disclosure requirement was 
designed to provide investors and the market with clarity that 
leveraged/inverse funds (due to the proposed sales practices rules) 
were not subject to rule 18f-4's limit on fund leverage risk.\612\ We 
are not requiring all leveraged/inverse funds to provide this 
disclosure, as the Commission proposed, because leveraged/inverse funds 
other than the existing over-200% leveraged/inverse funds will be 
required to comply with the final rule's limit on fund leverage risk. 
We continue to believe that such a disclosure for over-200% leveraged/
inverse funds is appropriate, particularly because we have determined 
not to adopt the proposed sales practices rules at this time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \610\ See rule 18f-4(c)(5)(iii).
    \611\ See proposed rule 18f-4(c)(4)(ii).
    \612\ The Commission received one comment questioning our 
proposal to require all leveraged/inverse funds, as defined in the 
Proposing Release, to disclose in their prospectuses that they are 
not subject to the leverage risk limit. See Direxion Comment Letter. 
Because we are not adopting the sales practices rules, we believe 
that the adoption of this disclosure requirement remains 
appropriate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Amendments to Rule 6c-11 Under the Investment Company Act and 
Proposed Rescission of Exemptive Relief for Leveraged/Inverse ETFs
    We are amending rule 6c-11 to include leveraged/inverse ETFs within 
the scope of that rule, provided that they comply with the applicable 
provisions of rule 18f-4. Rule 6c-11 permits ETFs that satisfy certain 
conditions to operate without obtaining an exemptive order from the 
Commission.\613\ As discussed in the Proposing Release, rule 6c-11 
includes a provision excluding leveraged/inverse ETFs from the scope of 
ETFs that may rely on that rule.\614\ Leveraged/inverse ETFs, 
therefore, currently rely on their Commission exemptive orders. In 
adopting rule 6c-11, the Commission stated that the particular section 
18 concerns raised by leveraged/inverse ETFs' use of derivatives 
distinguish those funds from the other ETFs permitted to rely on that 
rule, and that those section 18 concerns would be more appropriately 
addressed in a rulemaking addressing the use of derivatives by funds 
more broadly.\615\ The Commission further stated that leveraged/inverse 
ETFs are similar in structure and operation to the other types of ETFs 
that are within the scope of rule 6c-11.\616\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \613\ See ETFs Adopting Release, supra footnote 76.
    \614\ See rule 6c-11(c)(4).
    \615\ See ETFs Adopting Release, supra footnote 76, at nn.72-75 
and accompanying text.
    \616\ See id. at text following n.86. In addition, one sponsor 
of leveraged/inverse ETFs has stated that its ETFs would prefer to 
rely on rule 6c-11 over their exemptive orders and that leveraged/
inverse ETFs would be able to comply with rule 6c-11 because they 
are structured and operated in the same manner as other ETFs that 
fall within the scope of that rule. See id. at n.83 and accompanying 
text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission proposed to amend rule 6c-11 to remove the provision 
excluding leveraged/inverse ETFs from the scope of ETFs that may rely 
on that rule. Two commenters expressed support for the proposal.\617\ 
One commenter, however, stated that the Commission should not do so 
without first implementing a system for the categorization and 
identification of exchange-traded products (``ETPs'').\618\ The 
Commission has previously addressed the implementation of an ETP naming 
system in the ETFs Adopting Release, and, as stated in that release, we 
encourage ETP market participants to continue engaging with their 
investors, with each other, and with the Commission on these 
issues.\619\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \617\ See, e.g., Direxion Comment Letter; ProShares Comment 
Letter.
    \618\ See BlackRock Comment Letter.
    \619\ ETFs Adopting Release, supra footnote 76, at n.406 and 
accompanying and following paragraphs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because leveraged/inverse ETFs are similar in structure and 
operation to the other types of ETFs that are within the scope of rule 
6c-11, we believe it is appropriate to permit leveraged/inverse funds 
to rely on rule 6c-11 when they satisfy the applicable conditions in 
rule 18f-4 as adopted. In addition, to provide greater clarity to 
investors and the market regarding the conditions we are placing on 
leveraged/inverse ETFs under rules 18f-4 and 6c-11, we are amending 
rule 6c-11 to require a leveraged/inverse ETF to comply with the 
applicable provisions of rule 18f-4 to operate as an ETF under rule 6c-
11.\620\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \620\ In addition, in 2019 the Commission issued an order 
granting an exemption from certain provisions of the Exchange Act 
and the rules thereunder to broker-dealers and certain other 
persons, as applicable, that engage in certain transactions with 
ETFs relying on rule 6c-11, subject to certain conditions. See Order 
Granting a Conditional Exemption from Exchange Act Section 11(d)(1) 
and Exchange Act Rules 10b-10; 15c1-5; 15c1-6; and 14e-5 for Certain 
Exchange Traded Funds, Exchange Act Release No. 87110 (Sept. 25, 
2019) [84 FR 57089 (Oct. 24, 2019)] (``ETF Exchange Act Order''). 
These exemptions will apply to transactions in the securities of 
leveraged/inverse ETFs that rely on rule 6c-11, provided the 
conditions of the ETF Exchange Act Order are satisfied.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because the amendments to rule 6c-11 will permit a leveraged/
inverse ETF to rely on that rule rather than its exemptive order, we 
are rescinding the exemptive orders the Commission has previously 
issued to leveraged/inverse ETFs, as proposed.\621\ We believe that 
amending rule 6c-11 and rescinding these exemptive orders will help 
promote a more level playing field and greater competition by allowing 
any sponsor to form and launch a leveraged/inverse ETF whose target 
multiple is equal to or less than 200% of its reference portfolio, 
subject to the conditions in rules 6c-11 and 18f-4. We are rescinding 
the exemptive orders provided to leveraged/inverse ETFs on the 
compliance date for rule 18f-4, in eighteen months.\622\ We believe 
that providing an eighteen-month period for existing leveraged/inverse 
ETFs also will provide time for them to prepare to comply with rule 6c-
11 rather than their exemptive orders, and will provide the staff with 
time to conduct its review of leveraged/inverse and other complex 
products, as discussed above, and to provide a recommendation to the 
Commission.\623\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \621\ We did not receive any comments directly supporting or 
opposing our proposal to rescind the Commission exemptive orders to 
leveraged/inverse ETFs.
    \622\ See infra section II.L.
    \623\ See ETFs Adopting Release, supra footnote 76, at text 
following n.451.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Amendments To Fund Reporting Requirements

    We are adopting, with certain modifications from the proposal, 
amendments to the reporting requirements for funds that will rely on 
new rule 18f-4--in particular, amendments to Forms N-PORT, N-LIQUID 
(which we will re-title as ``Form N-RN,'' to reflect that funds will 
use this form to file risk notices with the Commission and not solely 
reports related to rule 22e-4), and Form N-CEN.\624\ These amendments 
are designed to enhance the Commission's ability to oversee funds' use 
of and compliance with the new rule effectively, and to provide the 
Commission and the public additional information regarding funds' use 
of derivatives.\625\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \624\ 17 CFR 274.150; 17 CFR 274.223; and 17 CFR 249.330 and 17 
CFR 274.101.
    \625\ The funds that will rely on rule 18f-4 (other than BDCs) 
generally are subject to the reporting requirements of Form N-PORT. 
All registered management investment companies, other than 
registered money market funds and small business investment 
companies, are required to electronically file with the Commission, 
on a quarterly basis, monthly portfolio investment information on 
Form N-PORT, as of the end of each month. See Investment Company 
Reporting Modernization, Investment Company Act Release No. 32314 
(Oct. 13, 2016) [81 FR 81870 (Nov. 18, 2016)] (``Reporting 
Modernization Adopting Release''), and Investment Company Act 
Release No. 32936 (Dec. 8, 2017) [82 FR 58731 (Dec. 14, 2017)] 
(modifying approach to the requirement to submit reports on Form N-
PORT).
    Certain information that funds will report on Form N-PORT will 
be publicly available. For these data elements, only information 
that funds report for the third month of each fund's fiscal quarter 
on Form N-PORT will be publicly available (60 days after the end of 
the fiscal quarter). See Amendments to the Timing Requirements for 
Filing Reports on Form N-PORT, Investment Company Act Release No. 
33384 (Feb. 27, 2019) [84 FR 7980 (Mar. 6, 2019)].
    Currently, only open-end funds that are not regulated as money 
market funds under rule 2a-7 under the Investment Company Act are 
required to file current reports on Form N-LIQUID, under section 
30(b) of the Investment Company Act and rule 30b1-10 under the Act. 
See Investment Company Liquidity Risk Management Programs, 
Investment Company Act Release No. 32315 (Oct. 13, 2016) [81 FR 
82142 (Nov. 18, 2016)], at section III.L.2 (``Liquidity Adopting 
Release''). We are amending Form N-LIQUID (newly-retitled Form N-RN) 
and rule 30b1-10, and adopting rule 18f-4(c)(7) to add new VaR-
related items to the form, and to extend the requirement to file 
current reports with respect to these new items to any fund 
(including registered open-end funds, registered closed-end funds, 
and BDCs) that relies on rule 18f-4 and that is subject to the 
rule's limit on leverage risk.
    The funds that will rely on rule 18f-4 (other than BDCs) 
generally are subject to the reporting requirements of Form N-CEN. 
Specifically, all registered investment companies (excluding face 
amount certificate companies) are required to file annual reports on 
Form N-CEN. See Reporting Modernization Adopting Release.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83220]]

    Most commenters generally supported, or stated they did not object 
to, requiring funds to report to the Commission the information that 
the proposal would require about their derivatives use.\626\ One 
commenter broadly opposed the new reporting requirements, in general, 
because they ``could introduce a substantial additional reporting 
burden for funds, particularly in the context of volatile market 
conditions.'' \627\ No other commenter opposed the proposed reporting 
requirements in the aggregate. We continue to believe that the new 
reporting requirements will allow the Commission to identify and 
monitor industry trends, as well as risks associated with funds' 
investments in derivatives (including by requiring current, non-public 
reporting to the Commission when certain significant events related to 
a fund's leverage risk occur). The amendments will aid the Commission 
in evaluating the activities of investment companies in order to better 
carry out its regulatory functions. Accordingly, we are adopting, 
consistent with the proposal, the requirements to report the specified 
information to the Commission on Forms N-PORT, N-RN, and N-CEN, with 
certain modifications discussed below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \626\ See, e.g., J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter 
I; Fidelity Comment Letter; Capital Group Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG 
Comment Letter.
    \627\ ISDA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters had mixed views regarding the public availability of 
certain information that funds would provide in response to the 
proposed reporting requirements. As discussed in more detail below, 
after considering these comments we are making certain of these data 
elements non-public, while making other information publicly available 
as proposed.
1. Amendments to Form N-PORT
    We are adopting amendments to Form N-PORT to add new items to Part 
B (``Information About the Fund''), and revise some of the form's 
General Instructions.\628\ As proposed, these amendments would have 
required all funds to report information about their derivatives 
exposure, as well as VaR information (as applicable) on Form N-PORT. 
However, the amendments we are adopting incorporate several changes 
from the proposal:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \628\ See General Instructions E (Definitions) and F (Public 
Availability) to Form N-PORT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     While the proposal would have required all funds to report 
their aggregate derivatives exposure, under the final rules only a fund 
that relies on the limited derivatives exception in rule 18f-4 will be 
required to report this information.\629\ A limited derivatives user 
will also be required to break out certain aspects of its derivatives 
exposure (e.g., exposure from currency and interest rate derivatives 
that hedge related risks), and report the number of business days (in 
excess of the five-business-day remediation period provided in rule 
18f-4) that derivatives exposure exceeded 10% of its net assets, to 
assist the Commission in monitoring compliance with the limited 
derivatives user exception.\630\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \629\ Item B.9 of Form N-PORT.
    \630\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     We are tailoring the VaR-related information we are 
requiring funds to report to include the VaR-related information that 
we believe most effectively portrays a fund's use of derivatives.\631\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \631\ See Item B.10 of Form N-PORT; see also infra footnote 673 
and accompanying paragraph.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Finally, we are modifying the proposed requirement to make 
all information reported in response to the new N-PORT items publicly 
available. In a change from the proposal, information about a limited 
derivatives user's derivatives exposure, as well as a fund's median 
daily VaR, median VaR ratio and VaR backtesting exceptions, will be 
confidentially reported to the Commission and not publicly 
disclosed.\632\ Information about the fund's designated reference 
portfolio will be made publicly available, as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \632\ See General Instruction F (Public Availability) to Form N-
PORT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We discuss all of these changes in more detail below.
a. Derivatives Exposure
    We are amending Form N-PORT to include a new reporting item for 
certain funds' derivatives exposure.\633\ While the proposal would have 
required all funds to report their derivatives exposure, the final 
amendments we are adopting will require only a fund that relies on the 
limited derivatives user exception in rule 18f-4 to report derivatives 
exposure information.\634\ A fund that relies on this exception will 
have to report: (1) Its derivatives exposure; (2) its exposure from 
currency derivatives that hedge currency risks; and (3) its exposure 
from interest rate derivatives that hedge interest rate risks. Such a 
fund also will have to report the number of business days, if any, in 
excess of the five-business-day remediation period that final rule 18f-
4 provides, that the fund's derivatives exposure exceeded 10 percent of 
its net assets during the reporting period. These reporting 
requirements are designed to provide information to the Commission to 
further its ability to monitor compliance with the limited derivatives 
user exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \633\ Item B.9 of Form N-PORT; see also amendments to General 
Instruction E to Form N-PORT (adding a new definition for 
``derivatives exposure,'' as defined in rule 18f-4(a)). A fund's 
derivatives exposure, which is expressed as a percentage of the 
fund's net assets, is computed in U.S. dollars.
    \634\ See proposed Item B.9 of Form N-PORT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    No commenters specifically supported the Commission's proposal to 
require a fund to report its derivatives exposure data on Form N-
PORT.\635\ Likewise, no commenters specifically opposed this reporting 
requirement.\636\ However, some commenters stated that public 
disclosure of a fund's aggregate derivatives exposure would not serve 
investor protection purposes because such information could be 
misleading and would be unnecessary, as individual portfolio holdings 
data already provide similar but more useful

[[Page 83221]]

information.\637\ We agree that the proposed derivatives exposure 
reporting requirement would not have permitted investors or other 
market participants to determine the purposes for which a fund uses 
derivatives, including whether derivatives are being used for hedging 
purposes. We also recognize that funds currently publicly disclose 
information regarding their derivatives positions on Form N-PORT and 
elsewhere.\638\ In light of these considerations, we are not adopting 
the requirement for all funds to report derivatives exposure on Form N-
PORT. However, because the limited derivatives user exception in final 
rule 18f-4 will require funds relying on the exception to limit their 
derivatives exposure to 10% or less of the value of their net assets, 
we are adopting a derivatives exposure reporting requirement for these 
funds to facilitate the Commission's ability to monitor compliance with 
the exception.\639\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \635\ Some commenters generally agreed with, or did not object 
to, reporting the proposed derivatives information to the 
Commission, but did not specifically support the derivatives 
exposure reporting item. See ICI Comment Letter; J.P. Morgan Comment 
Letter; Putnam Comment Letter.
    \636\ Although one commenter broadly objected to all new 
reporting requirements, it did not discuss or object to any specific 
requirements. See ISDA Comment Letter.
    \637\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Putnam Comment Letter.
    \638\ See infra footnote 654 and accompanying text.
    \639\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, n.364 and 
accompanying text. As proposed, a fund also will have to indicate 
whether it is a limited derivatives user on Form N-CEN. See infra 
section II.G.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The specific exposure information we are requiring funds to report 
reflects this regulatory purpose. While the proposal would have 
required a fund to provide its exposure from derivatives instruments 
and exposure from short sales separately, as distinct reporting items, 
we are not requiring limited derivatives users to break out these 
separate components of exposure.\640\ We can perform our oversight 
function without requiring funds to separately report their exposure 
from derivatives instruments and shorts sales.\641\ Conversely, because 
the final rule will permit a fund that relies on the limited 
derivatives user exception to exclude certain currency and interest 
rate hedging transactions from the 10% derivatives exposure threshold 
associated with the exception, we are adopting corresponding reporting 
requirements that will require funds to separately report the levels of 
exposure they have obtained from these currency and interest rate 
hedging transactions. This information will help support our ability to 
monitor funds' reliance on the exception. For each of the reporting 
items we are adopting, a fund will be required to provide its exposure 
as a percentage of the fund's net asset value as of the end of the 
reporting period.\642\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \640\ See proposed Items B.9.a.i (exposure from derivative 
instruments that involve future payment obligations) and B.9.a.ii 
(exposure from short sales).
    \641\ See supra footnote 633.
    \642\ Item B.9; see also General Instruction A to Form N-PORT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter recommended allowing a fund to report derivatives 
exposure based on either a net notional basis (e.g., allowing netting 
of long and short positions) or mark-to-market basis, stating that 
either of these methods provides a more accurate measure of the fund's 
derivatives exposure.\643\ These suggestions, however, would result in 
funds reporting derivatives exposure figures that deviate from the 
manner in which funds are required to calculate derivatives exposure 
under rule 18f-4. As a result, this would limit the Commission's 
ability to monitor funds' use of derivatives for oversight purposes. 
Accordingly, we are not making the requested change, and the final 
amendments to Form N-PORT will require a fund that is a limited 
derivatives user to report its derivatives exposure on a gross notional 
basis, as proposed.\644\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \643\ Fidelity Comment Letter.
    \644\ Item B.9.a.; see also rule 18f-4(a) (defining 
``derivatives exposure'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In a change from the proposal, we are also adopting a requirement 
for funds that are limited derivatives users to report certain 
information regarding times during which these funds' derivatives 
exposure exceeds 10% of their net assets.\645\ Final rule 18f-4 
includes remediation provisions that address circumstances in which 
funds that are relying on the limited derivatives user exception have 
derivatives exposure that exceeds 10% of their net assets.\646\ These 
provisions incorporate a five-business-day period for the fund to 
reduce its exposure before it must provide a written report to the 
fund's board of directors on the fund's plan to reduce its exposure. If 
a fund relying on that exception has derivatives exposure exceeding 10% 
of the fund's net assets, and this exceedance persists beyond the five-
business-day period that rule 18f-4 provides for remediation, the fund 
will have to report the number of business days (beyond the five-
business-day period) that its derivatives exposure exceeded 10% of net 
assets during the reporting period. This information also is designed 
to assist the Commission in monitoring compliance with the limited 
derivatives user exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \645\ See Item B.9.d of Form N-PORT.
    \646\ See rule 18f-4(c)(4); supra section III.E.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In another change, derivatives exposure information reported in 
response to Item B.9 of Form N-PORT will not be made publicly 
available, as had been proposed.\647\ The majority of commenters that 
addressed this aspect of the proposal urged the Commission to make this 
information non-public.\648\ Other commenters supported (or stated they 
did not oppose) public disclosure of derivatives exposure, but did not 
provide detailed justification for this support.\649\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \647\ Proposing Release supra footnote 1, at n.363 and 
accompanying text.
    \648\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; Invesco Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter I; Capital Group 
Comment Letter.
    \649\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; T. 
Rowe Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters that opposed public disclosure of a fund's gross 
notional derivatives exposure expressed concern that this information 
could confuse or mislead investors who may not understand the relevance 
of or context for the data.\650\ One commenter stated that 
``derivatives exposure'' would include notional amounts of transactions 
that investors may not traditionally consider to be ``derivatives.'' 
\651\ Several commenters stated that public disclosure of this 
information could cause some investors or third-party analysts to 
incorrectly gauge the riskiness of (and amount of leverage used by) 
funds, particularly since Form N-PORT is not designed to include 
qualitative information that could provide context for the data.\652\ 
Commenters also asserted that publicly disclosing this information 
would not be necessary to provide additional transparency to investors 
and other market participants because funds already publicly disclose 
information about their derivatives positions.\653\ In particular, 
several commenters observed that: (1) Funds currently report their full 
portfolio schedules on Form N-PORT in a structured data format; (2) a 
fund's financial statements contain a variety of derivatives-related 
information (including notional amount information organized by 
category of derivative instrument); and (3) some funds provide 
disclosure about their use of derivatives in shareholder reports.\654\ 
Some commenters also stated that public disclosure of derivatives 
exposure amounts, even if disclosed on a delayed basis, could reveal 
proprietary

[[Page 83222]]

information to fund competitors.\655\ Two commenters stated that the 
delayed public availability of exposure information that funds report, 
while protective of funds, may limit its utility to investors.\656\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \650\ See, e.g., Capital Group Comment Letter; Eaton Vance 
Comment Letter; MFA Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter.
    \651\ Dechert Comment Letter I.
    \652\ See, e.g., Invesco Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
Putnam Comment Letter.
    \653\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter I; 
Capital Group Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter.
    \654\ Dechert Comment Letter I; Invesco Comment Letter; T. Rowe 
Comment Letter.
    \655\ Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; MFA Comment 
Letter.
    \656\ Dechert Comment Letter I; MFA/AIMA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are not requiring derivatives exposure information to be 
publicly available. Section 45(a) requires information in reports filed 
with the Commission pursuant to the Investment Company Act to be made 
public unless we find that public disclosure is neither necessary nor 
appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of 
investors.\657\ Because we are not, as proposed, requiring all funds to 
report derivatives exposure information, but are instead imposing the 
requirement only on funds that are limited derivatives users, making 
this information public is unlikely to provide the market-wide insight 
into the levels of funds' derivatives exposure to investors and other 
market participants we had initially anticipated.\658\ Moreover, making 
the derivatives exposure data that funds that are limited derivatives 
users must report publicly available could cause investors to believe 
that these reporting funds (which do not use derivatives extensively or 
largely use them for limited hedging purposes), are riskier than funds 
that use derivatives to a greater extent but are not required to report 
their exposure information. In light of commenters' concerns, and given 
the regulatory purpose of the reporting requirement we are adopting, we 
find that public disclosure of this information is neither necessary 
nor appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of 
investors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \657\ Section 45(a) of the Investment Company Act.
    \658\ Proposing Release supra footnote 1, footnote 363 and 
accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. VaR Information
    Form N-PORT will include a new reporting item related to the VaR 
tests we are adopting, with certain modifications from the proposal 
discussed below.\659\ As proposed, the new disclosure item will apply 
to funds that are subject to the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk 
during the relevant reporting period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \659\ Item B.10 of Form N-PORT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With the exception of one commenter that broadly opposed all new 
proposed reporting requirements on the grounds that they increase 
burdens on funds, no commenter opposed providing the proposed VaR 
information to the Commission on Form N-PORT.\660\ Multiple commenters, 
however, opposed making certain information reported in response to the 
proposed VaR disclosure items publicly available.\661\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \660\ See ISDA Comment Letter.
    \661\ See, e.g., ISDA Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; 
ICI Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter I; BlackRock Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Median VaR and Designated Reference Portfolio Information
    Funds will report their median daily VaR for the monthly reporting 
period, as proposed. Also as proposed, a fund subject to the relative 
VaR test during the reporting period will report, as applicable, the 
name of the fund's designated index and its index identifier. This item 
reflects a conforming change from the proposal, in light of 
modifications to the proposed relative VaR test, to require a statement 
that the fund's designated reference portfolio is the fund's securities 
portfolio, if applicable. Funds also will report their median daily VaR 
ratio for the reporting period, as the proposal would have 
required.\662\ The requirement for a fund to report median daily VaR 
(and, for a fund that is subject to the relative VaR test, the fund's 
median VaR ratio) is designed to help the Commission assess compliance 
with the rule.\663\ These data points will also facilitate the 
Commission's monitoring efforts. For example, these data points can be 
used to identify changes in a fund's VaR over time, and trends 
involving a single fund or group of funds regarding their VaRs. The 
requirement that a fund report information about its designated 
reference portfolio is designed to help analyze whether funds are using 
designated reference portfolios that meet the rule's requirements, and 
to assess any trends in the designated reference portfolios that funds 
select.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \662\ In a conforming change to reflect modifications we are 
making to proposed rule 18f-4, this reporting item describes a 
fund's median VaR ratio as a percentage of the VaR of the fund's 
designated reference portfolio instead of as a percentage of the VaR 
of the fund's designated reference index (as proposed).
    \663\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.H.1.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although several commenters supported (or generally did not oppose) 
public reporting about a fund's designated index on Form N-PORT,\664\ 
commenters largely objected to making information reported in response 
to the proposed VaR disclosure items publicly available.\665\ Many 
commenters expressed concern that, while the Commission may expect and 
understand divergence across VaR models, VaR is a complex measure that 
many investors do not have the expertise or experience to 
understand.\666\ One commenter stated that because investors trying to 
compare funds may misunderstand VaR information, funds could be 
incentivized to report data designed to appear less risky.\667\ 
Although the proposed VaR information would have been made publicly 
available on a delayed basis, several commenters stated that publicly 
disclosing VaR information could reveal proprietary information about a 
fund's risk management tools.\668\ Some generally questioned the 
investor protection benefits of making VaR data public.\669\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \664\ Putnam Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Invesco 
Comment Letter.
    \665\ See supra footnote 661.
    \666\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; Invesco Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter; AQR Comment Letter I; J.P. Morgan 
Comment Letter.
    \667\ Eaton Vance Comment Letter.
    \668\ Dechert Comment Letter I; MFA/AIMA Comment Letter.
    \669\ Dechert Comment Letter I; J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering these comments, we are making two modifications 
to the proposal. First, we are not requiring a fund's median VaR 
information (its median VaR, and its median VaR ratio for funds subject 
to the relative VaR test) to be publicly available, as had been 
proposed.\670\ While we recognize that this information could help some 
market participants assess the effect of derivatives use on funds that 
have similar strategies but different VaRs, many investors may not have 
the expertise or experience to understand VaR and could misinterpret 
VaR figures, especially when comparing funds. Moreover, sophisticated 
investors and other market participants who may be less likely to 
misinterpret VaR figures can analyze a fund's portfolio holdings, which 
are publicly available in a structured data format on Form N-PORT, to 
roughly estimate a fund's VaR.\671\ Taking all of these considerations 
into account, we find that public disclosure of this information is 
neither necessary nor appropriate in the public interest or for the 
protection of investors.\672\ We are, however, requiring information 
about a fund's designated reference portfolio to be made publicly 
available, as proposed. Commenters did not object to making

[[Page 83223]]

this information publicly available, and to the extent that investors 
and other market participants wish to compare a fund's performance 
relative to the performance of its designated index, the information 
regarding a fund's designated reference portfolio will facilitate this 
analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \670\ See General Instruction F of Form N-PORT (stating that the 
SEC does not intend to make public the information reported with 
respect to a fund's median daily VaR (Item B.10.a) and Median VaR 
Ratio (Item B.10.b.iii)).
    \671\ Cf. Dechert Comment Letter I; Invesco Comment Letter; T. 
Rowe Comment Letter.
    \672\ See supra footnote 657.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, while the proposal would have required funds to report 
their highest daily VaR (and for funds that use the relative VaR test, 
their highest daily VaR ratio) and these measures' corresponding dates, 
the Form N-PORT amendments that we are adopting do not include this 
requirement.\673\ After considering comments, we believe that a fund's 
median VaR data more effectively portrays a fund's use of derivatives 
than the highest VaR figures. The median VaR data will be based on 
multiple inputs, whereas the high VaR figures would represent the 
fund's VaR on a single day during the period, which could have been an 
outlier that is not reflective of fund's typical VaR levels. Although 
information about a fund's highest VaR or VaR ratio also could 
facilitate monitoring by the Commission for compliance with the final 
rule, we believe that the requirement for funds to report VaR breaches 
on Form N-RN will provide sufficient information for this purpose. In 
addition, the elimination of these proposed reporting items will offset 
the burdens associated with new Form N-PORT reporting items that we 
believe provide higher information value, such as a fund's median daily 
VaR and median daily VaR ratio.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \673\ Proposed Items B.10.a, b, and d.iii-iv of Form N-PORT.
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Backtesting Results
    As proposed, a fund will have to report the number of exceptions it 
identified during the reporting period arising from backtesting the 
fund's VaR calculation model.\674\ This requirement is designed to help 
analyze whether a fund's VaR model is effectively taking into account 
and incorporating all significant, identifiable market risk factors 
associated with a fund's investments, and will assist the Commission in 
monitoring funds' compliance with the VaR tests.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \674\ Item B.10.c of Form N-PORT; see also Proposing Release, 
supra footnote 1, at n.370.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While the Commission proposed that this backtesting information 
would be publicly available, many commenters opposed making this 
information public due to concerns that investors would misunderstand 
or ascribe inappropriate significance to the backtesting 
exceptions.\675\ These commenters suggested that investors might think 
a fund that reports backtesting exceptions is not complying with its 
leverage limits, or presents more compliance and leverage risk than it 
actually does.\676\ The Proposing Release stated that funds would be 
expected to experience backtesting exceptions approximately 2.5 times a 
year and that more (or fewer) exceptions could suggest issues with the 
VaR model. Commenters expressed concern that while backtesting 
exceptions would not necessarily warrant investor concern, an investor 
may not have the experience or relevant background to understand 
this.\677\ Some commenters suggested that public disclosure of the 
backtesting exceptions might confuse investors about the risks 
associated with a fund's use of derivatives unless a detailed 
contextual explanation regarding the fund's choice and application of 
its VaR limit were also provided, which Form N-PORT is not designed to 
provide.\678\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \675\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; ICI Comment Letter; 
BlackRock Comment Letter; Eaton Vance Comment Letter; MFA Comment 
Letter.
    \676\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; MFA Comment Letter.
    \677\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.150 and 
accompanying text; see also BlackRock Comment Letter; Capital Group 
Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
    \678\ Capital Group Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Eaton Vance Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In a change from the proposal, and after consideration of these 
comments, we are not requiring the number of a fund's backtesting 
exceptions to be made publicly available.\679\ This reporting 
requirement is designed to allow the Commission to assess the adequacy 
of a fund's VaR model. Taking into account the concerns commenters 
raised and the purpose of this reporting requirement, we believe that 
public disclosure of this information is neither necessary nor 
appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \679\ See General Instruction F to Form N-PORT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Amendments to Current Reporting Requirements
    We are adopting new current reporting requirements for certain 
funds that are relying on rule 18f-4. Specifically, we are re-titling 
Form N-LIQUID as Form N-RN and amending this form to include new 
reporting events for funds that are subject to the VaR-based limit on 
fund leverage risk.\680\ These funds will be required to determine 
their compliance with the applicable VaR test on at least a daily 
basis.\681\ We are requiring these funds to file Form N-RN to report 
information about VaR test breaches under certain circumstances. We are 
adopting these requirements substantially as proposed, with conforming 
amendments to reflect changes to the modified VaR requirements that we 
adopting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \680\ See Parts E-G of Form N-RN.
    \681\ Rule 18f-4(c)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If the portfolio VaR of a fund subject to the relative VaR test 
exceeds, as applicable, 200% or 250% of the VaR of its designated 
reference portfolio for five business days, we are requiring that such 
a fund report: (1) The dates on which the fund portfolio's VaR exceeded 
200% or 250% of the VaR of its designated reference portfolio; (2) the 
VaR of the fund's portfolio for each of these days; (3) the VaR of its 
designated reference portfolio for each of these days; (4) as 
applicable, either the name of the designated index, or a statement 
that the fund's designated reference portfolio is its securities 
portfolio; and (5) as applicable, the index identifier for the fund's 
designated index.\682\ A fund will have to report this information 
within one business day following the fifth business day after the fund 
has determined that its portfolio VaR exceeds, as applicable, 200% or 
250% of its designated reference portfolio VaR.\683\ Such a fund also 
will then have to file a second report on Form N-RN when it is back in 
compliance with the relative VaR test.\684\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \682\ See Part E of Form N-RN. This requirement reflects 
conforming changes to parallel the VaR limits that we are adopting 
as part of final rule 18f-4. See supra sections II.D.2.c. and 
II.D.3. This requirement also reflects a conforming change to 
reflect the final time-frame for VaR test remediation (five business 
days as opposed to three business days, as proposed) that we are 
adopting. See supra footnote 460 and accompanying text.
    \683\ For example, if the fund were to determine, on the evening 
of Monday, June 1, that its portfolio VaR exceeded 200% of the 
fund's designated reference portfolio VaR, and this exceedance were 
to persist through Tuesday (June 2), Wednesday (June 3), Thursday 
(June 4), Friday (June 5), and Monday (June 8), the fund would file 
Form N-RN on Tuesday, June 9 (because five business days following 
the determination on June 1 is June 8, and 1 business day following 
June 8 is June 9). If the exceedance were to still persist on June 9 
(the date that the fund would file Form N-RN), the fund's report on 
Form N-RN would provide the required information elements for June 
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9.
    \684\ See Part G of Form N-RN. The report will include the dates 
on which the fund was not in compliance with the VaR test, and the 
current VaR of the fund's portfolio on the date the fund files the 
report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, if the portfolio VaR of a fund subject to the absolute 
VaR test were to exceed, as applicable, 20% or 25% of the value of the 
fund's net assets for five business days, we are requiring that such a 
fund report: (1) The dates on which the fund portfolio's VaR exceeded 
20% or 25% of the value of its net assets; (2) the VaR of the fund's 
portfolio for each of these days; and (3)

[[Page 83224]]

the value of the fund's net assets for each of these days.\685\ Such a 
fund will have to report this information within the same time frame as 
would be required under the parallel reporting requirements for funds 
that are subject to the relative VaR test, and also will have to file a 
report on Form N-RN when it is back in compliance with the absolute VaR 
test.\686\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \685\ See Part F of Form N-RN. This requirement reflects 
conforming changes to parallel proposed requirements to reflect the 
VaR limits that we are adopting as part of final rule 18f-4. See 
proposed Part F of Form N-RN; see also supra footnote 402 and 
accompanying text. This requirement also reflects a conforming 
change to the proposed requirement to reflect the final time-frame 
for VaR test remediation that we are adopting (five business days as 
opposed to three business days, as proposed). See supra footnote 460 
and accompanying text.
    \686\ A fund may provide explanatory information about any 
information reported in response to the form's items. See Part H of 
Form N-RN.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, only registered open-end funds (excluding money market 
funds) are required to file reports on Form N-LIQUID (to be re-titled 
as Form N-RN).\687\ As proposed, we are requiring all funds that are 
subject to rule 18f-4's limit on fund leverage risk to file current 
reports on Form N-RN regarding VaR test breaches.\688\ The scope of 
funds that will be subject to the new VaR test breach current reporting 
requirements of Form N-RN will thus include registered open-end funds, 
as well as registered closed-end funds and BDCs. In addition to 
extending the scope of funds required to respond to Form N-RN, we are 
amending the general instructions to the form to reflect the expanded 
scope and application, as proposed.\689\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \687\ See General Instruction A.(1) to Form N-LIQUID; see also 
rule 30b1-10 [17 CFR 270.30b1-10].
    \688\ See Form N-RN; see also rule 30b1-10 under the Investment 
Company Act (amended to extend current reporting requirements to 
registered closed-end funds), and rule 18f-4(c)(7) (requiring all 
funds that rely on rule 18f-4 and that are subject to its limit on 
fund leverage risk, which experience an event specified in the parts 
of Form N-RN titled ``Relative VaR Test Breaches,'' ``Absolute VaR 
Test Breaches,'' or ``Compliance with VaR Test,'' to file with the 
Commission a report on Form N-RN within the period and according to 
the instructions specified in that form).
    Because BDCs are regulated, not registered, under the Investment 
Company Act, they are not subject to rule 30b1-10. A BDC is only 
required to file on Form N-RN if it elects to rely on rule 18f-4 to 
enter into derivative transactions, and the BDC experiences an event 
that rule 18f-4(c)(7) specifies requires a filing on Form N-RN.
    \689\ See, e.g., General Instruction A.(1) to Form N-RN (amended 
to specify that the defined term ``registrant'' also includes 
registered closed-end funds and BDCs); General Instruction A.(2) to 
Form N-RN (amended to extend the scope of application to the new 
VaR-test-breach-related Items E-G); General Instruction A.(3) to 
Form N-RN (added to specify that only open-end funds required to 
comply with rule 22e-4 under the Investment Company Act must report 
events described in Parts B-D, as applicable, while all funds that 
rely on rule 18f-4 subject to compliance with rule 18f-4(c)(2)'s 
limit on fund leverage risk must report events described in Parts E-
G, as applicable); and General Instruction F to Form N-RN (amended 
to specify that the terms used in Parts E-G have the same meaning as 
in rule 18f-4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters expressed general support for the proposed Form N-
RN reporting requirements as an appropriate adjunct to the rule's 
remediation provisions, facilitating regulatory monitoring by the 
Commission.\690\ Conversely, one commenter broadly opposed any new 
reporting requirements, including on Form N-RN.\691\ This commenter 
stated that the proposed requirements in the aggregate could introduce 
a substantial additional reporting burden for funds, particularly in 
the context of volatile market conditions, and that given the board 
reporting requirements under the proposed remediation provision, 
imposing additional reporting requirements is unnecessary. Another 
commenter recommended that the Commission either eliminate the proposed 
Form N-RN reporting requirement and instead include the proposed Form 
N-RN reporting items on Form N-PORT, or extend the remediation period 
within which a fund must come back into compliance with its VaR to ten 
business days.\692\ While acknowledging the Commission's need for 
transparency and information, particularly during times of market 
stress, this commenter expressed concern that some funds could engage 
in asset sales to avoid triggering the Form N-RN filing 
requirement.\693\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \690\ See, e.g., J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
Invesco Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Nuveen Comment 
Letter.
    \691\ ISDA Comment Letter.
    \692\ Dechert Comment Letter III.
    \693\ Id.; see also supra footnote 484.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that the amendments to current reporting 
requirements will be important for the Commission to assess funds' 
compliance with the VaR tests and to monitor the effects of market 
stress on funds' leverage risk.\694\ We are requiring funds to provide 
this information in a current report because we believe that the 
Commission should be notified promptly when a fund is out of compliance 
with the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, which could indicate 
that a fund is experiencing heightened risks as a result of the fund's 
use of derivatives transactions. VaR test breaches could indicate that 
a fund is using derivatives transactions to leverage the fund's 
portfolio, magnifying its potential for losses and significant payments 
of fund assets to derivatives counterparties. Such breaches also could 
indicate market events that are drivers of potential derivatives risks 
or other risks across the fund industry. Either of these scenarios--
increased fund-specific risks, or market events that affect funds' 
risks broadly--may, depending on the facts and circumstances, require 
attention by the Commission. Relying on reporting to the fund's board 
alone and without a report to the Commission, as one commenter 
suggested, would not further these objectives.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \694\ See Proposing Release supra footnote 1, at section II.H.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The new current reporting requirement is designed to provide the 
Commission with current information regarding potential increased risks 
and stress events (as opposed to delayed reporting on Form N-PORT). The 
one-business-day time frame for this Form N-RN reporting--after a fund 
has been out of compliance with the VaR test for five business days--is 
designed to provide an appropriately early notification to the 
Commission of potential heightened risks, while at the same time 
providing sufficient time for a fund to compile and file its report on 
Form N-RN. This time frame is also consistent with the current required 
timing for reporting other events on current Form N-LIQUID.\695\ A fund 
that breached its VaR test and has filed an initial report on Form N-RN 
is not required to file additional reports while it is working to come 
back into compliance because the requirement that a fund file a report 
when it comes back into compliance allows the Commission to monitor the 
length of time that a fund is out of compliance. However, we expect 
that Commission staff will engage with the fund about its plans to come 
back into compliance, among other monitoring activities, as discussed 
above.\696\ Although one commenter suggested that a requirement to file 
a current report could ``create[ ] [a] sense of urgency and may cause 
forced selling not in the best interest of the fund,'' because a fund 
that is promptly coming back into compliance with the applicable VaR 
test must do so in a manner that is in the best interests of the fund 
and its shareholders, a fund engaging in ``fire sales'' to avoid filing 
a report on Form N-RN would violate the final rule.\697\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \695\ See General Instruction A of current Form N-LIQUID (to be 
re-titled as Form N-RN).
    \696\ See supra section II.D.6.b.
    \697\ See Dechert Comment Letter III; see also rule 18f-
4(2)(c)(ii); supra section II.D.6.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As proposed, funds' reports on Form N-RN regarding VaR test 
breaches (like their reports on this form regarding

[[Page 83225]]

liquidity-related items) will be non-public, because we believe that 
public disclosure of this information is neither necessary nor 
appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of 
investors.\698\ Information about VaR breaches that funds report on 
Form N-RN will provide important information to the Commission for 
regulatory purposes. Public disclosure is not required for these 
regulatory purposes, and we believe that adverse effects might arise 
from real-time public disclosure of a fund's VaR test breaches. For 
example, publicly disclosing this information could confuse investors 
and lead them and other market participants to make incorrect 
assumptions about whether a fund has suffered losses (or will 
imminently suffer losses) or about a fund's relative riskiness. This 
could have potential adverse effects for funds if investors redeem or 
sell fund shares as a result, and funds' remaining investors could be 
adversely affected as well. The only commenter to address this aspect 
of the proposal agreed that VaR information disclosed on Form N-RN 
should not be made public.\699\ No commenters opposed the Commission's 
proposal to make VaR information reported on Form N-RN non-public.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \698\ See General Instruction A.(1) to Form N-RN; see also 
section 45(a) of the Investment Company Act.
    \699\ AQR Comment Letter I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Amendments to Form N-CEN
    Form N-CEN currently includes an item that requires a fund to 
indicate--in a manner similar to ``checking a box''--whether the fund 
has relied on certain Investment Company Act rules during the reporting 
period.\700\ As proposed, we are amending this item to require a fund 
to identify whether it relied on rule 18f-4 during the reporting 
period.\701\ We are also adopting amendments, largely as proposed, 
requiring a fund to identify whether it relied on any of the exceptions 
from various requirements under the rule, specifically:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \700\ See Item C.7 of Form N-CEN.
    \701\ See Item C.7.n of Form N-CEN.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Whether the fund is a limited derivatives user excepted 
from the rule's program requirement and VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk; \702\ or
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \702\ See Item C.7.n.i of Form N-CEN.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Whether the fund is a leveraged/inverse fund that will be 
excepted from the limit on fund leverage risk.\703\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \703\ See Item C.7.n.ii of Form N-CEN. This requirement reflects 
conforming changes to remove references to the proposed sales 
practices rules, which we are not adopting, and instead reference 
the provision in the final rule addressing leveraged/inverse funds. 
See rule 18f-4(c)(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, as proposed, a fund will have to identify whether it 
has entered into reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing 
transactions pursuant to the rule. In a change from the proposal, a 
fund must identify whether it entered into such transactions either 
under: (1) The provision of rule 18f-4 that requires compliance with 
section 18's asset coverage requirements; or (2) the provision that 
allows funds to treat these transactions as derivatives transactions 
for all purposes under the final rule.\704\ As proposed, a fund also 
will have to identify whether it has entered into unfunded commitment 
agreements under rule 18f-4.\705\ Finally, we are including a new 
reporting item designed to conform to other changes being adopted in 
final rule 18f-4 that will require a fund to identify whether it is 
relying on the provision of rule 18f-4 that addresses investments in 
securities on a when-issued or forward-settling basis, or with a non-
standard settlement cycle.\706\ This information will assist the 
Commission with its oversight functions by allowing Commission staff to 
identify which funds were excepted from certain of the rule's 
provisions or relied on the rule's provisions regarding reverse 
repurchase agreements, unfunded commitment agreements, or funds' 
investment in when-issued, forward-settling, and non-standard 
settlement cycle securities. All new information reported on Form N-CEN 
pursuant to this rulemaking will be publicly available, as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \704\ See Items C.7.n.iii-iv of Form N-CEN. These requirements 
reflect conforming changes to the proposed item to create two 
separate reporting items, so a fund that enters into reverse 
repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions under final 
rule 18f-4 must identify the specific provision on which it is 
relying, i.e., rule 18f-4(d)(1)(i) or rule 18f-4(d)(1)(ii).
    \705\ See Item C.7.n.v of Form N-CEN.
    \706\ See Item C.7.n.vi of Form N-CEN. This reporting item 
corresponds with new rule 18f-4(f), which addresses investments in 
when-issued and forward-settling securities.
    In a change from the proposal, we are modifying Part A of Form 
N-CEN (General Information) to include fields for a registrant's 
name, and series name, if applicable. This change is designed to 
facilitate the filing and review process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With the exception of one commenter that broadly opposed any new 
form reporting requirements, including reporting on Form N-CEN, the 
Commission received no comments opposing the proposed reporting 
requirements on Form N-CEN.\707\ One commenter suggested that the 
Commission amend Form N-CEN to include a new reporting item requiring a 
fund to affirmatively identify whether it has adopted and implemented a 
derivatives risk management program and is subject to a VaR-based limit 
on leverage risk under rule 18f-4.\708\ We believe that the requirement 
we are adopting for a fund to indicate on Form N-CEN that it is relying 
on rule 18f-4 effectuates this recommendation. One commenter supported 
making the new Form N-CEN disclosures publicly-available, and no 
commenters opposed public availability of the new disclosures.\709\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \707\ ISDA Comment Letter.
    \708\ Invesco Comment Letter.
    \709\ J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

H. Reverse Repurchase Agreements

    As proposed, rule 18f-4 will permit funds to enter into reverse 
repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions so long as they 
meet the relevant asset coverage requirements of section 18.\710\ 
However, in a change from the proposal, the final rule also will allow 
funds the option to treat reverse repurchase agreements or similar 
financing transactions as derivatives transactions, rather than 
including such transactions in the fund's asset coverage 
calculations.\711\ This change is designed to provide a fund 
flexibility to choose the approach that is best suited to its 
investment strategy or operational needs, while still addressing 
section 18's asset sufficiency and leverage concerns.\712\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \710\ Rule 18f-4(d)(1)(i). Among other things, section 18 
prescribes the required amount of asset coverage for a fund's senior 
securities, and provides certain consequences for a fund that fails 
to maintain this amount. See, e.g., section 18(a) (restrictions on 
dividend issuance).
    \711\ Rule 18f-4(d)(1)(ii).
    \712\ Rule 18f-4(d) does not provide any exemptions from the 
requirements of section 61 for BDCs because that section does not 
limit a BDC's ability to engage in reverse repurchase or similar 
transactions in parity with other senior security transactions 
permitted under that section, and we do not believe that BDCs use 
reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions to 
such an extent that they would seek or require the additional 
flexibility to treat these transactions as derivatives transactions 
under the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the Proposing Release, funds may engage in certain 
transactions that may involve senior securities primarily as a means of 
obtaining financing.\713\ A common method of obtaining financing is 
through the use of reverse repurchase agreements,\714\ which are 
economically

[[Page 83226]]

equivalent to secured borrowings.\715\ Accordingly, the Commission 
proposed to allow a fund to enter into reverse repurchase agreements 
and similar financing transactions if it treats them as economically 
equivalent to bank borrowings or other indebtedness subject to the full 
asset coverage requirements of section 18, and combines the aggregate 
amount of indebtedness associated with reverse repurchase agreements 
and other similar financing transactions with bank borrowings and other 
senior securities representing indebtedness when calculating compliance 
with section 18's asset coverage ratios.\716\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \713\ For example, open-end funds are permitted to borrow money 
from a bank, provided they maintain a 300% asset coverage ratio. See 
section 18(f)(1) of the Investment Company Act.
    \714\ In a reverse repurchase agreement, a fund transfers a 
security to another party in return for a percentage of the value of 
the security. At an agreed-upon future date, the fund repurchases 
the transferred security by paying an amount equal to the proceeds 
of the initial sale transaction plus interest. See Release 10666, 
supra footnote 14, at ``Reverse Repurchase Agreements'' discussion 
(stating that a reverse repurchase agreement may not have an agreed-
upon repurchase date, and in that case the agreement would be 
treated as if it were reestablished each day).
    \715\ See, e.g., Office of Financial Research, Reference Guide 
to U.S. Repo and Securities Lending Markets (Sept. 9, 2015), 
available at https://www.financialresearch.gov/working-papers/files/OFRwp-2015-17_Reference-Guide-to-U.S.-Repo-and-Securities-Lending-Markets.pdf.
    \716\ Proposed rule 18f-4(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters generally agreed that reverse repurchase agreements are 
economically a form of secured borrowing.\717\ Nevertheless, some 
commenters urged that we provide additional flexibility for funds to 
engage in these transactions because subjecting them to the Act's asset 
coverage requirements as proposed would limit a fund's use of reverse 
repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions relative to 
current levels permitted under Release 10666.\718\ Several commenters 
stated that reverse repurchase agreements are often simpler and less 
expensive to enter into than other borrowings, and have bankruptcy 
benefits.\719\ One commenter was concerned that it would be 
operationally challenging to include reverse repurchases when 
calculating compliance with the 300% asset coverage test because the 
transactions are so quickly entered and exited.\720\ Some commenters 
also suggested that the proposed approach would unnecessarily hamper 
the investment strategies of certain funds, with two commenters 
focusing on closed-end funds in particular.\721\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \717\ See, e.g., Nuveen Comment Letter; Guggenheim Comment 
Letter.
    \718\ See, e.g., NYC Bar Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter; 
BlackRock Comment Letter; Guggenheim Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment 
Letter.
    Under the approach established in Release 10666, a fund could 
enter into reverse repurchase agreements so long as it segregated 
assets equal to the fund's repurchase obligations, or effectively up 
to a 200% asset coverage ratio. Under the proposal, reverse 
repurchase agreements would be combined with other borrowings, 
subject to a total asset coverage limit of 300% in the case of open-
end funds. This would have the effect of reducing the maximum amount 
that a fund could borrow using reverse repurchase agreements 
relative to the approach under Release 10666.
    \719\ See, e.g., Dechert Comment Letter I; Guggenheim Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
    \720\ See, e.g., Guggenheim Comment Letter.
    \721\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; Blackrock Comment Letter; 
PIMCO Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters suggested alternatives to the Commission's proposed 
treatment of reverse repurchase agreements. They generally agreed that 
the current regulation of reverse repurchase agreements under an asset 
segregation framework has been effective.\722\ A number of commenters 
recommended retaining the current regulatory framework under which 
funds segregate liquid assets in connection with reverse repurchase 
agreements rather than complying with section 18's asset coverage 
requirements.\723\ Commenters also suggested allowing funds the option 
to use either the current asset segregation approach, or the proposed 
approach to requiring compliance with section 18's asset coverage 
requirements for reverse repurchase agreements.\724\ Several commenters 
recommended that we adopt a modified asset segregation approach that 
limits segregated assets to assets classified as highly or moderately 
liquid under rule 22e-4.\725\ Another commenter suggested that if we do 
not retain the existing asset segregation framework, we should allow 
funds to treat reverse repurchase agreements as derivatives 
transactions under the final rule.\726\ One commenter also observed 
that a fund could create exactly the same economics of a reverse 
repurchase agreement with a total return swap, which is treated as a 
derivatives transaction under the rule.\727\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \722\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; NYC Bar Comment Letter.
    \723\ See, e.g., NYC Bar Comment Letter, Guggenheim Comment 
Letter; Dechert Comment Letter I; BlackRock Comment Letter; SIFMA 
AMG Comment Letter.
    \724\ See, e.g., Guggenheim Comment Letter; Dechert Comment 
Letter I; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter.
    \725\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Guggenheim Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment 
Letter.
    \726\ NYC Bar Comment Letter. The Commission requested comment 
regarding whether to treat reverse repurchase agreements and similar 
financing transactions as derivatives transactions in the Proposing 
Release.
    \727\ Nuveen Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Reverse repurchase agreements and other similar financing 
transactions have the effect of allowing a fund to obtain additional 
cash that can be used for investment purposes or to finance fund 
assets. As such, they achieve effectively identical results to a bank 
borrowing or other borrowing.\728\ Accordingly, we believe it is 
appropriate to allow funds to engage in these transactions to the same 
degree as borrowings under the Act, and to treat them equally. For 
example, this would have the effect of permitting an open-end fund to 
obtain financing by borrowing from a bank, engaging in a reverse 
repurchase agreement, or any combination thereof, so long as all 
sources of financing are included when calculating the fund's asset 
coverage ratio.\729\ The final rule therefore will allow funds to use 
reverse repurchase agreements up to the Act's limits on borrowings 
without incurring the costs and burdens of instituting a derivatives 
risk management program under the final rule.\730\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \728\ Another example of a similar financing transaction for 
purposes of this provision would be a fund's purchase of a security 
on margin.
    \729\ Section 18 states that certain borrowings that are made 
for temporary purposes (less than 60 days) and that do not exceed 5% 
of the total assets of the issuer at the time when the loan is made 
(temporary loans) are not senior securities for purposes of certain 
paragraphs in section 18. As the Commission noted in Release 10666, 
reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions 
could be designed to appear to fall within the temporary loans 
exception, and then could be ``rolled-over,'' perhaps indefinitely, 
with such short-term transactions being entered into, closed out, 
and later re-entered. If substantially similar financing 
arrangements were being ``rolled over'' in any manner for a total 
period of 60 days or more, we would treat the later transactions as 
renewals of the earlier ones, and all such transactions would fall 
outside the exclusion for temporary loans.
    \730\ Under this asset coverage option, reverse repurchase 
agreements and similar financing transactions will not be included 
in calculating a fund's derivatives exposure under the limited 
derivatives user provisions of the final rule. However, if a fund 
does not qualify as a limited derivatives user due to its other 
investment activity, any portfolio leveraging effect of reverse 
repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions will be 
included and restricted through the VaR-based limit on fund leverage 
risk. This is because the VaR tests estimate a fund's risk of loss 
taking into account all of its investments, including the proceeds 
of reverse repurchase agreements and investments the fund purchased 
with those proceeds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We are also persuaded that reverse repurchase agreements and 
similar financing transactions, like derivatives transactions, may 
provide an efficient and cost-effective form of financing or leverage. 
When a fund engages in these transactions to borrow beyond what the Act 
allows under section 18, however, we believe that the same concerns 
that prompted our adoption of the derivatives risk management program 
requirement and other conditions of rule 18f-4 may arise. We also 
appreciate that other types of transactions that would qualify as 
derivatives transactions under the proposed rule, such as total return 
swaps, can achieve economically similar results to reverse

[[Page 83227]]

repurchase agreements. That is, a total return swap produces an 
exposure and economic return substantially equal to the exposure and 
economic return a fund could achieve by borrowing money from the 
counterparty--including through a reverse repurchase agreement--in 
order to purchase the swap's reference assets. While reverse repurchase 
agreements may not be traditionally seen as ``derivatives,'' they were 
one of the specific types of transactions that were addressed in 
Release 10666, in light of the leverage and asset sufficiency concerns 
they may raise. We believe that as part of our re-evaluation of our 
regulatory scheme with respect to derivatives and similar transactions, 
we should address the concerns raised by fund use of reverse repurchase 
agreements in a consistent manner as those posed by derivatives 
transactions under the rule when a fund engages in these transitions 
beyond the Act's asset coverage requirements for borrowings.
    Accordingly, the final rule will allow a fund that does not wish to 
avail itself of the asset coverage treatment of reverse repurchase 
agreements, to instead choose to treat them as a derivatives 
transaction for all purposes under the final rule.\731\ In other words, 
a fund can either choose to limit its reverse repurchase and other 
similar financing transaction activity to the applicable asset coverage 
limit of the Act for senior securities representing indebtedness, or it 
may instead treat them as derivative transactions.\732\ A fund's 
election will apply to all of its reverse repurchase agreements or 
similar financing transactions so that all such transactions are 
subject to a consistent treatment under the final rule.\733\ For 
example a fund may not elect to treat reverse repurchase agreements as 
derivatives transactions under the final rule, while at the same time 
electing to treat similar financing transactions, such as Tender Offer 
Bond (``TOB'') financings, like bank borrowings under the final rule's 
asset coverage option. Such mixing and matching of transaction types 
would not be consistent with the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \731\ Rule 18f-4(a) (definition of derivatives transaction).
    \732\ A fund could choose to treat its reverse repurchase 
agreements as borrowings under the option we are adopting, and also 
engage in a limited amount of derivatives use under the limited 
derivatives user exception.
    \733\ Rule 18f-4(d)(1)(i) and (ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that such transactions could have the effect of 
introducing leverage into a fund's portfolio if the fund were to use 
the proceeds of the financing transaction to purchase additional 
investments. In addition, such transactions impose a requirement to 
return assets at the termination of the agreement, which can raise 
section 18 asset sufficiency concerns to the extent the fund needs to 
sell less-liquid securities at a loss to obtain the necessary assets.
    However, we believe that the derivatives risk management program 
requirement we are adopting in rule 18f-4 is designed to address these 
concerns. The leverage risks introduced by the use of reverse 
repurchase agreements will be identified through the funds' VaR 
calculations and managed through the program. Similarly, any asset 
sufficiency concerns should be addressed as a liquidity risk or other 
derivatives risk under the program. Accordingly, the final rule would 
allow funds to treat reverse repurchase agreements as derivatives 
transactions if they choose to do so and comply with the other 
requirements of the final rule.
    Allowing a fund to treat reverse repurchase agreements as 
derivatives transactions will provide additional flexibility for funds 
to enter into these agreements. This is because, under the final rule, 
a fund is permitted to have a portfolio VaR up to 200% of the VaR of 
the fund's designated reference portfolio or up to 20% for funds 
relying on the absolute VaR test (with higher limits for closed-end 
funds). Under our historical approach to asset segregation for these 
transactions, a fund could incur obligations under these transactions 
equal to 100% of the fund's net assets, after which all of the fund's 
assets would have been segregated. The approach we are taking under the 
final rule would provide reasonably comparable flexibility where a fund 
relies on the relative VaR test because the fund could treat reverse 
repurchase agreements as derivatives transactions and would be able to 
use them to increase the fund's VaR up to approximately 200% of the VaR 
of the fund's designated reference portfolio by reinvesting the reverse 
repurchase agreement borrowings in the fund's strategy.
    The final rule will also require a fund to memorialize on its books 
and records which option it is using to manage its reverse repurchase 
agreements and similar financing transactions, and maintain that record 
for five years.\734\ These records will provide supporting detail for a 
fund's corresponding Form N-CEN ``check-the-box'' representation 
regarding the rule provision upon which it relied in entering into 
reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions.\735\ 
We believe it is appropriate to require such a record to ensure that 
our examiners can identify and verify which option the fund is using 
for these transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \734\ Rule 18f-4(d)(2).
    \735\ See supra footnote 704.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The required records also could preserve more-granular detail than 
the corresponding Form N-CEN representation, depending on the 
circumstances. For example, if a fund were to switch between the two 
options multiple times throughout one year, these actions would be 
memorialized in the fund's books and records, but would not appear on 
Form N-CEN, which registered funds file annually. We believe that if a 
fund were to switch between the two options on a dynamic or frequent 
basis, this may indicate that the fund has not effectively evaluated 
the appropriate approach. In addition, such frequent switching may 
indicate gaming or create other evasion concerns. However, a fund could 
reasonably decide to switch between options if circumstances change or 
it otherwise reevaluates how it should best treat such transactions. In 
such a case, this recordkeeping provision requires the fund to maintain 
a record of its original choice and its switch to the other option for 
the appropriate period.
    As noted above, some commenters suggested that we retain an asset 
segregation approach for reverse repurchase agreements and similar 
financing transactions, similar to the approach that the Commission 
proposed for these and certain other transactions in 2015. We are not 
persuaded that we should adopt such a separate and distinct approach 
for reverse repurchase agreements. As part of this rulemaking process, 
we are engaging in a holistic re-evaluation of our approach to 
regulating derivatives and similar transactions. As discussed 
previously, while asset segregation, depending on the assets 
segregated, can address the asset sufficiency and leverage concerns of 
the Act, we generally believe that when a fund exceeds the leverage 
limits contemplated by the Act, such concerns are more appropriately 
managed through a derivatives risk management program and other rule 
18f-4 requirements. We do not believe that establishing an asset 
segregation regime for a limited subset of transactions, such as 
reverse repurchase agreements, is necessary. Moreover, providing 
separate and distinct regimes for bank borrowings and other 
transactions subject to the Act's asset coverage requirements, 
derivatives transactions under the final rule, and an asset

[[Page 83228]]

segregation requirement for reverse repurchase agreements and similar 
financing transactions would increase the likelihood that funds 
engaging in economically similar transactions would be subject to 
disparate regulatory requirements. Accordingly, in light of the 
approach we are adopting here, we do not believe that providing a 
separate asset segregation regime for reverse repurchase agreements and 
similar financing transactions is appropriate.
    Some commenters requested that we provide different limits for 
reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions for 
closed-end funds in light of the lower asset coverage ratio the Act 
allows for the issuance of preferred stock.\736\ While the Act provides 
a lower asset coverage ratio for such purposes, we believe that 
permitting closed-end funds the option to treat such transactions as 
derivatives transactions should address this issue. Under the final 
rule, closed-end funds can choose to engage in reverse repurchase 
agreements and similar financing transactions to the same extent as 
derivative transactions, which would allow them to use reverse 
repurchase agreement to the same degree or higher than would be 
permitted under the 200% asset coverage requirement for preferred stock 
in the Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \736\ See, e.g., Nuveen Comment Letter; PIMCO Comment Letter. 
These commenters noted that unlike open-end funds, which are subject 
to a 300% asset coverage requirement for debt, which is the only 
form of leverage that such funds are permitted to use, registered 
closed-end funds and BDCs can also obtain equity-based leverage by 
selling preferred stock, which are subject to lower asset coverage 
requirements. These commenters asserted that closed-end funds should 
be allowed to treat reverse repurchase agreements and TOB Residuals 
for purposes of section 18 as a form of senior security representing 
stock subject to a 200% asset coverage requirement. Under section 
18, whether a senior security involves equity or debt for purposes 
of that section does not depend on whether the fund entering into 
the transaction is an open-end or closed-end fund. We believe the 
final rule should take the same approach.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters sought clarification on whether certain types of 
transactions (such as TOB financings) are ``similar financing 
transactions'' to reverse repurchase agreements and thus would be 
subject to the proposed asset coverage limit.\737\ We believe that TOB 
financings are economically similar to reverse repurchase agreements, 
and therefore are ``similar financing transactions'' under the final 
rule, where a fund engages in a TOB financing (as opposed to purchasing 
an ``inverse floater'' issued by a TOB trust in the secondary market). 
In a TOB financing, similar to a reverse repurchase agreement, a fund 
transfers a bond to a TOB trust that, in turn, issues floating rate 
securities to money market funds and other investors, often called 
``floaters,'' and transfers to the fund the residual interest in the 
trust (an ``inverse floater'') and the proceeds of the sale of the 
floating rate securities. The fund typically uses the cash proceeds 
from the sale of the floating rate securities to purchase additional 
portfolio securities. As one commenter on the 2015 proposal observed, a 
fund employing a TOB trust has in effect used the underlying bond as 
collateral to secure a borrowing analogous to a fund's use of a 
security to secure a reverse repurchase agreement.\738\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \737\ See, e.g., SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Putnam Comment 
Letter.
    \738\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.406 (citing 
the Comment Letter of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets 
Association (Mar. 28, 2016)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters urged that the final rule should distinguish 
between ``recourse'' and ``non-recourse'' TOB financings.\739\ Under a 
``recourse'' TOB financing, the fund holding the inverse floater is 
obligated to increase its investment in the TOB trust to either provide 
an additional cushion to the holder of the floaters or allow the 
liquidity provider to redeem some or all of the outstanding floaters, 
or make payments to a financial institution providing liquidity to the 
holders of the floaters. In a non-recourse TOB financing, the fund 
would not have a legal obligation to provide additional assets to the 
TOB trust or payments to liquidity providers.\740\ We do not believe 
that this distinction supports different treatment under section 18 or 
the final rule. We also note that GAAP does not support such a 
distinction.\741\ In both a recourse and non-recourse TOB financing, 
the fund effectively is engaging in a leveraging transaction and 
receiving the proceeds from the sale of the floaters, which the fund 
can use to make further investments. Although the inverse floater, 
itself, may represent an equity interest in the TOB trust, we believe 
TOB financings involve a borrowing by the fund regardless of whether 
the holders of the floaters would look to the fund or some other party 
if the income produced by the bond deposited in the TOB trust or 
proceeds realized upon the bond's sale is insufficient to repay them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \739\ See, e.g., SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \740\ SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; Nuveen Comment Letter.
    \741\ See, e.g., FASB Accounting Standards Codification 
Transfers and Servicing (Topic 860) (``ASC 860 Transfers and 
Servicing''). ASC 860 Transfers and Servicing, which applies to 
transfers and servicing of financial assets, provides guidance on 
the accounting for a transfer of financial assets as a sale to third 
parties and the use of financial assets as collateral in secured 
borrowings. Transactions related to TOB financings, including the 
initial transfer of the bond into the TOB trust and subsequent 
issuance of synthetic floaters, generally should be evaluated 
pursuant to ASC 860 to determine whether the transaction is a 
secured borrowing or a sale.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Securities lending arrangements are structurally similar to reverse 
repurchase agreements in that, in both cases, a fund transfers a 
portfolio security to a counterparty in exchange for cash (or other 
assets).\742\ Nevertheless, the Commission stated in the Proposing 
Release that it would not view a fund's obligation to return securities 
lending collateral as a ``similar financing transaction'' if the fund 
reinvests cash collateral in cash or cash equivalents (such as money 
market funds), and the fund does not sell or otherwise use non-cash 
collateral to leverage its portfolio.\743\ The Commission also stated 
that a fund that engages in securities lending under these 
circumstances is limited in its ability to use securities lending 
transactions to increase leverage in its portfolio.\744\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \742\ In the 2015 Proposing Release, the Commission sought 
comment on whether rule 18f-4 should address funds' compliance with 
section 18 in connection with securities lending, to which 
commenters responded that the staff's current guidance on securities 
lending forms the basis for funds' securities lending practices and 
effectively addresses the senior securities implications of 
securities lending, and thus securities lending practices need not 
be addressed in the final rule. See, e.g., Comment Letter of the 
Investment Company Institute (Mar. 28, 2016); Comment Letter of 
Guggenheim (Mar. 28, 2016); Comment Letter of the Securities 
Industry and Financial Markets Association (Mar. 28, 2016); Comment 
Letter of the Risk Management Association (Mar. 28, 2016); see also 
Staff Guidance on Securities Lending by U.S. Open-End and Closed-End 
Investment Companies (Feb. 27, 2014), available at https://www.sec.gov/divisions/investment/securities-lending-open-closed-end-investment-companies.htm (providing guidance on certain no-action 
letters that funds consider when engaging in securities lending and 
summarizing areas those letters address, including limitations on 
the amount that may be lent and collateralization for such loans).
    \743\ See Proposing Release supra footnote 1, at nn.403-405 and 
accompanying text.
    \744\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenters who addressed this issue agreed that securities 
lending transactions should not be treated as reverse repurchase 
agreements or similar transactions under the final rule under these 
circumstances.\745\ However, some of these commenters requested that we 
expand the types of assets in which funds can invest the securities 
lending proceeds beyond cash and cash equivalents.\746\ Commenters also 
requested that we clarify what

[[Page 83229]]

instruments would qualify as cash or cash equivalents.\747\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \745\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter; 
Dechert Comment Letter I; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \746\ See, e.g., ICI Comment Letter; BlackRock Comment Letter.
    \747\ See, e.g., Putnam Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment 
Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We do not agree with commenters' suggestions that we expand the 
types of collateral in which a fund may reinvest its proceeds beyond 
cash and cash equivalents without treating the arrangements as reverse 
repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions under the final 
rule. If a fund were to engage in securities lending and to invest the 
cash collateral in securities other than cash or cash equivalents, this 
may result in leveraging of the fund's portfolio. Accordingly, we 
believe this activity would be a ``similar financing transaction'' 
under the final rule. The Commission has previously stated that 
``[c]urrent U.S. generally accepted accounting principles define cash 
equivalents as short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily 
convertible to known amounts of cash and that are so near their 
maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value 
because of changes in interest rates.'' \748\ The Commission has also 
stated that items commonly considered to be cash equivalents include 
certain Treasury bills, agency securities, bank deposits, commercial 
paper, and shares of money market funds.\749\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \748\ See 2015 Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.367 and 
accompanying text.
    \749\ See id., at n.368 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. Unfunded Commitment Agreements

    As proposed, rule 18f-4 will permit a fund to enter into unfunded 
commitment agreements to make certain loans or investments if the fund 
reasonably believes, at the time it enters into such agreement, that it 
will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations 
with respect to its unfunded commitment agreements.\750\ This approach 
recognizes that while entering into unfunded commitment agreements may 
raise the risk that a fund may be unable to meet its obligations under 
these transactions, unfunded commitments do not generally involve the 
leverage and other risks associated with derivatives transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \750\ Rule 18f-4(e)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When a fund enters into an unfunded commitment agreement, the fund 
commits, conditionally or unconditionally, to make a loan to a company 
or to invest equity in a company in the future.\751\ They include 
capital commitments to a private fund requiring investors to fund 
capital contributions or to purchase shares upon delivery of a drawdown 
notice. As proposed, the final rule will define an unfunded commitment 
agreement to mean a contract that is not a derivatives transaction, 
under which a fund commits, conditionally or unconditionally, to make a 
loan to a company or to invest equity in a company in the future, 
including by making a capital commitment to a private fund that can be 
drawn at the discretion of the fund's general partner.\752\ The 
exclusion of derivatives transactions from this definition is 
predicated on our understanding that unfunded commitment agreements 
have certain characteristics that distinguish them from derivatives 
transactions.\753\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \751\ Proposing Release supra footnote 1, at section II.J. The 
types of funds that enter into unfunded commitment agreements 
typically include BDCs and registered closed-end funds. Certain 
types of open-end funds, such as floating rate funds and bank loan 
funds, also enter into unfunded commitment agreements, although to a 
lesser extent. We estimate that approximately 989 of 11,616 (8.5%) 
open-end funds, 205 of 678 (30%) closed-end funds, and 100% of BDCs 
entered into unfunded commitments in 2019. See infra footnote 1033.
    \752\ Rule 18f-4(a).
    As discussed in the Proposing Release, commenters on the 2015 
Proposal identified characteristics of unfunded commitment 
agreements that they believed distinguished them from derivatives 
transactions: (1) A fund often does not expect to lend or invest up 
to the full amount committed; (2) a fund's obligation to lend is 
commonly subject to conditions, such as a borrower's obligation to 
meet certain financial metrics and performance benchmarks, which are 
not typically present under the types of agreements that the 
Commission described in Release 10666; and (3) unfunded commitment 
agreements do not give rise to the risks that Release 10666 
identified and do not have a leveraging effect on the fund's 
portfolio because they do not present an opportunity for the fund to 
realize gains or losses between the date of the fund's commitment 
and its subsequent investment when the other party to the agreement 
calls the commitment. See Proposing Release supra footnote 1, at 
nn.410-412 and accompanying text.
    \753\ See id. at n.413 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that unfunded commitment agreements are 
distinguishable from the derivatives transactions covered by rule 18f-
4. Based on characteristics that we understand are typical of unfunded 
commitment agreements, we do not believe that funds enter into these 
agreements to leverage a fund's portfolio, or that they generally raise 
the Investment Company Act's concerns regarding the risks of undue 
speculation.\754\ Two commenters agreed that unfunded commitments are 
distinguishable from derivative transactions.\755\ Commenters also 
agreed that unfunded commitments do not give rise to the type of 
leverage risk that section 18 was meant to regulate.\756\ Two 
commenters expressly supported the proposed definition of ``unfunded 
commitment agreement.'' \757\ One commenter stated that the proposed 
definition may not clearly demarcate the difference between unfunded 
commitment agreements and derivatives transactions in all cases, but 
offered no suggestions regarding how to revise the definition to 
address this concern.\758\ We are adopting the definition of ``unfunded 
commitment agreement'' as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \754\ Id.
    \755\ ABA Comment Letter; Aditum Comment Letter.
    \756\ ABA Comment Letter; NYC Bar Comment Letter; Aditum Comment 
Letter.
    \757\ Aditum Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
    \758\ Keen Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that unfunded commitment agreements can raise the asset 
sufficiency concerns underlying the Investment Company Act, depending 
on the facts and circumstances. No commenters opposed this view, and 
one commenter agreed, stating that ``[e]xcessive unfunded commitments, 
even made or acquired as the result of careful planning, may engender 
asset sufficiency concerns, particularly in the context of a market 
distortion.'' \759\ We are therefore adopting, as proposed, an approach 
that will permit a fund to enter into unfunded commitment agreements if 
it reasonably believes, at the time it enters into such an agreement, 
that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its 
obligations with respect to its unfunded commitment agreements, in each 
case as they come due.\760\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \759\ Aditum Comment Letter.
    \760\ See rule 18f-4(e)(1). Because this condition is designed 
to provide an approach tailored to unfunded commitment agreements, 
the final rule also provides that these transactions will not be 
considered for purposes of computing asset coverage under section 
18(h).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fund should consider its unique facts and circumstances in 
forming such a reasonable belief. As proposed, the final rule 
prescribes certain specific factors that a fund must take into 
account.\761\ Specifically:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \761\ Rule 18f-4(e)(1). The final rule requires the fund to make 
and maintain records documenting the basis for this belief, as 
proposed. See rule 18f-4(e)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     A fund must take into account its reasonable expectations 
with respect to other obligations, including any obligation with 
respect to senior securities or redemptions. This factor reflects that 
other obligations can place competing demands on cash a fund otherwise 
might intend to use to fund an unfunded commitment agreement.
     A fund may not take into account cash that may become 
available from the sale or disposition of any investment at a price 
that deviates significantly from

[[Page 83230]]

the market value of those investments. This provision is designed to 
address the risk that a fund could suffer losses by selling assets to 
raise cash to fund an unfunded commitment agreement, ultimately having 
an adverse impact on the fund's investors.
     A fund may not consider cash that may become available 
from issuing additional equity. We believe that a fund's ability to 
raise capital in the future depends on a variety of factors that are 
too speculative to support a fund's reasonable belief that it could 
fund an unfunded commitment agreement with the proceeds from future 
sales of securities issued by the fund, as discussed below.
    The final rule will not preclude a fund from considering the 
issuance of debt (e.g., borrowings from financial institutions, or the 
issuance of debt securities) to support a reasonable belief that it 
could cover an unfunded commitment, as proposed.\762\ We understand 
that funds often satisfy their obligations under unfunded commitments 
through borrowings, which are limited by section 18's asset coverage 
requirements. These asset coverage requirements, in turn, affect the 
extent to which a fund may form a reasonable belief regarding its 
ability to borrow, and likewise, to enter into unfunded commitment 
agreements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \762\ Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section II.J.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To have a reasonable belief, a fund could consider, for example, 
its strategy, its assets' liquidity, its borrowing capacity under 
existing committed lines of credit, and the contractual provisions of 
its unfunded commitment agreements. A fund with unfunded loan 
commitments, for instance, could evaluate the likelihood that different 
potential borrowers would meet contractual ``milestones'' that the 
borrowers would have to satisfy as a condition to the obligation to 
fund a loan, as well as the amount of the anticipated borrowing. The 
fund's historical experience with comparable obligations should inform 
this analysis. Whether a fund has a reasonable belief also could be 
informed by a fund's assessment of the likelihood that subsequent 
market or other events could impair the fund's ability to have 
sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its unfunded commitment 
obligations. One commenter confirmed that the proposed approach 
conforms with current industry practice for BDCs and other regulated 
funds.\763\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \763\ ABA Comment Letter (``BDCs and other regulated funds that 
enter into unfunded commitments generally represent to the staff 
during the review of their registration statements that they believe 
their assets will provide adequate cover to satisfy unfunded 
commitments when due. In other words, funds have experience 
complying with the reasonable belief requirement under the Proposed 
Rules.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenters that addressed this aspect of the proposal broadly 
supported requiring a ``reasonable belief'' determination in connection 
with unfunded commitment agreements as set forth in the proposed 
rule.\764\ Two commenters recommended that the final rule treat 
unfunded commitments in the same manner as the proposed rule.\765\ One 
stated that the ``reasonable belief'' factors ``are appropriate and 
will provide additional clarity for how a fund should handle 
determining whether or not it should enter into unfunded commitment 
agreements going forward.'' \766\ Conversely, two commenters 
recommended changing certain aspects of the proposed factors, with one 
seeking greater flexibility, and the other advocating for more 
restrictive criteria.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \764\ ABA Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter, NYC Bar Comment 
Letter, Aditum Comment Letter.
    \765\ ICI Comment Letter; ABA Comment Letter.
    \766\ ABA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenter advocating for additional flexibility suggested that, 
instead of being required to consider the proposed specified factors, 
funds be permitted to determine their own factors to consider when 
making a ``reasonable belief'' determination with respect to asset 
sufficiency.\767\ This commenter stated that a more flexible approach 
would allow a fund to consider its unique facts and circumstances, and 
the Commission's exam staff could review a fund's records to assess 
what factors a fund considered when entering into unfunded commitment 
transactions. We believe the approach we are adopting provides this 
flexibility. While a fund must take into account the specified factors 
and prohibitions, it may consider any other factors it deems relevant 
for purposes of forming a reasonable belief as to its asset 
sufficiency. This commenter also suggested that in making an asset 
sufficiency determination, a fund should be permitted to consider its 
ability to raise cash by issuing equity securities, in addition to 
debt. We continue to believe, as the Commission discussed in the 
proposal, that a fund's future ability to raise cash by issuing equity 
would depend on a variety of factors, including future market 
conditions, that are too speculative to support a reasonable belief 
that a fund could cover its unfunded commitments with the proceeds from 
future sales of the fund's securities.\768\ Thus, the final rule 
precludes a fund that is making an asset sufficiency determination from 
taking into account cash that may become available from issuing 
additional equity, as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \767\ NYC Bar Comment Letter.
    \768\ Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section II.J. 
Because an exchange-traded closed-fund can only sell shares if its 
share price is above NAV, its ability to issue equity is more 
limited (and thus, we believe more speculative) than its ability to 
issues debt or access a line of credit. See section 23(b) of the 
Investment Company Act (generally prohibiting a registered closed 
end fund or BDC from issuing its shares at a price below the fund's 
current net asset value (``NAV'') without shareholder approval).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Conversely, another commenter urged the Commission to enhance or 
expand the specified factors to provide additional protections to 
investors.\769\ This commenter recommended that a fund making an asset 
sufficiency determination be precluded from considering the 
availability of any additional capital (including debt) because its 
ability to satisfy its unfunded commitments is likely to be most 
impaired during a market distortion, when it should least expect 
additional fund subscriptions or the availability of borrowed funds. We 
are not adopting this suggested approach. Borrowings may be an 
important way for funds to obtain cash to fund an unfunded commitment 
agreement. Closed-end funds that hold less liquid assets, for example, 
may rely on lending facilities rather than selling assets or holding 
cash. Moreover, although the final rule does not preclude a fund from 
considering its ability to borrow to satisfy unfunded commitments, a 
fund's reasonable belief would be based on all of the facts and 
circumstances, including whether the fund would reasonably expect to be 
able to access financing in a particular case.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \769\ See Aditum Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This commenter also suggested requiring a fund to reassess whether 
its ``reasonable belief'' remains reasonable at various points during 
the period of the unfunded commitment agreement.\770\ We are not 
adopting this approach. Under the final rule, a fund must reassess its 
asset sufficiency before entering into any additional unfunded 
commitment agreements, when such information would be most relevant to 
such a determination. Requiring a fund to reassess its asset 
sufficiency after entering into a contract would be of limited use 
because regardless of the outcome, the fund would still be bound by the 
terms of the contract. Finally, this commenter urged that given the 
potential impact of a market distortion on a fund's ability to meet its 
unfunded commitments and the negative impact

[[Page 83231]]

that a failure to meet these commitments would have on its investors, a 
fund's ability to enter into unfunded commitments should be subject to 
a ``well-defined limitation.'' We are not adopting this approach, as 
the extent to which unfunded commitment agreements could raise asset 
sufficiency concerns depends on funds' facts and circumstances. We do 
not believe that an across-the-board limitation is appropriate in light 
of this, or is necessary given the protections our adopted approach 
will provide.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \770\ Aditum Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

J. Recordkeeping Provisions

    We are adopting, consistent with the proposal, certain 
recordkeeping requirements.\771\ We did not receive comments on the 
proposed recordkeeping provisions. We are making certain conforming 
changes to the proposed recordkeeping provisions in light of changes to 
other aspects of the final rule, which we discuss below. The final 
recordkeeping requirements are designed to provide our staff, and a 
fund's compliance personnel, the ability to evaluate the fund's 
compliance with the rule's requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \771\ See rule 18f-4(c)(6); see also proposed rule 18f-4(c)(6).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, as proposed, the rule will require the fund to maintain 
certain records documenting the fund's derivatives risk management 
program. Specifically, for a fund subject to the rule's program 
requirements, the rule requires the fund to maintain a written record 
of its policies and procedures that are designed to manage the fund's 
derivatives risks. The rule also requires a fund to maintain a written 
record of the results of any stress testing of its portfolio, the 
results of any VaR test backtesting it conducts, any internal reporting 
or escalation of material risks under the program, and any periodic 
reviews of the program.
    Second, as proposed, the rule will require funds to keep records of 
any materials provided to the fund's board of directors in connection 
with approving the designation of the derivatives risk manager. The 
rule also will require a fund to keep records of any written reports 
provided to the board of directors relating to the program, and any 
written reports provided to the board that the rule requires regarding 
the fund's non-compliance with the applicable VaR test, as proposed. We 
also are making a new conforming change in light of a change to the 
rule's remediation provision for a fund that is out of compliance with 
its applicable VaR test. The final rule includes a new reporting 
requirement providing that the derivatives risk manager, within thirty 
calendar days of the exceedance, must provide a written report to the 
fund's board of directors explaining how the fund came back into 
compliance and the results of the derivatives risk manager's analysis 
of the circumstances that caused the fund to be out of compliance for 
more than five business days and any updates to the program 
elements.\772\ As part of this new reporting provision, if the fund 
remains out of compliance with the applicable VaR test at that time, 
the derivatives risk manager's written report must update the report 
previously provided to the fund's board of directors and explain how 
and by when he or she reasonably expects that the fund will come back 
into compliance. These reports will be covered by the final 
recordkeeping requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \772\ Rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iii)(C).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, as proposed, for a fund that is required to comply with the 
VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, the fund will have to maintain 
records documenting the fund's determination of: The VaR of its 
portfolio; the VaR of the fund's designated reference portfolio, as 
applicable; the fund's VaR ratio (the value of the VaR of the fund's 
portfolio divided by the VaR of the designated reference portfolio), as 
applicable; and any updates to any VaR calculation models used by the 
fund, as well as the basis for any material changes made to those 
models.
    Fourth, generally as proposed, the rule will require a fund that is 
a limited derivatives user to maintain a written record of its policies 
and procedures that are reasonably designed to manage its derivatives 
risk. We are updating the cross reference cite in the recordkeeping 
provision to reflect the new paragraph number for the limited 
derivatives users' policies and procedures requirement. We also are 
making a new conforming change in light of the rule's limited 
derivatives user provision requiring written reports to the board of 
directors for fund exceedances of the limited derivatives user 
exception's 10% derivatives exposure threshold. These reports will be 
covered by the final recordkeeping requirements.
    Fifth, as proposed, the rule will require a fund that enters into 
unfunded commitment agreements to maintain a record documenting the 
basis for the fund's basis for its reasonable belief regarding the 
sufficiency of its cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations 
with respect to its unfunded commitment agreements.\773\ A fund must 
make such a record each time it enters into such an agreement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \773\ Rule 18f-4(e)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sixth, the final recordkeeping requirement includes a new 
conforming change in light of the final rule providing two separate 
treatment options for a fund that enters into a reverse repurchase 
agreement or similar financing transaction. Under this new 
recordkeeping requirement, the fund must maintain a written record 
documenting whether the fund is treating these transactions, as set 
forth in the rule, under (1) an asset coverage requirements approach or 
(2) a derivatives transactions treatment approach.\774\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \774\ Rule 18f-4(d)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, the rule will require funds to maintain the required 
records for a period of five years.\775\ In particular, a fund must 
retain a copy of its written policies and procedures under the rule 
that are currently in effect, or were in effect at any time within the 
past five years, in an easily accessible place.\776\ In addition, a 
fund will have to maintain all other records and materials that the 
rule would require the fund to keep for at least five years (the first 
two years in an easily accessible place).\777\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \775\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(ii); rule 18f-4(d)(2); rule 18f-4(e)(2).
    \776\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(ii)(A). The retention requirement will 
apply to both funds that are required to implement a derivatives 
risk management program and funds that are limited derivatives users 
under rule 18f-4(c)(4).
    \777\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(ii)(B); rule 18f-4(d)(2); rule 18f-
4(e)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

K. Conforming Amendments

1. Form N-PORT and Rule 22e-4
    In change from the proposal, and in response to comments, we are 
amending rule 22e-4 and a related reporting requirement on Form N-PORT 
to remove references to assets ``segregated to cover'' derivatives 
transactions.\778\ These are references to assets segregated in 
accordance with Release 10666 and related staff guidance, which are 
being rescinded in connection with the final rule. The final rule does 
not include an asset segregation requirement, and these references 
therefore are moot and superseded. Although the Commission did not 
propose to amend rule 22e-4 or the related reporting requirement in 
Form N-PORT, the Proposing Release

[[Page 83232]]

included requests for comment regarding whether references to 
``segregated'' assets in rule 22e-4 should be removed, and whether the 
Commission should make any other conforming amendments to its rules or 
forms. Commenters who responded to these requests for comment urged the 
Commission to remove these references from rule 22e-4, and some 
commenters also suggested removing the parallel references in a related 
reporting requirement in Form N-PORT.\779\
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    \778\ We are removing these references from, and making 
conforming changes to, paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of rule 22e-4 and the 
related note to this paragraph; paragraph (b)(iii)(B) of rule 22e-4; 
and Item B.8 of Form N-PORT. We also are amending these provisions 
to refer to ``collateral,'' in addition to ``margin,'' and adding an 
instruction to Item B.8 of Form N-PORT regarding the calculation 
required by that item. These amendments are designed to make these 
provisions clearer and do not reflect any changes in the underlying 
requirements.
    \779\ Putnam Comment Letter; Invesco Comment Letter; Vanguard 
Comment Letter; ICI Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter also stated that the current Form N-PORT description 
of ``derivatives transactions'' is not consistent with the Proposed 
Rule's definition, ``which includes transactions not customarily 
considered `derivatives' (e.g., TBAs).'' \780\ The commenter 
recommended that the Commission undertake a review of affected public 
disclosures to evaluate whether an existing and commonly used 
definition of derivatives transactions should be used for purposes of 
the revised Form N-PORT reporting to avoid investor confusion and 
administrative cost associated with differing definitions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \780\ Fidelity Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We recognize that the final rule's ``derivatives transaction'' 
definition includes some instruments not generally described as 
``derivatives,'' and also excludes other instruments commonly 
understood as derivatives where they do not involve a future payment 
obligation. Accordingly, we are amending Form N-PORT's general 
instructions to make clear that the term ``derivatives transactions'' 
has the same meaning as in rule 18f-4 solely with respect to N-PORT 
items that relate specifically to the rule.\781\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \781\ General Instruction E of Form N-PORT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Form N-2 (Senior Securities Table)
    As proposed, we are amending Form N-2 to provide that funds relying 
on rule 18f-4 will not be required to include their derivatives 
transactions and unfunded commitment agreements in the senior 
securities table on Form N-2.\782\ This amendment conforms Form N-2's 
senior securities table to the provisions of the final rule that 
provide that a fund's derivatives transactions and unfunded commitment 
agreements entered into in compliance with the rule will not be 
considered for purposes of computing asset coverage under section 
18(h). We believe that applying section 18's asset coverage 
requirements to these transactions is unnecessary in light of rule 18f-
4's specific requirements tailored to address these transactions. We 
are adopting these provisions as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \782\ See amendment to Instruction 2 of Item 4.3 of Form N-2; 
proposed amendment to Instruction 2 of Item 4.3 of Form N-2. This 
amendment will apply to registration statements on a prospective 
basis. Accordingly, the amendment does not require funds to modify 
information provided for periods before a fund begins to rely on the 
final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested the Commission clarify how a fund should 
``not consider'' derivatives transactions for purposes of calculating 
asset coverage under section 18(h), in light of the proposed provision 
providing that derivatives transactions entered into under the proposed 
rule will not be considered for purposes of computing asset coverage 
under section 18(h).\783\ The commenter asked, for example, if a fund 
should include the assets and liabilities associated with a written 
option in the calculation, or the gains and losses associated with the 
option's premium. We believe a fund would ``not consider'' a 
derivatives transaction for purposes of calculating asset coverage, and 
accordingly for disclosure in the senior securities table, by not 
including the derivatives transaction or any component of the 
derivatives transaction in the calculation. We do not believe that this 
provision in the final rule requires the fund to track gains and losses 
associated with the fund's investment of options' premium, margin, or 
collateral received in connection with the fund's derivatives 
transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \783\ See Comment Letter of Ernst Young LLP (Mar. 24, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

L. Compliance Date

    The Commission is providing a transition period to give funds 
sufficient time to comply with the provisions of rule 18f-4 and the 
related reporting requirements.\784\ Specifically, we are adopting a 
compliance date for rule 18f-4 and the related amendments in this 
release that is eighteen months following the effective date. We 
believe that an eighteen-month compliance period provides sufficient 
time for all funds to come into compliance with the rule and the 
related reporting requirements. Accordingly, we are also rescinding 
Release 10666, effective August 19, 2022.\785\ In addition, staff in 
the Division of Investment Management has reviewed its no-action 
letters and other guidance addressing derivatives transactions and 
other transactions covered by proposed rule 18f-4 to determine which 
letters and other staff guidance, or portions thereof, should be 
withdrawn in connection with the final rule. This review included, but 
was not limited to, the staff no-action letters and other guidance 
identified in the Proposing Release. Some of these letters and other 
staff guidance, or portions thereof, will be moot, superseded, or 
otherwise inconsistent with the final rule and, therefore, will be 
withdrawn by the staff, effective upon the rescission of Release 
10666.\786\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \784\ The ``related reporting requirements'' include the 
amendments to fund reporting requirements discussed in section II.G, 
as well as the amendments to rule 30b1-10.
    \785\ See supra section I.C.
    \786\ We also intend, after appropriate notice and opportunity 
for hearing, to rescind orders we have granted to funds providing 
exemptive relief from section 18(f) relating to investments in 
certain futures contracts, related options and/or options on stock 
indices that is superseded by or otherwise inconsistent with rule 
18f-4. Based on staff review of filings on Form N-CEN, no fund is 
relying on these exemptive orders.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters urged the Commission to provide more time beyond the 
one-year transition period we discussed in the Proposing Release, 
generally suggesting an eighteen-month or two-year period to provide 
time for funds to prepare to comply with the rule's requirements.\787\ 
In particular, commenters stated that a one-year transition period 
would not provide sufficient time to implement the derivatives risk 
management program and the VaR limit, and to designate a qualified 
derivatives risk manager.\788\ Delaying the rescission of Release 10666 
and the staff's rescission of its no-action letters and other guidance 
for eighteen months is designed to provide additional time for funds to 
prepare to transition their current approaches and come into compliance 
with the final rule and the related reporting requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \787\ See e.g. Invesco Comment Letter; Fidelity Comment Letter; 
Dechert Comment Letter I; Capital Group Comment Letter.
    \788\ See e.g. Dechert Comment Letter I; Fidelity Comment 
Letter; Invesco Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fund may rely on rule 18f-4 after its effective date but before 
the compliance date, provided that the fund satisfies the rule's 
conditions.\789\ To promote regulatory consistency, however, any fund 
that elects to rely on rule 18f-4 prior to the date when Release 10666 
is rescinded may rely only on rule 18f-4, and not also consider Release 
10666, staff no-action letters, or other staff guidance in determining 
how it will comply with section 18 with respect to its use of 
derivatives and the other transactions that rule 18f-4 addresses. In 
addition, rule 18f-4 provides that, if a fund

[[Page 83233]]

experiences a reportable event on Form N-RN, the fund must file with 
the Commission a report on Form N-RN within the period and according to 
the instructions specified in that form.\790\ Until the Commission 
staff completes the process of updating current Form N-LIQUID on EDGAR 
to reflect the amendments we have adopted, including retitling the form 
as ``Form N-RN,'' a fund relying on rule 18f-4 may satisfy the 
requirement to file a report on Form N-RN by including information that 
Form N-RN requires in a report on Form N-LIQUID filed on EDGAR. A fund 
may contact Commission staff with any questions regarding this filing 
process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \789\ Similarly, leveraged/inverse funds will be able to rely on 
rule 6c-11 once rule 18f-4 is effective and the leveraged/inverse 
funds comply with its conditions. In addition, we are rescinding the 
exemptive orders provided to leveraged/inverse ETFs on the 
compliance date for rule 18f-4. See supra footnote 622 and 
accompanying text.
    \790\ Rule 18f-4(c)(7).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because the reporting requirements we are adopting will enhance the 
Commission's ability to oversee funds' use of and compliance with rule 
18f-4 effectively, we are requiring a fund that relies on rule 18f-4 
prior to the rule's compliance date also to comply with the amendments 
we are adopting to Form N-PORT and Form N-CEN, as applicable, once 
these updated forms are available for filing on EDGAR. We appreciate 
that funds will not be able to comply with these new reporting 
requirements until Commission staff completes the process of updating 
these amended forms for filing on EDGAR. Therefore, until this updating 
process is complete, a fund may elect to rely on rule 18f-4 prior to 
the rule's compliance date without also complying with these reporting 
requirements. Commission staff will issue a notice to the public when 
the updated forms are available for filing on EDGAR.

M. Other Matters

    Pursuant to the Congressional Review Act,\791\ the Office of 
Information and Regulatory Affairs has designated this rule a ``major 
rule,'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). If any of the provisions of 
these rules, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, 
is held to be invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other 
provisions or application of such provisions to other persons or 
circumstances that can be given effect without the invalid provision or 
application.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \791\ 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Economic Analysis

    We are mindful of the costs imposed by, and the benefits obtained 
from, our rules. Section 2(c) of the Investment Company Act provides 
that when the Commission is engaging in rulemaking under the Act and is 
required to consider or determine whether an action is consistent with 
the public interest, the Commission shall also consider whether the 
action will promote efficiency, competition, and capital formation, in 
addition to the protection of investors. The following analysis 
considers, in detail, the potential economic effects that may result 
from the final rules, including the benefits and costs to investors and 
other market participants as well as the broader implications of the 
final rules for efficiency, competition, and capital formation.

A. Introduction

    Funds today use a variety of derivatives, both to obtain investment 
exposure as part of their investment strategies and to manage risks. A 
fund may use derivatives to gain, maintain, or reduce exposure to a 
market, sector, or security more quickly, or to obtain exposure to a 
reference asset for which it may be difficult or impractical for the 
fund to make a direct investment. A fund may use derivatives to hedge 
interest rate, currency, credit, and other risks, as well as to hedge 
portfolio exposures.\792\ As funds' strategies have become increasingly 
diverse over the past several decades, funds' use of derivatives has 
grown in both volume and complexity. At the same time, a fund's 
derivatives use may entail risks relating to, for example, leverage, 
markets, operations, liquidity, and counterparties, as well as legal 
risks.\793\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \792\ See supra section I.A.
    \793\ See, e.g., supra footnotes 15-16 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Section 18 of the Investment Company Act is designed to limit the 
leverage a fund can obtain through the issuance of senior 
securities.\794\ As discussed above, a fund's derivatives use may raise 
the investor protections concerns underlying section 18. In addition, 
funds' asset segregation practices have developed such that funds' 
derivatives use--and thus funds' potential leverage through derivatives 
transactions--does not appear to be subject to a practical limit as the 
Commission contemplated in Release 10666.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \794\ See supra section I.B.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 18f-4 is designed to provide an updated, comprehensive 
approach to the regulation of funds' use of derivatives and certain 
other transactions. The final rule will permit a fund, subject to 
certain conditions, to enter into derivatives or other transactions, 
notwithstanding the prohibitions and restrictions on the issuance of 
senior securities under section 18 of the Investment Company Act. We 
believe that the final rule's requirements, including the derivatives 
risk management program requirement and VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk, will benefit investors by mitigating derivatives-related 
risks, including those that may lead to unanticipated and potentially 
significant losses for investors.
    Certain funds use derivatives in a limited manner, which we believe 
presents a lower degree of risk or potential impact and generally a 
lower degree of leverage than permitted under section 18. The final 
rule will provide an exception from the derivatives risk management 
program requirement and VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk and the 
related board oversight and reporting provisions (collectively, the 
``VaR and program requirements,'' as noted above) for these limited 
derivatives users. Instead, the final rule will require a fund relying 
on this exception to adopt policies and procedures that are reasonably 
designed to manage its derivatives risks. Funds with limited 
derivatives exposure will therefore not be required to incur costs and 
bear compliance burdens that may be disproportionate to the resulting 
benefits, while still being required to manage the risks their limited 
use of derivatives may present.\795\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \795\ See supra sections I.C and II.E.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Leveraged/inverse funds generally will be subject to the 
requirements of rule 18f-4 on the same basis as other funds subject to 
that rule, including the VaR-based leverage risk limit.\796\ The rule 
will, however, provide an exception from the VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk for leveraged/inverse funds currently in operation that 
seek to provide leveraged or inverse market exposure exceeding 200% of 
the return or inverse return of the relevant index. The conditions to 
this exception are designed to allow these funds to continue to operate 
in their current form, but prohibit them from changing their index or 
increasing the amount of their leveraged or inverse market exposure.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \796\ The enhanced standard of conduct for broker-dealers under 
Regulation Best Interest and the fiduciary obligations of registered 
investment advisers also will apply in the context of recommended 
transactions and transactions occurring in an advisory relationship 
with respect to these funds and the listed commodity pools that 
would have been subject to the proposed sales practices rules.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 18f-4 also contains requirements for funds' use of certain 
senior securities that are not derivatives. Specifically, the final 
rule permits a fund to either choose to limit its reverse repurchase 
and other similar financing transaction

[[Page 83234]]

activity to the applicable asset coverage limit of the Act for senior 
securities representing indebtedness, as proposed, or a fund may 
instead treat them as derivatives transactions. This approach reflects 
that reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions 
can be used to introduce leverage into a fund's portfolio just like 
other forms of borrowings, or derivatives.\797\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \797\ Similar financing transactions may include securities 
lending arrangements and TOBs, depending on the particular facts and 
circumstances of the individual transaction. See supra section II.H.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the final rule will permit a fund to enter into 
unfunded commitment agreements if it reasonably believes, at the time 
it enters into such an agreement, that it will have sufficient cash and 
cash equivalents to meet its obligations with respect to its unfunded 
commitment agreements.\798\ This requirement is designed to address the 
concern that a fund may experience losses as a result of having 
insufficient assets to meet its obligations with respect to these 
transactions, and we believe that the requirement will benefit 
investors by mitigating such losses or other adverse effects if a fund 
is unable to satisfy an unfunded commitment agreement.\799\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \798\ See supra section II.I.
    \799\ We believe that the treatment of unfunded commitment 
transactions is consistent with general market practices. Therefore, 
we believe that the requirements for these transactions will not 
have significant economic effects when measured against this 
baseline.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule also includes a provision that will allow funds, as 
well as money market funds, to invest in securities on a when-issued or 
forward-settling basis, or with a non-standard settlement cycle, 
subject to certain conditions.\800\ This provision reflects our view 
that these short-term transactions generally do not raise the concerns 
about fund leverage risk underlying section 18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \800\ See supra section II.A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This rule also includes certain recordkeeping requirements and 
reporting requirements for funds that use derivatives.\801\ We expect 
that the recordkeeping requirements will benefit investors by 
facilitating fund compliance with the final rule and our staff's review 
of funds' compliance. In addition, we expect that the amendments we are 
adopting to Forms N-PORT, N-CEN, and N-LIQUID (which is being re-titled 
as Form N-RN) will further benefit investors primarily by enhancing the 
Commission's understanding of the impact of funds' use of derivatives 
on fund portfolios, and by facilitating the Commission's ability to 
oversee funds' use of derivatives and compliance with the final 
rules.\802\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \801\ See supra sections II.C and II.G.
    \802\ Because existing leveraged/inverse funds with a stated 
target multiple that is equal to or below the VaR-based limit on 
leveraged risk in rule 18f-4 will be subject to the VaR-based limit 
on fund leverage risk, these funds will be subject to the related 
reporting requirements on Forms N-PORT and N-RN. Conversely, 
existing leveraged/inverse funds that seek to provide leveraged or 
inverse market exposure exceeding 200% of the return of the relevant 
index will not be subject to the condition of rule 18f-4 limiting 
fund leverage risk and thus not subject to the related reporting 
requirements on Forms N-PORT and N-RN. However, such funds will have 
to disclose this exemption in their prospectuses. All leveraged/
inverse funds will also be subject to the new requirements on Form 
N-CEN.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Economic Baseline

1. Fund Industry Overview
    The fund industry has grown and evolved substantially in past 
decades in response to various factors, including investor demand, 
technological developments, and an increase in domestic and 
international investment opportunities, both retail and 
institutional.\803\ As of July 2020, there were 10,092 mutual funds 
(excluding money market funds) with $19,528 billion in total net 
assets, 2,142 ETFs organized as an open-end fund or as a share-class of 
an open-end fund with $3,462 billion in total net assets, 666 
registered closed-end funds with $307 billion in total net assets, and 
13 variable annuity separate accounts registered as management 
investment companies on Form N-3 with $216 billion in total net assets. 
There also were 420 money market funds with $3,881 billion in total net 
assets.\804\ Finally, as of July 2020, there were 99 BDCs with $58 
billion in total net assets.\805\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \803\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.1.
    \804\ Estimates of the number of registered investment companies 
and their total net assets are based on a staff analysis of Form N-
CEN filings as of July 8, 2020. For open-end funds that have mutual 
fund and ETF share classes, which only one fund sponsor currently 
operates, we count each type of share class as a separate fund and 
use data from Morningstar to determine the amount of total net 
assets reported on Form N-CEN attributable to the ETF share class. 
Money market funds generally are excluded from the scope of rule 
18f-4, but may rely on the provision in the rule for investments in 
when-issued and similar securities. We therefore report their number 
and net assets separately from those of other mutual funds.
    \805\ Estimates of the number of BDCs and their net assets are 
based on a staff analysis of Form 10-K and Form 10-Q filings as of 
July 30, 2020. Our estimate includes BDCs that may be delinquent or 
have filed extensions for their filings, and it excludes 6 wholly-
owned subsidiaries of other BDCs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Funds' Use of Derivatives and Reverse Repurchase Agreements
    DERA staff analyzed funds' use of derivatives and reverse 
repurchase agreements based on Form N-PORT filings as of September 
2020. The filings covered 9,700 mutual funds with $17,059 billion in 
total net assets, 1,973 ETFs with $3,252 billion in total net assets, 
672 registered closed-end funds with $276 billion in net assets, and 13 
variable annuity separate accounts registered as management investment 
companies with $179 billion in total net assets.\806\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \806\ The analysis is based on each registrant's latest Form N-
PORT filing as of September 15, 2020. Money market funds are 
excluded from the analysis; they do not file monthly reports on Form 
N-PORT and generally are excluded from the scope of rule 18f-4. For 
open-end funds that have mutual fund and ETF share classes, we count 
each type of share class as a separate fund and use data from 
Morningstar to determine the amount of total net assets reported on 
Form N-PORT attributable to the ETF share class.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on this analysis, 60% of funds reported no derivatives 
holdings, and a further 26% of funds reported using derivatives with 
gross notional amounts below 50% of net assets. These results are 
comparable to and consistent with the findings of a white paper 
prepared by DERA staff that studied a random sample of 10% of funds in 
2015.\807\ The 14% of funds that reported derivatives holdings at or 
above 50% of net assets reported combined net assets of $1,886 billion, 
which represented 8% of fund industry net assets. One percent of funds 
reported entering into reverse repurchase agreements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \807\ See Daniel Deli, Paul Hanouna, Christof Stahel, Yue Tang & 
William Yost, Use of Derivatives by Registered Investment Companies, 
Division of Economic and Risk Analysis (2015), available at https://www.sec.gov/dera/staff-papers/white-papers/derivatives12-2015.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    BDCs do not file Form N-PORT. To help evaluate the extent to which 
BDCs use derivatives, our staff reviewed the most recent financial 
statements of 48 of the current 99 BDCs as of July 2020.\808\ Based on 
this analysis, we observe that most BDCs do not use derivatives 
extensively. Of the sampled BDCs, 59.1% did not report any derivatives 
holdings, and a further 31.8% reported using derivatives with gross 
notional amounts below 10% of net assets. We do not believe that BDCs 
use reverse repurchase agreements to a significant extent.\809\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \808\ See supra footnote 397 and accompanying text.
    \809\ See also supra footnote 712 (stating our belief that BDCs 
do not use reverse repurchase agreements and bank borrowings (or 
similar transactions) in combined amounts that exceed 50% of NAV).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83235]]

3. Current Regulatory Framework for Derivatives
    Funds generally have developed certain general asset segregation 
practices to ``cover'' their derivatives positions, considering at 
least in part the staff's no-action letters and guidance.\810\ However, 
as discussed in the proposal, practices vary based on the type of 
derivatives transaction, and funds use different practices regarding 
the types of assets that they segregate to cover their derivatives 
positions. For purposes of establishing the baseline, we assume that 
funds generally segregate sufficient assets to at least cover any mark-
to-market liabilities on the funds' derivatives transactions, with some 
funds segregating more assets for certain types of derivatives 
transactions (sufficient to cover the full notional amount of the 
transaction or an amount between the transaction's full notional amount 
and any mark-to-market liability).\811\ The mark-to-market liability of 
a derivative can be much smaller than the full investment exposure 
associated with the position. As a result, funds' current asset 
segregation practices do not appear to place a practical limit on their 
use of derivatives: A fund that segregates only the mark-to-market 
liability could theoretically incur virtually unlimited investment 
leverage.\812\ Moreover, funds' current asset segregation practices may 
not assure the availability of adequate assets to meet funds' 
derivatives obligations, on account of both the amount and types of 
assets that funds may segregate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \810\ See supra section II.B.1.
    \811\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.54-55 and 
accompanying text.
    \812\ See supra section I.B.2; footnote 69 and accompanying 
text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Funds' Derivatives Risk Management Practices and Use of VaR Models
    There is currently no requirement for funds that use derivatives to 
have a formalized derivatives risk management program. However, we 
understand that advisers to many funds whose investment strategies 
entail the use of derivatives already assess and manage risks 
associated with their derivatives transactions to varying extents.\813\ 
In addition, we understand that funds engaging in derivatives 
transactions have increasingly used stress testing as a risk management 
tool over the past decade.\814\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \813\ See, e.g., AQR Comment Letter I, at 4.
    \814\ See supra footnote 194.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also understand that VaR calculation tools are widely available, 
and many advisers that enter into derivatives transactions already use 
risk management or portfolio management platforms that include VaR 
tools.\815\ Advisers to funds that use derivatives more extensively may 
be particularly likely currently to use risk management or portfolio 
management platforms that include VaR capability. Moreover, advisers 
that manage (or that have affiliates that manage) UCITS funds may 
already be familiar with using VaR models in connection with European 
guidelines.\816\ One commenter submitted the results of a survey based 
on responses from 24 fund complexes with $13.8 trillion in assets.\817\ 
The results of this survey indicate that 73% of respondents used some 
form of both VaR and stress testing as derivatives risk management 
tools. Other commenters also observed that VaR is commonly used.\818\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \815\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.180.
    \816\ See e.g., ABA Comment Letter; Blackrock Comment Letter; 
Dechert Comment Letter I; Vanguard Comment Letter. Based on a staff 
analysis of Form ADV and Form N-CEN filings received through July 
31, 2020, there were approximately 190 registered investment 
advisers that are registered with a EU financial regulatory 
authority and that are reported as the investment adviser, or sub-
adviser, for a registered fund. This estimate may not capture 
instances where a U.S. registered investment adviser and a EU 
registered investment adviser are affiliated but separate legal 
entities.
    \817\ See Comment Letter of Investment Company Institute (Oct. 
8, 2019) (``2019 ICI Comment Letter''). The commenter also indicated 
that the surveyed ICI member firms accounted for 67% of mutual fund 
and ETF assets as of June 2019 and that survey responses were 
submitted by firms ``whose assets under management spanned the 
spectrum from small to very large.'' However, these representations 
alone do not provide sufficient information about whether the 
surveyed firms were representative of all mutual funds and ETFs in 
terms of the exact distribution of specific characteristics, such as 
firm size or type of investment strategy.
    \818\ See, e.g., supra footnotes 287-291 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Leveraged/Inverse Funds
    Leveraged/inverse investment funds generally target a daily return 
(or a return over another predetermined time period) that is a 
multiple, inverse, or inverse multiple of the return of an underlying 
index; however over longer holding periods, the realized leverage 
multiple of the returns of an investment in a leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicle relative to the returns of its underlying index can 
vary substantially from the vehicle's daily leverage multiple. To 
achieve the stated leverage multiple, most leveraged/inverse investment 
funds rebalance their exposure to the underlying index daily.\819\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \819\ Leveraged/inverse funds that track the returns of an 
underlying index over time periods that are longer than one day 
rebalance their portfolios at the end of each such period. 
Leveraged/inverse funds use derivatives to achieve their targeted 
returns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, there are 172 leveraged/inverse ETFs with $33.4 billion 
in total net assets and 120 leveraged/inverse mutual funds with $4.6 
billion in total net assets. Of these funds, 70 leveraged/inverse ETFs 
with $15.7 billion in total net assets and none of the leveraged/
inverse mutual funds currently seek to provide leveraged or inverse 
market exposure exceeding 200% of the return or inverse return of the 
relevant index.\820\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \820\ Estimates of the number of leveraged/inverse mutual funds 
and leveraged/inverse ETFs and their total net assets are based on a 
staff analysis of Form N-CEN filings as of July 7, 2020 and are 
based on fund's responses to item C.3.c of the form. Information 
about the market exposure funds seek to provide is based on a staff 
review of funds' summary prospectuses and takes into account that 
several leveraged/inverse funds that sought to provide 300% 
leveraged or inverse market exposure recently reduced their target 
exposures to 200% due to the increased market volatility caused by 
COVID-19. See also supra footnote 24 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two ETF sponsors currently rely upon exemptive relief from the 
Commission that permits them to operate leveraged/inverse ETFs.\821\ 
Since 2009, the Commission has not granted leveraged/inverse ETF 
exemptive relief to any additional sponsors. In addition, leveraged/
inverse ETFs are currently excluded from the scope of rule 6c-11, which 
the Commission adopted in 2019 and allows ETFs satisfying certain 
conditions to operate without obtaining an exemptive order from the 
Commission.\822\ While certain exchange-listed commodity- or currency-
based trusts or funds that are not registered investment companies also 
have strategies that are similar to leveraged/inverse funds, and other 
investments like certain exchange-traded notes may provide a similar 
investment exposure, the final rules' provisions for leveraged/inverse 
funds address only registered investment companies with these 
strategies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \821\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at nn.307 and 
356. The exemptive orders of the two sponsors that operate 
leveraged/inverse ETFs permit these sponsors to launch additional 
funds under the terms and conditions of those orders.
    \822\ See supra footnotes 613-614 and accompanying text.
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C. Benefits and Costs of the Final Rules and Amendments

    The Commission is sensitive to the economic effects that may result 
from the final rules and form amendments, including benefits and costs. 
Where possible, we have attempted to quantify the likely economic 
effects; however, we are unable to quantify certain economic effects 
because we lack the information

[[Page 83236]]

necessary to provide reasonable estimates. In some cases, it is 
difficult to predict how market participants will act under the 
conditions of the final rules. For example, we are unable to predict 
whether the derivatives risk management program requirement and VaR-
based limit on fund leverage risk may make investors more or less 
likely to invest in funds that would be subject to these requirements 
or the degree to which these requirements may affect the use of 
derivatives by these funds. Nevertheless, as described more fully 
below, we are providing both a qualitative assessment and quantified 
estimate of the economic effects, including the initial and ongoing 
costs of the additional reporting requirements, where feasible.
    Direct costs that funds will incur, as discussed below, may to some 
extent be absorbed by a fund's investment adviser or be passed on to a 
fund's investors in the form of increased fees and expenses.\823\ The 
share of these costs borne by funds, their advisers, and investors 
depends on multiple factors, including the nature of competition 
between advisers, and investors' relative sensitivity to changes in 
fund fees, the joint effects of which are particularly challenging to 
predict due to the number of assumptions that the Commission would need 
to make.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \823\ Several commenters stated that a fund may pass on some of 
the costs associated with the rule's requirements to its investors. 
See Dechert Comment Letter I; Dechert Comment Letter II; ICI Comment 
Letter; Vanguard Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Derivatives Risk Management Program and Board Oversight and 
Reporting
    Rule 18f-4 will require funds that enter into derivatives 
transactions and are not limited derivatives users to adopt and 
implement a derivatives risk management program. The program will have 
to include risk guidelines, stress testing, backtesting, internal 
reporting and escalation, and program review elements. The final rule 
will require a fund's board of directors to approve the fund's 
designation of a derivatives risk manager, who will be responsible for 
administering the derivatives risk management program.\824\ The fund's 
derivatives risk manager will have to report to the fund's board on the 
derivatives risk management program's implementation and effectiveness 
and the results of the fund's stress testing and backtesting.\825\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \824\ See supra section II.C.1. for a discussion of the final 
rule's requirements for board approval of the derivatives risk 
manager and the comments we received on the proposal.
    \825\ See supra section II.C.2. for a discussion of the final 
rule's board reporting requirements and the comments we received on 
the proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We understand that advisers to many funds whose investment 
strategies entail the use of derivatives already assess and manage 
risks associated with their derivatives transactions.\826\ However, 
rule 18f-4's requirement that funds establish written derivatives risk 
management programs will create a standardized framework for funds' 
derivatives risk management by requiring each fund's program to include 
all of the rule's program elements. To the extent that the resulting 
risk management activities are more comprehensive than funds' current 
practices, this may result in more effective risk management across 
funds. While the adoption of a derivatives risk management program 
requirement may not eliminate all derivatives-related risks, including 
that investors could experience large, unexpected losses from funds' 
use of derivatives, we expect that investors may benefit from a 
decrease in leverage-related risks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \826\ See supra section III.B.4. See also Blackrock Comment 
Letter; ICI Comment Letter; and J.P. Morgan Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some funds may reduce or otherwise alter their use of derivatives 
transactions to respond to risks identified after adopting and 
implementing their derivatives risk management programs. In particular, 
we expect that funds currently utilizing risk management practices that 
are not tailored to their use of derivatives may decide to make such 
changes to their portfolios.\827\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \827\ As a consequence of reducing risk, such funds may earn 
reduced returns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 18f-4 will require a fund to reasonably segregate the 
functions of its derivatives risk management program from those of its 
portfolio management.\828\ This segregation requirement is designed to 
enhance the program's effectiveness by promoting the objective and 
independent identification and assessment of derivatives risk.\829\ 
Segregating the functions of a fund's derivatives risk management 
program from those of its portfolio management may also mitigate the 
risks posed by competing incentives between a fund's portfolio managers 
and its investors.\830\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \828\ See supra section II.B.1.
    \829\ In addition, while some portfolio managers may find it 
burdensome to collaborate with a derivatives risk manager, to the 
extent that portfolio managers already consider the impact of trades 
on the fund's portfolio risk, we believe that having the involvement 
of a derivatives risk manager may typically make a portfolio 
manager's tasks more rather than less efficient.
    \830\ For example, portfolio managers of actively-managed funds 
that are underperforming competing funds may have an incentive to 
increase risk exposures through use of derivatives in an effort to 
increase returns. This behavior may result in a fund also increasing 
risk beyond investor expectations. See also SIFMA AMG Comment 
Letter; ABA Comment Letter. (For theoretical motivation of such 
behaviors see, e.g., Keith C. Brown, W.V. Harlow, & Laura T. Starks, 
Of Tournaments and Temptations: An Analysis of Managerial Incentives 
in the Mutual Fund Industry, 51 J. FIN. 85 (1996), available at 
https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1996.tb05203.x; Judith Chevalier & Glenn Ellison, Risk-Taking 
by Mutual Funds as a Response to Incentives, 105 J. POL. ECON. 1167 
(1997), available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/516389?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, to the extent that the periodic stress testing and 
backtesting requirements of the derivatives risk management program 
result in fund managers developing a more complete understanding of the 
risks associated with their use of derivatives, we expect that funds 
and their investors will benefit from improved risk management.\831\ 
Such benefits will be in addition to benefits derived from the VaR-
based limit on fund leverage risk discussed below.\832\ VaR analysis, 
while yielding a simple yet general measure of a fund's portfolio risk, 
does not provide a complete picture of a fund's financial risk 
exposures.\833\ Complementing VaR analysis with stress testing will 
provide a more complete understanding of the fund's potential losses 
under different sets of market conditions. For example, simulating 
potential stressed market conditions not reflected in historical 
correlations between fund returns and asset prices observed in normal 
markets may provide derivatives risk managers with important 
information pertaining to derivatives risks in stressed 
environments.\834\ By incorporating the potential impact of future 
economic outcomes and market volatility in its stress test analysis, a 
fund may be able

[[Page 83237]]

to analyze future potential swings in its portfolio that may impact the 
fund's long-term performance. Recent episodes of market volatility 
related to the COVID-19 global health pandemic have highlighted the 
importance of analyzing such future potential swings in a fund's 
portfolio. This forward-looking aspect of stress testing will 
supplement the final rule's VaR analysis requirement, which will rely 
on historical data.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \831\ See supra sections II.B.2.c and II.B.2.d; see also supra 
section II.C.2 (discussing the requirements that a fund's 
derivatives risk manager provide to the fund's board: (1) A written 
report, at least annually, providing a representation that the 
program is reasonably designed to manage the fund's derivatives 
risks and to incorporate the required elements of the program; and 
(2) a written report, at the frequency determined by the board, 
analyzing exceedances of the fund's risk guidelines and the results 
of the fund's stress tests and backtesting).
    \832\ See infra section III.C.2.
    \833\ See id.
    \834\ See supra section II.B.2.c (rule 18f-4 will require the 
program to provide for stress testing to ``evaluate potential losses 
to the fund's portfolio in response to extreme but plausible market 
changes or changes in market risk factors that would have a 
significant adverse effect on the fund's portfolio, taking into 
account correlations of market risk factors as appropriate and 
resulting payments to derivatives counterparties'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the final rule will require that a fund backtest the 
results of its VaR analysis no less frequently than weekly, which will 
assist funds in examining the effectiveness of the fund's VaR model. 
The final rule will require that, for each weekly backtesting period, 
the fund compare its actual gains or losses on each business day during 
the weekly period, with the fund's VaR calculated for each business day 
during the same weekly period.\835\ The weekly comparison will help 
identify days where the fund's portfolio losses exceed the VaR 
calculated for each day during the week, as well as systematic over- or 
under-estimation of VaR, which would suggest that the fund may not be 
accurately measuring all significant, identifiable market risk 
factors.\836\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \835\ See supra section II.B.2.d.
    \836\ See supra footnote 212; see also supra section II.B.2.d 
for a discussion of comments the Commission received on the proposed 
backtesting requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters stated that weekly backtesting would be associated with 
reduced burdens compared to the more frequent daily backtesting 
requirement we proposed.\837\ We have not reduced our estimates from 
the Proposing Release of one-time and ongoing program-related costs as 
a result of the decreased backtesting frequency, however.\838\ 
Therefore, the cost estimates we provide below may overstate the costs 
of the final rule's backtesting requirement.\839\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \837\ See supra footnote 222 and associated text.
    \838\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
III.C.1.
    \839\ We anticipate that any cost savings compared to the 
proposal as a result of the decreased backtesting frequency will be 
small, as the development and implementation of processes for 
backtesting likely have a significant fixed-cost component.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 18f-4 will also require that a fund's board of directors 
approve the designation of the fund's derivatives risk manager.\840\ We 
anticipate that this requirement, along with the derivatives risk 
manager's direct reporting line to the board, will result in effective 
communication between the board and the derivatives risk manager that 
will enhance oversight of the program to the benefit of the fund and 
its investors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \840\ See supra section II.C.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 18f-4 will require that the derivatives risk manager provide 
the fund's board a written report at least once a year on the program's 
effectiveness as well as regular written reports at a frequency 
determined by the board that analyze exceedances of the fund's risk 
guidelines and the results of the fund's stress tests and 
backtests.\841\ The board reporting requirements may facilitate the 
board's oversight of the fund and the operation of the derivatives risk 
management program, to the extent the fund does not have such regular 
reporting mechanisms already in place. In the event the derivatives 
risk manager encounters material risks that need to be escalated to the 
fund's board, the rule's provision that the derivatives risk manager 
must directly inform the board of these risks in a timely manner as 
appropriate may help prevent delays in resolving such risks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \841\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds today employ a range of different practices, with varying 
levels of comprehensiveness and sophistication, for managing the risks 
associated with their use of derivatives.\842\ We expect that 
compliance costs associated with the derivatives risk management 
program requirement will vary based on the fund's current risk 
management practices, as well as the fund's characteristics, including 
in particular the fund's investment strategy, and the nature and type 
of derivatives transactions used by the fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \842\ See supra section III.B.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We understand that VaR models are widely used in the industry and 
that backtesting is commonly performed in conjunction with VaR 
analyses. As a result, we believe that many funds that will be required 
to establish derivatives risk management programs already have VaR 
models with backtesting in place. Moreover, the final rule's 
derivatives risk management program requirements, including stress 
testing and backtesting requirements are, generally, high-level and 
principles-based. As a result, as one commenter acknowledged, many 
funds' current risk management practices may already be in line with 
many of the rule's derivatives risk management program requirements or 
could be readily conformed without material change.\843\ Thus, the 
costs of adjusting funds current' practices and procedures to comply 
with the parallel requirements of final rule 18f-4 may be minimal for 
such funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \843\ See Blackrock Comment Letter, at 8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Certain costs of the rule's derivatives risk management program may 
be fixed, while other costs may vary with the size and complexity of 
the fund and its portfolio allocation. For instance, costs associated 
with purchasing certain third-party data used in the program's stress 
tests may not vary much across funds. On the other hand, certain third-
party services may vary in terms of costs based on the portfolio 
positions to be analyzed. Further, the extent to which a cost 
corresponding to the program is fixed or variable may also depend on 
the third-party service provider.
    Larger funds or funds that are part of a large fund complex may 
incur higher costs in absolute terms but find it less costly, per 
dollar managed, to establish and administer a derivatives risk 
management program relative to a smaller fund or a fund that is part of 
a smaller fund complex. For example, larger funds may have to allocate 
a smaller portion of existing resources for the program, and fund 
complexes may realize economies of scale in developing and implementing 
derivatives risk management programs for several funds. In addition, 
smaller funds or those that are part of a smaller fund complex may find 
it more costly to appoint a derivatives risk manager, because they (1) 
may not have existing officers of the fund's investment advisers who 
are capable of fulfilling the responsibilities of the derivatives risk 
manager; (2) may have existing officers of the fund's investment 
advisers who are capable of fulfilling the responsibilities of the 
derivatives risk manager but may be overburdened with other existing 
responsibilities within the fund; or (3) may choose to hire a new 
officer or promote a current employee to fulfill this role.
    We estimate that the one-time costs to establish and implement a 
derivatives risk management program will range from $150,000 to 
$500,000 per fund, depending on the particular facts and circumstances, 
including whether a fund is part of a larger fund complex and therefore 
may benefit from economies of scale.\844\ These estimated

[[Page 83238]]

costs are attributable to the following activities: (1) Assessing 
whether a fund is subject to the derivatives risk management program 
requirement; (2) analyzing the fund's current practices relative to the 
final rule's requirements; (3) developing risk guidelines and processes 
for stress testing, backtesting, internal reporting and escalation, and 
program review; (4) integrating and implementing the guidelines and 
processes described above; (5) preparing training materials and 
administering training sessions for staff in affected areas; \845\ (6) 
recruiting and hiring a derivatives risks manager, to the extent the 
fund is unable to consider an existing officer of the investment 
adviser that is equipped with the appropriate and relevant experience 
necessary to be selected for the role of derivatives risk manager; and 
(7) approval by the board of the fund's derivatives risk manager.\846\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \844\ We believe that the low end of this range is reflective of 
a fund that already has policies and procedures in place that could 
be readily adapted to meet the final rule's requirements. Such a 
fund would nevertheless incur costs associated with analyzing its 
current practices relative to the final rule's requirements and 
determining whether it is subject to the derivatives risk management 
program; some funds may also incur costs associated with analyzing 
whether and how they could modify their derivatives exposure in 
order to qualify as a limited derivatives user. We increased our 
estimate of the low end of this range compared to the proposal to 
account for these costs as well as to account for comments we 
received suggesting that the implementation of the program may be 
more burdensome than the Commission estimated at proposal and 
comments suggesting that requiring the fund's board of directors to 
approve the designation of the fund's derivatives risk manager would 
place increased burdens on the fund's board of directors. See 
Dechert Comment Letter I; IDC Comment Letter; see also supra 
sections II.C.1 and II.B. This increased estimate also takes into 
account our assumption that a number of funds and their boards may 
wish to employ outside legal services in connection with adopting 
and implementing the fund's derivatives risk management program as 
well as approving the derivatives risk manager. See infra sections 
IV.B.1, IV.B.2.
    \845\ See also ProShares Comment Letter (stating that 
``employees will need to read and be trained on the policies and 
procedures.'')
    \846\ A fund that selects an existing officer of its investment 
adviser for the role of derivatives risk manager may incur costs 
associated with recruiting and hiring an additional officer to 
assume some or all of the tasks that previously were allocated to 
the officer who is selected as derivatives risk manager.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that the ongoing annual program-related costs that a 
fund will incur range from 65% to 75% of the one-time costs to 
establish and implement a derivatives risk management program. Thus, a 
fund will incur ongoing annual costs that range from $97,500 to 
$375,000.\847\ These estimated costs are attributable to the following 
activities: (1) Assessing, monitoring, and managing the risks 
associated with the fund's derivatives transactions; (2) periodically 
reviewing and updating (A) the program including any models or 
measurement tools (including any VaR calculation models) to evaluate 
the program's effectiveness and to reflect changes in risk over time, 
and (B) the appropriateness of any designated reference portfolio; (3) 
providing written reports to the fund's board; (4) additional staff 
training; and (5) the derivatives risk manager's base salary and 
compensation, to the extent a fund is unable to consider an existing 
officer of the investment adviser that is equipped with the appropriate 
and relevant experience necessary to be selected for the role of 
derivatives risk manager. Under the final rule, a fund that is a 
limited derivatives user will not be required to establish a 
derivatives risk management program.\848\ Based on an analysis of Form 
N-PORT filings, as well as financial statements filed with the 
Commission by BDCs, we estimate that about 21% of funds, or 2,766 funds 
total, will be required to implement a derivatives risk management 
program.\849\ As many funds belong to a fund complex and are likely to 
experience economies of scale, we expect that the lower end of the 
estimated range of costs ($150,000 in one-time costs; $97,500 in annual 
costs) better reflects the total costs likely to be incurred by those 
funds.\850\ In addition, we believe that many funds already have a 
derivatives risk management program in place that could be readily 
adapted (and also already have personnel on staff who could serve as 
derivatives risk manager) to meet the final rule's requirements without 
significant additional cost.\851\ However, as we do not have data to 
determine how many funds already have a program in place that will 
substantially satisfy the final rule's requirements, and commenters did 
not provide any such data, we over-inclusively assume that all funds 
that will be required to establish a derivatives risk management 
program will incur a cost associated with this requirement. Based on 
these assumptions, we provide an upper-end estimate for total industry 
cost in the first year of $684,585,000.\852\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \847\ This estimate is based on the following calculations: 0.65 
x $150,000 = $97,500; 0.75 x $500,000 = $375,000.
    \848\ The estimates of the one-time and ongoing costs described 
in this section include the costs associated with determining 
whether a fund is subject to the rule's VaR and program 
requirements.
    \849\ We estimate that about 21% of funds hold some derivatives 
and will not qualify as a limited derivatives user under the final 
rule.
    \850\ A fund that uses derivatives in a complex manner, has 
existing risk management practices that are not commensurate with 
such use of derivatives, and may have to hire additional personnel 
to fulfill the role of derivatives risk manager will be particularly 
likely to experience costs at the upper end of this range.
    \851\ Prior to the proposal, one commenter indicated that 
implementing stress testing, which would be one of the required 
elements of the proposed derivatives risk management program, would 
be only slightly burdensome for 27% of respondents to a survey of 
ICI member firms and would be moderately burdensome for an 
additional 50% of respondents. See Proposing Release, supra footnote 
1, at n.501.
    \852\ This estimate is based on the following calculation: 2,766 
funds x ($150,000 + $97,500) = $684,585,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. VaR-Based Limit on Fund Leverage Risk
    The final rule will generally impose a VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk on funds relying on the rule to engage in derivatives 
transactions.\853\ This outer limit is based on a relative VaR test 
that compares the fund's VaR to the VaR of a ``designated reference 
portfolio.'' If the fund's derivatives risk manager reasonably 
determines that a designated reference portfolio would not provide an 
appropriate reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test, 
the fund will be required to comply with an absolute VaR test.\854\ In 
either case a fund will apply the test at least once each business day.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \853\ See supra section II.D.
    \854\ The final rule provides an exception from the rule's VaR 
test for limited derivatives users. See supra section II.E.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The relative VaR test will limit a fund's VaR to 200% of the VaR of 
the fund's designated reference portfolio, unless the fund is a closed-
end fund that has then-outstanding shares of a preferred stock issued 
to investors. For such closed-end funds, the VaR must not exceed 250% 
of the VaR of the fund's designated reference portfolio.\855\ The 
designated reference portfolio will have to be unleveraged--an 
unleveraged designated index or the fund's securities portfolio--and 
reflect the markets or asset classes in which the fund invests.\856\ By 
comparing the VaR of a fund's portfolio to that of an unleveraged 
reference portfolio, the relative VaR test restricts the incremental 
risk associated with a fund's portfolio relative to a similar but 
unleveraged investment strategy. In this sense, the relative VaR test 
restricts the degree to which a fund can use derivatives to leverage 
its portfolio.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \855\ See supra section II.D.2 for a discussion of the comments 
we received and the data commenters provided on the relative VaR 
limit we proposed.
    \856\ See supra section II.D.2.b. The final rule's definition of 
``designated index'' also includes other requirements, as discussed 
above. See id. For example, a designated index cannot be 
administered by an organization that is an affiliated person of the 
fund, its investment adviser, or principal underwriter, or created 
at the request of the fund or its investment adviser, unless the 
index is widely recognized and used.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule will permit a fund to rely on the absolute VaR test 
only if the fund's derivatives risk manager reasonably determines that 
a designated reference portfolio would not provide an appropriate 
reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test. To

[[Page 83239]]

comply with the absolute VaR test, the VaR of the fund's portfolio must 
not exceed 20% of the value of the fund's net assets, unless the fund 
is a closed-end fund that has then-outstanding preferred stock. For 
such closed-end funds, the VaR must not exceed 25% of the value of the 
fund's net assets.\857\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \857\ See supra section II.D.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The 20% absolute VaR limit is based on DERA staff analysis that 
calculated the VaR of the S&P 500 since inception that the Commission 
used to propose a 15% absolute VaR limit, adjusted consistent with the 
final rule's increases to the proposed relative VaR limit.\858\ Under 
the final rule, for example, a fund that uses the S&P 500 as its 
benchmark index would be permitted to have a VaR equal to 200% of the 
VaR of the S&P 500 if the fund also uses that index as its designated 
reference portfolio. The 20% absolute VaR test limit would therefore 
provide approximately comparable treatment for funds that rely on the 
absolute VaR test and funds that rely on the relative VaR test with a 
200% limit and use the S&P 500 as their designated reference portfolio 
during periods where the S&P 500's VaR is approximately equal to the 
historical mean.\859\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \858\ See supra section II.D.3 for a discussion of the comments 
we received and the data commenters provided on the absolute VaR 
limit we proposed.
    \859\ DERA staff analyzed the historical returns of the S&P 500 
index since inception. Computing VaR based on historical simulation 
using the parameters specified in the final rule, we find that the 
S&P 500's VaR had an average VaR of approximately 10.5%. The VaR of 
the index varied over time, with a minimum of approximately 4.1% 
attained for much of the first quarter of 1994 and a maximum of 
approximately 22.9% attained from late 1987 through the third 
quarter of 1990.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One common critique of VaR is that it does not reflect the 
conditional distribution of losses beyond the specified confidence 
level.\860\ In other words, the VaR tests will not capture the size and 
relative frequency of losses in the ``tail'' of the distribution of 
losses beyond the measured confidence level.\861\ As a result, two 
funds with the same VaR level could differ significantly in the 
magnitude and relative frequency of extreme losses, even though the 
probability of a VaR breach would be the same for the two funds. The 
Proposing Release contained a set of example calculations, based on a 
simplified portfolio, that illustrate this point.\862\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \860\ See supra footnote 295 and accompanying text.
    \861\ The term ``relative frequency'' here refers to the 
frequency of loss outcomes in the tail of the distribution relative 
to other loss outcomes that are also in the tail of the 
distribution. This relative frequency of the loss outcomes together 
with the magnitude of the associated losses describe the conditional 
distribution of losses in the tail of the distribution.
    \862\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
IV.C.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in more detail above, the VaR tests are designed to 
address the concerns underlying section 18, but they are not a 
substitute for a fully-developed derivatives risk management 
program.\863\ Recognizing VaR's limitations, the final rule will also 
require the fund to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management 
program that, among other things, will require the fund to establish 
risk guidelines and to stress test its portfolio in part because of 
concerns that VaR as a risk management tool may not adequately reflect 
tail risks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \863\ See supra footnote 297 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Below is an analysis using benchmark and other data that is an 
effort to produce estimates of how many funds (out of the 2,696) that 
we estimate will be subject to the final rule's VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk would have operated in exceedance of such limit.\864\ The 
analysis supporting these estimates relies on various assumptions that 
limit the applicability of the estimates to the population of funds 
subject to the final rule. More specifically, the analysis is limited 
in the following ways: (1) The estimated VaR is based on funds' 
historical portfolio and benchmark returns throughout the look-back 
period, rather than returns of the funds' current portfolio and 
composition of the benchmark index at the end of the look-back period, 
as will be required of funds under the final rule, (2) the calculations 
do not take into account the VaR of funds' securities portfolios, 
because we do not have historical data regarding the returns of those 
portfolios, and (3) the calculations generally assume that funds will 
use their primary prospectus benchmarks for purposes of the relative 
VaR test, even though the final rule permits them to use a different 
index or their own securities portfolio. Accordingly, the estimates 
approximate the effects of the final rule's VaR limits using the 
available information, and that approximation, as discussed below, may 
not reflect the actual manner in which the limits apply to funds under 
the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \864\ This analysis is based on Morningstar data with three-year 
look-back periods ending in December 31, 2018 and June 30, 2020. 
DERA staff computed the VaR of each fund and that of the related 
index using historical simulation from three years of prior daily 
return data. Staff generally computed the relative VaR test based on 
a fund's primary prospectus benchmark. In cases where historical 
return data for the primary prospectus benchmark was not available 
or where the primary prospectus benchmark did not appear to capture 
the markets or asset classes in which a fund invests, DERA staff 
instead used a broad-based unleveraged index that captures a fund's 
markets or asset classes or a broad-based U.S. equity index.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The analysis estimates VaR based on the historical returns of fund 
portfolios and benchmark indexes because it would be impractical for 
staff to estimate VaR based on the exact composition, as of the end of 
the look-back period, for every fund's portfolio and benchmark index. 
As a result, the VaR estimates we derive reflect changes to the 
composition of funds' portfolios and the benchmark indexes throughout 
the look-back period rather than just at the end of the look-back 
period.\865\ Funds computing their own VaRs, in contrast, would analyze 
their current portfolios and benchmark indexes, if applicable, at the 
time of calculation, taking into consideration at least three years of 
historical market data. We also were not able to evaluate VaR levels of 
funds' securities portfolios because we do not have historical data 
regarding the returns of funds' securities portfolios, as defined in 
the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \865\ For example, our methodology would under-estimate VaR for 
volatility-targeting funds in a period of low volatility that was 
preceded by a period of higher volatility earlier in the look-back 
period. This is because these funds increase the size of their 
positions when market risks are lower in order to target a constant 
level or range of volatility. See also supra footnote 451 and 
accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We analyzed the effects of the final rule's VaR limits for two 
three-year lookback periods: The first ending on December 31, 2018 and 
the second ending on June 30, 2020. The former period is the period we 
analyzed in the Proposing Release and reflects a relatively calm market 
environment.\866\ The latter period is more recent and includes parts 
of the more volatile market environment following the onset of COVID-
19.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \866\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
III.C.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the three-year period ending on December 31, 2018, we did not 
estimate that any funds would fail the relative VaR test from the pool 
of funds that would have been subject to the VaR-based limit.\867\ For 
the three-year period ending on June 30, 2020, which included a period 
of significantly heightened market volatility, our analysis yields an 
estimate of 383 funds that may fail the relative VaR test from the pool 
of funds that will be subject to the VaR-based limit.\868\ None of the 
383 funds are closed-end funds that have outstanding shares of 
preferred stock

[[Page 83240]]

and thus are subject to the higher 250% relative-VaR based limit.\869\ 
Differences between the composition of the benchmarks and the funds' 
portfolios--together with heightened market volatility during the 
lookback period--likely contributed to some funds being estimated to 
fail the VaR tests. In addition, this estimate is limited by the 
information available to the Commission, which generally compared the 
funds' VaRs to the VaRs of the funds' primary prospectus 
benchmarks.\870\ To the extent that these funds' derivatives risk 
managers would have determined that the fund's securities portfolio or 
an index other than the disclosed benchmark would have been more 
appropriate for purposes of computing the relative VaR test, some of 
these funds could have satisfied the relative VaR test. Conversely, if 
the indexes selected by the funds, or their securities portfolios, had 
lower volatility than the index selected here, funds that are estimated 
to have passed the relative VaR test may not ultimately satisfy that 
test under the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \867\ In the Proposing Release we identified six funds that 
would have failed the relative VaR test at the lower 150% limit we 
proposed. See id.
    \868\ For the purposes of this analysis, we assumed that all 
leveraged/inverse funds with exposures up to 200% will be able to 
satisfy the relative VaR test.
    \869\ We identified one closed-end fund that has outstanding 
shares of preferred stock that is subject to the VaR-based limit 
with a relative VaR level that exceeds 200% but not 250%. Thus, this 
fund would not be able to satisfy the relative VaR test absent the 
higher limit for closed-end funds that have outstanding shares of 
preferred stock.
    \870\ See supra footnote 858.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, some of these funds could have applied the absolute 
VaR test if the funds' derivatives risk managers reasonably determined 
that a designated reference portfolio would not provide an appropriate 
reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test. Most of the 
funds with VaRs exceeding 200% of the relevant index VaR (351 of 383) 
had portfolio VaRs below the final rule's 20% absolute VaR limit. 
Conversely, we recognize that some funds that are estimated to pass the 
relative VaR test could have applied the absolute VaR test and may not 
have satisfied that test.\871\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \871\ DERA staff also examined funds' absolute VaR levels in 
isolation as a result of the volatile market environment following 
the onset of COVID-19. Specifically, we observe that 396 funds that 
we estimated would satisfy the relative VaR test had absolute VaR 
levels above 20% for the three-year lookback period ending on June 
30, 2020. However, we believe this observation is of limited value 
in estimating the impact of the absolute VaR test. First, because 
the relative VaR test is the default test under the final rule, we 
do not believe that this observation is indicative of the number of 
funds that will not be able to satisfy the rule's VaR-based limit on 
fund leverage risk because they rely on the absolute VaR test. 
Second, because we lack the information necessary to identify the 
subset of funds that are likely to rely on the absolute VaR test 
under the rule, it is not clear that this observation is 
representative of the likelihood that such funds would exceed the 
absolute VaR limit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter provided the results from a survey that asked 
respondents to evaluate whether they would anticipate relying on the 
proposed absolute or relative VaR test and whether they would satisfy 
their applicable test, assuming various alternative specifications of 
limits for these tests.\872\ The commenter reported that 0.9% of funds 
that indicated that they use derivatives and do not qualify as a 
limited derivatives user (under the proposed definition) would not have 
been able to satisfy their applicable VaR test at the end of 2019 using 
a 200% limit for the relative VaR test and a 20% limit for the absolute 
VaR test. Using the staff estimate of the number of funds that will be 
subject to the VaR-based test under the final rule, this result implies 
that 24 funds would have failed their applicable VaR test.\873\ The 
commenter also asked respondents to evaluate their VaR levels during a 
stressed market period, and reported that 1.8% of funds would have 
failed their applicable VaR test (using assumed 200% and 20% levels for 
the relative VaR test and absolute VaR test, respectively).\874\ Using 
the staff estimate of the number of funds that we estimate will be 
subject to the VaR-based test under the final rule, this result implies 
that 49 funds would have failed their applicable VaR test.\875\ We 
believe that these survey-based results of the proposed VaR-based tests 
using a 200% limit for the relative VaR test and a 20% limit for the 
absolute VaR test help inform an assessment of the final rule's likely 
effects and complement the staff's own analysis of the VaR-based tests 
under the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \872\ See ICI Comment Letter.
    \873\ This number is based on the following calculation: 2,696 
funds x 0.9% = 24 funds.
    \874\ The commenter indicated that the survey did not specify a 
specific stressed period but that the majority of respondents 
included the global financial crisis. See ICI Comment Letter.
    \875\ This number is based on the following calculation: 2,696 
funds x 1.8% = 49 funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two commenters stated that the VaR-based limit on fund leverage 
risk would not benefit investors, because only a relatively small 
number of funds will have to adjust their portfolios in order to comply 
with the VaR based limit on leverage risk.\876\ However, we believe 
that the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk will benefit investors 
by establishing an outer bound on fund leverage risk, which will 
prevent funds from using strategies that expose investors to a degree 
of fund leverage risk that is inconsistent with the investor protection 
concerns of section 18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \876\ See ProShares Comment Letter and Direxion Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds that will have to adjust their portfolios to comply with the 
VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk will incur associated trading 
costs. If a fund has to adjust its portfolio so significantly that it 
could no longer pursue its investment strategy, such a fund may also 
lose investors or, if it chooses to cease operating, incur costs 
associated with unwinding the fund.
    In addition, funds could be required to adjust their portfolios to 
comply in the future and, if so, will incur associated trading costs. 
For example, as market conditions change, a fund's VaR could exceed the 
VaR-based limit, especially if a fund relies on the absolute VaR test. 
The final rule's VaR tests also will eliminate the flexibility that 
funds currently have to leverage their portfolios to a greater extent 
than the VaR tests permit. Although funds currently may not be 
exercising this flexibility, they may nevertheless value the ability to 
increase leverage beyond the rule's VaR-based limit. While, on the one 
hand, the VaR-based tests impose costs on funds by restricting the 
strategies they can employ, the limit on fund leverage risk will 
benefit fund investors, to the extent that it prevents these investors 
from experiencing losses from a fund's increased risk exposure that is 
prohibited by the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk.
    By establishing a bright-line limit on the amount of leverage risk 
that a fund can take on using derivatives, the final rule may make some 
funds and their advisers more comfortable with using derivatives. As a 
result, some funds that currently use derivatives to an extent that 
will result in the fund's VaR being below the limit may react by 
increasing the extent of their derivatives usage.
    The requirement could also indirectly result in changing the amount 
of investments in funds. On the one hand, the final rule could attract 
additional investment, if investors become more comfortable with funds' 
general level of riskiness as a result of funds' compliance with an 
outside limit on fund leverage risk. On the other hand, to the extent 
that investors currently expect funds to limit their risk to levels 
below those which the limits will produce, or to the extent that the 
rule's bright-line limit on the amount of leverage risk leads some 
funds to increase their derivatives usage, the limits may result in 
investors re-evaluating how much risk they are willing to take and 
reducing their investments in funds. Due to a lack of data regarding 
current investor expectations about fund risk, however,

[[Page 83241]]

we are unable to predict which of the two effects will more likely 
dominate the other.
    As the requirements will prevent funds that are subject to the 
outer limit on fund leverage risk from offering investment strategies 
that exceed the outer limit, those investors who prefer to invest in 
such funds because they value the increased potential for gains that is 
generally associated with riskier investment strategies may see their 
investment opportunities restricted by the final rules.\877\ As a 
result, such investors may instead invest in alternative products that 
can provide leveraged market exposure but will not be subject to the 
VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk of rule 18f-4 and incur any 
transactions costs associated with changing their investments.\878\ 
Examples of such alternative products include existing leveraged/
inverse funds with exposures exceeding 200%, as well as products that 
are not registered investment companies, such as alternative investment 
vehicles (including the listed commodity pools that would have been 
subject to the proposed sales practices rules), exchange-traded notes 
(``ETNs''), and structured products.\879\ Some of these alternatives 
may present additional risks. For example, some investors could choose 
to invest in ETNs, which are subject to issuer default. Alternatively, 
such investors, particularly institutional ones, may instead borrow 
themselves or trade on margin to achieve leverage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \877\ See also ProShares Comment Letter (mentioning a 
``reduction of investment opportunities for investors'' as a result 
of the VaR-based test.)
    \878\ See also ProShares Comment Letter (mentioning ``costs 
incurred if [investors] switched to alternative investment vehicles 
[from funds that cannot satisfy the VaR-based test].'')
    \879\ As part of the staff review discussed above, the staff 
will review the effectiveness of the existing regulatory 
requirements in protecting investors who invest in leveraged/inverse 
products and other complex investment products. See supra section 
II.F.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds that will be subject to the VaR-based limit on fund leverage 
risk will incur the cost of determining their compliance with the 
applicable VaR test at least once each business day. Part of these 
costs will be associated with obtaining the necessary data required for 
the VaR calculation, to the extent that a fund does not already have 
this data available. Funds implementing the relative VaR test and using 
a designated index as the reference portfolio will likely incur larger 
data costs compared to funds implementing the absolute VaR test, as the 
absolute VaR test will require funds to obtain data only for the VaR 
calculation for the fund's portfolio, whereas the relative VaR test in 
this case also will require funds to obtain data for the VaR 
calculation for their designated index. In addition, some index 
providers may charge licensing fees to funds for including indexes in 
their regulatory documents or for access to information about the 
index's constituent securities and weightings.\880\ Funds may avoid 
these index-related costs by using their securities portfolio. That 
approach may, however, involve some operational burdens in that it 
would require a fund to be able to identify and exclude the fund's 
derivatives transactions, as defined in the rule, in order to calculate 
the VaR of the fund's securities and other investments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \880\ We understand that industry practices around licensing 
indexes for regulatory purposes vary widely, with some providers not 
charging any fees and others charging fees in excess of $10,000 per 
year.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Funds that do not already have systems to perform the VaR 
calculations in place will also incur the costs associated with setting 
up these systems or updating existing systems.\881\ Both the data costs 
and the systems costs will likely be larger for funds that use multiple 
types of derivatives, use derivatives more extensively, or otherwise 
have more complicated derivatives portfolios, compared to funds with 
less complicated derivatives portfolios.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \881\ In advance of the proposal, one commenter indicated that 
implementing a UCITS VaR test will be only slightly burdensome for 
45% of respondents to a survey of ICI member firms and would be 
moderately burdensome for an additional 34% of respondents. The 
commenter also indicated that respondents commonly reported that the 
burden will increase, in some cases very substantially, if a VaR 
test has different parameters or is more prescriptive than UCITS 
VaR. See 2019 ICI Comment Letter. As the requirements of the VaR 
test in the final rule are generally consistent with existing market 
practice, including that of UCITs funds, the results of this survey 
therefore support our view that many funds will likely experience 
efficiencies in implementing the VaR test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Larger funds or funds that are part of a large fund complex may 
incur higher costs in absolute terms but find it less costly, per 
dollar managed, to perform VaR tests relative to a smaller fund or a 
fund that is part of a smaller fund complex. For example, larger funds 
may have to allocate a smaller portion of existing resources for the 
VaR test and fund complexes may realize economies of scale in 
implementing systems to compute VaR. In particular, the costs 
associated with implementing or updating systems to calculate VaR will 
likely only be incurred once at the level of a fund complex, as such 
systems can be used to perform VaR tests for all funds in the complex 
that are subject to the VaR test requirement. Similarly, larger fund 
complexes may incur lower costs associated with purchasing data on a 
per-fund basis, to the extent that the VaR calculations for multiple 
funds in the complex partially or completely require the same data. For 
these reasons, smaller funds or funds that are not part of a large fund 
complex may be particularly likely to find it more economical to rely 
on a third-party vendor to calculate VaR compared to incurring the 
associated systems and data costs directly.
    Under the final rule, a fund that holds derivatives that is not a 
limited derivatives user will generally be subject to the VaR-based 
limit on fund leverage risk.\882\ Based on an analysis of Form N-PORT 
filings and financial statements filed with the Commission by BDCs, we 
estimate that about 21% of funds, or 2,696 funds total, will be 
required to implement VaR tests. We estimate that the incremental 
annual cost associated with the VaR test will range from $5,000 to 
$100,000 per fund, depending on the particular facts and circumstances, 
including whether the fund currently computes VaR; whether the fund is 
implementing the relative or absolute VaR test; and whether a fund that 
is part of a larger complex may be able to realize economies of scale 
or compliance efficiencies with UCITS requirements.\883\ Funds that 
currently already compute VaR, and especially funds that are managed by 
an adviser (or are managed by an affiliate of an adviser) that manages 
UCITS funds, will be particularly likely to experience costs at the 
very low end of this range.\884\ Assuming that the midpoint of this 
range reflects the cost to the average fund subject to the VaR 
requirement, we

[[Page 83242]]

estimate a total additional annual industry cost of $141,540,000.\885\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \882\ The final rule will permit leveraged/inverse funds in 
operation today that seek investment results in excess of the 200% 
leverage risk limit, and that cannot comply with the relative VaR 
test, to continue operating at their current leverage levels, 
provided they meet certain requirements. See supra section II.F.5.
    \883\ One commenter criticized our estimates for the incremental 
annual cost associated with the VaR test, and pointed out that our 
estimates are lower than the estimated range of $60,000 to $180,000 
per fund that the Commission provided in the 2015 Proposing Release. 
See ProShares Comment Letter. The commenter did not, however, 
provide data to inform more precise cost estimates. Conversely, 
other commenters said that many advisers that use derivatives 
already use risk management platforms that include VaR tools, 
indicating that many funds may experience lower marginal costs than 
we estimated in 2015. See supra footnotes 729-732 and accompanying 
text. We are therefore not revising the cost estimates we provided 
in the Proposing Release.
    \884\ We estimate that there are 190 registered investment 
advisers that are registered with a EU financial regulatory 
authority and that are reported as the investment adviser, or sub-
adviser, for a registered fund. See supra footnote 816.
    \885\ This estimate is based on the following calculation: 2,696 
funds x 0.5 x ($5,000 + $100,000) = $141,540,000. Some funds may 
find it more cost effective to restrict their use of derivatives in 
order to be able to rely on the final rule's exception for limited 
derivatives users compared to complying with the VaR-based limit on 
fund leverage risk. See supra section II.E; infra section III.C.3. 
As in the proposal, we do not have data that would allow us to 
quantify the costs and benefits that define the tradeoff for any 
particular fund of changing its use of derivatives in order to 
qualify for the limited derivatives user exception, and commenters 
did not provide any such data. Thus, we are still unable to quantify 
how many funds would make this choice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, a fund that currently operates in a manner that could 
result in the fund's portfolio VaR being just under the final rule's 
limit on fund leverage risk may need to alter its portfolio during 
periods of increased market volatility in order to avoid falling out of 
compliance with this limit. We expect such a scenario to be more likely 
for a fund that will rely on the absolute VaR test, because the 
relative VaR test will allow a fund to operate with a higher portfolio 
VaR when the VaR of its designated reference portfolio increases.
    A fund that determines to eliminate some of its leverage risk 
associated with derivatives in order to comply with the VaR-based limit 
on leverage risk might do so through unwinding or hedging its 
derivatives transactions or through some other means. These portfolio 
adjustments may be costly, particularly in conditions of market stress 
and reduced liquidity, such as the recent experience during COVID-19. 
The final rule will, however, give a fund the flexibility to mitigate 
these potential costs by not requiring the fund to exit positions or 
change its portfolio if it is out of compliance with its VaR test. If a 
fund determines that it is not in compliance with the applicable VaR 
test, the final rule provides that a fund must come back into 
compliance promptly after such determination, in a manner that is in 
the best interests of the fund and its shareholders.\886\ If the fund 
is not in compliance within five business days, the rule requires the 
derivatives risk manager to report to the fund's board of directors 
certain specified information about the fund coming back into 
compliance, as well as requiring him or her to analyze the 
circumstances that caused the fund to be out of compliance and update 
as appropriate program elements to address those circumstances. If the 
fund remains out of compliance with the applicable VaR test for thirty 
calendar days since the exceedance, the derivatives risk manager's 
written report must update the initial report to the board explaining 
how and by when he or she reasonably expects the fund will come back 
into compliance, and the derivatives risk manager must update the board 
of directors on the fund's progress in coming back into compliance at 
regularly scheduled intervals at a frequency determined by the 
board.\887\ These provisions of the final rule collectively provide 
some flexibility for a fund that is out of compliance with the VaR test 
to make any portfolio adjustments. The final rule expressly requires a 
fund's prompt coming back into compliance with its applicable VaR test 
to be in a manner that is in the best interests of the fund and its 
shareholders. This provision recognizes the investor protection 
concerns arising from the harm and costs to funds and their 
shareholders if funds were forced to exit derivatives transactions 
immediately or at the end of the five-day period. Under this more 
flexible approach, funds will have the ability to avoid some of the 
costs that otherwise could result from a fund being forced to exit its 
derivatives transactions within a short timeframe.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \886\ See rule 18f-4(c)(2)(ii).
    \887\ See rule 18f-4(c)(2)(iii); see also supra section II.G.2 
(discussing the requirement to submit a confidential report to the 
Commission if the fund is out of compliance with the applicable VaR 
test for five business days).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Limited Derivatives Users
    Rule 18f-4 includes an exception from the VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk and program requirements for limited derivatives 
users.\888\ The exception will be available for a fund that limits its 
derivatives exposure to 10% of its net assets, excluding for this 
purpose derivative transactions that are used to hedge certain currency 
and/or interest rate risks. The final rule also provides certain 
adjustments for interest rate derivatives and options, in computing 
derivatives exposure, and permits funds to exclude positions closed out 
with the same counterparty. A fund relying on the exception is required 
to adopt and implement policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
manage the fund's derivatives risks.\889\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \888\ See supra section II.E for a discussion of the comments we 
received on the proposed limited derivatives user exception and for 
a discussion of the final rule's exclusions of certain hedging 
transactions and offsetting of closed-out derivatives positions.
    \889\ See supra section II.E.4 for a discussion of the final 
rule's two alternative paths for remediation if a fund's derivatives 
exposure exceeds the 10% derivatives exposure threshold for five 
business days.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We expect that the risks and potential impact of these funds' 
derivatives use may not be as significant, compared to those of funds 
that do not qualify for the exception.\890\ Therefore, we believe that 
a principles-based policies and procedures requirement would 
appropriately address these risks. We believe that investors in funds 
that use derivatives in a limited manner will benefit from the 
requirement, which we anticipate will reduce, but not eliminate, the 
frequency and severity of derivatives-related losses for such funds. In 
addition, to the extent that the final rule's framework is more 
comprehensive than funds' current practices, the requirement may result 
in more effective risk management across funds and increased fund 
industry stability.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \890\ See supra footnote 488 and accompanying and immediately-
following text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that the one-time costs would range from $15,000 to 
$100,000 per fund, depending on the particular facts and circumstances, 
including whether a fund is part of a larger fund complex; the extent 
to which the fund uses derivatives within the parameters of the limited 
derivatives user exception, including whether the fund uses more 
complex derivatives; and the fund's current derivatives risk management 
practices.\891\ These estimated costs are attributable to the following 
activities: (1) Assessing whether a fund is a limited derivatives user, 
which may include determining whether a fund's derivatives positions 
are used to hedge certain currency and/or interest rate risks or are 
closed out with the same counterparty; (2) analyzing the fund's current 
practices relative to the final rule's requirements; (3) developing 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage a fund's 
derivatives risks; (4) integrating and implementing the policies and 
procedures; and (5) preparing training materials and administering 
training sessions for staff in affected areas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \891\ We believe that the low end of this range is reflective of 
a fund that already has policies and procedures in place that could 
be readily adapted to meet the final rule's requirements. Such a 
fund would nevertheless incur costs associated with analyzing its 
current practices relative to the final rule's requirements and 
determining whether it could qualify as a limited derivatives user. 
We increased our estimate of the low end of this range compared to 
the proposal to account for this cost as well as to account for the 
potential that funds may implement additional policies and 
procedures related to the changes we have incorporated into the 
final rule to address exceedances of the 10% derivatives exposure 
threshold. This increased estimate also takes into account our 
assumption that a number of funds that qualify as limited 
derivatives users may wish to employ outside legal services in 
connection with adopting and implementing policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to manage their derivatives risks. See infra 
section IV.B.6.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83243]]

    We estimate that the ongoing annual costs that a fund that is a 
limited derivatives user will incur range from 65% to 75% of the one-
time costs associated with these requirements. Thus, we estimate that a 
fund will incur ongoing annual costs that range from $9,750 to 
$75,000.\892\ These estimated costs are attributable to the following 
activities: (1) Assessing, monitoring, and managing the risks 
associated with the fund's derivatives transactions; (2) periodically 
reviewing and updating a fund's policies and procedures; (3) additional 
staff training; and (4) preparing a written report to the fund's board 
if a fund exceeds the 10% derivatives exposure threshold and does not 
reduce its exposure within five business days.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \892\ This estimate is based on the following calculations: 0.65 
x $15,000 = $9,750; 0.75 x $100,000 = $75,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on an analysis of Form N-PORT filings, as well as financial 
statements filed with the Commission by BDCs, we estimate that about 
19% of funds, or 2,437 funds total, will qualify as limited derivatives 
users.
    Because many funds belong to a fund complex and are likely to 
experience economies of scale, we expect that the lower end of the 
estimated range of costs ($15,000 in one-time costs; $9,750 in annual 
costs) better reflects the total costs likely to be incurred by many 
funds. In addition, commenters suggested that many funds already have 
policies and procedures in place to manage certain risks associated 
with their derivatives transactions.\893\ We believe that these 
policies and procedures could be readily adapted to meet the final 
rule's requirements without significant additional cost. However, we do 
not have data to determine how many funds already have such policies 
and procedures in place that will substantially satisfy the final 
rule's requirements, and commenters did not provide any such data. All 
funds that seek to qualify as limited derivatives users also will need 
to evaluate both the final rule and their current policies and 
procedures to identify any needed modifications. We therefore assume 
that all funds that seek to qualify as limited derivatives users will 
incur a cost associated with this requirement. Based on these 
assumptions, we estimate the total industry cost in the first year of 
$60,315,750, but we believe that this estimate is likely over-inclusive 
for the reasons stated above.\894\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \893\ See Fidelity Comment Letter; IAA Comment Letter.
    \894\ This estimate is based on the following calculation: 2,437 
funds x ($15,000 + $9,750) = $60,315,750. This cost estimate assumes 
that none of the funds that currently do not hold any derivatives 
will choose to establish and implement policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to manage the fund's derivatives risks in 
anticipation of a future limited use of derivatives. Notwithstanding 
this assumption, we acknowledge some funds that currently do not use 
derivatives may still choose to establish and implement such 
policies and procedures prophylactically in order to preserve the 
flexibility to engage in a limited use of derivatives on short 
notice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some funds may change how they use derivatives in order to qualify 
for the limited derivatives user exception and thereby avoid the 
potentially increased compliance cost associated with the final rule's 
VaR and program requirements. For example, a fund with derivatives 
exposure just below 10% of its net assets may forego taking on 
additional derivatives positions, while a fund with derivatives 
exposure just above 10% of its net assets might close out some existing 
derivatives positions. As a result, the final rule's exception for 
limited derivatives users may reduce the extent to which some funds use 
derivatives.\895\
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    \895\ As we do not have data that allow us to quantify the costs 
and benefits that define the tradeoff for any particular fund of 
changing its use of derivatives in order to qualify for the limited 
derivatives user exception, and commenters did not provide any such 
data, we are unable to estimate how many funds will make this 
choice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Reverse Repurchase Agreements and Similar Financing Transactions
    Reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions 
represent secured loans, which can be used to introduce leverage into a 
fund's portfolio just like other forms of borrowings, or derivatives. 
Accordingly, the final rule permits a fund to either choose to limit 
its reverse repurchase and other similar financing transaction activity 
to the applicable asset coverage limit of the Act for senior securities 
representing indebtedness, or a fund may instead treat them as 
derivative transactions. A fund's election will apply to all of its 
reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions so 
that all such transactions are subject to a consistent treatment under 
the final rule.\896\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \896\ Rule 18f-4(d)(1)(i) and (ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Today, funds rely on the asset segregation approach that Release 
10666 describes with respect to reverse repurchase agreements, which 
funds may view as separate from the limitations established on bank 
borrowings (and other senior securities that are evidence of 
indebtedness) by the asset coverage requirements of section 18.\897\ As 
a result, the degree to which funds can engage in reverse repurchase 
agreements under the final rule may differ from the baseline.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \897\ See supra section II.H.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fund that engages in both reverse repurchase agreements and bank 
borrowings (or similar transactions), in excess of the asset coverage 
requirements of section 18, may be affected by the rule's requirements. 
If such a fund chose to treat its reverse repurchase and other similar 
financing transaction activity under the applicable asset coverage 
limit of the Act for senior securities representing indebtedness, the 
fund would be required to reduce the size of its activity to satisfy 
this limit. Conversely, such a fund could choose to treat its reverse 
repurchase and other similar financing transaction activity as 
derivatives for all purposes of the final rule. Whether and how this 
election would affect a fund would depend on the amount of other 
derivatives and the degree to which the fund engages in reverse 
repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions. This election 
could cause a fund that otherwise did not engage in any derivatives 
transactions to be required to adopt and implement policies and 
procedures reasonably designed to manage the fund's derivatives risks 
in order to qualify as a limited derivatives user (assuming that the 
fund's use of reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing 
transactions was limited to 10% of its net assets).\898\ Similarly, a 
fund that otherwise could qualify as a limited derivatives user 
(because it otherwise engaged in only a limited amount of derivatives 
transactions) may no longer be able to rely on this exception to the 
final rule's VaR and program requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \898\ As discussed further below in this section, we did not 
identify any funds that used reverse repurchase agreements and bank 
borrowings in combined amounts that exceed the asset coverage 
requirement that also did not otherwise hold any derivatives. 
Nevertheless, this fact pattern could affect some funds in the 
future.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To the extent that funds today separately analyze their asset 
coverage requirements with respect to reverse repurchase agreements 
under Release 10666 and bank borrowings and similar senior securities 
under section 18, the treatment of reverse repurchase agreements under 
the final rule could have the effect of limiting the overall scale of 
these transactions. In addition, if a fund does not qualify as a 
limited derivatives user due to its other investment activity or its 
treatment of reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing 
transactions as derivatives, any portfolio leveraging effect of reverse 
repurchase agreements, similar financing transactions, and

[[Page 83244]]

borrowings will also be restricted indirectly through the VaR-based 
limit on fund leverage risk. As a result, a fund could be restricted 
through the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk from investing the 
proceeds of borrowings through reverse repurchase agreements to the 
full extent otherwise permitted by the asset coverage requirements in 
section 18 if the fund does not qualify as a limited derivatives user.
    DERA staff analyzed funds' use of reverse repurchase agreements and 
borrowings using Form N-PORT filings as well as financial statements 
filed with the Commission by BDCs. Based on the staff's analysis of 
Form N-PORT filings, we estimate that about 0.27% of funds, or 35 funds 
total, used these transactions in combined amounts that exceeded the 
asset coverage requirement.\899\ All of these funds also otherwise 
engaged in derivatives transactions, but only one of them would no 
longer qualify as a limited derivatives user if it elected to treat its 
reverse repurchase transactions as derivatives for all purposes of the 
final rule.\900\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \899\ In our review of form N-PORT filings, we observed that 
several of the funds that used reverse repurchase agreements and 
similar financing transactions (bank borrowings and similar 
securities) in combined amounts that exceeded 50% of net assets 
already exceeded the 50% limit for either repurchase agreements, 
similar financing transactions (bank borrowings and similar 
securities, or both, when considered separately. In our review of 
financial statements filed by the Commission by BDCs, we observed 
that no BDCs exceeded the asset coverage requirement.
    \900\ For purposes of our analysis in other parts of the 
economic analysis (specifically, sections III.C.1-III.C.3), we 
assumed that this fund would not qualify for the limited derivatives 
user exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Treatment of Existing Leveraged/Inverse Funds That Seek To Provide 
Leveraged or Inverse Market Exposure Exceeding 200% of the Return of 
the Relevant Index
    Rule 18f-4 permits existing leveraged/inverse funds that cannot 
satisfy the final rule's relative VaR test and that seek to provide 
leveraged or inverse market exposure exceeding 200% of the return or 
inverse return of the relevant index as of October 28, 2020 to continue 
operating, provided they meet certain requirements. This exception is 
limited to funds currently in operation, and would therefore not apply 
to any new funds.
    Because the final rule limits this provision to funds currently in 
operation, the number of funds with exposure above 200% may fall over 
time, to the extent that fund sponsors remove existing funds from the 
market. This may particularly affect funds that are less popular or 
become less popular with investors over time. For the same reason, the 
final rule may limit the growth (or lead to a decline) of assets 
managed by leveraged/inverse funds with a market exposure above these 
limits over time. At the same time, because leveraged/inverse funds 
that are already in operation today will be permitted to continue 
operating at their current exposure levels and because fund sponsors 
will likely be hesitant to remove funds relying on the exception from 
the market (because the exception applies only to funds currently in 
operation), the final rule is not likely to have a significant 
immediate effect on the number of these funds and the size of the 
assets they manage.
    Any reduction in the variety (including future variety) of 
leveraged/inverse funds with exposures exceeding 200% will affect 
investors. While investors generally benefit from increased investment 
opportunities, the effects on any particular investor also depend on 
how well an investor is able to evaluate the characteristics and risks 
of leveraged/inverse funds, particularly those with exposures exceeding 
200%. On the one hand, there is a body of academic literature that 
provides empirical evidence that some retail investors may not fully 
understand the risks inherent in their investment decisions and not 
fully understand the effects of compounding.\901\ In addition, the 
Commission received some comments on the proposal suggesting that 
retail investors do not understand the unique risks of leveraged/
inverse funds.\902\ On the other hand, we also received a large number 
of comments from individual investors asserting they understand the 
risks involved in these funds.\903\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \901\ See, e.g., Annamaria Lusardi & Olivia S. Mitchell, The 
Economic Importance of Financial Literacy: Theory and Evidence, 52 
J. Econ. Literature 5 (2014), available at https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.52.1.5, which reviews a body of recent 
survey-based work indicating that many retail investors have limited 
financial literacy. As the Commission pointed out in the Proposing 
Release, this literature studies investor inattention to financial 
products generally and does not specifically examine retail 
investors' understanding of leveraged/inverse funds. Two commenters 
stated that the arguments provided in the Proposing Release do not 
represent evidence that investors misunderstand the risks of 
leveraged/inverse funds. See Comment Letter of Chester Spatt, Ph.D. 
(Mar. 31, 2020); Flannery Comment Letter. One of those commenters 
specifically raised the limitations of this literature. See Flannery 
Comment Letter. We continue to believe that this literature may be 
informative of investors' understanding of leveraged/inverse funds, 
as it includes an examination of investors' understanding of 
interest compounding, which may directly apply in the context of the 
(generally) daily compounding feature of leveraged/inverse funds.
    \902\ See supra footnote 572 and accompanying text.
    \903\ See supra footnote 571 and accompanying text. See also 
Flannery Comment Letter, supra footnote 901 (finding a negative 
historical relationship between the returns of some leveraged/
inverse funds and subsequent changes in outstanding shares and 
arguing that this relationship is consistent with some investors 
using leveraged/inverse funds for short-term trading strategies).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule's treatment of leveraged/inverse funds with 
exposures above 200% could benefit some investors, to the extent that 
the rule has the effect of reducing the number of investors in these 
funds who are not capable of evaluating the risks they pose. These 
benefits would be limited, however, to the extent that they overlap 
with the effects of current requirements that apply to investment 
advisers or broker-dealers, including the best interest standard of 
conduct for broker-dealers under Regulation Best Interest and the 
fiduciary obligations of investment advisers.\904\ Conversely, the 
final rule may impose a cost on those investors who are capable of 
evaluating the risks these funds pose, by limiting the investment 
opportunities available to those investors.\905\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \904\ See supra section II.F.2.
    \905\ See, e.g., Flannery Comment Letter, supra footnote 901 
(stating that an investor may rationally hold a leveraged/inverse 
fund for multi-day holding periods and that leveraged/inverse funds 
provide a cost-efficient means of achieving investors' objectives).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule also includes a requirement that a fund that seeks 
to provide leveraged or inverse market exposure exceeding 200% of the 
return or inverse return of the relevant index disclose in its 
prospectus that it is not subject to the final rule's limit on fund 
leverage risk. We believe that this requirement may benefit investors 
and the market, by providing transparency regarding which funds are 
exempt from rule 18f-4's limit on fund leverage fund risk.
    As discussed below in section IV.B.4, rule 18f-4 requires an over-
200% leveraged/inverse fund currently in operation to disclose in its 
prospectus that it is not subject to the VaR-based limits on fund 
leverage risks. We estimate that the total industry cost associated 
with this disclosure requirement in the first year will be 
$71,400.\906\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \906\ The burdens associated with this estimate are all 
paperwork-related burdens, and thus they are also estimated in the 
Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis section of this release. See infra 
section IV.B.4. The estimate is based on the following calculations: 
First, we calculate the one-time cost to an over-200% leveraged/
inverse fund for the disclosure, to be 1.5 hours x $312 (compliance 
manager) + 1.5 hours x $368 (compliance attorney) = $468 + $552 = 
$1,020 per year. The total industry cost to over-200% leveraged/
inverse funds, in the first year, is (70 over-200% leveraged/inverse 
funds) x $1,020 = $71,400.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83245]]

6. Amendments to Rule 6c-11 Under the Investment Company Act and 
Rescission of Exemptive Relief for Leveraged/Inverse ETFs
    Existing leveraged/inverse ETFs rely on exemptive relief, which the 
Commission has not granted to a leveraged/inverse ETF sponsor since 
2009. We are amending the provision in rule 6c-11 that excludes 
leveraged/inverse ETFs from its scope to allow a leveraged/inverse ETF 
to operate under rule 6c-11 if the fund complies with the applicable 
requirements of rule 18f-4. As a result, fund sponsors will be 
permitted to operate a leveraged/inverse ETF subject to the conditions 
in rules 6c-11 and 18f-4 without obtaining an exemptive order.
    The amendments to rule 6c-11 will benefit any fund sponsors seeking 
to launch leveraged/inverse ETFs whose target multiple is equal to or 
less than 200% of its reference index that did not obtain the required 
exemptive relief due to the Commission's moratorium on granting such 
relief. A fund sponsor planning to seek exemptive relief from the 
Commission to form and operate a leveraged/inverse ETF that could 
operate under rules 6c-11 and 18f-4 will also no longer incur the cost 
associated with applying for an exemptive order.\907\ To the extent 
that the amendments result in new leveraged/inverse ETFs with exposures 
not exceeding 200% coming to market, the industry-wide assets under 
management of such leveraged/inverse ETFs could increase and investors 
who are able to evaluate the risks they pose could benefit from an 
increase in investment choices. Conversely, the amendment may also have 
the effect of increasing the number of investors in these funds who may 
not be capable of evaluating the risks they pose.\908\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \907\ In the ETFs Adopting Release, we estimated that the direct 
cost of a typical fund's application for ETF relief (associated 
with, for example, legal fees) is approximately $100,000. As 
exemptive applications for leveraged/inverse ETFs are significantly 
more complex than those of the average fund, we estimate that the 
direct costs of an application for leveraged/inverse ETF relief 
amounts to approximately $250,000. See ETFs Adopting Release, supra 
footnote 76, at nn.537-539 and accompanying text.
    \908\ See supra section III.C.5 for a discussion of investors' 
understanding of leveraged/inverse funds and the comments we 
received on this topic in the context of leveraged/inverse funds 
with exposures exceeding 200%, for which the effects of these fund's 
unique characteristics are more pronounced due to the higher levels 
of exposure they seek to provide.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because our amendments to rule 6c-11 will permit leveraged/inverse 
ETFs to rely on that rule, we also are rescinding the exemptive orders 
the Commission has previously granted to sponsors of leveraged/inverse 
ETFs. As a result, existing and future leveraged/inverse ETFs will 
operate under a consistent regulatory framework with respect to the 
relief necessary to operate as an ETF. We believe that the costs to 
leveraged/inverse ETFs of complying with the conditions of rule 6c-11 
instead of those contained in their exemptive orders will be minimal 
(other than the costs of complying with rule 18f-4, which we discuss 
separately), as we anticipate that all existing leveraged/inverse ETFs 
will be able to continue operating as they do currently, while also 
being required to comply with rule 6c-11's requirements for additional 
website disclosures and basket asset policies and procedures.\909\ 
While we do anticipate that these funds will incur costs from having to 
comply with the applicable provisions of rule 18f-4, as referenced in 
the amendments to rule 6c-11, we estimate these costs in the 
subsections of this section III.C that discuss the costs and benefits 
of rule 18f-4. Sponsors of leveraged/inverse ETFs with existing 
exemptive orders describing exposures exceeding 200% will no longer be 
able to launch additional leveraged/inverse ETFs with exposures 
exceeding this limit. The economic effects of this restriction are 
discussed above.\910\ Additional economic considerations that the 
treatment of leveraged/inverse ETFs presents with regards to efficiency 
and competition are discussed below in section III.D.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \909\ In this section as well as in section III.D below, we have 
accounted for the costs and benefits to leveraged/inverse ETFs as a 
result of the removal of the current exclusion of these funds from 
rule 6c-11. We believe that the additional considerations the 
Commission analyzed in the ETFs Adopting Release for ETFs other than 
leveraged/inverse ETFs that were included in the scope of rule 6c-11 
at adoption apply substantially similarly to leveraged/inverse ETFs. 
See ETFs Adopting Release, supra footnote 76.
    \910\ See infra section III.C.5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. Unfunded Commitment Agreements
    Rule 18f-4 will permit a fund to enter into unfunded commitment 
agreements to make certain loans or investments if it reasonably 
believes, at the time it enters into such an agreement, that it will 
have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations with 
respect to its unfunded commitment agreements, in each case as they 
come due.\911\ While a fund should consider its unique facts and 
circumstances, the final rule will prescribe certain specific factors 
that a fund must take into account in having such a reasonable belief.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \911\ See supra section II.I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We continue to believe that the final rule's requirements are 
consistent with current industry practice.\912\ As a result, we do not 
believe that the rule's treatment of unfunded commitment agreements 
represents a change from the baseline, although we acknowledge that 
there may be some variation in the specific factors that funds consider 
today, as well as the potential for some variation between those 
factors and those prescribed in the final rule. Because we believe that 
the final rule's approach is consistent with general industry 
practices, we believe this requirement will not lead to significant 
economic effects.\913\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \912\ See supra footnote 763 and accompanying text.
    \913\ See supra footnote 763 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. Recordkeeping
    Rule 18f-4 includes certain recordkeeping requirements.\914\ 
Specifically, the final rule will require a fund to maintain certain 
records documenting its derivatives risk management program's written 
policies and procedures, along with its portfolio's stress test 
results, VaR backtesting results, any internal reporting or escalation 
of material risks under the program, and periodic reviews of the 
program.\915\ It will also require a fund to maintain records of any 
materials provided to the fund's board of directors in connection with 
approving the designation of the derivatives risk manager and any 
written reports relating to the derivatives risk management 
program.\916\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \914\ See supra section II.J.
    \915\ Rule 18f-4(c)(i)(A).
    \916\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(i)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fund that will be required to comply with the VaR-based limit on 
fund leverage risk will also have to maintain records documenting the 
determination of: Its portfolio's VaR; the VaR of its designated 
reference portfolio, as applicable; its VaR ratio (the value of the VaR 
of the Fund's portfolio divided by the VaR of the designated reference 
portfolio), as applicable; and any updates to any of its VaR 
calculation models and the basis for any material changes to its VaR 
models.\917\ The rule also will require a fund to keep records of any 
written reports provided to the board that the rule requires regarding 
the fund's non-compliance with the applicable VaR

[[Page 83246]]

test.\918\A fund that will be a limited derivatives user under the 
final rule will have to maintain a written record of its policies and 
procedures that are reasonably designed to manage derivatives risks, as 
well any written reports to the fund's board regarding the fund's 
exceeding the exception's 10% derivatives exposure threshold.\919\ In 
light of the final rule providing two separate treatment options for a 
fund that enters into a reverse repurchase agreement or similar 
financing transactions, a fund must also maintain a written record 
documenting whether the fund is treating these transactions, as set 
forth in the rule, under (1) an asset coverage requirements approach or 
(2) a derivatives transactions treatment approach.\920\ Finally, a fund 
engaging in unfunded commitment agreements will be required to maintain 
records documenting the basis for its reasonable belief regarding the 
sufficiency of its cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations 
with respect to each unfunded commitment agreement, with such a record 
made each time it enters such an agreement.\921\ Rule 18f-4 will 
require funds to maintain required records for a period of five years 
(the first two years in an easily accessible place).\922\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \917\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(i)(C).
    \918\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(i)(B).
    \919\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(i)(D).
    \920\ Rule 18f-4(d)(2).
    \921\ See rule 18f-4(e)(2).
    \922\ See rule 18f-4(c)(6)(ii); rule 18f-4(d)(2); rule 18f-
4(e)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that these requirements will increase the effectiveness 
of the Commission's oversight of the fund industry, which will, in 
turn, benefit investors. Further, the requirement to keep records 
documenting the derivatives risk management program, including records 
documenting periodic review of the program and written reports provided 
to the board of directors relating to the program, will help our staff 
evaluate a fund's compliance with the derivatives risk management 
program requirements. We anticipate that these recordkeeping 
requirements will generally not impose a large additional burden on 
funds, as most funds would likely choose to keep such records, even 
absent the requirement to do so, in order to support their ongoing 
administration of the derivatives risk management program and their 
compliance with the associated requirements.
    As discussed below in section IV.B.7, our estimated average one-
time and ongoing annual costs associated with the recordkeeping 
requirements take into account the fact that some funds, such as those 
that can rely on the final rule's limited derivatives user exception, 
may incur less extensive recordkeeping costs relative to other funds 
that use derivatives, or the other transactions that rule 18f-4 
addresses, more substantially. We estimate that the total industry cost 
for the final rule's recordkeeping requirement in the first year will 
equal $53,012,728.\923\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \923\ The burdens associated with this estimate are all 
paperwork-related burdens, and thus they are also estimated in the 
Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis section of this release. See infra 
section IV.B.7.The total industry cost estimate is then based on the 
following calculations: First, 9 hours x $63 (general clerk) = $567, 
9 hours x $96 (senior computer operator) = $864, and 9 hours x $368 
(compliance attorney) = $3,312, for a total of $567 + $864 + $3,312 
+ ($1,800 for initial external cost burden) = $6,543, which is the 
one-time cost per non-limited derivatives user fund for establishing 
recordkeeping policies and procedures for derivatives risk 
management program and VaR requirements; Second, 16 hours x $63 
(general clerk) = $1,008, 16 hours x $96 (senior computer operator) 
= $1,536, and 16 hours x $368 (compliance attorney) = $5,888, for a 
total of $1,008 + $1,536 + $5,888 = $8,432, which is the annual 
ongoing recordkeeping cost per non-limited derivatives user fund for 
derivatives risk management program and VaR requirements; Third, 1.5 
hours x $63 (general clerk) = $95, 1.5 hours x $96 (senior computer 
operator) = $144, and 1.5 hours x $368 (compliance attorney) = $552, 
for a total of $95 + $144 + $552 + ($1,800 for initial external cost 
burden) = $2,591, which is the one-time cost per limited derivatives 
user fund for establishing recordkeeping policies and procedures; 
Fourth, 2 hours x $63 (general clerk) = $126, 2 hours x $96 (senior 
computer operator) = $192, and 2 hours x $368 (compliance attorney) 
= $736, for a total of $126 + $192 + $736 = $1,054, which is the 
annual ongoing recordkeeping cost per limited derivatives user fund 
or a fund engaging in unfunded commitment agreements; Fifth, 1.5 
hours x $63 (general clerk) = $95, 1.5 hours x $96 (senior computer 
operator) = $144, and 1.5 hours x $368 (compliance attorney) = $552, 
for a total of $95 + $144 + $552 = $791, which is the one-time cost 
per fund engaging in unfunded commitment agreements or reverse 
repurchase agreements for establishing recordkeeping policies and 
procedures; Lastly, 1 hour x $63 (general clerk) = $63, 1 hour x $96 
(senior computer operator) = $96, and 1 hour x $368 (compliance 
attorney) = $368, for a total of $63 + $96 + $368 = $527, which is 
the annual ongoing recordkeeping cost per fund engaging in reverse 
repurchase agreements; Total industry costs associated with 
recordkeeping requirements are estimated as: (2,766 funds which 
cannot rely on the limited derivatives user exception) x ($6,543 + 
$8,432) = $41,420,850; (2,437 funds which can rely on the limited 
derivatives user exception) x ($2,591 + $1,054) = $8,882,865; (1,339 
funds engaging in unfunded commitment agreements) x ($791 + $1,054) 
= $2,470,455; (181 funds engaging in reverse repurchase agreements) 
x ($791 + $527) = $238,558 for a total of $53,012,728.
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9. Amendments To Fund Reporting Requirements
a. Form N-PORT and Form N-CEN
    We are amending Form N-PORT to include a new reporting item on 
limited derivatives users' derivatives exposure, which will be non-
public because we are collecting this information for regulatory 
purposes.\924\ This new item requires a limited derivatives user to 
report: (1) The fund's derivatives exposure; and (2) the fund's 
derivatives exposure attributable to currency or interest rate 
derivatives entered into and maintained by the fund for hedging 
purposes. Furthermore, if a fund relying on that exception has 
derivatives exposure exceeding 10% of the fund's net assets, and this 
exceedance persists beyond the five-business-day period that the final 
rule provides for remediation, the fund will have to report the number 
of business days beyond the five-business-day remediation period that 
its derivatives exposure exceeded 10% of net assets.\925\ In addition, 
we are adopting a new Form N-PORT reporting item related to the VaR 
tests we are adopting, in which funds that are subject to the final 
rule's VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk will have to report 
certain information related to their VaR.\926\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \924\ See supra section II.G.1.a.
    \925\ Id.
    \926\ Specifically, this information will include the fund's 
median daily VaR for the reporting period. Funds subject to the 
relative VaR test during the reporting period also will have to 
report: (1) The name of the fund's designated index or a statement 
that the fund used its securities portfolio as its designated 
reference portfolio; (2) the index identifier; and (3) the fund's 
median daily VaR Ratio for the reporting period. Finally, all funds 
that are subject to the limit on fund leverage risk also will have 
to report the number of exceptions that the fund identified as a 
result of the backtesting of its VaR calculation model. Information 
about a fund's designated index will be made publicly available, but 
not a fund's median daily VaR, median daily VaR ratio, and 
backtesting information. See supra section II.G.1.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also are amending Form N-CEN to require a fund relying on the 
final rule to identify that it is relying on the rule in the first 
instance, as well as: (1) Whether it is a limited derivatives user 
excepted from the rule's program requirement and VaR tests; (2) whether 
it is a leveraged/inverse fund as defined in the rule; (3) whether it 
has entered into reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing 
transactions, either under the provision of rule 18f-4 that requires a 
fund to comply with the asset coverage requirements of section 18 or 
under the provision that requires a fund to treat such transactions as 
derivative transactions under the final rule; (4) whether it has 
entered into unfunded commitment agreements under rule 18f-4; and (5) 
whether it is relying on the provision of rule 18f-4 that addresses 
investment in when-issued and forward-settling securities. All new 
information reported in Form N-CEN pursuant to this rulemaking will be 
made publicly available. These additional reporting requirements will 
not apply to BDCs,

[[Page 83247]]

which do not file reports on Form N-CEN or Form N-PORT.\927\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \927\ See supra footnote 625.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To the extent that the information that we will require funds to 
report on Forms N-PORT and N-CEN is not currently available, the 
requirements that funds make such information available periodically on 
these forms will improve the ability of the Commission to oversee 
reporting funds. It also will allow the Commission and its staff to 
oversee and monitor reporting funds' compliance with the final rule and 
help identify trends in reporting funds' use of derivatives. The 
expanded reporting also will increase the ability of the Commission 
staff to identify trends in investment strategies and fund products in 
reporting funds as well as industry outliers.\928\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \928\ The structuring of the information in Form N-PORT will 
improve the ability of Commission staff to compile and aggregate 
information across all reporting funds, and to analyze individual 
funds or a group of funds, and will increase the overall efficiency 
of staff in analyzing the information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Investors, third-party information providers, and other potential 
users may also experience benefits from the amendments to Forms N-PORT 
(that relate to information that will be publicly available) and N-CEN, 
as they will require the disclosure of additional information that is 
not currently available elsewhere and that may allow the users of this 
data to better differentiate funds.
    As discussed below in section IV.D, our estimated average one-time 
and ongoing annual costs associated with the amendments to Forms N-PORT 
take into account the fact that only certain funds--those that rely on 
the limited derivatives user exception, and those that are subject to 
the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk in final rule 18f-4--will 
incur these costs. We estimate that the total industry cost for these 
new Form N-PORT reporting requirements in the first year will equal 
$18,033,889.\929\ We also estimate that the total industry cost for all 
registered funds associated with these new Form N-CEN reporting 
requirements in the first year will equal $775,570.\930\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \929\ The burdens associated with this estimate are all 
paperwork-related burdens, and thus they are also estimated in the 
Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis section of this release. See infra 
section IV.D. The total industry estimate is based on the following 
calculations: First, (2 hours x $368 (compliance attorney) + 2 hours 
x $334 (senior programmer) = $1,404), which is the average, one-time 
cost per limited derivatives user to comply with the new N-PORT 
requirements of derivatives exposure information in the first 
reporting quarter of the fiscal year; Second, (3 hours x $368 
(compliance attorney) + 3 hours x $334 (senior programmer) = $2,106 
per year), which is the ongoing cost per limited derivatives user to 
comply with the new N-PORT requirements of derivatives exposure 
information in the final three reporting quarters of the fiscal 
year; Third, (2 hours x $368 (compliance attorney) + 2 hours x $334 
(senior programmer) = $1,404), which is the average, one-time cost 
per fund to comply with the new N-PORT requirements of VaR-related 
information in the first reporting quarter of the fiscal year; 
Fourth, (3 hours x $368 (compliance attorney) + 3 hours x $334 
(senior programmer) = $2,106 per year), which is the ongoing cost 
per fund to comply with the new N-PORT requirements of VaR-related 
information in the final three reporting quarters of the fiscal 
year; Lastly, (0.01 hours x $368 (compliance attorney) + 0.01 hours 
x $334 (senior programmer) = $7), which is the ongoing cost per 
limited derivatives that reports exceedances of 10% derivatives 
exposure threshold in the fiscal year. The total industry cost for 
these reporting requirements in the first year is: ((2,437 
registered funds that are limited derivatives users and required to 
provide information about their derivatives exposure and exceedances 
of the 10% threshold on N-PORT) x ($1,404 + $2,106 + $7) = 
$8,570,929) + (2,696 registered funds subject to the VaR-based limit 
on fund leverage risk in rule 18f-4 x ($1,404 + $2,106) = 
$9,462,960) = $18,033,889.
    \930\ The burdens associated with this estimate are all 
paperwork-related burdens, and thus they are also estimated in the 
Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis section of this release. See infra 
section IV.F. The estimate is based on the following calculations: 
First, we calculate the ongoing annual cost for a registered fund 
required to prepare amendments to Form N-CEN, which is 0.2 hours x 
$368 (compliance attorney) + 0.2 hours x $334 (senior programmer) = 
$73.6 + $66.8 = $140.4 per year; Lastly, the total industry cost for 
all registered funds associated with this reporting requirement in 
the first year is (5,524 registered funds required to prepare a 
report on Form N-CEN as amended) x $140.4 = $775,570.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Amendments to Current Reporting Requirements
    We are also adopting current reporting requirements for funds that 
will rely on rule 18f-4 and will be subject to the VaR-based limit on 
fund leverage risk. Specifically, if a fund is subject to the relative 
VaR test, and the VaR of its portfolio exceeds 200% or 250% (depending 
on whether the fund is a closed-end fund for which the higher threshold 
is applicable) of the VaR of its designated reference portfolio for 
five business days, the fund will be required to file a non-public 
report on Form N-RN.\931\ The report must include the following 
information: (1) The dates on which the fund's portfolio VaR exceeded 
200% or 250% of the VaR of the designated reference portfolio; (2) the 
fund portfolio's VaR for each of these days; (3) the VaR of the 
designated reference portfolio for each of these days; (4) the 
designated index or statement that the fund used its securities 
portfolio as its designated reference portfolio; and (5) the index 
identifier, if applicable. The fund also will have to file a report on 
Form N-RN when it is back in compliance with its applicable VaR 
test.\932\ Similarly, if a fund is subject to the absolute VaR test, 
and its absolute VaR exceeds 20% or 25% (as applicable) of the fund's 
net asset value for five business days, the fund will be required to 
file a comparable report on Form N-RN and a report when the fund is 
back in compliance.\933\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \931\ As proposed, we are requiring all funds that are subject 
to rule 18f-4's limit on fund leverage risk to file current reports 
on Form N-RN regarding VaR test breaches. See also supra footnote 
688.
    \932\ See supra footnote 682.
    \933\ See supra footnote 685.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We anticipate that the enhanced current reporting requirements 
could produce significant benefits. For example, when a fund is out of 
compliance with the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, this may 
indicate that a fund is experiencing heightened risks as a result of a 
fund's use of derivatives transactions. Such breaches also could 
indicate market events that are drivers of potential derivatives risks 
across the fund industry and therefore complement other sources of 
information related to such market events for the Commission. As a 
result, we believe that the final rule's current reporting requirement 
will increase the effectiveness of the Commission's oversight of the 
fund industry by providing the Commission with current information 
regarding potential increased risks and stress events, which in turn 
will benefit investors.\934\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \934\ See supra section II.G.2 for a discussion of the comments 
we received on the proposed current reporting requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed below in section IV.E, our estimated average cost 
burdens associated with the amendments to Form N-RN take into account 
that only certain funds--those that are out of compliance with the VaR-
based limit on fund leverage risk that Form N-RN describes--will be 
required to file reports on Form N-RN, as amended. We estimate that the 
total industry cost for this reporting requirement in the first year 
will be $77,652.\935\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \935\ The burdens associated with this estimate are all 
paperwork-related burdens, and thus they are also estimated in the 
Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis section of this release. See infra 
sections IV.E and V.D.2.b. This estimate is based on the assumption 
that 27 funds will have to file reports on Form N-RN per year and 
corresponds to a cost of $2,876 for each filing fund ($1,438 per 
filing, and a fund will have to file two reports per breach 
incident: One to report the breach, and one when the fund is back in 
compliance with the VaR test ($1,438 x 2 = $2,876)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We do not believe there will be any potential indirect costs 
associated with filing Form N-RN, such as spillover effects or the 
potential for investor flight due to a VaR test breach (to the extent 
that investors would leave a fund if they believed a fund's VaR test 
breaches indicate that a fund has a risk profile that is inconsistent 
with their investment goals and risk tolerance),

[[Page 83248]]

because Form N-RN filings will not be publicly disclosed.\936\ Because 
the Form N-RN filing requirements will be triggered by events that are 
part of a fund's requirement to determine compliance with the 
applicable VaR test at least daily, any monitoring costs associated 
with Form N-RN are included in our estimates of the compliance costs 
for rule 18f-4 above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \936\ See also supra footnote 697 and accompanying text 
(discussing that a fund may not engage in ``fire sales'' to avoid 
filing a report on Form N-RN.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. When-Issued and Forward-Settling Transactions
    The final rule includes a provision that will permit funds, as well 
as money market funds, to invest in securities on a when-issued or 
forward-settling basis, or with a non-standard settlement cycle, 
subject to conditions.\937\ This provision reflects our view that the 
potential for leveraging is limited in these transactions when they 
meet the conditions in this provision. We do not believe that this 
provision will result in a significant change in the extent to which 
funds and money market funds engage in these transactions. For example, 
money market funds will continue to be able to invest in when-issued 
U.S. Treasury securities under this provision notwithstanding that 
these investments trade on a forward basis involving a temporary delay 
between the transaction's trade date and settlement date. We therefore 
do not expect these amendments to result in significant costs to funds, 
as well as money market funds.\938\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \937\ See supra sections I.C. and II.A.
    \938\ Money market funds may be required to make certain 
disclosure changes to their prospectuses. The burdens associated 
with this estimate are all paperwork-related burdens, and thus they 
are also estimated in the Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis section 
of this release. See infra sections IV.B.5 and IV.B.7. We estimate 
that the total industry cost for disclosure changes for money market 
funds in the first year would equal $285,600. The estimate is based 
on the following calculations: First, we calculate the one-time cost 
for disclosure changes for money market funds, which is 3 hours x 
$312 (compliance manager) + 3 hours x $368 (compliance attorney) = 
$936 + $1,104 = $2,040 per year; The total industry cost for 
disclosure changes for money market funds, in the first year, is 
(420 registered money market funds) x $2,040 = $856,800.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Effects on Efficiency, Competition, and Capital Formation

    This section evaluates the impact of the final rules on efficiency, 
competition, and capital formation. We are unable to quantify these 
effects, however, because we lack the information necessary to provide 
a reasonable estimate. For example, we are unable to predict how the 
final rules will change investors' propensity to invest in funds and 
ultimately affect capital formation. Therefore, much of the discussion 
below is qualitative in nature, although where possible we attempt to 
describe the direction of the economic effects.
1. Efficiency
    Rule 18f-4 in conjunction with the rescission of Release 10666 may 
make derivatives use more efficient for certain funds, including for 
those funds that will qualify as limited derivatives users. 
Specifically, funds' current asset segregation practices may provide a 
disincentive to use derivatives for which notional amount segregation 
is the practice, even if such derivatives would otherwise provide a 
lower-cost method of achieving desired exposures than purchasing the 
underlying reference asset directly.\939\ For example, a fund seeking 
to sell credit default swaps to take a position in an issuer's credit 
risk may currently choose not to do so because of the large notional 
amounts that the fund would segregate for that specific derivatives 
position. The final rule therefore could increase efficiency by 
mitigating current incentives for funds to avoid use of certain 
derivatives (even if foregoing the use of those derivatives would 
entail cost and operational efficiencies).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \939\ See supra section III.B.3 (for a description of funds' 
current asset segregation practices).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the final rules may change the degree to which some 
funds choose to use derivatives generally or the degree to which funds 
use certain derivatives over others.\940\ Changes in the degree to 
which certain derivatives are used by funds could affect the liquidity 
and price efficiency of these derivatives. Although unaddressed in the 
academic literature, we expect an increase in the use of derivatives to 
correspond to an increase in derivatives market liquidity as more 
derivatives contracts may be easily bought or sold in markets in any 
given period, as well as an increase in price efficiency since 
information regarding underlying securities (and other factors that 
affect derivatives prices) may be better reflected in the prices of 
derivative contracts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \940\ Specifically, (1) as discussed in the previous paragraph, 
funds may transact in more notional-value based derivatives as a 
result of removing the incentive distortion of notional- vs. market-
value asset segregation under funds' current asset segregation 
practices; (2) new potential funds may reduce their use of 
derivatives transactions to satisfy the VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk (see supra section III.C.2); (3) existing funds may 
change their use of derivatives transactions to respond to risks 
identified after adopting and implementing their derivatives risk 
management programs (see supra section III.C.1); (4) both existing 
and new potential funds may increase their use of derivatives 
transactions as a result of the exemptive rule's bright-line limits 
on leverage risk (see supra section III.C.2); and (5) the use of 
derivatives transactions of leveraged/inverse funds with exposure 
exceeding 200% may decrease, to the extent that the final rule has 
the effect of limiting the growth (or leading to a decline) of 
assets managed by these funds over time as a result of limiting 
leveraged/funds with exposures above this limit to those currently 
in operation (see supra section III.C.5). Overall, the effect of the 
final rules on funds use of derivatives transactions is ambiguous 
and depends on the type of derivatives transaction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Changes in the degree to which certain derivatives are used could 
also affect the pricing efficiency and liquidity of securities 
underlying these derivatives and those of related securities. For 
example, one paper provides evidence that the introduction of credit 
default swap contracts decreases the liquidity and price efficiency of 
the equity security of the issuer referenced in the swap.\941\ 
Conversely, the paper also observes that the introduction of exchange-
traded stock option contracts improves the liquidity and price 
efficiency of the underlying stocks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \941\ This paper analyzed NYSE-listed firms and observed that, 
all else equal, equity markets become less liquid and equity prices 
become less efficient when single-name credit default swap contracts 
are introduced, while the opposite results hold when equity options 
are listed on exchanges. Ekkehart Boehmer, Sudheer Chava, & Heather 
E. Tookes, Related Securities and Equity Market Quality: The Case of 
CDS, 50 J. Fin. & Quantitative Analysis 509 (2015), available at 
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-financial-and-quantitative-analysis/article/related-securities-and-equity-market-quality-the-case-of-cds/08DE66A250F9950FA486AE818D5E0341. The latter 
result, that traded equity options are associated with more liquid 
and efficient equity prices, is consistent with several other 
academic papers. See, e.g., Charles Cao, Zhiwu Chen, & John M. 
Griffin, Informational Content of Option Volume Prior to Takeovers, 
78 J. Bus. 1073 (2005), as well as Jun Pan & Allen M. Poteshman, The 
Information in Option Volume for Future Stock Prices, 19 Rev. Fin. 
Stud. 871 (2006). The effects described in the literature are based 
on studies of the introduction of derivative securities and may 
therefore apply differently to changes in the trading volume of 
derivatives securities that may occur as a result of the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule's VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk will also 
establish a bright-line limit on the amount of leverage risk that a 
fund can take on using derivatives.\942\ As we stated in the Proposing 
Release, to the extent that funds are more comfortable with managing 
their derivatives exposures to a clear outside limit, this could 
improve the efficiency of funds' portfolio risk management 
practices.\943\ One commenter disagreed with this assessment, stating 
that a bright-line limit would not improve the efficiency of funds' 
portfolio risk management

[[Page 83249]]

practices.\944\ However, the commenter did not provide any data or 
evidence that contradicts the possibility that funds may find it more 
efficient to manage to clearly defined limits than the current 
approach. We therefore continue to believe that some funds may be able 
to manage portfolio risk more efficiently in the presence of a clear 
outside limit, as compared to the baseline, which provides less clear 
and uniform limitations on funds' derivatives use owing to its 
development on an instrument-by-instrument basis through a combination 
of Commission guidance in Release 10666, staff no-action letters, and 
other staff guidance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \942\ See supra section III.C.2.
    \943\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
III.D.1.
    \944\ See ProShares Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the recordkeeping elements of rule 18f-4 will 
facilitate efficient evaluation of compliance with the rule while also 
providing the Commission with information that may be useful in 
assessing market risks associated with derivatives products. Moreover, 
the amendments to fund's current reporting requirements could 
facilitate the Commission's oversight of funds subject to rule 18f-4 
with fewer resources.\945\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \945\ See supra section II.G.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The amendments to Forms N-PORT and N-CEN will allow investors, to 
the extent that they use the information, to better differentiate 
between funds based on their derivatives usage.\946\ As a result, 
investors will be able to more efficiently evaluate the effects of a 
fund's use of derivatives as part of its investment strategies, 
allowing them to make better-informed investment decisions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \946\ See supra section III.C.9.a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the final rules may affect market quality for some of 
the investments held by leveraged/inverse ETFs, to the extent that the 
rule changes the amount and composition of investments by leveraged/
inverse ETFs as a whole. Specifically, the academic literature to date 
provides some evidence, albeit inconclusive, that leveraged/inverse 
ETFs' rebalancing activity may have an impact on the price and 
volatility of the constituent assets that make up the ETFs. For 
example, one paper empirically tests whether the rebalancing activity 
of leveraged/inverse ETFs impacts the price and price volatility of 
underlying stocks.\947\ The authors find a positive association, 
suggesting that rebalancing demand may affect the price and price 
volatility of component stocks, and may reduce the degree to which 
prices reflect fundamental value of the component stocks. As leveraged/
inverse ETFs commonly use derivatives to rebalance their portfolios, 
similar effects could also extend to underlying derivatives, although 
we are not aware of any academic literature that has examined the 
effects of leveraged/inverse ETFs' rebalancing activity on derivatives 
markets. Conversely, another paper argues that the existing literature 
that studies the effect of leveraged/inverse ETFs' rebalancing activity 
on the constituent asset prices does not control for the effect of the 
creation and redemption transactions (i.e., fund flows) by authorized 
participants.\948\ The paper presents evidence that positively 
leveraged/inverse ETFs tend to have capital flows in the opposite 
direction of the underlying index, and inverse leveraged/inverse ETFs 
tend to have capital flows in the same direction as the underlying 
index, suggesting that investor behavior may attenuate the effect of 
leveraged/inverse ETFs' rebalancing activity on the prices of 
underlying securities and derivatives.\949\ We are unable to determine, 
however, which holdings of leveraged/inverse ETFs are likely to be 
positively affected and which may be negatively affected, as we lack 
the information necessary to predict the effect that the amendments to 
rule 6c-11 and the prohibition on launching new funds with exposures 
above 200% that cannot satisfy rule 18f-4's relative VaR test will have 
on the size and composition of leveraged/inverse ETFs' portfolios.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \947\ See Qing Bai, Shaun A. Bond & Brian Hatch, The Impact of 
Leveraged and Inverse ETFs on Underlying Real Estate Returns, 43 
Real Estate Econ. 37 (2015).
    \948\ See Ivan T. Ivanov & Stephen Lenkey, Are Concerns About 
Leveraged ETFs Overblown?, (FEDS, Working Paper No. 2014-106, 2014).
    \949\ The literature we are aware of focuses on leveraged/
inverse ETFs and does not study similar effects of leveraged/inverse 
mutual funds, although both types of funds generally engage in 
similar rebalancing activity. As a result, similar effects may be 
attributable to leveraged/inverse mutual funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Competition
    Certain aspects of the final rules may have an impact on 
competition.\950\ Certain of these potential competitive effects result 
from the final rule imposing differential costs on different funds. 
Specifically: (1) Large fund complexes may find it less costly to 
comply per fund with the new requirements of rule 18f-4 as a whole; 
\951\ (2) funds that already have robust derivatives risk management 
practices in place and funds whose advisers already employ someone with 
the relevant expertise to serve as the fund's derivatives risk manager 
may incur lower costs associated with the rule's derivatives risk 
management program requirements; \952\ (3) funds that qualify as 
limited derivatives users will generally incur lower compliance costs 
associated with the rule than funds that will not qualify for this 
exception; \953\ (4) unlike leveraged/inverse funds with exposures not 
exceeding 200%, leveraged/inverse funds with exposures in excess of 
this limit will not be subject to the rule's VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk and will therefore not incur the increased compliance 
costs associated with this requirement; \954\ (5) funds that will 
comply with the relative VaR test would generally incur higher 
compliance costs than those that will comply with the absolute VaR 
test; \955\ and (6) BDCs are not subject to the additional reporting 
requirements on Forms N-CEN or N-PORT and will therefore not incur the 
increased compliance costs that will be imposed on filers of these 
forms.\956\ To the extent that investors believe that the funds that 
will incur lower compliance burdens and the funds that will incur 
higher compliance burdens under the rule are substitutes, the rule may 
result in a competitive advantage for funds with the lower compliance 
burden to the extent that a lower burden makes such funds less costly 
to operate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \950\ See supra sections III.B.1 and III.B.5 for an overview of 
the baseline of the fund industry.
    \951\ See supra sections III.C.1 and III.C.2.
    \952\ See supra section III.C.1.
    \953\ See supra section III.C.3.
    \954\ See supra section II.F.5.
    \955\ See supra section III.C.2.
    \956\ See supra section III.C.9.a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule may also put funds that are subject to the outer 
limit on fund leverage risk at a competitive disadvantage compared to 
alternative products that can provide leveraged market exposure but 
will not be subject to the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk of 
rule 18f-4, such as existing leveraged/inverse funds with exposures 
exceeding 200% that satisfy the conditions to the exception from the 
VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk for such funds, alternative 
investment vehicles (including the listed commodity pools that would 
have been subject to the proposed sales practices rules), exchange-
traded notes, and structured products.\957\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \957\ See also supra section III.C.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission has not provided exemptive relief to new prospective 
sponsors of leveraged/inverse ETFs since 2009.\958\ The amendments to 
rule 6c-11 will allow other leveraged/inverse ETFs with exposures at or 
below 200% to enter the leveraged/inverse ETF market, subject to the 
conditions in rules 6c-11 and 18f-4, and therefore

[[Page 83250]]

help promote a more level playing field. This will likely lead to more 
competition among leveraged/inverse ETFs (primarily among those with 
exposures at or below 200%) and between leveraged/inverse ETFs and 
other products that investors may perceive as substitutes, such as 
leveraged/inverse mutual funds. This increase in competition could be 
significant, as the leveraged/inverse ETF market is very concentrated; 
currently, only two fund sponsors operate leveraged/inverse ETFs. Fees 
for leveraged/inverse ETFs and substitute products, such as leveraged/
inverse mutual funds, could fall as a result of any such increase in 
competition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \958\ See supra text following footnote 821.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Conversely, the final rule's prohibition on new leveraged/inverse 
funds with market exposure above 200% of the return, or inverse return, 
of the relevant index may lead to reduced competition among those 
funds, to the extent that the provision reduces the number of such 
funds over time.\959\ As a result, fees for leveraged/inverse ETFs with 
exposures above this limit may rise.\960\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \959\ In the period following the onset of the COVID-19 health 
crisis, certain leveraged/inverse ETFs changed their investment 
objectives and strategies. See supra footnote 24. As a result, the 
number of leveraged/inverse ETFs with exposures exceeding 200% was 
reduced, which is reflected in our baseline statistics in section 
III.B.5.
    \960\ Leveraged/inverse funds with exposures above 200% are 
currently only offered in the form of ETFs and by two fund sponsors. 
We do not expect that the final rule will reduce the number of 
sponsors that choose to offer leveraged/inverse ETFs with exposures 
above this limit; nor do we believe that the final rule represents a 
change from the baseline in terms of the inability of new sponsors 
to enter that market, as the Commission has not provided exemptive 
relief to new prospective sponsors of leveraged/inverse ETFs since 
2009. See supra text following footnote 821.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Capital Formation
    Certain aspects of the final rules may have an impact on capital 
formation.\961\ Certain of these effects may arise from a change in 
some investors' propensity to invest in funds, depending on their 
preferences for taking risk. For example, some investors may be more 
inclined to invest in funds as a result of increased investor 
protection arising from any decrease in leverage-related risks; or they 
may reduce their investments in certain funds that may increase their 
use of derivatives in light of the bright-line VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk.\962\ Additionally, the rule may lead investors to 
increase investments in leveraged/inverse funds with exposures up to 
200% as a result of any increase in competition for these funds; and 
the rule may lead investors to reduce investments in leveraged/inverse 
funds that exceed this exposure as a result of any decrease in 
competition or reduced investor choice for those funds.\963\ While we 
are unable to determine whether the final rules will lead to an overall 
increase or decrease in fund assets, to the extent that overall assets 
of funds change, this may have an effect on capital formation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \961\ See supra sections III.B.1 and III.B.5 for an overview of 
the baseline of the fund industry.
    \962\ See supra section III.C.2.
    \963\ See supra sections III.C.5 and III.D.2. Any net change of 
assets held by leveraged/inverse funds is likely to have a small 
effect on capital formation as only positively leveraged funds 
typically invest some portion of their assets into securities 
whereas inversely leveraged funds typically achieve their exposures 
using only derivatives instruments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 18f-4 may also decrease the use of reverse repurchase 
agreements, similar financing transactions, or borrowings by some 
funds, or reduce some funds' ability to invest the borrowings obtained 
through reverse repurchase agreements, although the modifications from 
the proposal to provide funds additional flexibility to treat these 
investments as derivatives transaction may make any decrease less 
likely.\964\ To the extent that this restricts a fund's ability to 
obtain financing to invest in debt or equity securities, capital 
formation may be reduced.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \964\ See supra section III.C.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Reasonable Alternatives

1. Alternative Implementations of the VaR Tests
a. Different Confidence Level or Time Horizon
    Rule 18f-4 will require that a fund's VaR model use a 99% 
confidence level and a time horizon of 20 trading days.\965\ We could 
alternatively require a different confidence level and/or a different 
time horizon for the VaR test. As discussed above in section II.D.4, 
market participants calculating VaR most commonly use 95% or 99% 
confidence levels and often use time horizons of 10 or 20 days. The VaR 
parameters in the final rule therefore represent a confidence level and 
time horizon at the high end of what is commonly used.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \965\ See supra section II.D.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Compared to requiring a lower confidence level and a shorter time 
horizon, the rule's parameters result in a VaR test that is designed to 
measure, and therefore limit the severity of, less frequent but larger 
losses. However, estimates of VaR at the larger confidence level and 
longer time horizon required by the final rule are based on fewer 
observations, which reduces the accuracy of the VaR estimate compared 
to using a lower confidence level and a shorter time horizon. As 
discussed above, we believe certain time- and confidence level scaling 
techniques discussed by commenters are appropriate for purposes of the 
final rule, which can help reduce the estimation error associated with 
VaR calculations and produce more-stable results.\966\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \966\ See supra section II.D.5 (for a more detailed discussion 
of the effects of time- and confidence level scaling and the 
comments we received on the use of these techniques).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Absolute VaR Test Only
    To establish an outer limit for a fund's leverage risk, the final 
rule will generally require a fund engaging in derivatives transactions 
to comply with a relative VaR test; the fund could instead comply with 
an absolute VaR test if the fund's derivatives risk manager reasonably 
determines that a designated reference portfolio would not provide an 
appropriate reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test. 
As an alternative, we considered requiring all funds that will be 
subject to the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk to comply with an 
absolute VaR test.
    Use of an absolute VaR test would be less costly for some funds 
that will be required to comply with the relative VaR test under the 
final rule, including because the relative VaR test may require some 
funds to pay licensing costs associated with the use of a designated 
index.\967\ In addition, use of an absolute VaR test would reduce the 
compliance challenge for fund risk managers, who would not have to 
consider if a designated reference portfolio would provide an 
appropriate reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \967\ See supra section III.C.2. A fund that uses its securities 
portfolio as its designated reference portfolio would not incur 
these costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On the other hand, the absolute VaR test is a static measure of 
fund risk in the sense that the implied limit on a fund's VaR will not 
change with the VaR of its designated reference portfolio. The absolute 
VaR test is therefore less suited for measuring leverage risk and 
limiting the degree to which a fund can use derivatives to leverage its 
portfolio, as measuring leverage inherently requires comparing a fund's 
risk exposure to that of an unleveraged point of reference.\968\ An 
additional implication of this aspect of an absolute VaR test is that a 
fund may fall out of compliance with an absolute VaR test just because 
the market it invests in becomes more volatile, even

[[Page 83251]]

though the degree of leverage in the fund's portfolio may not have 
changed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \968\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Choice of Absolute or Relative VaR Tests
    As another alternative, we considered allowing derivatives risk 
managers to choose between an absolute and a relative VaR limit, 
depending on their preferences and without regard to whether a 
designated reference portfolio would provide an appropriate reference 
portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test.\969\ Such an 
alternative would offer funds more flexibility than the final rule and 
could reduce compliance costs for funds, to the extent that derivatives 
risk managers would choose the VaR test that is cheaper to implement 
for their particular fund. However, this alternative may result in less 
uniformity in the outer limit on funds' leverage risk across the 
industry, as individual derivatives risk managers would have the 
ability to choose between VaR-based tests that could provide for 
different limits on fund leverage risk. Funds that invest in assets 
with a low VaR, for example, could obtain significantly more leverage 
under an absolute VaR test because the VaR of the fund's designated 
reference portfolio would be low. In addition, the relative VaR test 
resembles the way that section 18 limits a fund's leverage risk.\970\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \969\ Several commenters suggested this alternative. See supra 
section II.D.2.a.
    \970\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We therefore continue to believe that allowing any fund to rely on 
the absolute VaR test may be inconsistent with investors' expectations 
where a designated reference portfolio would provide an appropriate 
reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test.\971\ As a 
result, investors in these funds would be less protected from leverage-
related risks compared to the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \971\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Third-Party Validation of a Fund's VaR Model
    Rule 18f-4 does not require third-party validation of a fund's 
chosen VaR model. As an alternative, we considered requiring that a 
fund obtain third-party validation of its VaR model, either at 
inception or in connection with any material changes to the model, to 
independently confirm that the model is structurally sound and 
adequately captures all material risks.\972\ While such a requirement 
could help ensure funds' compliance with the rule's VaR-based limit on 
fund leverage risk, this incremental benefit may not justify the 
potentially significant additional costs to funds associated with 
third-party validation of the fund's VaR model.\973\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \972\ We did not receive any comments on the discussion of this 
alternative in the Proposing Release. See Proposing Release, supra 
footnote 1, at section III.E.1.e.
    \973\ We note that the UCITS regime requires third-party 
validation of funds' VaR models; as a result, these additional costs 
could be mitigated for fund that are part of a complex that also 
includes UCITS funds. See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n. 
243.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Expected Shortfall or Stressed VaR
    The final rule establishes an outer limit for a fund's leverage 
risk using VaR. Alternatively, we could require funds to comply with a 
limit based on stressed VaR or expected shortfall. Compared to the 
final rule's VaR test, both methodologies focus on more extreme losses, 
but also are associated with quantitative challenges inherent in 
estimating tail risk.\974\ Stressed VaR, for example, can pose 
quantitative challenges by requiring funds to identify a stress period 
with a full set of risk factors for which historical data is available. 
Expected shortfall, for example, generally is more sensitive to extreme 
outlier losses than VaR calculations because expected shortfall is 
based on an average of a small number of observations that are in the 
tail. This heightened sensitivity could be disruptive to a fund's 
portfolio management in the context of the final rule because it could 
result in large changes in a fund's expected shortfall as outlier 
losses enter and exit the observations that are in the tail or that are 
used to model the tail's distribution.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \974\ See supra section II.D.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A limit on fund leverage risk based on stressed VaR or expected 
shortfall also would likely be less effective at limiting fund leverage 
risk during normal conditions and protecting investors from losses 
resulting from less extreme scenarios. Conversely, the final rule's 
outside limit on fund leverage risk using VaR is complemented by 
elements in the final rule's derivatives risk management program, such 
as the stress testing requirement, designed to address VaR's 
limitations, including that VaR does not capture tail risk. Finally, as 
VaR is commonly used, we do not believe that stressed VaR or expected 
shortfall would be cheaper to implement for funds than the final rule's 
VaR-based tests.
f. Funds Limited to Certain Investors
    The final rule does not provide an exemption from the rule's VaR-
based limit for funds that limit their investors to ``qualified 
clients,'' as defined in rule 205-3 under the Advisers Act, and/or are 
sold exclusively to ``qualified clients,'' ``accredited investors,'' or 
``qualified purchasers.'' \975\ Some commenters suggested that the 
Commission exempt these funds from the rule's VaR limits.\976\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \975\ See supra footnote 415.
    \976\ See supra footnote 416.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that the benefits and costs to investors and funds of 
the final rule's VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, as discussed in 
this economic analysis, generally apply similarly across the various 
types of funds that will be subject to the final rule.\977\ However, 
the investor protection benefits may be attenuated for some more 
sophisticated investors, to the extent that these investors would 
prefer to invest in fund strategies that will not be possible under the 
final rule's VaR limits and that they fully understand the potential 
for losses in such funds.\978\ As discussed above, however, to the 
extent that a fund limits its investor base as described by these 
commenters is able to qualify for the exclusions from the investment 
company definition in section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7), the fund can operate 
as a private fund under those exclusions and will not be subject to 
section 18. Where a fund does operate as registered investment company 
or BDC, however, we do not believe that the potentially attenuated 
benefits to some more sophisticated investors would justify the final 
rule exempting funds that limit their investor base from the final 
rule's VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \977\ See supra section III.C.2.
    \978\ Investors that meet certain asset holdings and income 
requirements and thus are presumed sophisticated have the ability to 
invest in unregistered funds that pursue complex derivatives 
strategies with significant leverage, and these funds are not 
subject to the requirements of rule 18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

g. No Modification of VaR Limits for Certain Closed-End Funds
    The final rule provides higher VaR limits for closed-end funds that 
have then-outstanding shares of preferred stock issued to investors, 
compared to open-end funds. Specifically, the relative VaR limit for 
these closed-end funds is increased from 200% to 250% of the VaR of the 
fund's designated reference portfolio and the absolute VaR limit is 
increased from 20% to 25% of the fund's assets. As an alternative, we 
considered requiring all funds that are subject to the relative or 
absolute VaR test to adhere to the same limits of 200% of the VaR of 
the fund's designated reference portfolio or 20% of the fund's assets, 
respectively.
    As suggested by commenters, providing the same relative and 
absolute VaR limit for open-end funds and closed-end funds does not 
incorporate

[[Page 83252]]

the fact that closed-end funds that have preferred stock outstanding 
may have a higher starting VaR than open-end funds. That is, even 
before entering into any derivatives transactions, such closed-end 
fund's VaR could be higher than an open-end fund's VaR attributable to 
the structural leverage obtained through the issuance of preferred 
stock, which section 18 of the Investment Company Act permits closed-
end funds but not open-end funds to issue.\979\ As a result, investors 
may expect closed-end funds to have a higher VaR level. In addition, 
some closed-end funds could potentially have no or limited flexibility 
to enter into derivatives transactions if we required them comply with 
the same VaR limits as open-end funds, which could limit investor 
choice and impose costs on such funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \979\ See supra sections II.D.2.c.ii and II.D.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Alternatives to the VaR Tests
a. Stress Testing
    As an alternative to the final rule's VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk, we considered establishing an outside limit on fund 
leverage risk using a stress testing approach. We understand that many 
funds that use derivatives transactions already conduct stress testing 
for purposes of risk management, and the final rule likewise provides 
that funds required to establish a derivatives risk management program 
must conduct stress testing.\980\ However, we do not believe that a 
stress testing approach would impose significantly lower costs on funds 
compared to a VaR-based approach, with the exception of those funds 
that already conduct stress testing but not VaR testing.\981\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \980\ See also Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.D.6.a.
    \981\ See also 2019 ICI Comment Letter (stating that, 
``depending on the type of fund managed and whether the fund 
currently employs the test for risk management purposes, some 
respondents viewed a stress loss test as being more burdensome to 
implement, while others viewed a VaR test as being more burdensome 
to implement.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    It would be challenging for the Commission to specify a set of 
asset class shocks, their corresponding shock levels, and, in the case 
of multi-factor stress testing, assumptions about the correlations of 
the shocks, in a manner that applies to all funds and does not become 
stale over time. While we could also prescribe a principles-based 
stress testing requirement, we believe that the flexibility such an 
approach would give to individual funds over how to implement the test 
would render it less effective than the final rule's VaR test at 
establishing an outer limit on fund leverage risk.
    Finally, stress testing generally focuses on a narrower and more 
remote range of extreme loss events compared to VaR analysis. As a 
result, a limit on fund leverage risk based on stress testing would 
likely be less effective at limiting fund leverage risk during normal 
conditions and protecting investors from losses resulting from less 
extreme scenarios.
b. Asset Segregation
    As another alternative, we considered an asset segregation approach 
in lieu of the final rule's VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk. For 
example, we considered an approach similar to the Commission's position 
in Release 10666, under which a fund engaging in derivatives 
transactions would segregate cash and cash equivalents equal in value 
to the full amount of the conditional and unconditional obligations 
incurred by the fund (also referred to as ``notional amount 
segregation'').\982\ Such an approach could also permit a fund to 
segregate a broader range of assets, subject to haircuts.\983\ 
Alternatively, we could require funds to segregate liquid assets in an 
amount equal to the fund's daily mark-to-market liability plus a 
``cushion amount'' designed to address potential future losses.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \982\ See also Direxion Comment Letter (suggesting that the 
Commission ``codify existing asset segregation practices'')
    \983\ The 2016 DERA Memo, for example, analyzed different risk-
based ``haircuts'' that could apply to a broader range of assets. 
See, e.g., 2016 DERA Memo, supra footnote 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that asset segregation approaches have several drawbacks 
as a means for limiting fund leverage risk, compared to the final 
rule's VaR tests.\984\ For example, notional amount segregation is not 
risk-sensitive and could restrict derivatives transactions that would 
reduce portfolio risk. Similarly, segregation of liquid assets in an 
amount equal to the fund's daily mark-to-market liability plus a 
``cushion amount'' would be difficult to implement in a manner that is 
applied uniformly across all funds and types of derivatives. In 
addition, asset segregation approaches raise certain compliance 
complexities that may not make them significantly less costly to 
implement for funds than the VaR tests.\985\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \984\ As discussed above, as a result of current asset 
segregation practices, funds' derivatives use--and thus funds' 
potential leverage through derivatives transactions--does not appear 
to be subject to a practical limit as the Commission contemplated in 
Release 10666. See supra section I.B.3. Funds' current asset 
segregation practices also may not assure the availability of 
adequate assets to meet funds' derivatives obligations. Id. Several 
commenters stated that an asset segregation regime may not be an 
effective means of addressing undue speculation concerns. See supra 
footnote 308 and accompanying text.
    \985\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
II.D.6.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In conjunction with the final rule's VaR-based limit, we also 
considered requiring a fund that relies on the final rule to maintain 
an amount of ``qualifying coverage assets'' designed to enable a fund 
to meet its derivatives-related obligations. However, we believe that 
the final rule's requirements, including the requirements that funds 
establish derivatives risk management programs and comply with the 
rule's VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, will address the risk 
that a fund may be required to realize trading losses by selling its 
investments to generate cash to pay derivatives counterparties.\986\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \986\ See supra footnote 305 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters suggested that we adopt narrower asset segregation 
approaches with regard to only certain kinds of transactions. For 
example, some commenters suggested that we adopt an asset segregation 
approach for firm and standby commitment agreements that do not satisfy 
the conditions in the delayed-settlement securities provision.\987\ 
However, these transactions involve many of the same kinds of risks as 
other derivatives instruments that are considered derivatives 
transactions under the rule and will therefore be included in the final 
rule's definition of ``derivatives transactions''. Some commenters also 
suggested that we adopt an asset segregation approach for reverse 
repurchase agreements.\988\ These transactions can be used to introduce 
leverage into a fund's portfolio just like other forms of borrowings, 
or derivatives.\989\ Accordingly, the final rule permits a fund either 
to limit its reverse repurchase and other similar financing transaction 
activity to the applicable asset coverage limit of the Act for senior 
securities representing indebtedness, or, instead, to treat them as 
derivative transactions. Compared to these alternatives, we believe 
that the final rule will protect investors more effectively, because it 
provides a consistent set of requirements for funds engaging in 
economically similar transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \987\ See supra footnote 112 and accompanying text for a 
discussion of commenter's suggestions related to this alternative.
    \988\ See supra footnotes 722-725 and accompanying text.
    \989\ See supra section III.C.4.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83253]]

c. Exposure-Based Test
    We alternatively considered an exposure-based approach for limiting 
fund leverage risk in lieu of the final rule's VaR test, as one 
commenter suggested.\990\ An exposure-based test could limit a fund's 
derivatives exposure, as defined in the rule, to a specified percentage 
of the fund's net assets. For example, we considered requiring that a 
fund limit its derivatives exposure to 50% of net assets, to match the 
amount an open-end could borrow from a bank, or 100% of net assets to 
match a level of gross market exposure that generally would satisfy the 
relative VaR test. A similar approach would be to provide that the sum 
of a fund's derivatives exposure and the value of its other investments 
cannot exceed 150% or 200% of its net asset value. This latter 
approach, and particularly if cash and cash equivalents were not 
included in the calculation, would allow a fund to achieve the level of 
market exposure permitted for an open-end fund under section 18 using 
any combination of derivatives and other investments, or likewise to 
achieve a level of gross market exposure that generally would satisfy 
the relative VaR test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \990\ See supra footnotes 303-304 and accompanying text for a 
discussion of comments we received on using an exposure-based 
approach to limiting fund leverage risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While an exposure-based test may be simpler and therefore less 
costly to implement for the typical fund than the VaR tests, an 
exposure-based test has certain limitations compared to VaR tests. One 
limitation is that measuring derivatives exposure based on notional 
amounts would not reflect how derivatives are used in a portfolio, 
whether to hedge or gain leverage, nor would it differentiate 
derivatives with different risk profiles. Various adjustments to the 
notional amount are available that may better reflect the risk 
associated with the derivatives transactions, although even with these 
adjustments the measure would remain relatively blunt. For example, an 
exposure-based limit could significantly limit certain strategies that 
rely on derivatives more extensively but that do not seek to take on 
significant leverage risk.
    Some of the limitations of an exposure-based approach could be 
addressed if rule 18f-4 were to provide an exposure-based test as an 
optional alternative to the VaR tests, rather than as the sole means of 
limiting fund leverage risk. Under this second alternative, funds with 
less complex portfolios might choose to rely on an exposure-based test 
if this would lead to lower compliance costs than the VaR tests. If we 
provided that the sum of a fund's derivatives exposure and the value of 
its other investments cannot exceed 200% of its net asset value, funds 
below this threshold would generally also pass the relative VaR test. 
Conversely, funds with more complex portfolios that rely on derivatives 
more extensively but that do not seek to take on significant leverage 
risk might choose to rely on the VaR test. As the final rule will 
already except limited derivatives users from the VaR-based limit on 
fund leverage risk, however, we do not believe that also giving funds 
the option of relying on an exposure-based limit on fund leverage risk 
would be necessary or that it would significantly reduce the compliance 
burden associated with the final rule.
3. Stress Testing Frequency
    Rule 18f-4 will require funds that enter into derivatives 
transactions and are not limited derivatives users to adopt and 
implement a derivatives risk management program that includes stress 
testing, among other elements. The final rule will permit a fund to 
determine the frequency of stress tests, provided that the fund must 
conduct stress testing at least weekly.\991\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \991\ See supra section II.B.2.c for a discussion of comments we 
received on this aspect of the proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As an alternative to the weekly requirement, we considered both 
shorter and longer minimum stress testing frequencies.\992\ On the one 
hand, more frequent stress testing would reflect changes in risk for 
fund strategies that involve frequent and significant portfolio 
turnover as well as increases in market stress in a timelier manner 
compared to less frequent stress testing. On the other hand, given the 
forward-looking nature of stress testing, we expect that most funds 
would take foreseeable changes in market conditions and portfolio 
composition into account when conducting stress testing. More-frequent 
stress testing also may impose an increased cost burden on funds, 
compared to less frequent stress testing, although we would expect any 
additional cost burden to be small, to the extent that funds perform 
stress testing in an automated manner. Overall, we believe that the 
final rule's requirement for stress testing at least weekly 
appropriately balances the anticipated benefits of relatively frequent 
stress testing against the burdens of administering stress testing. In 
addition, some commenters said that a weekly stress-testing frequency 
is consistent with many fund's current practices.\993\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \992\ See supra section II.B.2.c for a discussion of the comment 
letters that addressed this aspect of the proposal.
    \993\ See J.P. Morgan Comment Letter; Better Markets Comment 
Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another alternative would be to permit a fund to determine its own 
stress testing frequency without the final rule prescribing a minimum 
stress testing frequency. This approach would provide maximum 
flexibility to funds regarding the frequency of their stress tests, and 
would reduce compliance costs for funds that determine that stress 
testing less frequently than weekly is warranted in light of their own 
particular facts and circumstances. However, allowing funds 
individually to determine the frequency with which stress tests are 
conducted could result in some funds stress testing their portfolios 
too infrequently to provide timely information to the fund's 
derivatives risk manager and board. Taking these considerations into 
account, we are requiring weekly stress tests, rather than less-
frequent testing, to provide for consistent and reasonably frequent 
stress testing by all funds that will be required to establish a 
derivatives risk management program.
4. Enhanced Disclosure
    As an alternative to the requirements in rule 18f-4, such as the 
derivatives risk management program and the VaR-based limit on fund 
leverage risk, we could consider addressing the risks associated with 
funds' use of derivatives through enhanced disclosures to investors 
with respect to a fund's use of derivatives and the resulting 
derivatives-related risks.\994\ While an approach focused on enhanced 
disclosures could result in greater fund investment flexibility, we 
believe that such an approach would be less effective than the final 
rule in addressing the purposes and concerns underlying section 18 of 
the Investment Company Act. Section 18 itself imposes a specific limit 
on the amount of senior securities that a fund may issue, regardless of 
the level of risk introduced or the disclosure that a fund provides 
regarding those risks. Absent additional requirements to limit leverage 
or potential leverage, requiring enhancement to derivatives disclosure 
alone would not appear to provide any limit on the amount of leverage 
or leverage risk a fund may obtain. Indeed,

[[Page 83254]]

the degree to which funds use derivatives varies widely between funds. 
As a result, an approach focused solely on enhanced disclosure 
requirements may not provide a sufficient basis for an exemption from 
the requirements of section 18 of the Investment Company Act.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \994\ See, e.g., Comment Letter of the Fixed Income Market 
Structure Advisory Committee on proposed rule 6c-11 under the 
Investment Company Act (Oct. 29, 2018) (recommending that the 
Commission consider future rulemaking regarding ``leveraged ETP'' 
investor disclosure requirements).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Alternative Treatment for Leveraged/Inverse Funds
    Under the final rule, leveraged/inverse funds generally will be 
subject to the requirements of rule 18f-4 on the same basis as other 
funds that are subject to that rule, including the VaR-based leverage 
risk limit. The rule will, however, permit currently operating 
leveraged/inverse funds that seek to provide leveraged or inverse 
market exposure exceeding 200% of the return or inverse return of the 
relevant index that cannot satisfy the VaR-based leverage limit to 
continue operating at their current leverage levels, provided they meet 
certain requirements.\995\ As an alternative, we could omit the 
requirement for leveraged/inverse funds to comply with the VaR-based 
leverage limit and instead limit these funds to, for example, obtaining 
300% of the performance or inverse performance of the relevant index 
and adopt the proposed sales practices rules, which would have required 
a broker-dealer or investment adviser to exercise due diligence in 
approving a retail investor's account to invest in leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles.\996\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \995\ This exception is limited to funds currently in operation, 
and would therefore not allow a fund sponsor to launch a new 
leveraged/inverse fund that exceeds this exposure limit.
    \996\ As defined in the proposed sales practices rules, 
leveraged/inverse investment vehicles include leveraged/inverse 
funds and certain exchange-listed commodity- or currency-based 
trusts or funds that use a similar leveraged/inverse strategy. (See 
Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section II.G.2.) The 
provision of rule 18f-4 that provides an exception from the VaR-
based limit on fund leverage risk for certain leveraged/inverse 
funds currently in operation with leverage or inverse multiples 
exceeding 200% is only available to such a fund if it does not 
increase the level of leveraged or inverse market exposure that it 
seeks, directly or indirectly, to provide. This provision 
effectively limits these funds from operating with a leverage or 
inverse multiple exceeding 300%, as the Commission proposed for 
leveraged/inverse funds generally. The alternative considered in 
this section also includes such a requirement and therefore does not 
differ from the final rule in this respect. The Proposing Release 
discussed the effects of alternative exposure limits for leveraged/
inverse funds. (See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
III.E.4.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    All existing leveraged/inverse funds will be able to continue 
operating under the final rule; this also would be the case under the 
alternative. However, the final rule and the alternative have different 
implications for the ability of fund sponsors to offer new leveraged/
inverse funds. While fund sponsors will be able to launch new funds 
with exposures up to 200% under the final rule, as they would under the 
alternative, the final rule will prevent fund sponsors from offering 
new funds with market exposure exceeding 200% that cannot satisfy the 
final rule's relative VaR test.
    As we discussed in the Proposing Release, broker-dealers and 
investment advisers would incur direct compliance costs associated with 
implementing due diligence and account approval requirements under the 
alternative.\997\ Commenters also expressed concerns regarding 
potential legal liability for broker-dealers and investment advisers 
associated with implementing the requirements under the proposed sales 
practices rules.\998\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \997\ See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at section 
III.C.5.
    \998\ See supra footnote 582.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The alternative also would impose a burden on investors to access 
leveraged/inverse investment vehicles, including on those investors 
that understand the risks of these products. Some leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles may lose existing or potential investors as a 
result of some retail investors not being approved by their broker-
dealer or investment adviser to transact in leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles.\999\ This could lead to fewer leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles being available to investors who would be approved 
to transact in these vehicles and decreased competition among these 
products.\1000\ However, the final rule may also lead to a reduction in 
investor choice and competition for some leveraged/inverse investment 
vehicles. Specifically, because the rule limits the exception from the 
final rule's VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk to certain 
leveraged/inverse funds currently in operation, the number of 
leveraged/inverse funds exceeding this limit may fall under the final 
rule.\1001\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \999\ See, e.g., Americans for Limited Government Comment 
Letter; Direxion Comment Letter; ProShares Comment Letter; Schwab 
Comment Letter.
    \1000\ See also Flannery Comment Letter, supra footnote 901 
(stating that the proposed sales practices rules could lead to 
reduced demand for leveraged/inverse funds and make offering them 
economically unviable); and Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at 
section III.D.2.
    \1001\ See supra sections III.C.5 and III.D.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The alternative may have increased benefits for investor 
protection, to the extent that account approval requirements that are 
specific to leveraged/inverse investment vehicles, which are in 
addition to advisers' and broker-dealers' existing requirements and 
practices, are effective at helping ensure that investors in these 
products are limited to those who are capable of evaluating their 
risks.\1002\ The proposed sales practices rules would not have covered 
all products that offer leveraged or inverse exposures to an index, 
however, and some of those substitute products may present additional 
risks. For example, as one commenter stated, some investors could 
choose to invest in ETNs, which would not have been covered by the 
proposed sales practices rules and which are subject to issuer default, 
potentially hampering the effectiveness of the alternative to improve 
investor protection.\1003\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1002\ Neither Regulation Best Interest nor investment advisers' 
fiduciary obligations apply to investments in leveraged/inverse 
investment vehicles by self-directed retail investors.
    \1003\ See Flannery Comment Letter, supra footnote 901.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As another alternative, we considered placing additional 
disclosure-based requirements on intermediaries offering leveraged/
inverse investment vehicles to retail investors, as suggested by some 
commenters.\1004\ For example, some commenters suggested we require 
broker-dealers to: (1) Provide their self-directed customers with 
short, plain-English disclosures of the potential risks of trading 
leveraged/inverse investment vehicles, both at the point of sale and 
periodically thereafter; and (2) require such customers to provide an 
acknowledgement of receipt of these disclosures.\1005\ Similar to the 
proposed sales practices rules, this alternative could have investor 
protection benefits, to the extent that these disclosures would be 
effective at helping ensure that investors in these products are 
limited to those who are capable of evaluating their risks. At the same 
time, this alternative would also impose costs on the intermediaries 
that would be required to implement the requirement and would impose a 
burden on investors to access leveraged/inverse investment vehicles, 
including on those investors that understand the risks of these 
products.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1004\ See, e.g., Direxion Comment Letter; Schwab Comment 
Letter.
    \1005\ See, e.g., Schwab Comment Letter; TD Ameritrade Comment 
Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As another alternative, we considered requiring all leveraged/
inverse funds to comply with the final rule's VaR-based leverage limit. 
Compared to the final rule, this alternative would therefore not permit 
any currently operating leveraged/inverse funds that seek to provide 
leveraged or inverse market exposure exceeding 200% of the return or 
inverse return of the relevant index that cannot satisfy the VaR-based

[[Page 83255]]

leverage limit to continue operating at their current leverage levels. 
This alternative would protect investors who may not be capable of 
evaluating the risks associated with leveraged/inverse funds that 
cannot satisfy the rule's VaR based leverage limit. At the same time, 
this alternative would restrict investor choice for investors who are 
capable of evaluating the risks associated with these funds and would 
impose a cost on these funds by requiring them to either stop operating 
or change their investment objectives.
    In light of these considerations and the staff review of the 
effectiveness of the existing regulatory requirements in protecting 
investors in leveraged/inverse and other complex investment products, 
we are not adopting the proposed sales practices rules or any of the 
other alternatives discussed in this section at this time.

IV. Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis

A. Introduction

    Rule 18f-4 will result in new ``collection of information'' 
requirements within the meaning of the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 
(``PRA'').\1006\ In addition, the amendments to rules 6c-11 and 30b1-10 
under the Investment Company Act, as well as to Forms N-PORT, Form N-
LIQUID (which will be re-titled Form N-RN), and N-CEN will affect the 
collection of information burden under those rules and forms.\1007\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1006\ 44 U.S.C. 3501-3520.
    \1007\ We do not believe that the final conforming amendment to 
Form N-2, to reflect a clarification that funds do not have to 
disclose in their senior securities table the derivatives 
transactions and unfunded commitment agreements entered into in 
reliance on rule 18f-4, makes any new substantive recordkeeping or 
information collection within the meaning of the PRA. The Commission 
stated this view in the Proposing Release and did not receive any 
comments regarding any burden and cost estimates to Form N 2. 
Accordingly, we do not revise any burden and cost estimates in 
connection with this amendment.
    Similarly, we do not believe that the final conforming 
amendments to rule 22e-4 and Form N-PORT, to remove references to 
assets ``segregated to cover'' derivatives transactions in the rule 
and form and to amend the Form N-PORT general instructions to 
clarify the term ``derivatives transaction'' in light of the 
adoption of rule 18f-4, result in any new substantive recordkeeping 
or information collection within the meaning of the PRA. 
Accordingly, we do not revise any burden and cost estimates in 
connection with these amendments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The titles for the existing collections of information are: ``Form 
N-PORT'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0731); ``Rule 30b1-10 and Form N-
LIQUID'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0754); ``Form N-CEN'' (OMB Control No. 
3235-0730); and ``Rule 6c-11 under the Investment Company Act of 1940, 
Exchange-traded funds'' (OMB Control No. 3235-0764). The title for the 
new collection of information will be: ``Rule 18f-4 under the 
Investment Company Act of 1940, Use of Derivatives by Registered 
Investment Companies and Business Development Companies.'' The 
Commission is submitting these collections of information to the Office 
of Management and Budget (``OMB'') for review in accordance with 44 
U.S.C. 3507(d) and 5 CFR 1320.11. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, 
and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information 
unless it displays a currently-valid control number.

B. Rule 18f-4

    Rule 18f-4 permits a fund to enter into derivatives transactions, 
notwithstanding the prohibitions and restrictions on the issuance of 
senior securities under section 18 of the Investment Company Act.
    A fund that relies on rule 18f-4 to enter into derivatives 
transactions generally will be required to: Adopt a derivatives risk 
management program; have its board of directors approve the fund's 
designation of a derivatives risk manager and receive direct reports 
from the derivatives risk manager about the derivatives risk management 
program; and comply with a VaR-based test designed to limit a fund's 
leverage risk consistent with the investor protection purposes 
underlying section 18. Rule 18f-4 includes an exception from the 
derivatives risk management program requirement and limit on fund 
leverage risk if a fund limits its derivatives exposure to 10% of its 
net assets (the fund may exclude from this calculation derivatives 
transactions that it uses to hedge certain currency and interest rate 
risks). A fund relying on this exception will be required to adopt 
policies and procedures that are reasonably designed to manage its 
derivatives risks.
    Rule 18f-4 also includes an exception from the VaR-based limit on 
leverage risk for a leveraged/inverse fund that cannot comply with rule 
18f-4's limit on fund leverage risk and that, as of October 28, 2020, 
is: (1) In operation, (2) has outstanding shares issued in one or more 
public offerings to investors, and (3) discloses in its prospectus that 
it has a leverage multiple or inverse multiple that exceeds 200% of the 
performance or the inverse of the performance of the underlying index. 
A fund relying on this exception must disclose in its prospectus that 
it is not subject to rule 18f-4's limit on fund leverage risk.\1008\ 
Rule 18f-4 also requires a fund to meet certain recordkeeping 
requirements that are designed to provide the Commission, and the 
fund's board of directors and compliance personnel, the ability to 
evaluate the fund's compliance with the rule's requirements. Finally, 
rule 18f-4 includes provisions that will permit funds to enter into 
reverse repurchase agreements (and similar financing transactions) and 
``unfunded commitments'' to make certain loans or investments, and to 
invest in securities on a when-issued or forward-settling basis, or 
with a non-standard settlement cycle, subject to conditions tailored to 
these transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1008\ See rule 18f-4(c)(5)(iii); supra section II.F.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The purpose of rule 18f-4 is to address the investor protection 
purposes and concerns underlying section 18 of the Act and to provide 
an updated and more comprehensive approach to the regulation of funds' 
use of derivatives and the other transactions addressed in the rule. 
The respondents to rule 18f-4 will be registered open- and closed-end 
management investment companies and BDCs.\1009\ We estimate that 5,203 
funds will likely rely on rule 18f-4.\1010\ Compliance with rule 18f-4 
will be mandatory for all funds that seek to engage, in reliance on the 
rule, in derivatives transactions and certain other transactions that 
the rule addresses, which would otherwise be subject to the 
restrictions of section 18. To the extent that records required to be 
created and maintained by funds under the rule are provided to the 
Commission in connection with examinations or

[[Page 83256]]

investigations, such information will be kept confidential subject to 
the provisions of applicable law.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1009\ See rule 18f-4(a) (defining ``fund'').
    \1010\ We estimate this number as follows: 2,766 funds that will 
be subject to the derivatives risk management program requirement + 
2,437 funds relying on the limited derivatives user exception and 
complying with the related limited derivatives user requirements = 
5,203 funds. See supra text accompanying footnote 849 (estimated 
number of funds subject to the derivatives risk management program 
requirement), and supra paragraph following footnote 892 (estimated 
number of funds that will qualify as limited derivatives users).
    The Commission's estimates of the relevant wage rates for 
internal time costs in the tables below are based on salary 
information for the securities industry compiled by the Securities 
Industry and Financial Markets Association's Office Salaries in the 
Securities Industry 2013. The estimated wage figures are modified by 
Commission staff to account for an 1,800-hour work-year and 
multiplied by 5.35 to account for bonuses, firm size, employee 
benefits, overhead, and adjusted to account for the effects of 
inflation. See Securities Industry and Financial Markets 
Association, Report on Management & Professional Earnings in the 
Securities Industry 2013 (``SIFMA Report''). These wage figures 
differ slightly from the same figures the Commission used in its 
estimates in the Proposing Release to account for incremental 
inflation effects. The Commission's estimates of the relevant wage 
rates for external time costs, such as outside legal services, takes 
into account staff experience, a variety of sources including 
general information websites, and adjustments for inflation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Derivatives Risk Management Program
    Rule 18f-4 requires certain funds relying on the rule to adopt and 
implement a written derivatives risk management program, which includes 
policies and procedures reasonably designed to manage the fund's 
derivatives risks and a periodic review requirement.\1011\ We estimate 
that 2,766 funds will be subject to the program requirement.\1012\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1011\ See rule 18f-4(c)(1); supra section II.B (discussing the 
derivatives risk management program requirements).
    \1012\ See supra sentence following footnote 882. A fund that is 
a limited derivatives user will not be required to comply with the 
program requirement. Funds that are limited derivatives users will 
be required to adopt policies and procedures that are reasonably 
designed to manage their derivatives risks. See rule 18f-4(c)(4); 
infra section IV.B.6 (discussing collections of information related 
to limited derivatives users).
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    Table 1 below summarizes the initial and ongoing annual burden 
estimates associated with the derivatives risk management program 
requirement under rule 18f-4 as adopted. While the Commission did not 
receive any comments specifically addressing the estimated PRA burdens 
in the Proposing Release associated with the derivatives risk 
management program, it did receive comments suggesting that the 
implementation of the program, including the associated collections of 
information as defined in the PRA, may be more burdensome than the 
Commission estimated at proposal.\1013\ As such, we have increased the 
annual burden estimates associated with the derivatives risk management 
program, as shown in Table 1 below.
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    \1013\ See supra section II.B.
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[[Page 83258]]


2. Board Oversight and Reporting
    Rule 18f-4 requires: (1) A fund's board of directors to approve the 
designation of the fund's derivatives risk manager, (2) the derivatives 
risk manager to provide certain written reports to the board.\1014\ We 
estimate that 2,766 funds will be subject to these requirements.\1015\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1014\ See rule 18f-4(c)(3)(i) through (iii); supra section 
II.C. Burdens associated with reports to the fund's board of 
directors of material risks arising from the fund's derivatives 
transactions, as described in rule 18f-4(c)(1)(v), are discussed 
above in supra section IV.B.1.
    \1015\ See supra footnotes 849, 1010 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 2 below summarizes the initial and ongoing annual burden 
estimates associated with the board oversight and reporting 
requirements under rule 18f-4. While the Commission did not receive any 
comments specifically addressing the estimated PRA burdens in the 
Proposing Release associated with the board oversight and reporting 
requirements, it did receive comments suggesting that requiring the 
fund's board of directors to approve the designation of the fund's 
derivatives risk manager would place increased burdens on the fund's 
board of directors.\1016\ Accordingly, we have adjusted the proposal's 
estimated annual burden hours and total time costs to account for the 
potential for increased time burdens on the board of directors and to 
reflect the Commission's updated views on typical time burdens 
associated with similar board reporting requirements in other 
Commission regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1016\ See Dechert Comment Letter I; IDC Comment Letter; see 
also supra section II.C.1.

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[[Page 83259]]

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[[Page 83260]]


3. VaR Remediation
    Rule 18f-4 requires that if a fund is not in compliance within five 
business days, following an exceedance of the VaR-based fund leverage 
limit, the derivatives risk manager must provide certain written 
reports to the fund's board.\1017\ In contrast, the proposed rule would 
have required the derivatives risk manager to notify the fund's board 
(and would not have specifically required a written report for such 
notification) following the fund being out of compliance with the VaR-
based fund leverage limit for three business days.\1018\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1017\ See rule 18f-4(c)(2)(ii)(A) through (C); supra section 
II.D.6.b.
    \1018\ See supra section II.D.6.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 3 below summarizes the initial and ongoing annual burden 
estimates associated with the VaR-related remediation reports required 
under rule 18f-4. For purposes of the PRA analysis, we do not estimate 
that there will be any initial or ongoing external costs associated 
with the VaR-related remediation requirements.

[[Page 83261]]

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[[Page 83262]]


4. Disclosure Requirement for Certain Leveraged/Inverse Funds
    Under the final rule, an over-200% leveraged/inverse fund currently 
in operation will not have to comply with the VaR-based leverage risk 
limit. Such a fund is required to disclose in its prospectus that it is 
not subject to rule 18f-4's limit on fund leverage risk.\1019\ This 
requirement represents a change from the proposal, in which we proposed 
to require that all leveraged/inverse funds (i.e., not only those with 
a leverage or inverse multiple above 200% of the underlying index) 
disclose that they are not subject to the rule's VaR-based leverage 
risk limit. As such, whereas in the proposal the Commission estimated 
that 269 leveraged/inverse funds would be subject to this prospectus 
disclosure requirement, we now estimate that 70 over-200% leveraged/
inverse funds will be subject to this requirement.\1020\
    Table 4 below summarizes the initial and ongoing annual burden 
estimates associated with the rule's disclosure requirement for over-
200% leveraged/inverse funds. We do not estimate that there will be any 
initial or ongoing external costs associated with this disclosure 
requirement. The Commission did not receive any comments relating to 
the estimated PRA burdens set forth in the Proposing Release associated 
with the prospectus disclosure requirement for leveraged/inverse 
funds.\1021\ As shown in Table 4 below, we are making a modest increase 
to the estimated per-fund burden associated with the prospectus 
disclosure requirement for over-200% leveraged/inverse funds to reflect 
updated views on the burdens related to similar prospectus disclosure 
requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1019\ See rule 18f-4(c)(5)(iii); supra section II.F.
    \1020\ See supra paragraph accompanying footnote 819 (estimating 
70 leveraged/inverse ETFs (and 0 leveraged/inverse mutual funds) 
that currently seek to provide leveraged or inverse market exposure 
exceeding 200% of the return or inverse return of the relevant 
index).
    \1021\ See supra footnote 612 and accompanying text (discussing 
comment received on proposed prospectus disclosure requirement 
generally).

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[[Page 83263]]

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[[Page 83264]]


5. Disclosure Changes for Money Market Funds
    In a change from the proposal, the final rule includes a provision 
that will permit money market funds to invest in securities on a when-
issued or forward-settling basis, or with a non-standard settlement 
cycle (``delayed-settlement securities provision''). As in the 
proposal, money market funds are excluded from the full scope of the 
final rule because they do not typically enter into derivatives 
transactions, as defined in the rule.\1022\ To the extent a money 
market fund currently discloses in its prospectus that it may enter 
into transactions covered by the final rule other than transactions 
covered by the delayed-settlement securities provision, money market 
funds will be subject to the burdens associated with making disclosure 
changes to their prospectuses. We estimate that 420 funds could be 
subject to such disclosure changes.\1023\
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    \1022\ See rule 18f-4(a) (defining the term ``Fund'' to ``. . 
.not include a registered open-end company that is regulated as a 
money market fund'').
    \1023\ See supra footnote 804 and accompanying text. This likely 
overestimates the total number of funds subject to these disclosure 
changes, because we believe that money market funds currently do not 
typically engage in derivatives transactions.
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    Table 5 below summarizes the initial and ongoing annual burden 
estimates associated with disclosure changes that money market funds 
could make because of rule 18f-4. For purposes of this PRA analysis, we 
do not estimate that there will be any initial or ongoing external 
costs associated with this disclosure change requirement. The 
Commission did not receive any comments relating to the estimated PRA 
burdens set forth in the Proposing Release associated with potential 
disclosure changes for money market funds. However, we have adjusted 
the proposal's estimated annual burden hours and total time costs to 
reflect the Commission's updated views on typical time burdens 
associated with similar disclosure requirements in other Commission 
regulations.

[[Page 83265]]

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BILLING CODE 8011-01-C

[[Page 83266]]

6. Requirements for Limited Derivatives Users
    Rule 18f-4 will require funds relying on the limited derivatives 
user provisions to adopt and implement written policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to manage the fund's derivatives risks.\1024\ In 
addition to the initial burden to document the policies and procedures, 
we estimate that limited derivatives users will have an ongoing burden 
associated with any review and revisions to their policies and 
procedures to ensure that they are ``reasonably designed'' to manage 
the fund's derivatives risks. Rule 18f-4 also requires that the adviser 
for any limited derivatives user that exceeds the 10% derivatives 
exposure threshold and does not reduce its exposure within five 
business days, must provide a written report to the fund's board of 
directors informing them whether the adviser intends to reduce the 
exposure promptly, but within no more than 30 days of the exceedance, 
or put in place a derivatives risk management program and comply with 
the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk as soon as reasonably 
practicable.\1025\ We estimate that 2,437 funds will be subject to 
these limited derivatives users requirements.\1026\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1024\ See rule 18f-4(c)(4); supra section II.E.3 (discussing 
the policies and procedures requirement for limited derivatives 
users).
    \1025\ See rule 18f-4(c)(4)(ii); supra section II.E.4.
    \1026\ See supra paragraph following footnote 892.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 6 below summarizes the initial and ongoing annual burden 
estimates associated with the requirements for limited derivatives 
users under rule 18f-4. The Commission did not receive comments 
relating to the estimated hour and costs burdens associated with the 
preparation and maintenance of a limited derivatives user's policies 
and procedures. However, we have increased the proposal's estimated 
burden hours and internal and external total time costs to account for 
the potential that funds may implement additional policies and 
procedures related to the changes we have incorporated into the final 
rule to address exceedances of the 10% derivatives exposure threshold. 
This increase also reflects the Commission's updated views on typical 
time burdens and costs associated with the development of fund risk 
management policies and procedures.
    Some commenters did state that many funds already have policies and 
procedures in place to manage certain risks associated with their 
derivatives transactions.\1027\ We do not have data to determine how 
many funds currently have written policies and procedures in place that 
will satisfy the rule's requirement. However, for purposes of our 
estimated hour and costs burden, we assume that all limited derivatives 
users will incur a cost associated with this requirement. Accordingly, 
our estimate may be over-inclusive, to the extent that it counts funds 
that already have in place policies and procedures reasonably designed 
to manage the fund's derivatives risks. Our estimate also may be under-
inclusive, to the extent that it does not count funds that do not 
currently use derivatives, but that might want to implement policies 
and procedures reasonably designed to manage derivatives risks in order 
to have future flexibility to engage in derivatives transactions under 
the final's rule's limited derivatives user provision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1027\ See Fidelity Comment Letter; IAA Comment Letter; see also 
supra footnote 893 and accompanying paragraph (stating that the 
Commission believes that ``these policies and procedures could be 
readily adapted to meet the final rule's requirements without 
significant additional cost'').
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[[Page 83267]]

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[[Page 83268]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR21DE20.006

BILLING CODE 8011-01-C

[[Page 83269]]

7. Recordkeeping Requirements
    Rule 18f-4 will require a fund that enters into derivatives 
transactions to maintain certain records. As proposed, if the fund is 
not a limited derivatives user, the fund will be required to maintain 
records related to the fund's derivatives risk management program and 
the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, including records related to 
board oversight and reporting (including records of the written 
reporting that the rule requires to occur between the derivatives risk 
manager and the fund's board when the fund is out of compliance with 
the applicable VaR test).\1028\ As a modification to the proposal the 
final rule includes further obligations for a fund that is out of 
compliance with its applicable VaR test to provide written reports to 
the board.\1029\ These additional reports will be covered by the final 
recordkeeping requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1028\ See rule 18f-4(c)(6)(i)(A) through (C).
    \1029\ See supra footnote 772 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If the fund is a limited derivatives user, the fund will be 
required to maintain a written record of its policies and procedures 
that are reasonably designed to manage derivatives risks.\1030\ As a 
conforming change in the final rule, a limited derivatives user will 
also be required to maintain records of written reports provided to the 
board upon any exceedance by the fund of the 10% derivatives exposure 
threshold, in accordance with the rule.\1031\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1030\ See rule 18f-4(c)(6)(i)(D).
    \1031\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, in light of the final rule providing two separate 
treatment options for a fund that enters into a reverse repurchase 
agreement or similar financing transaction, we have conformed the 
recordkeeping provision to require that a fund that enters into reverse 
repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions to maintain a 
written record documenting whether it is complying with the asset 
coverage requirements of section 18 with respect to these transactions, 
or alternatively whether it is treating these transactions as 
derivatives transactions for all purposes under rule 18f-4.
    Finally, a fund engaging in unfunded commitment agreements will be 
required to maintain records documenting the sufficiency of its cash 
and cash equivalents to meet its obligations with respect to each 
unfunded commitment agreement.\1032\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1032\ See rule 18f-4(e)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that 5,203 funds will be subject to recordkeeping 
requirements under the final rule (although not all funds will be 
subject to all of the rule's recordkeeping requirements).\1033\ Below 
we estimate the average initial and ongoing annual burdens associated 
with the recordkeeping requirements. This average takes into account 
that some funds such as limited derivatives users may have less 
extensive recordkeeping burdens than other funds that use derivatives, 
or the other transactions that final rule 18f-4 addresses, more 
substantially.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1033\ We estimate that the number of funds that will be subject 
to the recordkeeping requirements includes the number of funds that 
we estimate will be required to comply with the derivatives risk 
management program requirement (2,766 funds, which number 
encompasses the 2,696 funds that we estimate will be subject to the 
VaR test requirements) and the number of funds that we estimate will 
qualify as limited derivatives users (2,437 funds). See supra 
footnote 1010 and sections III.C.1-III.C.3. 2,766 funds + 2,437 
funds = 5,203 funds.
    Based on staff review of filings on Forms N-PORT and N-CEN for 
2019, we estimate that 181 funds, or 1% of all funds subject to the 
final rule, will enter into reverse repurchase agreements or similar 
financing transactions (excluding BDCs, which we do not believe 
enter into such transactions to a significant degree) and will be 
subject to the recordkeeping requirements in the final rule. We 
further estimate that approximately 8.5% of open-end funds, 30% of 
registered closed-end funds, and 100% of BDCs, or 1,339 funds (10% 
of all funds subject to the rule) will enter into unfunded 
commitments and will incur be subject to the recordkeeping 
requirements in the final rule. To prevent over-counting, we are not 
adding these numbers of funds that engage in reverse repurchase 
agreements and unfunded commitment agreements to the sum of 5,203 
funds discussed above, because we assume that these funds generally 
either would have to comply with the derivatives risk management 
program requirement or would qualify as limited derivatives users.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 7 below summarizes the proposed PRA estimates associated with 
the recordkeeping requirements in rule 18f-4. The Commission did not 
receive any comments related to the estimated PRA burdens set forth in 
the Proposing Release associated with the rule's recordkeeping 
requirements. However, we have adjusted the proposal's estimated annual 
burden hours and total time costs, on account of the conforming 
modifications to the proposed recordkeeping requirements that we are 
adopting, as well as to reflect the Commission's updated views on 
typical time burdens and personnel associated with similar 
recordkeeping requirements in other Commission regulations.
BILLING CODE 8011-01-P

[[Page 83270]]

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[[Page 83271]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR21DE20.008


[[Page 83272]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR21DE20.009

8. Rule 18f-4 Total Estimated Burden
    As summarized in Table 8 below, we estimate that the total hour 
burdens and time costs associated with rule 18f-4, amortized over three 
years, will result in an average aggregate annual burden of 501,275 
hours and an average aggregate annual monetized time cost of 
$202,443,126. We also estimate that, amortized over three years, there 
will be external costs of $22,252,947 associated with this collection 
of information. Therefore, each fund that relies on the rule will incur 
an average annual burden of approximately 96.34 hours, at an average 
annual monetized time cost of approximately $38,909, and an external 
cost of $4,277 to comply with rule 18f-4.\1034\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1034\ These per-fund burden estimates likely overestimate the 
total burden of rule 18f-4 because not all funds (e.g., limited 
derivatives users) would incur the various burdens set forth in the 
table.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83273]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR21DE20.010

C. Rule 6c-11

    Rule 6c-11 permits ETFs that satisfy certain conditions to operate 
without first obtaining an exemptive order from the Commission.\1035\ 
We are amending rule 6c-11 to permit leveraged/inverse ETFs to rely on 
that rule, provided they satisfy the applicable requirements of rule 
18f-4. Because we believe this amendment will increase the number of 
funds relying on rule 6c-11, we are updating the PRA analysis for rule 
6c-11 to account for the aggregate burden increase that will result 
from this increase in respondents to that rule. We are not updating the 
rule 6c-11 PRA analysis in any other respect.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1035\ See supra footnotes 613-616 and accompanying text.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 6c-11 requires an ETF to disclose certain information on its 
publicly-available website, to maintain certain records, and to adopt 
and implement certain written policies and procedures. The purpose of 
these collections of information is to provide useful information to 
investors who purchase and sell ETF shares in secondary markets and to 
allow the Commission to better monitor reliance on rule 6c-11 and will 
assist the Commission with its accounting, auditing and oversight 
functions. Information provided to the Commission in connection with 
staff

[[Page 83274]]

examinations or investigations will be kept confidential subject to the 
provisions of applicable law.
    The respondents to rule 6c-11 will be ETFs registered as open-end 
management investment companies other than share class ETFs and non-
transparent ETFs. This collection will not be mandatory, but will be 
necessary for those ETFs seeking to operate without individual 
exemptive orders, including all ETFs whose existing exemptive orders 
will be rescinded.
    Under the currently approved PRA estimates, 1,735 ETFs would be 
subject to these requirements. The current PRA estimates for rule 6c-11 
include 74,466.2 total internal burden hours, $24,771,740.10 in 
internal time costs, and $1,735,000 in external time costs.
    In the Proposing Release, we estimated that the proposed amendments 
to rule 6c-11 would result in an additional 164 leveraged/inverse ETFs 
relying on that rule, resulting in an increase in the number of 
respondents to 1,899 ETFs. This updated number of respondents resulted 
in a total of 81,505.08 burden hours, $27,113,276.34 in internal time 
costs, and $1,899,000 in external costs.
    We did not receive public comment relating to the PRA estimates for 
rule 6c-11 in the Proposing Release. We continue to believe that the 
current annual burden and cost estimates for rule 6c-11 are 
appropriate, but that the amendments to rule 6c-11 will result in an 
increase in the number of respondents. Specifically, we estimate that 
an additional 172 ETFs (all leveraged/inverse ETFs) will rely on rule 
6c-11, resulting in an increase in the number of respondents to 1,907 
ETFs. Table 9 below summarizes these revisions to the estimated annual 
responses, burden hours, and burden-hour costs based on the amendments 
to rule 6c-11.

[[Page 83275]]

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[[Page 83276]]


BILLING CODE 8011-01-C

D. Form N-PORT

    We are amending Form N-PORT to add new items to Part B 
(``Information About the Fund''), as well as to make certain amendments 
to the form's General Instructions. Form N-PORT, as amended, will 
require funds that are limited derivatives users under final rule 18f-4 
to provide information about their derivatives exposure, and 
exceedances of their derivatives exposure over 10% of their net 
assets.\1036\ It also will require funds that are subject to the limit 
on fund leverage risk in rule 18f-4 to provide certain information 
about the fund's VaR during the reporting period.\1037\ The final 
amendments to Form N-PORT incorporate several modifications from the 
proposal: (1) The proposed requirements would have required all funds, 
not just limited derivatives users, to report derivatives exposure 
information; (2) the proposed requirements did not include the 
requirement for funds that are limited derivatives users to report 
exceedances of their derivatives exposure over the 10% threshold; and 
(3) the final VaR reporting requirements decrease the number of 
reported items that the proposal would have required and make certain 
VaR-related information non-public. We estimate that 5,133 funds in the 
aggregate, consisting of 2,437 limited derivatives users and 2,696 
funds that are subject to the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, 
will be subject to aspects of the Form N-PORT reporting requirements in 
the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1036\ See Item B.9 of Form N-PORT; supra section II.G.1.a.
    \1037\ See Item B.10 of Form N-PORT; see supra section II.G.1.b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Preparing reports on Form N-PORT is mandatory for all management 
investment companies (other than money market funds and small business 
investment companies) and UITs that operate as ETFs and is a collection 
of information under the PRA. Responses to the reporting requirements 
will be kept confidential, subject to the provisions of applicable law, 
for reports filed with respect to the first two months of each quarter. 
The information that funds will report regarding limited derivatives 
users' derivatives exposure and exceedances of the 10% derivatives 
exposure threshold, information about a fund's median daily VaR and 
median VaR Ratio, as applicable, and VaR backtesting exceptions will 
not be made publicly available. All other responses to the new Form N-
PORT reporting requirements for the third month of the quarter will not 
be kept confidential, but made public sixty days after the quarter end. 
Form N-PORT is designed to assist the Commission in its regulatory, 
disclosure review, inspection, and policymaking roles, and to help 
investors and other market participants better assess different fund 
products.\1038\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1038\ The specific purposes for each of the new reporting items 
are discussed in section II.G.1 supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on current PRA estimates, we estimate that funds prepare and 
file their reports on Form N-PORT either by (1) licensing a software 
solution and preparing and filing the reports in house, or (2) 
retaining a service provider to provide data aggregation, validation 
and/or filing services as part of the preparation and filing of reports 
on behalf of the fund. We estimate that 35% of funds subject to the N-
PORT filing requirements will license a software solution and file 
reports on Form N-PORT in house, and the remainder will retain a 
service provider to file reports on behalf of the fund.
    Table 10 below summarizes our initial and ongoing annual burden 
estimates associated with the amendments to Form N-PORT. One commenter 
broadly opposed any new Form N-PORT reporting requirements on the 
grounds that they generally increase burdens on funds, but did not 
comment on PRA related burdens specifically.\1039\ Otherwise, the 
Commission did not receive comments specifically addressing the 
estimated burdens associated with the proposed Form N-PORT reporting 
requirements. We have adjusted the proposal's estimated annual burden 
hours and total time costs, on account of the modifications to the 
proposed Form N-PORT requirements that we are adopting.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1039\ ISDA Comment Letter.

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[[Page 83277]]

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[[Page 83278]]


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BILLING CODE 8011-01-C

E. Form N-RN and Rule 30b1-10

    We are amending Form N-LIQUID (which we are re-titling as ``Form N-
RN'') to add new reporting requirements for funds subject to the VaR-
based limit on fund leverage risk pursuant to rule 18f-4 as well as 
conforming amendments to rule 30b1-10.\1040\ We are adopting these 
requirements substantially as proposed, with conforming amendments to 
reflect changes to the proposed VaR requirements in the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1040\ See Parts E, F, and G of Form N-RN; see also supra 
section II.G.2 (noting that, in addition to registered open-end 
funds, the scope of funds that will be subject to the requirements 
of Form N-RN will expand to include registered closed-end funds and 
BDCs).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83279]]

    A fund that determines that it is out of compliance with the VaR 
test and has not come back into compliance within five business days 
after such determination will have to file a non-public report on Form 
N-RN providing certain information regarding its VaR test 
breaches.\1041\ In addition, a fund that has come back into compliance 
with either the relative VaR test or the absolute VaR test, as 
applicable, must file a report on Form N-RN within one business day to 
indicate that. We estimate that 2,696 funds per year will be required 
to comply with either of the VaR tests, and the Commission will receive 
approximately 54 filing(s) in aggregate per year in response to the new 
VaR-related items that we proposed to include on Form N-RN, as 
amended.\1042\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1041\ See supra footnote 688. For purposes of this PRA 
analysis, the burden associated with the amendments to rule 30b1-10 
and rule 18f-4(c)(7) is included in the collection of information 
requirements for Form N-RN.
    \1042\ The estimate at proposal was 30 filings in aggregate per 
year. See Proposing Release, supra footnote 1, at n.682 and 
accompanying text. However, in a modification from the calculation 
at proposal, the final PRA analysis increases this total by 
approximately 75% to 54 filings in aggregate per year.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Pursuant to the amendments to Form N-RN, preparing a report on this 
form will be mandatory for any fund that is out of compliance with its 
applicable VaR test for more than five business days, and for any fund 
that has come back into compliance with its applicable VaR test. A 
report on Form N-RN is a collection of information under the PRA. The 
VaR test breach information provided on Form N-RN, as well as the 
information a fund provides when it has come back into compliance, will 
enable the Commission to receive information on events that could 
impact funds' leverage-related risk more uniformly and efficiently and 
will enhance the Commission's oversight of funds when significant fund 
and/or market events occur. The Commission will be able to use the 
newly required information that funds will provide on Form N-RN in its 
regulatory, disclosure review, inspection, and policymaking roles. 
Responses to the reporting requirements and this collection of 
information will be kept confidential, subject to provisions of 
applicable law.
    Table 11 below summarizes our initial and ongoing annual burden 
estimates associated with preparing current reports in connection with 
the amendments we are adopting to funds' current reporting 
requirements. Staff estimates there will be no external costs 
associated with this collection of information. We further assume 
similar hourly and cost burdens, as well as similar response rates, for 
responses to either a breach of the absolute VaR test or the relative 
VaR test. Our assumptions furthermore take into account that the 
information that funds must report on Form N-RN regarding a VaR test 
breach includes data that will be available to funds in connection with 
their compliance with rule 18f-4, and therefore funds will not need to 
obtain or compile this information anew when they prepare reports on 
Form N-RN. Several commenters expressed that the proposed rule would 
result in more breaches of the VaR limits than estimated by the 
Commission at proposal.\1043\ Although the final rule provides 
incremental higher VaR limits than proposed, we have increased the 
number of funds that we expect to be subject to the VaR-related items 
on Form N-RN to reflect the potential that there could be more VaR 
limit breaches than we had initially estimated. We have also adjusted 
the proposal's estimated annual burden hours and total time costs to 
reflect the Commission's updated views on typical time burdens 
associated with similar reporting requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1043\ See supra sections II.D.2 and II.D.3 (discussing requests 
from commenters to raise both the relative VaR and absolute VaR 
limits in the proposal).
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BILLING CODE 8011-01-P

[[Page 83280]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR21DE20.014

F. Form N-CEN

    Form N-CEN is a structured form that requires registered funds to 
provide census-type information to the Commission on an annual basis. 
We are amending Form N-CEN to require a fund to identify whether it 
relied on rule 18f-4 during the reporting period and whether the fund 
has relied on certain provisions of the rule, substantially as 
proposed.\1044\ In a modification from the proposal, we also are 
amending Form N-CEN to require a fund to identify whether it has 
invested in securities on a when-issued or forward-settling basis, or 
with a non-standard settlement cycle, in reliance on the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1044\ See supra section II.G.3.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83281]]

    Preparing a report on Form N-CEN, as amended, will be mandatory for 
all registered funds, including money market funds. Responses will not 
be kept confidential. We estimate that 5,524 funds will be subject to 
the amendments to the Form N-CEN reporting requirements.\1045\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1045\ We estimate that the number of funds that will be subject 
to the amendments to the Form N-CEN reporting requirements includes 
the number of funds that we estimate will be required to comply with 
the derivatives risk management program requirement (2,766 funds), 
plus the number of funds that we estimate will qualify as limited 
derivatives users (2,437 funds), plus the number of money market 
funds (420 funds), minus BDCs, which are not required to report on 
Form N-CEN (99 BDCs). 2,766 + 2,437 + 420-99 = 5,524.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The purpose of Form N-CEN is to satisfy the filing and disclosure 
requirements of section 30 of the Investment Company Act, and of 
amended rule 30a-1 thereunder. The information required to be filed 
with the Commission assures the public availability of the information 
and is designed to facilitate the Commission's oversight of registered 
funds and its ability to monitor trends and risks.
    Table 12 below summarizes our initial and ongoing annual burden 
estimates associated with the amendments to Form N-CEN based on current 
Form N-CEN practices and burdens associated with minor amendments to 
the form. Staff estimates there will be no external costs associated 
with this collection of information. One commenter broadly opposed any 
new Form N-CEN reporting requirements on the grounds that they 
generally increase burdens on funds, but did not comment on PRA related 
burdens specifically.\1046\ We have adjusted the proposal's estimated 
annual burden hours and total time costs, on account of the additions 
to the proposed Form N-CEN requirements that we are adopting and the 
Commission's updated views on typical time burdens associated with 
similar reporting requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1046\ ISDA Comment Letter.

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[[Page 83282]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR21DE20.015

BILLING CODE 8011-01-C

V. Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis

    The Commission has prepared the following Final Regulatory 
Flexibility Analysis (``FRFA'') in accordance with section 604 of the 
Regulatory Flexibility Act (``RFA'').\1047\ It relates to new rule 18f-
4 and the final amendments to Forms N-PORT, N-LIQUID (re-titled ``Form 
N-RN''), and N-CEN.\1048\ An

[[Page 83283]]

Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (``IRFA'') was prepared in 
accordance with the RFA and included in the Proposing Release.\1049\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1047\ 5 U.S.C. 604.
    \1048\ As discussed above, we do not believe the conforming 
amendments to Form N-2 (clarifying that funds do not have to 
disclose in their senior securities table the derivatives 
transactions and unfunded commitment agreements entered into in 
reliance on rule 18f-4) or rule 22e-4 and Form N-PORT (removing 
references to assets ``segregated to cover'' rendered obsolete by 
rule 18f-4) result in any new reporting, recordkeeping, or 
compliance burdens. See supra footnote 1007.
    Similarly, we do not believe the conforming amendment to rule 
30b1-10 (adding registered closed-end funds to the scope of this 
rule, reflecting the requirement in final rule 18f-4 for all funds 
that experience certain VaR breach events to report information 
about these events confidentially to the Commission on Form N-RN) 
result in any new reporting, recordkeeping, or compliance burdens. 
See supra footnote 1007.
    \1049\ See Proposing Release supra footnote 1, at section VI.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Need for and Objectives of the Rule and Form Amendments

    The Commission is adopting new rule 18f-4, as well as amendments to 
rule 6c-11, and Forms N-PORT, N-LIQUID (re-titled N-RN), and N-CEN. 
This final rule, and final rule amendments, are designed to address the 
investor protection purposes and concerns underlying section 18 of the 
Investment Company Act and to provide an updated and more comprehensive 
approach to the regulation of funds' use of derivatives and the other 
transactions covered by rule 18f-4.\1050\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1050\ See supra section I.B (discussing the requirements of 
section 18, and as well as Congress' concerns underlying the limits 
of section 18). Other transactions specified in the rule include 
reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions, 
unfunded commitments, and when-issued, forward-settling, and non-
standard settlement cycle securities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rule 18f-4 is designed to provide an updated, comprehensive 
approach to the regulation of funds' use of derivatives and certain 
other transactions, generally through the implementation of a 
derivatives risk management program, limits on fund leverage risk, 
board oversight and reporting, and related recordkeeping 
requirements.\1051\ The amendments to Forms N-PORT, N-LIQUID (re-titled 
N-RN), and N-CEN will enhance the Commission's ability to effectively 
oversee funds' use of the rule and provide the Commission and the 
public with additional information regarding funds' use of 
derivatives.\1052\ All of these requirements are discussed in detail in 
section II of this release. The costs and burdens of these requirements 
on small funds are discussed below, as well as above in our Economic 
Analysis and Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis, which discuss the 
applicable costs and burdens on funds.\1053\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1051\ See supra section II.A.
    \1052\ See supra section II.G.
    \1053\ See supra sections III and IV.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Significant Issues Raised by Public Comments

    In the Proposing Release, we requested comment on every aspect of 
the IRFA, including the number of small entities that would be affected 
by the proposed rule and form amendments, the existence or nature of 
the potential impact of the proposals on small entities discussed in 
the analysis, and how to quantify the impact of the proposed 
amendments. We also requested comment on the proposed compliance 
burdens and the effect these burdens would have on smaller entities.
    Although we did not receive comments specifically addressing the 
IRFA, some commenters noted the impact of certain aspects of proposed 
rule 18f-4 on smaller funds.\1054\ Commenters in particular expressed 
concern that the proposed requirements concerning the appointment of a 
derivatives risk manager could adversely affect smaller funds. One 
commenter that urged the Commission to permit the fund's adviser to 
serve as the derivatives risk manager, instead of requiring the board 
to consider and select an individual to serve in this role, cited 
unspecified cost burdens, particularly for smaller funds, associated 
with the proposed approach.\1055\ Another commenter generally supported 
the proposed requirement for an individual to serve as the derivatives 
risk manager, but expressed concern ``that the specificity of the 
requirements could hamstring smaller and mid-sized investment managers 
in particular whose key personnel often carry out multiple 
responsibilities.'' \1056\ Similarly, one commenter stated that smaller 
firms may have significant difficulty complying with the proposed 
requirement that a fund's derivatives risk management functions be 
reasonably segregated from the fund's portfolio management functions 
because ``the portfolio managers may be the principal employees 
possessing the essential derivatives experience and hiring a person to 
be a separate [derivatives risk manager] may not be economical (and may 
not represent full time employment).'' \1057\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1054\ See, e.g., IDC Comment Letter; SIFMA AMG Comment Letter; 
ABA Comment Letter; NYC Bar Comment Letter; Dechert Comment Letter 
I. We did not receive any comments discussing the impact of 
amendments to rules 6c-11, 22e-4 or 30b1-10 on smaller funds.
    \1055\ IDC Comment Letter; see also supra section II.B.1.
    \1056\ SIFMA AMG Comment Letter.
    \1057\ ABA Comment Letter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to discussing the derivatives risk manager requirement 
in particular, commenters observed that the proposed rule's 
requirements as a whole could adversely affect smaller funds. One 
commenter described the impact of the rule's requirements generally on 
smaller funds, stating that like larger fund complexes, ``smaller fund 
complexes may need to significantly increase the financial and human 
capital resources to meet the detailed requirements under the Proposed 
Rule,'' and ``[f]und complexes of all sizes may need to draft licensing 
agreements and engage in due diligence regarding the capabilities of 
potential vendors.'' \1058\ Another commenter urged us to broadly 
exempt from the rule funds sold exclusively to accredited investors, 
qualified purchasers, or qualified clients, stating that ``a small 
advisory organization that offers a closed-end fund or BDC to 
Qualifying Investors, as an extension of its sponsorship of private 
funds, may not have the resources to hire and maintain separate risk 
personnel, including a [derivatives risk manager], or develop and 
maintain a [derivatives risk management program].'' \1059\ Several 
commenters that recommended extending the transition period for all 
funds beyond the one-year period we proposed noted a longer timeframe 
could be particularly beneficial to smaller funds. One commenter stated 
that ``certain smaller and midsize investment advisers that serve as 
subadvisers to registered funds would benefit from more time to meet 
these implementation challenges.'' \1060\ Similarly, another commenter 
suggested that a longer transition period would be useful for smaller 
funds with limited resources that may need to hire additional personnel 
or redirect current resources in order to comply with the new 
requirements.\1061\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1058\ Dechert Comment Letter I.
    \1059\ NYC Bar Comment Letter.
    \1060\ ICI Comment Letter.
    \1061\ Dechert Comment Letter I.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering the comments we received, we are adopting the 
proposed rule and form amendments, with certain modifications intended 
to reduce many of the operational challenges commenters identified. For 
example, we are adopting certain changes to the proposal that will be 
cost-reducing to all funds, including small funds, such as requiring 
weekly backtesting, instead of daily, as proposed.\1062\ This release 
also clarifies that the final rule provides flexibility for the fund's 
derivatives risk manager to rely on others, such as employees of the 
fund's adviser, in carrying out activities associated with

[[Page 83284]]

the fund's derivatives risk management.\1063\ We believe that this 
flexibility will benefit all funds, including smaller funds. We also 
believe there will be certain compliance efficiencies associated with 
raising the relative and absolute VaR limits to 200% and 20%, 
respectively, which match the VaR limits in the UCITS framework, and 
could benefit small funds with an adviser that also manages UCITS 
funds.\1064\ While the proposal would have required all funds to report 
their derivatives exposure, the final amendments we are adopting will 
require only a fund that relies on the limited derivatives exception in 
rule 18f-4 to report its derivatives exposure on Form N-PORT, which 
will reduce reporting burdens on any smaller funds that do not rely on 
the exception.\1065\ In addition, we are adopting an eighteen-month 
transition period, instead of the proposed one-year transition period, 
which provides more time for all funds, including smaller funds, to 
comply with the new requirements.\1066\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1062\ See supra section II.B.2.d.
    \1063\ See supra section II.B.1.
    \1064\ See supra footnote 376.
    \1065\ See supra section II.G.1.b.
    \1066\ See supra section II.L.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Small Entities Subject to the Final Rule

    An investment company is a small entity if, together with other 
investment companies in the same group of related investment companies, 
it has net assets of $50 million or less as of the end of its most 
recent fiscal year.\1067\ Commission staff estimates that, as of June 
2020, approximately 40 registered mutual funds, 8 registered ETFs, 26 
registered closed-end funds, and 12 BDCs (collectively, 86 funds) were 
small entities.\1068\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1067\ Rule 0-10(a) under the Investment Company Act [17 CFR 
270.0-10(a)]. Recognizing the growth in assets under management in 
investment companies since rule 0-10(a) was adopted, the Commission 
plans to revisit the definition of a small entity in rule 0-10(a).
    \1068\ This estimate is derived from an analysis of data 
obtained from Morningstar Direct as well as data reported to the 
Commission for the period ending June 2020. This estimate of small 
entities include one money market fund, which has net assets of less 
than $100,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other Compliance 
Requirements

    The new rule and form amendments will impact current reporting, 
recordkeeping and other compliance requirements for funds, including 
those considered to be small entities.
1. Rule 18f-4
a. Derivatives Risk Management Program, and Board Oversight and 
Reporting
    Rule 18f-4 will generally require a fund relying on the rule when 
engaging in derivatives transactions--including small entities, but not 
funds that are limited derivatives users--to adopt and implement a 
derivatives risk management program.\1069\ This derivatives risk 
management program will include policies and procedures reasonably 
designed to assess and manage the risks of the fund's derivatives 
transactions. The program requirement is designed to permit a fund to 
tailor the program's elements to the particular types of derivatives 
that the fund uses and related risks, as well as how those derivatives 
impact the fund's investment portfolio and strategy. The final rule 
will require a fund's program to include the following elements: (1) 
Risk identification and assessment; (2) risk guidelines; (3) stress 
testing; (4) backtesting; (5) internal reporting and escalation; and 
(6) periodic review of the program. The final rule also will require: 
(1) A fund's board of directors to approve the designation of the 
fund's derivatives risk manager and (2) the derivatives risk manager to 
provide written reports to the board regarding the program's 
implementation and effectiveness.\1070\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1069\ See supra section II.B; see also rule 18f-4(c)(1).
    \1070\ See supra sections II.C and III.C.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed above, we estimate that the one-time operational costs 
necessary to establish and implement a derivatives risk management 
program will range from $150,000 to $500,000 per fund, depending on the 
particular facts and circumstances and current derivatives risk 
management practices of the fund.\1071\ We also estimate that each fund 
will incur ongoing program-related costs that range from 65% to 75% of 
the one-time costs necessary to establish and implement a derivatives 
risk management program, or approximately $97,500 to $375,000.\1072\ We 
estimate that approximately 21% of funds will be required to implement 
a derivatives risk management program, including board oversight.\1073\ 
We therefore similarly estimate that approximately 21% of small funds, 
or approximately 18 small funds, will establish a derivatives risk 
management program.\1074\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1071\ See supra section III.C.1. This section, along with 
sections IV.B.1 and IV.B.2, also discusses the professional skills 
that we believe compliance with this aspect of the final rule will 
entail.
    \1072\ See supra footnote 847.
    \1073\ See supra footnote 849 and accompanying text (estimating 
that 21% of funds, or 2,766 funds total, will be required to 
implement a derivatives risk management program). These are funds 
that hold some derivatives and will not qualify as a limited 
derivatives user under the final rule.
    \1074\ We estimate that there are 86 small funds that meet the 
small entity definition. See supra footnote 1068 and accompanying 
text. 86 small funds x 21% = approximately 18 funds that are small 
entities that will be required to implement a derivatives risk 
management program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There are different factors that will affect whether a smaller fund 
incurs program-related costs that are on the higher or lower end of the 
estimated range. For example, we would expect that smaller funds that 
are not part of a fund complex--or their advisers--may not have 
existing personnel capable of fulfilling the responsibilities of the 
derivatives risk manager. Some smaller funds may have more limited 
employee resources, making it more difficult to segregate the portfolio 
management and derivatives risk management function. In addition, some 
smaller entities may choose to hire a derivatives risk manager rather 
than assigning that responsibility to a current officer or officers of 
the fund's investment adviser who is not a portfolio manager and has 
the requisite experience. Also, while we would expect larger funds or 
funds that are part of a large fund complex to incur higher program-
related costs in absolute terms relative to a smaller fund or a fund 
that is part of a smaller fund complex, a smaller fund may find it more 
costly, per dollar managed, to comply with the derivatives risk 
management program requirement because it will not be able to benefit 
from a larger fund complex's economies of scale.\1075\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1075\ See supra section III.C.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Limit on Fund Leverage Risk
    Rule 18f-4 will generally require a fund relying on the rule to 
engage in derivatives transactions to comply with an outer limit on 
fund leverage risk based on VaR.\1076\ This requirement is applicable 
to small entities, except for those that are limited derivatives users 
or that are leveraged/inverse funds that cannot comply with the VaR 
limit and meet other conditions, as the rule describes. This outer 
limit is based on a relative VaR test that compares the fund's VaR to 
the VaR of a designated reference portfolio. If the fund's derivatives 
risk manager reasonably determines that a designated reference 
portfolio would not provide an appropriate reference portfolio for 
purposes of the relative VaR test, the fund will be required to comply 
with an absolute VaR test. In either case, a fund must apply the test 
at least once each

[[Page 83285]]

business day. This requirement is designed to limit fund leverage risk 
consistent with the investor protection purposes underlying section 18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1076\ See supra sections II.D, II.E, and II.F.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed above, we estimate that the one-time operational costs 
necessary to establish and implement a VaR calculation model consistent 
with the limit on fund leverage risk will range from $5,000 to $100,000 
per fund, depending on the particular facts and circumstances and 
current derivatives risk management practices of the fund.\1077\ We 
estimate that approximately 21% of funds will be required to comply 
with the limit on fund leverage risk.\1078\ We therefore similarly 
estimate that approximately 21% of small funds, or approximately 18 
small funds, will be required to comply with the limit on fund leverage 
risk.\1079\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1077\ See supra section III.C.2. This section also discusses 
the professional skills that we believe compliance with this aspect 
of the final rule will entail.
    \1078\ See supra text following footnote 857 (estimating that 
21% of funds, or 2,696 funds total, will be required to implement 
VaR tests). This estimate excludes both: (1) Limited derivatives 
users, and (2) funds that are leveraged/inverse funds that cannot 
comply with the VaR limit and meet other conditions, as the rule 
describes.
    \1079\ We estimate that there are 86 small funds that meet the 
small entity definition. See supra footnote 1068 and accompanying 
text. 86 small funds x 21% = approximately 18 funds that are small 
entities that will be subject to a VaR test.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There are multiple factors that could affect whether the costs that 
smaller funds will incur in complying with the limit on fund leverage 
risk will be on the lower versus higher end of this estimated range. To 
the extent that funds (including smaller funds) have already 
established and implemented portfolio VaR testing practices and 
procedures, these funds will incur fewer costs relative to those funds 
that have not already established and implemented VaR-based analysis in 
their risk management. As a result of fewer resources, a smaller fund, 
and more specifically a smaller fund not part of a fund complex, may be 
particularly likely to hire a third-party vendor to comply with the 
VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, which could increase costs of 
complying with the limit for those funds. Finally, costs will vary 
based on factors such as whether the fund uses multiple types of 
derivatives or uses derivatives more extensively, whether the fund 
implements the absolute VaR test versus the relative VaR test, and 
whether (for a fund that uses the relative VaR test) the fund uses a 
designated reference portfolio for which the index provider charges a 
licensing fee.\1080\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1080\ See supra footnote 880 and accompanying paragraph.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Requirements for Limited Derivatives Users
    Rule 18f-4 includes an exception from the rule's derivatives risk 
management program requirement and limit on fund leverage risk for 
``limited derivatives users.'' \1081\ The exception is available to a 
fund that limits its derivatives exposure to 10% of its net assets, 
excluding derivatives transactions used to hedge certain currency and/
or interest rate risks. A fund that relies on the exception--small 
funds as well as large funds--will also be required to adopt policies 
and procedures that are reasonably designed to manage its derivatives 
risks. In a change from the proposal, the final rule provides two 
alternative paths for remediation for limited derivatives users that 
are out of compliance with the 10% derivatives exposure threshold 
requirement.\1082\ We believe that the risks and potential impact of 
these funds' derivatives use may not be as significant, compared to 
those of funds that do not qualify for the exception, and that a 
principles-based policies and procedures requirement will appropriately 
address these risks. These ``reasonably designed'' policies and 
procedures will have a scope that that reflects the extent and nature 
of a fund's use of derivatives within the parameters that the exception 
provides.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1081\ See supra section II.E; rule 18f-4(c)(4).
    \1082\ See supra section II.E.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed above, we estimate that the one-time costs to 
establish and implement policies and procedures reasonably designed to 
manage a fund's derivatives risks will range from $15,000 to $100,000 
per fund, depending on the particular facts and circumstances and 
current derivatives risk management practices of the fund.\1083\ We 
also estimate that the ongoing annual costs that a fund that is a 
limited derivatives user will incur range from 65% to 75% of the one-
time costs to establish and implement the policies and procedures. 
Thus, we estimate that a fund will incur ongoing annual costs 
associated with the limited derivatives user exception that will range 
from $9,750 to $75,000.\1084\ We anticipate that larger funds that are 
limited derivatives users--or limited derivatives user funds that are 
part of a large fund complex--will likely experience economies of scale 
in complying with the requirements for limited derivatives users that 
smaller funds will not necessarily experience.\1085\ Thus, smaller 
funds that are limited derivatives users could incur costs on the 
higher end of the estimated range. However, a smaller fund whose 
derivatives use is limited could benefit from the limited derivatives 
user exception because it will not be required to adopt a derivatives 
risk management program (including all of the program elements).\1086\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1083\ See supra section III.C.3 (discussing the one-time range 
of costs for implementing the limited derivatives user requirements 
under rule 18f-4 and the variables impacting a fund incurring costs 
at the lower or higher end of the estimated cost range). This 
section, along with section IV.B.6, also discusses the professional 
skills that we believe compliance with this aspect of the rule will 
entail.
    \1084\ See supra footnote 892.
    \1085\ See supra footnote 1075 and accompanying text.
    \1086\ See supra section II.E.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that approximately 19% of funds will qualify for the 
limited derivatives user exception.\1087\ We would expect some small 
funds to fall within the limited derivatives user exception.\1088\ 
However, not all small funds that use derivatives will necessarily 
qualify as limited derivatives users. We estimate--applying to small 
funds the same estimated percentage of funds overall that will qualify 
as limited derivatives users--that approximately 19% of small funds 
(approximately 16 small funds) will qualify for the limited derivatives 
user exception under the final rule.\1089\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1087\ See supra paragraph following footnote 892 (estimating 
that 19% of funds, or 2,437 funds total, will qualify as limited 
derivatives users). This estimate excludes funds that will comply 
with the derivatives risk management program. See also supra 
sections II.F, III.C.1, III.C.3, III.C.5, IV.B.3, and V.D.1.a.
    \1088\ Id.
    \1089\ Id. We estimate that there are 86 small funds that meet 
the small entity definition. See supra footnote 1068 and 
accompanying text. 86 small funds x 19% = approximately 16 funds 
that are small entities that will qualify for the limited 
derivatives user exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Reverse Repurchase Agreements
    Rule 18f-4 will permit a fund to engage in reverse repurchase 
agreements and other similar financing transactions so long as they 
either are subject to the relevant asset coverage requirements of 
section 18 for senior securities representing indebtedness, or treated 
as derivative transactions for all purposes under the rule.\1090\ A 
fund's election will apply to all of its reverse repurchase agreements 
and similar financing transactions, and therefore all of a fund's such 
transactions will be subject to consistent treatment under the final 
rule.\1091\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1090\ See supra section II.H.
    \1091\ Rule 18f-4(d)(1)(i) and (ii).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83286]]

    Today, funds rely on the asset segregation approach that Release 
10666 describes with respect to reverse repurchase agreements, which 
funds may view as separate from the limitations established on bank 
borrowings (and other senior securities that are evidence of 
indebtedness) by the asset coverage requirements of section 18. To the 
extent that funds elect to rely on the asset coverage requirements of 
section 18 with respect to their reverse repurchase agreements and 
similar financing transactions, these funds will have to take these 
transactions into account in monitoring their compliance with the asset 
coverage requirements of section 18. Alternatively, to the extent that 
a fund chooses to treat its reverse repurchase and other similar 
financing transaction activity as derivatives for all purposes of the 
final rule, the fund must adopt and implement policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to manage the fund's derivatives risks in order to 
qualify as a limited derivatives user (assuming that the fund's use of 
reverse repurchase agreements and similar financing transactions, in 
addition to its derivatives exposure, was limited to 10% of its net 
assets). If such a fund's use of reverse repurchase agreements and 
similar financing transactions, in addition to derivatives exposure 
associated with the fund's other derivatives transactions, exceeds 10% 
of its net assets, the fund must adopt a derivatives risk management 
program and comply with the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk.
    We estimate that about 0.27% of all funds, excluding BDCs, will 
enter into these transactions in amounts that exceed the asset coverage 
requirements.\1092\ If these funds choose not to adjust their use of 
reverse repurchase agreements, similar financing transactions, or 
borrowings in order to comply with the asset coverage requirements, 
these funds will have to qualify as a limited derivatives user under 
the final rule (and adopt the policies and procedures that the limited 
derivatives user exception requires) or else be subject to the final 
rule's VaR and program requirements. We similarly estimate--applying to 
small funds the same estimated percentage of funds that will engage in 
reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing activities--that no 
small funds will engage in these transactions in combined amounts that 
exceed the asset coverage requirement.\1093\ We therefore do not 
estimate a cost burden to small funds associated with the provisions 
regarding reverse repurchase agreements in rule 18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1092\ See supra footnote 1033.
    \1093\ We estimate that there are 86 small funds that meet the 
small entity definition. See supra footnote 1068 and accompanying 
text. 86 small funds x 0.27% = 0 (rounded for convenience).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Unfunded Commitment Agreements
    The rule also addresses funds' participation in unfunded commitment 
agreements. The approach in the final rule recognizes that while 
entering into unfunded commitment agreements may raise the risk that a 
fund may be unable to meet its obligations under these transactions, 
unfunded commitments do not generally involve the leverage and other 
risks associated with derivatives transactions.\1094\ Rule 18f-4 will 
permit a fund to enter into unfunded commitment agreements if it 
reasonably believes, at the time it enters into such agreement, that it 
will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to meet its obligations 
with respect to each of its unfunded commitment agreements, in each 
case as they come due. The rule prescribes factors that a fund must 
consider in forming such a reasonable belief. If a fund enters into 
unfunded commitment agreements in compliance with this requirement, the 
rule specifies that unfunded commitment agreements will not be 
considered for purposes of computing asset coverage, as defined in 
section 18(h) of the Investment Company Act. This approach for unfunded 
commitment agreements reflects current industry practice, as discussed 
above.\1095\ We therefore do not expect that this provision in rule 
18f-4 will result in significant costs to small (or large) funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1094\ See supra section II.I.
    \1095\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

f. When-Issued, Forward-Settling, and Non-Standard Settlement Cycle 
Securities Transactions
    In a change from the proposal, the final rule also includes a new 
provision that will permit funds, as well as money market funds, to 
invest in securities on a when-issued or forward-settling basis, or 
with a non-standard settlement cycle, and the transactions will be 
deemed not to involve a senior security subject to certain 
conditions.\1096\ This provision will permit funds and money market 
funds, including smaller entities, to invest in securities on a when-
issued basis under rule 18f-4 notwithstanding that these investments 
trade on a forward basis involving a temporary delay between the 
transaction's trade date and settlement date. We do not believe that 
this approach will result in a significant change in the extent to 
which funds and money market funds engage in these transactions. We 
therefore do not expect these amendments to result in significant costs 
to small (or large) funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1096\ See supra section II.A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

g. Recordkeeping
    Rule 18f-4 includes certain recordkeeping provisions that are 
designed to provide the Commission, and the fund's board of directors 
and compliance personnel, the ability to evaluate the fund's compliance 
with the final rule's requirements.\1097\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1097\ See supra section II.J.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    First, the rule will require a fund to maintain certain records 
documenting its derivatives risk management program, including a 
written record of: (1) Its policies and procedures designed to manage 
the fund's derivatives risks, (2) the results of any stress testing of 
its portfolio, (3) the results of any VaR test backtesting it conducts, 
(4) records documenting any internal reporting or escalation of 
material risks under the program, and (5) records documenting any 
periodic reviews of the program.\1098\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1098\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(i)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the rule will also require a fund to maintain a written 
record of any materials provided to the fund's board of directors in 
connection with approving the designation of the derivatives risk 
manager. The rule also requires a fund to keep records of any written 
reports provided to the board of directors relating to the program, and 
any written reports provided to the board that the rule requires 
regarding the fund's non-compliance with the applicable VaR test.\1099\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1099\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(i)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, a fund that is required to comply with the VaR test also has 
to maintain written records documenting the determination of: Its 
portfolio VaR; the VaR of its designated reference portfolio, as 
applicable; its VaR ratio (the value of the VaR of the fund's portfolio 
divided by the VaR of the designated reference portfolio), as 
applicable; and any updates to the VaR calculation models used by the 
fund, as well as the basis for any material changes made to those 
models.\1100\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1100\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(i)(C).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Fourth, the rule requires a fund that is a limited derivatives user 
to maintain a written record of its policies and procedures that are 
reasonably designed to manage its derivatives risks.\1101\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1101\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(i)(D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Fifth, a fund that enters into unfunded commitment agreements will 
be required to maintain a record documenting the basis for the fund's

[[Page 83287]]

belief regarding the sufficiency of its cash and cash equivalents to 
meet its obligations with respect to its unfunded commitment 
agreements.\1102\ A record must be made each time a fund enters into 
such an agreement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1102\ Rule 18f-4(e)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sixth, the rule requires a fund that enters into reverse repurchase 
agreements or similar financing transactions to maintain a record 
documenting whether it is complying with the asset coverage 
requirements of section 18 with respect to these transactions, or 
alternatively whether it is treating these transactions as derivatives 
transactions for all purposes under the rule.\1103\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1103\ Rule 18f-4(d)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, funds must maintain the required records for a period of 
five years.\1104\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1104\ Rule 18f-4(c)(6)(ii); rule 18f-4(d)(2); rule 18f-4(e)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As reflected above, we estimate that the average annual 
recordkeeping costs for funds that will not qualify as limited 
derivatives users (that is, recordkeeping costs associated with the 
program and VaR requirements) will be $10,613 per fund, depending on 
the particular facts and circumstances and current derivatives risk 
management practices of the fund.\1105\ We separately estimate that the 
average annual recordkeeping costs for a limited derivatives user will 
be $1,917.50.\1106\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1105\ See supra section IV.B.7. The components of this estimate 
include average annual estimates of $10,013 internal cost and $600 
average annual external cost per fund ($10,013 + $600 = $10,613). 
This section also discusses the professional skills that we believe 
compliance with this aspect of the rule will entail.
    \1106\ Id. The components of this estimate include average 
annual estimates of $1,317.50 internal cost and $600 average annual 
external cost per fund ($1,317.50 + $600 = $1,917.50).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To the extent that we estimate that small funds will be subject to 
the various provisions of the rule that will necessitate recordkeeping 
requirements, as discussed above, these small funds also will be 
subject to the associated recordkeeping requirements. Therefore, we 
estimate that: 21% of small funds (approximately 18 small funds) will 
have to comply with the program-related recordkeeping requirements and 
requirements regarding materials provided to the fund's board; 21% of 
small funds (approximately 18 small funds) will have to comply with 
requirements to maintain records of compliance with the VaR test; and 
19% of small funds (approximately 16 funds) will have to comply with 
the recordkeeping requirements for limited derivatives users.\1107\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1107\ See supra sections III.C.1, III.C.2, III.C.3, V.D.1.a, 
V.D.1.b, and V.D.1.c.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, we estimate that 1% of small funds (approximately 1 
small fund) will use reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing 
agreements and be required to comply with the recordkeeping 
requirements associated with this aspect of the rule.\1108\ We further 
estimate that the average annual recordkeeping cost for each fund--
large or small--that chooses to enter into reverse repurchase 
agreements or similar financing transactions is $790.50 to document how 
the fund elects treat these transactions for all purposes under the 
rule (i.e., either subject to section 18's asset coverage requirements, 
or treated as derivatives transactions).\1109\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1108\ We estimate that 1% of all funds subject to the final 
rule (excluding BDCs), will enter into such transactions. See supra 
footnote 1033. Applying the same percentage, we estimate that 1 
small fund will use reverse repurchase agreements or similar 
financing transactions ((86 small funds-12 small BDCs) = 74 small 
funds x 1% = 1 (rounded for convenience).
    \1109\ See supra section IV.B.7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, we estimate that 10% of small funds, or 9 small funds, 
will enter into at least one unfunded commitment agreement annually, 
thus triggering the requisite recordkeeping requirements.\1110\ We also 
estimate an average annual cost of $1,317.50 for a fund to create and 
maintain a record documenting its ``reasonable belief'' regarding its 
ability to meet its obligations with respect to each unfunded 
commitment agreement, each time it enters such an agreement.\1111\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1110\ We believe the final rule's approach to unfunded 
commitments is generally consistent with the current practices of 
funds that enter into unfunded commitments. See supra section II.I. 
Based on our staff's review of fund filings, we estimate that 1,339 
funds (approximately 10% of all funds subject to the rule) entered 
into an unfunded commitment agreement as of December 2019, see supra 
footnote 1033, and 9 small funds (10% of 86 small funds) did 
likewise.
    \1111\ See supra section IV.B.7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A fund's recordkeeping-related costs will vary, depending on the 
provisions of rule 18f-4 that the fund relies on. For example, funds 
that are required to adopt derivatives risk management programs, versus 
funds that are limited derivatives users under the rule, will be 
subject to different recordkeeping requirements. However, while small 
funds' recordkeeping burdens will vary based on the provisions of the 
rule that a fund relies on, their recordkeeping burdens will not vary 
solely because they are small funds. We do not anticipate that larger 
funds, or funds that are part of a large fund complex, will experience 
any significant economies of scale related to the final rule's 
additional recordkeeping requirements.
2. Amendments to Forms N-PORT, N-RN, and N-CEN
a. Amendments to Form N-PORT
    The amendments to Form N-PORT will require limited derivatives 
users to report information about their derivatives exposure, and 
also--as applicable for funds that are subject to the rule 18f-4 VaR-
based limit on fund leverage risk--to report certain VaR-related 
information.\1112\ These amendments will help the Commission assess 
compliance with rule 18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1112\ See supra section II.G.1; see also Items B.9 and B.10 of 
Form N-PORT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the final rule, limited derivatives users that file Form N-
PORT will have to provide information regarding their derivatives 
exposure on this form, specifically: (1) The fund's aggregate 
derivatives exposure; and (2) the fund's derivatives exposure 
attributable to currency or interest rate derivatives entered into and 
maintained by the fund for hedging purposes. In addition, if a limited 
derivatives user has derivatives exposure exceeding 10% of the fund's 
net assets, and this exceedance persists beyond the five-business-day 
period that the final rule provides for remediation, the fund will have 
to report the number of business days beyond the five-business-day 
remediation period that its derivatives exposure exceeded 10% of net 
assets. We estimate that 19% of small funds that file Form N-PORT 
(approximately 14 small funds) are limited derivatives users that will 
report information in response to this new exposure-related disclosure 
requirement.\1113\ In addition, funds that are subject to the limit on 
fund leverage risk will have to report certain VaR-related information 
for the reporting period. We estimate that 21% of small funds 
(approximately 16 small funds) will be subject to these VaR-related 
disclosure requirements.\1114\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1113\ See supra sections V.C, V.D.1.a, and V.D.1.c. Because 
BDCs do not file reports on Form N-PORT, we deducted BDCs from our 
estimate of small Form N-PORT filers (86 small funds-12 small BDCs = 
74 small funds that file reports on Form N-PORT). See supra footnote 
1068 and accompanying text.
    We estimate that approximately 19% of funds will qualify for the 
limited derivatives user exception. See supra footnote 1087 and 
accompanying text. Although this estimated percentage includes BDCs, 
because the total number of BDCs relative to the number of 
registered open- and closed-end funds is small, so we did not adjust 
our estimated percentage to reflect the fact that BDCs do not file 
Forms N-PORT. See supra section III.B.1. Therefore, we estimate the 
total number of small funds subject to this Form N-PORT requirement 
as follows: 74 small funds that file reports on Form N-PORT x 19% = 
approximately 14 small funds.
    \1114\ We estimate that 74 small funds file reports on Form N-
PORT. See supra footnote 1113. We estimate that approximately 21% of 
funds will be subject to the proposed limit on fund leverage risk. 
See supra section III.C.2. Although this estimated percentage 
includes BDCs, we note that the total number of BDCs relative to the 
number of registered open- and closed-end funds is small, and 
therefore our estimate does not adjust this percentage to reflect 
the fact that BDCs do not file Form N-PORT. See supra section 
III.B.1. Therefore, we estimate the total number of small funds that 
will make VaR-related disclosures on Form N-PORT as follows: 74 
small funds that file reports on Form N-PORT x 21% = approximately 
16 small funds.
    Under the final rule, funds that choose not to adjust their use 
of reverse repurchase agreements, similar financing transactions, or 
borrowings to comply with section 18's asset coverage requirements 
must treat such transactions as derivatives and either qualify as a 
limited derivatives user or be subject to the VaR tests and program 
requirements. We do not estimate any small funds will use these 
transactions in combined amounts that exceed the asset coverage 
requirement, and accordingly do not expect this requirement to 
substantively affect our estimate regarding the number of smaller 
funds that are likely to report VaR-related information on Form N-
PORT.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 83288]]

    We estimate that each fund that reports information in response to 
the VaR-related disclosure requirements on Form N-PORT will incur an 
average cost of $3,951 per year.\1115\ We also estimate that limited 
derivatives users reporting information in response to the requirement 
to report derivatives exposure, including the number of business days 
its derivatives exposure exceeds 10% of net assets, will incur a cost 
of $3,958 per year.\1116\ Notwithstanding the economies of scale 
experienced by large versus small funds, we would not expect the costs 
of compliance associated with the new Form N-PORT requirements to be 
meaningfully different for small versus large funds. The costs of 
compliance will vary only based on fund characteristics tied to their 
derivatives use. For example, a limited derivatives user that uses 
derivatives more extensively (while still under the 10% threshold) will 
incur more costs to calculate its derivatives exposure than a limited 
derivatives user that uses derivatives to a more limited degree. And a 
fund that is a limited derivatives user, or that otherwise is not 
subject to the VaR test, will not incur any costs to comply with the 
new VaR-related N-PORT items. Similarly, a fund that is a limited 
derivatives user will report derivatives exposure, but if it does not 
exceed the 10% threshold, will not incur costs to report exceedances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1115\ See supra section IV.D. The components of this $3,951 
estimate include average annual estimates of $3,039 internal cost 
and $912 average annual external cost per fund ($3,039 + $912 = 
$3,951).
    \1116\ See supra section IV.D. The components of this $3,958 
estimate include average annual estimates of $3,039 internal cost 
(to report exposure information), $7.02 internal cost (to report 
exceedance-related information), and $912 average annual external 
cost per fund ($3,039 + $7.02 + $912 = approximately $3,958).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Amendments to Current Reporting Requirements
    We are re-titling Form N-LIQUID as Form N-RN, and amending this 
form to include new reporting events for funds that are subject to rule 
18f-4's limit on fund leverage risk.\1117\ We are adopting these 
amendments in light of final rule 18f-4's requirement for funds to file 
current reports on Form N-RN about VaR test breaches under certain 
circumstances, as well as conforming amendments to rule 30b1-10.\1118\ 
These current reporting requirements are designed to aid the Commission 
in assessing funds' compliance with the VaR tests. We are requiring 
funds to provide this information in a current report because we 
believe that the Commission should be notified promptly when a fund is 
out of compliance with the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk (and 
also when it has come back into compliance with its applicable VaR 
test). We believe this information could indicate that a fund is 
experiencing heightened risks as a result of a fund's use of 
derivatives transactions, as well as provide the Commission insight 
about the duration and severity of those risks, and whether those 
heightened risks are fund-specific or industry-wide.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1117\ See supra section II.G.3.
    \1118\ See rule 18f-4(c)(7); see also rule 30b1-10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that each report that a fund will file in response to 
the new VaR-related reporting requirements of Form N-RN will entail 
costs of approximately $1,438.\1119\ Furthermore, because each report 
that a fund files initially reporting a VaR test breach must be 
accompanied by a second report when the fund comes back into compliance 
with the VaR test, each VaR test breach that requires a report will 
entail costs of two times the estimated cost for filing a single report 
($1,438 x 2 = $2,876). We estimate that approximately 18 small funds 
will be required to comply with the limit on fund leverage risk and may 
report VaR test related information on Form N-RN.\1120\ However, we 
also estimate that only 1% of funds that must comply with the leverage 
limit will file Form N-RN each year because they breached the relative 
or absolute VaR test, and applying the same percentage, estimate that 
that no small fund will file the form.\1121\ Regardless, because the 
amendments to Form N-RN will require both large and small funds to 
report VaR test breaches, the burden to report is not associated with 
fund size, and consequently, we would not expect the costs of 
compliance with the new Form N-RN requirements to be meaningfully 
different for small versus large funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1119\ See supra section IV.E. The components of this $1,438 
estimate include 3 hours of compliance attorney time ($368) and 1 
hour of senior programmer time ($334) ((3 x $368 = $1,104) + (1 x 
$334 = $334) = $1,438).
    \1120\ See supra footnote 1079 and accompanying text (estimating 
that 21% of small funds, or 18 small funds, will be subject to a 
VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk). We therefore similarly 
estimate that the same percentage and number of small funds may be 
required to report VaR-related information on Form N-RN.
    \1121\ See supra section IV.E. Calculated as follows: 18 small 
funds subject to the VaR-based limit x 1% = 0 (rounded for 
convenience).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Amendments to Form N-CEN
    The amendments to Form N-CEN will require a fund to identify 
whether it relied on rule 18f-4 during the reporting period.\1122\ The 
amendments also require a fund to identify whether it relied on any of 
the exemptions from various requirements under the rule, specifically 
whether it: (1) Is a limited derivatives user; (2) is a leveraged/
inverse fund as defined in the rule that is excepted from the 
requirement to comply with the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk; 
(3) has entered into reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing 
transactions in reliance either on the rule provision that requires 
compliance with section 18's asset coverage requirements, or the 
provision that treats such transactions as derivative transactions 
under the final rule; (4) has entered into unfunded commitment 
agreements; or (5) has invested in a security on a when-issued or 
forward-settling basis, or with a non-standard settlement cycle.\1123\ 
The amendments to Form N-CEN are designed to assist the Commission with 
its oversight functions by allowing it to identify which funds were 
excepted from, or relied on, certain of the rule's provisions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1122\ See supra section II.G.3; see also Item C.7.n of Form N-
CEN.
    \1123\ See Item C.7.n.i-vi of Form N-CEN; see also rule 18f-
4(c)(4); (c)(5); (d)(i); (d)(ii); (e); and (f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that each fund subject to the new Form N-CEN reporting 
requirements will incur additional paperwork-related burdens associated 
with responding to the new form items that average $140.40 per year on 
a per-fund basis.\1124\ We estimate that approximately 31 registered 
open- and closed-end funds are small entities that will be subject to 
the new Form N-CEN reporting requirements.\1125\

[[Page 83289]]

Notwithstanding any economies of scale experienced by large versus 
small funds, we do not expect the costs of compliance with the new Form 
N-CEN requirements to be meaningfully different for small versus large 
funds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1124\ See supra section IV.F.
    \1125\ Because BDCs do not file reports on Form N-CEN, we deduct 
the number of BDCs from the total number of small funds that we 
estimate (86 small funds-12 BDCs that are small entities = 74 small 
funds that file reports on Form N-CEN). See supra footnote 1068 and 
accompanying text.
    The estimate of 31 funds is based on the percentage of funds we 
believe will be subject to the derivatives risk management program 
requirement (21% of funds, see supra footnote 849 and accompanying 
text, which encompasses the percentage of funds that we estimate 
will be subject to the VaR test requirements) plus the percentage of 
funds we believe will qualify as limited derivatives users (19% of 
funds, see supra footnote 1087 and accompanying text). We assume 
generally that funds that will enter into reverse repurchase 
agreements or similar financing transactions, and unfunded 
commitments either would have to comply with the derivatives risk 
management program or would qualify as a limited derivatives user. 
See supra footnote 1033. In addition, we include money market funds 
in this estimate, as they may report their reliance on rule 18f-4's 
provisions for when-issued and forward-settling transactions on Form 
N-CEN.
    We therefore estimate that approximately 30 small funds that 
file reports on Form N-CEN ((86 total small funds less 12 small BDCs 
= 74 small funds) x 40% (21% + 19%) = approximately 30 small funds) 
+ 1 small money market fund = 31 small funds subject to the new Form 
N-CEN reporting requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Amendments to Rule 6c-11
    We are amending the provision in rule 6c-11 excluding leveraged/
inverse ETFs from the scope of that rule so that a leveraged/inverse 
ETF may rely on that rule if the fund complies with the applicable 
requirements of rule 18f-4.\1126\ Rule 6c-11 permits ETFs that satisfy 
certain conditions to operate without obtaining an exemptive order from 
the Commission.\1127\ The rule is designed to create a consistent, 
transparent, and efficient regulatory framework for such ETFs and 
facilitate greater competition and innovation among ETFs. As a 
consequence of our amendment to rule 6c-11, and our rescission of the 
exemptive orders we previously issued to leveraged/inverse ETFs, the 
amendment to rule 6c-11 will newly permit leveraged/inverse ETFs to 
come within scope of the rule's exemptive relief. As a result, fund 
sponsors will be allowed to operate a leveraged/inverse ETF subject to 
the conditions in rules 6c-11 and 18f-4 without obtaining an exemptive 
order.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1126\ See supra section II.F.6.
    \1127\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, there are 172 leveraged/inverse ETFs.\1128\ As a result 
of the amendments, we expect the number of funds relying on rule 6c-11 
to increase, and all 172 leveraged/inverse ETFs will rely on rule 6c-
11. However, Commission staff estimates that none of these leveraged/
inverse ETFs is a small entity.\1129\ In addition, we do not estimate 
our amendments to rule 6c-11 will change the estimated per-fund cost 
burden associated with rule 6c-11. The costs associated with complying 
with rule 6c-11 are discussed in the ETFs Adopting Release.\1130\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1128\ See supra footnote 820 and accompanying paragraph.
    \1129\ Id.
    \1130\ See ETFs Adopting Release, supra footnote 76, at sections 
IV-VI.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Agency Action To Minimize Effect on Small Entities

    The RFA directs the Commission to consider significant alternatives 
that would accomplish our stated objectives, while minimizing any 
significant economic impact on small entities. We considered the 
following alternatives for small entities in relation to the adopted 
regulations: (1) Exempting funds that are small entities from the 
reporting, recordkeeping, and other compliance requirements, to account 
for resources available to small entities; (2) establishing different 
reporting, recordkeeping, and other compliance requirements or 
frequency, to account for resources available to small entities; (3) 
consolidating or simplifying the compliance requirements under the 
proposal for small entities; and (4) using performance rather than 
design standards.
1. Alternative Approaches to Rule 18f-4
    We do not believe that exempting small funds from the provisions in 
rule 18f-4 would permit us to achieve our stated objectives. Because 
rule 18f-4 is an exemptive rule, it will require funds to comply with 
new requirements only if they wish to enter into derivatives or certain 
other transactions.\1131\ Therefore, if a small entity does not enter 
into derivatives or such other transactions as part of its investment 
strategy, then the small entity will not be subject to the provisions 
of rule 18f-4. In addition, a small fund whose derivatives use is 
limited could benefit from the limited derivatives user exception 
because it will not be required to adopt a derivatives risk management 
program (including all of the program elements). Although smaller funds 
that are limited derivatives users will still have to adopt policies 
and procedures that are reasonably designed to manage their derivatives 
risks, the estimated costs associated with this requirement are 
expected to be significantly lower than the cost of adopting a full 
derivatives risk management program.\1132\ Thus, we estimate that small 
funds that rely on the exception will not have to incur a signification 
portion of the costs associated with new rule 18f-4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1131\ See supra sections II.A and III.E.
    \1132\ See supra sections III.C.1 and IV.B.1 (Derivatives Risk 
Management Program) and III.C.3 and IV.B.6 (Requirements for Limited 
Derivatives Users) for a discussion of estimated costs associated 
with these elements of the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We estimate that 60% of all funds do not have any exposure to 
derivatives or such other transactions.\1133\ This estimate indicates 
that many funds, including many small funds, will be unaffected by the 
final rule. However, for small funds that are affected by our rule, 
providing an exemption for them could subject investors in small funds 
that engage in derivatives transactions (or other transactions that the 
rule covers) to a higher degree of risk than investors to large funds 
that will be required to comply with the elements of the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1133\ See supra footnote 807 and accompanying paragraph.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The undue speculation concern expressed in section 1(b)(7) of the 
Investment Company Act, and the asset sufficiency concern reflected in 
section 1(b)(8) of the Act--both of which the rule is designed to 
address--apply to both small as well as large funds. As discussed 
throughout this release, we believe that the rule will result in 
investor protection benefits, and these benefits should apply to 
investors in smaller funds as well as investors in larger funds. We 
therefore do not believe it would be appropriate to exempt small funds 
from the rule's program requirement or VaR-based limit on fund leverage 
risk, or to establish different requirements applicable to funds of 
different sizes under these provisions to account for resources 
available to small entities. We believe that all of the elements of 
rule 18f-4 should work together to produce the anticipated investor 
protection benefits, and therefore do not believe it is appropriate to 
except smaller funds because we believe this would limit the benefits 
to investors in such funds.
    We also do not believe that it would be appropriate to subject 
small funds to different reporting, recordkeeping, and other compliance 
requirements or frequency. Similar to the concerns discussed above, if 
the rule included different requirements for small funds, it could 
raise investor protection concerns for investors in small funds, 
including subjecting small fund investors to a higher degree of risk. 
We also believe that all fund investors will benefit from enhanced 
Commission monitoring and oversight of the fund

[[Page 83290]]

industry, which we anticipate will result from the disclosure and 
reporting requirements.
    We do not believe that consolidating or simplifying the compliance 
requirements under the rule for small funds would permit us to achieve 
our stated objectives. Again, this approach would raise investor 
protection concerns for investors in small funds using derivatives and 
the other transactions that the final rule addresses.\1134\ However, as 
discussed above, the rule contains an exception for limited derivatives 
users that we anticipate will subject funds that qualify for this 
exception to fewer compliance burdens. We recognize that the risks and 
potential impact of derivatives transactions on a fund's portfolio 
generally increase as the fund's level of derivatives usage increases 
and when funds use derivatives for speculative purposes. Therefore the 
rule will entail a less significant compliance burden for funds--
including small funds--that choose to limit their derivatives usage in 
the manner that the exception specifies. The final rule, therefore, 
includes provisions designed to consider the requirement burdens based 
on the fund's use of derivatives (rather than the size of the fund).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1134\ See, e.g., rules 18f-4(d) (reverse repurchase agreements 
and similar financing transactions); (e) (unfunded commitments); and 
(f) (when-issued, forward-settling, and non-standard settlement 
cycle securities).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The costs associated with rule 18f-4 will vary depending on the 
fund's particular circumstances, and thus the rule could result in 
different burdens on funds' resources. In particular, we expect that a 
fund that pursues an investment strategy that involves greater 
derivatives risk may have greater costs associated with its derivatives 
risk management program. For example, a fund that qualifies as a 
limited derivatives user under the rule will be exempt from the 
requirements to adopt and implement a derivatives risk management 
program, to adhere to the rule's VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk, 
and to comply with related board oversight and reporting provisions. 
The costs of compliance with the rule will vary even for limited 
derivatives users, as these funds will be required to adopt policies 
and procedures that are ``reasonably designed'' to manage their 
derivatives risks. Thus, to the extent a fund that is a small entity 
faces relatively little derivatives risk, we believe it will incur 
relatively low costs to comply with the rule. However, we believe that 
it is appropriate to correlate the costs associated with the rule with 
the level of derivatives risk facing a fund, and not necessarily with 
the fund's size in light of our investor protection objectives.
    Finally, with respect to the use of performance rather than design 
standards, the rule generally uses performance standards for all funds 
relying on the rule, regardless of size. We believe that providing 
funds with the flexibility with respect to investment strategies and 
use of derivatives transactions is appropriate, as well as the 
derivatives risk management program design. However, the rule also uses 
design standards with respect to certain requirements such as complying 
with the VaR-based limit on fund leverage risk and the specified 
program elements in the derivatives risk management program. For the 
reasons discussed above, we believe that this use of design standards 
is appropriate to address investor protection concerns, particularly 
the concerns expressed in sections 1(b)(7), 1(b)(8), and 18 of the 
Investment Company Act.
2. Alternative Approaches to Amendments to Forms N-PORT, N-LIQUID (N-
RN), and N-CEN
    We do not believe that the interests of investors would be served 
by exempting funds that are small entities from the reporting 
requirements. We believe that the form amendments are necessary to help 
identify and provide the Commission timely information about funds that 
comply with rule 18f-4.\1135\ Exempting small funds from coverage under 
all or any part of the form amendments could compromise the 
effectiveness of the reporting requirements, which the Commission 
believes would not be consistent with its goals of industry oversight 
and investor protection. We believe that fund investors will benefit 
from enhanced Commission monitoring and oversight of the fund industry, 
which we anticipate will result from the new reporting requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1135\ See supra section III.C.9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For similar reasons, although we considered establishing different 
reporting requirements for small funds, we believe this would subject 
investors in small funds that enter into derivatives transactions to a 
higher degree of risk and information asymmetry than investors to large 
funds that will be required to comply with the new reporting 
requirements for which the reported information will be publicly 
available. We also note that registered open- and closed-end management 
investment companies, including those that are small entities, have 
already updated their systems and have established internal processes 
to prepare, validate, and file reports on Forms N-PORT and N-CEN.\1136\ 
For funds that will be required to file reports on Form N-RN pursuant 
to rules 18f-4 and 30b1-10, the vast majority of them are open-end 
funds, which already are required to submit the form upon specified 
events. With respect to the additional registered closed-end funds and 
BDCs newly required to file reports on Form N-RN, we do not believe 
they will need more time than other types of funds to comply with the 
new reporting requirements, given the limited set of reporting 
requirements they will be subject to and the relatively low burden we 
estimate of filing reports on Form N-RN.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1136\ See supra footnote 625 (noting that the funds that will 
rely on rule 18f-4, other than BDCs, generally are subject to 
reporting requirements of Forms N-PORT and N-CEN); see also 
Reporting Modernization Adopting Release, Release No. 32936 (Dec. 8, 
2017) [82 FR 58731 (Dec. 14, 2017)] (requiring larger registered 
fund groups to submit reports on Form N-PORT by April 30, 2019, and 
smaller fund groups to submit reports on Form N-PORT by April 30, 
2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also do not believe that the interests of investors would be 
served by consolidating or simplifying the reporting requirements under 
the final rule for small funds. Small funds are as vulnerable to the 
same potential risks associated with their derivatives use as larger 
funds are, and therefore we believe that simplifying or consolidating 
the reporting requirements for small funds would not allow us to meet 
our stated objectives. Moreover, we believe many of the reporting 
requirements involve minimal burden. For example, the Form N-CEN 
``checking a box'' reporting requirement is completed on an annual 
basis.
    Finally, we did not prescribe performance standards rather than 
design standards for small funds because we believe this too could 
diminish the ability of the new rules to achieve their intended 
regulatory purpose by creating inconsistent reporting requirements 
between small and large funds, and weakening the benefits of the 
reporting requirement for investors in small funds.
3. Alternative Approaches to Rule 6c-11
    Rule 6c-11 is designed to modernize the regulatory framework for 
ETFs and to create a consistent, transparent, and efficient regulatory 
framework.\1137\ The Commission's full Regulatory Flexibility Act 
Analysis regarding rule 6c-11, including analysis of significant 
alternatives, appears in the 2019 ETFs

[[Page 83291]]

Adopting Release.\1138\ This analysis of alternatives for small 
leveraged/inverse ETFs here is consistent with the Commission's 
analysis of alternatives for small ETFs in that release.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1137\ See ETFs Adopting Release, supra footnote 76, at section 
I.
    \1138\ See id. at section VI.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We do not believe that permitting or requiring different treatment 
for any subset of leveraged/inverse ETFs, including small leveraged/
inverse ETFs, under the amendments to rule 6c-11, and the rule's 
related recordkeeping, disclosure and reporting requirements, will 
permit us to achieve our stated objectives. Similarly, we do not 
believe that we can establish simplified or consolidated compliance 
requirements for small leveraged/inverse ETFs under the amendments to 
rule 6c-11 without compromising our objectives. The Commission 
discussed the bases for this determination (with respect to ETFs other 
than leveraged/inverse ETFs) in more detail in the ETFs Adopting 
Release, and we are extending that analysis to leveraged/inverse ETFs 
in this FRFA.

VI. Statutory Authority

    The Commission is adopting new rule 18f-4 under the authority set 
forth in sections 6(c), 12(a), 18, 31(a), 38(a), and 61 of the 
Investment Company Act of 1940 [15 U.S.C. 80a-6(c), 80a-12(a), 80a-18, 
80a-30(a), 80a-37(a), and 80a-60]. The Commission is adopting 
amendments to rule 6c-11 under the authority set forth in sections 
6(c), 22(c), and 38(a) of the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-
6(c), 22(c), and 80a-37(a)]. The Commission is adopting amendments to 
rule 22e-4 under the authority set forth in 22(c), 22(e), 34(b) and 
38(a) of the Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-22(c), 80a-22(e), 
80a-35(b), and 80a-37(a)], the Investment Advisers Act, particularly, 
section 206(4) thereof [15 U.S.C. 80b-6(4)], the Exchange Act, 
particularly section 10(b) thereof [15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.], the 
Securities Act, particularly section 17(a) thereof [15 U.S.C. 77a et 
seq.]. The Commission is adopting amendments to rule 30b1-10 under the 
authority set forth in sections 22(c), 22(e), 34(b) and 38(a) of the 
Investment Company Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-22(c), 80a-22(e), 80a-35(b), and 
80a-37(a)], the Investment Advisers Act, particularly, section 206(4) 
thereof [15 U.S.C. 80b-6(4)], the Exchange Act, particularly section 
10(b) thereof [15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.], the Securities Act, particularly 
section 17(a) thereof [15 U.S.C. 77a et seq.]. The Commission is 
adopting amendments to Form N-PORT, Form N-LIQUID (re-titled ``Form N-
RN''), Form N-CEN, and Form N-2 under the authority set forth in 
sections 6(c), 8, 18, 30, and 38 of the Investment Company Act of 1940 
[15 U.S.C. 80a-8, 80a-18, 80a-29, 80a-37, 80a-63], sections 6, 7(a), 10 
and 19(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 [15 U.S.C. 77f, 77g(a), 77j, 
77s(a)], and sections 10, 13, 15, 23, and 35A of the Exchange Act [15 
U.S.C. 78j, 78m, 78o, 78w, and 78ll].

List of Subjects

17 CFR Part 239

    Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Securities.

17 CFR Part 249

    Brokers, Fraud, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, 
Securities.

17 CFR Parts 270 and 274

    Investment companies, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, 
Securities.

Text of Rules and Form Amendments

    For the reasons set out in the preamble the Commission amends title 
17, chapter II of the Code of Federal Regulations as follows:

PART 239--FORMS PRESCRIBED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

0
1. The authority citation for part 239 continues to read, in part, as 
follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 77c, 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s, 77z-2, 77z-3, 
77sss, 78c, 78 l, 78m,78n, 78o(d), 78o-7 note, 78u-5, 78w(a), 78ll, 
78mm, 80a-2(a), 80a-3, 80a-8, 80a-9, 80a-10, 80a-13, 80a-24, 80a-26, 
80a-29, 80a-30, and 80a-37; and sec. 107, Pub. L. 112-106, 126 Stat. 
312, unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *

PART 249--FORMS, SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

0
2. The authority citation for part 249 continues to read, in part, as 
follows:

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 78a et seq. and 7201 et seq.; 12 U.S.C. 
5461 et seq.; 18 U.S.C. 1350; Sec. 953(b), Pub. L. 111-203, 124 
Stat. 1904; Sec. 102(a)(3), Pub. L. 112-106, 126 Stat. 309 (2012); 
Sec. 107, Pub. L. 112-106, 126 Stat. 313 (2012), and Sec. 72001, 
Pub. L. 114-94, 129 Stat. 1312 (2015), unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *

PART 270--RULES AND REGULATIONS, INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940

0
3. The authority citation for part 270 continues to read, in part, as 
follows:

    Authority: 15 U.S.C. 80a-1 et seq., 80a-34(d), 80a-37, 80a-39, 
and Pub. L. 111-203, sec. 939A, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010), unless 
otherwise noted.
* * * * *
    Section 270.6c-11 is also issued under 15 U.S.C. 80a-6(c) and 
80a-37(a).
* * * * *

0
4. Amend Sec.  270.6c-11 by revising paragraph (c)(4) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  270.6c-11  Exchange traded-funds.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (4) An exchange-traded fund that seeks, directly or indirectly, to 
provide investment returns that correspond to the performance of a 
market index by a specified multiple, or to provide investment returns 
that have an inverse relationship to the performance of a market index, 
over a predetermined period of time, must comply with all applicable 
provisions of Sec.  270.18f-4.
* * * * *

0
5. Section 270.18f-4 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  270.18f-4  Exemption from the requirements of section 18 and 
section 61 for certain senior securities transactions.

    (a) Definitions. For purposes of this section:
    Absolute VaR test means that the VaR of the fund's portfolio does 
not exceed 20% of the value of the fund's net assets, or in the case of 
a closed-end company that has issued to investors and has then 
outstanding shares of a class of senior security that is a stock, that 
the VaR of the fund's portfolio does not exceed 25% of the value of the 
fund's net assets.
    Derivatives exposure means the sum of the gross notional amounts of 
the fund's derivatives transactions described in paragraph (1) of the 
definition of the term ``derivatives transaction'' of this section, and 
in the case of short sale borrowings, the value of the assets sold 
short. If a fund's derivatives transactions include reverse repurchase 
agreements or similar financing transactions under paragraph (d)(1)(ii) 
of this section, the fund's derivatives exposure also includes, for 
each transaction, the proceeds received but not yet repaid or returned, 
or for which the associated liability has not been extinguished, in 
connection with the transaction. In determining derivatives exposure a 
fund may convert the notional amount of interest rate derivatives to 
10-year bond equivalents and delta adjust the notional amounts of 
options contracts and exclude any closed-out positions, if those 
positions were closed out with the same counterparty and result in no 
credit or market exposure to the fund.
    Derivatives risk manager means an officer or officers of the fund's 
investment adviser responsible for administering the program and 
policies

[[Page 83292]]

and procedures required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section, provided 
that the derivatives risk manager:
    (1) May not be a portfolio manager of the fund, or if multiple 
officers serve as derivatives risk manager, may not have a majority 
composed of portfolio managers of the fund; and
    (2) Must have relevant experience regarding the management of 
derivatives risk.
    Derivatives risks means the risks associated with a fund's 
derivatives transactions or its use of derivatives transactions, 
including leverage, market, counterparty, liquidity, operational, and 
legal risks and any other risks the derivatives risk manager (or, in 
the case of a fund that is a limited derivatives user as described in 
paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the fund's investment adviser) deems 
material.
    Derivatives transaction means:
    (1) Any swap, security-based swap, futures contract, forward 
contract, option, any combination of the foregoing, or any similar 
instrument (``derivatives instrument''), under which a fund is or may 
be required to make any payment or delivery of cash or other assets 
during the life of the instrument or at maturity or early termination, 
whether as margin or settlement payment or otherwise;
    (2) Any short sale borrowing; and
    (3) If a fund relies on paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, any 
reverse repurchase agreement or similar financing transaction.
    Designated index means an unleveraged index that is approved by the 
derivatives risk manager for purposes of the relative VaR test and that 
reflects the markets or asset classes in which the fund invests and is 
not administered by an organization that is an affiliated person of the 
fund, its investment adviser, or principal underwriter, or created at 
the request of the fund or its investment adviser, unless the index is 
widely recognized and used. In the case of a blended index, none of the 
indexes that compose the blended index may be administered by an 
organization that is an affiliated person of the fund, its investment 
adviser, or principal underwriter, or created at the request of the 
fund or its investment adviser, unless the index is widely recognized 
and used.
    Designated reference portfolio means a designated index or the 
fund's securities portfolio. Notwithstanding paragraph (2) of the 
definition of designated index of this section, if the fund's 
investment objective is to track the performance (including a leverage 
multiple or inverse multiple) of an unleveraged index, the fund must 
use that index as its designated reference portfolio.
    Fund means a registered open-end or closed-end company or a 
business development company, including any separate series thereof, 
but does not include a registered open-end company that is regulated as 
a money market fund under Sec.  270.2a-7.
    Leveraged/inverse fund means a fund that seeks, directly or 
indirectly, to provide investment returns that correspond to the 
performance of a market index by a specified multiple (``leverage 
multiple''), or to provide investment returns that have an inverse 
relationship to the performance of a market index (``inverse 
multiple''), over a predetermined period of time.
    Relative VaR test means that the VaR of the fund's portfolio does 
not exceed 200% of the VaR of the designated reference portfolio, or in 
the case of a closed-end company that has issued to investors and has 
then outstanding shares of a class of senior security that is a stock, 
that the VaR of the fund's portfolio does not exceed 250% of the VaR of 
the designated reference portfolio.
    Securities portfolio means the fund's portfolio of securities and 
other investments, excluding any derivatives transactions, that is 
approved by the derivatives risk manager for purposes of the relative 
VaR test, provided that the fund's securities portfolio reflects the 
markets or asset classes in which the fund invests (i.e., the markets 
or asset classes in which the fund invests directly through securities 
and other investments and indirectly through derivatives transactions).
    Unfunded commitment agreement means a contract that is not a 
derivatives transaction, under which a fund commits, conditionally or 
unconditionally, to make a loan to a company or to invest equity in a 
company in the future, including by making a capital commitment to a 
private fund that can be drawn at the discretion of the fund's general 
partner.
    Value-at-risk or VaR means an estimate of potential losses on an 
instrument or portfolio, expressed as a percentage of the value of the 
portfolio's assets (or net assets when computing a fund's VaR), over a 
specified time horizon and at a given confidence level, provided that 
any VaR model used by a fund for purposes of determining the fund's 
compliance with the relative VaR test or the absolute VaR test must:
    (1) Take into account and incorporate all significant, identifiable 
market risk factors associated with a fund's investments, including, as 
applicable:
    (i) Equity price risk, interest rate risk, credit spread risk, 
foreign currency risk and commodity price risk;
    (ii) Material risks arising from the nonlinear price 
characteristics of a fund's investments, including options and 
positions with embedded optionality; and
    (iii) The sensitivity of the market value of the fund's investments 
to changes in volatility;
    (2) Use a 99% confidence level and a time horizon of 20 trading 
days; and
    (3) Be based on at least three years of historical market data.
    (b) Derivatives transactions. If a fund satisfies the conditions of 
paragraph (c) of this section, the fund may enter into derivatives 
transactions, notwithstanding the requirements of sections 18(a)(1), 
18(c), 18(f)(1), and 61 of the Investment Company Act (15 U.S.C. 80a-
18(a)(1), 80a-18(c), 80a-18(f)(1), and 80a-60), and derivatives 
transactions entered into by the fund in compliance with this section 
will not be considered for purposes of computing asset coverage, as 
defined in section 18(h) of the Investment Company Act (15 U.S.C. 80a-
18(h)).
    (c) Conditions--(1) Derivatives risk management program. The fund 
adopts and implements a written derivatives risk management program 
(``program''), which must include policies and procedures that are 
reasonably designed to manage the fund's derivatives risks and to 
reasonably segregate the functions associated with the program from the 
portfolio management of the fund. The program must include the 
following elements:
    (i) Risk identification and assessment. The program must provide 
for the identification and assessment of the fund's derivatives risks. 
This assessment must take into account the fund's derivatives 
transactions and other investments.
    (ii) Risk guidelines. The program must provide for the 
establishment, maintenance, and enforcement of investment, risk 
management, or related guidelines that provide for quantitative or 
otherwise measurable criteria, metrics, or thresholds of the fund's 
derivatives risks. These guidelines must specify levels of the given 
criterion, metric, or threshold that the fund does not normally expect 
to exceed, and measures to be taken if they are exceeded.
    (iii) Stress testing. The program must provide for stress testing 
to evaluate potential losses to the fund's portfolio in response to 
extreme but plausible market changes or changes in market risk factors 
that would have a significant adverse effect on the fund's portfolio,

[[Page 83293]]

taking into account correlations of market risk factors and resulting 
payments to derivatives counterparties. The frequency with which the 
stress testing under this paragraph is conducted must take into account 
the fund's strategy and investments and current market conditions, 
provided that these stress tests must be conducted no less frequently 
than weekly.
    (iv) Backtesting. The program must provide for backtesting to be 
conducted no less frequently than weekly, of the results of the VaR 
calculation model used by the fund in connection with the relative VaR 
test or the absolute VaR test by comparing the fund's gain or loss that 
occurred on each business day during the backtesting period with the 
corresponding VaR calculation for that day, estimated over a one-
trading day time horizon, and identifying as an exception any instance 
in which the fund experiences a loss exceeding the corresponding VaR 
calculation's estimated loss.
    (v) Internal reporting and escalation--(A) Internal reporting. The 
program must identify the circumstances under which persons responsible 
for portfolio management will be informed regarding the operation of 
the program, including exceedances of the guidelines specified in 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section and the results of the stress 
tests specified in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section.
    (B) Escalation of material risks. The derivatives risk manager must 
inform in a timely manner persons responsible for portfolio management 
of the fund, and also directly inform the fund's board of directors as 
appropriate, of material risks arising from the fund's derivatives 
transactions, including risks identified by the fund's exceedance of a 
criterion, metric, or threshold provided for in the fund's risk 
guidelines established under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section or by 
the stress testing described in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section.
    (vi) Periodic review of the program. The derivatives risk manager 
must review the program at least annually to evaluate the program's 
effectiveness and to reflect changes in risk over time. The periodic 
review must include a review of the VaR calculation model used by the 
fund under paragraph (c)(2) of this section (including the backtesting 
required by paragraph (c)(1)(iv) of this section) and any designated 
reference portfolio to evaluate whether it remains appropriate.
    (2) Limit on fund leverage risk. (i) The fund must comply with the 
relative VaR test unless the derivatives risk manager reasonably 
determines that a designated reference portfolio would not provide an 
appropriate reference portfolio for purposes of the relative VaR test, 
taking into account the fund's investments, investment objectives, and 
strategy. A fund that does not apply the relative VaR test must comply 
with the absolute VaR test.
    (ii) The fund must determine its compliance with the applicable VaR 
test at least once each business day. If the fund determines that it is 
not in compliance with the applicable VaR test, the fund must come back 
into compliance promptly after such determination, in a manner that is 
in the best interests of the fund and its shareholders.
    (iii) If the fund is not in compliance with the applicable VaR test 
within five business days:
    (A) The derivatives risk manager must provide a written report to 
the fund's board of directors and explain how and by when (i.e., number 
of business days) the derivatives risk manager reasonably expects that 
the fund will come back into compliance;
    (B) The derivatives risk manager must analyze the circumstances 
that caused the fund to be out of compliance for more than five 
business days and update any program elements as appropriate to address 
those circumstances; and
    (C) The derivatives risk manager must provide a written report 
within thirty calendar days of the exceedance to the fund's board of 
directors explaining how the fund came back into compliance and the 
results of the analysis and updates required under paragraph 
(c)(2)(iii)(B) of this section. If the fund remains out of compliance 
with the applicable VaR test at that time, the derivatives risk 
manager's written report must update the report previously provided 
under paragraph (c)(2)(iii)(A) of this section and the derivatives risk 
manager must update the board of directors on the fund's progress in 
coming back into compliance at regularly scheduled intervals at a 
frequency determined by the board.
    (3) Board oversight and reporting--(i) Approval of the derivatives 
risk manager. A fund's board of directors, including a majority of 
directors who are not interested persons of the fund, must approve the 
designation of the derivatives risk manager.
    (ii) Reporting on program implementation and effectiveness. On or 
before the implementation of the program, and at least annually 
thereafter, the derivatives risk manager must provide to the board of 
directors a written report providing a representation that the program 
is reasonably designed to manage the fund's derivatives risks and to 
incorporate the elements provided in paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (vi) 
of this section. The representation may be based on the derivatives 
risk manager's reasonable belief after due inquiry. The written report 
must include the basis for the representation along with such 
information as may be reasonably necessary to evaluate the adequacy of 
the fund's program and, for reports following the program's initial 
implementation, the effectiveness of its implementation. The written 
report also must include, as applicable, the derivatives risk manager's 
basis for the approval of any designated reference portfolio or any 
change in the designated reference portfolio during the period covered 
by the report; or an explanation of the basis for the derivatives risk 
manager's determination that a designated reference portfolio would not 
provide an appropriate reference portfolio for purposes of the relative 
VaR test.
    (iii) Regular board reporting. The derivatives risk manager must 
provide to the board of directors, at a frequency determined by the 
board, a written report regarding the derivatives risk manager's 
analysis of exceedances described in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this 
section, the results of the stress testing conducted under paragraph 
(c)(1)(iii) of this section, and the results of the backtesting 
conducted under paragraph (c)(1)(iv) of this section since the last 
report to the board. Each report under this paragraph must include such 
information as may be reasonably necessary for the board of directors 
to evaluate the fund's response to exceedances and the results of the 
fund's stress testing.
    (4) Limited derivatives users. (i) A fund is not required to adopt 
a program as prescribed in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, comply 
with the limit on fund leverage risk in paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section, or comply with the board oversight and reporting requirements 
as prescribed in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, if:
    (A) The fund adopts and implements written policies and procedures 
reasonably designed to manage the fund's derivatives risk; and
    (B) The fund's derivatives exposure does not exceed 10 percent of 
the fund's net assets, excluding, for this purpose, currency or 
interest rate derivatives that hedge currency or interest rate risks 
associated with one or more specific equity or fixed-income investments 
held by the fund (which must be foreign-currency-denominated in the 
case of currency derivatives), or the fund's borrowings, provided that 
the currency

[[Page 83294]]

or interest rate derivatives are entered into and maintained by the 
fund for hedging purposes and that the notional amounts of such 
derivatives do not exceed the value of the hedged investments (or the 
par value thereof, in the case of fixed-income investments, or the 
principal amount, in the case of borrowing) by more than 10 percent.
    (ii) If a fund's derivatives exposure exceeds 10 percent of its net 
assets, as calculated in accordance with paragraph (c)(4)(i)(B) of this 
section, and the fund is not in compliance with that paragraph within 
five business days, the fund's investment adviser must provide a 
written report to the fund's board of directors informing them whether 
the investment adviser intends either:
    (A) To reduce the fund's derivatives exposure to less than 10 
percent of the fund's net assets promptly, but within no more than 
thirty calendar days of the exceedance, in a manner that is in the best 
interests of the fund and its shareholders; or
    (B) For the fund to establish a program as prescribed in paragraph 
(c)(1) of this section, comply with the limit on fund leverage risk in 
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, and comply with the board oversight 
and reporting requirements as prescribed in paragraph (c)(3) of this 
section, as soon as reasonably practicable.
    (5) Leveraged/inverse funds. A leveraged/inverse fund that cannot 
comply with the limit on fund leverage risk in paragraph (c) of this 
section is not required to comply with the limit on fund leverage risk 
if, in addition to complying with all other applicable requirements of 
this section:
    (i) As of October 28, 2020, the fund is in operation; has 
outstanding shares issued in one or more public offerings to investors; 
and discloses in its prospectus a leverage multiple or inverse multiple 
that exceeds 200% of the performance or the inverse of the performance 
of the underlying index;
    (ii) The fund does not change the underlying market index or 
increase the level of leveraged or inverse market exposure the fund 
seeks, directly or indirectly, to provide; and
    (iii) The fund discloses in its prospectus that it is not subject 
to the limit on fund leverage risk in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
    (6) Recordkeeping--(i) Records to be maintained. A fund must 
maintain a written record documenting, as applicable:
    (A) The fund's written policies and procedures required by 
paragraph (c)(1) of this section, along with:
    (1) The results of the fund's stress tests under paragraph 
(c)(1)(iii) of this section;
    (2) The results of the backtesting conducted under paragraph 
(c)(1)(iv) of this section;
    (3) Records documenting any internal reporting or escalation of 
material risks under paragraph (c)(1)(v)(B) of this section; and
    (4) Records documenting the reviews conducted under paragraph 
(c)(1)(vi) of this section.
    (B) Copies of any materials provided to the board of directors in 
connection with its approval of the designation of the derivatives risk 
manager, any written reports provided to the board of directors 
relating to the program, and any written reports provided to the board 
of directors under paragraphs (c)(2)(iii)(A) and (C) of this section.
    (C) Any determination and/or action the fund made under paragraphs 
(c)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section, including a fund's determination 
of: The VaR of its portfolio; the VaR of the fund's designated 
reference portfolio, as applicable; the fund's VaR ratio (the value of 
the VaR of the fund's portfolio divided by the VaR of the designated 
reference portfolio), as applicable; and any updates to any VaR 
calculation models used by the fund and the basis for any material 
changes thereto.
    (D) If applicable, the fund's written policies and procedures 
required by paragraph (c)(4) of this section, along with copies of any 
written reports provided to the board of directors under paragraph 
(c)(4)(ii) of this section.
    (ii) Retention periods. (A) A fund must maintain a copy of the 
written policies and procedures that the fund adopted under paragraph 
(c)(1) or (4) of this section that are in effect, or at any time within 
the past five years were in effect, in an easily accessible place.
    (B) A fund must maintain all records and materials that paragraphs 
(c)(6)(i)(A)(1) through (4) and (c)(6)(i)(B) through (D) of this 
section describe for a period of not less than five years (the first 
two years in an easily accessible place) following each determination, 
action, or review that these paragraphs describe.
    (7) Current reports. A fund that experiences an event specified in 
the parts of Form N-RN [referenced in 17 CFR 274.223] titled ``Relative 
VaR Test Breaches,'' ``Absolute VaR Test Breaches,'' or ``Compliance 
with VaR Test'' must file with the Commission a report on Form N-RN 
within the period and according to the instructions specified in that 
form.
    (d) Reverse repurchase agreements. (1) A fund may enter into 
reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions, 
notwithstanding the requirements of sections 18(c) and 18(f)(1) of the 
Investment Company Act, if the fund:
    (i) Complies with the asset coverage requirements of section 18, 
and combines the aggregate amount of indebtedness associated with all 
reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing transactions with 
the aggregate amount of any other senior securities representing 
indebtedness when calculating the asset coverage ratio; or
    (ii) Treats all reverse repurchase agreements or similar financing 
transactions as derivatives transactions for all purposes under this 
section.
    (2) A fund relying on paragraph (d) of this section must maintain a 
written record documenting whether the fund is relying on paragraph 
(d)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section for a period of not less than five 
years (the first two years in an easily accessible place) following the 
determination.
    (e) Unfunded commitment agreements. (1) A fund may enter into an 
unfunded commitment agreement, notwithstanding the requirements of 
sections 18(a), 18(c), 18(f)(1), and 61 of the Investment Company Act, 
if the fund reasonably believes, at the time it enters into such 
agreement, that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to 
meet its obligations with respect to all of its unfunded commitment 
agreements, in each case as they come due. In forming a reasonable 
belief, the fund must take into account its reasonable expectations 
with respect to other obligations (including any obligation with 
respect to senior securities or redemptions), and may not take into 
account cash that may become available from the sale or disposition of 
any investment at a price that deviates significantly from the market 
value of those investments, or from issuing additional equity. Unfunded 
commitment agreements entered into by the fund in compliance with this 
section will not be considered for purposes of computing asset 
coverage, as defined in section 18(h) of the Investment Company Act (15 
U.S.C. 80a-18(h)).
    (2) For each unfunded commitment agreement that a fund enters into 
under paragraph (e)(1) of this section, a fund must document the basis 
for its reasonable belief regarding the sufficiency of its cash and 
cash equivalents to meet its unfunded commitment agreement obligations, 
and maintain a record of this documentation for a period of not less 
than five years (the first two years in an easily

[[Page 83295]]

accessible place) following the date that the fund entered into the 
agreement.
    (f) When issued, forward-settling, and non-standard settlement 
cycle securities transactions. Notwithstanding the requirements of 
sections 18(a)(1), 18(c), 18(f)(1), and 61 of the Investment Company 
Act (15 U.S.C. 80a-18(a)(1), 80a018(c), 80a-18(f)(1), and 80a-60), a 
fund or registered open-end company that is regulated as a money market 
fund under Sec.  270.2a-7 may invest in a security on a when-issued or 
forward-settling basis, or with a non-standard settlement cycle, and 
the transaction will be deemed not to involve a senior security, 
provided that: The fund intends to physically settle the transaction; 
and the transaction will settle within 35 days of its trade date.

0
6. Amend Sec.  270.22e-4 by revising paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C), note to 
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) and paragraph (b)(1)(iii)(B) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  270.22e-4   Liquidity risk management programs.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (C) For derivatives transactions that the fund has classified as 
moderately liquid investments, less liquid investments, and illiquid 
investments, identify the percentage of the fund's highly liquid 
investments that it has pledged as margin or collateral in connection 
with derivatives transactions in each of these classification 
categories.

    Note to paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C):  For purposes of calculating 
these percentages, a fund that has pledged highly liquid investments 
and non-highly liquid investments as margin or collateral in 
connection with derivatives transactions classified as moderately 
liquid, less liquid, or illiquid investments first should apply 
pledged assets that are highly liquid investments in connection with 
these transactions, unless it has specifically identified non-highly 
liquid investments as margin or collateral in connection with such 
derivatives transactions.

* * * * *
    (iii) * * *
    (B) For purposes of determining whether a fund primarily holds 
assets that are highly liquid investments, a fund must exclude from its 
calculations the percentage of the fund's assets that are highly liquid 
investments that it has pledged as margin or collateral in connection 
with derivatives transactions that the fund has classified as 
moderately liquid investments, less liquid investments, and illiquid 
investments, as determined pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(C) of this 
section.
* * * * *

0
7. Revise Sec.  270.30b1-10 to read as follows:


Sec.  270.30b1-10  Current report for open-end and closed-end 
management investment companies.

    Every registered open-end management investment company, or series 
thereof, and every registered closed-end management investment company, 
but not a fund that is regulated as a money market fund under Sec.  
270.2a-7, that experiences an event specified on Form N-RN, must file 
with the Commission a current report on Form N-RN within the period and 
according to the instructions specified in that form.

PART 274--FORMS PRESCRIBED UNDER THE INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940

0
8. The authority for part 274 continues to read in part as follows:

    Authority:  15 U.S.C. 77f, 77g, 77h, 77j, 77s, 78c(b), 78l, 78m, 
78n, 78o(d), 80a-8, 80a-24, 80a-26, 80a-29, and Pub. L. 111-203, 
sec. 939A, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010), unless otherwise noted.
* * * * *

0
9. Amend Form N-2 (referenced in Sec. Sec.  239.14 and 274.11a-1) by 
revising instruction 2. to sub-item ``3. Senior Securities'' of ``Item 
4. Financial Highlights'' to read as follows:

    Note: The text of Form N-2 does not, and this amendment will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

Form N-2

* * * * *

Item 4. Financial Highlights

* * * * *

3. Senior Securities

* * * * *

Instructions

* * * * *
    2. Use the method described in section 18(h) of the 1940 Act [15 
U.S.C. 80a-18(h)] to calculate the asset coverage to be set forth in 
column (3). However, in lieu of expressing asset coverage in terms of a 
ratio, as described in section 18(h), express it for each class of 
senior securities in terms of dollar amounts per share (in the case of 
preferred stock) or per $1,000 of indebtedness (in the case of senior 
indebtedness). A fund should not consider any derivatives transactions, 
or any unfunded commitment agreements, that it enters into in 
compliance with rule 18f-4 under the Investment Company Act [17 CFR 
270.18f-4] for purposes of computing asset coverage.
* * * * *

0
10. Amend Form N-CEN (referenced in Sec. Sec.  249.330 and 274.101) by 
adding new Item C.7.n. to read as follows:

    Note: The text of Form N-CEN does not, and this amendment will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

FORM N-CEN

ANNUAL REPORT FOR REGISTERED INVESTMENT COMPANIES

* * * * *
Item C.7. * * *

n. Rule 18f-4 (17 CFR 270.18f-4):___
    i. Is the Fund excepted from the rule 18f-4 (17 CFR 270.18f-4) 
program requirement and limit on fund leverage risk under rule 18f-
4(c)(4) (17 CFR 270.18f-4(c)(4))? ___
    ii. Is the Fund a leveraged/inverse fund that, under rule 18f-
4(c)(5) (17 CFR 270.18f-4(c)(5)), is excepted from the requirement to 
comply with the limit on fund leverage risk described in rule 18f-
4(c)(2) (17 CFR 270.18f-4(c)(2))? ___
    iii. Did the Fund enter into any reverse repurchase agreements or 
similar financing transactions under rule 18f-4(d)(i) (17 CFR 270.18f-
4(d)(i))? ___
    iv. Did the Fund enter into any reverse repurchase agreements or 
similar financing transactions under rule 18f-4(d)(ii) (17 CFR 270.18f-
4(d)(ii))? ___
    v. Did the Fund enter into any unfunded commitment agreements under 
rule 18f-4(e) (17 CFR 270.18f-4(e))? ___
    vi. Did the Fund invest in a security on a when-issued or forward-
settling basis, or with a non-standard settlement cycle, in reliance on 
rule 18f-4(f) (17 CFR 270.18f-4(f))? ___
* * * * *

0
11. Amend Form N-PORT (referenced in Sec.  274.150) by:
0
a. Adding to General Instruction E. ``Definitions'' the parenthetical 
``(including rule 18f-4 solely for Items B.9 and 10 of the Form)'' in 
the introductory paragraph, and adding in alphabetical order, the 
following definitions:
0
i. ``Absolute VaR Test'';
0
ii. ``Derivatives Exposure'';
0
iii. ``Designated Index'';
0
iv. ``Designated Reference Portfolio'';
0
v. ``Relative VaR Test'';
0
vi. ``Securities Portfolio'';
0
vii. ``Value-at-Risk''; and
0
viii. ``VaR Ratio''.

[[Page 83296]]

0
b. Revising General Instruction F ``Public Availability'' to add the 
text ``Derivatives Exposure for limited derivatives users (Item B.9), 
median daily VaR (Item B.10.a), median VaR Ratio (Item B.10.b.iii),'' 
and ``VaR backtesting results (Item B.10.c),''.
0
c. Revising Item B.8 to replace the text ``segregated to cover or 
pledged to satisfy margin requirements'' with ``pledged as margin or 
collateral,'' and to add after the enumerated liquidity categories the 
text ``For purposes of Item B.8, when computing the required 
percentage, the denominator should only include assets (and exclude 
liabilities) that are categorized by the Fund as Highly Liquid 
Investments.''
0
d. Adding Items B.9 and B.10.
    The additions and revisions read as follows:

    Note: The text of Form N-PORT does not, and this amendment will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

FORM N-PORT

MONTHLY PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS REPORT

* * * * *

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

* * * * *

E. Definitions

    References to sections and rules in this Form N-PORT are to the 
Act, unless otherwise indicated. Terms used in this Form N-PORT have 
the same meanings as in the Act or related rules (including rule 18f-4 
solely for Items B.9 and 10 of the Form), unless otherwise indicated.
* * * * *
    ``Absolute VaR Test'' has the meaning defined in rule 18f-4(a) [17 
CFR 270.18f-4(a)].
* * * * *
    ``Derivatives Exposure'' has the meaning defined in rule 18f-4(a) 
[17 CFR 270.18f-4(a)].
* * * * *
    ``Designated Index'' has the meaning defined in rule 18f-4(a) [17 
CFR 270.18f-4(a)].
* * * * *
    ``Designated Reference Portfolio'' has the meaning defined in rule 
18f-4(a) [17 CFR 270.18f-4(a)].
* * * * *
    ``Relative VaR Test'' has the meaning defined in rule 18f-4(a) [17 
CFR 270.18f-4(a)].
* * * * *
    ``Securities Portfolio'' has the meaning defined in rule 18f-4(a) 
[17 CFR 270.18f-4(a)].
* * * * *
    ``Value-at-Risk'' or VaR has the meaning defined in rule 18f-4(a) 
[17 CFR 270.18f-4(a)].
* * * * *
    ``VaR Ratio'' means the value of the Fund's portfolio VaR divided 
by the VaR of the Designated Reference Portfolio.
* * * * *

F. Public Availability

    Information reported on Form N-PORT for the third month of each 
Fund's fiscal quarter will be made publicly available 60 days after the 
end of the Fund's fiscal quarter.
    The SEC does not intend to make public the information reported on 
Form N-PORT for the first and second months of each Fund's fiscal 
quarter that is identifiable to any particular fund or adviser, or any 
information reported with respect to a Fund's Highly Liquid Investment 
Minimum (Item B.7), derivatives transactions (Item B.8), Derivatives 
Exposure for limited derivatives users (Item B.9), median daily VaR 
(Item B.10.a), median VaR Ratio (Item B.10.b.iii), VaR backtesting 
results (Item B.10.c), country of risk and economic exposure (Item 
C.5.b), delta (Items C.9.f.v, C.11.c.vii, or C.11.g.iv), liquidity 
classification for portfolio investments (Item C.7), or miscellaneous 
securities (Part D), or explanatory notes related to any of those 
topics (Part E) that is identifiable to any particular fund or adviser. 
However, the SEC may use information reported on this Form in its 
regulatory programs, including examinations, investigations, and 
enforcement actions.
* * * * *

PART B. * * *

    Item B.8. Derivatives Transactions. For portfolio investments of 
open-end management investment companies, provide the percentage of the 
Fund's Highly Liquid Investments that it has pledged as margin or 
collateral in connection with derivatives transactions that are 
classified among the following categories as specified in rule 22e-4 
[17 CFR 270.22e-4]:

1. Moderately Liquid Investments
2. Less Liquid Investments
3. Illiquid Investments

For purposes of Item B.8, when computing the required percentage, the 
denominator should only include assets (and exclude liabilities) that 
are categorized by the Fund as Highly Liquid Investments.
    Item B.9. Derivatives Exposure for limited derivatives users. If 
the Fund is excepted from the rule 18f-4 [17 CFR 270.18f-4] program 
requirement and limit on fund leverage risk under rule 18f-4(c)(4) [17 
CFR 270.18f-4(c)(4)], provide the following information:
    a. Derivatives exposure (as defined in rule 18f-4(a) [17 CFR 
270.18f-4(a)]), reported as a percentage of the Fund's net asset value.
    b. Exposure from currency derivatives that hedge currency risks, as 
provided in rule 18f-4(c)(4)(i)(B) [17 CFR 270.18f-4(c)(4)(i)(B)], 
reported as a percentage of the Fund's net asset value.
    c. Exposure from interest rate derivatives that hedge interest rate 
risks, as provided in rule 18f-4(c)(4)(i)(B) [17 CFR 270.18f-
4(c)(4)(i)(B)], reported as a percentage of the Fund's net asset value.
    d. The number of business days, if any, in excess of the five-
business-day period described in rule 18f-4(c)(4)(ii) [17 CFR 270.18f-
4(c)(4)(ii)], that the Fund's derivatives exposure exceeded 10 percent 
of its net assets during the reporting period.
    Item B.10. VaR information. For Funds subject to the limit on fund 
leverage risk described in rule 18f-4(c)(2) [17 CFR 270.18f-4(c)(2)], 
provide the following information, as determined in accordance with the 
requirement under rule 18f-4(c)(2)(ii) to determine the fund's 
compliance with the applicable VaR test at least once each business 
day:
    a. Median daily VaR during the reporting period, reported as a 
percentage of the Fund's net asset value.
    b. For Funds that were subject to the Relative VaR Test during the 
reporting period, provide:
    i. As applicable, the name of the Fund's Designated Index, or a 
statement that the Fund's Designated Reference Portfolio is the Fund's 
Securities Portfolio.
    ii. As applicable, the index identifier for the Fund's Designated 
Index.
    iii. Median VaR Ratio during the reporting period, reported as a 
percentage of the VaR of the Fund's Designated Reference Portfolio.
    c. Backtesting Results. Number of exceptions that the Fund 
identified as a result of its backtesting of its VaR calculation model 
(as described in rule 18f-4(c)(1)(iv) [17 CFR 270.18f-4(c)(1)(iv)] 
during the reporting period.
* * * * *

0
12. Revise Sec.  274.223 to read as follows:


Sec.  274.223  Form N-RN, Current report, open- and closed-end 
investment company reporting.

    This form shall be used by registered open-end management 
investment companies, or series thereof, and closed-end management 
investment companies, to file reports pursuant to

[[Page 83297]]

Sec.  270.18f-4(c)(7) and Sec.  270.30b1-10 of this chapter.

0
13. Revise Form N-LIQUID (referenced in Sec.  274.223) and its title to 
read as follows:

    Note: The text of Form N-RN does not, and this amendment will 
not, appear in the Code of Federal Regulations.

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM N-RN

CURRENT REPORT FOR REGISTERED MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES AND 
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES

    Form N-RN is to be used by a registered open-end management 
investment company or series thereof, but not including a fund that is 
regulated as a money market fund under rule 2a-7 under the Act (17 CFR 
270.2A-7) (a ``registered open-end fund''), a registered closed-end 
management investment company (a ``registered closed-end fund''), or a 
closed-end management investment company that has elected to be 
regulated as a business development company (a ``business development 
company''), to file current reports with the Commission pursuant to 
rule 18f-4(c)(7) and rule 30b1-10 under the Investment Company of 1940 
Act [15 U.S.C. 80a] (``Act'') (17 CFR 270.18f-4(c)(7); 17 CFR 270.30b1-
10). The Commission may use the information provided on Form N-RN in 
its regulatory, disclosure review, inspection, and policymaking roles.

General Instructions

A. Rules as To Use of Form N-RN

    (1) Form N-RN is the reporting form that is to be used for current 
reports of registered open-end funds (not including funds that are 
regulated as money market funds under rule 2a-7 under the Act), 
registered closed-end funds, and business development companies 
(together, ``registrants'') required by, as applicable, section 30(b) 
of the Act and rule 30b1-10 under the Act, as well as rule 18f-4(c)(7) 
under the Act. The Commission does not intend to make public 
information reported on Form N-RN that is identifiable to any 
particular registrant, although the Commission may use Form N-RN 
information in an enforcement action.
    (2) Unless otherwise specified, a report on this Form N-RN is 
required to be filed, as applicable, within one business day of the 
occurrence of the event specified in Parts B-G of this form. If the 
event occurs on a Saturday, Sunday, or holiday on which the Commission 
is not open for business, then the one business day period shall begin 
to run on, and include, the first business day thereafter.
    (3) For registered open-end funds required to comply with rule 22e-
4 under the Investment Company Act [17 CFR 270.22e-4], complete Parts 
B-D of this form, as applicable. For registrants that are subject to a 
VaR test under rule 18f-4(c)(2)(i) [17 CFR 270.18f-4(c)(2)(i)], 
complete Parts E-G of this form, as applicable.

B. Application of General Rules and Regulations

    The General Rules and Regulations under the Act contain certain 
general requirements that are applicable to reporting on any form under 
the Act. These general requirements should be carefully read and 
observed in the preparation and filing of reports on this form, except 
that any provision in the form or in these instructions shall be 
controlling.

C. Information To Be Included in Report Filed on Form N-RN

    Upon the occurrence of the event specified in Parts B-G of Form N-
RN, as applicable, a registrant must file a report on Form N-RN that 
includes information in response to each of the items in Part A of the 
form, as well as each of the items in the applicable Parts B-G of the 
Form.

D. Filing of Form N-RN

    A registrant must file Form N-RN in accordance with rule 232.13 of 
Regulation S-T (17 CFR part 232). Form N-RN must be filed 
electronically using the Commission's Electronic Data Gathering, 
Analysis and Retrieval System (``EDGAR'').

E. Paperwork Reduction Act Information

    A registrant is not required to respond to the collection of 
information contained in Form N-RN unless the form displays a currently 
valid Office of Management and Budget (``OMB'') control number. Please 
direct comments concerning the accuracy of the information collection 
burden estimate and any suggestions for reducing the burden to the 
Secretary, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE, 
Washington, DC 20549-1090. The OMB has reviewed this collection of 
information under the clearance requirements of 44 U.S.C. 3507.

F. Definitions

    References to sections and rules in this Form N-RN are to the 
Investment Company Act (15 U.S.C 80a), unless otherwise indicated. 
Terms used in this Form N-RN have the same meaning as in the Investment 
Company Act, rule 22e-4 under the Investment Company Act (for Parts B-D 
of the Form), or rule 18f-4 under the Investment Company Act (for Part 
E-G of the Form), unless otherwise indicated. In addition, as used in 
this Form N-RN, the term registrant means the registrant or a separate 
series of the registrant, as applicable.

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM N-RN

CURRENT REPORT FOR REGISTERED MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT COMPANIES AND 
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT COMPANIES

PART A. General Information

    Item A.1. Report for [mm/dd/yyyy].
    Item A.2. Name of Registrant.
    Item A.3. CIK Number of registrant.
    Item A.4. Name of Series, if applicable.
    Item A.3. EDGAR Series Identifier, if applicable.
    Item A.4. Securities Act File Number, if applicable.
    Item A.5. Provide the name, email address, and telephone number of 
the person authorized to receive information and respond to questions 
about this Form N-RN.

PART B. Above 15% Illiquid Investments

    If more than 15 percent of the registrant's net assets are, or 
become, illiquid investments that are assets as defined in rule 22e-4, 
then report the following information:
    Item B.1. Date(s) on which the registrant's illiquid investments 
that are assets exceeded 15 percent of its net assets.
    Item B.2. The current percentage of the registrant's net assets 
that are illiquid investments that are assets.
    Item B.3. Identification of illiquid investments. For each 
investment that is an asset that is held by the registrant that is 
considered illiquid, disclose (1) the name of the issuer, the title of 
the issue or description of the investment, the CUSIP (if any), and at 
least one other identifier, if available (e.g., ISIN, Ticker, or other 
unique identifier (if ticker and ISIN are not available)) (indicate the

[[Page 83298]]

type of identifier used), and (2) the percentage of the fund's net 
assets attributable to that investment.

PART C. At or Below 15% Illiquid Investments

    If a registrant that has filed Part B of Form N-RN determines that 
its holdings in illiquid investments that are assets have changed to be 
less than or equal to 15 percent of the registrant's net assets, then 
report the following information:
    Item C.1. Date(s) on which the registrant's illiquid investments 
that are assets fell to or below 15 percent of net assets.
    Item C.2. The current percentage of the registrant's net assets 
that are illiquid investments that are assets.

PART D. Assets That Are Highly Liquid Investments Below the Highly 
Liquid Investment Minimum

    If a registrant's holdings in assets that are highly liquid 
investments fall below its highly liquid investment minimum for more 
than 7 consecutive calendar days, then report the following 
information:
    Item D.1. Date(s) on which the registrant's holdings of assets that 
are highly liquid investments fell below the fund's highly liquid 
investment minimum.

PART E. Relative VaR Test Breaches

    If a registrant is subject to the relative VaR test under rule 18f-
4(c)(2)(i) [17 CFR 270.18f-4(c)(2)(i)], and the fund determines that it 
is not in compliance with the relative VaR test and has not come back 
into compliance within 5 business days after such determination, 
provide:
    Item E.1. The dates on which the VaR of the registrant's portfolio 
exceeded 200% or 250% (as applicable under rule 18f-4 [17 CFR 270.18f-
4]) of the VaR of its designated reference portfolio.
    Item E.2. The VaR of the registrant's portfolio on the dates each 
exceedance occurred.
    Item E.3. The VaR of the registrant's designated reference 
portfolio on the dates each exceedance occurred.
    Item E.4. As applicable, either the name of the registrant's 
designated index, or a statement that the registrant's designated 
reference portfolio is the registrant's securities portfolio.
    Item E.5. As applicable, the index identifier for the registrant's 
designated index.

PART F. Absolute VaR Test Breaches

    If a registrant is subject to the absolute VaR test under rule 18f-
4(c)(2)(i) [17 CFR 270.18f-4(c)(2)(i)], and the fund determines that it 
is not in compliance with the absolute VaR test and has not come back 
into compliance within 5 business days after such determination, 
provide:
    Item F.1. The dates on which the VaR of the registrant's portfolio 
exceeded 20% or 25% (as applicable under rule 18f-4 [17 CFR 270.18f-4]) 
of the value of the registrant's net assets.
    Item F.2. The VaR of the registrant's portfolio on the dates each 
exceedance occurred.
    Item F.3. The value of the registrant's net assets on the dates 
each exceedance occurred.

PART G. Compliance With VaR Test

    If a registrant that has filed Part E or Part F of Form N-RN has 
come back into compliance with either the relative VaR test or the 
absolute VaR test, as applicable, then report the following 
information:
    Item G.1. Dates on which the VaR of the registrant's portfolio 
exceeded applicable VaR limit described in Item E.1 or Item F.1.
    Item G.2. The current VaR of the registrant's portfolio.

PART H. Explanatory Notes (if any)

    A registrant may provide any information it believes would be 
helpful in understanding the information reported in response to any 
Item of this Form.

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940, the 
registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by 
the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(Registrant)
Date-------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
(Signature)*

* Print name and title of the signing officer under his/her 
signature.


    By the Commission.

    Dated: November 2, 2020.
Vanessa A. Countryman
Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2020-24781 Filed 12-18-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8011-01-P