[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 239 (Friday, December 11, 2020)]
[Notices]
[Pages 80162-80189]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-27236]


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DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Drug Enforcement Administration

[Docket No. 18-13]


George Pursley, M.D.; Denial of Application

I. Introduction

    On December 1, 2017, a former Acting Assistant Administrator, 
Diversion Control Division, Drug Enforcement Administration 
(hereinafter, DEA or Government), issued an Order to Show Cause to 
George Pursley, M.D. (hereinafter, Applicant), of Augusta, Georgia. 
Administrative Law Judge Exhibit (hereinafter, ALJX) 1 (Order to Show 
Cause (hereinafter, OSC)), at 1. The OSC proposed the denial of 
Applicant's application for a DEA certificate of registration on the 
ground that his registration ``would be inconsistent with the public 
interest,'' citing 21 U.S.C. 823(f). Id.
    The substantive grounds for the proceeding, as more specifically 
alleged in the OSC, are that Applicant unlawfully pre-signed and pre-
printed prescriptions, committed violations of applicable federal and 
state recordkeeping requirements, unlawfully prescribed controlled 
substances, and, citing 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(5), did not exhibit candor 
during DEA's investigation. Id. at 2-8.
    The OSC notified Applicant of his right to request a hearing on the

[[Page 80163]]

allegations or to submit a written statement while waiving his right to 
a hearing, the procedures for electing each option, and the 
consequences for failing to elect either option. Id. at 9 (citing 21 
CFR 1301.43). Applicant timely requested a hearing by letter dated 
January 3, 2018. ALJX 3 (Order for Prehearing Statements dated January 
10, 2018), at 1 (interpreting ALJX 2 (Request for Hearing)).
    The matter was placed on the docket of the Office of Administrative 
Law Judges and assigned to Administrative Law Judge (hereinafter, ALJ) 
Mark M. Dowd. The parties agreed to nine stipulations.\1\ ALJX 8 
(Prehearing Ruling dated February 12, 2018), at 1.
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    \1\ ``1) Prior to and on August 11, 2015, [Applicant] maintained 
Schedule II-V controlled substances at his office of 1219 West 
Wheeler Parkway, Augusta, GA 30909.
    ``(2) Three hundred sixteen pre-signed prescriptions were seized 
from [Applicant's] office on August 11, 2015.
    ``(3) On August 11, 2015, DEA investigators seized [Applicant's] 
patient sign-in list for August 6-7, 2015.
    ``(4) On August 11, 2015, DEA seized pre-printed, unsigned 
prescriptions dated August 11, 2015 from [Applicant's] office.
    ``(5) [Applicant] no longer works at the location listed on his 
application for a DEA [registration], 1219 West Wheeler Parkway, 
Augusta, GA 30909.
    ``(6) [Applicant] has not filed any materially falsified 
applications.
    ``(7) [Applicant] has not been convicted of a felony relating to 
a controlled substance or a List I chemical.
    ``(8) [Applicant] has not had his state license or registration 
suspended, revoked, or denied despite full disclosure to all 
entities and boards of the DEA investigation including, but not 
limited to [the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 
(Department of Health and Human Services)], the Georgia Medical 
Composite Board, and the South Carolina Board of Medical Examiners.
    ``(9) [Applicant] has not been excluded from participation in a 
Medicaid or Medicare program.''
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    The hearing in this matter spanned four days and took place in 
Augusta, Georgia. The Recommended Rulings, Findings of Fact, 
Conclusions of Law, and Decision of the Administrative Law Judge 
(hereinafter, RD) is dated August 20, 2018. Both parties filed 
exceptions to the RD. Transmittal Letter, at 1. With his exceptions, 
Applicant filed a Motion for Leave to Supplement Evidence Post-Hearing. 
The Government filed an opposition to Applicant's Motion on September 
12, 2018. Id. The ALJ denied Applicant's Motion on September 14, 2018.
    Having considered the record in its entirety, I find that it 
establishes, by substantial evidence, that Applicant violated 
controlled substance recordkeeping requirements and unlawfully 
prescribed controlled substances. I disagree with the RD that it is in 
the public interest for Applicant to be granted a DEA registration. I 
find that Applicant's acceptance of responsibility was insufficient and 
that, even if it were sufficient, Applicant did not offer adequate 
remedial measures. Further, for the reasons stated in his Order, I 
agree with the ALJ's denial of Applicant's Motions for Leave to 
Supplement Evidence Post-Hearing.
    Accordingly, I conclude that Applicant's application for a DEA 
registration should be denied. I make the following findings.

II. Georgia Physicians' Standard of Care

    According to the Controlled Substances Act (hereinafter, CSA), 
``Except as authorized by this subchapter, it shall be unlawful for any 
person knowingly or intentionally . . . to . . . distribute, . . . 
dispense, or possess with intent to . . . distribute[ ] or dispense, a 
controlled substance.'' 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1). The CSA's implementing 
regulations state, among other things, that a lawful controlled 
substance order or prescription is one that is ``issued for a 
legitimate medical purpose by an individual practitioner acting in the 
usual course of his professional practice.'' 21 CFR 1306.04(a).
    Applicant's registration application is for his medical practice in 
Georgia. As such, I also evaluate the record evidence according to the 
applicable laws and standard of care in Georgia.\2\ The Government 
offered two exhibits about the standard of care in Georgia. Applicant 
did not object to the admission of either exhibit.\3\
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    \2\ See Gonzales v. Oregon, 546 U.S. 243, 269-71 (2006).
    \3\ Applicant did not offer any exhibit purporting to address or 
memorialize the Georgia standard of care.
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    The Government offered Georgia Composite Medical Board Rule 360-
3-.06, entitled ``Pain Management.'' GX 4 (hereinafter, GA Pain 
Management Rule). The GA Pain Management Rule initially notes that 
section 43-34-8 of Georgia's statutes authorizes the Georgia Composite 
Medical Board (hereinafter, GCMB) to discipline licensees for 
unprofessional conduct, ``which includes conduct below the minimum 
standards of practice.'' \4\ GX 4, at 1 (360-3-.06(2)); see also 
transcript page (hereinafter, Tr.) 185 (the Government's expert, Dr. 
Kaufman, testifying that these standards apply to all individuals 
holding a medical license). With respect to prescribing controlled 
substances to treat pain and chronic pain, the GA Pain Management Rule 
states, ``Physicians cannot delegate the dispensing of controlled 
substances to an unlicensed person.'' GX 4, at 1 (360-3-.06(2)(a)). 
When ``initially prescribing'' a controlled substance to treat pain or 
chronic pain, ``a physician shall have a medical history of the 
patient, a physical examination of the patient shall have been 
conducted, and informed consent shall have been obtained.'' Id. (360-
3-.06(2)(c)); see also Tr. 195-201 (testimony of Dr. Kaufman discussing 
the applicable standard of care in Georgia). The GA Pain Management 
Rule addresses such a non-terminal patient's prior diagnostic records 
in significant detail: ``[T]he physician shall obtain or make a 
diligent effort to obtain any prior diagnostic records relative to the 
condition for which the controlled substances are being prescribed and 
shall obtain or make a diligent effort to obtain any prior pain 
treatment records.'' GX 4, at 1 (360-3-.06(2)(d)). The physician 
``shall'' maintain the prior treating physician's records ``for a 
period of at least ten . . . years.'' Id. If the physician, after 
trying diligently, is not able to obtain prior diagnostic records, the 
physician ``must document the efforts made to obtain the records'' and 
``must order appropriate tests to document the condition requiring 
treatment for pain or chronic pain.'' Id. at 1-2.
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    \4\ According to section 43-34-8, unprofessional conduct ``need 
not have resulted in actual injury to any person'' and includes 
``any departure from, or failure to conform to, the minimum 
standards of acceptable and prevailing medical practice and shall 
also include . . . the prescribing or use of drugs, treatment, or 
diagnostic procedures which are detrimental to the patient as 
determined by . . . rule of the board.'' Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  43-34-
8(a)(7) (West, Westlaw: Effective January 1, 2013, to May 8, 2017). 
This provision of the Georgia Code also defines unprofessional 
conduct as failure ``to maintain appropriate medical or other 
records as required by board rule.'' Id. at Sec.  43-34-8(a)(19).
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    According to the GA Pain Management Rule, when a ``physician 
determines that a patient for whom he is prescribing controlled 
scheduled substances is abusing the medication, then the physician 
shall make an appropriate referral for treatment for substance abuse.'' 
Id. at 2 (360-3-.06(2)(e)). For patients being treated for chronic pain 
with a schedule II or III controlled substance for ninety or more days, 
the physician ``must have a written treatment agreement with the 
patient and shall require the patient to have a clinical visit at least 
once every three . . . months to evaluate the patient's response to 
treatment, compliance with the therapeutic regimen through monitoring 
appropriate for that patient, and any new condition.'' Id. (360-
3-.06(f)). Physicians are explicitly charged with ``respond[ing] to any 
abnormal result of any monitoring'' and told to ``record

[[Page 80164]]

. . . [such response] in the patient's record.'' \5\ Id.
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    \5\ The GCMB adopted ``Guidelines for the Use of Controlled 
Substances for the Treatment of Pain: Ten Steps'' (hereinafter, Ten 
Steps) on January 11, 2008. The Ten Steps are ``primarily intended 
to provide orientation for physicians intending to prescribe 
schedule II and III analgesics . . . [to treat] chronic pain 
conditions and do not necessarily apply to clinical conditions . . . 
such as acute pain management following surgery, emergency care pain 
management and end-of-life care.'' Ten Steps, at 1. The Ten Steps 
``clarify the . . . [GCMB's] position on pain management, 
particularly as it relates to the use of controlled substances, to 
alleviate physician uncertainty and to encourage better pain 
management practices.'' Id. They are also intended to curtail drug 
diversion, ``a serious public safety concern for the . . . [GCMB] 
and law enforcement agencies.'' Id. The Ten Steps state that 
physicians ``should not fear disciplinary action from the . . . 
[GCMB] for ordering, prescribing, dispensing or administering 
controlled substances, including opioid analgesics, for a legitimate 
medical purpose and in the course of professional practice.'' Id. 
According to the GCMB, ``[a]dherence . . . [to the Ten Steps] will 
not only improve quality medical practice but will also improve the 
. . . [GCMB's] efficiency in its investigations by distinguishing 
legitimate practice from foul play.'' Id.
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     While the GCMB does not have a ``magic formula for determining the 
dosage and duration of administration for any drug,'' it ``does have 
the expectation that physicians will create a record that shows 
evaluation of every patient receiving a controlled substance 
prescription.'' Id. The need for record documentation appears 
throughout the Ten Steps. The evaluation record that the GCMB expects 
is to show (1) ``[p]roper indication for the use of drug or other 
therapy;'' (2) ``[m]onitoring of the patient where necessary;'' (3) 
``[t]he patient's response to therapy on follow-up visits;'' (4) [a]ll 
rationale for continuing or modifying the therapy;'' (5) ``[d]iscussion 
of risks/benefits;'' (6) ``[p]eriodic medical record review;'' and (7) 
``[p]rescription records.'' Id. at 2.
     According to the Ten Steps, a ``medical history and physical 
examination must be obtained, evaluated, and documented in the medical 
records.'' The medical record documentation ``should'' address the 
nature and intensity of the pain, current and past treatments for pain, 
underlying or coexisting diseases or conditions, the effect of the pain 
on physical and psychological function, and history of substance 
abuse.'' Id. It also ``should document the presence of one or more 
recognized medical indications for the use of a controlled substance.'' 
Id. The ``workup'' is to be ``sufficient to support a diagnosis 
including all necessary tests, history and physical examination.'' Id. 
In sum, the ``medical record will need to document sufficient and 
appropriate H&P and diagnostic testing to support the diagnosis 
necessitating the use of controlled substances.'' Id.
     Second, the Ten Steps calls for creation of a treatment plan, 
including the use of appropriate non-controlled drugs, and 
consideration of referrals to appropriate specialists. Id. The 
treatment plan is to ``state objectives that will be used to determine 
treatment success . . . and should indicate if any further diagnostic 
evaluations or other treatments are planned.'' Id. at 3.
     Third, the Ten Steps calls for a determination, through trial or a 
documented history and physical, that non-controlled drugs are not 
appropriate or effective for the patient's condition. Id. Further, when 
controlled substances are used as a ``first-line therapy,'' ``it is 
important to document the rationale when used as such.'' Id.
    According to the fourth step, the physician is to ``[r]eview the 
patient's prescription records and discuss the patient's chemical 
history before prescribing a controlled drug.'' Id.
     Fifth, the physician is to ``discuss the risks and benefits of the 
use of controlled substances with the patient,'' taking the ``time to 
explain the relative risks and benefits of the drug,'' and 
``record[ing] in the chart the fact that this was done.'' Id.
     The sixth step addresses monitoring and states that regular 
monitoring, including ``frequent physical monitoring,'' of the patient 
is to be ``maintained.'' Id. at 4. Further, according to this step, 
``it is very important to monitor the patient for the underlying 
condition which necessitates the drug and for the side effects of the 
drug itself'' when the regimen calls for prolonged need for use of the 
drug. Id.
     Seventh, the ``physician must keep detailed records of the type, 
dosage and amount of the drug prescribed.'' Id. In addition, the 
prescribing physician ``should also monitor and personally control all 
refills.'' Id. According to this step, ``[o]ne good way to accomplish 
this is to require the patient to return to obtain refill 
authorization, at least part of the time.'' Id. Further, this step 
states that a ``patient should receive prescriptions from one physician 
and one pharmacy whenever possible'' while advising that it is a 
``felony in Georgia for a patient to fail to disclose to his physician 
that he has received controlled substances of a similar therapeutic use 
from another practitioner at the same time.'' Id. This step advises 
physicians to contact the local police or the Georgia Drug and 
Narcotics Agency if they ``are aware of these situations occurring.'' 
Id.
     The eighth step suggests that the ``patient's family may be a 
valuable source of information on the patient's response to the therapy 
regimen and the patient's functional status.'' Id. This information is 
important because changes ``may be symptoms of dependency or 
addiction.'' Id.
     Ninth, ``[m]aintaining adequate records is extremely important.'' 
Id. According to the Ten Steps, the ``physician who carefully manages 
pain treatment and maintains detailed records which reflect all the 
steps involved in the process will be able to assess and review the 
treatment course and progress.'' Id.
     The tenth of the Ten Steps states, ``Document. Document. Document. 
Keep accurate and complete records'' to include medical history and 
physical exam; diagnostic, therapeutic, and laboratory results; 
evaluations and consultations; treatment objectives; medications; and 
instructions and agreements, including any pain contracts.
    The second exhibit the Government offered about the standard of 
care in Georgia is GCMB Rule 360-3-.02, entitled ``Unprofessional 
Conduct Defined,'' GX 5. The rule starts by citing two Georgia statutes 
for the proposition that the GCMB is authorized to take disciplinary 
action against licensees for unprofessional conduct. Ga. Code Ann. 
Sec.  43-34-8(a)(7) (West, Westlaw effective January 1, 2013, to May 8, 
2017) (authorizing the GCMB to discipline a regulated person who 
engages in ``any unprofessional, unethical, deceptive, or deleterious 
conduct or practice harmful to the public,'' explaining that the 
conduct or practice ``need not have resulted in actual injury to any 
person,'' and explicitly including ``any departure from, or failure to 
conform to, the minimum standards of acceptable and prevailing medical 
practice'' and ``the prescribing or use of drugs, treatment, or 
diagnostic procedures which are detrimental to the patient as 
determined by the minimum standards of acceptable and prevailing 
medical practice or rule of the board'') and Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  43-1-
19(a)(6) (West, Westlaw effective to May 2, 2016) (containing ``general 
provisions'' authorizing professional licensing boards to refuse to 
grant a license to an applicant, to revoke a license, and to discipline 
a licensed person when the applicant or licensee engaged in any 
unprofessional conduct or practice harmful to the public that 
materially affects the fitness of the licensee or applicant to practice 
the profession or is of a nature likely to jeopardize the interest of 
the public, and the conduct need not result in actual injury to any 
person or be related to the practice of the licensed profession). The 
Georgia Code also authorizes the GCMB to refuse to grant a license and 
to

[[Page 80165]]

discipline a regulated person who has ``[f]ailed to maintain 
appropriate medical or other records as required by . . . [GCMB] 
rule.'' \6\ Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  43-34-8(a)(19) (West, Westlaw effective 
January 1, 2013, to May 8, 2017); see also Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. Sec.  
480-28-.02 (West, Westlaw effective 2002) (``All practitioners who 
dispense drugs shall comply with all record-keeping, labeling, 
packaging, and storage requirements imposed upon pharmacists and 
pharmacies with regard to such drugs and those regulations contained in 
this Chapter.'') and Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. Sec.  480-28-.04(5) (West, 
Westlaw effective 2002) (establishing controlled substance invoice, 
inventory, and filing requirements).
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    \6\ Although not charged in this administrative proceeding, 
provisions of the Georgia criminal code address related matters. For 
example, only an authorized, registered practitioner acting in the 
usual course of his professional practice for a legitimate medical 
purpose may prescribe or order the dispensing of a controlled 
substance. Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  16-13-41(f) (West, Westlaw effective 
since 2011).
    Regarding prescriptions for Schedule II controlled substances, 
the Georgia criminal code states, among other things, that they 
``shall be signed and dated by the practitioner on the date when 
issued.'' Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  16-13-41(b) (West, Westlaw effective 
since 2011); see OSC, at 2 (unlawful pre-signed and pre-printed 
prescriptions allegation). The same issuance-related requirement 
applies to Schedule III, IV, and V controlled substances. Ga. Code 
Ann. Sec.  16-13-41(d)(2) (West, Westlaw effective since 2011). 
Further, regarding recordkeeping, the Georgia criminal code states 
that persons registered to dispense controlled substances ``shall 
keep a complete and accurate record of all controlled substance on 
hand, received, . . . sold, dispensed, or otherwise disposed of and 
shall maintain such records and inventories in conformance with the 
record-keeping and inventory requirements of federal law and with 
any rules issued by the State Board of Pharmacy.'' Ga. Code Ann. 
Sec.  16-13-39 (West, Westlaw effective since 1982); see OSC, at 2 
(recordkeeping violations allegation).
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    Having read and analyzed all of the record evidence, I agree with 
the ALJ's determination to recognize Dr. Kaufman as an expert in the 
area of pain management.\7\ Tr. 183. Dr. Kaufman testified that the GA 
Pain Management Rule establishes the minimum standard of care in 
Georgia for prescribing controlled substances, regardless of the 
prescriber's medical specialty. Id. at 180, 182, 192-93. He noted that 
a prescriber's failure to conform to the requirements of the GA Pain 
Management Rule is unprofessional conduct subject to disciplinary 
action. Id. at 185; GX 5, at 4 (Rule 360-3-.02(22)). Dr. Kaufman 
testified that prescribing controlled substances for a known or 
suspected habitual drug abuser or other substance abuser in the absence 
of substantial justification is also unprofessional conduct under 
Georgia law. Tr. 185, 208-10; GX 5, at 1 (Rule 360-3-.02(1)). Further, 
he stated that writing a controlled substance prescription for 
immediate family members, except in a documented emergency, constitutes 
unprofessional conduct. Tr. 185-86, 215-16 (``everybody knows this''); 
id. at 489-90; GX 5, at 1 (Rule 360-3.02(2)).
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    \7\ Applicant's counsel did not object to this determination. 
Tr. 183.
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    Dr. Kaufman's testimony provided additional detail about the 
standard of care for prescribing controlled substances in Georgia. 
Regarding the requirement that a physician review the medical history 
of a patient when initially prescribing a controlled substance to treat 
pain or chronic pain, Dr. Kaufman testified that a history ``doesn't 
just say, the patient has back pain. You have to say how long, how did 
it get hurt, what things have they tried to get better before they came 
to see you, what types has another physician tried, what types of 
evaluations have they done.'' Tr. 195. Concerning the physical 
examination called for by the Georgia standard of care, Dr. Kaufman 
testified that it has to be ``appropriate to the problem.'' Id. at 196.

    So, if you're saying that someone has a back problem, you have 
to do an examination of the back. Obviously, my examination of the 
back might be different than a family practitioner's. But there are 
some sort of basic things that are involved with a physical 
examination that have to be done.''

Id.
    The standard of care in Georgia states that physicians ``should 
always start with the easiest treatment plan,'' non-addicting options, 
such as physical therapy, chiropractic, tens unit, and anti-
inflammatories. Id. at 203. Through physician-patient conversations, 
the physician evaluates whether the treatment is working and documents 
``what's going on.'' Id. at 204. This process may lead to the 
prescribing of controlled substances. Id.
    Regarding the requirement that a physician obtain the patient's 
informed consent when initially prescribing a controlled substance, Dr. 
Kaufman explained that ``[t]here's no reason a patient should know 
anything about opioids and you have an obligation to explain that 
things like they can be habit forming, that you cannot take extra ones, 
because these could really cause issues, you shouldn't have alcohol.'' 
Id. at 196-97. According to Dr. Kaufman, ``It's just a general 
discussion and explanation of what they are getting into . . . because 
they might not know that it's habit forming, they may not know that 
they are going to develop physical dependence, and you have to explain 
these things.'' Id. at 197. In addition, the physician has an 
obligation to inform the patient that he ``should go to one pharmacy so 
that we can really keep track'' and ``should really only go to one 
physician to write these prescriptions.'' Id. The physician should tell 
the patient ``about the interactions with other medications or other 
medical problems that they might have as it relates to these 
medications.'' Id. at 196-97.
    Dr. Kaufman elaborated on the requirements for a physician 
prescribing a Schedule II or III controlled substance for ninety or 
more days to treat a patient with a non-terminal condition in chronic 
pain. Id. at 189-90. He testified that the physician must have a 
written treatment agreement with the patient and require the patient to 
have a clinical visit at least once every three months. Id. at 190. The 
physician must monitor the patient's compliance with the therapy and 
identify any new condition. Id. Although the standard of care does not 
specify a physician's exact response to the monitoring's results, it 
``insist[s] that you document that something was abnormal and 
encourage[s] you to write down what you are thinking and why it is you 
do whatever it is you do.'' Id. The standard of care calls for the 
physician to make a referral to an appropriate practitioner when the 
physician determines that the patient has a new condition ``beyond his 
scope of training.'' Id.
    Dr. Kaufman explained that the written treatment agreement is a 
component of the physician's discussion with the patient being treated 
for more than ninety days. Id. at 197. The doctor explores what 
physical and emotional impacts the patient is experiencing. Id. This 
discussion leads to written goals for the therapy. Id. ``You ask . . . 
[the patient], can you climb the stairs, can you go to the mailbox, can 
you stand and make your lunch.'' Id. at 204.
    You want to have a plan. . . . . You want to have some things 
that are laid down as goals, and you tell patients, or at least . . 
. you're supposed to tell patients. And if were [sic] not effective, 
we give it a period of time and if it's not working, if we don't see 
some objective improvement, we're going to stop these medicines. We 
don't want to just turn you into a person who got a dependency on 
medications unless were [sic] getting somewhere, unless were [sic] 
doing something.

    Id. at 197-98. Dr. Kaufman further explained the standard of care 
with an analogy to blood pressure medication--after prescribing blood 
pressure medication, the physician records the changes in the patient's 
blood pressure. Id. at 201-02. For patients in pain, there is a 
``visual analog scale'' and, as

[[Page 80166]]

already discussed, objective improvements in the patient's physical 
ability. Id. at 202. ``[A]t the very least,'' he testified, ``you need 
to find out how they're doing and document whether they got better, or 
worse or what's going on.'' Id. at 204. If the current therapy does not 
work, the physician is to try something else. Id. at 205. Since there 
are ``severe issues, complications'' for a patient on the equivalent of 
more than 90 milligrams of morphine, ``it's recommended that non-
specialists don't really go above that level . . . [and that] they then 
send those patients to specialists.'' Id. at 206.
    Dr. Kaufman explained that a narcotics agreement advises the 
patient that controlled substances are ``very serious medications, 
they're not to be sneezed at.'' Id. at 198. The patient is told that a 
controlled substance may be taken only as prescribed, that drinking ``a 
whole bunch of alcohol'' while taking a controlled substance will 
result in ``horrible side effects,'' and that it is important to be 
``very careful the first few times if they're going to be driving a 
vehicle or climbing a ladder, because there's all kinds of side effects 
from this.'' Id. at 199. Further, the prescribing physician is to 
explain the screening procedures to the patient, including urine drug 
screens whose results are recorded in the patient record, the 
possibility of pill counts, and the unavailability of early refills. 
Id. at 199, 201.
    Dr. Kaufman also testified about the standard of care for the 
maintenance of medical records. He explained that complete medical 
records help prevent a physician from making a mistake due to the 
difficulty of recalling everything that transpired with the passage of 
time. Id. at 210. He noted that the GCMB reviews medical records to 
determine if the physician ``followed everything and if you did, 
everything is okay and there's no problem.'' Id. Dr. Kaufman 
emphatically testified that errors or sloppiness are not an ``adequate 
explanation of a failure to document properly'' and, ``at the end of 
the day, I'm responsible for anything that's in that chart'' and ``I 
take ownership'' of anything in the chart ``once I sign off on it,'' 
``just as everybody else does.'' Id. at 211. He affirmed that this is 
the standard of care in Georgia. Id. at 212.
    In sum, having read and analyzed the relevant legal authorities and 
the record evidence, I find that Dr. Kaufman's testimony about the 
Georgia standard of care applicable to this adjudication is credible. I 
give it controlling weight in this proceeding.\8\ The testimony of 
Applicant's expert witnesses is not cited in this section because, to 
the extent that they addressed the applicable standard of care in 
Georgia, they did not detail a perspective that is contrary to the much 
more comprehensive and credible testimony of Dr. Kaufman.\9\ Further, 
to the extent that the testimony of Applicant or his experts about the 
applicable standard of care in Georgia conflicts with Dr. Kaufman's 
testimony, I will credit Dr. Kaufman's testimony. See, e.g., infra 
section IV.
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    \8\ I agree with the RD that Dr. Kaufman ``generally offered 
detailed assessments of individual prescriptions and actions by the 
. . . [Applicant], and tied these directly to the relevant 
regulation or statute.'' RD, at 76. I do not, however, adopt all of 
the statements in the RD about Dr. Kaufman's credibility. Id. Infra 
n.28.
    \9\ The RD states that ``[a]s to patients DC and M.B., by all 
accounts, these are exceptional patients, legacy pain patients, by 
their history and according to Dr. Downey, warranting a different 
evaluation and treatment standard than that afforded non-legacy pain 
patients.'' RD, at 113. I find that this portion of the RD is not 
complete; it does not include Dr. Downey's testimony explicitly 
acknowledging that the provisions of the Georgia Pain Management 
Rule apply to all controlled substance prescriptions written since 
2012, including for so-called ``legacy pain patients,'' such as 
patients whom an applicant treated since 1994. Tr. 601-03.
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III. Findings of Fact

A. Applicant's Current Medical Licensure

    The Georgia Composite Medical Board (hereinafter, GCMB) issued 
medical license number 31308 to Applicant. According to Applicant, his 
Georgia medical license was renewed on April 3, 2019. Applicant's 
Second Motion for Leave to Supplement Evidence Post-Hearing dated 
February 7, 2020, at 2.\10\
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    \10\ My citation to this document is solely for the purpose of 
noting the status of Applicant's Georgia medical license and does 
not change my finding that the ALJ was correct to deny Applicant's 
motions. Supra section I.
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B. The Investigation of Applicant and His Recent Registration History

    During the course of the DEA Diversion Investigator's (hereinafter, 
DI) duties conducting an administrative inspection at an area pharmacy, 
he received information from a pharmacist who claimed to have work 
experience at Applicant's office. Tr. 29, 82, 85; see also id. at 136 
(testimony of Group Supervisor (hereinafter, GS)). According to that 
information, Applicant ``would pre-sign prescriptions and then would be 
filling prescriptions without evaluation or without seeing them, 
sometimes for long periods of time.'' Id. at 30; see also id. at 44. DI 
asked the pharmacist to repeat this information to DI's supervisor. Id. 
at 31. He then recommended that DEA conduct an inspection of 
Applicant's office. Id. DI's supervisor agreed. Id.

C. The Allegations of Dispensing and Non-Dispensing Violations

    The OSC alleges four bases for the denial of Applicant's 
registration application: The pre-signing and pre-printing of 
prescriptions (citing 21 CFR 1306.04 and 1306.05; Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  
16-13-41(b)); recordkeeping violations (citing 21 U.S.C. 842(a)(5); 21 
CFR 1304.04(a), (f)(1), (f)(2), and (g), 1304.11(b) and (c), 
1304.21(a); Ga. Code Ann. Sec. Sec.  16-13-39, 16-13-42(a)(3)); the 
unlawful prescribing of controlled substances (citing 21 CFR 1306.04; 
Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  16-13-41(f); GCMB Rules 360-03-.02(2) and 360-
03-.06; the Georgia Guidelines for the Use of Controlled Substances for 
the Treatment of Pain (hereinafter, GA Guidelines)); and lack of candor 
(citing 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(5)).\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ The Government abandoned two of the patient files (H.B. and 
K.K.) cited in the unlawful prescribing of controlled substances 
charges. Tr. 244. The Government subsequently withdrew the lack of 
candor charge entirely. Id. at 9-10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There is factual agreement among the witnesses on a number of 
matters. When there is factual disagreement, I apply my credibility 
determinations and, to the extent that I agree with them, any 
credibility recommendations of the ALJ.\12\ See, e.g., supra, section 
II; infra sections III.D., III.E., and IV.B.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ I appreciate the ALJ's work and the work of Applicant's and 
Government's counsel on this matter. I considered the entire record 
certified to me and, as the ultimate Agency decision maker, found 
facts, assessed credibility, and determined how the findings of fact 
measure against the applicable law. In doing so, I carefully 
considered the ALJ's RD and the parties' submissions. See Universal 
Camera Corp. v. N.L.R.B., 340 U.S. 474, 487-97 (1951) (holding that 
the standard of proof specifically required by the Taft-Hartley Act 
is the same as that to be exacted by courts reviewing every 
administrative action subject to the Administrative Procedure Act, 
finding that the Courts of Appeals determine whether there is 
substantial evidence to support agency findings on the record as a 
whole, stating that the reviewing court is directed to determine the 
substantiality of evidence on the record including the examiner's 
report, and concluding, ``We do not require that the examiner's 
findings be given more weight than in reason and in the light of 
judicial experience they deserve. The `substantial evidence' 
standard is not modified in any way when the Board and its examiner 
disagree.''); Reckitt & Colman, Ltd. v. Administrator, Drug Enf't 
Admin., 788 F.2d 22, 26-27 (1986) (``The agency, and not the ALJ, is 
the ultimate factfinder. . . . While it is true that reviewing 
courts must take the ALJ's findings into account as part of the 
record, . . . the significance to be ascribed to them `depends 
largely on the importance of credibility in the particular case.' . 
. . The dispute in this case centered not on the occurrence or 
nonoccurrence of historical facts, or other issues for which 
demeanor evidence would be highly probative, but rather on matters 
of scientific judgment and expertise. The ALJ conceded that Dr. 
Zelesko was `a highly qualified and experienced chemist' but simply 
found the petitioner's experts more persuasive. On such matters the 
Administrator remains free to disagree. We conclude that the 
Administrator's conclusion is supported by substantial evidence.''); 
5 U.S.C. 557(b) (``On appeal from or review of the initial decision 
[by the ALJ], the agency has all the powers which it would have in 
making the initial decision except as it may limit the issues on 
notice or by rule.'').

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[[Page 80167]]

D. The Government's Case

    The Government's documentary evidence consists primarily of medical 
records. The Government called three witnesses: A DEA Diversion 
Investigator, DI, GS, and Dr. Gary Kaufman, the Government's expert 
witness.
    DI testified about his investigation-related actions, including 
execution of the Notice of Inspection (hereinafter, NOI), Applicant's 
voluntary consent to the inspection, Applicant's polite and cooperative 
demeanor, Applicant's subsequent voluntary surrender of his DEA 
registration, and the handwritten statement Applicant voluntarily 
provided. Tr. 31-44; GX 3 (DEA-82 (Notice of Inspection of Controlled 
Premises) that Applicant signed consenting to the inspection on August 
11, 2015); GX 2 (DEA-104 (Voluntary Surrender of Controlled Substances 
Privileges) that Applicant signed concerning BP1660338 and XP1660338 on 
August 11, 2015); GX 96 (Applicant's undated handwritten 
statement).\13\ After Applicant voluntarily surrendered his 
registration, DI ascertained that there were controlled substances in 
Applicant's office. Tr. 39, 43.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ Tr. 97 (Applicant's counsel purported to read Applicant's 
handwritten statement into the record during his cross-examination 
of DI: ``I've been practicing medicine in the State of Georgia for 
25 years. I have never willfully tried to be unlawful in my practice 
with my patients. Evidently, today I found out that I have been in 
violation of federal drug code with my practice. I will surrender my 
DEA license and hope that a hearing would be obtained to hopefully 
reconcile this matter.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DI testified that he seized a ``clear plastic tub full of pre-
signed prescriptions'' and ``[u]nsigned, pre-printed prescriptions . . 
. sitting right there in plain view.'' Id. at 43-44; GX 87 (``pre-
signed prescriptions,'' including prescriptions for controlled 
substances); GX 88 (``pre-printed, unsigned controlled substance 
prescriptions''); see also Tr. 45-49. DI also testified that, according 
to Applicant and Applicant's staff, Applicant was not in the office on 
August 7, 2015, and he was only in the office for half of August 6, 
2015. Tr. 49-53. While conducting the inspection, DI also seized 
patient sign-in sheets that Applicant's staff provided as evidence of 
the patients who were in the office on August 6 and 7, 2015. Id. at 56-
58; GX 86. DI testified that GX 86 was ``the only thing that . . . 
[Applicant's] Office provided . . . [him] as evidence of who was in the 
office those two days,'' and that Applicant's staff did not indicate 
that ``there was any other evidence or sign-in logs that would indicate 
who was in the office on August 6th and August 7th.'' Tr. 58.
    DI testified about the seizure of Applicant's patient files, DEA's 
analysis of those files, and the identification of ``red flags'' in 
those files.\14\ Id. at 58-68; GX 51 (D.C. patient files); GX 59 (M.B. 
patient files); GX 77 (patient files for Applicant's daughter 
(hereinafter, Applicant's (or his) daughter)); GX 52-58 (prescriptions 
that Applicant issued to D.C.); GX 60-76 (prescriptions that Applicant 
issued to M.B.); GX 78-84 (prescriptions that Applicant issued to his 
daughter). The analysis of Applicant's patient files, according to DI's 
testimony, led to the retention of a medical expert to analyze the 
legitimacy of Applicant's controlled substance prescribing and to the 
issuance of subpoenas to pharmacies for prescriptions that Applicant 
issued to these patients and that the patients filled.\15\ Tr. 68-79.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ DI explained that ``red flags'' is a ``term of art, that we 
use for signs indicative of opioid or other prescription medical 
abuse or diversion.'' Tr. 65.
    \15\ The DEA subpoena did not result in the seizure of every 
prescription that Applicant issued.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to his testimony about the origin of DEA's 
investigation of Applicant and execution of the NOI, id. at 136-37, GS 
testified about the controlled substance records that registrants are 
legally required to maintain, his request for Applicant's controlled 
substance records, his NOI-related interactions with Applicant and 
Applicant's staff, and the seizure of controlled substances from 
Applicant's office.\16\ Id. at 137-73.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ GS also testified that Applicant was ``very cordial'' 
during execution of the NOI. Tr. 137.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    GS explained that the mandatory controlled substance records 
include an initial inventory, a biennial inventory, dispensing records, 
purchasing records, return records, and destruction records, and that 
these records must be maintained in a manner that allows them to be 
readily retrievable upon the registrant's receipt of an authorized 
request for them. Id. at 138-40. According to GS, both federal law and 
Georgia law require controlled substance recordkeeping. Id. at 141. 
When he learned that Applicant had controlled substances in his office, 
GS asked to see ``the records for any controlled substances that you 
might have on hand.'' Id. at 138. More specifically, he testified that 
he asked for ``any initial inventory, the bi-annual inventory, the 
purchasing records, the dispensing records, any type of destruction 
records, any other type of record dealing with controlled substances 
that they would be required to maintain for a period of two years in a 
readily retrievable format on site.'' Id. at 141-42.
    GS testified that Applicant's office was not able to produce any of 
the records that he requested. Id. at 142, 155, 156-57, 160, 168, 172-
73.

    There was no bi-annual inventory, when a schedule of a drug 
changes, say . . . [as] hydrocodone did on October 6, 2014. There 
would have been a required new inventory for that, so there wasn't 
an initial inventory for that. There were no purchasing records on 
site. No 222s. No invoices. No destruction of controlled substance 
records. No controlled substance records whatsoever.

    Id. at 155. GS also testified that no one in Applicant's office 
stated that the required controlled substance records were maintained 
electronically. Id. at 144; see also id. at 170. Also, GS specifically 
testified that (1) anyone's testimony that Applicant's ``pharmacist'' 
showed him ``the computer'' and that he was not ``interested in it'' is 
not accurate, (2) a statement that Applicant's staff ``pointed . . . 
[him] to two notebooks where the invoices were kept'' is not accurate, 
(3) he did not ask ``if all the data was on the computer,'' (4) he does 
not recall ``a discussion with . . . [Applicant's staff] that they 
should scan the filled prescriptions back into the EMR records,'' (5) 
he does not recall telling Applicant and Applicant's staff that ``there 
were some minor problems, but in general they were in compliance;'' he 
recalls ``telling . . . [the staff] there were recordkeeping 
violations, and . . . that's when . . . [he] said it could be a letter 
of admonition, a memorandum of agreement, civil fine, up the gamut,'' 
and (6) he does not recall stating that ``they would likely get a 
letter within the next 30 days with a corrective plan.'' Id. at 169-71.
    GS specifically testified about the documents in RX 11F. On cross-
examination, GS looked through RX 11F and concluded that he saw in 
there ``clear[ ] violations of the recordkeeping requirements.'' Id. at 
166. On re-direct, GS testified that, if RX 11F had been presented to 
him on August 11, 2015, he ``absolutely'' would still have cited 
Applicant for recordkeeping violations ``[b]ecause they are not in 
compliance with the federal regulations of the United States [C]ode.'' 
Id. at 173.

[[Page 80168]]

    When Applicant's staff asked him what could happen when a 
registrant does not produce the required records, GS testified that he 
outlined the possible ramifications ranging from a verbal, on-site 
warning to a criminal prosecution. Id. 148-49; see also id. at 171. In 
response to questioning by Applicant's counsel, GS stated that he had 
never before seen the paperwork counsel was showing him during the 
cross-examination. Id. at 163. GS testified that, had Applicant or 
Applicant's staff given him RX 11 during the inspection, he would not 
have accepted it. Id. GS pointed out pages in the paperwork that did 
not concern controlled substances, were not relevant to the required 
time period, or exhibited clear violations of the recordkeeping 
requirements. Id. at 163-68 (regarding RX 11F, RX 11G, RX 11I, RX 11J); 
see also Tr. 160-61 (regarding RX 11B). GS testified that, if Applicant 
had offered the DEA team the required records that he had requested, 
``even the next day,'' the team would have taken them. Tr. 156. ``We 
probably would have been like, yes, that's what we're looking for. We 
probably would have taken them and explained that you need to make sure 
in the future that you have that. . . . [W]e have done that in the 
past,'' he testified. Id.
    When GS learned that Applicant had voluntarily surrendered his 
registration, his request for required records ``became a moot point,'' 
and he seized the controlled substances in Applicant's office.\17\ Id. 
at 156, 150-51. The DEA Form 7 memorializing the seizure of Applicant's 
controlled substances was admitted as GX 94. Id. at 153-55.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ GS testified that DEA's inspection put him at Applicant's 
office ``for probably at least three hours.'' Tr. 156.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I find that GS and DI presented as objective, rational, careful law 
enforcement officers, whose testimonies deserves full credibility.\18\ 
Id. at 28-173.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ The RD does not address the credibility of DI and GS in one 
spot. It concludes, for example, that there was ``no indication from 
. . . [the testimony of DI or GS] that any partiality interfered 
with their telling the truth'' and that DI and GS did not target 
Applicant for ``unequal treatment.'' RD, at 72. See also id. at 71-
72, 94.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Government's expert, Dr. Gary Kaufman, is a physician licensed 
in Georgia and Board certified in both pain medicine and neurosurgery. 
Id. at 175-77; GX 93 (Curriculum Vitae of Dr. Gary Kaufman, M.D.).\19\ 
He explained that he read all of Applicant's medical files that he was 
given and, taking into account his training and experience, assessed 
Applicant's compliance with the standard of care in Georgia for the 
treatment and management of pain patients.\20\ Id. at 191-93. He 
explicitly stated that he was not providing an opinion of the ``medical 
care'' Applicant provided as a family practitioner. Id. at 192, 399 
(``I'm not in a position to say if . . . [Applicant's medical care] was 
good, bad or indifferent.''); contra id. at 1082-84 (Counsel for 
Applicant's statement, after admitting his client ``made mistakes,'' 
that ``ultimately, going back to the quality of care, even Dr. Kaufman 
said, look I can't criticize his quality [of] care''). The ALJ 
recognized Dr. Kaufman as an expert and authorized him to give expert 
testimony in the area of pain management. Id. at 183.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ GX 93 is incomplete; it does not reference that Dr. Kaufman 
has a DEA ``X'' number authorizing him to prescribe Suboxone. Tr. 
181.
    \20\ According to the RD, the ``Government offered testimony 
from its expert fairly characterized as general conclusions 
regarding . . . [Applicant's] practice, and that the prescriptions 
charged were merely examples of a larger number of violative 
prescriptions within the files.'' RD, at 30. It concludes that 
``[d]ue process requires more specificity and more notice than 
that'' and, as such, ``[t]hey have not been considered herein, as 
substantive evidence in support of the allegations.'' Id.
     This section of the RD references three transcript cites, the 
first of which it quotes in footnote 30. The first transcript cite, 
Tr. 209-10, concerns whether Dr. Kaufman's review of Applicant's 
medical records indicates that any of Applicant's patients are 
``suspected or known drug abusers.'' See RD, at n.30. Second, the RD 
references Tr. 213, apparently for Dr. Kaufman's statements that he 
identified improper prescriptions written by Applicant in ``the 
various case files'' although he did not attempt an exhaustive 
identification of every improper prescription. Third, the RD 
references Tr. 224, apparently when the ALJ requested clarification 
about Dr. Kaufman's having said that ``there were so many 
[prescriptions written for Applicant's daughter], it looked like 
this was a continual treatment'' and Dr. Kaufman responded that 
``there are prescriptions that are not here, but there were quite a 
few more.''
     I agree with the RD that conclusory statements about 
unspecified record evidence in this matter are insufficient to prove 
the allegations in the OSC. I note, though, that there is sufficient 
evidence in the record to prove the Applicant issued improper 
controlled substance prescriptions, prescribed controlled substances 
for suspected or known drug abusers, and wrote multiple controlled 
substances prescriptions for his daughter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    From his review of Applicant's medical records, Dr. Kaufman 
concluded that Applicant failed to comply fully with the applicable 
standard of care with respect to obtaining the patient's history, 
conducting a physical exam, and obtaining informed consent before 
prescribing controlled substances.\21\ See, e.g., id. at 285-87 
(concluding that Applicant's documentation of M.B.'s history is 
``terrible. There's essentially no reasonable history of back pain or 
neck pain documented. . . . [T]here was never an examination of the 
back documented. There was never an examination of the neck documented, 
and there was . . . an x-ray in 2008, plain x-ray which didn't show 
anything, and the next time she had any radiographic exam and the first 
time she probably had a legitimate medical problem that could be 
treated with scheduled medications, was in 2014 when she fell and 
landed on her back, had a compression fracture.''). Dr. Kaufman 
explained that the lack of a history, a physical, and any supporting 
document means ``there's no diagnosis of any illness that should be 
treated with schedule[d] medications.'' Id. at 286. ``None,'' he 
emphasized,

[[Page 80169]]

concluding that any controlled substance that Applicant prescribed for 
M.B. before the 2014 compression fracture was issued outside the usual 
course of professional practice in Georgia. Id.; see also id. at 326; 
id. at 343-46; id. at 455 (``[T]he last two months, it's very clear 
that since her fall she's being treated [with pain medicine] for the 
fall. The preceding 11 years or so, it's impossible to know why she's 
in treatment.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Portions of the RD are critical of aspects of Dr. Kaufman's 
testimony. The results of my close examination of the RD and the 
portions of Dr. Kaufman's testimony it criticizes give me no pause 
in crediting Dr. Kaufman's testimony. For example, the RD, while 
explicitly stating that it is ``not directly contradictory to Dr. 
Kaufman's earlier testimony regarding the lack of physical exam,'' 
states that an MRI of D.C.'s lumbar spine in September 2013 and a 
chest x-ray in August 2013 ``were relevant to Dr. Kaufman's opinion 
regarding the absence of a back examination, and diminishes his 
opinion on this issue in that regard.'' RD, at 28. I disagree. Dr. 
Kaufman's testimony was that Applicant's treatment of DC with 
controlled substances ``over several years'' for ``chronic pain . . 
. sometimes described as chronic headaches, . . . sometimes from 
knee pain, . . . sometimes the back pain'' was supported by ``very 
inadequate and not credible at all'' physical exams ``[a]s 
documented'' in the medical records for DC Tr. 229. I see no 
evidence in the record to support the RD's conclusion that one chest 
x-ray and one MRI in August and September of 2013 are a sufficient 
basis to support Applicant's prescribing controlled substances 
``over several years.'' Id. While Dr. Kaufman's testimony does not 
specify the several year period he referenced, I note that there are 
medical records in Applicant's file for DC dated as far back as the 
late 1990s. Accordingly, I disagree with the RD's statement that 
this portion of the record ``diminishes . . . [Dr. Kaufman's] 
opinion on this issue in that regard.'' RD, at 28.
     By way of further example, the RD states that ``Dr. Kaufman was 
confronted with a referral by . . . [Applicant] to a specialist in 
lumbar osteoporosis in 2003, a referral to a pain specialist in 
2002, and to a headache specialist in 2003'' and that those 
documents ``certainly qualified Dr. Kaufman's . . . opinion . . . 
that . . . [Applicant did not] pursue testing or alternative 
treatment for DC's pain issues.'' Id. The pain and headache 
specialist referrals referenced in the RD, however, concern M.B., 
not DC, and Dr. Kaufman cautioned against using opioids to treat 
headaches ``because they cause rebound headaches.'' Tr. 485-86. I do 
not agree that these matters ``certainly qualified Dr. Kaufman's 
subject opinion,'' and they do not change my positive assessment of 
Dr. Kaufman's testimony. RD, at 28.
     Further, Dr. Kaufman's testimony about a patient named in the 
OSC, and whom the Government subsequently withdrew from the 
adjudication, shows the expert's willingness to accept Applicant's 
post hoc injection of information and justification for a 
prescribing pattern Dr. Kaufman had concluded was outside the 
applicable standard of care. Tr. 226-27 (Dr. Kaufman testifying that 
``I always want to give the physician the benefit of the doubt. And 
after reading what he had written, I was willing to say that if that 
material was correct, then I would not judge that substandard care'' 
and noting that, under the applicable standard of care, Applicant's 
post hoc information and justification ``should have been in the 
[medical] records.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Kaufman found Applicant's controlled substance-related actions 
to be below the standard of care based on the documentation in the 
medical records of Applicant's practice.\22\ Id. at 230-31 (Dr. Kaufman 
testifying about D.C.'s complaint of knee and back pain and Applicant's 
medical records for D.C.: ``So, there was no [ ] examination of the 
back, there was no examination of the knee. Furthermore, this is pretty 
disturbing, every physical examination documented a normal rectal 
examination, a normal prostate examination, normal testicles, and I 
would seriously doubt that that was done on every visit. . . . I don't 
think it's credible at all.''); id. at 231 (Dr. Kaufman testifying 
about Applicant's medical records for D.C.: ``[I]n the face of repeated 
normal prostate exams, there is a diagnosis of prostate hypoplasia, 
which means enlargement of the prostate. Which is something you would 
pick up on a prostate exam. So, if you're going to do a prostate exam 
every visit and you're going to give the diagnosis of an enlarged 
prostate, you should document, at least once, that there's an enlarged 
prostate. And that was never done [against the Georgia standard of 
care].''); id. at 501-05 (Dr. Kaufman agreeing that there needs to be 
follow through on language in a patient's medical records to meet the 
standard of care); id. at 226-27 (Dr. Kaufman determining that medical 
records show a pattern of prescribing that is outside the standard of 
care and that did not comply with Georgia's rules, and even though 
additional information provided by Applicant, if accurate, would change 
the substandard care conclusion, it is still a violation of the Georgia 
standard of care not to have that information in the medical records); 
id. at 451-53 (Dr. Kaufman discussing internally inconsistent 
information in a patient file and countering the suggestion that the 
inconsistency is the patient's fault by explaining that only the 
physician (not a scribe or the patient) is allowed to enter the history 
of the present illness ``[a]nd so, it was . . . [Applicant's] 
obligation to enter this, nobody else and it is not correct.'').\23\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ In the case of one of the patients whose treatment is 
referenced throughout this decision, M.B., Dr. Kaufman reviewed 
fifteen years of Applicant's medical records for the patient. Tr. 
338.
    \23\ The context of this testimony referenced in the penultimate 
citation was a medical record cited in the OSC that the Government 
subsequently abandoned.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Kaufman found that Applicant did not re-evaluate patients, did 
not always document the changes he made to a patient's therapy, and did 
not always document the impact of a change in therapy. Id. at 204, 202, 
207-08, 346-48.
    Dr. Kaufman concluded that Applicant did not comply with the 
applicable standard of care when, for example, he prescribed controlled 
substances for M.B., who exhibited signs of abusing, or being addicted 
to, controlled substances. Id. at 287-326 (explaining that signs of 
patient addiction include requesting early controlled substance refills 
and an abnormal urine drug screen, evaluating Applicant's response to 
the signs of addiction the patient exhibited over the course of years, 
noting that Applicant continued to prescribe controlled substances for 
M.B. despite signs of her addiction, thereby ``basically just feeding 
her addiction,'' concluding that Applicant did not apply his own 
protocols to his treatment of M.B. and did not implement the Georgia 
standard of care response to an abnormal urine drug screen, and calling 
Applicant's response ``a mockery of the rules,'' ``not excusable,'' 
``irresponsible,'' ``beyond ridiculous,'' and outside the Georgia 
standard of care); see also, e.g., id. at 439-41 (Dr. Kaufman's 
explanation that the applicable standard of care for an abnormal urine 
screen is discussing it with the patient, documenting the abnormality 
in the chart, and documenting ``what you as the treating physician are 
thinking about this abnormality,'' and that implementation of the 
standard of care involves ``com[ing] up to some solution that you and 
the patient work out,'' and cautioning that the ``fact that [the 
patient] stopped being positive doesn't indicate that she all of a 
sudden listened to . . . [Applicant] necessarily. Perhaps she stopped 
obtaining that medication in whatever fashion she was obtaining it. . . 
. I do know that it wasn't documented and there was no explanation and 
this went on for quite some time.''); id. at 327-32, 336-42, 459 (Dr. 
Kaufman's testimony about Applicant's failures to comply with the 
standard of care regarding abnormal urine drug screens, and opinion 
that Applicant did too little too late because ``[i]t just keeps going 
on and on and there's no consequence and it's nuts, sir. This is not 
the standard of care.''); id. at 332 (concluding that Applicant's 
failure to refer a patient to an addiction specialist ``because she's 
clearly addicted to medications and clearly needs help and she's not 
getting any help. She's just getting more medication'' violates 
Georgia's pain management rules and constitutes ``unprofessional 
conduct.'').
    Dr. Kaufman identified issues with, and testified about, 
Applicant's controlled substance prescribing. For example, he testified 
that Applicant prescribed, and continued to prescribed, controlled 
substances groundlessly. Id. at 323-26 (Dr. Kaufman stating that ``it's 
the same repetitive situation where there's no complaints to justify 
it. There's no exam that justifies this. The urines are all out of 
whack. The patient has been told she won't get these . . . without a 
letter from a pain specialist which is nowhere to be seen . . . it's 
all wrong. . . . [T]he patient is not needing refills and you give her 
refills. Something is clearly off.'').
    Dr. Kaufman also testified about specific controlled substances 
that Applicant prescribed. More specifically, he pointed out 
Applicant's inadequate actions and, therefore, the illegality of, and 
danger posed by, Applicant's methadone prescribing for D.C. Id. at 232-
39. He explained that methadone is used in two ways. First, it is 
prescribed for people who have an addiction. Tr. 232. The correct 
methadone dose suppresses cravings for a day and keeps the patient out 
of withdrawal. Id. In Georgia, only narcotic treatment clinics may 
dispense methadone, and they only dispense it to treat addiction. Id. 
at 498; see id. at 233-34 (``If you were to go to a methadone clinic 
and say, I have chronic knee pain. Could you give me methadone? They 
would turn you down. It's not their expertise. . . . So, anybody who is 
going to a methadone clinic is a person who has an addiction issue.''); 
see also id. at 605 (testimony of one of Applicant's experts (Dr. 
Downey), infra section III.E., that, in Georgia, only specially 
licensed narcotic treatment programs are authorized to issue methadone 
for addiction).\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ See, e.g., GX 51, at 672, 675 (Applicant's medical record 
documenting D.C.'s office visit on August 10, 2012, stating in the 
``Diagnoses'' section that D.C. ``went to clinic this morning so he 
has two weeks['] worth of methadone 190 mg QD [once a day] and would 
like to RTC [return to clinic] at the end of two weeks and begin to 
be tapered off of it to try the Suboxone for his chronic pain 
instead (will not be for dependence) OK per Dr P dose will be 
dropped to 180 mg on 8/24/2012.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, Dr. Kaufman explained, methadone is used as a pain 
medicine. Id. at 232. He testified that, when

[[Page 80170]]

prescribed for pain, methadone is taken more than once a day, depending 
on the dose. Id. at 233. When prescribed for pain, Dr. Kaufman 
elaborated, methadone ``has a lot of difficult issues related to the 
way it's metabolized in the body.'' Id. at 232. He testified that, 
although it constitutes ``less than five percent of the pain 
prescriptions in the United States,'' it accounts for thirty percent of 
the overdose deaths. Id. at 233. ``One of the reasons, is that the pain 
effect wears off, and the patient will take an extra pill, even though 
they are not supposed to,'' he explained. Id. ``When they take that 
extra pill,'' he continued, ``because of the very long half-life, the 
medicine tends to accumulate in the body and people stop breathing.'' 
Id.
    Dr. Kaufman testified that Applicant's methadone prescriptions for 
D.C., with their instructions to ``taper as directed,'' were dangerous. 
Id. at 254 (Dr. Kaufman's analysis of Applicant's medical records for 
D.C.: ``It just says, `taper as directed.' So, you don't know what the 
dosage is. I mean, if the patient was, in fact, cutting back. It should 
be indicated on the chart, what the dosage is at the current time. But 
you have no idea. I have no idea what's going. I don't think anybody 
did.'').\25\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ Applicant's testimony acknowledged dangers associated with 
his methadone prescribing. Infra section III.E.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Kaufman concluded that Applicant unlawfully prescribed 
methadone for D.C. for addiction. Id. at 246-48 (Dr. Kaufman's 
explanation for his opinion that Applicant unlawfully prescribed 
methadone for addiction, not for pain, in the context of the RX 17, at 
60 version of Applicant's office notes for D.C.'s visit on May 28, 
2013: ``I believe that . . . [methadone] is being given for addiction. 
It had been given for addiction in the clinic. The clinic will not 
treat patients for chronic pain. They are a treatment for addiction. 
The statement due to chronic pain, he became dependent on opioids, so 
there is a dependency. And the [handwritten] statement [on the RX 17, 
at 60 version] about where the Suboxone came from, is probably not 
correct, but it's not clear. . . . It's an illegally obtained 
substance. So, that's really a problem. Again, who knows. . . . He 
certainly did not get this . . . [in] a methadone clinic and . . . 
[Applicant] did not prescribe it until the next month. This is a 
problem.''); id. at 248-51 (continuing Dr. Kaufman's explanation for 
his opinion that Applicant unlawfully prescribed methadone for 
addiction, not for pain, in the context of the RX 17, at 64-68 version 
of Applicant's office notes for D.C.'s visit on June 25, 2013: 
``[T]here's no mention of a back examination. It's not even listed as a 
possibility. There's no mention of the knee examination. And on the 
next page, there's further examinations, where again, no back exam, no 
knee exam. . . . And then the next page is the list of diagnosis. And 
the first diagnosis is lumbago, which means back pain. And the medicine 
for that is Tylenol. And it says, `opioid dependence, counseled patient 
on the condition, advise him to seek group or individual therapy, 
anxiety state, take the medicines as prescribed.' And another diagnosis 
is `long term use of medications, with a urine drug screen having been 
performed.' . . . [The methadone is] not being used as a pain reliever, 
because it's not be[ing] given several times a day, what you notice is 
the methadone pain effect wears off, so they're going to tell you the 
pain is much worse at night, because it's worn off. It's not a pain 
medicine anymore. It will still work to prevent you from being an 
addict prevent the addictive behavior, but it's not going to work for 
the pain. . . . But if you give somebody Suboxone, you [are] going to 
really make the methadone not work as a pain medicine, whatever pain 
medicine effect it was having. And they're going to say my pain is 
much, much worse. . . . Yes, [methadone was given as related to 
addiction a]nd very inappropriately, because they are both being given 
at the same time.'').\26\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ Dr. Downey's testimony on this matter was not helpful. He 
testified that he thinks Applicant prescribed methadone for D.C. for 
pain, adding that ``[i]f someone's treating pain with methadone, the 
prescription should say for pain, just to make it clear.'' Tr. 615, 
618. Dr. Downey did not, however, identify any record evidence 
showing that Applicant wrote ``for pain'' on any of the methadone 
prescriptions he issued.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Kaufman addressed other issues with Applicant's controlled 
substance prescribing during his testimony that Applicant prescribed 
both Percocet 10/650 and Lorcet 10/650, two short-term opioids, to M.B. 
It was ``not good medicine in any term,'' he testified. Id. at 447. Dr. 
Kaufman explained that ``there could be no other reason to give two 
drugs'' than for ``breakthrough pain.'' Id. at 446. Yet, he testified, 
prescribing two controlled substance pain medications for M.B. 
``doesn't make much sense'' because they have the ``same duration of 
action.'' Id. at 447. Further, both Percocet and Lorcet are 
preparations containing 650 mg. of Tylenol. Id. at 446. This means that 
one dose of the two controlled substances is 1300 mg. of Tylenol. ``If 
you go above 4,000 mg. in a day,'' Dr. Kaufman continued, ``it's 
exceptionally bad for your liver.'' Id. at 447.
    In the face of suggestions that M.B.'s narcotic-seeking actions 
were caused by obsessive compulsivity, not addiction, Dr. Kaufman 
answered that one of the problems he had with the patient's chart was 
assessing the credibility of the controlled substance prescribing given 
that ``there are many things that are listed, many things, many things 
that are stated . . . they're not always documented and in fact I 
would've paid it a lot more credence if I kn[e]w she did see a onetime 
psychiatrist . . . if she's getting some ongoing suggestions . . . but 
that wasn't the case.'' \27\ Id. at 435.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ In addition, according to Dr. Kaufman's testimony, 
Applicant's medical records for M.B. indicate that Applicant, 
himself, suspected that M.B.'s drug seeking behavior was due to 
addiction, not obsessive compulsive disorder. Tr. 454-55 (Dr. 
Kaufman's interpretation of Applicant's medical record for M.B.). 
Applicant is not an orthopedic surgeon, a neurosurgeon, or an 
interventionalist, so he sent M.B. to obtain Dr. Bundy's opinion 
about the proper treatment of her compression fracture. If Dr. Bundy 
said that the fracture was not bad enough for M.B. to have a 
procedure or to have pain medications, and if Dr. Bundy did not 
think anything should be done, Applicant indicated in the medical 
record that ``we're going to stop the pain meds and we're going to 
start her on Suboxone.'' This, according to Dr. Kaufman, shows that 
``there's a suspicion [on the part of Applicant] that maybe . . . 
[M.B. is] a drug seeker and she should be put on Suboxone.'').
     When Applicant's counsel suggested that Applicant's ``putting 
up with and that's probably a poor choice of terms, being willing to 
undertake to continue to treat a patient like . . . [M.B.] speaks . 
. . well of him, does it not,'' Dr. Kaufman responded that ``perhaps 
. . . [Applicant] should've referred . . . [M.B.] to somebody with 
more expertise.'' Id. at 489. Dr. Kaufman also pointed out that 
there are ``very different approaches to treatment'' for obsessive 
compulsive behavior and for addiction to narcotics, indicating that 
a physician is ``only going to get . . . [the patient] better by 
treating'' the actual cause. Id. at 499-500.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Kaufman addressed the allegation that Applicant unlawfully 
prescribed controlled substances for his daughter. Based on his review 
of the record, he concluded that Applicant violated the applicable 
standard of care by prescribing controlled substances for his daughter 
because ``there was . . . nothing in . . . the chart to reflect an 
emergency.'' Id. at 490. In response to the ALJ's questioning about 
Adderall and Vyvanse, that the ALJ described as ``like a maintenance 
medication for ADHD or ADD,'' Dr. Kaufman pointed out a 
preauthorization insurance form. Id. at 494. According to the form, Dr. 
Kaufman testified, the physician for Applicant's daughter had cancelled 
the treatment, but Applicant sought to revive it ``indefinitely.'' Id.
    Applicant's counsel suggested that a physician treating a patient 
or a family member might try to get insurance approval for a long 
period of time

[[Page 80171]]

because, even if the physician ``may mentally think that it's not going 
to last that long[,] . . . you don't want to have to keep going back to 
the insurance company every month or every special occasion.'' Id. at 
495. Applicant's counsel, then, asked ``[w]ouldn't it be common just to 
say, well this could go on for a while?'' Id. Dr. Kaufman replied that, 
``unfortunately, this medication you cannot prescribe to a family 
member unless it's an emergency and if you're going to do this several 
times, . . . that is not the way to deal with an emergency.'' Id. at 
495-96. He elaborated that an ``emergency is three days and then the 
real doctor shows up to take care of this.'' Id. at 496. When 
Applicant's counsel opined that Applicant did not commit a legal 
violation, Dr. Kaufman stated that ``[e]very one of these is a 
violation because you're saying that there were five 30-day emergencies 
in which a physician couldn't be reached.'' Id. He restated that ``a 
30-day prescription is certainly not an emergency.'' Id.
    In sum, I find that Dr. Kaufman's testimony about pain management 
and about the applicable standard of care is of sufficient clarity, 
authority, and candor to merit controlling weight in this 
adjudication.\28\ See also supra section II. Accordingly, when Dr. 
Kaufman's testimony conflicts with other record evidence, I will credit 
Dr. Kaufman's testimony.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ I agree with the RD that Dr. Kaufman ``generally offered 
detailed assessments of individual prescriptions and actions by the 
. . . [Applicant], and tied these directly to the relevant 
regulation or statute.'' RD, at 76. I do not, however, adopt all of 
the statements in the RD about Dr. Kaufman. Id. I do not agree that 
Dr. Kaufman's assessments of Applicant's ``prescribing practices had 
a notable weakness: he did not review all of the relevant patient 
records.'' Id. My review of the record does not identify any 
``relevant'' patient record that Dr. Kaufman did not review. See, 
e.g., Tr. 505-07 (ALJ's questioning about Applicant's forty-page 
response to Dr. Kaufman's Report and Dr. Kaufman's confirmation that 
he adjusted, altered, and modified his opinions accordingly.). In 
response to the ALJ's questions about whether Dr. Kaufman was 
confronted with ``additional reports or medical records'' since his 
``initial opinion,'' Dr. Kaufman replied that he thinks he saw ``a 
few things'' that he did not have originally, ``handwritten 
things.'' Id. In response to the ALJ's follow-up question, Dr. 
Kaufman indicated that these items did not change his opinion. Id. 
at 506. ``I think if you do great care 90 percent of the time but 
miss 10 percent, you've missed 10 percent, and that's the 10 percent 
I think we're discussing.'' Id. at 506-07.
     Further, I do not agree that Dr. Kaufman's analysis of 
Applicant's prescribing practices is impugned because Dr. Kaufman 
did not hear Applicant's ``justification'' for those practices. RD, 
at 76. Dr. Kaufman's testimony addressed, as it should, whether 
Applicant complied with the applicable standard of care based on 
Applicant's actions documented in the medical records. Post hoc 
written or oral justifications for Applicant's actions are not 
controlling in this proceeding. Lesly Pompy, M.D., 84 FR 57,749, 
57,760 (2019) (``[A] physician may not expect to vindicate himself 
through oral representations at the hearing about his compliance 
with the standard of care that were not documented in appropriately 
maintained patient records.''). In addition, I found nothing 
persuasive enough in ``Dr. Downey's critique'' to outweigh Dr. 
Kaufman's testimony entirely. RD, at 76; see also supra section II 
and section III.D. and infra section III.E. Finally, although Dr. 
Kaufman admitted to missing or forgetting about some pages in 
Applicant's voluminous exhibited medical records, he also 
convincingly testified that those pages did not change his opinion 
about Applicant's compliance with the applicable standard of care. 
E.g., Tr. 506-07.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Applicant's Case

    At the hearing, Applicant testified after calling two expert 
witnesses, four staff witnesses, four character witnesses, and one 
witness from the software company whose application he used to manage 
his in-office pharmacy.\29\ The ALJ admitted into evidence thirty-seven 
Applicant exhibits, including ``a small trove of favorable letters'' 
from colleagues, patients, and others that the ALJ admitted over the 
Government's objection. RD, at 70.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ After the Government objected that the line of questioning 
was outside of the Prehearing Statement and the ALJ noted that the 
witness was the ``third . . . describing the same procedures,'' 
Applicant withdrew one staff witness who had worked at the front 
desk and was responsible for nursing home-related billings. Tr. 946.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    During his testimony, Applicant addressed his family life, his 
employment experience before enrolling in medical school, including as 
a nursing assistant on a hospital's acute drug and alcohol detox unit, 
his medical internship and residency, and his varied positions as a 
medical doctor. Tr. 960-75. He testified about his private practice of 
about 4,400 active patients, his twenty-six years of emergency room 
work, and his simultaneous positions as medical director for the Youth 
Development Center of the Georgia State Department of Juvenile Justice, 
as Assistant Medical Director for a large hospice home health company 
attesting to patients' need for hospice care, as medical director for 
about seven nursing homes, and as attending to nine nursing homes 
serving ``probably'' 1,600 patients in a year and ``probably at any one 
time'' 900 nursing home patients. Id. at 975-81. In response to a 
question asking how he organized his staff to assist his medical 
practice, Applicant stated that his employees ``just try to get the 
patient organized so that I could see the patient, examine the patient 
and make a good decision, based on, you know, the information to [sic] 
labs and a physical exam and then we come up with an assessment and 
plan.'' Id. at 998. Applicant confirmed that RX 2 and RX 3 ``relating 
to protocols with controlled substances and new patients'' are 
``accurate as to what . . . [he] wanted the staff to be doing as far as 
controlled substances and prescriptions.'' Id. at 1000.
    Applicant used testimonial narrative to address the medical care he 
provided patients named in the pending OSC charges against him. Id. at 
1002-40. In other words, he rarely relied on a specific page or pages 
of any of the exhibits entered into the record. Cf. id. at 175-508 (Dr. 
Kaufman's testimony). Regarding D.C., Applicant painted the portrait of 
a man who began seeing him in the early 1990s, who worked hard at two 
jobs, and who suffered from depression and anxiety related to feeling 
the pressure of a ``very demanding wife.'' \30\ Id. at 1003. According 
to Applicant's testimonial narrative, D.C.'s ``biggest problem and . . 
. the reason . . . [D.C.] ended up home dependent on pain medicine is 
he had cluster migraines.'' Id. Applicant described cluster migraines 
as ``probably the worst type of migraine headaches'' that cause ``very 
severe'' pain that usually comes on at night. Id. He explained that 
cluster migraines ``might come every other night or come every night'' 
and ``go on for three-four months and then, all of a sudden they just 
go away [a]nd then, . . . [the patient] might not have a headache for 
two or three years. And then they would come back.'' Id. at 1005. D.C. 
started having cluster migraines ``at a very early age'' and his 
doctors treated them with Demerol and Phenergan, ``which was a very 
common thing,'' according to Applicant. Id. at 1004.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ According to Applicant, D.C. died of mesothelioma. Tr. 
1002. Although D.C. was a smoker, ``which made him . . . a greater 
risk to develop mesothelioma,'' mesothelioma was not an issue when 
D.C. first began seeing Applicant. Id. at 1002-03. Applicant's 
controlled substance prescribing to D.C. at issue in this proceeding 
is not related to D.C.'s mesothelioma diagnosis.
     Regarding Applicant's medical records, I note that at least one 
record states that D.C. ``never smoked.'' GX 51, at 192. Other 
medical records for D.C. state that he smoked. E.g., GX 51, at 138 
(ten cigarettes a day). Thus, Applicant's medical records do not 
report consistently on whether or not D.C. smoked and some of 
Applicant's medical records conflict with Applicant's hearing 
testimony.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applicant testified that he treated D.C.'s headaches with medicine 
that ``would get rid of . . . [D.C.'s] headaches,'' but if Applicant's 
office ``wasn't open, . . . [D.C.] ended up going to the Emergency Room 
. . . [and] started to use more and more Demerol and all that sort of 
stuff.'' Id. at 1008. According to his narrative, Applicant told D.C. 
that ``you may want to go to try and find a pain center.'' Id. 
Applicant reported that D.C. followed his advice and that the pain 
center ``put . . . [D.C.] on methadone and

[[Page 80172]]

oxycodone.'' Id. Although Applicant stated that he was the doctor who 
``still managed . . . D.C.'s] headaches,'' he attributed D.C.'s having 
``entered himself into the methadone clinic'' to three areas of pain--
migraines, osteoarthritis in both knees, and chronic low back pain 
concluding that ``actually, you know, the methadone helped.'' Id. at 
1008-09; see also id. at 1010 (confirming that D.C. received methadone 
from a methadone clinic).
    According to Applicant, he thought that the 190 milligrams of 
methadone that the methadone clinic was giving D.C. was too much, 
causing memory issues and ``more shortness of breath and coughing.'' 
Id. at 1009-10; see also id. at 1101 (``Methadone has a seven-day half 
life. Every methadone you take is going to stay in your body for seven 
days. For the first four days, you get adequate pain control. The--for 
the whole seven days you're at risk for respiratory depression. And 
that's what's dangerous about the drug because at 190 milligrams, I 
would really be worried about some of this shortness of breath also 
being respiratory suppression.''). D.C. agreed ``[b]ecause he wanted to 
go ahead and get down.'' Id. at 1011.
    Applicant's testimony recounted what he determined to have been 
successful tapering of other chronic pain patients down from methadone, 
stating the way he ``did it was ten milligrams every week or every two 
weeks.'' Id. ``And then, usually what I would do is wait a week before 
I drop them again,'' Applicant explained. He stated that he ``had a lot 
of success with that,'' predicted that he could get D.C. ``down to you 
know 30 milligrams of methadone,'' and concluded that ``then I could 
switch him to a short acting substance like oxycodone and give him that 
for a week, four days a week . . . [to] keep him from going into 
withdrawal.'' Id. at 1011-12. According to Applicant, ``we finally got 
him down to I think 30 milligrams and I gave him the prescription 
that's been brought up in testimony and oxycodone 50 milligrams.'' Id. 
at 1013. ``I gave him that prescription to help him through that period 
. . . when he stopped the methadone, he would not go into complete 
withdrawal, but it would . . . help him to get to the point where he 
had the methadone out of his system and . . . he could take the 
Suboxone,'' Applicant testified. Id.
    Applicant stated that D.C. reported his pain was no better and he 
just did not feel good even though he was not in withdrawal. Id. When 
Applicant increased the amount of Suboxone, D.C. ``ended up with a rash 
. . . [and] couldn't tolerate it.'' Id. So, D.C. ``ended up back on 60 
milligrams of methadone, which . . . controlled his pain.'' Id. 
Applicant's testimony did not explain his plan to use Suboxone to treat 
D.C.'s pain, particularly in light of his own office procedures stating 
that ``Suboxone is not to be used to treat pain.'' RX 3C (Orientation 
Manual for Dr. George C. Pursley's Office Based Treatment of Opioid 
Dependence with Buprenorphine/Naloxone (Informally know[n] as the 
Suboxone Program)), at 11; see also id. at 2 (``Suboxone (buprenorphine 
+ naloxone) is an FDA approved medication for treatment of people with 
opiate (narcotic) dependence.''); id. at 4 (``Who Can Prescribe 
Suboxone? Not all physicians can prescribe Suboxone. To prescribe 
Suboxone, a physician must either be a specialist in Substance Abuse 
treatment or they must have completed specialized training that 
certifies them as a Suboxone Provider. Once a physician is certified as 
a Suboxone Provider, they may care for up to 30 patients during their 
first year of practice and up to 100 patients per year thereafter.'').
    At the end of his testimonial narrative of his medical care of 
D.C., Applicant concluded that D.C. ``was not a diverter. He was just 
somebody that had pain.'' Tr. 1015. He stated that ``pain is . . . like 
an emergency . . . everybody's definition of an emergency is different 
and everybody's definition of pain is different.'' Id. His testimony 
was that ``I've learned one thing in medicine, is patients don't sit in 
the waiting room waiting to see you for two or three hours, if they 
don't have something wrong [with] them . . . [and] it's your job to 
figure out what's wrong,'' and ``that's one thing I've learned in 
treating pain or any illness, . . . most of the majority of patients, 
they don't lie to you.'' Id. Applicant did not testify that he applied 
any specific step of the Georgia standard of care or any Georgia 
requirement, whether issued by the GCMB or the Georgia legislature, as 
he did his ``job to figure out what's wrong.'' Id. He did not describe 
any physical examination he performed or medical data he gathered to 
use in his analysis or to inform his assessment of what his patients 
were telling him about their pain. I find that Applicant's testimonial 
narrative of the medical care he gave D.C. did not rebut Dr. Kaufman's 
criticism of it nor did it attempt to counter Dr. Kaufman's exhibit 
page-by-exhibit page analysis. I find that Applicant did not address, 
let alone acknowledge, how unusual it would be for a Georgia methadone 
clinic to give D.C. methadone for pain. Id. at 1060-61. Instead, 
Applicant testified that he is ``still of the belief that all the 
prescriptions that . . . [he] issued for D.C. in this case were issued 
within the usual course of professional practice,'' and that he 
believes he ``complied with all the relevant rules and laws dealing 
with the prescriptions of controlled substances to D.C.'' Id. at 1051.
    Applicant similarly presented a testimonial narrative about the 
medical care he provided M.B., even including some of the same themes 
that were part of his testimony about D.C. He repeatedly returned to 
his view that M.B. ``was a very difficult and hard patient to manage, 
but . . . [he] took it on.'' Id. at 1016. Calling M.B. ``a problem 
patient, a person with problems . . . [a]nd unlucky or another 
unfortunate person in life,'' Applicant listed physical and mental 
health challenges that M.B. faced and endured. Id. at 1026, 1016-34. 
Possibly in an attempt to exonerate himself, Applicant emphasized his 
belief that the physician who treated M.B. before she became his 
patient started her on a controlled substance. ``I think, he had her on 
Oxycontin like, 30 milligrams, twice a day or something,'' Applicant 
stated. Id. at 1018. He asked ``what am I going to do with this lady'' 
because ``when she came to see me, she was dependent.'' Id. at 1022. 
His own office procedures provided the answer to his question, although 
the record does not support the conclusion that he always followed 
those procedures. For example, he testified that ``I think, some of her 
hydrocodone, she got from her husband.'' Id. at 1025. According to the 
second page of Applicant's Pain Management/Drug Addiction Contract, RX 
3A, Applicant's patients' relationship with him will be terminated for 
``use [of] another person's medication.'' RX 3A, at 2. By way of 
further example, Applicant testified that he thinks M.B. ``also got a 
[hydrocodone] script from Dr. Bundy, I think.'' Tr. 1025. Again, 
according to Applicant's Pain Management/Drug Addiction Contract, 
Applicant's patients' relationship with him will be terminated if they 
``seek or obtain controlled substances from any other doctor or 
clinic.'' RX 3A, at 2. Applicant did not explain why he did not follow 
the terms of his own contract when he believed M.B. had violated it.
    As if it conclusively established his compliance with the 
applicable standard of care, Applicant stated that the doses of the 
controlled substances he started M.B. on when she became his patient, 
specifically mentioning Klonopin, Adderall, and Percocet,

[[Page 80173]]

``pretty much'' remained the same throughout his tenure as her 
physician. Tr. 1034. ``If you look at from the time I picked her up,'' 
he stated, ``she was pretty much on the same dosages all the time. . . 
. [D]id she have exacerbations . . .? Yeah. But I managed her, I dealt 
with her, . . . that's really, I think a true picture of what I was 
dealing with.'' Id.
    While he stated that M.B.'s previous physician ``sent her to a very 
good psychiatrist'' who diagnosed her with obsessive compulsive 
disorder, attention deficit disorder, anxiety disorder, and a panic 
disorder, he also stated that ``Blue No Choice doesn't allow us to--we 
don't have psychiatrists in practice.'' Id. at 1018-19, 1022. Applicant 
did not address why he did not consult with the ``very good 
psychiatrist'' about options for their mutual patient. Although he 
admitted violating the Georgia standard of care when he stated that 
``you had to overlook'' M.B.'s drug screens, he did not explain or 
justify his conscious violations. Id. at 1025 (``And so, was she 
compliant? No. Was she dismissible? No. I mean, but if you look at 
obsessive compulsive disorder, the more you try to control these 
people, the more they [sic] going to bunk you.'').
    I find that Applicant's testimonial narrative of the medical care 
he gave M.B. did not rebut Dr. Kaufman's criticism of it or attempt to 
counter Dr. Kaufman's exhibit page-by-exhibit page analysis. I find 
that Applicant did not testify about, or seek the admission of, a 
statute, regulation, or any applicable standard of care that exempts 
practitioners treating patients with a diagnosed mental illness from 
the provisions of the GA Pain Management Rule, GCMB Rule 360-3-.02, or 
the Ten Steps. Id. at 1024-26. Instead, I find Applicant testified that 
he ``believe[s] that all the prescriptions that . . . [he] issued to 
M.B. . . . [were] issued within the usual course of professional 
practice.'' Id. at 1051.
    Applicant addressed the medical care he provided his daughter. He 
admitted treating her, explaining that he ``thought it was an 
emergency.'' \31\ Id. at 1038. He specifically admitted to issuing 
eight controlled substance prescriptions to her between August 2014 and 
June 2015. Id. at 1056. He also admitted that he did not follow his 
urine drug screen-related office procedures when treating his daughter. 
Id. at 1053-54; see also RX 4, at 2 (ADD and ADHD patients take a urine 
drug screen at visits). ``I understand it is wrong in hindsight. And, 
you know, I'm sorry I did it,'' he stated. Tr. 1038. His testimony was 
that he understood the GCMB position on treating family members, ``but 
it's not a perfect world and it's my daughter.'' Id. When asked if he 
was willing to make a condition of being granted a registration that he 
``not treat anybody under . . . what is ultimately a Georgia 
regulation'' about the treatment of family members, Applicant stated, 
``Oh, yeah. I mean, I make amends.'' \32\ Id. at 1040.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ Even though the OSC does not charge it, Applicant admitted 
treating his wife and stated ``I treated my wife, thought I was 
being helpful and I understand that it was wrong and I--it is what 
it is.'' Tr. 1039-40. I note that the OSC alleges that Applicant 
treated his daughter, but not his wife. I see the record evidence 
documenting the dispensing of controlled substances to his wife and 
the RD's analysis of Applicant's testimonial admission that it was 
wrong for him to treat his wife. See, e.g., id. at 1040; RX 11F, at 
66; RD, at 56, n.42. Given the content of this case, I see no reason 
to consider Applicant's admission that it was wrong for him to treat 
his wife, and I do not do so.
    \32\ I note that it is incumbent on Applicant to follow the 
applicable standard of care regardless of his DEA registration 
status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applicant testified about his position on his practice's compliance 
with his own office protocols and also addressed his medical 
recordkeeping. Regarding compliance with his own office protocols, 
Applicant stated that we got to have some kind of, you know, ordered 
system in which we all work in, whether we're digging ditches . . . 
[or] practicing medicine.'' Id. at 1063. He continued: ``I think, you 
try to, you set protocols, you try to stick with them. Does that always 
happen? No. . . . [E]verything 100 percent? No.'' Id. He restated that 
``my practice was a big practice,'' pointed out that ``what we've 
looked in these charts have been mainly four or five patients,'' and 
concluded that, ``if you look at my overall practice, . . . I don't 
think that's a really a good statistical sampling, if I could memorize 
[sic] my statistics of my practice of that many people.'' Id. He then 
admitted, again, that he's ``sure'' his ``protocols weren't 100 
percent.'' Id. On re-direct, he added that ``I think you need to be 
able to deviate from a protocol if you really find that it's 
necessary.'' Id. at 1064.
    Regarding his medical recordkeeping, Applicant agreed that, when he 
signs off on a record of a patient office visit, he accepts 
responsibility for everything in that record.\33\ Id. at 1052.\34\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ I disagree with the RD's conclusion concerning Applicant's 
testimony on Tr. 1052. RD, at 56 (``Ultimately, . . . [Applicant] 
accepted full responsibility for everything within the medical 
records for which he signed off.''). Instead, Applicant was 
agreeing, on cross examination, with Government Counsel that ``You 
also understand that when you sign a record of a patient office 
visit, right. When you're done, if they're there, however you did 
it, you would sign off on a patient record? . . . You understand 
that once you've signed off on it, you accepted responsibility for 
everything that . . . was in that record.'' Tr. 1052.
     I note Applicant's testimony indicating that he knowingly 
sacrificed having medical records that met the standard of care so 
that he could take care of his patients. Id. at 1041 (``I think I 
did the best documentation. I put more--my hands on the patient and 
taking care of the patient then [sic] I do treatment chart. But I 
know that's not what we need to do, but sometimes you got to give 
your patients the time and not a computer.'').
    \34\ RD footnote 43 correctly states that recordkeeping is a 
``substantive allegation . . . upon which a denial of Registration 
can be based.'' RD, at 56, n.43. Its statement that ``deficiencies 
in maintaining . . . [Applicant's] medical files . . . [were] not 
alleged in the Order to Show Cause'' may be referring specifically 
to the OSC section entitled ``Recordkeeping Violations,'' as opposed 
to the OSC section entitled ``Unlawful Prescribing of Controlled 
Substances,'' whose legal underpinnings include medical record 
requirements related to controlled substance prescribing. OSC, at 3-
8; supra section II and section III.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applicant described the instability in his medical practice after, 
and the ramifications of, his voluntary surrender of his registration. 
Id. at 981-85. He testified that both Georgia and South Carolina 
renewed his medical licenses after his surrender, and that he was able 
to retain his hospital privileges on a temporary basis for a year after 
the surrender. Id. at 983, 985-97. Applicant testified that he 
stabilized his practice by hiring a physician whom he knew, among other 
ways. Id. at 981-82, 987. They found other physicians for Applicant's 
Suboxone patients but a ``lot of the . . . heart failure, hypertension 
guy, diabetes, whatever patients, chronic, other chronic patients, we 
were able to just continue taking care of those people.'' Id. at 988. 
After sixteen months, though, Applicant testified that he closed his 
practice. Id. at 992. He stated that even though his nursing home 
business enabled him to pay for his staff and his building, he did not 
have a salary. Id. For the sixteen months, he testified, he ``was able 
to live off of some of . . . [his] medical director[']s reimbursement, 
being a medical director.'' Id. After he closed his practice, he 
testified, ``we have been able to just do the long-term care and I do 
some hospice work.'' Id. at 993-94. Subsequently, Applicant testified 
that ``if my mind stays good and I can practice, I'm going to practice 
as long as I can. . . . I'd like to just be able to

[[Page 80174]]

commit my practice to long-term care, home health, hospice.'' Id. at 
1067-68.
    Applicant also testified about his in-office pharmacy. He stated 
that ``the reason I started it, it was--I could get people medications 
for, like, $10, like . . . high blood pressure medicine, diabetes 
medications, COPD medications and so forth, anti-inflammatories. . . . 
'' Id. at 991. ``[O]r they would do copays on these same drugs I had, 
excluding schedules, for $4,'' he continued. Id. Regarding controlled 
substances, Applicant testified that ``we had some patients that did 
not have insurance and they did not have--they had to pay cash and so, 
. . . [the in-office pharmacy] was good for my patients.'' Id. 
Applicant admitted that he did not have a licensed pharmacist working 
at his in-office pharmacy. Id. at 1051-52. He stated he was unaware 
that only a licensed pharmacist may lawfully fill a written 
prescription. Id. at 1052. Since the OSC does not charge Applicant with 
a violation of this requirement, his admission is not relevant to this 
proceeding. See id. at 1080-81.
    After he admitted to not being ``aware'' that the only person who 
is allowed to fill a written prescription is a licensed pharmacist, 
Applicant addressed his prospective compliance with applicable state 
and federal medical standards in response to questions from ALJ Dowd. 
He testified that it is his ``intention to become fully compliant with 
all of the regulations.'' Id. at 1068. ALJ Dowd asked ``[w]hat about 
learning any of these regulations. . . . [N]obody knows them by heart, 
but . . . you're responsible for knowing . . . both the Georgia 
regulations as well . . . [as] the DEA regulations if you're going [to] 
run a doctor's office.'' Id. Applicant answered, after having stated 
that his current age is 66, that he is ``always willing to learn 
anything.'' Id. at 1068-69. He added that, ``I think, the one thing, I 
don't think I left a lot of dead bodies laying around.'' Id. at 1069.
    Having read and analyzed all of the record evidence, I find that 
Applicant is the witness with the most at stake in this 
adjudication.\35\ I find that, while Applicant's testimony does include 
reliable statements, it also includes statements that lack credibility, 
are implausible, and/or are not persuasive. I find that Applicant's 
testimony must be considered with much caution, and where his testimony 
conflicts with credible record evidence, I do not credit it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ The RD does not address Applicant's credibility in one 
spot.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The ALJ certified Applicant's first expert, Dr. John Martin Downey, 
as an expert in pain management and interpretation of medical 
records.'' Id. at 534. Dr. Downey testified about his education, his 
military service, his medical practice, his affiliations, and his 
involvement with the Pain and Investigation Committees of the GCMB. Id. 
at 525-34. He confirmed on the record his familiarity with three 
Applicant exhibits: RX 17 (concerning D.C.), RX 18, RX 19 (concerning 
M.B.), and RX 20 (concerning a medical record that the Government 
abandoned). Id. at 534-37. Likewise, he denied being familiar with RX 
21 (concerning Applicant's daughter). Id. at 537. In addition, he 
testified that he reviewed the ``Georgia Professional Conduct Rule,'' 
``the control [sic] substance guidelines and the pain management rule, 
I guess that would be called,'' a letter from a patient, the OSC, and 
Applicant's ``summaries.'' \36\ Id. at 545-46.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ There is no indication of the content of Applicant's 
``summaries,'' and there is no admitted exhibit with this title.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Downey testified that he knows of Applicant because they 
practice in the same community and Applicant has referred patients to 
him over the years. Id. at 546. He referred to Applicant as a 
``colleague in a sense, yes. Consulting.'' Id. at 547. Dr. Downey 
stated that he had the occasion to review the medical records for 
Applicant's patients who were referred to him for a pain consultation 
or an electrodiagnostic study, or who became his patients after 
Applicant closed his practice. Id. According to Dr. Downey, ``as a 
general rule,'' his medical record review of Applicant's patients did 
not indicate practice below the standard of care expected of doctors in 
Georgia. Id. at 547-48. ``In fact,'' he testified, ``I looked, with the 
patients I recall, no changes were made in their pain regimen.'' Id. at 
548. Dr. Downey did not explain why ``no changes were made in their 
pain regimen'' necessarily meets the applicable standard of care. Dr. 
Downey admitted that he did not know if the medical records on which he 
based this assessment had been prepared by Applicant or by the 
physician Applicant hired to write all of the controlled substance 
prescriptions after Applicant voluntarily surrendered his registration. 
Id. at 608-12.
    In Dr. Downey's opinion, Dr. Kaufman's evaluation was ``a little 
overly critical, because Dr. Kaufman and I are both pain specialists 
and critiquing a primary care physician . . . it was a little bit of an 
overstep to be so critical, I think.'' Id. at 549. Dr. Downey did not 
testify that Applicant was exempt from complying with GA Pain 
Management Rule, GCMB Rule 360-3-.02, or the Ten Steps, for example, 
because he is a primary care physician, not a pain specialist.
    Dr. Downey stated that, taking ``as a whole'' the medical records 
for Applicant's patients that he reviewed for this proceeding, he ``was 
impressed with the care. The multiple medical conditions, managed the 
consultations, the bracing, the referrals to physical therapy, . . . 
hospitalization, post-hospitalization management. I was impressed. I 
would say they stack up highly.'' Id. at 569. He did not explain 
whether ``stack up highly'' meets the applicable standard of care and 
he did not address the standard of care for medical record required by 
the GA Pain Management Rule, the GCMB Rule 360-3-.02, or the Ten Steps.
    Dr. Downey testified that he found, in Applicant's medical records, 
mentions of urine drug screens, office visits, referrals, medical 
testing, counseling, and pain contracts. Id. at 577-78. He stated that 
he found documentation of health, physicals, labs, x-rays, prior 
medical records, records from and consultations with other doctors, and 
ongoing evaluation and treatment. Id. at 580. Dr. Downey opined that 
Applicant treated pain diagnoses appropriately.\37\ Id. at 579. He did 
not present persuasive elaboration on the connection among what he 
``found'' in Applicant's documentation, his opinion that Applicant 
treated pain diagnoses appropriately, and the applicable standard of 
care.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ During his testimony, Dr. Downey offered his views, that he 
developed since 1995, on treating pain patients --specifically that 
there is ``outside pressure'' to reduce the amount of pain medicine 
given to legacy patients, and that treating pain patients has turned 
doctors into being ``almost policemen'' due to urine drug screen and 
prescription drug monitoring program requirements. Tr. 549-61.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    During his testimony, Dr. Downey offered his opinion and evaluation 
of electronic medical records. Id. at 537-45. According to Dr. Downey, 
electronic medical records are ``one of the worst things to happen to 
medical practice that I can recall in my experience since 1983. . . . 
Being an old doctor that can't type, a lot of the things get left 
out.'' Id. at 538-39. Dr. Downey testified that electronic medical 
records ``took the physician contact with the patient out of the 
picture, put the physician's head and face and fingers into a computer, 
and poor records result[ed].''

[[Page 80175]]

Id. at 538; see also id. at 542. He recounted an experience he had to 
make the point that a Post-it note ``with just a few chicken scratches 
on it . . . told us more . . . than ten pages of electronic medical 
records that say nothing.'' Id. at 538-39.
    Dr. Downey testified that both his and Applicant's practice used 
``AdvantaChart.'' Id. at 539. According to Dr. Downey, this electronic 
medical record software has ``limited space to put physical 
examinations. If you're typing or trying to put in a physical 
examination, even with voice-activation, you'll get the 50 characters, 
and it stops. So you just--you give up. I gave up on it.'' Id. Dr. 
Downey also testified that ``[i]t's very common to see an error'' in 
electronic medical records. Id. at 540. About ``some of the records I 
saw for review of this case,'' he testified, ``obviously, the wrong 
button was pressed.'' Id. According to Dr. Downey, ``the history is 
somewhat reliable because that's typed in, . . . and in most of the 
time the plan is somewhat reliable because it's typed in. But anything 
between . . . is just kind of well, let's see if we can get something 
out of it.'' Id. at 540-41. Handwritten records are ``much easier'' and 
``much more accurate,'' according to Dr. Downey, because ``you can 
write what you're thinking.'' Id. at 542. Dr. Downey concluded that 
``records before were handwritten and you couldn't read them. . . . 
[T]he records now are typed . . . and . . . they tell you nothing.'' 
Id. at 541.
    Whether doctors handwrite or type their medical records, Dr. Downey 
agreed that they ``are still required to properly document patient 
visits.'' Id. at 606. To ensure a complete medical record, Dr. Downey 
supplemented the electronic AdvantaCharts record with his handwritten 
notes. Id. at 607. ``Well, when I had the AdvantaCharts . . . , because 
I couldn't put enough information [in electronically], . . . we had a 
separate sheet, separate office visit sheet.'' Id. During cross-
examination, Dr. Downey did not answer when asked whether he saw that 
Applicant had supplemented his AdvantaCharts electronic medical records 
with handwritten notes. Id.
    Dr. Downey compared the medical records he has reviewed, apparently 
during his work for the GCMB physician investigations committee, with 
Applicant's medical records. Id. at 531-32, 543. According to his 
analysis, ``actually, [Applicant's medical records are] better than 
most that I see at the record requests for the Georgia Board, because 
there's a paragraph at the front that's the beginning. It says what's 
going on. There's a paragraph, again, of what's the plan, and a lot of 
medical records don't even have that.'' Id. at 543-44; see also id. at 
578. Dr. Downey continued by stating that, although ``you can't find 
what the result of that office visit is going to be . . . [a]t least . 
. . [Applicant's] records have a plan, have a start, and that's really 
what you need.'' Id. at 544. He concluded that Applicant's records are 
not ``outside the usual standard of care or course of professional 
practice in Georgia,'' explaining his conclusion as ``that's comparing 
medical records across multiple specialties, over three years of 
doctors that received complaints, either erroneous complaints, or 
hassle complaints, or genuine complaints,'' and that Applicant's 
records are ``not unprofessional.'' Id. at 544-45. In other words, Dr. 
Downey's conclusion that Applicant's records are not ``outside the 
usual standard of care or course of professional practice in Georgia'' 
is based on his comparison of Applicant's records with the records of 
Georgia physicians whom the GCMB is investigating due to 
complaints.\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ Applicant's sixth exception urges me to adopt Dr. Downey's 
assessment of Applicant's medical records. Applicant Exceptions 
dated September 10, 2018 (hereinafter, Applicant Exceptions), at 7. 
I reject Dr. Downey's assessment as it is not an accurate statement 
of the applicable standard of care. Accord Tr. 591-92; see also 
infra n.39.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Dr. Downey testified that Dr. Kaufman ``implied'' that Applicant 
``would be expected'' to conduct a urine drug screen, possibly 
referring to Applicant's legacy patients when he stated that ``[t]here 
was no concept of a urine drug screen back in those days.'' Id. at 584. 
Dr. Downey stated his disagreement with what he characterized as Dr. 
Kaufman's implication. Id. ``A urine screen 18 years after the first 
office visit,'' Dr. Downey testified, ``[i]t didn't make sense to me 
for that to be a criticism.'' Id. According to Dr. Downey, ``there is 
no law or regulation that says . . . [a urine drug screen] needs to be 
done, but it's kind of filtering through the literature. And that's 
what it is, it's to say what's in the system the first day they come in 
the office.'' Id.; but see id. at 624-25 (Dr. Downey's testimony that 
GCMB investigations of physicians inquire whether they are checking 
urine drug screens. ``And the answer is yes, and then they go back down 
to the next question. . . . [T]hey don't really delve into the . . . 
[urine drug screen] result. They look at are you . . . performing . . . 
[urine drug screens]? Are you meeting the checkmark.''). Despite his 
criticism of Dr. Kaufman, though, Dr. Downey admitted that the GA Pain 
Management Rule applies to Applicant's controlled substance prescribing 
since the Rule's enactment in 2012, including to the controlled 
substance prescriptions that Applicant subsequently wrote for patients 
he had been treating for years before the Rule's enactment. Id. at 602; 
see also id. at 600-03 (Dr. Downey's agreement that Applicant must 
comply with the GA Pain Management Rule (GX 4) and GCMB Rule 360-3-.02 
(GX 5)).
    Dr. Downey stated that he and the other members of the GCMB would 
be ``concerned'' if they were presented with evidence of a doctor's 
``ongoing practice for a number of years . . . [of] prescribing to an 
immediate family [member] over and over and over, over again for 
prescriptions such as Adderall and Vyvanse.'' Id. at 613-14. He agreed 
that such a scenario ``starts to look less like an emergency.'' Id. at 
614. He stated that he does not believe he would consider a doctor's 
seeking insurance preapproval for prescribing to a family member for an 
entire year to be a demonstration of emergency prescribing. Id.
    I agree with the RD that Dr. Downey, as one of Applicant's experts, 
``offered more summary opinions or assessments, and less frequently 
tied . . . [his] conclusions directly to specific regulatory 
provisions.'' RD, at 76. I also agree with the RD that Dr. Downey 
``appeared to be influenced by the practicalities and realities of 
medical practice . . . in evaluating'' Applicant's medical practice and 
did not elucidate, or tie his opinions or assessments to, the 
applicable standard of care.\39\ Id. The record of Dr. Downey's 
testimony is replete with examples.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ I do not agree that Dr. Downey always ``presented his 
testimony in a professional, candid, and straightforward manner.'' 
RD, at 66; see, e.g., Tr. 590 (Dr. Downey testifying that ``I hate 
to say this. Could you repeat that question? I forgot how I was 
supposed to answer that.''); id. at 591-92 (ALJ's statements 
accompanying his sustaining a relevance objection by the Government 
to Dr. Downey's testimony: ``Dr. Downey, you've been giving your 
opinion, and you've compared . . . [Applicant's] treatment and 
whatnot to a lot of the doctors that you've reviewed . . . for 
possible disciplinary action before the . . . [GCMB], but that's not 
the standard that we're going to use. We're going to use whether it 
complied with the regulations of Georgia.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For example, concerning electronic medical records in general and 
Applicant's medical records in particular, the primary focus of Dr. 
Downey's testimony was his opinion that electronic medical records are 
``one of the worst things to happen to medical practice that I can 
recall in my experience since 1983'' and his self-interested conclusion 
that ``[b]eing an old doctor that can't type, a lot of the things get 
left out.'' Tr. 538-39. It is in

[[Page 80176]]

this context of derogatory statements about electronic medical records, 
in general, and the resulting inadequacy of his own medical records 
that Dr. Downey summarily forgave the deficiencies of Applicant's 
medical records. While ``you can't find what the result of that office 
visit is going to be,'' Dr. Downey testified, ``[a]t least . . . 
[Applicant's] records have a plan, have a start, and that's really what 
you need.'' Id. at 544. Although acknowledging that ``[t]here are some 
[electronic medical record] software programs that allow a[n] unlimited 
amount of information,'' Dr. Downey's evaluation of Applicant's medical 
records did not state the applicable standard of care for medical 
records or address whether Applicant could have availed himself of one 
of the software programs with more functionality to assist his 
compliance with that standard. Id. at 539. While he testified that he, 
himself, resorts to adding handwritten paper records to his electronic 
medical records, he did not even suggest using handwritten paper 
records, as he did, as a way that Applicant could bring his medical 
records up to the applicable standard of care.
    By way of further example, while stating that he is ``not 
complaining,'' Dr. Downey testified that ``the physicians in pain 
management are now almost policemen'' due to the ``opioid epidemic.'' 
Id. at 552; see also id. at 554 (``[T]he patient has to pay for the 
test that's required to prove that they are taking the medication 
they're taking and not taking something else, which 70 percent of the 
people that are in pain are compliant. And sometimes more, 80 
percent.''). ``We have to monitor urine drug screens, for example, to 
make sure there's compliance, which is almost a legal aspect,'' he 
added. Id. at 552. He spoke extensively about his involvement in a 
proposal that the GCMB ``reduce the urine screen requirement from four 
per year to one per year because . . . [s]o many doctors are pulling 
away from taking care of people in pain because of the police aspect.'' 
Id. at 553.
    Dr. Downey also described point of care urine drug screens as 
``disappointingly inaccurate'' and spoke extensively about how the 
interpretation of results ``can be a challenge.'' Id. at 555. ``Has 
anyone seen one of these cups,'' he asked. Id. He elaborated:

    It's a plastic cup, and it's got some stripes on it, some paper 
stripes with chemicals in there. Urine goes in, and you try to read 
that chemical. If two lines show up on the paper strip, then that 
test is negative. If one line shows up, and that little pink line is 
so subtle that a lot of times three or four people have to look and 
say is there a line there or not? If it's not there, the test is 
positive for that substance. If the line is there, this is negative, 
and it's okay. So it can be some visual acumen challenge to 
determine whether it's positive or negative . . . for any particular 
one of those substances that it can test.

    Id. at 555-56. He stated that ``[y]ou're taking that urine screen 
because you have to. It's state law to take it four times a year, so 
you take it, but the interpretation is almost anybody's guess.'' Id. at 
557. ``It becomes a, basically, an exercise in frustration,'' he 
concluded. Id. At the forefront of Dr. Downey's testimony were what he 
considers to be impositions on doctors by medical, legislative, and law 
enforcement attempts to address the ``opioid epidemic.'' Id. at 552-54.
    In subsequent testimony, Dr. Downey stated that the GCMB does not 
``delve into the . . . [urine drug screen] result'' in evaluating a 
doctor's prescribing habits. Id. at 624-25. ``They look at are you . . 
. meeting that checkmark,'' he testified. Id. at 625. How a doctor 
deals with multiple, inconsistent urine drug screens is ``not even 
brought up,'' Dr. Downey stated. Id. When asked if the GCMB would 
intervene regarding how a doctor handles multiple, inconsistent urine 
drug screens, Dr. Downey answered that ``I wouldn't say never, but it 
hasn't happened in my three years.'' Id. Dr. Downey did not explain the 
differences between his testimony and section (2)(f) of the GA Pain 
Management Rule. GX 4, at 2 (360-3-.06(2)(f)) (``The physician shall 
respond to any abnormal result of any monitoring and such response 
shall be recorded in the patient's record.'').
    I base my Decisions and Orders on the CSA and, as the ALJ indicated 
during the hearing, on all other applicable authorities. Tr. 591-92. 
Accordingly, I find that Dr. Downey's testimony is largely not germane 
and certainly not as germane to my adjudication of this matter as Dr. 
Kaufman's testimony. In the event of inconsistencies between the 
testimony of Dr. Downey and the testimony of Dr. Kaufman, I will credit 
Dr. Kaufman's testimony.\40\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ I do not agree that Dr. Downey's testimony was always 
``sufficiently objective, detailed, plausible, and internally 
consistent to be generally reliable.'' RD, at 66. As already 
discussed, Dr. Downey's testimony is marked by his personal opinions 
about matters such as the state of the medical profession and legal 
and professional requirements currently imposed on doctors who 
prescribe controlled substances. I find that his reference to, and 
discussion of, Applicant's controlled substance prescribing 
documented by Applicant's medical records is virtually non-existent, 
and that the usefulness of his testimony to evaluate the relevant 
evidence pales when compared to Dr. Kaufman's testimonial 
contribution to the adjudication of this matter.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The ALJ certified Applicant's second expert, Dr. Joseph Bailey, as 
an expert in general medicine after the Government's initial objection. 
Id. at 926-27; RD, at 67. Dr. Bailey retired after a thirty-three year 
career as Chief of Rheumatology at the Medical College of Georgia. Tr. 
920. He stated that the ``loss of . . . [Applicant's] presence . . . 
has been a major negative,'' that Applicant ``has demonstrated, 
repetitively in my judgment, the highest quality of the practice of 
medicine that one could ask out of anyone,'' and that Applicant ``is 
the kind of physician that I would go to if I had illness and was in 
need of care.'' Id. at 935-36.
    Dr. Bailey testified that he spent fifteen to twenty minutes 
reviewing M.B.'s medical records, and ``did not make an effort to go 
through every component of that chart. I was unable to.'' Id. at 941. 
Based on his review of the medical records for M.B., he agreed that 
``M.B. had complex medical issues . . . , as well as psychiatric 
issues.'' Id.
    The RD states that ``Dr. Bailey's limited review of the medical 
records would limit the weight given to his testimony.'' RD, at 68, 
n.46. I agree. Further, I find that, given the very limited relevance 
of Dr. Bailey's testimony to the adjudication of this matter, I see no 
need to assess Dr. Bailey's credibility.
    Applicant also called three licensed practical nurses he employed 
at his practice to testify. The first one, the nurse manager at his 
practice (hereinafter, LPN), testified about her education, her 
employment history, and her current lack of employment due to the 
closure of Applicant's office. Tr. 637-38, 806-07. When she worked for 
Applicant as nurse manager, she was responsible for the staff and 
student schedules, and ``made sure office policies and procedures were 
handled.'' Id. at 639. She described the daily operation of Applicant's 
office, including Applicant's demeanor with patients and the procedures 
for new and existing patient office visits. Id. at 641-44. LPN 
testified that, for the six years before the practice closed, Applicant 
had a nurse with him during patient visits. Id. at 647. She testified 
that the nurse would help Applicant enter information into the 
electronic medical record. Id. If Applicant decided during the office 
visit to put the patient on a controlled substance, the nurse ``would 
type it up into the system'' when Applicant was with her. Id. The nurse 
would print the prescription and get it from the printer. Id. Applicant 
``would make sure that that's exactly what was in the computer, and 
then he'd sign it and give it to the patient,'' LPN

[[Page 80177]]

stated.\41\ Id. LPN testified that Applicant ``would see . . . 
[patients receiving a prescription] at least once every 90 days.'' Id. 
at 649; but see id. at 815-16 (LPN testimony that ``[w]e didn't see . . 
. [Applicant's daughter] on a regular basis. . . . I wouldn't even say 
a few times a year. . . . Maybe once her dentist was out of town. . . . 
It wasn't a regular thing. It was just . . . [e]mergency kind of 
reasons.''). LPN testified that Applicant ``never'' signed blank 
prescriptions. Id. at 649-50.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ LPN testified that Applicant used blue watermark 
prescription paper and signed prescriptions in red ink. Tr. 648.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    LPN testified that the office policy for patients for whom 
Applicant prescribed controlled substances was a monthly urine drug 
screen and a visit every three months.\42\ Id. at 644-45, 773. She 
stated that a patient would call the office thirty days after Applicant 
prescribed the controlled substance and say, ``I've had my 30 days, I'm 
going to come in tomorrow and pick up my prescription.'' Id. at 645. 
Then, according to LPN, ``[w]e would get the prescription ready if, 
after we looked at the chart and made sure that they did have a visit, 
and then the patient would come in the next day.'' Id. LPN continued to 
describe the controlled substance refill process by stating that ``[w]e 
would do a urine drug screen on them, and if they didn't fail the urine 
drug screen, if it was positive for what they were on and negative for 
what they weren't, we would get them their prescription.'' Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ According to DI, however, a urine drug screen was not 
required when a family member picked up the controlled substance 
refill prescription including, possibly, a Schedule II refill 
prescription. Tr. 131.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    LPN's testimony did not explicitly state who interpreted urine drug 
screens administered before a controlled substance refill prescription 
could be given out. Her testimony, though, did not describe a role for 
Applicant or for the practice's Physician Assistant in the process. Her 
description first advised that ``[w]e would do a urine drug screen on 
them'' and, after explaining what passing a urine drug screen means 
(``it was positive for what they were on and negative for what they 
weren't''), she continued by stating that ``we would get them their 
prescription.'' Id. From LPN's continued use of the pronoun ``we,'' 
without defining it, and her use of the word ``get,'' I find that the 
staff, not Applicant or any registrant, interpreted urine drug screen 
results during the controlled substance refill process implemented in 
Applicant's practice.\43\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ The testimony of other witnesses whom Applicant called 
informs this finding. Infra section III.E.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When asked what would happen if there were an abnormal urine drug 
screen, LPN testified that ``[w]e would send it off for a 
confirmation.'' Id. On follow-up, when asked if the ``patient would 
have to see anybody if there was an abnormality,'' LPN stated that 
``[i]t depended on the abnormality.'' Id.; see also id. at 739-40. In 
other words, LPN did not testify that all abnormal urine drug screens 
required the immediate attention of a registrant, or at least the 
attention of a registrant before the controlled substance refill was 
handed out. ``[S]ay he [Applicant] had given them Klonopin before, and 
they were negative for Klonopin, then we would go ahead and give them 
their prescription . . . [and] [w]e would send it off for 
confirmation,'' LPN testified. Id. at 646. In other words, LPN's 
testimony distinguished between the prior action of Applicant in having 
prescribed the controlled substance Klonopin and the subsequent 
unilateral action by the staff (``we would go ahead and give them their 
prescription''). Id. LPN's testimony continued with her stating, 
``Klonopin, it's a benzo[diazepine], and it's affected by light . . . 
[s]o then we may get a negative . . . when they've been on it before. 
So we would go ahead and continue the Klonopin.'' \44\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ LPN testified that ``also, if you stop Klonopin that 
patient might have a seizure.'' Tr. 646.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When asked if ``someone like M.B. . . . failed to [sic] test would 
she have to see somebody,'' LPN responded that ``[s]he would normally 
see'' Applicant or the Physician Assistant. Id. I note that LPN was not 
asked, and did not state, whether ``someone like M.B.'' would be 
required to see Applicant or the Physician Assistant before being given 
the controlled substance refill prescription. I find, however, that 
LPN's use of the word ``normally'' means that there were times when 
``someone like M.B.'' would not see either Applicant or the Physician 
Assistant before receiving a controlled substance refill prescription. 
In addition, according to the ``Office Protocol and Pain Treatment'' 
that LPN authenticated, ``established patients'' on ``controlled meds'' 
visit every ninety days ``unless [urine drug screen] failure . . . then 
sched[ule] visit.'' RX 2, at 1. I find that the language in the Office 
Protocol and Pain Treatment document, ``then sched[ule] visit,'' makes 
clear that ``established patients'' are not required to see Applicant 
on the same day as the urine drug screen failure. The same Office 
Protocol and Pain Treatment document also instructs that the results of 
the urine drug screen given at the time of prescription ``pick up'' are 
``scanned into chart for review'' and ``notes'' that urine drug screen 
``failure, p[atien]t needs app[ointmen]t to discuss. Chart and UDS will 
be reviewed at time of visit, p[atien]t will be counseled and may be 
released from our care.'' Id. Thus, I find that the Office Protocol and 
Pain Treatment document does not make a meeting with Applicant or any 
registrant a prerequisite to the release of a controlled substance 
refill prescription. I also find that Applicant's Office Protocol and 
Pain Treatment document does not instruct the staff to withhold a 
controlled substance refill prescription in the event of an abnormal 
urine drug screen.
    LPN testified that for ``suspicious patients, patients that failed 
their drug screen,'' or about ten to fifteen times a week, and for new 
patients, ``[t]here was a DEA website that we . . . would go on . . . 
[to see] what doctors they had gotten prescriptions from, if they were 
controlled prescriptions, when those were filled at the pharmacy, [and] 
what pharmacy filled it.'' \45\ Tr. 649, 794. I find that this 
testimony and the portion of the Office Protocol and Pain Treatment 
document stating that the ``rx website'' is only to be checked if the 
new patient ``states recently on controlled meds and if the pt does not 
have records'' are inconsistent. RX 2, at 1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ From the description, it appears that LPN is describing the 
Prescription Drug Monitoring Program, not a DEA website. See, e.g., 
RX 10; see also Tr. 792-95.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A patient who received a prescription could fill it at the pharmacy 
in Applicant's office. A licensed practical nurse (hereinafter, PLPN) 
on staff ``ran'' the pharmacy, filled prescriptions, and was 
responsible for maintaining the controlled substance records. Tr. 650, 
807. The office manager auto-ordered the medicine for Applicant's 
office pharmacy. Id. at 651. The medicine came in prefilled, sealed, 
and labeled bottles. Id. According to LPN, the office pharmacy was 
opened to help patients without insurance who could not afford their 
medication. Id. at 662. ``[S]hortly after,'' she added, a ``year, year 
and a half after we started our pharmacy, big-name pharmacies started 
doing the $4 plan, where patients could go and get some of their 
generic medications for $4.'' Id. She stated that the office pharmacy 
``couldn't beat $4, so we didn't do well with that.'' Id. LPN

[[Page 80178]]

continued by stating that ``our pharmacy was on auto-order, so they 
were automatically just sending us a standard order . . . and we ended 
up having to dispose of those that were expired'' since ``we didn't 
sell a lot of medications.'' Id.
    LPN was at work when DEA inspected Applicant's office on August 11, 
2015. Id. at 653. She testified that the DEA team arrived ``right after 
lunch'' and asked to see Applicant, the Physician Assistant, and the 
pharmacy. Id. at 653-54. She stated that she, Applicant, PLPN, and GS 
went to the office pharmacy. Id. at 654. Applicant returned to seeing 
patients, as permitted by the DEA team. Id. According to LPN, the DEA 
team asked her questions and asked her to get and show them things. Id. 
at 658. LPN testified that the DEA team asked her ``if we had a patient 
that came in at 2:00 [on August 6, 2015], and who was that patient, and 
did they get a prescription.'' Id. at 738. She reported her response as 
``[w]e did not have a patient that came in on 2:00 that Thursday. We 
closed early that day. It was 12:30 when we closed.'' Id. LPN stated 
that Applicant was in the office on August 6, 2015, ``just to review 
some paperwork, review some prescriptions, sign some things,'' and that 
the Physician Assistant was in the office to see all of the patients 
who came in on August 6, 2015. Id. at 738-39. He was also in the office 
all day on August 7, 2015. Id. at 739. On cross-examination, LPN 
testified that the ``printed'' dates on RX 6 and RX 7 (August 18, 2015) 
mean that she could not have given the DEA team either of those 
documents on August 11, 2015. Id. at 809. Instead, she stated that the 
August 6 and 7, 2015 patient schedule reports she handed the DEA team 
are marked GX 86. Id. at 810.
    LPN testified that the DEA team asked ``for certain records and 
patient paper records, which we did not have because . . . we had 
[electronic medical records].'' Id. at 658; see also id. at 668-69, 
736-37. LPN testified that she offered to show GS the three-ring 
binders containing the medication information stickers attached to the 
corresponding filled prescription, but ``he said he didn't want to see 
that right then.'' Id. at 661, 664-65. She said that GS told her, 
Applicant, and PLPN that ``there were just minor issues, and . . . he 
would send a letter, and we would have to comply with the letter, you 
know, fix the issues, and he said other than that, the pharmacy was 
okay.'' \46\ Id. at 666. LPN testified that Applicant told the staff 
that ``DEA threatened to take us all to jail, and he signed over his 
things.'' Id. at 742. She clarified on cross examination that no one on 
the DEA team told her that she would go to jail, only Applicant. Id. at 
807.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ LPN stated that ``[i]n June 2012 the State came in and 
inspected the pharmacy. We didn't have any problems. . . . We didn't 
hear anything else back from them after that. They said it was fine 
when they were there.'' Tr. 667-68.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    During LPN's testimony, many Applicant exhibits were admitted into 
the record.\47\ Id. at 746-805. LPN described RX 5A as concerning 
``patients that we released from our office'' and including a list of 
``[m]aybe more'' than 100 names and, annotated by her handwritten 
notes, ``[l]etters to different patients letting them know that they 
were released from our care.'' Id. at 774, 776, 779; see RX 2, at 1 
(``Release from our care-pts that have been released will not be 
allowed to become pts again. Pts can be released for non compliance, 
deception, . . . [urine drug screen] failures.''); Tr. 814-15 (LPN 
explaining that ``[t]hings would happen'' such that instructions were 
not followed and precautions were not taken). I find, from my review of 
pages in RX 5A containing legible handwritten notes, at least five 
situations in which Applicant was prescribing controlled substances 
concurrently with another physician. RX 5A, at 28, 41, 43, 50, and 55; 
cf. Tr. 649. I see nothing in the record that explains convincingly why 
it took months for Applicant's office to address matters that would 
appear on a query of the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. I also 
find at least nine instances in which Applicant continued to prescribe 
controlled substances despite abnormal urine drug screens. RX 5A, at 
29, 46, 48, 49, 52, 76, 83, 87, and 89; cf. RX 2, at 1. Again, I see 
nothing in the record that explains convincingly the continued 
controlled substance prescribing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ LPN also testified that the handwriting on one of the 
medical records for D.C, RX 17, at 64, ``looks like [Applicant's 
spouse's] handwriting . . . [t]hat was added later. That wasn't part 
of the patient's record.'' Tr. 805; see also supra section III.D. 
(Dr. Kaufman's testimony that the handwritten statement in DC's 
medical records about where the Suboxone came from is probably not 
correct, yet the Suboxone was an illegally obtained substance, a 
problem that Applicant did not address).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    I agree with the RD that LPN ``presented her testimony in a 
professional, candid, and straightforward manner'' and, ``[f]or the 
most part, . . . [her] testimony was sufficiently objective, detailed, 
plausible, and internally consistent to be reliable.'' RD, at 37. As 
did the ALJ, I ``merit [LPN's testimony] as generally reliable.'' Id. I 
note, though, that there are discrepancies between the testimonies of 
LPN and PLPN, particularly regarding the controlled substance refill 
process.
    Applicant also called PLPN, the licensed practical nurse staffing 
the pharmacy, who testified about her professional education, her lack 
of a pharmacist license, her past employment, and her current 
unemployment after working for Applicant since 1999 until he closed his 
practice in November 2016. Tr. 819-22, 911. PLPN described the pharmacy 
in Applicant's office, including her duties, and how she dispensed 
medicine, including controlled substances, from it. See, e.g., id. at 
820-23. She testified that the office handled the prescriptions for the 
nursing homes Applicant visited. See, e.g., id. at 837-38. She 
explained how Applicant's practice processed requests for refills, 
including administered urine drug screens, and the use of a box at the 
front desk as the repository for signed refill prescriptions. Id. at 
823-38, 840-69, 889-90, 892-901, 903-12, 914-18.
    According to PLPN, the process at Applicant's practice for handling 
requests for refills of controlled substance prescriptions started with 
a telephone call requesting a refill. Id. at 825. ``As long as it was . 
. . right there at the 30 days and there's no notation that they had to 
be seen, . . . then we--the prescription would be printed, it would be 
put in the folder for . . . [Applicant] to sign, so he always viewed 
everything, signed everything,'' she testified. Id. PLPN's testimony 
was inconsistent regarding whether Applicant always approved and signed 
all of the controlled substance refill prescriptions she prepared.\48\ 
Id. at 832 (``He always approved them.'') contra id. at 826 
(``Sometimes . . . [Applicant] would come around and say they need to 
come in.''). PLPN's testimony is consistent that Applicant did pre-sign 
controlled substance refill prescriptions. The prescriptions that 
Applicant signed were ``filed in the prescription pickup bin that we 
have'' at the front desk, PLPN testified. Id. at 827. They were filed 
alphabetically ``to try to find them easier,'' she added. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ Counsel's question to PLPN was not specific (``We may have 
covered this in part, but I would like to make sure we cover it in 
depth. When the patient came to the office to pick up a . . . 
prescription, what was the procedure that was followed?). Tr. 831-
32. Nevertheless, the context of PLPN's testimony makes clear that 
she was describing the procedure followed for picking up controlled 
substance refill prescriptions because she stated that, after the 
pre-signed refill prescription was located in the box up front, 
``then they would put into the system for a urine drug screen.'' Id. 
at 832. According to the Office Protocol and Pain Treatment 
document, it is controlled substance refill prescriptions that 
involved a urine drug screen. RX 2, at 1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When refill requesters came to the office to pick up refill 
prescriptions,

[[Page 80179]]

they would first have a urine drug screen. Id. at 826. PLPN described 
how she and ``the office'' monitored the submission of urine samples. 
Id. at 833. She also described how the staff interpreted the urine 
sample. Id. at 834. ``They would check the temperature. They were also 
looking at the color, and . . . the panel on the cup would tell them 
what substance was in the urine, and there's . . . we had a sheet that 
was a checklist. As to whether it was positive or negative, you would 
check, you know,'' she testified. Id. She testified that ``what they're 
checking for is to make sure the medications they were prescribed were 
in the patient's system and nothing else.'' Id. at 835. Based on PLPN's 
testimony, I find that she or other staff in Applicant's practice, not 
Applicant or a registrant, interpreted and analyzed urine samples and 
determined if the urine drug screen was normal or abnormal.
    PLPN testified that ``[i]f their urine drug screen was good, then 
they would be able to get their prescriptions.'' Id. If the urine drug 
screen was not good, ``we would take them and put them in a room, so 
that . . . [Applicant] could see them and discuss the test,'' she 
stated. Id. at 836; see also id. at 826 (``[T]hey have to be put in a 
room and be seen by'' Applicant if the urine drug screen showed the 
presence of marijuana.).
    PLPN's testimony was not internally consistent about Applicant's 
office policy regarding the release of a controlled substance refill 
prescription and whether Applicant or any registrant first met with the 
person who failed the urine drug screen before determining whether the 
pre-signed refill should be released. On one occasion, PLPN testified 
that ``if they failed'' the urine drug screen, LPN would say ``you've 
got to come in and talk to'' Applicant. Id. at 828. On another 
occasion, PLPN testified that if a urine drug screen was bad, such as 
showing marijuana, ``they have to be put in a room and be seen'' by 
Applicant). Id. at 826; see also id. at 836. PLPN's testimony about the 
process implemented prior to the time Applicant was scheduled to be out 
of town indicates that the staff was pre-authorized to release a 
controlled substance refill prescription even when the urine drug 
screen was abnormal and before a meeting with Applicant or any 
registrant took place.
    The process at Applicant's practice that PLPN testified took place 
before Applicant went out of town was that ``some of us girls would get 
together and figure out, okay, we need to look back on the schedule of 
who come [sic] in 30 days prior on those days.'' Id. Based on that 
research, the ``girls'' identified what prescriptions were needed and 
who needed to be ``squeezed'' in so that Applicant saw them before he 
went out of town. Id. If someone ``failed a urine drug screen'' when 
Applicant was out of town, PLPN testified that ``we would defer that to 
. . . [LPN], and most of the time, you know, it was always sent off for 
confirmation . . . [a]nd a lot of time she was--you've got to come in 
and talk to'' Applicant. Id. at 828. By testifying that ``a lot of 
time'' LPN stated ``you've got to come in and talk to'' Applicant, PLPN 
was stating, at a minimum, that there were times when someone who 
failed the urine drug screen received the controlled substance refill 
prescription that Applicant had pre-signed without having to speak with 
Applicant. Id. PLPN's testimony does not address whether those whom LPN 
told ``you've got to come in and talk to'' Applicant received the pre-
signed controlled substance refill prescription before subsequently 
meeting with Applicant. Id.
    PLPN testified that the office manager handled ordering for the 
pharmacy. Id. at 901-03. PLPN addressed pharmacy-related documents that 
Applicant moved into evidence, including interactions with the DEA team 
about the pharmacy and pharmacy-related documents. Id. at 860-68, 873-
98.\49\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ See infra n.50 regarding the reliability of PLPN's 
testimony.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applicant also called the licensed practical nurse who staffed him 
during patient office visits (hereinafter, SLPN). She testified about 
her professional education, her current employment, and her duties in 
Applicant's practice. Id. at 948-49. She testified that she stayed with 
Applicant ``during the day to see all of his patients.'' Id. at 949. 
She entered the information into the electronic medical record that 
Applicant told her as he stood over her shoulder, she stated. Id. She 
added that Applicant also told her things that he wanted her ``to 
change and always made sure my spelling was correct and things of that 
nature.'' Id.
    When asked about ``what appear to be template statements about 
advice about pain'' in the medical records, SLPN stated that a ``lot of 
the stuff was very repetitive.'' Id. at 954. ``[T]he plan of action for 
the patients is kind of, you know, the same,'' she testified. Id. She 
stated that Applicant ``always would tell patients to . . . take the 
least amount of medication possible'' and that ``[i]f they could taper 
off the medication that would be great. . . . [Applicant] would tell 
them . . . you can do it as slow as possible, even it [sic] just meant 
a \1/2\ a pill every other day. . . . He would suggest swimming and 
stretches and exercises and physical therapy.'' Id. at 949-50; see also 
id. at 954-55 (When asked if Applicant ``discussed'' with patients 
``every time'' and ``reminded'' them ``of these very basic physical 
therapy, swimming, . . . all the stuff that is in the pain plans,'' 
SLPN answered ``Yes. He would encourage them constantly to do those 
things, yes. Every visit, he would go through the same things, over and 
over and over with them.'').
    According to SLPN, someone whose office urine drug screen was 
abnormal was not ``allowed to receive their medications unless . . . 
[Applicant] met with them.'' Id. at 956. Applicant would sometimes say 
``there's lots of false positives in the cups in the office. False 
negatives, false positives,'' she testified. Id. She continued her 
testimony by stating that ``[i]f the patient, you know, disagreed with 
what was being said, . . . [Applicant] might give them one week's worth 
of medicine, send it to the lab and say, you got [to] come back in a 
week and we'll review the lab results.'' Id.; see also id. at 955-56 
(SLPN's agreeing that Applicant met with the patient when the urine 
drug screen was confirmed.).
    On cross-examination, SLPN testified that Applicant used Suboxone 
``to help take people off opioids . . . and to treat pain as well.'' 
Id. at 958. On re-direct, however, when SLPN was asked if Applicant 
ever used Suboxone to treat pain, she did not answer the question 
directly. Id. Instead, she stated that ``sometimes patients would say 
that they felt like it controlled their pain . . . because you're not 
going through withdrawals having that pain.'' \50\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ I do not see in the RD an assessment of the reliability of 
the testimony of PLPN or SLPN that parallels its assessment of the 
reliability of LPN's testimony. The topics covered by the 
testimonies of PLPN and SLPN are similar to the topics covered by 
LPN's testimony. The RD does not question the general reliability of 
the testimony of PLPN or SLPN and, based on my review, I find no 
reason to do so. As such, as with LPN's testimony, I merit the 
testimonies of PLPN and SLPN as generally reliable. I note again, 
though, that there are discrepancies among the testimonies of LPN, 
PLPN, and SLPN, particularly regarding the controlled substance 
refill process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applicant also called a member of his office staff whose in-office 
employment tenure was almost six years. Id. at 944. She continued 
handling medical billing for Applicant's nursing home practice after he 
closed his office practice. Id. at 945. After some questioning, the 
Government objected to her testimony as being outside the parameters 
stated in Applicant's Prehearing Statement. Id. at 946. As he 
considered the objection, the ALJ noted that she was the third witness

[[Page 80180]]

describing the same front desk protocols and procedures. Id. Before the 
ALJ ruled on the objection, Applicant's counsel withdrew the witness. 
Id. at 946-47.
    Applicant called the Chief Information Officer (hereinafter, CIO) 
of the software company whose application he used to manage his in-
office pharmacy. Id. at 671. CIO's testimony described the 
application's functionalities, including how it is able to interface 
with external data, how it tracks in real time inputted data and 
changes, and what reports it can generate. Id. at 672-709. The software 
does not, however, interface with distributor invoices or order forms 
such as DEA-222s. Id. at 710.
    According to the RD, CIO ``presented his testimony in a 
professional, candid, and straightforward manner.'' RD, at 49. In 
addition, the RD concludes that CIO's testimony was ``impartial, 
objective, detailed, plausible, and internally consistent.'' Id. I 
agree with the RD and, as the RD did, I merit CIO's testimony as fully 
credible. Id.
    The first character witness whom Applicant called was Joseph 
Newman, a former federal criminal prosecutor for the Southern District 
of Georgia and, at the time of his testimony, a part-time pro tem and 
substitute Judge in the State Court of Chatham County. Tr. 510. Judge 
Newman testified that he has known Applicant socially for eighteen 
years due to the longstanding, since childhood, friendship of their 
wives. Id. at 512-14. While he testified that he is not a member of the 
Augusta community, he also testified that Applicant's reputation in the 
community for being truthful and law abiding is ``good'' and, 
therefore, that he would ``absolutely'' believe him ``under oath.'' Id. 
at 514. He testified that, from his social conversations and dealings 
with Applicant, that Applicant is ``an extremely knowledgeable doctor 
with a broad range of medical knowledge . . . [who] has always 
administered great concern to his patients and the way he goes about 
practicing medicine.'' Id. at 515. He testified that he believes the 
Augusta community shares his sentiments as he underlined that he is 
``not really a member of the Augusta community as such.'' Id. The 
Government did not cross-examine this witness.\51\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ See infra n.56 regarding the reliability of Judge Newman's 
testimony.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The second character witness whom Applicant called was Dr. Paul 
Allen Biladou, a retired general internist and oncologist who also 
served on the faculty of the Medical College of Georgia. Id. at 721. 
Dr. Biladou testified that he thinks he knows Applicant ``pretty well 
personally, and medically.'' Id. at 722-23. He stated that the 
individuals whom he knows whom Applicant ``treated . . . for both 
general medical conditions, as well as helping people with substance 
abuse . . . [had] good outcomes . . . [and] spoke highly of him.'' Id. 
at 723. Dr. Biladou testified that he is familiar with Applicant's 
reputation for truthfulness in the community and in the medical 
profession, and that reputation is good. Id. at 723-24. He stated that 
Applicant provided an important service to the community when he was 
practicing and that he would like to see Applicant get his DEA 
certificate back. Id. at 724. The Government did not cross-examine Dr. 
Biladou.\52\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ See infra n.56 regarding the reliability of Dr. Biladou's 
testimony.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The third character witness whom Applicant called was Dr. Justin 
Voich Bundy, an orthopedic surgeon in August, Georgia. Id. at 725. Dr. 
Bundy testified that Applicant took care of ``a lot of . . . [his] 
patients over the past six to seven years'' and ``assume[s he knows 
Applicant] very well.'' \53\ Id. at 726. Dr. Bundy testified that he is 
familiar with Applicant's reputation for truthfulness in the community 
and in the medical profession, and that reputation is good. Id. at 727. 
He stated that Applicant's practice provided a needed service to the 
community and that he believes it is in the public's interest for 
Applicant to get his DEA certificate of registration back. Id. at 728-
29. The Government did not cross-examine this witness.\54\ Id. at 730.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ Dr. Bundy testified that he does not have any business 
relationship with Applicant. Tr. 730.
    \54\ See infra n.56 regarding the reliability of Dr. Bundy's 
testimony.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The fourth character witness whom Applicant called was Earl Wright, 
a pharmacist for about forty-eight years who became familiar with 
Applicant in the mid-1990s. Id. at 731, 734. He testified that 
Applicant double-signed prescriptions in red ink and that he has not 
seen any other doctor do that. Id. at 734. According to Mr. Wright, 
Applicant and his office ``have always been very receptive to resolving 
whatever questions we have'' about Applicant's patients and 
prescriptions. Id. at 735. Mr. Wright stated that Applicant's patients 
``speak well of him . . . [and t]hat says a lot for him.'' Id. He 
testified that thinks it would be in the public's interest for 
Applicant to have a DEA certificate of registration. Id. The Government 
did not cross-examine this witness.\55\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \55\ See infra n.56 regarding the reliability of Mr. Wright's 
testimony.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, RX 22 consists of statements supporting Applicant from 
about fifty patients, colleagues, and others.
    I find that the four individuals who offered verbal character 
witness testimony and the written statements of support for Applicant 
in RX 22 provided limited evidence relevant to Applicant's controlled 
substance prescribing, specifically evidence of his experience in 
dispensing controlled substances, and to whether I should grant 
Applicant's request for a registration.\56\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(2). Heart-
felt evidence, if it is not specific or presented in a context that 
explains it, is of limited value in an adjudication such as this one. I 
find that the record evidence of multiple controlled substance-related 
violations outweighs the evidence in the testimonies of the four 
individuals and in RX 22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ The RD does not assess the testimony of Judge Newman. The 
RD states that the testimonies of Dr. Biladou, Dr. Bundy, and Mr. 
Wright were candid, straightforward, and ``sufficiently objective 
and plausible to be reliable.'' RD, at 69-70, 47 (respectively). 
Given the very limited relevance of these witnesses' testimonies to 
the adjudication of this matter, I see no need to make a reliability 
finding.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

F. Allegation That Applicant Unlawfully Pre-Signed and Pre-Printed 
Prescriptions

    Having read and analyzed all of the record evidence, I find that 
the Government has not presented a prima facie case that Applicant 
unlawfully pre-signed and pre-printed controlled substance 
prescriptions due to insufficiently developed record evidence. The fact 
that I am not sustaining this charge due to insufficient evidence, 
however, does not allay the concerns raised by evidence in the record.
    As already discussed, the OSC charges that Applicant unlawfully 
pre-signed and pre-printed prescriptions. OSC, at 2. According to the 
Government's Posthearing Brief, ``[i]n order for a prescription to be 
valid, it must be signed and dated on the same date.'' Govt Posthearing 
dated July 30, 2018, at 3. The Government submitted testimonial and 
documentary evidence to support this allegation. The Government's 
documentary evidence includes patient sign-in sheets, GX 86, and double 
signed (computer software and wet signed) and single signed (computer 
software signed) prescriptions, many of which are for controlled 
substances, seized from Applicant's office on the inspection date. GX 
87 (314 prescriptions) and GX 88 (four prescriptions). According to the

[[Page 80181]]

OSC, GX 86 ``demonstrated that patients received prescriptions 
authorized and signed by . . . [Applicant] on those days when neither . 
. . [Applicant or his Physician Assistant] were [sic] present at . . . 
[his] office.'' OSC, at 2.
    Applicant submitted testimonial and documentary evidence to refute 
this charge. In terms of documentary evidence, Applicant submitted 
patient schedules for August 6 and 7, 2015. RX 6 and RX 7. During her 
testimony, LPN confirmed the notations on the face of each page of RX 6 
and RX 7 showing that they were printed on August 18, 2015, seven days 
after the inspection. Tr. 807-08. I agree with the RD that the print 
date of RX 6 and RX 7, alone, makes them less credible than GX 86. RD, 
at 73.
    I find that the Government's evidence includes circumstantial, but 
not substantial, evidence supporting this charge. GX 86 consists of 
seven pages. I find that the only legible date on GX 86, August 5, 
2015, is on the top of its first page. GX 86, at 1. Throughout GX 86, I 
find that there are hours and minutes entered in handwriting under 
columns labeled ``Arrival Time'' and ``Appt. Time.'' One could infer 
from these handwritten times under ``Arrival Time'' and ``Appt. Time,'' 
and from the sequence of those times and any information in the 
``Appointment with'' and ``New Patient'' columns, roughly what took 
place in Applicant's office on August 6 and 7, 2015. One could also 
infer from the handwriting in the column marked ``Appointment with'' 
which member of Applicant's office met with the person who filled in 
that row of the sign-in sheet. If one were to make these inferences, 
one would first need to be able to read the handwriting on the pages of 
GX 86, much of which is too light to be seen and illegible. I note that 
no Government witness testified about the specific content of any line 
or lines of GX 86 to assist the adjudication of this.
    I find, though, that ``Dr Pursley'' is legibly written on the last 
page of the exhibit in the row stating that the arrival time was 
``3:40'' and the appointment time was ``3:45.'' Id. at 7. If one were 
to infer that the last page of GX 86 proves what took place at 3:40 or 
3:45 on Friday, August 7, 2015, as the Government's case theory 
suggests, then one could conclude from the last page of GX 86 that 
Applicant did, indeed, see a patient after 3:30 on that Friday. Such an 
inference conflicts with the Government's case theory, and other record 
evidence, that Applicant was not in the office that Friday.
    Further, GX 86 does not contain legible evidence, let alone 
substantial evidence, that anyone actually received a controlled 
substance refill prescription on August 6 or August 7, 2015. Thus, I do 
not see substantial legible evidence in GX 86 that ``patients received 
[controlled substance] prescriptions authorized and signed by . . . 
[Applicant] on those days when neither . . . [Applicant nor his 
Physician Assistant] were [sic] present'' in Applicant's office. OSC, 
at 2.
    Regarding the prescriptions in GX 87 and GX 88, I find that many, 
but not all of them, are for controlled substances. Of the 
prescriptions that are for controlled substances, I find that the 
prescriptions include orders for Schedule II and III controlled 
substances. E.g., GX 87, at 12 (Schedule II); id. at 5 (Schedule III); 
GX 88, at 2 (Schedule II). I also find that many, but not all, of the 
prescriptions have Applicant's ``wet'' signature in addition to his 
computer-generated electronic signature. GX 87, at 214 (prescription 
for a Schedule II controlled substance bearing Applicant's electronic 
and ``wet'' signatures and dated August 6, 2015); id. at 127 
(prescription for a Schedule IV controlled substance bearing 
Applicant's electronic signature and Physician Assistant's ``wet'' 
signature and dated August 7, 2020); GX 88, at 1-4 (prescriptions for 
Schedule II and Schedule IV controlled substances bearing only 
Applicant's electronic signature and dated August 11, 2015). I do not 
see substantial evidence in the record, however, explaining why some of 
the controlled substance prescriptions in these exhibits include both 
an electronic and a ``wet'' signature while others do not. It could be, 
for example, that the printed prescription was not accurate and that 
Applicant did not sign it for that reason. See Tr. 647; 21 CFR 
1306.05(f) (stating that a secretary or agent may prepare a 
prescription for the practitioner's signature).
    Although I find that the record contains substantial evidence 
addressing aspects of the controlled substance prescriptions in GX 87 
and GX 88, such as what prescriptions were written, and circumstantial 
evidence, including the testimony of LPN, PLPN, and SLPN, concerning 
when Applicant may have signed them, I do not find substantial record 
evidence explicating the prescriptions in GX 87 and GX 88. Further, I 
find conflicts within the record evidence concerning the prescriptions 
comprising GX 87. For example, putting aside the record evidence 
concerning D.C., M.B., and Applicant's daughter, the record does not 
establish with substantial evidence Applicant's policy or process 
concerning controlled substance refill prescriptions. It is this policy 
or process, though, that appears to be at the heart of the Government's 
theory for the first OSC allegation.\57\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ The inclusion of Schedule II controlled substance 
prescriptions in GX 87, however, might be evidence of a violation of 
the GA Pain Management Rule requiring physicians to monitor patients 
receiving Schedule II and Schedule III controlled substance 
prescriptions for compliance with the therapy, to note abnormal 
monitoring results, to respond to an abnormality, and to record the 
response in the patient's record. GX 4, at 2 (360-3-.06(2)(f)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While there is also circumstantial record evidence addressing 
aspects of the prescriptions in GX 88, I do not find that GX 88 
contributes substantial evidence to the establishment of a violation of 
the first OSC allegation. For example, the four pages of GX 88 consist 
of controlled substance prescriptions dated August 11, 2015, the date 
of the inspection, written for two different individuals. Given the 
date on the prescriptions, the time and location of their seizure could 
have occurred concurrently with the two individuals' medical visits. 
See Tr. 647 (LPN's testimony that SLPN would print prescriptions she 
typed into the computer, Applicant would make sure what printed is 
``exactly what was in the computer and then he'd sign it and give it to 
the patient.''). In sum, the record evidence does not substantially 
illuminate these prescriptions.\58\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ DI testified that the controlled substance prescriptions 
gathered into GX 88 ``were the ones that were refills for the next 
day.'' Tr. 130. The record does not include a foundation for this 
testimony. As already discussed, all of the prescriptions in GX 88 
are for controlled substances and are dated August 11, 2015. GX 88. 
GX 87, however, also contains several controlled substance 
prescriptions dated August 11, 2015, the date of the DEA inspection. 
E.g., GX 87, at 119, 120, 201. The inclusion of those prescription 
in GX 87 appears to be inconsistent with this portion of DI's 
testimony. The record does not explicate these facts. The 
insufficient evidence in the record about these exhibits limits the 
weight I afford them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the above reasons, I find insufficient evidence in the record 
to support my finding that the Government presented a prima facie case 
that Applicant violated 21 CFR 1306.05 or Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  16-13-
41(b). On the record before me, therefore, I find an insufficient 
evidentiary basis to support a founded violation of either of these two 
provisions.\59\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ I acknowledge the RD's recommendations to the contrary. RD, 
at 90-92.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regarding the third legal basis of the first OSC allegation, 21 CFR 
1306.04(a), the Government's Posthearing Brief does not advocate for it 
to be sustained. Accordingly, it appears, from the Government's 
decision not to address this regulation in its Posthearing Brief, that 
the Government may have

[[Page 80182]]

abandoned this theory. Regardless, there is extensive circumstantial 
evidence in the record supporting a violation of this regulation. While 
this evidence falls short of the substantial evidence needed to sustain 
the allegation, the evidence raises concerns about Applicant's office 
process and procedures regarding controlled substance prescription 
refills.
    The testimony of LPN, PLPN, and SLPN about the process Applicant 
implemented in his office regarding controlled substance prescription 
refills raises concern about whether Applicant improperly delegated his 
controlled substances-related responsibilities to his licensed 
practical nursing staff. For example, the weight of the record evidence 
suggests that neither Applicant nor the Physician Assistant always 
analyzed, reviewed, or responded to the results of office-administered 
urine drug screen monitoring before the office LPN staff released a 
controlled substance refill prescription.\60\ Supra, section III.E. 
Instead, based on the record evidence, Applicant apparently ceded to 
the LPN staff the analysis of urine drug screen samples. Id. Further, 
Applicant apparently delegated to the LPN staff the responsibility of 
determining who, after having submitted to a urine drug screen, 
receives and who does not receive a controlled substance refill 
prescription. Id. Indeed, Applicant's LPN staff testimony admitted to 
their handing out controlled substance refill prescriptions even when 
the in-office urine drug screen results were abnormal. Id. I note that 
there is no affirmation in the LPN staff testimony that their handing 
out a controlled substance refill prescription never occurred before 
Applicant or the Physician Assistant evaluated the urine drug screen 
sample results, responded to an abnormal urine drug screen result, and 
recorded in the medical record his response to the abnormal urine drug 
screen. Id.; contra 21 CFR 1306.12(b) (leaving it to individual 
practitioners' ``sound medical judgment and in accordance with 
established medical standards, whether it is appropriate to issue 
multiple [Schedule II] prescriptions and how often to see their 
patients when doing so'').\61\ While these matters are troubling for 
their consistency with core CSA principles, they played no role in my 
decision to deny Applicant's request for a registration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ The weight of Applicant's testimonial evidence is that a 
urine drug screen was a prerequisite to receipt of a controlled 
substance refill prescription. See, e.g., Tr. 826 (PLPN's testimony 
that release of a methadone refill prescription required a urine 
drug screen); id. at 832 (PLPN's testimony that a urine drug screen 
was administered before the release of a controlled substance refill 
prescription). The apparent exception, gleaned from the Government's 
testimony, is that a urine drug screen was not a prerequisite to the 
release of a controlled substance refill prescription when, for 
example, a family member picked up the refill. Id. at 131 (DI 
testimony).
    \61\ The location and contents of the plastic tub raise 
diversion concerns. The record testimony seems to place the plastic 
tub that held the prescriptions making up GX 87 at the prescription 
desk, the front desk, and the nurse's station. Tr. 831-32, id. at 
903. Wherever its location actually was, PLPN answered ``no'' when 
asked if a patient ``could . . . reach around and grab a stack [of 
prescriptions from the plastic tub] and take off'', and if 
``anybody, other than staff, . . . [had] access to the 
prescriptions.''1 Id. at 837. PLPN's testimony does not provide 
detail about these two ``no'' answers.
     Further, regarding the risk of diversion due to the location of 
the plastic tub holding signed controlled substance (refill) 
prescriptions, PLPN answered ``no'' when asked whether, ``in the 
entire 17 years . . . [she was] there, ever have an issue with loss 
. . . [or] theft of prescriptions from this--from the storage'' 
[tub]. Id. She also testified that she would ``purge'' the plastic 
tub when she was not busy. Id. What the record evidence does not 
address is the meaning of PLPN's testimony and the bases for that 
testimony.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Recordkeeping Allegations

    The OSC charges Applicant with violating federal and Georgia 
controlled substance recordkeeping requirements. OSC, at 2. Regarding 
this charge, the testimony of Applicant's licensed practical nursing 
staff and the testimony of GS are in conflict.\62\ According to 
Applicant's licensed practical nursing staff, GS was shown the two 
pharmacy notebooks, RX 11I and RX 11J (Pharmacy Invoices for 2013 and 
2014, respectively). Tr. 860-61 (PLPN testifying that, when a DEA agent 
asked for the invoices for the medications in the pharmacy on August 
11, 2015, she showed him the two pharmacy notebooks); see also id. at 
890-92 (PLPN testifying that she showed GS the pages consisting of RX 
11I and RX 11J on August 11, 2015); and id. at 664-65 (LPN testifying 
that ``[w]e showed'' GS the pharmacy's notebooks containing medication 
bottle ``stickers'' and the ``patient's prescription''). According to 
both LPN and PLPN, the DEA agent looked at the two pharmacy notebooks 
and stated that ``he didn't need to see that right now.'' Id. at 665 
(testimony of LPN); see also id. at 861 (PLPN testifying that she 
showed the DEA agent the two pharmacy notebooks and that he ``picked it 
up, he opened it, flipped a couple of pages, and said I don't need it 
right now and sat it down.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ Even if I were to credit the testimony that the DEA 
investigative team did not ask to see specific records during the 
inspection, my finding, infra, that Applicant never retrieved and 
provided to DEA any legally required controlled substance records 
even after Applicant knew from this proceeding which records DEA 
requires, renders irrelevant. See, e.g., Applicant Posthearing, at 
12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    GS, on the other hand, testified that he asked PLPN if she had the 
``records for any controlled substance that you might have on hand.'' 
Id. at 138, 140; see also id. at 141-42 (GS testifying that he 
specifically asked Applicant's office staff for ``any initial 
inventory, the bi-annual inventory, the purchasing records, the 
dispensing records, any type of destruction records''). GS explained 
that the controlled substance-related records that registrants are 
required by federal and Georgia law to maintain include an initial 
inventory, a bi-annual inventory, dispensing records, purchasing 
records, return records, and destruction records. Id. at 138-41. 
According to GS, Applicant's staff was not able to produce any of the 
records he requested. Id. at 142; see also id. (GS testifying that 
``[t]hey never provided . . . [the bi-annual inventory]. They never 
said they had one. They never showed me one.''). GS also testified that 
``at no point in time did anyone from . . . [Applicant's] staff nor . . 
. [Applicant] say that they maintain controlled substance records 
electronically . . . [n]or was I shown a data base that would indicate 
that they possibly maintained controlled substance records 
electronically.'' Id. at 144; see also id. at 143; id. at 169 (GS 
testifying that the computer PLPN showed him ``was in the nurse's 
station hallway . . . [and] was the electronic medical record.'').
    As already discussed, GS testified that Applicant's office did not 
produce any of the controlled substance records that the law requires 
Applicant to maintain. Id. at 141 (required by federal and Georgia 
state law); see also id. at 168 (GS testifying that he ``[n]ever 
received one controlled substance record while we were on site.''). 
Further, GS enumerated Applicant's recordkeeping violations during his 
testimony. Id. at 155. He testified that Applicant had no bi-annual 
inventory, no purchasing records on site, no invoices, and no records 
showing the destruction of controlled substances. Id. at 155-56. GS 
explained that he would have accepted the required controlled substance 
records even the next day, had Applicant provided them at that time. 
Id. at 156 (``On site, even the next day, if they came to us and said 
hey, we found these records, was this what you were talking about? We 
probably would have been like, yes, that's what we're looking for. . . 
. But that all became a moot point, once it went to Surrender for 
Cause.'').
    Regarding Applicant's hearing exhibits, GS testified that, had he 
been

[[Page 80183]]

shown RX 11F, ``Inventory,'' he would not have ``taken this anyway 
because of the dates.'' Id. at 163; see also id. at 166 (GS testifying 
about RX 11F that ``You see the problem is, Your Honor, . . . when I'm 
looking at them, there's clearly violations of the recordkeeping 
requirements.''); id. at 172 (GS testifying about RX 11F that ``[s]ome 
of the records appear to be non-control. Some were, you know, like in 
2009. Some of those records were just on a piece of paper, that had no 
DEA number. No date it was taken. If that was a record that was 
provided to me, and they said this is the controlled substance binder, 
and the inventory required for the two-year timeframe . . . [w]e 
wouldn't have taken that, because it doesn't have . . . a DEA number on 
it. You don't know whose records these are for controlled substances. 
It doesn't have whether it was taken at the beginning of business or 
the close of business. . . . That was just some of the stuff I gleaned 
just from the short time that I had a chance to review those.''); id. 
at 167 (GS testifying about RX 11G, agreeing that ``Images Pharmacy 
Stickers/Records'' would be one form of recording exactly what got 
dispensed where ``[i]f it was within the timeframe.''); id. at 167-68 
(GS testifying about RX 11I that ``I can't see what's behind it . . . 
[and] it's not controlled substances . . . so those wouldn't fall 
within our purview.''). When asked whether the evidence that Applicant 
submitted for the proceeding ``meet the federal recordkeeping 
requirements for controlled substances,'' GS responded that ``there 
were some in there that appeared, just from looking at it. But there 
were several in there that there was no quantity that was dispensed, no 
balance or anything like that. There was just a date and name on there. 
That was it.'' Id. at 172-73.
    After testifying that the Georgia recordkeeping requirements 
``almost mimic[ ] what federal regulations are,'' GS summarized his 
analysis that Applicant ``absolutely'' would still have been cited for 
recordkeeping violations if he had presented his hearing exhibits to GS 
on August 11, 2015, ``[b]ecause . . . [Applicant's hearing exhibits] 
are not in compliance with the federal regulations.'' Id. at 173. I 
credit the testimony of GS on this matter and, having reviewed 
Applicant's record evidence, agree with his assessment of Applicant's 
admitted exhibits. See, e.g., RX 11I (Applicant's ``Pharmacy Invoices 
2013'') and RX 11J (Applicant's ``Pharmacy Invoices 2014''). Both RX 
11I and RX 11J are one page each. Three quarters of the exhibits' only 
page shows a large portion of a single piece of paper labeled 
``invoice'' (RX 11J) or ``inv'' (RX 11I). This piece of paper includes 
an affixed hand-written label stating a month and year (``March 2013'' 
on RX 11I and ``Jan 2014'' on RX 11J). At the top quarter of the 
exhibits' only page are snippets of similarly looking affixed hand-
written labels stating a month and year and paper on which ``invoice'' 
or some letters from that word appear. For both RX 11I and RX 11J, the 
lower three quarters of the exhibits' only page describes one or more 
medicines, such as ``Celexa'' (RX 11I) or ``Lexapro'' (RX 11J). All 
visible medicines are listed as non-scheduled substances. In other 
words, nothing visible on the one page of either RX 11I or RX 11J 
pertains to a controlled substance.
    Further, I note that Applicant called CIO who, as described above, 
is the Chief Information Officer of the company whose electronic 
clinical dispensing software application Applicant chose for his 
practice. Tr. 671-720. I interpret CIO's testimony to state that 
Applicant's first use of this software was in about March of 2013, 
including a training period. Id. at 700. CIO testified that the company 
software was ``up and running in Applicant's practice on August 11 of 
2015.'' Id. at 703. According to CIO, the company's software manages 
medication inventories and dispensing activities. Id. at 672. ``We 
track everything,'' CIO testified, and represented that the company 
software is capable of producing all of the controlled substance 
records required by federal and Georgia law. Id. at 672, 704-05.
    The record does not address why Applicant or his staff did not 
contact CIO or his company for assistance with the requests of the DEA 
investigative team on August 11, 2015. See id. at 704-06 (CIO 
testifying that the company ``usually'' receives calls from customers 
seeking help in pulling information from the software when DEA is at 
the customer's site asking for required records and ``[w]e point them 
to run specific inventory reports or dispensing reports and be able to 
walk them through pulling up patient records and showing where that 
information is stored.''). Further, assuming the accuracy of CIO's 
testimony, the record leaves open the question of why Applicant did not 
offer into evidence, for incorporation into this proceeding's record, 
all of the required controlled substance records that the DEA 
investigative team sought on August 11, 2015.\63\ Perhaps the 
conclusion I could reach that is most favorable to Applicant is that 
neither he nor his staff understood what records the DEA investigative 
team was requesting on August 11, 2015.\64\ With or without this 
assumption, the record is clear: Applicant did not provide the legally 
required controlled substance records to DEA on, or after, August 11, 
2015. See also RD, at 73-74, 94-95.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \63\ I note that Applicant moved RX 11B, RX 11C, RX 11D, and RX 
11E into evidence without objection. Tr. 678-84. While CIO and PLPN 
addressed these exhibits, neither testified that their contents are 
the required records that DEA requested on August 11, 2015. CIO 
testified, however, that ``reports could have been run by users at 
the practice'' and that his company's software is capable of 
producing all of the reports required by federal and Georgia 
authorities. Id. at 703, 705. Yet, neither Applicant's closing brief 
nor his exceptions argues that any of Applicant's exhibits consist 
of any of the records that DEA requested on August 11, 2015. See 
also id. at 693-95 (CIO's testimony that ``you can export your 
current inventory as of today, and that would give you a report of 
what you have on hand,'' ``[r]ight now you can't go back and do a 
point-in-time inventory,'' ``you can review all the changes . . . if 
you rolled back all the log entries and applied them to either your 
beginning inventory or the current inventory. You could work back or 
forward into it,'' ``[t]here's a screen that . . . gives you the 
current inventory. Again, you can filter it to show just controls, 
or you can do a biannual inventory for all medications,'' and 
there's ``one report that you can set the schedules to show schedule 
II, schedule III.''); see, e.g., id. at 695-701 (CIO's description 
of RX 11C as manual adjustments made to inventory in March 2015, 
CIO's description of RX 11D as an order summary report showing 
``[b]asically every data point that's collected in the dispensing 
process,'' and CIO's description of RX 11B and RX 11E as showing all 
medications added through vendor shipments.).
    \64\ Both parties' exceptions address the RD's statements about 
certain witnesses' motivations to fabricate evidence. Applicant 
Exceptions, at 4; Government Exceptions, dated September 10, 2018 
(hereinafter, Govt Exceptions), at 6; RD at 72-73. My findings are 
not premised on motivation to fabricate evidence, so I need not 
address these exceptions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

H. Allegation That Applicant Unlawfully Prescribed Controlled 
Substances

    Having read and analyzed the record evidence, the parties' 
arguments, and the RD, I find that the record contains substantial 
evidence that Applicant prescribed controlled substances beneath the 
applicable standard of care and outside the usual course of 
professional practice in Georgia to M.B., D.C., and his daughter. Supra 
sections III.D. and III.E; see also infra section IV.B.3 (Applicant's 
Exceptions). My findings based on the record evidence include that 
Applicant failed to comply fully with the Georgia requirement to obtain 
the patient's history, to conduct a physical exam, and to obtain 
informed consent before prescribing controlled substances. Id. (e.g., 
inadequate documentation of M.B.'s medical history, physical 
examination, and pain complaints; prescribing controlled substances for 
M.B. for about eleven

[[Page 80184]]

years without a diagnosis that should be treated with a controlled 
substance; prescribing controlled substances for DC without 
documentation of a physical examination of the parts of the body about 
which DC had complained; internal inconsistency in DC's medical records 
due to the listed diagnosis and the documented maladies). They include 
that Applicant did not re-evaluate patients, did not always document 
the changes he made to a patient's therapy, and did not always document 
the impact of a change in therapy. Id. (e.g., failure to re-evaluate 
the efficacy of controlled substance therapy; failure to obtain a 
specialist's consult when therapy was ineffective). My findings also 
include that Applicant's medical records fall beneath the applicable 
standard of care and outside the usual course of professional practice. 
Id. (e.g., incomplete documentation and explanation in medical 
records). They include that Applicant prescribed methadone for DC for 
addiction, not pain. Id. My findings include record evidence of 
dangerous controlled substance prescribing by Applicant that risked the 
lives of those for whom he wrote the prescriptions. Id. (e.g., 
methadone prescriptions for DC; two short-term opioids prescribed for 
M.B.). My findings further include that Applicant did not comply with 
the applicable standard of care when he prescribed controlled 
substances despite signs of abusing, or being addicted to, controlled 
substances by the person for whom he wrote the prescription. Id. (e.g., 
prescribing for M.B. despite her exhibiting signs of controlled 
substance abuse).
    Regarding Applicant's daughter, I find that Applicant admitted he 
unlawfully prescribed controlled substances for her between August 2014 
and June 2015. Id. I find insufficient evidence in the record to 
support a conclusion that Applicant's treatment of his daughter was 
always necessitated by an emergency. Id. I further find that Applicant 
also admitted he did not follow his urine drug screen-related office 
procedures when treating his daughter. Id.; see also RX 4, at 2 (ADD 
and ADHD patients take a urine drug screen at visits). ``I understand 
it is wrong in hindsight. And, you know, I'm sorry I did it,'' he 
stated. Tr. 1038. His testimony was that he understood the GCMB 
position on treating family members, ``but it's not a perfect world and 
it's my daughter.'' Id. When asked if he was willing to make a 
condition of being granted a registration that he ``not treat anybody 
under . . . what is ultimately a Georgia regulation'' about the 
treatment of family members, Applicant stated, ``Oh, yeah. I mean, I 
make amends.'' Id. at 1040.

I. Allegation That Applicant Did Not Exhibit Candor During DEA's 
Investigation

    In its Supplemental Prehearing Statement, the Government ``gave 
notice'' that it ``elected to drop the lack of candor charges'' from 
the OSC. Govt Supp Prehearing dated May 8, 2018, at 1; see also Tr. 9-
10. Accordingly, I do not address this allegation.\65\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ Applicant's seventh exception concerns his cooperation with 
DEA and cites filings he submitted on the matter. Applicant 
Exceptions, at 7-8. The Government's withdrawal of the lack of 
candor OSC charge renders moot Applicant's seventh exception and 
obviates a need for me to address it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

IV. Discussion

A. The Controlled Substances Act and the Public Interest Factors

    Pursuant to section 303(f) of the CSA, ``[t]he Attorney General 
shall register practitioners . . . to dispense . . . controlled 
substances . . . if the applicant is authorized to dispense . . . 
controlled substances under the laws of the State in which he 
practices.'' 21 U.S.C. 823(f). Section 303(f) further provides that an 
application for a practitioner's registration may be denied upon a 
determination that ``the issuance of such registration . . . would be 
inconsistent with the public interest.'' Id. In making the public 
interest determination, the CSA requires consideration of the following 
factors:

    (1) The recommendation of the appropriate State licensing board 
or professional disciplinary authority.
    (2) The applicant's experience in dispensing . . . controlled 
substances.
    (3) The applicant's conviction record under Federal or State 
laws relating to the manufacture, distribution, or dispensing of 
controlled substances.
    (4) Compliance with applicable State, Federal, or local laws 
relating to controlled substances.
    (5) Such other conduct which may threaten the public health and 
safety.

Id.
    These factors are considered in the disjunctive. Robert A. Leslie, 
M.D., 68 FR 15,227, 15,230 (2003). I ``may rely on any one or a 
combination of factors and may give each factor the weight [I] deem[ ] 
appropriate in determining whether . . . an application for 
registration [should be] denied.'' Id. Moreover, while I am required to 
consider each factor, I `` `need not make explicit findings as to each 
one,' '' and I `` `can give each factor the weight . . . [I] determine[ 
] is appropriate.' '' Jones Total Health Care Pharmacy, LLC v. Drug 
Enf't Admin., 881 F.3d 823, 830 (11th Cir. 2018), quoting Akhtar-Zaidi 
v. Drug Enf't Admin., 841 F.3d 707, 711 (6th Cir. 2016); see also 
MacKay v. Drug Enf't Admin., 664 F.3d 808, 816 (10th Cir. 2011) 
(quoting Volkman v. Drug Enf't Admin., 567 F.3d 215, 222 (6th Cir. 
2009) quoting Hoxie v. Drug Enf't Admin., 419 F.3d 477, 482 (6th Cir. 
2005)). In other words, the public interest determination ``is not a 
contest in which score is kept; the Agency is not required to 
mechanically count up the factors and determine how many favor the 
Government and how many favor the registrant. Rather, it is an inquiry 
which focuses on protecting the public interest; what matters is the 
seriousness of the registrant's misconduct.'' Peter A. Ahles, M.D., 71 
FR 50,097, 50,098-99 (2006).
    The Government has the burden of proof in this proceeding. 21 CFR 
1301.44. Both parties submitted documentary evidence. The admitted 
documentary evidence implicates Factors Two and Four.\66\ In this 
matter,

[[Page 80185]]

while I have considered all of the factors, the Government's evidence 
in support of its prima facie case is confined to Factors Two and Four. 
I find that the Government's evidence with respect to Factors Two and 
Four, as to the recordkeeping and unlawful controlled substance 
prescribing, satisfies its prima facie burden of showing that 
Applicant's having a registration would be ``inconsistent with the 
public interest.'' \67\ 21 U.S.C. 823(f). I further find that Applicant 
failed to produce sufficient evidence to rebut the Government's prima 
facie case.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \66\ Regarding Factor One, ``[a]lthough statutory analysis [of 
the CSA] may not definitively settle . . . [the breadth of the 
cognizable state `recommendation' referenced in Factor One], the 
most impartial and reasonable course of action is to continue to 
take into consideration all actions indicating a recommendation from 
an appropriate state.'' John O. Dimowo, M.D., 85 FR 15,800, 15,810 
(2020). Applicant's Second Motion for Leave to Supplement Evidence 
Post-Hearing dated February 7, 2020 (hereinafter, Second Supplement 
Evidence Motion), at 2, seeks to supplement the record with evidence 
that Applicant's Georgia and South Carolina medical licenses were 
renewed after the record was certified and transmitted to me. Second 
Supplement Evidence Motion, at 2. Without explication, Applicant 
cites 21 CFR 1316.57 as authority for his Motion. His reliance on 
this provision, however, is misplaced.
     While the title of the regulation, ``Submission of documentary 
evidence and affidavits and identification of witnesses subsequent 
to prehearing conference,'' may suggest that it supports the Second 
Supplement Evidence Motion, the text of the regulation makes clear 
that it applies to evidence a movant had good cause not to identify 
or submit ``at the prehearing conference,'' when the movant is able 
to submit the evidence ``sufficiently in advance of the . . . 
hearing to avoid prejudice or surprise to the other parties.'' 21 
CFR 1316.57. Due to this authority's irrelevance, I do not grant 
Applicant's Motion.
     Nevertheless, if the record evidence were to have included the 
content of the Second Supplement Evidence Motion concerning 
Applicant's Georgia and South Carolina medical license renewals, I 
would consider those license renewals under Factor One. John O. 
Dimowo, M.D., 85 FR 15,800, 15,810 (2020). Further, I would have 
afforded the evidence minimal weight because Applicant's submission 
includes no evidence that the Georgia and South Carolina medical 
licensing authorities were aware of the allegations being 
adjudicated in this proceeding, considered them, and determined that 
they would not be an impediment to the renewal of Applicant's 
medical licenses. Id.
     As to Factor Three, there is no evidence in the record that 
Applicant has a ``conviction record under Federal or State laws 
relating to the manufacture, distribution, or dispensing of 
controlled substances.'' 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(3). However, as Agency 
decisions have noted, there are a number of reasons why a person who 
has engaged in criminal misconduct may never have been convicted of 
an offense under this factor, let alone prosecuted for one. Dewey C. 
MacKay, M.D., 75 FR 49,956, 49,973 (2010), pet. for rev. denied, 
MacKay v. Drug Enf't Admin., 664 F.3d 808 (10th Cir. 2011). Agency 
decisions have therefore noted that ``the absence of such a 
conviction is of considerably less consequence in the public 
interest inquiry'' and is therefore not dispositive. Id.
    \67\ I already determined that the Government did not present a 
prima facie case as to the Unlawfully Pre-Signed and Pre-Printed 
Controlled Substance Prescriptions allegation due to insufficiently 
developed record evidence. Supra section III.F.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Factors Two and Four--Applicant's Experience Dispensing Controlled 
Substances and Compliance With Applicable Laws Related to Controlled 
Substances

1. Allegation That Applicant Unlawfully Pre-Signed and Pre-Printed 
Controlled Substance Prescriptions
    The OSC allegation that Applicant unlawfully pre-signed and pre-
printed controlled substance prescriptions cites three authorities. As 
already discussed, the Government's Post Hearing brief does not address 
the first authority, 21 CFR 1306.04(a), and the Government, therefore, 
apparently has abandoned it.
    The second cited federal regulation, 21 CFR 1306.05, states that 
all controlled substance prescriptions ``shall be dated as of, and 
signed on, the day when issued'' and lists the information they must 
``bear.'' 21 CFR 1306.05(a). As already discussed, supra section III, I 
find that the record includes circumstantial, but not substantial, 
evidence that Applicant violated this regulation.
    The cited provision of the Georgia criminal code, Ga. Code Ann. 
Sec.  16-13-41(b), is similar to 21 CFR 1306.05 but only concerns 
prescriptions for Schedule II controlled substances. It states, in 
salient part, that such an order ``shall include the name and address 
of the person for whom it is prescribed, the kind and quantity of such 
Schedule II controlled substance, the directions for taking, the 
signature, and the name, address, telephone number, and DEA 
registration number of the prescribing practitioner.'' Ga. Code Ann. 
Sec.  16-13-41(b). It further states that ``[s]uch prescription shall 
be signed and dated by the practitioner on the date when issued.'' Id.
    The Georgia Supreme Court analyzed this statute, including the 
cited subsection, in Raber v. State, 285 Ga. 251 (2009). In that 
decision, the Georgia Supreme Court determined that, pursuant to Ga. 
Code Ann. Sec.  16-13-41(b), a `` `prescription' is `issued' only when 
both the signature mandate and the other contemporaneous requirements 
are fulfilled.'' \68\ 285 Ga. at 253. Based on the Georgia Supreme 
Court's interpretation of the OSC-cited subsection, I do not find 
substantial evidence in the record that Applicant violated Ga. Code 
Ann. Sec.  16-13-41(b).\69\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ While the Georgia Supreme Court further opined that Ga. 
Code Ann. ``Sec.  16-13-41(a) and (d)(1) may also imply that a 
written prescription is issued only when the `ultimate user' or 
someone on his behalf has received it,'' the OSC only cites 
subsection (b) of Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  16-13-41 as its state law 
basis. Raber v. State, 285 Ga. 251, 254 (2009). Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  
16-13-41(d) concerns Schedules III, IV, and V.
     I note that DI's testimony is consistent with the Georgia 
Supreme Court's interpretation of the relevant subsection. Tr. 108.
    \69\ GX 87, page 183 of 314 is a prescription for Klonopin 
(Schedule IV). It shows Applicant's computer-generated and wet 
signatures. This appears on the address line: ``,, GA.'' Even though 
this prescription does not include the ``address of the person for 
whom it is prescribed,'' it does not violate Ga. Code Ann. Sec.  16-
13-41(b) because it is not a prescription for a Schedule II 
controlled substance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For all of the above reasons, I find that the Government did not 
present a prima facie case that Applicant unlawfully pre-signed and 
pre-printed controlled substance prescriptions.\70\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ In reaching this conclusion, I acknowledge and disagree 
with the RD's conflicting findings and recommendations. E.g., RD, at 
90-92. Given my findings, there is no need for me to address 
Applicant's fourth exception. Applicant Exceptions, at 5.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Recordkeeping Allegations
    The second allegation in the OSC, concerning recordkeeping, 
consists of two paragraphs. The first paragraph alleges that, ``when 
asked to produce the required records necessary to maintain controlled 
substances,'' Applicant was ``unable to produce any records.'' OSC, at 
2. This paragraph does not cite a legal basis for its allegation 
against Applicant. Id. Applicant's Posthearing Brief, however, makes 
clear that he understood the requirement that ``records . . . be 
readily available'' and is aware of the authority for the requirement, 
21 CFR 1304.04.\71\ Applicant Posthearing Brief dated July 30, 2018, at 
23. As such, I find that Applicant understood the basis of the second 
OSC allegation, had the opportunity to litigate it, and did, in fact, 
litigate it.\72\ Accordingly, I need not address further whether the 
second OSC allegation was properly noticed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ This regulation is referenced in the second paragraph of 
the OSC's second allegation. OSC, at 2, subparagraphs 5.d. and 5.e.
    \72\ The RD reaches the same conclusion for different reasons. 
RD, at 94.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The second paragraph of the second OSC allegation consists of five 
subparagraphs listing some of Applicant's alleged recordkeeping 
violations. OSC, at 2. The cited federal authorities list requirements 
that applied to Applicant when he was registered. Id.; see, e.g., 21 
CFR 1304.04(a) (stating that required inventories and records be kept 
for at least two years); 21 CFR 1304.04(g) (incorporating 21 CFR 
1304.04(f)'s requirements stating that inventories and records of 
Schedule II controlled substances be maintained separately from other 
Schedules' records and that Schedule III, IV, and V controlled 
substance inventories and records be maintained separately or in a form 
that is readily retrievable); 21 CFR 1304.11 (inventory requirements); 
and 21 CFR 1304.21 (continuing records requirement). The listed state 
authorities parallel or incorporate federal recordkeeping requirements. 
OSC, at 2.
    The CSA's recordkeeping requirements are an essential part of the 
statute's goal of preventing the diversion of controlled substances 
from legitimate to illicit purposes. Howard N. Robinson, M.D., 79 FR 
19,356, 19,370 (2014) (``There is no question that the maintenance of 
accurate records by registrants is key to the DEA's ability to fulfill 
its obligations to regulate controlled substances.''). The Supreme 
Court recognized statutory recordkeeping requirements as part of the 
``closed regulatory system'' Congress devised to ``prevent the 
diversion of drugs from legitimate to illicit channels.'' Gonzales v. 
Raich, 545 U.S. 1, 13-14, 27 (2005). As recently as last year, the 
Eleventh Circuit affirmed that a recordkeeping violation, not having 
controlled substance prescriptions readily retrievable when DEA asked 
for them, is a violation of federal law. Pharmacy Doctors Enterprises, 
Inc. v. Drug Enf't Admin., 789 F. App'x 724, 730 (2019). Further, the 
Eleventh Circuit determined that the violation of the ``readily 
retrievable'' recordkeeping

[[Page 80186]]

requirement was supported by substantial evidence and, thus, 
appropriately used by the Government to meet its prima facie burden to 
show that continued controlled substance registration would be 
inconsistent with the public interest. Id. at 729-30. Thus, the 
elements of this OSC's second allegation concerning recordkeeping 
requirements are essential to the CSA's anti-diversion purpose; they 
are far from mere administrative niceties. See also Volkman v. Drug 
Enf't Admin., 567 F.3d 215, 224-25 (6th Cir. 2009) (``Volkman did not 
keep proper records for controlled substances that were ordered and 
dispensed under his registration. The . . . [CSA] requires all 
prescription-dispensing entities to conduct a biennial inventory of all 
of the controlled substances it has on hand and to `maintain, on a 
current basis, a complete and accurate record of each [controlled] 
substance' that it has `received, sold, delivered, or otherwise 
disposed of.' '').
    As already discussed, I found that Applicant, on August 11, 2015, 
did not provide the DEA inspection team any of the records he was 
required to maintain as a registrant. I also found that Applicant did 
not produce those required records to the DEA inspection team at any 
time after August 11, 2015, including during this proceeding. 
Accordingly, I find that Applicant violated the controlled substance 
recordkeeping requirements of federal and Georgia law.\73\ Further, I 
disagree with Applicant's suggestion that ``this issue is moot.'' \74\ 
See, e.g., Applicant Posthearing, at 6 n.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ Even if Applicant's required controlled substance records 
were readily retrievable and available, as CIO's testimony 
suggested, I already found that Applicant never retrieved or made 
any of them available to DEA. Supra section III.G.
    \74\ Applicant's argument about 21 CFR 1304.04, that the 
``records need only be readily retrievable,'' suggesting that the 
records need not actually be provided, is without merit. Applicant's 
Posthearing, at 23. The regulatory definition of ``readily 
retrievable'' calls for locating the records ``in a reasonable 
time.'' 21 CFR 1300.01(b). Agency decisions state that ``what 
constitutes `a reasonable time' necessarily depends on the 
circumstances.'' Edmund Chein, M.D., 72 FR 6580, 6593 (2007), pet. 
for rev. denied, Chein v. Drug Enf't Admin., 533 F.3d 828, 832 n.6 
(D.C. Cir 2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 1139 (2009). According to 
that DEA decision, ``under normal circumstances if a practice is 
open for business, it should be capable of producing a complete set 
of records within several hours of the request.'' 72 FR at 6593. The 
decision explained that ``[t]o allow a registrant an even greater 
period of time to produce the records would create an incentive for 
those who are engaged in illegal activity to obstruct investigations 
by stalling for time in the hopes that DEA personnel would 
eventually give up and leave.'' Id. As such, there is no doubt that 
``readily retrievable'' encompasses both timely retrieval and the 
production of the records to DEA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Allegation That Applicant Unlawfully Prescribed Controlled 
Substances
    According to the CSA's implementing regulations, a lawful 
prescription for controlled substances is one that is ``issued for a 
legitimate medical purpose by an individual practitioner acting in the 
usual course of his professional practice.'' \75\ 21 CFR 1306.04(a). 
The Supreme Court stated, in the context of the CSA's requirement that 
schedule II controlled substances may be dispensed only by written 
prescription, that ``the prescription requirement . . . ensures 
patients use controlled substances under the supervision of a doctor so 
as to prevent addiction and recreational abuse . . . [and] also bars 
doctors from peddling to patients who crave the drugs for those 
prohibited uses.'' Gonzales v. Oregon, supra, 546 U.S. at 274. The 
Eleventh Circuit recently noted, in part, that, ``[u]nder the CSA, the 
responsibility for the proper prescribing and dispensing of controlled 
substances, which must be for `a legitimate medical purpose,' is on the 
prescribing practitioner.'' Jones Total Health Care Pharmacy, LLC v. 
Drug Enf't Admin., 881 F.3d at 827.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ The standard of care applicable in this adjudication is set 
out supra section II.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As already discussed, I found that Applicant prescribed controlled 
substances beneath the applicable standard of care and outside the 
usual course of professional practice.\76\ Supra sections III.D., 
III.E., and III.H.\77\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ After stating that ``[e]valuation of . . . [Factor Two, 
experience in dispensing controlled substances] is a mixed bag,'' 
the RD states, among other things, that the ``prior positive medical 
experience'' of Applicant ``apparently enjoys the confidence and 
esteem of his colleagues and the hierarchy of the medical community, 
as evidenced by the several character witnesses who testified.'' RD, 
at 109. It states that Applicant ``has recently been elected by his 
peers to Trustee of . . . a prestigious regional medical society'' 
and that ``[a]nother indication of his positive experience are the 
scores of letters of recommendation and of support from former 
patients.'' Id. Without citing any record evidence, the RD states 
that Applicant's ``experience in prescribing controlled substances 
is extensive, as reflected by his long career in treating patients 
and reported willingness to take on difficult and complex 
patients.'' Id. It also asserted, without citation to any record 
evidence, that Applicant ``has extensive experience in treating 
patients suffering from alcohol and drug addiction.'' Id. It also 
claimed, also without citation to record evidence, that Applicant 
had ``enacted various apparently effective policies and procedures 
to prevent drug diversion and drug abuse at his clinic.'' Id. at 
109-10. I disagree with these portions of the RD.
     Factor Two is the ``applicant's experience in dispensing . . . 
controlled substances.'' 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(2). As I indicated, supra 
section III.E., the public interest assessment that the CSA requires 
me to make does not contemplate my considering the character witness 
testimony and other forms of adulation that Applicant offered into 
the record. 21 U.S.C. 823(f). Instead, the CSA requires me to 
consider Applicant's controlled substance dispensing experience, 
among other things. 21 U.S.C. 823(f)(2). I find that the record 
evidence of multiple controlled substance dispensing-related 
violations is relevant to the public interest inquiry I am charged 
with undertaking and, therefore, outweighs all of the record 
evidence that Applicant was respected and may also have dispensed 
controlled substances in conformity with state and federal law.
    \77\ I note that there is record evidence suggesting situations 
when Applicant complied with the applicable standard of care. See, 
e.g., RX 19, at 185-87 (medical record for M.B. concerning March 
2015 stating that ``[w]e will not prescribe narcotic pain medicine 
unless pain management provides us with a formal letter, on their 
clinic letterhead and signed by the provider that conducted the 
patient's exam, stating what medicine, at what dose, and in what 
manner the medicine should be taken,'' that ``PT statd [sic] she 
found some pills tucked into a blanekt [sic] in the closet and she 
assumed that they were her Percocet. She states she had to hide her 
medicines from herself to keep from taking too much,'' and ``[n]on-
compliance is grounds for dismissal from our care.'' Yet, the 
medical record for three visits later, in June 2015, states that 
``PT had hydrocodone and valium in system. PT swears she did not 
take anthing [sic] other than what we give her. I told her that the 
mass spectrometry reading illustrates otherwise and that this is 
what we have to go by. I have instructed the patient t[o] ensure she 
take [sic] the correct meds, throw away all old meds, and only take 
what we authorize as we instruc[t] or she could be released from our 
care.'' Id. at 207. In other words, the medical records show that 
indications of Applicant's compliance with the applicable standard 
of care involve no follow-up and, therefore, non-compliance.
     According to Dr. Kaufman, Applicant did not follow his own 
protocols. Tr. 312. Regarding M.B.'s medical records from 2013, Dr. 
Kaufman testified that M.B.'s request for early controlled substance 
refills ``is an ongoing problem, it hasn't been resolved and . . . 
she's addicted to her medication.'' Id. at 294. He testified about 
how Applicant's handling of M.B. measured up against the applicable 
standard of care in Georgia, stating that ``the Medical Board simply 
states that when things like this happen, you should document that 
they've happened, and document what you're thinking. So, if there 
was a note which had some sort of rational explanation about why 
you're allowing this to continue, you might allow it to continue 
forever. I mean there's no set rules, but in this particular patient 
there's so many other things that are wrong. There's no 
documentation of a history that should be treated this way. There's 
no physical exam that justifies this. There were no x-rays or--I 
mean this is going on for so many years, this type of 
irresponsible--it's irresponsible. So, I mean, again there's no 
rules, but this is just not right.'' Id. at 296-97. Dr. Kaufman 
reiterated that Applicant's handling of the situation is outside the 
applicable standard of care. Id. at 297. Thus, I find that what 
initially appeared to be possible compliant and positive controlled 
substance dispensing experience turned out, upon examination, to be 
hollow statements with no compliant follow-up.
     My finding does not mean that Applicant's controlled substance-
related practice of medicine was always beneath the applicable 
standard of care and outside the usual course of professional 
practice. Based on the record evidence before me, I find that 
Applicant's violations of the applicable standard of care and the 
usual course of professional practice took place with more than one 
individual and in more than one context over a period of years and, 
therefore, were not isolated.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 80187]]

    Applicant engaged a skillful team and defended himself against all 
of the OSC's allegations. I read and analyzed every aspect of 
Applicant's defense.\78\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ My Decision and Order does not consider and is not based on 
the fact that PLPN was not registered when she dispensed controlled 
substance prescriptions from Applicant's in-office pharmacy. 
Applicant Exceptions, at 2-3 (First Exception).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applicant argued that Dr. Kaufman should have considered ``M.B.'s 
mental health issues in making his opinion'' and that, because he did 
not, he ``could not competently and intelligently analyze M.B.'' 
Applicant Exceptions, at 3-4. Applicant's argument did not cite any 
provision of federal or Georgia law that states, or even suggests, that 
there is a mental health exception to the requirement that controlled 
substance prescriptions be effective and legitimate. 21 CFR 1306.04(a). 
I looked for a mental health exception to the applicable standard of 
care in federal and Georgia law and in Agency decisions. I found 
none.\79\ Accordingly, I reject Applicant's second exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ Consulting with a mental health provider about mental 
health and addiction issues is the standard of care in states in 
addition to Georgia. E.g., Wesley Pope, M.D., 82 FR 14,944, 14,956, 
14,972 (2017); Bobby D. Reynolds, N.P., Tina L. Killebrew, N.P. and 
David R. Stout, N.P., 80 FR 28,643 (2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applicant labeled ``clearly erroneous'' the RD's conclusion that 
Applicant prescribed methadone for D.C. to treat addiction, not pain. 
Applicant Exceptions, at 5-6. Applicant argued that ``[b]ased purely on 
. . . [Applicant's] reduction of D.C.'s methadone from the 190 mg 
received through the methadone clinic to 10 mg immediate [sic] prior to 
the cessation of methadone by D.C. Kaufman lept to the conclusion that 
. . . [Applicant] was treating for addiction as opposed to pain.'' Id. 
at 6. Applicant also argued that D.C.'s ``debilitating cluster migraine 
(mini-seizure) headaches,'' knee osteoarthritis in both knees, and 
chronic lower back pain ``support'' the conclusion that Applicant was 
treating D.C. with methadone for pain, not addiction. Id. I disagree 
with Applicant's characterization of the record evidence and, as did 
the RD, I credit Dr. Kaufman's testimony on this matter and find that 
Applicant prescribed methadone for D.C. to treat addiction. See also 
RD, at 77-78.
    First, the credible record evidence puts in doubt Applicant's 
diagnoses of pain in DC E.g., Tr. 229-30 (Dr. Kaufman's testimony about 
Applicant's treatment of D.C.); see also RX 17, at 64-68 (Applicant's 
office notes for D.C.'s visit on June 25, 2013); Tr. 249-50 (Dr. 
Kaufman's testimony regarding Applicant's methadone prescribing for 
D.C. stating that ``there's no mention of a back examination. It's not 
even listed as a possibility. There's no mention of the knee 
examination. And on the next page, there's further examinations, where 
again, no back exam, no knee exam. . . . And then the next page is the 
list of diagnosis. And the first diagnosis is lumbago, which means back 
pain. And the medicine for that is Tylenol. And it says, `opioid 
dependence, counseled patient on the condition, advise him to seek 
group or individual therapy, anxiety state, take the medicines as 
prescribed.' And another diagnosis is `long term use of medications, 
with a urine drug screen having been performed.' . . . [The methadone 
is] not being used as a pain reliever, because it's not be[ing] given 
several times a day, what you notice is the methadone pain effect wears 
off, so they're going to tell you the pain is much worse at night, 
because it's worn off. It's not a pain medicine anymore. It will still 
work to prevent you from being an addict prevent the addictive 
behavior, but it's not going to work for the pain.'').
    Second, as Applicant admitted, it is significant that D.C.'s 190 
mg. of methadone was prescribed by a methadone clinic before Applicant 
took it over. Applicant Exceptions, at 6; Tr. 1009 (Applicant's 
testimony that a methadone clinic prescribed methadone to D.C.). The 
credible record evidence is, in Georgia, that methadone clinics treat 
addiction, they do not treat pain, and that only methadone clinics may 
prescribe methadone to treat addiction. Tr. 498 (Dr. Kaufman confirming 
that, in the state of Georgia, methadone treatment for addiction can 
only be given by a narcotic treatment clinic); see id. at 233-34 (``If 
you were to go to a methadone clinic and say, I have chronic knee pain. 
Could you give me methadone? They would turn you down. It's not their 
expertise. . . . So, anybody who is going to a methadone clinic is a 
person who has an addiction issue.''); see also id. at 605 (testimony 
of Applicant's expert, Dr. Downey, that, in Georgia, only specially 
licensed narcotic treatment programs are authorized to issue methadone 
for addiction). Thus, if a methadone clinic initially prescribed 
methadone for D.C., the prescription was clearly to treat addiction. 
When Applicant took it over, even when he reduced the amount over time, 
he was prescribing methadone to D.C. for addiction.
    Third, Applicant's evidence, in the form of office policy, clearly 
states that Suboxone is prescribed for addiction, not pain. RX 3C, at 
11. According to Applicant's own evidence, D.C.'s methadone 
prescription was being ``tapered down,'' so that it could be replaced 
by Suboxone. Consequently, it is clear that Applicant prescribed 
methadone for D.C. to treat addiction. Accordingly, I reject 
Applicant's fifth exception. Applicant Exceptions, at 6-7.
    In sum, I carefully considered all of the record evidence relevant 
to Factors Two and Four and Applicant's position on that evidence. I 
applied my credibility assessments to that evidence. I conclude that 
the Government met its prima facie burden of showing that Applicant 
violated federal and Georgia recordkeeping requirements and prescribed 
controlled substances beneath the applicable standard of care and 
outside the usual course of professional practice. I further find that 
Applicant did not rebut the Government's prima facie case regarding 
these violations. Accordingly, I conclude that it would be 
``inconsistent with the public interest'' for me to grant Applicant's 
application for a registration. 21 U.S.C. 823(f).

V. Sanction

    Where, as here, the Government presented a prima facie case that it 
would be ``inconsistent with the public interest'' to grant Applicant's 
request for a registration, and Applicant did not rebut the 
Government's prima facie case, the ``burden of proof shifts'' to 
Applicant ``to show why . . . [he] can be trusted with a 
registration.'' Jones Total Health Care Pharmacy, LLC v. Drug Enf't 
Admin., 881 F.3d at 830; see also Samuel Mintlow, M.D., 80 FR 3630,

[[Page 80188]]

3652 (2015) (``sufficient mitigating evidence'' must be presented ``to 
assure the Administrator that [he] can be entrusted with the 
responsibility carried by such a registration.''); Cleveland J. Enmon 
Jr., M.D., 77 FR 57,116, 57,126 (2012) (same); Robert M. Golden, M.D., 
61 FR 24,808, 24,812 (1996) (same). Further, past performance is the 
best predictor of future performance and, when an applicant has 
``failed to comply with . . . [his] responsibilities in the past, it 
makes sense for the agency to consider whether . . . [he] will change . 
. . [his] behavior in the future.'' Pharmacy Doctors Enterprises, Inc. 
v. Drug Enf't Admin., 789 F. App'x, at 733 (citing Jones Total Health 
Care Pharmacy, LLC v. Drug Enf't Admin., 881 F.3d at 831 (citing MacKay 
v. Drug Enf't Admin., 664 F.3d at 820 (``[T]hat consideration is vital 
to whether continued registration is in the public interest.'') and 
Alra Labs., Inc. v. Drug Enf't Admin., 54 F.3d 450, 452 (7th Cir. 1995) 
(``An agency rationally may conclude that past performance is the best 
predictor of future performance.'')).
    Circuit courts have also approved the Agency's acceptance of 
responsibility requirement. Pharmacy Doctors Enterprises, Inc. v. Drug 
Enf't Admin., 789 F. App'x, at 732; Jones Total Health Care Pharmacy, 
LLC v. Drug Enf't Admin., 881 F.3d at 830 (citing MacKay v. Drug Enf't 
Admin., 664 F.3d at 820 (``The DEA may properly consider whether a 
physician admits fault in determining if the physician's registration 
should be revoked.''); see also Jeffrey Stein, M.D., 84 FR 46,968, 
46,972-73 (2019) (unequivocal acceptance of responsibility); Jayam 
Krishna-Iyer, M.D., 74 FR 459, 463 (2009) (collecting cases). The 
Agency has decided that the egregiousness and extent of the misconduct 
are significant factors in determining the appropriate sanction. 
Garrett Howard Smith, M.D., 83 FR 18,882, 18,910 (2018) (collecting 
cases); Samuel Mintlow, M.D., 80 FR at 3652 (``Obviously, the 
egregiousness and extent of a registrant's misconduct are significant 
factors in determining the appropriate sanction.''). The Agency has 
also considered the need to deter similar acts by Applicant and by the 
community of registrants. Id.
    In terms of egregiousness, the violations that the record evidence 
shows Applicant committed go to the heart of the CSA--not complying 
with required controlled substance recordkeeping and not prescribing 
controlled substances in compliance with the applicable standard of 
care and in the usual course of professional practice. In addition, the 
record evidence indicates that Applicant, even though he was registered 
in the past, lacks familiarity with applicable controlled substance 
legal requirements. For example, as already discussed, perhaps the 
conclusion I could reach that is most favorable to Applicant is that 
neither he nor his staff understood what records the DEA agents were 
requesting on August 11, 2015. Supra section III.G.
    Most remarkable, though, are the under-oath statements of Applicant 
himself during the hearing. The ALJ asked Applicant whether he had 
changed the way he does business as far as his practices and protocols 
in response to the OSC allegations and the ``suggestions or the 
accusations by Dr. Kaufman.'' Tr. 1066. Applicant started his response 
by stating that he was not going back into his ``ambulatory practice,'' 
but if he were, he ``would make changes.'' Id. He started again to say 
he was ``not,'' presumably not returning to his ambulatory practice, 
and then stated: ``I don't desire to not comply with the law. I don't 
like what I've been through in the last three years.'' Id. The ALJ's 
next question was whether Applicant intended ``to become fully 
compliant with all of the regulations.'' Id. at 1068. Applicant 
responded: ``Yes, sir.'' The ALJ then asked ``[w]hat about learning any 
of these regulations. You know, nobody knows them by heart, but you 
know, you're responsible for knowing . . . both the Georgia regulations 
as well . . . the DEA regulations if you're going [to] run a doctor's 
office.'' Id. Applicant answered: ``I'm--I'm always willing to learn 
anything. And I've already learned a lot. And, I think, the one thing, 
I don't think I left a lot of dead bodies laying around.'' Id. at 1069. 
Applicant's response was an admission of his lack of familiarity with 
both the applicable federal and Georgia regulations. Further, although 
Applicant stated that he is ``always willing to learn anything'' and 
that he's ``already learned a lot,'' his statement about ``dead 
bodies'' put into question the value he assigned to practicing medicine 
in compliance with the applicable standard of care, given his belief 
that his practice, up until this point, had not ``left a lot of dead 
bodies laying around'' without following that standard of care.
    While Applicant took responsibility for unlawfully prescribing 
controlled substances to his daughter, he did not take responsibility, 
let alone unequivocal responsibility, for the other allegations I 
determined to be founded.\80\ Indeed, Applicant testified, at the end 
of the hearing, that he ``still'' believed that his controlled 
substance prescribing for D.C. and M.B. was within the usual course of 
professional practice. Id. at 1051. He, thus, evidenced no 
understanding that his controlled substance prescribing fell short of 
legal requirements. Accordingly, it is not reasonable to believe that 
Applicant's future controlled substance prescribing will comply with 
legal requirements, when he was firm in his belief that he did nothing 
wrong.\81\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ Although it is not charged in the OSC, Applicant admitted 
that he also treated his wife. Tr. 1039.
    \81\ I do not consider remedial measures when an applicant does 
not unequivocally accept responsibility. Applicant's limited 
proposed remedial efforts, however, are unpersuasive given the 
egregiousness and breadth of his violations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Applicant's testimony and statements in his briefing that he 
intended to restrict his medical practice to elderly patients in 
institutional settings, such as nursing homes, assisted living, and 
hospice centers, in other words caring for vulnerable individuals who 
may be isolated from their loved ones, do not advance the approval of 
his application.\82\ Applicant's Amended Response Brief Regarding the 
21 U.S.C. 824(c)(3) Corrective Action Plan Provisions dated September 
23, 2019, at 5. The recordkeeping and controlled substance prescribing 
requirements of the CSA and its implementing regulations also apply to 
practitioners treating the elderly and vulnerable in institutional 
settings. If I were to grant his application, I would be sending a 
message to the regulated community that I do not require registrants to 
know, and conform to, the provisions of the CSA and its implementing 
regulations. For all of these reasons, I find that it would be against 
the public interest for me to entrust Applicant with a registration 
and, therefore, I will deny his application.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ I agree with my predecessors that community impact-type 
arguments are not persuasive. Frank Joseph Stirlacci, M.D., 85 FR 
45,229, 45,239 (2020); see also Richard J. Settles, D.O., 81 FR 
64,940, n.16 (2016). Accordingly, I reject Applicant's community 
impact-type arguments.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given my decision that it is not in the public interest for 
Applicant to have a registration at this time, I conclude that 
Applicant's proposed Corrective Action Plan provides no basis for me to 
discontinue or defer this proceeding.
    Accordingly, I shall order the denial of Applicant's application.

Order

    Pursuant to 28 CFR 0.100(b) and the authority vested in me by 21 
U.S.C.

[[Page 80189]]

823(f), I hereby deny the application submitted by George Pursley, 
M.D., Control No. W15101573C, seeking registration in Georgia as a 
practitioner, and any other pending application submitted by George 
Pursley, M.D. for a DEA registration in the State of Georgia. This 
Order is effective January 11, 2021.

Timothy J. Shea,
Acting Administrator.
[FR Doc. 2020-27236 Filed 12-10-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4410-09-P