[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 220 (Friday, November 13, 2020)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 72846-72885]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-24515]



[[Page 72845]]

Vol. 85

Friday,

No. 220

November 13, 2020

Part III





Department of Labor





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





Employee Benefits Security Administration





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





29 CFR Parts 2509 and 2550





Financial Factors in Selecting Plan Investments; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 85 , No. 220 / Friday, November 13, 2020 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 72846]]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Employee Benefits Security Administration

29 CFR Parts 2509 and 2550

RIN 1210-AB95


Financial Factors in Selecting Plan Investments

AGENCY: Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department of Labor.

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Department of Labor (Department) is adopting amendments to 
the ``investment duties'' regulation under Title I of the Employee 
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA). The 
amendments require plan fiduciaries to select investments and 
investment courses of action based solely on financial considerations 
relevant to the risk-adjusted economic value of a particular investment 
or investment course of action.

DATES: The final rule is effective on January 12, 2021.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jason A. DeWitt, Office of Regulations 
and Interpretations, Employee Benefits Security Administration, (202) 
693-8500. This is not a toll-free number.
    Customer Service Information: Individuals interested in obtaining 
information from the Department of Labor concerning ERISA and employee 
benefit plans may call the Employee Benefits Security Administration 
(EBSA) Toll-Free Hotline, at 1-866-444-EBSA (3272) or visit the 
Department of Labor's website (www.dol.gov/ebsa).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

A. Background

    Title I of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 
(ERISA) establishes minimum standards that govern the operation of 
private-sector employee benefit plans, including fiduciary 
responsibility rules. Section 404 of ERISA, in part, requires that plan 
fiduciaries act prudently and diversify plan investments so as to 
minimize the risk of large losses, unless under the circumstances it is 
clearly prudent not to do so. Sections 403(c) and 404(a) also require 
fiduciaries to act solely in the interest of the plan's participants 
and beneficiaries, and for the exclusive purpose of providing benefits 
to participants and beneficiaries and defraying reasonable expenses of 
administering the plan.
    Courts have interpreted the exclusive purpose rule of ERISA section 
404(a)(1)(A) to require fiduciaries to act with ``complete and 
undivided loyalty to the beneficiaries,'' \1\ observing that their 
decisions must ``be made with an eye single to the interests of the 
participants and beneficiaries.'' \2\ The Supreme Court as recently as 
2014 unanimously held in the context of ERISA retirement plans that 
such interests must be understood to refer to ``financial'' rather than 
``nonpecuniary'' benefits,\3\ and Federal appellate courts have 
described ERISA's fiduciary duties as ``the highest known to the law.'' 
\4\ The Department's longstanding and consistent position, reiterated 
in multiple forms of sub-regulatory guidance, is that when making 
decisions on investments and investment courses of action, plan 
fiduciaries must be focused solely on the plan's financial returns, and 
the interests of plan participants and beneficiaries in their benefits 
must be paramount.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Donovan v. Mazzola, 716 F.2d 1226, 1238 (9th Cir. 1983) 
(quoting Freund v. Marshall & Ilsley Bank, 485 F. Supp. 629, 639 
(W.D. Wis. 1979)).
    \2\ Donovan v. Bierwirth, 680 F.2d 263, 271 (2d Cir. 1982).
    \3\ Fifth Third Bancorp v. Dudenhoeffer, 573 U.S. 409, 421 
(2014) (the ``benefits'' to be pursued by ERISA fiduciaries as their 
``exclusive purpose'' does not include ``nonpecuniary benefits'') 
(emphasis in original).
    \4\ See, e.g., Tibble v. Edison Int'l, 843 F.3d 1187, 1197 (9th 
Cir. 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department has been asked periodically over the last 30 years 
to consider the application of these principles to pension plan 
investments selected because of the non-pecuniary benefits they may 
further, such as those relating to environmental, social, and corporate 
governance considerations. Various terms have been used to describe 
this and related investment behaviors, such as socially responsible 
investing, sustainable and responsible investing, environmental, 
social, and corporate governance (ESG) investing, impact investing, and 
economically targeted investing. The terms do not have a uniform 
meaning and the terminology is evolving.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ For a concise history of the current ESG movement and the 
evolving terminology, see Max Schanzenbach & Robert Sitkoff, 
Reconciling Fiduciary Duty and Social Conscience: The Law and 
Economics of ESG Investing by a Trustee, 72 Stan. L. Rev. 381, 392-
97 (2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department's first comprehensive guidance addressing these 
types of investment issues was in Interpretive Bulletin 94-1 (IB 94-
1).\6\ There, the term used was ``economically targeted investments'' 
(ETIs). The Department's objective in issuing IB 94-1 was to state that 
ETIs \7\ are not inherently incompatible with ERISA's fiduciary 
obligations. The preamble to IB 94-1 explained that the requirements of 
sections 403 and 404 of ERISA do not prevent plan fiduciaries from 
investing plan assets in ETIs if the investment has an expected rate of 
return commensurate to rates of return of available alternative 
investments with similar risk characteristics, and if the investment 
vehicle is otherwise an appropriate investment for the plan in terms of 
such factors as diversification and the investment policy of the plan. 
Some commentators have referred to this as the ``all things being 
equal'' test or the ``tie-breaker'' standard. The Department stated in 
the preamble to IB 94-1 that when competing investments serve the 
plan's economic interests equally well, plan fiduciaries can use such 
non-pecuniary considerations as the deciding factor for an investment 
decision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ 59 FR 32606 (June 23, 1994) (appeared in Code of Federal 
Regulations as 29 CFR 2509.94-1). Interpretive Bulletins are a form 
of sub-regulatory guidance that are published in the Federal 
Register and included in the Code of Federal Regulations. Prior to 
issuing IB 94-1, the Department had issued a number of letters 
concerning a fiduciary's ability to consider the non-pecuniary 
effects of an investment and granted a variety of prohibited 
transaction exemptions to both individual plans and pooled 
investment vehicles involving investments that produce non-pecuniary 
benefits. See Advisory Opinions 80-33A, 85-36A and 88-16A; 
Information Letters to Mr. George Cox, dated Jan. 16, 1981; to Mr. 
Theodore Groom, dated Jan. 16, 1981; to The Trustees of the Twin 
City Carpenters and Joiners Pension Plan, dated May 19, 1981; to Mr. 
William Chadwick, dated July 21, 1982; to Mr. Daniel O'Sullivan, 
dated Aug. 2, 1982; to Mr. Ralph Katz, dated Mar. 15, 1982; to Mr. 
William Ecklund, dated Dec. 18, 1985, and Jan. 16, 1986; to Mr. Reed 
Larson, dated July 14, 1986; to Mr. James Ray, dated July 8, 1988; 
to the Honorable Jack Kemp, dated Nov. 23, 1990; and to Mr. Stuart 
Cohen, dated May 14, 1993; PTE 76-1, part B, concerning construction 
loans by multiemployer plans; PTE 84-25, issued to the Pacific Coast 
Roofers Pension Plan; PTE 85-58, issued to the Northwestern Ohio 
Building Trades and Employer Construction Industry Investment Plan; 
PTE 87-20, issued to the Racine Construction Industry Pension Fund; 
PTE 87-70, issued to the Dayton Area Building and Construction 
Industry Investment Plan; PTE 88-96, issued to the Real Estate for 
American Labor A Balcor Group Trust; PTE 89-37, issued to the Union 
Bank; and PTE 93-16, issued to the Toledo Roofers Local No. 134 
Pension Plan and Trust, et al. In addition, one of the first 
directors of the Department's benefits office authored an 
influential article on this topic in 1980. See Ian D. Lanoff, The 
Social Investment of Private Pension Plan Assets: May It Be Done 
Lawfully Under ERISA?, 31 Labor L.J. 387, 391-92 (1980) (stating 
that ``[t]he Labor Department has concluded that economic 
considerations are the only ones which can be taken into account in 
determining which investments are consistent with ERISA standards,'' 
and warning that fiduciaries who exclude investment options for non-
economic reasons would be ``acting at their peril'').
    \7\ IB 94-1 used the terms ETI and economically targeted 
investments to broadly refer to any investment or investment course 
of action that is selected, in part, for its expected non-pecuniary 
benefits, apart from the investment return to the employee benefit 
plan investor.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 72847]]

    Since 1994, the Department's sub-regulatory guidance has gone 
through an iterative process, but the Department's emphasis on the 
primacy of plan participants' economic interests has stayed constant. 
In 2008, the Department replaced IB 94-1 with Interpretive Bulletin 
2008-01 (IB 2008-01).\8\ In 2015, the Department replaced IB 2008-01 
with Interpretive Bulletin 2015-01 (IB 2015-01),\9\ which is codified 
at 29 CFR 2509.2015-01. Each Interpretive Bulletin has consistently 
stated that the paramount focus of plan fiduciaries must be the plan's 
financial returns and providing promised benefits to participants and 
beneficiaries. The Department has construed the requirements that a 
fiduciary act solely in the interest of, and for the exclusive purpose 
of providing benefits to, participants and beneficiaries as prohibiting 
a fiduciary from subordinating the interests of participants and 
beneficiaries in their retirement income to unrelated objectives. Thus, 
each Interpretive Bulletin, while restating the ``all things being 
equal'' test, also cautioned that fiduciaries violate ERISA if they 
accept reduced expected returns or greater risks to secure social, 
environmental, or other policy goals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ 73 FR 61734 (Oct. 17, 2008).
    \9\ 80 FR 65135 (Oct. 26, 2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The preamble to IB 2015-01 explained that if a fiduciary prudently 
determines that an investment is appropriate based solely on economic 
considerations, including those that may derive from ESG factors, the 
fiduciary may make the investment without regard to any collateral 
benefits the investment may also promote. In 2018, the Department 
clarified in Field Assistance Bulletin 2018-01 (FAB 2018-01) that IB 
2015-01 had merely recognized that there could be instances when ESG 
issues present material business risk or opportunities to companies 
that company officers and directors need to manage as part of the 
company's business plan, and that qualified investment professionals 
would treat the issues as material economic considerations under 
generally accepted investment theories. As appropriate economic 
considerations, they should be considered by a prudent fiduciary along 
with other relevant economic factors to evaluate the risk and return 
profiles of alternative investments. In other words, in these instances 
the factors are not ``tie-breakers,'' but pecuniary (or ``risk-
return'') factors affecting the economic merits of the investment.
    The Department cautioned, however, that ``[t]o the extent ESG 
factors, in fact, involve business risks or opportunities that are 
properly treated as economic considerations themselves in evaluating 
alternative investments, the weight given to those factors should also 
be appropriate to the relative level of risk and return involved 
compared to other relevant economic factors.'' \10\ The Department 
further emphasized in FAB 2018-01 that fiduciaries ``must not too 
readily treat ESG factors as economically relevant to the particular 
investment choices at issue when making a decision,'' as ``[i]t does 
not ineluctably follow from the fact that an investment promotes ESG 
factors, or that it arguably promotes positive general market trends or 
industry growth, that the investment is a prudent choice for retirement 
or other investors.'' Rather, ERISA fiduciaries must always put first 
the economic interests of the plan in providing retirement benefits and 
``[a] fiduciary's evaluation of the economics of an investment should 
be focused on financial factors that have a material effect on the 
return and risk of an investment based on appropriate investment 
horizons consistent with the plan's articulated funding and investment 
objectives.'' \11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Field Assistance Bulletin 2018-01 (Apr. 23, 2018).
    \11\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Purpose of Regulatory Action

    Available research and data show a steady upward trend in use of 
the term ``ESG'' among institutional asset managers, an increase in the 
array of ESG-focused investment vehicles available, a proliferation of 
ESG metrics, services, and ratings offered by third-party service 
providers, and an increase in asset flows into ESG funds. This trend 
has been underway for many years, but recent studies indicate the 
trajectory is accelerating. For example, according to Morningstar, the 
assets invested in sustainable funds was nearly four times larger in 
2019 than in 2018.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ See Jon Hale, The ESG Fund Universe Is Rapidly Expanding 
(March 19, 2020), www.morningstar.com/articles/972860/the-esg-fund-universe-is-rapidly-expanding. This trend is most pronounced in 
Europe, where authorities are actively promoting consideration of 
ESG factors in investing. See, e.g., Principles for Responsible 
Investment (PRI), Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century (Oct. 2019), 
www.unpri.org/download?ac=9792, at 34-35 (quoting official from EU 
securities regulator that ``ESG is part of [their] core mandate.''); 
Emre Peker, What Qualifies as a Green Investment? EU Sets Rules, 
Wall Street Journal (Dec. 17, 2019), www.wsj.com/articles/eu-seals-deal-to-create-regulatory-benchmark-for-green-finance-11576595600 
(``European officials have been racing to set the global benchmark 
for green finance''); Principles for Responsible Investment, 
Investor priorities for the EU Green Deal (April 30, 2020), 
www.unpri.org/sustainable-markets/investor-priorities-for-the-eu-green-deal/5710.article (discussing proposal to require ESG data to 
be disclosed alongside traditional elements of corporate and 
financial reporting, including a core set of mandatory ESG key 
performance indicators).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As ESG investing has increased, it has engendered important and 
substantial questions with numerous observers identifying a lack of 
precision and consistency in the marketplace with respect to defining 
ESG investments and strategies, as well as shortcomings in the rigor of 
the prudence and loyalty analysis by some participating in the ESG 
investment marketplace.\13\ There is no consensus about what 
constitutes a genuine ``ESG'' investment, and ESG rating systems are 
often vague and inconsistent, despite featuring prominently in 
marketing efforts.\14\ The use of terms such as ESG, impact investing, 
sustainability, and non-financial performance metrics, among others, 
encompass a wide variety of considerations without a common nexus and 
can take on different meanings to different people. In part, the 
confusion stems from the fact that, from its beginning, the ESG 
investing movement has had multiple goals, both pecuniary

[[Page 72848]]

and non-pecuniary.\15\ Moreover, ESG funds often come with higher fees, 
because additional investigation and monitoring are necessary to assess 
an investment from an ESG perspective.\16\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ See, e.g., OECD Business and Finance Outlook 2020 (Sept. 
2020), www.oecd.org/daf/oecd-business-and-finance-outlook-26172577.htm, at 29 (``The review of academic and industry 
literature reveals a wide range of approaches and results, which are 
largely inconsistent with one another. The research highlights the 
difficulty of identifying the real impact of ESG on investment 
performance.''); Scarlet Letters: Remarks of SEC Commissioner Hester 
M. Peirce before the American Enterprise Institute (June 18, 2019), 
www.sec.gov/news/speech/speech-peirce-061819; Paul Brest, Ronald J. 
Gilson, & Mark A. Wolfson, How Investors Can (and Can't) Create 
Social Value, European Corporate Governance Institute, Law Working 
Paper No. 394 (Mar. 29, 2018), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3150347, at 5; Ogechukwu Ezeokoli et al., 
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Investment Tools: A 
Review of the Current Field (Dec. 2017), www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/OASP/legacy/files/ESG-Investment-Tools-Review-of-the-Current-Field.pdf, at 11-13.
    \14\ See, e.g., OECD Business and Finance Outlook 2020 (Sept. 
2020), at 26-33, 47-58; Feifei Li & Ari Polychronopoulos, What a 
Difference an ESG Ratings Provider Makes! (Jan. 2020), 
www.researchaffiliates.com/documents/770-what-a-difference-an-esg-ratings-provider-makes.pdf; Florian Berg, Julian K[ouml]lbel, & 
Roberto Rigobon, Aggregate Confusion: The Divergence of ESG Ratings 
(Aug. 2019), MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5822-19, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3438533; Schroders, 2018 Annual Sustainable Investment 
Report (March 2019), www.schroders.com/en/insights/economics/annual-sustainable-investment-report-2018, at 22-23 (majority of passive 
ESG funds rely on a single third party ESG rating provider that 
``typically emphasize tick-the-box policies and disclosure levels, 
data points unrelated to investment performance and/or backward-
looking negative events with little predictive power'').
    \15\ See, e.g., Who Cares Wins: Connecting Financial Markets to 
a Changing World (2004), www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/events/2004/stocks/who_cares_wins_global_compact_2004.pdf, at v. (``Overall 
goals'' include ``[s]tronger and more resilient financial markets'' 
and ``[c]ontribution to sustainable development'').
    \16\ See, e.g., Principles for Responsible Investment, How Can a 
Passive Investor Be a Responsible Investor? (Aug. 2019), 
www.unpri.org/download?ac=6729, at 15 (ESG passive investing 
strategies likely result in higher fees compared to standard passive 
funds); Wayne Winegarden, ESG Investing: An Evaluation of the 
Evidence, Pacific Research Institute (May 2019), 
www.pacificresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ESG_Funds_F_web.pdf, at 11-12 (finding average expense ratio of 69 
basis points for ESG funds compared to 9 basis points for broad-
based S&P 500 index fund). In recent years, the asset-weighted 
expense ratio for ESG funds has decreased as ESG funds with lower 
expense ratios have attracted more fund flows than ESG funds with 
higher expense ratios. See Elisabeth Kashner, ETF Fee War Hits ESG 
and Active Management (Jan. 22, 2020), https://insight.factset.com/etf-fee-war-hits-esg-and-active-management.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has also undertaken 
initiatives related to ESG. The examination priorities of the 
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for 2020 include a particular 
interest in the accuracy and adequacy of disclosures provided by 
registered investment advisers offering clients new types or emerging 
investment strategies, such as strategies focused on sustainable and 
responsible investing, which incorporate ESG criteria.\17\ The SEC also 
solicited public comment on the appropriate treatment for funds that 
use terms such as ``ESG'' in their name and whether these terms are 
likely to mislead investors.\18\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See Office of Compliance Inspections and Examinations, U.S. 
Securities and Exchange Commission, 2020 Examination Priorities, at 
15, www.sec.gov/about/offices/ocie/national-examination-program-priorities-2020.pdf.
    \18\ See Request for Comment on Fund Names, Release No. IC-33809 
(Mar. 2, 2020) (85 FR 13221 (Mar. 6, 2020)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ESG investing raises heightened concerns under ERISA. Public 
companies and their investors may legitimately pursue a broad range of 
objectives, subject to the disclosure requirements and other 
requirements of the securities laws. Pension plans and other benefit 
plans covered by ERISA, however, are bound by statute to a narrower 
objective: Prudent management with an ``eye single'' to maximizing the 
funds available to pay benefits under the plan.\19\ Providing a secure 
retirement for American workers is the paramount, and eminently worthy, 
``social'' goal of ERISA plans; plan assets may never be enlisted in 
pursuit of other social or environmental objectives at the expense of 
ERISA's fundamental purpose of providing secure and valuable retirement 
benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ Donovan v. Bierwirth, supra note 2, 680 F.2d at 271.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Section 404(a)(1)(A) of ERISA expressly requires that plan 
fiduciaries act ``for the exclusive purpose of: (i) Providing benefits 
to participants and their beneficiaries; and (ii) defraying reasonable 
expenses of administering the plan.'' The Department is concerned, 
however, that the growing emphasis on ESG investing may prompt ERISA 
plan fiduciaries to make investment decisions for purposes distinct 
from providing benefits to participants and beneficiaries and defraying 
reasonable expenses of administering the plan. The Department is also 
concerned that some investment products may be marketed to ERISA 
fiduciaries on the basis of purported benefits and goals unrelated to 
financial performance.\20\ For example, the Department understands that 
the fund managers of some ESG investment funds offered to ERISA defined 
contribution plans represent that the fund is appropriate for ERISA 
plan investment platforms, while acknowledging in disclosure materials 
that the fund may perform differently, forgo investment opportunities, 
or accept different investment risks, in order to pursue the ESG 
objectives.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ See, e.g., James MacKintosh, A User's Guide to the ESG 
Confusion, Wall Street Journal (Nov. 12, 2019), www.wsj.com/articles/a-users-guide-to-the-esg-confusion-11573563604 (``It's hard 
to move in the world of investment without being bombarded by sales 
pitches for running money based on `ESG' ''); Mark Miller, Bit by 
Bit, Socially Conscious Investors Are Influencing 401(k)'s, New York 
Times (Sept. 27, 2019), www.nytimes.com/2019/09/27/business/esg-401k-investing-retirement.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This regulatory project was undertaken in part to make clear that 
ERISA plan fiduciaries may not subordinate return or increase risks to 
promote non-pecuniary objectives. The duty of loyalty--a bedrock 
principle of ERISA, with deep roots in the common law of trusts--
requires those serving as fiduciaries to act with a single-minded focus 
on the interests of beneficiaries.\21\ The duty of prudence prevents a 
fiduciary from choosing an investment alternative that is financially 
less beneficial than reasonably available alternatives. These fiduciary 
standards are the same no matter the investment vehicle or category.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ See Unif. Prudent Inv. Act section 5 cmt. (1995) (``The 
duty of loyalty is perhaps the most characteristic rule of trust 
law.''); see also Susan N. Gary, George G. Bogert, & George T. 
Bogert, The Law of Trusts and Trustees: A Treatise Covering the Law 
Relating to Trusts and Allied Subjects Affecting Trust Creation and 
Administration section 543 (3d ed. 2019) (quoting Justice Cardozo's 
classic statement in Meinhard v. Salmon, 249 N.Y. 458, 464 (1928) 
that ``[a] trustee is held to something stricter than morals of the 
market place. . . . Uncompromising rigidity has been the attitude of 
the courts of equity when petitioned to undermine the rule of 
undivided loyalty.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department believes that confusion with respect to these 
investment requirements persists, perhaps due in part to varied 
statements the Department has made on the use of non-pecuniary or non-
financial factors over the years in sub-regulatory guidance. 
Accordingly, the Department intends, by this final regulation, to 
promulgate principles of fiduciary standards for selecting and 
monitoring investments, and set forth the scope of fiduciary duties 
surrounding non-pecuniary issues. Under the final rule, plan 
fiduciaries, when making decisions on investments and investment 
courses of action, must focus solely on the plan's financial risks and 
returns and keep the interests of plan participants and beneficiaries 
in their plan benefits paramount. The fundamental principle is that an 
ERISA fiduciary's evaluation of plan investments must be focused solely 
on economic considerations that have a material effect on the risk and 
return of an investment based on appropriate investment horizons, 
consistent with the plan's funding policy and investment policy 
objectives. The corollary principle is that ERISA fiduciaries must 
never sacrifice investment returns, take on additional investment risk, 
or pay higher fees to promote non-pecuniary benefits or goals.
    The final rule recognizes that there are instances where one or 
more environmental, social, or governance factors will present an 
economic business risk or opportunity that corporate officers, 
directors, and qualified investment professionals would appropriately 
treat as material economic considerations under generally accepted 
investment theories. For example, a company's improper disposal of 
hazardous waste would likely implicate business risks and 
opportunities, litigation exposure, and regulatory obligations. 
Dysfunctional corporate governance can likewise present pecuniary risk 
that a qualified investment professional would appropriately consider 
on a fact-specific basis.
    The purpose of this action is to set forth a regulatory structure 
to assist ERISA fiduciaries in navigating these ESG investment trends 
and to separate the legitimate use of risk-return factors from 
inappropriate investments that sacrifice investment return, increase 
costs, or assume additional investment

[[Page 72849]]

risk to promote non-pecuniary benefits or objectives. The Department 
believes that addressing these issues in the form of a notice and 
comment regulation will help safeguard the interests of participants 
and beneficiaries in the plan benefits.

C. June 2020 Proposed Rule

    In June 2020 (85 FR 39113 (June 30, 2020)), the Department 
published in the Federal Register a proposed rule to amend the 
``investment duties'' regulation under Title I of the Employee 
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA), to confirm 
that ERISA requires plan fiduciaries to select investments and 
investment courses of action based solely on financial considerations 
relevant to the risk-adjusted economic value of a particular investment 
or investment course of action. The proposal was intended to provide 
regulatory guideposts for plan fiduciaries in light of recent trends 
involving ESG investing that the Department is concerned may lead ERISA 
plan fiduciaries to choose investments or investment courses of action 
to promote environmental, social, and other public policy goals 
unrelated to the interests of plan participants and beneficiaries in 
receiving financial benefits from the plan, and expose plan 
participants and beneficiaries to inappropriate investment risks or 
lower returns than reasonably available investment alternatives. The 
proposal retained the core principles in the current regulation that 
set forth requirements for satisfying the prudence duty under ERISA 
section 404(a)(1)(B) when deciding on plan investments and investment 
courses of action.
    The proposal suggested five major additions to the investment 
duties regulation. First, the proposal included new regulatory text 
that would require plan fiduciaries to select investments and 
investment courses of action based on financial considerations relevant 
to the risk-adjusted economic value of a particular investment or 
investment course of action. Second, the proposal added an express 
statement that compliance with the exclusive purpose (loyalty) duty in 
ERISA section 404(a)(1)(A) prohibits fiduciaries from subordinating the 
interests of plan participants and beneficiaries in retirement income 
and financial benefits to non-pecuniary goals. Third, a proposed new 
provision required fiduciaries to consider other available investments 
to meet their prudence and loyalty duties under ERISA. Fourth, the 
proposal acknowledged that ESG factors can be pecuniary factors, but 
only if they present economic risks or opportunities that qualified 
investment professionals would treat as material economic 
considerations under generally accepted investment theories. The 
proposal added new regulatory text, setting forth required investment 
analysis and documentation requirements in the rare circumstances when 
fiduciaries are choosing among truly ``indistinguishable'' investments 
(related to the so-called ``tie breaker rule''). The documentation 
requirement was intended to prevent fiduciaries from improperly finding 
economic equivalence and making decisions based on non-pecuniary 
benefits without a proper analysis and evaluation. Fiduciaries already 
commonly document and maintain records about their investment 
selections. The provision in the proposal would have made that general 
practice required where a fiduciary determines that alternative 
investment options are economically indistinguishable and where the 
fiduciary chooses one of the investments on the basis of a non-
pecuniary factor. Fifth, the proposal added a new provision on 
selecting designated investment alternatives for a defined contribution 
individual account plan (commonly referred to as 401(k)-type plans). 
The proposal reiterated the Department's view that the prudence and 
loyalty standards set forth in ERISA apply to a fiduciary's selection 
of an investment alternative to be offered to plan participants and 
beneficiaries in a defined contribution individual account plan. The 
proposal described the requirements for the selection of investment 
alternatives for such plans that purport to pursue one or more 
environmental, social, and corporate governance-oriented objectives in 
their investment mandates or that include such parameters in the fund 
name.
    Overall, the proposed rule was designed to assist fiduciaries in 
carrying out their responsibilities, while promoting the financial 
interests of current and future retirees. The Department acknowledged 
in the proposal that some plans would have to modify their processes 
for selecting and monitoring investments--in particular, plans whose 
current document and recordkeeping practices were insufficient to meet 
the proposal's requirements.
    The Department invited interested persons to submit comments on the 
proposed rule. In response to this invitation, the Department received 
more than 1,100 written comments submitted during the open comment 
period, and more than 7,600 submissions made as part of six separate 
petitions (i.e., form letters). These comments and petitions came from 
a variety of parties, including plan sponsors and other plan 
fiduciaries, individual plan participants and beneficiaries, financial 
services companies, academics, elected government officials, trade and 
industry associations, and others, both in support of and in opposition 
to the proposed rule. These comments were available for public review 
on the ``Public Comments'' page under the ``Laws and Regulations'' tab 
of the Department's Employee Benefits Security Administration 
website.\22\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ See www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa/laws-and-regulations/rules-and-regulations/public-comments/1210-AB95. The Department received 
some comment letters on the proposed rule that were submitted after 
the close of the comment period. Those late comments were not 
considered or posted on the Department's website.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many comments submitted on the proposal offered general support 
for, or opposition to, the Department's proposal. These comments did 
not contain specific or detailed arguments on provisions of the 
proposal or otherwise include relevant, empirical information in the 
form of data or cited studies. As such, the Department does not 
separately identify or discuss these general comments in this document, 
although the preamble, in its entirety, addresses the reasons for 
undertaking this regulatory initiative and the rationales for the 
Department's specific regulatory choices.
    Some commenters asserted that the proposal was ``unsupported by 
substantial evidence'' and was ``unwarranted by the facts,'' does not 
meet the minimum requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act, the 
Paperwork Reduction Act, or Executive order and Office of Management 
and Budget guidelines on cost-benefit analysis, and argued that the 
proposal could not withstand legal challenge in court. Several 
commenters argued for withdrawal of the proposed rule stating that the 
proposal neither demonstrated a compelling need for regulatory action 
nor demonstrated any fiduciary action that was injurious to plans. Some 
additionally argued that the Department had failed to employ the least 
burdensome method to effect any necessary change or to present any 
empirical data or evidence of a problem that justified the regulation. 
The Department, the commenters asserted, failed to provide a single 
example of any ERISA fiduciary allocating any investment on the basis 
of non-pecuniary criteria or any investigations or enforcement activity 
based on these concerns.

[[Page 72850]]

    Other commenters indicated that current guidance is sufficient to 
enable the Department to bring enforcement actions against fiduciaries 
who fail to meet their responsibilities. Further, they asserted, the 
regulation was not proposed pursuant to either an explicit statutory 
mandate or evidence of an actual documented problem. Some commenters 
responded to the Department's observation of the growing emphasis on 
ESG in the marketplace by arguing that the more frequent use of the 
term ``ESG'' does not indicate any improper fiduciary decision making. 
Some also argued that the Department's approach is incongruent with 
that of other regulators who require consideration of financially 
material ESG factors and focus on the importance of disclosure of those 
factors.
    With respect to the arguments of commenters concerning the 
Administrative Procedure Act, the Department believes that there are 
sufficient reasons to justify the promulgation of this final rule, 
including the lack of precision and consistency in the marketplace with 
respect to defining ESG investments and strategies, shortcomings in the 
rigor of the prudence and loyalty analysis by some participating in the 
ESG investment marketplace, and perceived variation in some aspects of 
the Department's past guidance on the extent a fiduciary may consider 
non-pecuniary factors in making investment decisions. Further, the 
iterative Interpretive Bulletins since 1994, followed by the Field 
Assistance Bulletin issued in 2018, and the number of advisory opinions 
and information letters historically issued on this topic demonstrate 
the need for notice and comment guidance issued under the 
Administrative Procedure Act.\23\ The Department does not believe that 
there needs to be specific evidence of fiduciary misbehavior or 
demonstrated injury to plans and plan participants in order to issue a 
regulation addressing the application of ERISA's fiduciary duties to 
the issue of investing for non-pecuniary benefits. The need for this 
regulation was also demonstrated by some commenters who indicated their 
intention to make, or current practice in making, plan investment 
decisions based on non-pecuniary factors, rather than based on 
investment risk and return. For example, some commenters claimed that 
ERISA fiduciaries must prioritize the long-term, absolute returns for 
``universal owners,'' and that collective investor action to manage 
social and environmental systems is necessary. As another example, 
other commenters argued that fiduciaries should be permitted to 
consider the potential for an investment to create jobs for workers who 
in turn would participate in the plan. These comments signal that the 
Department needs to address the use of non-pecuniary factors by 
fiduciaries when making decisions about ERISA plan investments and 
investment courses of action. Under the Department's authority to 
administer ERISA, the Department may promulgate rules that are 
preemptive in nature and is not required to wait for widespread harm to 
occur. The Department can ensure that demonstrated injury to plans and 
plan participants and beneficiaries are protected prospectively. 
Investing for non-pecuniary objectives raises heightened concerns under 
ERISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ See Executive Order 13891, 84 FR 55235 (Oct. 15, 2019) 
promoting notice and comment regulation for guidance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As the Department noted in the proposal, public companies and their 
investors may legitimately and properly pursue a broad range of 
objectives, subject to the disclosure requirements and other 
requirements of the securities laws. However, fiduciaries of pension 
and other benefit plans covered by ERISA are statutorily bound to 
manage those plans with a singular goal of maximizing the funds 
available to pay benefits under the plan. Indeed, the final rule 
furthers the paramount goal of ERISA plans to provide a secure 
retirement for American workers, and states that plans may not forego 
investment opportunities or assume investment risk to promote other 
non-financial goals.\24\ In response to comments stating that the 
current guidance is sufficient, the Department believes that there is a 
reasonable need for this rulemaking, for the reasons explained earlier. 
The Department also believes that proceeding through notice-and-comment 
rulemaking rather than promulgating further interpretive guidance has 
other benefits, including the benefit of public input and the greater 
stability of codified rules. Proceeding in this manner is also 
consistent with the principles of Executive Order 13891 and the 
Department's recently issued PRO Good Guidance rule, which emphasize 
the importance of public participation, fair notice, and compliance 
with the Administrative Procedure Act.\25\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ Executive Order 13868 on Promoting Energy Infrastructure 
and Economic Growth directed the Department to complete a review of 
available data filed with the Department in order to identify 
whether there are discernible trends with respect to plan 
investments in the energy sector. The order also required the 
Department to provide an update to the Assistant to the President 
for Economic Policy on any discernible trends in energy investments 
by such plans and to complete a review of existing Department of 
Labor guidance on the fiduciary responsibilities for proxy voting. 
Nothing in the order dealt with investing for non-pecuniary 
purposes. As a result, no reports related to the proposal were 
required by the Executive order.
    \25\ See 85 FR 53163 (Aug. 28, 2020) (promulgating the 
Department's rule on promoting regulatory openness through good 
guidance).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters complained that the 30-day comment period was too 
short given the complexity of the proposed changes, the magnitude of 
such changes to the retirement marketplace, and the need to prepare 
supporting data. They stated that those challenges were exacerbated by 
the present COVID-19 pandemic. Many commenters requested an extension 
of the comment period and that the Department schedule a public hearing 
on the proposal and allow the public record to remain open for post-
hearing comments from interested parties. The Department has considered 
these requests, but has determined that it is neither necessary nor 
appropriate to extend the public comment period, hold a public hearing, 
or withdraw or republish the proposed regulation. A substantial and 
comprehensive public comment record was developed on the proposal 
sufficient to substantiate promulgating a final rule. The scope and 
depth of the public record that has been developed itself belies 
arguments that a 30-day comment period was insufficient. In addition, 
most issues relevant to the proposal have been analyzed and reviewed by 
the Department and the public in the context of three separate 
Interpretive Bulletins issued in 1994, 2008, and 2015 and the public 
feedback that resulted.\26\ Finally, public hearings are not required 
under the Department's general rulemaking authority under section 505 
of ERISA, nor under the Administrative Procedure Act's procedures for 
rulemaking at 5 U.S.C. 553(c). In this case, a public hearing is not 
necessary to supplement an already comprehensive public record.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ Further, the Department has also considered this subject in 
the context of specific questions submitted by stakeholders since 
the 1980s. See, e.g., DOL Inf. Ltr to George Cox (Jan. 16, 1981); 
DOL Adv. Op. to Theodore R. Groom (Jan. 16, 1981); DOL Adv. Op. to 
Daniel E. O'Sullivan, Union Labor Life Ins. Co (Aug. 2, 1982); Ltr 
from Ass't Sec. Dennis Kass to Sen. Howard Metzenbuam (May 27, 
1985); DOL Adv. Op to James Ray, Union Labor Life Ins. Co. (July 8, 
1988); DOL Inf. Ltr. to Stuart Cohen, General Motors Corp. (May 14, 
1993).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Thus, this final rulemaking follows the notice and comment process 
required by the Administrative Procedure Act, and fulfills the 
Department's mission to protect, educate, and empower retirement 
investors as they face important choices

[[Page 72851]]

in saving for retirement in their employee benefit plans. This rule is 
considered to be an Executive Order (E.O.) 13771 regulatory action. 
Details on the estimated costs of this rule can be found in the final 
rule's economic analysis. The Department concluded that the additions 
to Sec.  2550.404a-1 (404a-1 regulation) and the rule's improvements to 
the Department's previous sub-regulatory guidance are appropriate and 
warranted. Accordingly, after consideration of the written comments 
received, the Department has determined to adopt the proposed 
regulation as modified and set forth below.

D. The Final Rule

    The final regulation sets forth fiduciary standards for selecting 
and monitoring investments held by ERISA plans, and addresses the scope 
of fiduciary duties surrounding non-pecuniary issues. The final 
regulation contains several important changes from the proposal in 
response to public comments. The fact that the loyalty principles of 
section 404(a)(1)(A) of ERISA are now coupled with the previous 
prudence regulation under section 404(a)(1)(B) confirms that, in making 
investment decisions of any kind, ERISA requires that both the 
principles of loyalty and of prudence must be considered. The final 
rule expressly applies these principles not just to investments and 
investment courses of action, but also to the selection of available 
investment options for plan participants in individual account plans.
    As more fully described below, the final rule makes five major 
amendments to the investment duties regulation under Title I of ERISA 
at 29 CFR 2550.404a-1. First, the final rule adds provisions to confirm 
that ERISA fiduciaries must evaluate investments and investment courses 
of action based solely on pecuniary factors--financial considerations 
that have a material effect on the risk and/or return of an investment 
based on appropriate investment horizons consistent with the plan's 
investment objectives and funding policy. The term ``investment course 
of action'' is defined in paragraph (f)(2) of the final rule to mean 
``any series or program of investments or actions related to a 
fiduciary's performance of the fiduciary's investment duties, and 
includes the selection of an investment fund as a plan investment, or 
in the case of an individual account plan, a designated investment 
alternative under the plan.'' Second, the final rule includes an 
express regulatory provision stating that compliance with the exclusive 
purpose (loyalty) duty in ERISA section 404(a)(1)(A) prohibits 
fiduciaries from subordinating the interests of participants to 
unrelated objectives, and bars them from sacrificing investment return 
or taking on additional investment risk to promote non-pecuniary goals. 
Third, the final rule includes a provision that requires fiduciaries to 
consider reasonably available alternatives to meet their prudence and 
loyalty duties under ERISA. Fourth, new regulatory text sets forth 
required investment analysis and documentation requirements for those 
circumstances in which plan fiduciaries use non-pecuniary factors when 
choosing between or among investments that the fiduciary is unable to 
distinguish on the basis of pecuniary factors alone. The final rule 
includes a related documentation requirement for such decisions 
intended to prevent fiduciaries from improperly finding economic 
equivalence or making investment decisions based on non-pecuniary 
benefits without appropriately careful analysis and evaluation. Fifth, 
the final rule states that the prudence and loyalty standards set forth 
in ERISA apply to a fiduciary's selection of designated investment 
alternatives to be offered to plan participants and beneficiaries in a 
participant-directed individual account plan. The final rule expressly 
provides that, in the case of selecting investment alternatives for an 
individual account plan that allows plan participants and beneficiaries 
to choose from a broad range of investment alternatives, as defined in 
29 CFR 2550.404c-1(b)(3), a fiduciary is not prohibited from 
considering or including an investment fund, product, or model 
portfolio merely because the fund, product, or model portfolio 
promotes, seeks, or supports one or more non-pecuniary goals, provided 
that the fiduciary satisfies the prudence and loyalty provisions in 
ERISA and the final rule, including the requirement to evaluate solely 
on pecuniary factors, in selecting any such investment fund, product, 
or model portfolio. However, the provision prohibits plans from adding 
any investment fund, product, or model portfolio as a qualified default 
investment alternative described in 29 CFR 2550.404c-5, or as a 
component of such an investment alternative, if the fund, product, or 
model portfolio's investment objectives or goals or its principal 
investment strategies include, consider, or indicate the use of one or 
more non-pecuniary factors.
    The provisions of the final rule are discussed below along with 
relevant public comments.

1. Section 2550.404a-1(a) and (b)--General Prudence and Loyalty 
Investment Duties

    The final rule builds upon the core principles provided by the 
original investment duties regulation on the issue of prudence under 
section 404(a)(1)(B) of ERISA, at 29 CFR 2550.404a-1, which the 
regulated community has been relying upon for more than 40 years.\27\ 
For example, as stated in the preamble to the 1979 regulation, it 
remains the Department's view that (1) generally the relative riskiness 
of a specific investment or investment course of action does not render 
such investment or investment course of action either per se prudent or 
per se imprudent, and (2) the prudence of an investment decision should 
not be judged without regard to the role that the proposed investment 
or investment course of action plays within the overall plan portfolio. 
It also remains the Department's view that an investment reasonably 
designed--as part of the portfolio--to further the purposes of the 
plan, and that is made with appropriate consideration of the relevant 
facts and circumstances, should not be deemed to be imprudent merely 
because the investment, standing alone, would have a relatively high 
degree of risk. The Department also continues to believe that 
appropriate consideration of an investment to further the purposes of 
the plan must include consideration of the characteristics of the 
investment itself and how it relates to the plan portfolio.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ 44 FR 37221, 37225 (June 26, 1979).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (a) of the final rule is unchanged from the proposal and 
includes a restatement of the statutory language of the exclusive 
purpose requirements of ERISA section 404(a)(1)(A) and the prudence 
duty of ERISA section 404(a)(1)(B). The existing 404a-1 regulation 
already included a restatement of the prudence duties that apply to 
fiduciary investment decisions under ERISA section 404(a)(1)(B). The 
final rule thus reinforces the core principles provided in the 
investment duties regulation by expressly referencing the separate 
loyalty duty imposed on fiduciary investment decisions under ERISA 
section 404(a)(1)(A). In effect, paragraph (a) of this final rule 
amends paragraph (a) in the 1979 investment duties regulation by adding 
the exclusive purpose requirements to the existing duty of prudence. 
That application of these

[[Page 72852]]

prudence and loyalty requirements is context-specific and depends on 
the facts and circumstances as made clear by the rest of the provisions 
of the rule.
    Some commenters asserted that the combination of prudence and 
loyalty in paragraph (a) of the proposal, together with the 
requirements of paragraph (b) as to how to satisfy those joint 
requirements when evaluating investments, were not simple 
clarifications of the existing investment duties regulation. Rather, in 
their view, that combination of amendments would have constituted the 
development of a new theory of loyalty beyond the Department's stated 
objective to address ESG investment developments, and which would have 
resulted in confusion regarding investment duties more generally. Some 
commenters, moreover, argued that the proposal's combination of 
amendments could violate established principles of statutory 
construction by establishing a regulation under which compliance with a 
single set of objective requirements would be sufficient to satisfy the 
requirements of both section 404(a)(1)(A)'s duty of loyalty and (B)'s 
duty of prudence. Unlike ERISA's duty of prudence, the duty of loyalty 
has not been interpreted by the courts to be an objective test 
requiring compliance with appropriate procedures, but has instead been 
measured by the subjective intent or motivation of the fiduciaries, 
according to the commenters. Nor have the courts extended the duty of 
loyalty to prohibit a fiduciary from considering implications external 
to the fiduciary's self-interest, so long as the fiduciary was focused 
on benefiting participants and beneficiaries and defraying reasonable 
plan expenses, according to the commenters. And finally, some 
commenters asserted that at least some authority interprets ERISA 
section 404(a)(1)(A) to permit some incidental benefits to others' 
interests as long as the primary purpose and effect of the action is to 
benefit the plan.
    As to the interplay between paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of the 
proposal, one commenter requested clarification that paragraph (b) of 
the proposal was intended to continue as a safe harbor, and was not the 
exclusive means for satisfying prudence. This commenter observed that 
the Department originally described paragraph (b) as a safe harbor in 
1979 when the investment duties regulation was originally published. 
This commenter was concerned that the specific requirements of 
paragraph (c) of the proposal did not appear to constitute a safe 
harbor. This commenter argued that if the Department's intent is to 
transform paragraph (b) from a safe harbor into minimum requirements, 
the Department must provide specific notice of this fact and solicit 
comments from the public while also assessing the costs and benefits of 
such a change.
    Some commenters also raised concerns that the Department should not 
have multiple prongs in the regulation variously stating that a 
fiduciary ``should not subordinate'' and ``should not otherwise 
subordinate.'' Similarly, one commenter argued that the phrase in the 
proposal ``and has otherwise complied with the duty of loyalty'' is 
circular because it includes compliance with the duty of loyalty as an 
element of complying with the duty of loyalty. Commenters argued that 
the addition of the phrase ``the duty of loyalty'' inside the 
definition of the duty of loyalty creates an invitation for courts to 
graft on additional responsibilities not included within either the 
Department's rule or section 404(a)(1)(A) of ERISA.
    One commenter asked the Department to replace its multi-part 
articulation of the duty of loyalty in the proposal with a simple 
clarification stating that ``a fiduciary may not subordinate the 
interests of participants and beneficiaries as retirement savers to any 
other interests of the participants, beneficiaries, the fiduciary 
itself or any other party.'' This commenter also proposed eliminating 
paragraph (c) regarding pecuniary factors in investment decisions 
altogether. The commenter argued that the advantage would be an easily 
understood, one-part test that captures both elements of the proposal 
without the need for special rules for ``pecuniary factors'' and other 
rules for ``non-pecuniary factors.''
    Other commenters argued that the prohibition in paragraph (b) 
against subordinating the interest of the participants and 
beneficiaries to the fiduciary's or another's interest is unnecessary 
in light of ERISA's prohibited transaction provisions, and, moreover, 
would likely have unintended consequences by making many common, 
accepted, and generally beneficial practices suspect, such as the use 
of proprietary products, fee sharing, and fee aggregation.
    The principles of loyalty under section 404(a)(1)(A) of ERISA 
prohibit a fiduciary from subordinating the interests of the 
participants and beneficiaries in their retirement income or other 
financial benefits under the plan to unrelated objectives. No commenter 
suggested to the contrary. Thus, the Department believes that including 
the duty of loyalty in a regulatory provision regarding investment 
activity should not be the surprise nor innovation some commenters 
alleged.
    The Department is persuaded by the comments that there is a better 
way than presented in the proposal to express the view that a fiduciary 
engaged in investments and investment courses of action may not 
subordinate the interests of the plan to unrelated objectives and that 
the fiduciary needs to focus on the pecuniary interests of the plan in 
complying with its prudence obligation under the plan. The Department 
is persuaded by the comments that it would be preferable to retain 
paragraph (b) as a provision addressing only the ERISA section 
404(a)(1)(B) prudence duty and revising paragraphs (c) and (d) to more 
specifically address the element of the duty of loyalty that requires 
fiduciaries to focus investment decision-making on providing financial 
benefits to participants under the plan and prohibits fiduciaries from 
subordinating the interests of participants and beneficiaries in their 
retirement income or financial benefits under the plan to unrelated 
objectives. This approach incorporates the duty of loyalty into the 
regulation while recognizing that the statute sets forth the duty of 
prudence and the duty of loyalty as separate fiduciary obligations.
    Further, the Department is persuaded by the comments that the 
``safe harbor'' nature of paragraph (b) in the original investment 
duties regulation should be preserved. However, the Department does not 
agree that its safe-harbor characterization of the 404a-1 regulation in 
1979 can fairly be read to suggest an unrestricted open field. Rather, 
in describing the regulation as a safe harbor, the Department cautioned 
that it was expressing no view on whether the prudence duty could be 
satisfied outside of the ``safe harbor'' provisions in the regulation: 
``It should also be noted that the Department does not view compliance 
with the provisions of the regulation as necessarily constituting the 
exclusive method for satisfying the requirements of the `prudence' 
rule. Rather, the regulation is in the nature of a `safe harbor' 
provision; it is the opinion of the Department that fiduciaries who 
comply with the provisions of the regulation will have satisfied the 
requirements of the `prudence' rule, but no opinion is expressed in the 
regulation as to the status of activities undertaken or performed that 
do not so comply.'' \28\ Although there may be

[[Page 72853]]

distinct circumstances where some other process would be prudent, in 
every case, ERISA fiduciaries are required to have a soundly reasoned 
and supported investment decision or strategy to satisfy the ERISA 
prudence requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ 44 FR at 37222 (June 26, 1979) (emphasis added).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result, proposed paragraph (b)(1) is modified in the final 
rule to remove the general references to the duty of loyalty under 
section 404(a)(1)(A) of ERISA, such as those contained in paragraphs 
(b)(1)(iii) and (iv) of the proposal, and to maintain its character as 
a safe harbor for prudent investment and investment courses of action 
as described in the original 1979 investment duties regulation. 
However, the safe harbor in paragraph (b) applies only to the duty of 
prudence under section 404(a)(1)(B) of ERISA. Under the final rule, the 
provisions set forth in paragraphs (c) and (d) are set forth as minimum 
requirements with respect to the aspects of the duty of loyalty 
addressed in those paragraphs, including the obligation to focus on 
pecuniary factors when making investment decisions. Thus, the final 
rule does not revise the current requirements that the fiduciary give 
appropriate consideration to a number of factors concerning the 
composition of the plan portfolio with respect to diversification, the 
liquidity and current return of the portfolio relative to the 
anticipated cash flow needs of the plan, and the projected return of 
the portfolio relative to the funding objectives of the plan. Paragraph 
(b)(1) of the final rule continues to provide that with regard to the 
consideration of an investment or investment course of action taken by 
a fiduciary of an employee benefit plan pursuant to the fiduciary's 
investment duties, the requirements of section 404(a)(1)(B) of the Act 
set forth in paragraph (a) are satisfied if the fiduciary (i) has given 
appropriate consideration to those facts and circumstances that, given 
the scope of such fiduciary's investment duties, the fiduciary knows or 
should know are relevant to the particular investment or investment 
course of action involved, including the role the investment or 
investment course of action plays in that portion of the plan's 
investment portfolio with respect to which the fiduciary has investment 
duties, and (ii) has acted accordingly.
    Paragraph (b)(2) of the proposal provided that for purposes of 
paragraph (b)(1) of the proposal, ``appropriate consideration'' shall 
include, but is not necessarily limited to (i) a determination by the 
fiduciary that the particular investment or investment course of action 
is reasonably designed, as part of the portfolio (or, where applicable, 
that portion of the plan portfolio with respect to which the fiduciary 
has investment duties), to further the purposes of the plan, taking 
into consideration the risk of loss and the opportunity for gain (or 
other return) associated with the investment or investment course of 
action, and (ii) consideration of the composition of the portfolio with 
regard to diversification, the liquidity and current return of the 
portfolio relative to the anticipated cash flow requirements of the 
plan, the projected return of the portfolio relative to the funding 
objectives of the plan as those factors relate to such portion of the 
portfolio, and how the investment or investment course of action 
compares to available alternative investments or investment courses of 
action with regard to those factors listed.
    Paragraph (b)(2) of the proposal was essentially the same as the 
provision in the 1979 investment duties regulation except for proposed 
paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(D) which required the consideration of how the 
investment or investment course of action compares to available 
alternative investments or investment courses of action with regard to 
those factors listed in paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) through (C). Thus, 
most related comments concerned proposed paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(D). 
Commenters assert that this provision is unclear as to extent of the 
requirement to evaluate alternatives. In some cases, commenters 
alleged, there may be no true alternative to a particular investment, 
because the opportunity is so unique. In other cases, the opportunity 
may lapse if a thorough undertaking of all alternatives is pursued. In 
yet other situations, the number of potential alternatives might be so 
numerous that consideration of every alternative is impossible. This 
lack of clarity may give rise to inappropriate second-guessing in which 
questions are raised as to whether a particular alternative (selected 
with the benefit of hindsight) should have been considered. Similarly, 
some commenters complained that the requirement does not necessarily 
take into account the complexities involved in defined benefit plan 
investment, which varies, among other items, by plan design, 
participant census, the sponsor's risk tolerance and a company's cash, 
and whether a proposed investment adds litigation risk. Commenters also 
argued the proposed provision may be at odds with the ERISA section 
404(c) regulation because it is unclear what ``available alternative 
investments'' means in the context of satisfying the 404(c) 
regulation's requirement to make available at least three investment 
alternatives meant to provide a broad-based selection. Further, 
commenters asked how to apply the obligation to consider alternative 
investments applies in situations where company stock is purchased for 
a plan through a plan provision that mandates such purchase.
    Commenters were concerned that the proposed rule provides no 
guidance as to how the relevant alternatives would be determined and 
how many of those alternatives the fiduciary is to use in performing 
the newly required comparison. For example, one commenter posited that 
the proposal might be read to require a fiduciary making a decision on 
a diversified stock fund that falls within Morningstar's large cap 
growth category to compare that investment to all of the approximately 
1,350 mutual funds within that category. Some commenters suggested that 
the Department should tell fiduciaries exactly how to conduct such an 
analysis to make the best prospective decision. Some expressed concern 
that the requirement opened fiduciaries to ``20/20 hindsight'' legal 
attacks by class action lawyers.
    The Department notes that the concept of comparing available 
investment alternatives is not new. Interpretive Bulletins on ESG and 
ETI investing issued by the Department expressed the view that facts 
and circumstances relevant to an investment or investment course of 
action would, in the view of the Department, include consideration of 
the expected return on alternative investments with similar risks 
available to the plan. Specifically, the Department observed that, 
because every investment necessarily causes a plan to forego other 
investment opportunities, an investment would not be prudent if it were 
expected to provide a plan with a lower rate of return than available 
investment alternatives with commensurate degrees of risk, or were 
riskier than available investment alternatives with commensurate rates 
of return.\29\ Such an analysis is similar to that required by 
paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(D) of the proposal. As a result, the concept of 
comparing investment opportunities as set forth in paragraph 
(b)(2)(ii)(D) cannot fairly be cast as new to the retirement investing 
community.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ See 29 CFR 2509.94-1 and 2509.2015-01.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, the proposal was not intended to require fiduciaries 
to ``scour the market'' and incur search costs on a practically 
infinite number of potential portfolios, nor could such a requirement 
be consistent with the duty

[[Page 72854]]

of prudence.\30\ Rather, as the Department noted when it issued the 
404a-1 regulation in 1979, the Department recognizes that a fiduciary 
should be required neither to expend unreasonable efforts in 
discharging his duties, nor to consider matters outside the scope of 
those duties. Accordingly, the regulation requires fiduciaries to give 
consideration to those facts and circumstances which, taking into 
account the scope of his investment duties, the fiduciary knows or 
should know are relevant to the particular investment decision 
involved.\31\ The scope of the fiduciary's inquiry in this respect, 
therefore, is limited to those facts and circumstances that a prudent 
person having similar duties and familiar with such matters would 
consider relevant. That same principle applies to consideration of 
alternative investment opportunities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ See Hecker v. Deere & Co., 556 F.3d 575, 586 (7th Cir. 
2009) (``nothing in ERISA requires every fiduciary to scour the 
market'').
    \31\ See 44 FR at 37223 (June 26, 1979).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, the Department has determined to keep the general 
concept of paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(D) in the final rule. However, we 
believe a better approach than the proposal is one that incorporates 
the concept in a way that is consistent with the Department's prior IB 
statements and at the same time addresses the requests of commenters 
for guidance as to the extent of the requirement to evaluate 
alternatives. The Department added new language to paragraph (b)(2)(i) 
to state that the consideration of risk and loss and the opportunity 
for gain (or other return) associated with the investment or investment 
courses of action should take place ``compared to the opportunity for 
gain (or other return) associated with reasonably available 
alternatives with similar risks.'' Under the final rule, a fiduciary is 
required only to compare alternatives that are reasonably available 
under the circumstances. The Department used the phrase ``reasonably 
available alternatives'' not only to confirm that the rule does not 
require fiduciaries to scour the market or to consider every possible 
alternative, but also to allow for the possibility that the 
characteristics and purposes served by a given investment or investment 
course of action may be sufficiently rare that a fiduciary could 
prudently determine, and document, that there were no other reasonably 
available alternatives for purpose of this comparison requirement. As a 
result, paragraph (b)(2) of the final rule provides that for purposes 
of paragraph (b)(1), ``appropriate consideration'' shall include, but 
is not necessarily limited to (i) a determination by the fiduciary that 
the particular investment or investment course of action is reasonably 
designed, as part of the portfolio (or, where applicable, that portion 
of the plan portfolio with respect to which the fiduciary has 
investment duties), to further the purposes of the plan, taking into 
consideration the risk of loss and the opportunity for gain (or other 
return) associated with the investment or investment course of action 
compared to the opportunity for gain (or other return) associated with 
reasonably available alternatives with similar risks, and (ii) 
consideration of the composition of the portfolio with regard to 
diversification, the liquidity and current return of the portfolio 
relative to the anticipated cash flow requirements of the plan, the 
projected return of the portfolio relative to the funding objectives of 
the plan as those factors relate to such portion of the portfolio, and 
how the investment or investment course of action compares to 
alternative investments or investment courses of action that were 
considered with regard to those factors listed.
    With respect to the comments arguing that ERISA section 
404(a)(1)(A) is purely a subjective motivation test, the Department 
does not believe that is a viable analytical approach and is concerned 
that such an interpretation would raise substantial feasibility 
questions about the application and enforcement of such a requirement. 
Rather, while motivation is undeniably a proper focus in applying a 
loyalty requirement under which fiduciary action must be based solely 
on the interests of participants and beneficiaries and for their 
``exclusive benefit,'' the Department believes that establishing 
regulatory guideposts, like the requirement to focus on pecuniary 
factors in investment decision-making, is an appropriate way to 
establish objective criteria that help fiduciaries understand how to 
comply with their duty of loyalty in the context of evaluating 
financial factors when selecting investments or investment courses of 
action.
    Since the scope of paragraph (b) in the final rule has been revised 
from the proposal to encompass only the obligations set forth in ERISA 
section 404(a)(1)(B), the proposal's inclusion in paragraph (b)(1)(iv) 
of a specific prohibition on a fiduciary subordinating the interests of 
participants and beneficiaries to the fiduciary's or another's interest 
is unnecessary. The Department further agrees that it is not necessary 
to have multiple provisions of the final rule contain the prohibition 
on ``not subordinating'' the interests of participants and 
beneficiaries. Thus, the Department eliminated paragraph (b)(1)(iv) of 
the proposal from the final rule, and, as described below, revised the 
final rule to address the Department's concerns regarding a focus in 
fiduciary investment activity on ``pecuniary factors'' through a 
revised provision in paragraph (c).\32\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ For similar reasons, the final rule does not carry forward 
the reference to the parallel exclusive purpose provision in ERISA 
section 403 that was in the proposal. The Department also concluded 
that the final rule should continue the focus of the current 404a-1 
regulation on section 404 of ERISA. Section 403(c) of ERISA provides 
in relevant part that the assets of the plan shall never inure to 
the benefit of any employer and shall be held for the exclusive 
purpose for providing benefits to participants in the plan and their 
beneficiaries and defraying reasonable expenses of the plan. 
Although similar, the text of ERISA section 403 is not identical to 
section 404(a)(1)(A) of ERISA, and the Department wanted to avoid 
any possible inference that compliance with the provisions of the 
final rule would also necessarily satisfy all the provisions of 
section 403 of ERISA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (b)(3) of the final rule merely moves what was paragraph 
(d) of the proposal to this new position in the regulatory text. This 
move was judged appropriate because the paragraph concerns compliance 
with the immediately preceding regulatory text of paragraphs (b)(1) and 
(2). Paragraph (d) of the proposal repeated a paragraph in the current 
404a-1 regulation which states that an investment manager appointed 
pursuant to the provisions of section 402(c)(3) of the Act to manage 
all or part of the assets of a plan may, for purposes of compliance 
with the provisions of paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of the proposal, rely 
on, and act upon the basis of, information pertaining to the plan 
provided by or at the direction of the appointing fiduciary, if such 
information is provided for the stated purpose of assisting the manager 
in the performance of the manager's investment duties, and the manager 
does not know and has no reason to know that the information is 
incorrect. This provision was originally part of the 1979 regulation, 
has remained unchanged since then, and no commenter suggested that the 
substance of the provision be changed. Paragraph (b)(3) of the final 
rule is essentially the same as the parallel provision in the original 
1979 investment duties regulation.

2. Section 2550.404a-1(c)(1)--Consideration of Pecuniary Factors

    Paragraph (c)(1) of the proposed rule required that a fiduciary's 
evaluation of an investment be focused only on pecuniary factors. The 
proposal expressly provided that it is unlawful for a fiduciary to 
sacrifice return or

[[Page 72855]]

accept additional risk to promote a public policy, political, or any 
other non-pecuniary goal. Paragraph (c)(1) also expressly acknowledged 
that ESG factors and other similar considerations may be pecuniary 
factors and economic considerations, but only if they present economic 
risks or opportunities that qualified investment professionals would 
treat as material economic considerations under generally accepted 
investment theories. The proposal emphasized that such factors, if 
determined to be pecuniary, must be considered alongside other relevant 
economic factors to evaluate the risk and return profiles of 
alternative investments. The proposal further provided that the weight 
given to pecuniary ESG factors should reflect a prudent assessment of 
their impact on risk and return--that is, they cannot be 
disproportionately weighted. The proposal also emphasized that 
fiduciaries' consideration of ESG factors must be focused on their 
potential pecuniary elements by requiring fiduciaries to examine the 
level of diversification, degree of liquidity, and the potential risk-
return profile of the investment in comparison with available 
alternative investments that would play a similar role in their plans' 
portfolios.
    A number of commenters offered nearly unqualified support for the 
rule, and endorsed the Department's efforts in moving forward with the 
proposal. Although some commenters expressed concern that the rule was 
complex and posited possible attendant compliance costs and uncertain 
legal liabilities, they deemed these costs justified by the protections 
offered by the proposal. Commenters also shared the concern of the 
Department that the growing emphasis on ESG investing may be prompting 
ERISA plan fiduciaries to make investment decisions for purposes 
distinct from providing benefits to participants and beneficiaries and 
defraying reasonable expenses of administering the plan. They agreed 
that the proposal was designed to make clear that ERISA plan 
fiduciaries may not invest in ESG vehicles when they understand an 
underlying investment strategy of the vehicle is to subordinate return 
or increase risk for the purpose of non-pecuniary objectives. They 
stated that investments should be made based on an evaluation of 
whether the investments will improve the financial performance of the 
plan. Other commenters stated that while they support individual 
investors' ability to pursue ESG investments that align with their 
values, they support the proposal's focus on decisions made by ERISA 
fiduciaries on plan participants' behalf, where enhancing financial 
returns is the overriding legal obligation of ERISA plan fiduciaries 
when making investment decisions. Some commenters supported the 
proposal's acknowledgement that ESG factors and other similar 
considerations may be economic considerations and the proposal's 
guidance to fiduciaries regarding how to consider pecuniary ESG factors 
when contemplating an investment decision, such as the importance of 
understanding the ``economic risks or opportunities'' attached to such 
considerations and appropriately weighing pecuniary ESG factors based 
on ``a prudent assessment of their impact on risk and return'' 
alongside other relevant economic factors necessary to make an 
investment decision. These commenters said that the proposed regulation 
would protect plan participants by ensuring that ERISA fiduciaries are 
making reasoned investment decisions based on all material information, 
including pecuniary ESG factors, available to them. Other commenters 
shared DOL's concern that the growing emphasis on ESG investing may be 
prompting fiduciaries to make investment decisions for reasons other 
than maximizing return to beneficiaries. Some commenters asserted that 
some ESG-focused funds have a stated goal of subordinating investor 
return or increasing investor risk for the purpose of achieving 
political or social objectives, citing ESG funds' disclosures that the 
commenters said highlighted the potential for reduced returns, 
increased risks, and heightened fees in service of social goals. These 
commenters asserted that the proposed rule clarifies that ERISA plan 
fiduciaries may not invest in ESG funds when the investment strategy of 
the fund subordinates return or takes on additional investment risk or 
costs for purposes of non-pecuniary objectives.
    Many commenters, however, expressed concern that the Department did 
not classify ESG as material financial factors that should be 
considered by fiduciaries in their investment evaluation and decision-
making. They pointed to evidence and research that they asserted makes 
clear that ESG factors are material economic considerations that must 
be integrated into fiduciary investment decisions. Some commenters 
asserted that ESG integration has been evolving and growing for decades 
primarily to help manage investment risks and to provide a proxy for 
management quality, which, they argued, were both pecuniary factors. 
Other commenters stated that the proposed rule appeared to be based on 
a presumption that ESG funds commonly select portfolio constituents 
based on ``non-pecuniary'' factors, without regard to risk and return. 
These commenters stated that they were not aware of any fund managers 
that select portfolio constituents without regard to financial 
performance, or risk and return.
    Some commenters acknowledged that the proposal expressly provided 
that ESG factors and other similar considerations may be pecuniary 
factors and economic considerations, but argued that, if the purpose of 
the rule is to establish a clear distinction between ESG used for risk-
return assessment and ESG used for collateral benefits (e.g. ESG 
investing for moral or ethical reasons or to benefit a third party), 
the Department should better define ESG risk-return factors to more 
clearly distinguish between the permissible and impermissible uses 
thereof, which are the heart of this issue. Some commenters similarly 
argued that the proposal would cause confusion because of its failure 
to distinguish ESG integration and economically targeted investing. ESG 
integration, the commenters assert, is the consideration of ESG factors 
as part of prudent risk management and a strategy to take investment 
actions aimed at responding to those risks, whereas economically 
targeted investing, by comparison, is investing with the aim to provide 
financial as well as collateral, non-financial benefits. These 
commenters argued that the proposal is aimed at ETIs and problems 
associated with ETIs rather than ESG integration into the risk-return 
analysis of investments, and raised concerns that the lack of a clearer 
distinction between the two in the proposal will discourage proper ESG 
risk-return integration. Another commenter raised a similar concern, 
but in the specific context of selecting investment funds for 
individual account plans, by asking that the Department distinguish 
between ESG-themed investment funds, where the primary investment 
strategy or principal purpose is to promote impermissible collateral 
benefits, and those investment funds that are not primarily focused on 
ESG factors, but instead use one or more ESG factors as part of their 
overall investment analysis.
    Some commenters asserted that instead of providing the needed 
flexibility to consider all material factors, the proposal would 
unnecessarily limit the discretion of the fiduciary to determine that 
ESG factors

[[Page 72856]]

may have a ``material effect on the return and risk of an investment'' 
by requiring ``qualified investment professionals'' to treat the factor 
as material economic considerations under generally accepted investment 
theories. They argued that the proposal, although based on generally 
accepted investment theories which by definition include changes to 
reflect an evolving financial marketplace, would still place restraints 
on the discretion fiduciaries need to adjust their investment practices 
to keep pace with the constantly changing investment landscape and 
emerging theories that develop alongside. For example, some commenters 
stated that the Department should avoid a regulatory structure that 
would require the Department and plan fiduciaries to referee references 
to ``qualified investment professionals,'' ``material,'' and 
``generally accepted investment theories.'' The commenters expressed 
concern that those terms invite subjective interpretations. One 
commenter expressed concern that some parties will likely attempt to 
undermine the rule's intent with claims that ESG-focused investing is 
already ``generally accepted.'' Other commenters argued that the 
proposal creates a heightened level of scrutiny for investments that 
involve ESG-integration that do not apply to any other type of 
investment.
    Many commenters stated that EBSA ignored academic and financial 
studies and papers showing that more sustainable companies and funds do 
not sacrifice performance compared with less sustainable peers, and in 
fact are somewhat more likely to outperform than to underperform. They 
cite, for example, a 2018 Government Accountability Office study that 
concluded the majority of asset managers interviewed found that 
incorporating ESG factors enhanced retirement plans' risk 
management.\33\ The GAO also noted more than half of the asset managers 
interviewed were ``incorporating ESG factors to improve the long-term 
performance of retirement plan portfolios.'' Another commenter cited a 
study saying that sustainable funds provided returns in line with 
comparable traditional funds while reducing downside risk. During a 
period of extreme volatility, the commenters assert that they saw 
strong statistical evidence that sustainable funds are more stable. A 
2015 Harvard Business School paper found that firms with strong ratings 
on material sustainability issues have better future performance than 
firms with inferior ratings on the same issues. In contrast, firms with 
strong ratings on immaterial issues do not outperform. Some commenters 
stated that numerous sophisticated investors have indicated that their 
ESG investments, social benefits notwithstanding, are fundamentally 
driven by expected financial returns, including considerations 
regarding long-term value, opportunity, and risk, and cited studies 
indicating that an ESG perspective can improve performance, including 
studies that purport to show, according to the commenters, that ESG-
focused indexes have matched or exceeded returns of their standard 
counterparts, with comparable volatility. They also cited studies 
purporting to show that investors who screened for ESG factors could 
have avoided 90 percent of S&P 500 bankruptcies from 2005 to 2015 and 
that S&P 500 companies in the top 25 percent by ESG ratings experienced 
lower future earnings-per-share volatility than those in the bottom 25 
percent. A commenter observed, in its view, that there was better risk-
adjusted performance across ``sustainable'' products globally under 
recent market stress (including severe turmoil in the first quarter of 
2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ Government Accountability Office Report No. 18-398, 
Retirement Plan Investing: Clearer Information on Consideration of 
Environmental, Social, and Governance Factors Would Be Helpful 
(2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Representatives of the multiemployer plan community commented on 
the proposal's provisions requiring that the focus of fiduciaries when 
making investment decisions must be on pecuniary interests of the plan, 
and requested that the Department add a particular consideration within 
the meaning of ``pecuniary'' factor. According to these commenters, the 
proposal failed to consider and distinguish between the different types 
of defined benefit pension plans and how relevant pecuniary factors 
might differ between different types of ERISA plans. They asserted that 
there are several differences between multiemployer and single employer 
defined benefit pension plans relevant for purposes of this regulation: 
The source and nature of plan contributions; the pecuniary impact of 
contributions on the plan, its participants, and beneficiaries; and the 
consequent ability of the plan to make investments that advance, 
promote, and support the pecuniary interests of the plan, its 
participants, and beneficiaries through plan contributions. These 
commenters argued that, unlike single employer plans, multiemployer 
plans have a significant track record of being able to make investments 
that earn competitive risk-adjusted returns and that directly put plan 
participants to work, thereby generating new contributions to the plan. 
According to these commenters, if a given investment results in a 
pension fund receiving additional contributions, such contributions are 
as much a pecuniary factor as any gain or loss on the investment. Some 
commenters made a similar point with respect to defined contribution 
plans. They asserted that increased participation and contributions 
should be recognized as pecuniary factors for defined contribution 
plans and pointed to surveys demonstrating that including ESG 
investment alternatives has a positive effect on employees' interest in 
participating in and contributing to retirement savings plans.
    Some commenters questioned the proposal's requirement to consider 
only pecuniary factors when ERISA investment fiduciaries routinely 
consider non-pecuniary interests as part of their fiduciary process. 
They argued, for example, that ERISA specifically provides for plan 
investments in qualifying employer securities. In the case of employee 
stock ownership plans (ESOPs), they noted that such plans are designed 
for investment primarily in employer securities. They said that the 
proposal conflicted with statutory authorization to invest in employer 
securities by requiring plan fiduciaries to justify the inclusion of 
company stock based solely on ``pecuniary'' factors and by comparison 
to ``available alternative investments or investment courses of 
action.'' Other commenters suggested that the proposal's focus on risk-
return features of an investment or investment course of action would 
likely have unintended consequences on many common, accepted, and 
generally beneficial practices by rendering them suspect, such as the 
use of proprietary products, fee sharing, and fee aggregation. Some 
comments contended that investment managers and fiduciaries routinely 
take into consideration a variety of factors that do not necessarily 
have a ``material effect on the risk and/or return'' of a particular 
investment. They cited, for example, that a plan committee may consider 
a fund manager's brand or reputation when determining whether to 
include that fund in the plan's menu. A fiduciary might account for 
operational considerations when selecting one investment fund over 
another, where those operational considerations may have a bearing on 
the fees borne by participants or the smooth operation of the plan. A 
fiduciary also might decide to choose an investment regulated in

[[Page 72857]]

one legal regime over another because of the protection the fiduciary 
believes the particular regulatory regime offers, or it might find the 
disclosures produced by one investment provider easier for participants 
to understand. Another commenter noted that reasonable and necessary 
plan administrative expenses are commonly offset with payments or 
credits attributable to the plan's investment options, and asked 
whether the focus on risk-return characteristics would prohibit a 
fiduciary from considering the administrative fee offset the plan would 
receive when selecting an investment option. Some commenters expressed 
concern that the proposal also could encourage litigation by having the 
plaintiffs' bar second-guess whether a decision is solely for the 
financial benefit of participants and beneficiaries based on incidental 
benefits that may accrue to plan fiduciaries (even though case law and 
Departmental guidance have approved such benefits if they are merely 
incidental and flow from a fiduciary decision that satisfies ERISA's 
prudence and loyalty requirements).\34\ One of these commenters also 
expressed concern about such litigation alleging that the selection of 
one investment over another sacrificed investment returns even if the 
decision was justified by the use of revenue sharing to obtain lower 
administrative fees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ See Lockheed Corp. v. Spink, 517 U.S. 882 (1996); Hughes 
Aircraft Co. v. Jacobsen, 525 U.S. 432 (1999). See also Advisory 
Opinion 2011-05A (noting that a fiduciary decision to use plan 
assets to add a wellness benefit to plan benefits under existing, 
supplemental or new insurance policies or contracts would not 
violate ERISA because the employer sponsoring the plan may receive 
incidental benefits, such as lower plan costs, as a result of the 
wellness benefits being added to the plan).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters argued that the Department's focus on risk and 
return was not an appropriate approach for addressing ESG 
considerations in decisions regarding management of plan investments. 
They argued that given the critical importance of overall market 
return, and the danger to that return from company activities that 
damage social and environmental systems, plan beneficiaries need 
protection from individual companies that focus on their own 
performance in ways that damage overall market return. Commenters 
argued that in order to protect the interest of plans and 
beneficiaries, plan fiduciaries must consider whether they can 
effectively engage with companies to limit or eliminate conduct that 
threatens the social and economic systems that diversified portfolios 
rely on over the long term. They argued that fiduciary investors must 
focus on and prioritize outcomes at the economy or society-wide scale, 
or ``beta'' issues such as climate change and corruption, not just on 
the risks and returns of individual holdings. They contended that 
fiduciary investment duties must prioritize the long-term, absolute 
returns for ``universal owners,'' and that collective investor action 
to manage social and environmental systems is needed in order to 
satisfy the fiduciary duties of investment trustees.
    One commenter suggested that the definition of ``pecuniary factor'' 
was too narrow and recommended modifying it to mean a factor that could 
reasonably be expected to have a material effect on the risk and/or 
return of an investment based on appropriate investment horizons 
consistent with the plan's investment objectives and the funding policy 
established pursuant to section 402(b)(1) of ERISA.
    Still another commenter suggested that ``appropriate investment 
horizon'' be better defined in the definition of ``pecuniary factor'' 
to ensure that the long-term horizons for certain policy objectives are 
not substituted for those relating to the time-horizon of retirees.
    As the Department explained in the proposal, it is the long-
established view of the Department that ERISA fiduciaries must always 
put first the economic interests of the plan in providing retirement 
benefits. A fiduciary's evaluation of the economics of an investment 
should be focused on financial factors that have a material effect on 
the return and risk of an investment based on appropriate investment 
horizons consistent with the plan's articulated funding and investment 
objectives. In the preamble to the proposal, the Department recognized 
that there could be instances when ESG issues present material business 
risk or opportunities to companies that company officers and directors 
need to manage as part of the company's business plan and that 
qualified investment professionals would treat as economic 
considerations under generally accepted investment theories. In such 
situations, these issues are themselves appropriate economic 
considerations, and thus should be considered by a prudent fiduciary 
along with other relevant economic factors to evaluate the risk and 
return profiles of alternative investments. The proposal even provided 
additional guidance as to when it was appropriate to consider ESG 
matters as pecuniary factors in making investment decisions. Thus, the 
proposal fundamentally accepted, rather than ignored as claimed by some 
commenters, the economic literature and fiduciary investment experience 
that showed ESG considerations may present issues of material business 
risk or opportunities to companies that company officers and directors 
need to manage as part of the company's business plan and that 
qualified investment professionals would treat as economic 
considerations under generally accepted investment theories. Rather, 
the proposal sought to make clear that, from a fiduciary perspective, 
the relevant question is not whether a factor under consideration is 
``ESG'', but whether it is a pecuniary factor relevant to an evaluation 
of the investment or investment course of action under consideration. 
Nonetheless, the Department is persuaded by its review of the public 
comments that ``ESG'' terminology, although used in common parlance 
when discussing investments and investment strategies, is not a clear 
or helpful lexicon for a regulatory standard. As one commenter put it, 
```ESG investing' resists precise definition.'' Rather, ``[r]oughly 
speaking, it is an umbrella term that refers to an investment strategy 
that emphasizes a firm's governance structure or the environmental or 
social impacts of the firm's products or practices.'' The Department 
agrees that ESG terminology suffers from two distinct shortcomings as a 
regulatory standard. First, as the Department noted in the proposal, 
and many commenters agreed, various other terms have been used to 
describe this and related investment behaviors, such as socially 
responsible investing, sustainable and responsible investing, impact 
investing, and economically targeted investing. Moreover, the terms do 
not have a uniform meaning and the terminology is evolving, and the 
non-pecuniary goals being advocated today may not be the same as those 
advocated in future years. Second, by conflating unrelated 
environmental, social, and corporate governance factors into a single 
term, ESG invites a less than appropriately rigorous analytical 
approach in evaluating whether any given E, S, or G consideration 
presents a material business risk or opportunity to a company that 
corporate officers and directors should manage as part of the company's 
business plan and that qualified investment professionals would treat 
as economic considerations in evaluating an investment in that company. 
The Department also believes that adopting ESG terminology in an 
investment duties regulation invites the arguments, made by some 
commenters, that all manner of ESG considerations are always and in 
every case a pecuniary factor that must be

[[Page 72858]]

considered as such in all investment decisions, or even that ESG should 
be a mandatory investment strategy for prudent fiduciaries. Such 
positions are inconsistent with the Department's considered view and 
sound policy.
    Thus, the final rule removes all ESG terminology from the proposed 
regulatory text. The Department anticipates that when a fiduciary is 
faced with a purported ESG factor in an investment, the regulatory 
requirement will be clearer and more consistent if it demands that 
fiduciaries focus on providing participants with the financial benefits 
promised under the plan and focus on whether a factor is pecuniary, 
rather than being required to navigate imprecise and ambiguous ESG 
terminology. The ERISA fiduciary duty of prudence requires portfolio-
level attention to risk and return objectives reasonably suited to the 
purpose of the account, diversification, cost-sensitivity, 
documentation, and ongoing monitoring. The proposal was not intended to 
suggest that these principles apply other than neutrally to all 
investment decisions by a trustee or other fiduciary, whether in the 
context of a direct investment or menu construction in an individual 
account plan. For similar reasons, the Department declines to follow 
suggestions from some commenters that ESG factors are necessarily 
pecuniary and that the Department should specifically mandate that 
fiduciaries consider ESG factors as part of their investment duties.
    At the time of the investment decision, fiduciaries should be 
focused on whether or not any given factor would materially affect the 
risk and/or return of the investment over an appropriate time horizon. 
The intent of the proposal was to address the Department's continued 
concern about the growing emphasis on ESG investing that seeks to 
achieve non-pecuniary objectives or goals that are unrelated to the 
interests of the plan's participants and beneficiaries in their 
retirement income or financial benefits under the plan, and the 
consequence that ERISA plan fiduciaries may be prompted to make 
investment decisions for purposes distinct from providing benefits to 
participants and beneficiaries and defraying reasonable expenses of 
administering the plan. Thus, the proposal was intended to ensure that 
ERISA fiduciaries comply with their investment duties in a consistent 
and appropriate fashion in the face of ESG-driven market 
developments.\35\ The Department believes that the generally applicable 
prudence requirements in paragraph (a) of the final rule, together with 
a requirement in paragraphs (c) and (d) of the final rule demanding a 
focus on pecuniary factors and the definition of pecuniary factors in 
paragraph (f), are sufficient to establish an appropriate regulatory 
standard in this context.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ See, e.g., James MacKintosh, A User's Guide to the ESG 
Confusion, Wall Street Journal (Nov. 12, 2019), www.wsj.com/articles/a-users-guide-to-the-esg-confusion-11573563604 (``It's hard 
to move in the world of investment without being bombarded by sales 
pitches for running money based on `ESG' ''); Mark Miller, Bit by 
Bit, Socially Conscious Investors Are Influencing 401(k)'s, New York 
Times (Sept. 27, 2019), www.nytimes.com/2019/09/27/business/esg-401k-investing-retirement.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As a result, paragraph (c)(1) of the final rule retains the 
requirement in the proposal that fiduciary evaluation of an investment 
must be focused only on pecuniary factors. As in the proposal, the 
final rule's paragraph (c)(1) is a legal requirement and not a safe 
harbor. The final rule also retains the text from the proposal that 
expressly states that plan fiduciaries are not permitted to sacrifice 
investment return or take on additional investment risk to promote non-
pecuniary benefits or any other non-pecuniary goals, but has been 
revised to include text from proposed paragraph (b)(1)(iii), modified 
slightly, that a fiduciary may not subordinate the interests of the 
participants and beneficiaries in their retirement income or financial 
benefits under the plan to other objectives. Even commenters that 
opposed the Department's proposal generally agreed that such a 
provision appropriately described a fiduciary's duty of loyalty under 
ERISA.\36\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ The language in proposed (b)(1)(iii) referred to 
``unrelated objectives,'' rather than ``other objectives.'' The 
Department has used ``unrelated objectives'' in previous sub-
regulatory guidance. However, that language could be misconstrued as 
providing a loophole to allow fiduciaries to consider and to 
subordinate participants and beneficiaries' financial interests to 
objectives that are in any way related to the interests of 
participants and beneficiaries in their retirement income or 
financial benefits under the plan. It was not the Department's 
intent--and nor would it be consistent with ERISA--to allow 
fiduciaries to subordinate the interests of participants and 
beneficiaries in their retirement income or financial benefits under 
the plan to any other objective, and the Department has revised the 
language used in the final rule text to ensure that it is not 
misconstrued.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to the provisions of paragraph (c) of the proposal 
that would have separately required compliance with prudence 
obligations set forth in paragraph (b) (e.g., that the weight given to 
any particular pecuniary factors should appropriately reflect a prudent 
assessment of their impact on risk and return, and that fiduciaries 
considering pecuniary factors examine the level of diversification, 
degree of liquidity, and the potential risk-return in comparison with 
other available alternative investments that would play a similar role 
in their plans' portfolios), the Department agrees with the observation 
of one commenter that identifying these requirements separately in 
paragraph (c)(1) and tying them to regulatory text about 
``environmental, social, corporate governance, or other similarly 
oriented factors'' could be misconstrued as applying these general 
prudence criteria in some unique (or at least more rigorous) fashion to 
ESG and ``other similarly oriented'' investment strategies. 
Accordingly, in order to avoid redundant and potentially confusing 
regulatory requirements, the specific provisions on those obligations 
that were in paragraph (c) of the proposal have been eliminated from 
paragraph (c) of the final rule and replaced with a more general 
requirement that the weight given to any pecuniary factor by a 
fiduciary should appropriately reflect a prudent assessment of its 
impact on risk and return. As modified, this provision will provide 
fiduciaries the necessary flexibility to evaluate and consider the 
particular pecuniary factors relevant to a specific investment or 
investment course of action, while focusing paragraph (c) on the 
principal objective of adding to the regulation an express provision 
that the duty of fiduciaries is to act with an eye single toward 
furthering participants' ``financial'' rather than ``nonpecuniary'' 
benefits.
    Further, the Department did not intend the reference to ``generally 
accepted investment theories'' to foreclose ERISA fiduciaries from 
considering emerging theories regarding prudent investment practices or 
otherwise freeze investment practice as of the date of the rule. 
Rather, the intent was to establish a regulatory guardrail against 
situations in which plan investment fiduciaries might be inclined to 
use, as one example, policy-based metrics in their assessment of the 
pecuniary value of an investment or investment plan that are inherently 
biased toward inappropriate overestimations of the pecuniary value of 
policy-infused investment criteria. The Department intended to 
communicate the idea that the fiduciary is required to have a soundly 
reasoned and supported investment decision or strategy to satisfy the 
ERISA prudence requirement. However, the Department has decided not to 
include this provision in the final rule, but rather to rely on the 
definition of pecuniary factor as the governor for investment decisions 
without specifically constraining the criteria that a fiduciary

[[Page 72859]]

could consider in making a prudent judgment. Although not retained as 
express regulatory text in the final rule, the Department believes that 
it would be consistent with ERISA and the final rule for a fiduciary to 
treat a given factor or consideration as pecuniary if it presents 
economic risks or opportunities that qualified investment professionals 
would treat as material economic considerations under generally 
accepted investment theories. In this regard, it is based on the 
essence of the 1979 investment duties regulation, the conditions of 
which basically require the judgment of a prudent expert--and if the 
decision maker does not have the expertise himself, he should consult 
such an expert. For example, in a 1996 letter to Eugene Ludwig, 
Comptroller of the Currency, regarding the ERISA duty of prudence in 
the context of an evaluation of the prudence of derivative investments, 
the Department stated that among other things, the fiduciary should 
determine whether it possesses the requisite expertise, knowledge, and 
information to understand and analyze the nature of the risks and 
potential returns involved in a particular derivative investment. The 
letter pointed out that the fiduciary must determine whether the plan 
has adequate information and risk management systems in place given the 
nature, size, and complexity of the plan's investment activity, and 
whether the plan fiduciary has personnel who are competent to manage 
those systems.\37\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ See Letter to Eugene A. Ludwig from Olena Berg (March 21, 
1996), and also Advisory Opinions 2002-14A and 2006-08A; and Letter 
to J. Mark Iwry (Oct. 23, 2014).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also did not intend that the provision be read, as 
some commenters did, as a limitation on the ability of ERISA 
fiduciaries to consider all relevant factors in evaluating whether 
factors may have a ``material effect on the return and risk of an 
investment.'' Rather, when comparing investment or investment courses 
of action, including selection of designated investment alternatives in 
the case of participant-directed individual account plans, a fiduciary 
satisfies its obligations under paragraph (c)(1) by evaluating factors 
that are expected to result in a material difference among reasonably 
available alternatives with respect to risk and/or return. Thus, the 
final rule neither specifically prohibits nor permits the use of 
proprietary products, fee sharing, and fee aggregation, but requires 
the fiduciary to evaluate whether such practices are expected to have a 
material effect on risk and/or return as compared to the reasonably 
available alternatives. If a fiduciary were to prudently conclude that 
a fund manager's brand or reputation will materially affect the 
expected risk and/or return as funds, then such factors would be 
pecuniary. Similarly, to the extent that the net expenses incurred by 
the plan, such as for plan administration or to develop disclosures 
that are easier for participants to understand, are expected to 
materially affect the risk and return of one alternative as compared to 
another, such factors would be considered pecuniary. Finally, in 
response to some commenters, the Department did not intend to imply in 
the proposal that, in evaluating investments or investment courses of 
action, a fiduciary must always select the one with the lowest cost. 
Depending on the facts and circumstances, a fiduciary may conclude that 
a particular investment or investment course of action is prudent even 
though it entails higher risk or cost.
    The Department, however, cautions fiduciaries against too hastily 
concluding that ESG-themed funds may be selected based on pecuniary 
factors or are not distinguishable based on pecuniary factors, thereby 
triggering the tie-breaking provision of paragraph (c)(2) of the final 
rule. A number of commenters touted the performance of ESG-themed funds 
for selected time periods, particularly after the widespread COVID-19 
outbreak, as compared to more conventional alternatives. However, 
questions have been raised as to whether such performance was caused by 
a particular ESG strategy or merely correlated with broader economic 
trends unrelated to a specific ESG factor. The Department observes that 
many ESG-themed funds have been over-weighted in technology and 
underweighted in energy as compared to more conventional alternatives, 
which has affected certain funds' returns in recent periods. Technology 
assets performed relatively better during the recent pandemic, while 
energy markets that were already in turmoil from global excess supply 
declined further due to widespread decrease in demand, including due to 
reductions in travel. This difference in portfolio composition can 
affect the level of risk associated with the corresponding return and a 
fiduciary would need to prudently balance such considerations when 
comparing alternatives.
    In response to the commenter who suggested that the definition of 
``pecuniary factor'' should be modified to include a ``reasonably be 
expected'' provision, the Department has revised the definition to mean 
a factor that a fiduciary prudently determines is expected to have a 
material effect on risk and/or return of an investment based on 
appropriate investment horizons consistent with the plan's investment 
objectives and the funding policy established pursuant to section 
402(b)(1) of ERISA. The Department believes that a prudent 
determination incorporates a reasonableness standard of care, but has 
revised the definition to use terminology that is more consistent with 
the statutory language of ERISA section 404(a)(1)(B), which includes 
more than reasonableness. Thus, the final rule recognizes that the 
nature of the fiduciary investment judgments will necessarily involve 
forward-looking expectations when evaluating investment alternatives 
and strategies. The Department is also retaining the concept of 
materiality in the definition of ``pecuniary factor'' as it believes 
that fiduciaries and investment managers are generally familiar with 
that concept from its use in connection with both ERISA and the Federal 
securities laws.
    With respect to the consideration of how the final rule and its 
emphasis on pecuniary factors would influence the selection of company 
stock for a plan, the Department notes first that commenters should not 
have concern on this issue. The basic ERISA principles governing 
fiduciaries have coexisted with the use of ESOPs for many years, and 
this rule does not disturb them. This rule is focused on principles of 
pecuniary and nonpecuniary investing in the broader marketplace. This 
rule does not have as one of its objectives any changes to the long-
established use of ESOPs by companies that wish to do so.
    Second and relatedly, the Department recognizes that ESOPs are 
typically set in most respects by the employer's settlor function, and 
further that they are congressionally sanctioned under a particularized 
statutory framework compatible with this rule. Most acquisitions of 
company stock and use of company stock funds in individual account 
plans are directed by the plan or instruments governing the plan. 
Investments in qualifying employer securities are explicitly authorized 
by statutory provisions in ERISA, and subject to specific statutory 
conditions that Congress enacted as elements of Federal employee 
benefits law. For example, there are specific provisions for employer 
securities in the requirements under ERISA section 101(i) related to 
notice of blackout periods to participants or beneficiaries under 
individual account plans. Section 101(m) includes special disclosure 
rules

[[Page 72860]]

for individual account plans on the right to divest employer securities 
with respect to any type of contribution. Section 105 on individual 
benefit statements requires individual account plans to include an 
explanation, written in a manner calculated to be understood by the 
average plan participant, of the importance, for the long-term 
retirement security of participants and beneficiaries, of a well-
balanced and diversified investment portfolio, including a statement of 
the risk that holding more than 20 percent of a portfolio in the 
security of one entity (such as employer securities) may not be 
adequately diversified. Section 204(j) of ERISA includes special 
diversification requirements for certain individual account plans 
governing investments in employer securities. ERISA sections 404(a)(2) 
and 407 provide specific rules for the application of ERISA's 
diversification requirements to the acquisition of ``qualifying 
employer securities.'' The U.S. Supreme Court has concluded that there 
is no special presumption of prudence under ERISA favoring ESOP 
fiduciaries, stating that ``the same standard of prudence applies to 
all ERISA fiduciaries, including ESOP fiduciaries, except that an ESOP 
fiduciary is under no duty to diversify the ESOP's holdings.'' \38\ 
Similarly, the duties of prudence and loyalty set forth in this 
regulation apply in the context of the pertinent provisions of ERISA. 
In short, the statutory provisions in ERISA, and others in the Internal 
Revenue Code, make clear that plan fiduciaries are permitted to invest 
in employer securities following the direction of a plan document with 
respect to acquisitions or holding of employer stock,\39\ provided the 
fiduciary satisfies the applicable conditions in the statute, and acts 
prudently and loyally.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ Dudenhoeffer, 573 U.S. at 418-419.
    \39\ The Department has taken the position that there is a class 
of activities that relate to the formation, rather than the 
management, of plans. These activities, generally referred to as 
settlor functions, include decisions relating to the formation, 
design, and termination of plans and, except in the context of 
multi-employer plans, generally are not activities subject to Title 
I of ERISA. As such, decisions that are settlor functions would not 
be subject to the final rule provisions that govern fiduciary 
investment duties. The Department notes, however, that actions taken 
to implement settlor decisions may involve fiduciary activities, 
and, to the extent those activities involve fiduciary investment 
decisions, they would be subject to the provisions of this final 
rule. See Advisory Opinion 2001-01A; Advisory Opinion 97-03A; 
Letters to Kirk Maldonado from Elliot Daniel (March 2, 1987); and 
Letter to John Erlenborn from Dennis Kass (March 13, 1986).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to the comments by the multiemployer plan community 
requesting that the Department adjust its definition of pecuniary 
factor to include increased contributions to plans as a result of 
investments, the Department has previously addressed this and similar 
issues in a number of advisory opinions and information letters.\40\ 
Specifically, the Department has repeatedly explained that increased 
plan contributions and similar factors are not economic factors, but 
that they are the type of non-economic factor that may be considered 
where a fiduciary is permitted to make an investment decision on the 
basis of a non-pecuniary factor.\41\ Increasing plan contributions and 
similar factors do not assist a fiduciary in determining the expected 
return on or riskiness of an investment, as plan contributions do not 
constitute a ``return'' on investment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ See, e.g., DOL Inf. Ltr to George Cox (Jan. 16, 1981); DOL 
Adv. Op. to Theodore Groom (Jan. 16, 1981); DOL Adv. Op. to Daniel 
O'Sullivan, Union Labor Life Ins. Co (Aug. 2, 1982); DOL Adv. Op to 
James Ray, Union Labor Life Ins. Co. (July 8, 1988); DOL Inf. Ltr. 
to Stuart Cohen, General Motors Corp.. (May 14, 1993).
    \41\ See, e.g., DOL Inf. Ltr. to Ralph Katz (March 15, 1982) 
(``A decision to make an investment may not be influenced by a 
desire to stimulate the construction industry and generate 
employment, unless the investment, when judged solely on the basis 
of its economic value to the plan, would be equal or superior to 
alternative investments available to the plan.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department's position on this issue has not changed and as a 
result we disagree with these commenters. The potential for increased 
contributions to a plan as a result of an investment is not a pecuniary 
factor associated with the return on a particular investment. Nor may 
increased contributions be considered a return on an investment. In 
terms of determining what is or is not a pecuniary factor, the relevant 
performance to be measured is that of the investment in question, not 
future plan contributions. The purpose of plan investments under ERISA 
is to provide and protect retirement benefits--not to strengthen 
employers or unions or provide job security. Under ERISA, plans are to 
be operated solely in the interest of participants and beneficiaries as 
participants and beneficiaries, not in some other role or capacity, 
such as union members, employees, or members of some other interest 
group. However, the Department agrees--consistent with the advisory 
opinions and information letters referenced above--that an objective to 
increase contributions or respond to participant interest in investment 
options for their retirement savings are permissible factors to use in 
the tie-breaker provisions in paragraph (c)(2), discussed below, based 
on their connection to the interests of the plan and plan participants 
and beneficiaries.
    Finally, the Department does not agree with the position that ERISA 
permits or requires plan fiduciaries to premise investment decisions on 
the idea that, as investors, they own a share of the world economy, 
and, therefore, that their financial interests demand that they adapt 
their investment-related actions to promote a theoretical benefit to 
the world economy that might redound, outside the plan, to the benefit 
of the participants in the plan.\42\ The Department has acknowledged in 
the proposal and in this final rule that particular environmental or 
social factors may present material and current business risks or 
opportunities for specific companies (and may be reflected in potential 
market risk and return). But the Department cannot reconcile the 
approach described above with the requirements of prudence and loyalty 
under ERISA. On the contrary, that approach and the potential 
consequences of advocacy to plan fiduciaries based on that approach is 
one of the concerns that underlies this final rule, and illustrates why 
the Department considers the rule to be warranted at this time. As the 
Department has stated, it does not ineluctably follow from the fact 
that an investment promotes ESG factors, or that it arguably promotes 
positive general market trends or industry growth, that the investment 
is a prudent choice for retirement or other investors. Rather, ERISA 
fiduciaries must always put first the economic interests of the plan in 
providing retirement benefits. A fiduciary's evaluation of the 
economics of an investment should be focused on financial factors that 
have a material effect on the return and risk of an investment based on 
appropriate investment horizons consistent with the plan's articulated 
funding and investment objectives.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ See also supra at 83-84.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Section 2550.404a-1(c)(2)--Choosing Between or Among Investment 
Alternatives That the Plan Fiduciary Is Unable to Distinguish on the 
Basis of Pecuniary Factors Alone

    Prior to the proposal, the Department's interpretive guidance 
provided that if, after an evaluation, alternative investments appear 
economically indistinguishable, a fiduciary may then, in effect, 
``break the tie'' by relying on a non-pecuniary factor. The proposal 
carried forward this idea and paragraph (c)(2) of the proposal was 
designed to guide application of the ``all things being equal'' test by 
requiring fiduciaries to adequately document any such occurrences. In 
the preamble to the proposal, the Department noted that there are 
highly

[[Page 72861]]

correlated investments and otherwise very similar ones. The Department 
observed that seldom, however, will an ERISA fiduciary consider two 
investment funds, looking only at objective measures, and find the same 
target risk-return profile or benchmark, the same fee structure, the 
same performance history, and the same investment strategy, but a 
different underlying asset composition. The Department explained that, 
even then, those two alternatives may function differently in the 
overall context of the fund portfolio and going forward may perform 
differently based on external economic trends and developments.\43\ As 
a result, the Department expressed concern that the ``all things being 
equal'' test could invite fiduciaries to find ties without a proper 
analysis in order to justify the use of non-pecuniary factors in making 
an investment decision. Nonetheless, because it appeared that some form 
of ties may theoretically occur, and the Department did not have 
sufficient evidence to say they do not occur in fact, the Department 
proposed to retain a version of an ``all things being equal'' test. 
However, in the proposal, the Department specifically requested comment 
on the tie-breaker concept, whether true ties exist, and, if they do, 
how fiduciaries may appropriately break ties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ See Schanzenbach & Sitkoff, supra note 5, at 410 
(describing a hypothetical pair of truly identical investments as a 
``unicorn'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department also believed that using non-pecuniary factors to 
choose among investments merited closer scrutiny. As one commenter 
noted, trust fiduciary law recognizes that there are circumstances, 
mainly in the context of conditionally permitted conflicts of interest, 
that call for enhanced scrutiny of the substance of the fiduciary's 
decision.\44\ The Department believes that relying on non-pecuniary 
factors to select among investments is a circumstance that similarly 
warrants some form of enhanced scrutiny. Thus, paragraph (c)(2) of the 
proposal was designed to guide application of the ``all things being 
equal'' test by requiring fiduciaries to adequately document any such 
occurrences. If, under proposed paragraph (c)(2) after completing an 
appropriate evaluation, alternative investments appear economically 
indistinguishable, and one of the investments is selected on the basis 
of a non-pecuniary factor or factors such as environmental, social, and 
corporate governance considerations, the fiduciary must document why 
pecuniary factors were not sufficient to select the investment or 
investment courses of action, how the investment compares to 
alternative investments with respect to the factors listed in 
paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) through (C), and how the non-pecuniary factor 
or factors was chosen based upon the purposes of the plan, the 
diversification of investments, and the interests of the participants 
and beneficiaries in receiving benefits from the plan. The Department 
included the documentation requirement to provide a safeguard against 
the risk that fiduciaries will improperly find economic equivalence and 
make decisions based on non-pecuniary factors without a proper analysis 
and evaluation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ See, e.g., Restatement (Third) of Trusts section 37 cmt. 
f(1) (2007) (``especially careful scrutiny'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters characterized proposed paragraph (c)(2) of the 
proposal as a new stricter ``tie breaker'' or ``all things being equal 
test'' that was inappropriately rigid. One commenter asserted that 
proposed paragraph (c)(2) effectively required plan fiduciaries to 
demonstrate that the chosen investment was ``outright superior'' to the 
available alternative investments. Many commenters stated that the 
standard in the Department's interpretive guidance was an easier 
standard to comply with and required the comparison only of investments 
of comparable financial value. Some commenters stated that the proposal 
appeared to require that the alternatives under consideration have 
``the same target risk-return profile or benchmark, the same fee 
structure, the same performance history, same investment strategy, [and 
that it not] function differently in the overall context of the fund 
portfolio, and [not] perform differently based on external economic 
trends and developments.'' In short, the commenters argued the prior 
standard, which they said is best characterized as functional 
equivalence, was replaced with a new, more restrictive economically 
identical standard. These commenters asserted that the impossibility of 
satisfying this standard suggested that the Department's objective in 
designing the provisions was to deter fiduciaries from considering 
investments with non-pecuniary benefits.
    Some commenters argued that true ``ties'' of the sort envisioned in 
the proposal do not exist because they read the proposal as requiring 
investments to have identical characteristics, not just equivalent 
roles in the plan's investment portfolio. They argued that such 
indistinguishability in liquid markets is all but impossible. The risk 
of any two assets, even if identical on some risk metric, will 
nonetheless not be perfectly correlated. Further, they argued that 
breaking the tie is not the correct response. Rather, if there is no 
liquidity constraint and trading costs are low, they assert that 
textbook financial economics teaches that in the event of two 
economically equivalent investments so defined, the investor should buy 
both of them and achieve improved diversification.
    Other commenters said that ``ties'' are actually quite common in 
the investment process and that for almost every portfolio, there are 
some economically indistinguishable alternatives when viewed in terms 
of the role the investments would play in the plan's portfolio. The 
commenters argued that two or even several investments' expected 
overall economic impact on a plan may be essentially the same even if 
the investments' risk-return profile, fee structure, performance 
history, and investment strategy are not each literally identical. Some 
mutual fund commenters suggested that the proposal appears to assume 
that evaluation of two alternative investments based solely on 
pecuniary factors can be reduced to a single number. That assumption, 
they asserted, underestimates the complexity of portfolio construction.
    Some commenters said that putting the burden on the fiduciary to 
justify a finding of economic equivalence that would permit a non-
pecuniary tie-breaker is an appropriate policy response. They claimed 
there is considerable opportunity in the assessment of investment 
alternatives for those with an incentive to favor an ESG plan to nudge 
the process so that a slightly economically inferior ESG investment 
could be considered ``economically indistinguishable'' from a non-ESG 
alternative.
    Other commenters argued that the tie-breaker idea should be 
available to fiduciaries when selecting investment alternatives for 
defined contribution plans. Those commenters argued that applying the 
tie breaker test to investment choices with the same overall economic 
role and impacts in a plan's portfolio, within a reasonable range of 
expected outcomes, rather than only those that are identical in each 
and every respect (except for asset composition), would more 
appropriately reflect the process by which ERISA fiduciaries select 
plan investments.
    Some commenters claimed that the proposal was vague and nonspecific 
as to what form the additional documentation required under proposed 
paragraph (c)(2) should take. Further, the commenters asserted, prudent 
plan fiduciaries already document their decision-making process. Other

[[Page 72862]]

commenters asserted that no other Federal regulator mandates this much 
documentation. One commenter noted that there is no ESG documentation 
for investment managers under the Investment Advisers Act or the 
Investment Company Act. The commenter said the SEC Regulation Best 
Interest provides significant flexibility by leaving it largely up to 
individual firms to determine how best to memorialize decisions. 
Commenters asserted that although the Department explained in the 
preamble that the documentation safeguards against fiduciaries making 
decisions based on non-pecuniary factors without proper analysis or 
rigor, a lack of rigor is not synonymous with a lack of writing and 
does not explain why ESG factors are treated differently than other 
investment factors. Commenters also asserted that the proposed rule's 
documentation requirement would effectively create a unique and 
unwarranted presumption against ESG investing that does not apply to 
any other kind of investment. Some commenters asserted that the 
proposed rule if implemented would add new costs and these new costs 
would chill sponsors from considering any investment incorporating ESG 
factors, even if pecuniary and part of the risk assessment of the 
investment. Some commenters argued that paragraph (c)(2) would result 
in additional documentation burdens on plans that did not actually rely 
on the tie-breaker because fiduciaries would feel compelled to document 
ESG risk-reward integration as non-pecuniary collateral consideration 
for strategies in order to protect against second-guessing about the 
fiduciary's determination that the ESG factor was properly treated as a 
pecuniary factor. Some commenters stated that by requiring the 
documentation the proposed regulation would invite manufactured breach-
of-fiduciary-duty lawsuits based on claimed documentation failures even 
in cases where there was no evidence of a failure in fiduciary 
decision-making.
    Another commenter called for the documentation requirement to be 
expanded. The commenter argued that paragraph (c)(2) of the proposal, 
while a valuable addition, would not capture situations in which plan 
managers who are inclined toward policy-based investment have used 
policy-based metrics in their evaluation of the pecuniary value of an 
investment or investment plan that are inherently biased toward 
inappropriate overestimations of the pecuniary value of policy-infused 
investment decisions. This commenter suggested that the requirement be 
expanded to require complete explanation and documentation any time 
policy-based analysis plays any role in the determination of the 
anticipated pecuniary value of an investment or investment strategy.
    Fiduciaries are not compelled to break ties on the basis of non-
pecuniary factors, and--consistent with their core obligation to 
discharge their duties solely in the interests of participants and 
beneficiaries--fiduciaries are encouraged to make their best judgment 
on the basis of pecuniary factors alone, or where prudent to diversify 
by selecting all indistinguishable alternatives. As described in the 
proposal and above, proposed paragraph (c)(2) is intended to provide a 
safeguard against the possibility that fiduciaries interested in making 
policy-based investments would improperly find economic equivalence and 
make decisions based upon non-pecuniary benefits without proper 
analysis and evaluation.
    The Department does not agree that the final rule should adopt what 
some commenters referred to as a less restrictive ``all things being 
equal'' test. However, the Department notes there was disagreement 
among commenters as to whether true ties actually occur, and a great 
deal of confusion as to the meaning of ``economically distinguishable'' 
and whether that requires mathematical precision in the evaluation of 
investment characteristics that is unrealistic with respect to how 
investment professionals operate. After considering the public 
comments, the Department is persuaded that the tie-breaker test should 
be simplified and focus on situations in which the fiduciary is unable 
to distinguish investment alternatives on the basis of pecuniary 
factors alone, rather than demanding that investments be identical in 
each and every respect before the tie-breaker provision would be 
available.
    The Department remains convinced, however, that it is appropriate 
for the regulation to include a safeguard against the risk that 
fiduciaries will improperly find economic equivalence and make 
decisions based on non-pecuniary factors without a proper analysis and 
evaluation. The Department thus decided to retain, with some 
modifications, the documentation requirements as part of the ``all 
things being equal'' test in paragraph (c)(2). The Department does not 
believe those requirements prohibit investments with non-pecuniary ESG 
or other components. Moreover, because the final rule does not require 
any documentation of decisions that use pecuniary ESG factors, the 
Department does not believe that it will inappropriately chill 
fiduciaries from considering investments that incorporate ESG factors 
that can be shown to be pecuniary as part of the investment's risk 
assessment relative to non-ESG factors. In other words, the final rule 
does not single out ESG investing or any other particular investment 
theory for particularized treatment.
    Rather, and specifically, paragraph (c)(2) of the final rule 
provides that if a fiduciary is unable to determine which investment is 
in the best interests of the plan on the basis of pecuniary factors 
alone, the fiduciary may base the investment decision on non-pecuniary 
factors, provided the fiduciary documents the following: why pecuniary 
factors were not sufficient to select the investment or investment 
course of action; how the investment compares to the alternative 
investments with regard to the factors listed in paragraphs 
(b)(2)(ii)(A) through (C); and how the chosen non-pecuniary factor or 
factors are consistent with the interests of the participants and 
beneficiaries in their retirement income or financial benefits under 
the plan. With respect to the third documentation requirement, the 
Department has consolidated the proposed requirement to document why 
the selected investment was chosen based on the purposes of the plan 
and the interests of plan participants and beneficiaries in receiving 
benefits from the plan into a single requirement. When a fiduciary 
makes an investment decision based on non-pecuniary factors as 
permitted under the final rule, the fiduciary remains subject to 
ERISA's general loyalty obligation and must act in a manner that is 
consistent with the interests of participants and beneficiaries in 
their retirement income or financial benefits. For example, responding 
to participant demand in order to increase retirement plan savings or 
investments in contribution creating jobs for current or future plan 
participants may be consistent with the interests of participants and 
beneficiaries in their retirement income or financial benefits under 
the plan, while selecting based on which investment would bring greater 
personal accolades to the chief executive officer of the sponsoring 
employer, or solely on the basis of a fiduciary's personal policy 
preferences, would not.
    The proposal did not expressly incorporate the tie-breaker 
provision in paragraph (c)(2) on ``economically indistinguishable 
alternative investments'' into the regulatory

[[Page 72863]]

provision on selection of investment options for individual account 
plans. The Department explained in the proposal that it was of the view 
that the concept of ``ties'' may have little relevance in the context 
of fiduciaries' selection of menu options for individual account plans 
as such investment options are often chosen precisely for their varied 
characteristics and the range of choices they offer plan participants. 
Further, the Department explained that because the proposal did not 
restrict the addition of prudently selected, well managed investment 
options for individual account plans which include non-pecuniary 
factors if they can be justified solely on the basis of pecuniary 
factors, there would be little need for a tie-breaker between selected 
investment funds. Nonetheless, some commenters expressed some 
uncertainty regarding the interaction of paragraph (c)(2) and the 
provisions of the proposal on selecting investment options for 
individual account plans. Some commenters asked the Department to 
expressly make the tie-breaker available for such investment decisions. 
The Department continues to doubt that the concept of a ``tie'' when 
adding designated investment alternatives to a platform of investments 
that allow participants and beneficiaries to choose from a broad range 
of investment alternatives as defined in 29 CFR 2550.404c-1(b)(3) is 
relevant. Nevertheless, the final rule makes the tie-breaker provisions 
in paragraph (c) generally available for use in selecting investment 
options for individual account plans in the event the fiduciaries of 
the plan believe that it gives them some added flexibility and 
protection when adding an investment fund, product, or model portfolio 
that promotes, seeks, or supports one or more non-pecuniary goals in 
circumstances where the fiduciary could not distinguish such investment 
option from an alternative on the basis of pecuniary factors alone.

4. Section 2550.404a-1(d)--Investment Alternatives in Participant-
Directed Individual Account Plans

    Paragraph (c)(3) of the proposed rule contained standards 
applicable to participant-directed individual account plans. 
Participant-directed plans are a subset of individual account 
retirement plans that provide for the allocation of investment 
responsibilities to participants and beneficiaries of the plans, 
sometimes referred to as ``self-directed'' plans. Paragraph (c)(3) of 
the proposal, in relevant part, stated the general proposition that 
sections 403 and 404 of ERISA apply to a fiduciary's selection of an 
investment fund as a designated investment alternative in an individual 
account plan.
    Paragraph (c)(3) of the proposal further provided that a 
fiduciary's addition (for the platform) of one or more prudently 
selected, well managed, and properly diversified investment 
alternatives that include one or more environmental, social, corporate 
governance, or similarly oriented assessments or judgments in their 
investment mandates, or that include these parameters in the fund name, 
would not violate the standards in section 403 and 404 provided three 
conditions were met. The first condition, at paragraph (c)(3)(i) of the 
proposed rule, was that the fiduciary uses only objective risk-return 
criteria, such as benchmarks, expense ratios, fund size, long-term 
investment returns, volatility measures, investment manager investment 
philosophy and experience, and mix of asset types (e.g., equity, fixed 
income, money market funds, diversification of investment alternatives, 
which might include target date funds, value and growth styles, indexed 
and actively managed funds, balanced and equity segment funds, non-U.S. 
equity and fixed income funds), in selecting and monitoring all 
investment alternatives for the plan including any environmental, 
social, corporate governance, or similarly oriented investment 
alternatives. The second condition, at paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of the 
proposed rule, was that the fiduciary must document its compliance with 
the first condition. The third condition, at paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of 
the proposed rule, was that the environmental, social, corporate 
governance, or similarly oriented investment mandate alternative is not 
added as, or as a component of, a qualified default investment 
alternative described in 29 CFR 2550.404c-5.
    Paragraph (d) of the final rule contains standards applicable to 
participant-directed individual account plans. The standards in 
paragraph (d) of the final rule reflect substantial revisions from the 
proposed rule. The predecessor provisions in paragraph (c)(3) of the 
proposal are revised, reorganized, and relocated into paragraph (d) of 
the final rule in response to concerns raised by the public 
commenters.\45\ As in the proposal, the final rule's paragraph (d) is a 
legal requirement and not a safe harbor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ For the reasons explained above in footnote 32, supra, the 
final rule no longer contains an explicit reference to section 403 
of ERISA. This omission better aligns the scope of paragraph (d) of 
the final rule with the scope of paragraph (a) of the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (d)(1) of the final rule provides that the standards set 
forth in paragraph (a) (relating to the statutory duties of loyalty and 
prudence) and paragraph (c) (the pecuniary-only and anti-subordination 
provisions, including the tie-breaker test) of the final rule apply to 
a fiduciary's selection of designated investment alternatives that will 
be made available to participants and beneficiaries for investing their 
individual accounts. This provision makes clear that the same prudence 
and loyalty duties that apply generally to evaluating investments under 
ERISA (such as stock selection) also apply to a fiduciary's evaluation 
and selection of designated investment alternatives from which 
participants and beneficiaries select where to direct their retirement 
assets. Thus, when assembling, choosing, or modifying an investment 
menu for participants' investment choices, a fiduciary must evaluate 
the designated investment alternatives on the menu based solely on 
pecuniary factors, not subordinate the interests of participants to 
unrelated objectives, and not sacrifice investment return or take on 
additional investment risk to promote non-pecuniary objectives or 
goals.
    Paragraph (d)(1) of the final rule responds to commenters who 
objected to what they perceived as the proposal's establishment of 
stricter or different rules for self-directed individual account plans 
than for all other types of plans. For instance, a number of commenters 
on the proposal questioned the relationship between the ``objective-
criteria only'' standard in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of the proposal, and 
the ``pecuniary only'' standard in paragraph (c)(1) of the proposal. 
The commenters argued that these two standards did not harmonize with 
each other, and that their overlay was unnecessarily protective and 
would have created ambiguity or possibly even inconsistency. This 
concern was generated, in part, by the fact that some of the listed 
examples of permissible objective criteria were seen as neither 
``objective'' nor pecuniary, according to the commenters. Many 
commenters also questioned the accuracy of the list of objective 
criteria contained in the paragraph (c)(3)(i) of the proposal, with 
some commenters suggesting additions and other commenters suggesting 
deletions. A number of commenters also strongly objected to the 
objectivity standard on the basis that it disfavors active investment 
strategies for self-directed plans, and that the Department should 
refrain from interfering in the

[[Page 72864]]

investment marketplace by favoring or disfavoring any particular 
investment alternatives or strategies.
    In response to these concerns, the final rule omits the 
``objective-criteria only'' standard. The Department agrees that this 
standard, as structured in the proposal, was perhaps more restrictive 
than necessary and potentially confusing as to exactly how it was 
intended to relate to other proposed provisions subsequently removed 
from the proposal. The Department does not agree with the commenters, 
however, to the extent that their comments could be construed as 
suggesting that the duty of prudence does not apply to a fiduciary's 
selection of designated investment alternatives for investment menus. 
Nor does the Department agree that a plan fiduciary need not consider 
objective risk-return criteria or need not document the selection and 
monitoring processes to comply with ERISA's duty of prudence. Since the 
final rule makes it clear that ERISA's duty of prudence (as contained 
in paragraph (a) of the final rule) and the pecuniary factor provisions 
in paragraph (c) of the final rule apply to the selection of designated 
investment alternatives that will be made available to participants and 
beneficiaries for investing their individual accounts, it is 
unnecessary to retain the ``objective-criteria only'' provisions from 
the proposal.
    Paragraph (d)(1) of the final rule, moreover, responds to 
commenters who raised concerns with the ESG terminology in the 
introductory portion of paragraph (c)(3) of the proposal. The objected-
to terminology made reference to investment alternatives ``that include 
one or more environmental, social, corporate governance, or similarly 
oriented assessments or judgments in their investment mandates, or that 
include these parameters in the fund name.'' The principal concern with 
this terminology, which operated as the triggering mechanism for the 
substantive requirements in paragraphs (c)(3)(i) through (iii) of the 
proposal, was that it improperly equated all ESG considerations with 
non-financial considerations, according to commenters. Greatly 
compounding this concern, according to the commenters, was that this 
terminology lacked sufficient clarity and definition to enable 
implementation and compliance by fiduciaries as well as the investment 
managers they oversee. The final rule does not contain this or similar 
terminology in paragraph (d)(1) or elsewhere. This omission makes it 
clear that the Department understands that at least some ESG factors, 
at times, may also be pecuniary factors.
    Paragraph (d)(2) of the final rule reinforces the principles in 
paragraph (d)(1) by providing that a fiduciary is not automatically 
prohibited from considering or including an investment fund, product, 
or model portfolio merely because the fund, product, or model portfolio 
promotes, seeks, or supports one or more non-pecuniary goals, provided 
that the fiduciary satisfies the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (c) 
of this section in selecting any such investment fund, product, or 
model portfolio. This provision makes it clear that fiduciaries are 
indeed permitted to add, to platforms or menus, designated investment 
alternatives that may produce collateral benefits or otherwise are 
viewed by some as socially desirable. But, importantly, these 
alternatives may be added only if they can be justified solely on the 
basis of pecuniary factors. Fiduciaries who choose investments with 
expected reduced returns or greater risks to secure non-pecuniary 
benefits are in violation of ERISA. Thus, fiduciaries who are 
considering investment alternatives for individual account plans should 
carefully review the prospectus or other investment disclosures for 
statements regarding ESG investment policies and investment approaches. 
Fiduciaries should be particularly cautious in exercising their 
diligence obligations under ERISA when disclosures, whether in 
prospectuses or marketing materials, contain references to non-
pecuniary factors or collateral benefits in a fund's investment 
objectives or goals or its principal investment strategies.
    With further regard to paragraph (d)(2) of the final rule, many 
commenters reported evidence of strong participant preference for 
investment alternatives that promote, seek, or support one or more non-
financial goals. These commenters, moreover, suggested a positive 
correlation between the in-plan availability of such alternatives and 
increased participation and savings rates by participants in plans with 
such alternatives. For example, one commenter in the business of 
providing financial services cited research finding that 76 percent of 
consumers think it important for their employer to apply ESG principles 
to workplace benefits, and that 60 percent would likely contribute more 
to an ESG-aligned retirement plan if it were certified. Another 
commenter cited a 2018 GAO study finding that more than half of the 
asset managers interviewed stated that incorporating ESG factors into 
retirement plan investment options would help meet participant 
expectations and increase participation, especially of younger 
investors.\46\ Nothing in the final rule precludes a fiduciary from 
looking into certain types of investment alternatives in light of 
participant demand for those types of investments. But in deciding 
whether to include such investment options on a 401(k)-style menu, the 
fiduciary must weigh only pecuniary (as that term is defined in this 
rule) factors. Paragraph (d)(2) does not diminish the pecuniary-only 
standards in paragraph (c)(1) of the final rule; rather, it applies the 
principles in paragraph (c)(1) to the search for and selection of 
designated investment alternatives. In addition, participant 
preferences of the type discussed in this paragraph also can be 
directly relevant to compliance with the tie-breaking provision in 
paragraph (c)(2) of the final rule. In such tie-breaker scenarios, plan 
fiduciaries may consider the express demands or interests of plan 
participants to be consistent with the interests of participants and 
beneficiaries for purposes of the documentation requirement in 
paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ Government Accountability Office Report No. 18-398, 
Retirement Plan Investing: Clearer Information on Consideration of 
Environmental, Social, and Governance Factors Would Be Helpful 
(2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (d)(2) of the final rule does not contain the 
documentation requirement that existed in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of the 
proposal. That provision of the proposal would have required a 
fiduciary to document its compliance with the requirement, in paragraph 
(c)(3)(i) of the proposal, to use only objective risk-return criteria 
in the selection and monitoring of investment platform or menu 
alternatives. Some commenters objected to this requirement on the 
grounds that it would have applied more stringent requirements to ESG 
investment alternatives than other types of investment alternatives. 
These commenters argued that it is inappropriate to impose separate 
documentation requirements that vary by investment strategy. Other 
commenters objected to this requirement on the grounds that it would 
increase costs to plans and potentially provide grounds for unwarranted 
class action lawsuits. As discussed above, the final rule does not 
contain the ``objectivity'' test from paragraph (c)(3)(i) of the 
proposal. Therefore, the final rule similarly omits the related 
requirement to document compliance with that test.
    Paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of the final rule provides special treatment 
for qualified

[[Page 72865]]

default investment alternatives (QDIA or QDIAs) as defined in 29 CFR 
2550.404c-5. As was more fully explained in the preamble to the 
proposed rule, QDIAs warrant special treatment because they are unique 
arrangements under ERISA that help ensure that the retirement savings 
of plan participants who have not provided affirmative investment 
directions for their individual accounts, e.g., because they may not be 
comfortable making such investment decisions, are put into a single 
investment capable of meeting the participant's long-term retirement 
savings needs. Indeed, the relevant provisions of ERISA and the 
Department's implementing regulations encourage plans to offer QDIAs by 
providing fiduciaries with relief from liability for investment 
outcomes by deeming a participant to have exercised control over assets 
in his or her account if, in the absence of investment direction from 
the participant, the plan fiduciary invests the assets in a QDIA. Thus, 
selection of an investment fund as a QDIA is not analogous to merely 
offering participants an additional investment alternative as part of a 
prudently constructed lineup of investment alternatives from which 
participants may choose.
    The proposed rule, in relevant part, therefore provided that even a 
prudently selected, well managed, and properly diversified investment 
alternative could not be added as, or as a component of, a QDIA if the 
investment alternative included ``one or more environmental, social, 
corporate governance, or similarly oriented assessments or judgements'' 
in its ``mandate'' or included those parameters in the fund name. Thus, 
paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of the proposal would have banned any alternative 
containing this type of mandate from being a QDIA even if it was 
selected using only objective risk-return criteria and was otherwise 
prudent. This ban was limited to QDIAs and would not have affected an 
otherwise compliant alternative from being added to an investment 
platform or investment menu.
    Many commenters interpreted paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of the proposal 
as a ban on any investment alternative serving as a QDIA if the 
investment alternative (or any component of the investment alternative) 
was constructed using any `E', `S', or `G' factor even if such factor 
was pecuniary in nature, (i.e., it has a material effect on the risk 
and/or return of the investment based on an appropriate time horizon). 
That was not the Department's intention or, in the Department's view, a 
reasonable reading of paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of the proposal. The intent 
behind that paragraph, rather, was to prohibit an investment 
alternative (or any component of the investment alternative) whose 
investment objectives or principal strategies included a non-financial 
goal from being a QDIA. Investment alternatives falling into this 
category often are referred to as ``ESG-themed funds,'' ``impact 
funds,'' ``sustainability funds,'' ``social funds,'' ``society-first 
funds,'' and so on, according to the commenters.
    The foregoing misinterpretation notwithstanding, some commenters 
supported a ban on any investment alternative serving as a QDIA if the 
investment alternative (or any component of the investment alternative) 
was constructed using ESG factors. According to these commenters, ESG 
is a vague and contradictory concept, ESG performance is difficult to 
measure and does not convey the same information as traditional 
performance measures, ESG investments may contain unidentified risks, 
many ESG funds do not execute on their stated principles, some ESG 
alternatives involve considerations other than purely economic 
considerations, and social issues are contentious and will vary across 
plan participants. Consequently, these commenters argued that allowing 
ESG funds to be included as, or as a component of, a QDIA could 
encourage plan participants to hold ESG investments that are either 
inappropriate or not consistent with their individual investment goals.
    A number of commenters, however, were not supportive of paragraph 
(c)(3)(iii) of the proposal. Many commenters believe no special 
treatment is needed for QDIAs. If an investment alternative is chosen 
based only on pecuniary factors, according to these commenters, the 
alternative should be eligible to serve as a QDIA if it otherwise meets 
the requirements of the QDIA regulation. These commenters question why 
an otherwise compliant investment alternative, constructed only on the 
basis of sound pecuniary factors as defined in the proposal, should be 
per se ineligible to be a QDIA. Further, commenters were concerned that 
the breadth of the proscription in paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of the 
proposal, as they understood it, would be extremely disruptive to the 
market and that it might inadvertently result in a lack of available 
investment alternatives that could qualify as QDIAs, to the detriment 
of participants and beneficiaries of ERISA covered plans.
    After considering the comments, the final rule limits the scope of 
the special rule for QDIAs. Paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of the final rule 
expressly provides that in no circumstances may any investment fund, 
product, or model portfolio be ``added as, or as a component of, a 
qualified default investment alternative described in 29 CFR 2550.404c-
5 if its investment objectives or goals or its principal investment 
strategies include, consider, or indicate the use of one or more non-
pecuniary factors.''
    Thus, by omitting all references to ``environmental,'' ``social,'' 
``corporate governance,'' and ``similarly oriented'' assessments and 
judgments, paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of the final rule clarifies that the 
special rule for QDIAs is not focused on whether an investment 
alternative employs or applies any particular `E', `S', or `G' factors 
in operation. This omission responds directly to the many commenters 
who stated their belief that the proposal's use of these terms 
unhelpfully conflated financial and non-financial factors. In place of 
these terms, paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of the final rule focuses on whether 
the investment alternative includes, considers, or indicates the use of 
non-pecuniary factors in its investment objectives or goals or its 
principal investment strategies. This refocusing is an acknowledgement 
that individual `E', `S', and `G' factors can be both pecuniary and 
non-pecuniary in nature, and that the selection of ESG funds is not per 
se prudent or imprudent.\47\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ This acknowledgement does not change the Department's views 
expressed on ESG rating systems. See Section 8.e. of this preamble 
for further discussion on ESG ratings systems and comments received 
on them.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Accordingly, paragraph (d)(2)(ii) clarifies that the special rule 
for QDIAs only prevents a designated investment alternative, which 
otherwise satisfies the requirements in paragraph (d)(1) of the final 
rule, from being selected as a QDIA if it, or any of its components, 
has investment objectives or goals or principal investment strategies 
that include, consider, or indicate the use of one or more non-
pecuniary factors. These circumstances would trigger the ban in 
paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of the final rule against a particular designated 
investment alternative from being selected as a QDIA, even if the 
investment alternative could otherwise permissibly be selected as a 
designated investment alternative for the investment platform or 
investment menu by fiduciaries only on the basis of pecuniary factors.
    In these circumstances, the Department agrees with those commenters 
who believe a heightened prophylactic approach for QDIAs is the best 
course of action. QDIAs by

[[Page 72866]]

definition exist for participants and beneficiaries who do not actively 
direct their investments, and by operation tend to sweep in many 
participants and beneficiaries with less investment experience and 
sophistication than more active investors, according to the commenters. 
ERISA is a statute whose overriding concern relevant here has always 
been providing a secure retirement for America's workers and retirees, 
and it is inappropriate for participants to be defaulted into a 
retirement savings fund that may have other objectives absent their 
affirmative decision. This is especially true if the default investment 
alternative, or any of its components, has investment objectives or 
principal strategies that reflect one or more non-pecuniary factors. 
The use of non-pecuniary factors, even if co-existing with financially-
oriented strategies or goals, raise questions as to the extent to which 
the QDIA's managers may be forgoing financial returns in pursuit of 
non-financial objectives.
    The test in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of the final rule can be applied 
objectively without difficulty. A plan fiduciary, for instance, can 
simply look at the investment fund's prospectus to determine whether 
the fund is subject to the prohibition on its use as a QDIA or as a 
component investment of a QDIA. Under the Investment Company Act of 
1940, as amended,\48\ investment companies and their managers have 
routinely dealt with the concepts underpinning the provisions in 
paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of the final rule, i.e., providing disclosure on 
an investment alternative's ``investment objectives'' and ``principal 
investment strategies.'' Under Form N-1A,\49\ for example, to the 
extent that non-pecuniary considerations form a material part of a 
fund's investment objective or principal strategies, these factors 
would need to be disclosed accordingly in the fund's prospectus. For 
example, if the prospectus or similar disclosure states that the fund 
(or any component) is constructed using an ESG or sustainability rating 
system or index, and that ratings system or index evaluates one or more 
factors that are not financially material to investments (i.e., 
evaluates non-pecuniary factors), then paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of the 
final rule would prohibit such fund from being used as a default 
investment alternative.\50\ The Department understands that the final 
rule applies to investment alternatives other than registered 
investment companies, such as bank collective investment trusts and 
insurance company separate accounts. However, these vehicles typically 
adhere to similar rules and maintain operating documents comparable to 
a prospectus.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ 17 CFR 270.0-1 through 270.60a-1.
    \49\ Referenced at 17 CFR 239.15A and 274.11A. See, e.g., Item 2 
and Item 4 of Part of Form N-1A.
    \50\ See Section 8.e. below, which further discusses ESG and 
similar rating systems and indexes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of the final rule also responds to concerns 
with so-called ``screening strategies,'' which include, for example, 
the act of excluding from a fund certain sectors or companies involved 
in activities deemed unacceptable or controversial, such as screens or 
exclusions on investments in companies engaged in the production or 
distribution, for example, of alcohol, tobacco, fossil fuels, weapons, 
or gaming. Other screening strategies will only select sectors or 
companies that satisfy certain attributes, such as carbon emissions, 
board diversity, or employee compensation. Screening strategies, 
regardless of whether they are characterized or described as ``positive 
screening'' or ``negative screening,'' may implicate paragraph 
(d)(2)(ii) of the final rule if the screening involves non-pecuniary 
factors that effectively results in the exclusion of certain sectors or 
categories of investments. Investment alternatives that use these 
exclusions may not be QDIAs (or components of QDIAs) if these 
exclusions involve non-pecuniary goals and are reflected in the 
investment alternatives' objectives or goals or its principal 
investment strategies. This is because such an exclusion in an 
investment alternative's objectives or principal strategies raises 
questions as to the extent to which the QDIA's manager may be foregoing 
financial returns in pursuit of non-financial objectives.
    If these exclusions are not reflected in an investment 
alternative's objectives or principal strategies, however, the 
alternative is not prohibited as a QDIA (or a component). It must be 
prudently selected as required by paragraph (a) of the final rule, and 
comply with paragraph (c) of the final rule and the Department's QDIA 
regulation. ERISA's duty of prudence dictates that before a fiduciary 
of an ERISA covered pension plan can make a decision to exclude a 
category of investments for non-pecuniary purposes, the fiduciary must 
first make a determination that the exclusion of such category of 
investments would not reduce the return or increase the risk of the 
plan's investment portfolio. An investment policy or strategy that is 
exclusionary runs the risk of being imprudent because, if the decision 
results in the exclusion, for example, of certain sectors or markets, 
without first doing an economic analysis of the economic consequences 
to the plan of such an exclusion and determining that such an 
exclusionary policy would not be economically harmful to the plan, the 
fiduciary making such a decision would be imprudent under ERISA.\51\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ See Letter to Sen. Howard Metzenbaum from Dennis Kass (May 
27, 1986) (defending statement in press that ``an investment policy 
that is on its face exclusionary runs the risk of being on its face 
imprudent'' and explaining that ``before a fiduciary of an ERISA 
covered pension plan can make a decision to exclude a category of 
investments for social purposes, the fiduciary must first make a 
determination that the exclusion of such category of investments 
would not reduce the return or raise the risk of the plan's 
investment portfolio. If such a determination can be made, then 
social judgments as to the composition of the portfolio would be 
permissible.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, a commenter stated that, although paragraph (c)(3) of the 
proposal helpfully clarifies that ERISA's duties of loyalty and 
prudence apply to ``designated investment alternatives,'' the final 
regulation should further clarify that these statutory duties (and, 
hence, the requirements of the final rule) do not apply more broadly to 
other investment alternatives that may be available through the plan. 
For instance, some participant-directed individual account plans 
contain brokerage windows, self-directed brokerage accounts, or similar 
plan arrangements that enable participants and beneficiaries to select 
investments beyond those designated by the plan. The commenter appears 
to have had these arrangements in mind and specifically requested that 
the final rule define the term ``designated investment alternative'' so 
as to exclude investments of this type from the requirements of the 
rule.
    In response to this commenter, the final regulation defines the 
term ``designated investment alternative'' for purposes of paragraph 
(d) of the final rule. Specifically, paragraph (e)(5) of the final rule 
defines this term as ``any investment alternative designated by the 
plan into which participants and beneficiaries may direct the 
investment of assets held in, or contributed to, their individual 
accounts.'' Thus, whether an investment alternative is a ``designated 
investment alternative'' for purposes of the regulation depends on 
whether it is specifically identified as available under the plan. This 
necessarily is a fact driven analysis. Further, the definition 
specifically clarifies that the term does not include ``brokerage 
windows,'' ``self-directed brokerage accounts,'' or similar plan 
arrangements that enable participants and beneficiaries to select 
investments beyond those designated by

[[Page 72867]]

the plan. The inclusion of this definition in the final rule also 
obviates the need for explicit references in the operative regulatory 
text to ``platforms,'' which appeared in the proposal essentially as a 
synonym for menus of designated investment alternatives.
    Consequently, this regulation does not apply to investment 
alternatives that are not designated investment alternatives under the 
plan. The Department in other contexts has made it clear, however, that 
ERISA's duties of loyalty and prudence do not contain exceptions for 
circumstances in which plans with brokerage windows, self-directed 
brokerage accounts, or similar plan arrangements enable participants 
and beneficiaries to select investments beyond those designated by the 
plan. For instance, in addressing questions under 29 CFR 2550.404a-5 (a 
disclosure regulation focusing on fees in 401(k)-type plans) in the 
case of participant-directed individual account plans that do not 
designate any of the funds on the platform or available through the 
brokerage window, self-directed brokerage account, or similar plan 
arrangement as ``designated investment alternatives'' under the plan, 
the Department stated that fiduciaries ``are still bound by ERISA 
section 404(a)'s statutory duties of prudence and loyalty to 
participants and beneficiaries who use the platform or the brokerage 
window, self-directed brokerage account, or similar plan arrangement, 
including taking into account the nature and quality of services 
provided in connection with the brokerage window, self-directed 
brokerage account, or similar plan arrangement.'' \52\ In this same 
context, the Department also stated that a plan fiduciary's failure to 
designate investment alternatives, for example, to avoid the standards 
and obligations under ERISA or implementing regulations raises 
questions under ERISA section 404(a)'s general statutory fiduciary 
duties of prudence and loyalty.\53\ The Department has also stated in 
the context of the 404(c) regulation that the relief from fiduciary 
liability for participant or beneficiary exercises of control over 
their individual accounts does not extend to any instruction, which if 
implemented (A) would not be in accordance with the documents and 
instruments governing the plan insofar as such documents and 
instruments are consistent with the provisions of title I of ERISA; (B) 
would cause a fiduciary to maintain the indicia of ownership of any 
assets of the plan outside the jurisdiction of the district courts of 
the United States other than as permitted by section 404(b) of the Act 
and 29 CFR 2550.404b-1; (C) would jeopardize the plan's tax qualified 
status under the Internal Revenue Code; or (D) could result in a loss 
in excess of a participant's or beneficiary's account balance. 
Similarly, relief from fiduciary liability under the 404(c) regulation 
would not extend to: (1) The implementation of instructions which would 
result in a direct or indirect sale, exchange, or lease of property 
between a plan sponsor or any affiliate of the sponsor and the plan 
except for the acquisition or disposition of any interest in a fund, 
subfund, or portfolio managed by a plan sponsor or an affiliate of the 
sponsor, or the purchase or sale of any qualifying employer security 
(as defined in section 407(d)(5) of the Act) which meets the conditions 
of section 408(e) of ERISA and 29 CFR 2550.404c-1(d)(2)(ii)(E)(4); (2) 
a loan or extension of credit to a plan sponsor or any affiliate of the 
sponsor; or (3) the acquisition or sale of any employer real property 
(as defined in section 407(d)(2) of the Act).\54\ The Department has 
not addressed in these other contexts whether, or under what 
circumstances, the duties of prudence or loyalty compel a fiduciary to 
disregard or overrule a participant's or beneficiary's affirmative 
selection of a particular investment or investments through a brokerage 
window or similar arrangement, and these matters similarly are not 
addressed here. Accordingly, nothing in this regulation should be 
construed as addressing the application of ERISA's duties of prudence 
and loyalty to such investments or to the particular investment options 
(e.g., brokerage windows) that grant participants and beneficiaries 
access to investments that are not designated investment alternatives. 
Although the Department has determined that the establishment of 
regulatory standards governing such arrangements is beyond the scope of 
this particular regulation, this issue could be addressed in future 
rulemaking or sub-regulatory guidance if necessary. The Department, 
therefore, is available as necessary to engage in discussions with 
interested parties to help determine how best to assure compliance with 
these duties in a practical and cost effective manner.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ Field Assistance Bulletin 2012-02R, Q&A 39 (July 30, 2012).
    \53\ Id. at Q&A 39.
    \54\ See 29 CFR 2550.404c-1(d)(2) (imposing limits on the relief 
otherwise available to plan fiduciaries in the case of implementing 
improper investment instructions of participants and beneficiaries).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Section 2550.404a-1(e)--Reserved

    Paragraph (e) is reserved for the operative text, if finalized, of 
the rulemaking on proxy voting and exercise of shareholder rights.

6. Section 2550.404a-1(f)--Definitions

    Paragraph (f) of the final rule provides definitions and is largely 
unchanged from the proposal.
    The term ``investment duties'' in the proposal was unchanged from 
the current 404a-1 regulation. It was defined to mean any duties 
imposed upon, or assumed or undertaken by, a person in connection with 
the investment of plan assets which make or will make such person a 
fiduciary of an employee benefit plan or which are performed by such 
person as a fiduciary of an employee benefit plan as defined in section 
3(21)(A)(i) or (ii) of the Act. The term ``investment course of 
action'' is amended from the current 404a-1 regulation to mean any 
series or program of investments or actions related to a fiduciary's 
performance of the fiduciary's investment duties, and the selection of 
an investment fund as a plan investment, and now includes the selection 
of an investment fund as a plan investment, or in the case of an 
individual account plan, a designated alternative under the plan, as 
part of this term. One commenter noted that neither the definition of 
``investment duties'' nor the definition of ``investment course of 
action'' expressly included the notion of stewardship activity and 
argued that the allocation of resources to voting, engagement, and 
related activity should be treated as an ``action related to'' the 
investment of plan assets. The commenter expressed that the focus on 
investment is less on the risks and returns of individual holdings and 
more on addressing systemic or ``beta'' issues such as climate change 
and corruption where outcomes are prioritized at the economy or 
society-wide scale with long-term, absolute returns for universal 
owners, including real-term financial and welfare outcomes for 
beneficiaries.
    The Department does not see how it is possible for the stewardship 
approach advocated by the commenters to be justified, given the 
requirements of prudence and loyalty under ERISA. As the Department has 
stated, it does not ineluctably follow from the fact that an investment 
promotes ESG factors, or that it arguably promotes positive general 
market trends or industry growth, that the investment is a prudent 
choice for retirement investors. Rather, ERISA fiduciaries must always 
put first the economic interests of the plan in

[[Page 72868]]

providing retirement benefits. A fiduciary's evaluation of the 
economics of an investment should be focused on financial factors that 
have a material effect on the return and risk of an investment based on 
appropriate investment horizons consistent with the plan's articulated 
funding and investment objectives.\55\ Accordingly, as noted above, 
paragraphs (f)(1) and (2) of the final rule are the same as the 
language of the proposal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \55\ See Field Assistance Bulletin 2018-01 (Apr. 23, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The term ``pecuniary factor'' was a new definition in the proposal. 
The proposal defined it as a factor that has a material effect on the 
risk and/or return of an investment based on appropriate investment 
horizons consistent with the plan's investment objectives and the 
funding policy established pursuant to section 402(a)(1) of ERISA. Many 
commenters urged the Department to re-examine the definition of 
``pecuniary factor.'' The Department's discussion of those comments is 
included in the section of this preamble that addresses paragraph 
(c)(1) above.
    Finally, the term ``plan'' was unchanged from the current 404a-1 
regulation. It was defined in the proposal to mean an employee benefit 
plan to which Title I of ERISA applies. Although not commenting 
specifically on the proposal, some commenters raised issues regarding 
the consequences for plans maintained for their employees by states, 
political subdivisions of states, and the agencies or instrumentalities 
of either. Section 4(b)(1) of ERISA excludes from coverage under ERISA 
all such governmental plans. Accordingly, issues regarding the 
investment practices of such plans or the duties of persons who may be 
fiduciaries with respect to such plans are outside the scope of both 
the Department's jurisdiction under Title I of ERISA and this 
regulation.
    Some commenters suggested that the Department define ``ESG,'' ``ESG 
vehicle,'' ``ESG consideration,'' or any other similar term, and 
``environmental,'' ``social,'' or ``corporate governance,'' or give 
guidance on what might be ``similarly oriented assessments or 
judgments.'' These commenters argued that without an ESG definition, 
fiduciaries would be left in the undesirable position of being unable 
to determine exactly what the Department seeks to regulate and the 
scope of that regulation, opening the door to expensive litigation that 
seeks to exploit those ambiguities. Other commenters stated that a 
definitive list of ESG issues does not exist and that it would not be 
possible or desirable to produce a list or set of definitions, and any 
attempt at such list or definition would soon be outdated in any event. 
The same commenter said a definition of ESG was needed so that 
fiduciaries would know whether the Department intends for ``ESG'' to 
apply narrowly, such as with respect to only those investment 
alternatives that prominently call themselves ``ESG,'' or if the 
Department intended to sweep in a much broader set of investment 
alternatives under ``ESG,'' because the resulting impact, burden, 
expense, and collateral consequences of the proposed amendments could 
significantly differ. As described earlier in this preamble, the 
Department has concluded, based on the comments, that the use of ESG 
terminology is not appropriate for a regulatory standard precisely 
because of the ambiguity and lack of precision that exists in the use 
of ESG in the marketplace. Since the Department has removed ESG 
terminology from the operative text of the final rule, inclusion of the 
sort of definitions requested by commenters is no longer necessary.

7. Section 2550.404a-1(g) and (h)--Effective Date and Severability

    The proposal included a provision under which the effective date 
for the rule would be a date 60 days after the date of the publication 
of the final rule. The Department requested comment in the proposal, 
including whether any transition or applicability date provisions 
should be added to any of the proposed provisions. Some commenters 
suggested that a grandfather provision of existing investments be 
adopted to avoid market disruption, including forced sales at sub-
optimal prices. Other commenters said grandfathering is necessary not 
only because fiduciaries will be unable to comply retrospectively with 
prescriptive requirements, but also to avoid the wide-ranging economic 
harms that could follow a sudden investment mandate. The commenters 
suggested that, at a minimum, the provisions of the final rule would 
not apply to investments made on or prior to the effective date of any 
final regulation. In the alternative, the commenters requested that the 
Department permit those investments that have been made on or preceding 
such effective date not to become subject to the provisions of any 
final rule for a period of one year following such effective date. 
Other commenters suggested that this period of transition and 
grandfathering be generous. Other commenters suggested that the 
Department allow plan fiduciaries adequate time to prepare the 
documentation and analysis required by the proposal to identify, 
assess, and consider alternative investment options in accordance with 
the proposal. These commenters believed the proposal greatly 
underestimated the time required for plan fiduciaries to consider and 
implement the new framework. As a result, they suggested that plan 
fiduciaries should be afforded at least 12 months before the rule 
becomes effective to mitigate hastened decision-making and potential 
financial losses resulting from modifying investment strategies that 
may inadvertently harm plan participants in the current volatile and 
uncertain market environment. Finally, a commenter suggested that due 
to COVID-19 and its financial fallout, the effective date should be 
delayed by at least a year to allow time for compliance.
    The same principles of prudence and loyalty under section 
404(a)(1)(A) and (B) of ERISA are on display in the proposal and final 
rule as have been applied in all the previous guidance on ESG investing 
and investing in general by the Department since the investment duties 
regulation was published in 1979. Indeed, since the 1980s the 
Department has stated that a fiduciary in its decision-making, 
regarding investments or otherwise, cannot subordinate the interests of 
the participants and beneficiaries in their retirement income or 
financial benefits under the plan to unrelated objectives. Following 
consideration of the public comments, the Department is not persuaded 
that there is sound reason to delay the anticipated benefits and 
protections to plan participants and beneficiaries of this rule. As the 
Department has previously stated, the final rule, including changes 
from the proposal, primarily explains existing statutory requirements 
and regulations with respect to the investment duties of plan 
fiduciaries and is not a major departure from its previous guidance on 
the basic investment duties of fiduciaries. Thus, the Department does 
not believe an overall delay in the applicability of the final rule is 
necessary to allow additional time for plans to prepare for the 
significantly scaled-back investment documentation requirements of the 
final rule.
    However, the Department acknowledges that some plans may have to 
make adjustments to their investment policies and practices in light of 
the final rule. As a result, paragraph (g)(1) of the final rule 
provides that the effective date of the new regulatory text in the 
final rule will be 60 days following the date of publication in the 
Federal Register and shall apply

[[Page 72869]]

prospectively in its entirety to investments made and investment 
courses of action taken after such date. Plan fiduciaries are not 
required to divest or cease any existing investment, investment course 
of action, or designated investment alternative, even if originally 
selected using non-pecuniary factors in a manner prohibited by the 
final rule; however, after the effective date, all decisions regarding 
such investments, investment courses of action, or designated 
investment alternatives, including decisions that are part of a 
fiduciary's ongoing monitoring requirements, must comply with the final 
rule.\56\ Also, although the Department believes that much of the final 
rule explains pre-existing duties under the statute, the Department of 
course will not pursue enforcement, and does not believe any private 
action would be viable, pertaining to any action taken or decision made 
with respect to an investment or investment course of action by a plan 
fiduciary prior to the effective date of the final rule to the extent 
that any such enforcement action would necessarily rely on citation to 
this final rule. Of course, nothing in this regulation forecloses the 
Department from taking enforcement action based on prior conduct that 
violated ERISA's provisions, including the statutory duties of prudence 
and loyalty, based on the statutory and regulatory standards in effect 
at the time of the violation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ Tibble v. Edison Int'l, 135 S. Ct. 1823, 1828-29 (2015), 
confirmed that ERISA fiduciaries have a continuing duty--separate 
and apart from the duty to exercise prudence in selecting 
investments at the outset--to monitor, and remove imprudent, trust 
investments. How that monitoring obligation would be applied in the 
context of the final rule's application to individual investments 
would depend on the facts and circumstances. When and what kind of 
review would depend on the facts and circumstances. ERISA 
fiduciaries must discharge their fiduciary responsibilities ``with 
the care, skill, prudence, and diligence'' that a prudent person 
``acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters'' would 
use. ERISA section 404(a)(1). The Department notes that it may be 
that a fiduciary could prudently determine that the expected return 
balanced against the costs and risks of loss associated with 
divesting an investment made before the effective date of the rule 
are such that continuing to hold that investment would be 
appropriate even if the fiduciary as part of its monitoring process 
determined that the investment, or aspects of the decision-making 
process, does not comply with the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule does include one extended compliance date; new 
paragraph (g)(2) provides that plans shall have until April 30, 2022 to 
make any changes to qualified default investment alternatives described 
in 29 CFR 2550.404c-5, where necessary to comply with the requirements 
of paragraph (d)(2). Unlike other provisions of the final rule, which 
apply only to prospective investment decisions, paragraph (d)(2) 
prohibits certain designated investment alternatives from being used as 
a QDIA where the investment objectives or goals or the principal 
investment strategies include, consider, or indicate the use of one or 
more non-pecuniary factors. Although the Department believes the 
paragraph (d)(2), as modified from the proposal, will only affect a 
very small number of plans,\57\ the Department recognizes that those 
plans will need appropriate time to modify their QDIA selections. 
Therefore, in response to a commenter's requests for at least a 12 
month transition period, the Department is providing a QDIA compliance 
date of April 30, 2022.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ In the Regulatory Impact Analysis, the Department estimates 
that only 0.1 percent of plans may have an affected QDIA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, EBSA confirms that until January 12, 2021, the prior 
404a-1 regulation under the Act (as it appeared in the July 1, 2020, 
edition of 29 CFR part 2550) applies.
    The final rule also includes, in paragraph (h), a severability 
provision, which provides that if any provision in the final rule is 
found to be invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any 
person or circumstance, or stayed pending further agency action, such 
provision shall be severable and the remaining portions of the rule 
would remain operative and available to plan administrators. Thus, if a 
Federal court were to find a specific provision to be legally 
insufficient, then the remaining requirements would remain applicable 
and in place.

8. Miscellaneous Issues and Public Comments

a. Religious Freedom Restoration Act
    One commenter argued that the proposal violates the Religious 
Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). The commenter averred that the proposal 
is a burden on religion and is contrary to RFRA because, in the 
commenter's view, it prohibits the inclusion of investment options in 
defined contribution plans for retirement savers whose beliefs and 
values dictate that they take material environmental and societal 
effects of corporate activities into consideration in stewardship of 
their worldly riches. As a result, many people of faith would be forced 
to support economic activity that violates their beliefs. By singling 
out ESG investment options as raising ``heightened concerns under 
ERISA'' whenever an option ambiguously might involve ``one or more 
environmental, social, and corporate governance-oriented assessments or 
judgments,'' despite the availability of numerous prudently managed and 
outperforming ESG investment options for ERISA pension plans, the 
proposal would have the practical effect of unnecessarily limiting 
access by people of faith to prudent pension investment options aligned 
with their religious beliefs, according to this commenter. The 
commenter asserted that RFRA provides an exception only if two 
conditions are met, that the restriction must be in furtherance of a 
compelling government interest and the rule must be the least 
restrictive way in which the government can further its interest, and 
the proposal does not meet those conditions. Other commenters also 
suggested that the proposal's interference with the investment 
preferences of retirement investors potentially would constitute a 
violation of their First Amendment rights, though they did not explain 
whether they were referring to the Free Exercise Clause or the Free 
Speech Clause.
    A commenter also explained that some funds, not marketed as ESG 
funds, exclude ``sin'' stocks, such as alcohol and tobacco. Typically, 
these restrictions are not part of the investment objectives or 
strategy and do not impact the fund's ability to find suitable 
investments, according to the commenter. The commenter suggested that 
the proposed rule's broad definition of ESG would sweep in many such 
funds and subject them to heightened fiduciary scrutiny. According to 
the commenter, such restrictions, dating back to the 1950s, 
qualitatively differ from those embraced by the emerging universe of 
ESG funds. Faith-based organizations operating under Title I (e.g., 
ERISA-electing church plans) use such funds and use faith-based filters 
to eliminate certain categories. According to the commenter, these are 
founded on the concern of discouraging plan participation if the only 
investment options available to participants with strong religious 
convictions permitted investments relating to alcohol or tobacco. These 
restrictions may also fairly be viewed by some as relevant to an 
analysis about the likely long-term value of an issuer deriving the 
majority of revenue from products whose continued use could be impacted 
by societal changes, according to this commenter.
    The Department is committed to fulfilling its obligations under 
RFRA and respecting religious liberty. The Department is confident that 
the RFRA concerns raised by the commenter can be reviewed and resolved 
as needed on an individual basis. While broader discussion and 
resolution of RFRA-

[[Page 72870]]

related issues can be appropriate in rulemaking, especially when they 
are a prominent aspect of the rulemaking, see Little Sisters of the 
Poor Saints Peter & Paul Home v. Pennsylvania, 140 S. Ct. 2367, 2383-84 
(2020), the Department believes that it need not conduct a broadly 
applicable RFRA analysis in this particular rule, which does not have 
religious concerns as a central focus. If RFRA's interaction with this 
final rule reveals over time that a broader project is warranted, the 
Department will consider doing so.
    Moreover, the Department believes that changes made in the final 
rule, including significant changes to specific conditions related to 
use of ESG considerations, may provide enough flexibility to 
sufficiently address the commenters' concerns, even without invocation 
of RFRA. Further, paragraph (d)(2) of the final rule permits a 
prudently selected ESG-themed investment alternative, which complies 
with paragraphs (a) and (c) of the final rule, to be added to the 
available investment options on a participant-directed individual 
account plan platform without requiring the plan to forego adding other 
non-ESG-themed investment options to the platform. Paragraph (d)(2) 
applies equally to an investment fund, product, or model portfolio that 
promotes, seeks, or supports participant preferences regarding 
religion. In addition, paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of the final rule does not 
prevent a negatively screened fund from being selected as a QDIA if no 
non-pecuniary factors are reflected in its investment objectives or 
principal strategies.
b. Coordination With Other Federal Laws and Policies
    A number of commenters suggested that the Department's action is 
untimely, and might redirect or stall the continuing development of ESG 
practice at a time when the SEC continues to monitor and evaluate ESG 
developments, with a clear focus on disclosure and accuracy. For 
example, several commenters noted that the proposal appeared to reflect 
concerns with the marketing of investment strategies that use ESG 
criteria. These concerns, commenters suggested, may be addressed by the 
SEC, which recently solicited public comment on a number of issues 
(including use of the term ``ESG'' in a fund name) under the ``Names 
Rule'' under the Investment Company Act of 1940.\58\ Other commenters 
believed that the proposal's characterization of the materiality of ESG 
criteria was potentially out of step with the SEC, which has noted the 
importance of disclosing ESG factors to the extent that they are 
material. A commenter indicated that risk disclosure is fundamental to 
protecting investors. The commenter criticized the proposal for 
cautioning fiduciaries to scrutinize fund risk disclosures when 
evaluating the impact of ESG considerations, and suggested that any 
additional risk added by ESG considerations is unacceptable regardless 
of the reason for the risk or the effect on returns. The commenter 
explained that ESG considerations are used in a variety of ways in fund 
portfolios--some pecuniary in nature and others solely as an incidental 
component of the fund's investment strategy. Further, the comment 
indicated that when funds take ESG considerations into account, they 
are pursuing an investment strategy. Each strategy is different, and 
will perform differently with different risks. In the commenter's 
opinion, if the ESG consideration is used to enhance the overall value 
of the investment, and the risk and return are appropriately balanced, 
then the fact that the risks are ``different'' should not be the focus 
of the analysis. The commenter concluded that the Department's focus 
instead should be on risk disclosures that suggest the fund is 
sacrificing investment returns or assuming greater investment risk as a 
means to promote collateral social policy goals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ 85 FR 13221 (Mar. 6, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter indicated that some ESG issues pose systemic 
risks to financial markets, which the US financial regulatory community 
is beginning to examine. A commenter also suggested that the proposal 
might have the unintended consequence of concentrating investment in 
securities and products that may or may not bear less risk and greater 
return in the future, relying on mechanical use of financial data from 
one reporting source rather than employing human judgment and prudence. 
The commenter cautioned that this concentration will pose systemic 
financial risk and is something the Office of Financial Research (OFR) 
is tracking and seeking to minimize. The commenter suggested that the 
OFR should be consulted on any sweeping new ERISA rule that might cause 
herding and market concentration.
    With respect to the Names Rule, the Department does not believe 
there is a need to delay a final rule until the SEC decides whether to 
take action as a result of its solicitation. Although disclosures may 
be helpful to fiduciaries in evaluating investment funds, the primary 
goal of the proposed and final rule is to provide, in the form of a 
final rule, guidance on the scope of fiduciary duties surrounding non-
pecuniary issues. However, the Department will continue to monitor SEC 
activity, and consider providing further guidance as may be 
appropriate. With respect to the other comments, the Department 
believes that changes made in the final rule, including a focus on 
pecuniary factors rather than ESG factors, are sufficient to address 
the stated concerns. As to the comments regarding ESG disclosure, the 
Department has clarified that they apply to circumstances where 
prospectuses or marketing materials discuss non-pecuniary objectives or 
benefits. We note that the Department's concerns under ERISA, and the 
policies underlying this final rule, are focused on safeguarding the 
interests of participants and beneficiaries in their plan benefits. If 
financial regulators adopt new rules or policies that affect financial 
market participants, that may create pecuniary or non-pecuniary 
considerations for plan fiduciaries apart from ERISA.
    Commenters noted that the Department of State, Department of the 
Treasury, Department of Commerce, and Department of Homeland Security 
have taken positions on risks of supply chain links to entities that 
engage in human rights abuses, including forced labor, in China. They 
argued that the Department should not issue a rule that fundamentally 
undermines policy from four other Departments and should ensure that 
pension fiduciaries are not discouraged from making the appropriate 
calculations about supply chain risks. Further, commenters criticized 
that the proposal conflicts with the Department's own statements 
regarding the need to divest the Federal Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) from 
investments in China due to increased risk. The Department believes the 
concerns expressed by these commenters are beyond the scope of issues 
being addressed by the final rule, which is limited to the investment 
duties of fiduciaries under Title I of ERISA. Nonetheless, if a 
fiduciary prudently determines that an investment is appropriate based 
solely on pecuniary considerations, including those that may derive 
from ESG factors, the fiduciary may make the investment without regard 
to any collateral benefits. Accordingly, the Department does not agree 
that there is any fundamental conflict between the positions other 
agencies have articulated on supply chain risk, and this final rule. 
Nothing in the final rule is intended to or does prevent a fiduciary 
from appropriately

[[Page 72871]]

considering any material risk with respect to an investment. Moreover, 
with respect to the TSP, which is not covered by Title I of ERISA, we 
note that the Department's position with respect to investments in 
China was informed by consideration of specific matters relating to 
investment risk, including inadequate investor disclosures and legal 
protections, that are consistent with ``pecuniary factors'' as used in 
the final rule. We note that matters relating to investments in China 
continue to be examined by other Federal agencies.\59\ Moreover, other 
concerns were raised because the Federal Government matches TSP 
contributions and investments in China might result in the Federal 
Government funding activities that are opposed to U.S. national 
security interests.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ See, e.g., Statement on SEC Response to the Report of the 
President's Working Group on Financial Markets (Aug. 10, 2020), 
www.sec.gov/news/public-statement/statement-presidents-working-group-financial-markets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter claimed that the DOL's failure to consult with the 
Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service 
regarding the proposed rule's impacts upon endangered species violates 
the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and the DOL's failure to assess the 
proposed rule's environmental impacts violates the National 
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The Department has reviewed the 
relevant legal provisions of the ESA and NEPA and concludes neither 
statute is implicated by the rule. In addition, the final rule's 
operative language does not expressly address ESG investments, but 
rather centers on the fiduciary duty to focus plan investment decisions 
on pecuniary factors only, a duty arising from ERISA and confirmed in 
the case law. The Department believes this change further renders the 
final rule beyond the scope of either ESA or NEPA, and any accompanying 
consultation or assessment requirements.
c. Comparison of Proposal to International Standards and Practices
    Commenters also asserted that the Department's proposal is against 
an international trend in the consideration of ESG factors. Other 
regulators, they argued, are requiring consideration of financially 
material ESG factors and focusing on the importance of the disclosure 
of those factors. European regulators have imposed rules, effective 
March 10, 2021, that require investment managers governed by the 
regulations to incorporate financially material ESG factors into the 
investment process. Another commenter contended that across the world's 
50 largest economies, there have been more than 730 hard and soft law 
policy revisions across some 500 policy instruments, which support, 
encourage, or require investors to consider long-term value drivers, 
including ESG factors. To the extent that these foreign standards 
condone sacrificing returns to consider non-pecuniary objectives, they 
are inconsistent with the fiduciary obligations imposed by ERISA. 
According to this commenter, of these top 50 economies, 48 have some 
form of policy designed to help investors consider sustainability 
risks, opportunities, or outcomes. The Department believes that 
assertions by these commenters do not fairly characterize the 
statements the Department made in the proposal. The final rule does not 
preclude consideration of any factor that is financially material to an 
investment or investment course of action. In addition, a few comments 
cited statements supporting non-financial investment considerations, 
thereby confirming the need for the Department to clarify ERISA 
fiduciary duties in the face of investment practices that stray from 
pecuniary considerations. Moreover, the final rule reflects ERISA's 
requirements, and commenters acknowledged that the duties of prudence 
and loyalty under ERISA may not be the same investment standards under 
which international regulation is taking place. Accordingly, 
international trends in the consideration of ESG factors or the actions 
of regulators in other countries are not an appropriate gauge for 
evaluating ERISA's requirements as they apply to investments of ERISA-
covered employee benefit plans.
d. Proxy Voting
    Commenters expressed concern that the proposal does not directly 
mention proxy voting or corporate stewardship and argue that any 
treatment of ESG investment practices should include those topics. 
Those issues technically are outside of the scope of this rulemaking. 
On September 4, 2020, the Department published a proposed amendment to 
the investment duties regulation to address the application of the 
prudence and exclusive purpose duties to the exercise of shareholder 
rights, including proxy voting, the use of written proxy voting 
policies and guidelines, and the selection and monitoring of proxy 
advisory firms.\60\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ 85 FR 55219 (Sept. 4, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. ESG Rating Systems and ESG Indices
    Some commenters were concerned that the Department's expressed 
skepticism about ESG rating systems and its assertion that ``[t]here is 
no consensus about what constitutes a genuine ESG investment, and ESG 
rating systems are often vague and inconsistent,'' is unfair. They also 
challenged the Department's observation that ``fiduciaries should also 
be skeptical of `ESG rating systems'--or any other rating system that 
seeks to measure, in whole or in part, the potential of an investment 
to achieve non-pecuniary goals--as a tool to select designated 
investment alternatives, or investments more generally.'' Such 
cautions, the commenters assert, cast a pall on the use of ESG ratings 
and substitute the judgment of the Department for that of plan 
fiduciaries who may find one or more of these ratings an appropriate 
investment tool. However, one commenter submitted materials describing 
sustainability ratings as ``black boxes'' in which ratings providers 
publish only a general description of their approaches; to the extent 
that any more detailed information is available, it is provided only to 
subscribers.
    Another commenter stated that manufacturing companies often face 
calls from third-party actors (who do not have a stake in the business 
or any interest in shareholders' long-term returns) to address ESG 
issues in a one-size-fits-all way that meets only the political needs 
of outside activists. In recent years, the commenter argued, this 
pressure has been driven in large part by ESG ratings firms that have a 
financial interest in ensuring more widespread adoption of non-
pecuniary ESG investing criteria. The commenter complained that these 
firms operate by boiling down a complex issue (or, often, multiple 
complex issues) into a single numerical score or letter grade with 
little to no disclosure as to how such score or grade is calculated, 
nor its impact on shareholder value creation. These one-size-fits-all 
standards do not take into account the individual circumstances of a 
given company or provide any context for a company's ESG work outside 
of the check-the-box approach favored by the ratings firms. 
Furthermore, the commenter avers, it is often unclear to issuers and 
investors alike exactly what data went into calculating a given rating. 
This commenter stated that pension plan managers making investment 
decisions based on these ratings are staking plan participants' 
retirement savings on the opinions of unregulated, nontransparent

[[Page 72872]]

entities that have no obligation to make decisions in pensioners' best 
interests. The commenter has called for the Securities and Exchange 
Commission to provide effective oversight of ESG raters and strongly 
supports the DOL's guidance that ERISA fiduciaries should be 
``skeptical'' of ESG ratings systems. Similarly, the commenter 
appreciated that the proposed rule highlights the fact that ESG ratings 
firms ``typically emphasize tick-the-box policies and disclosure 
levels, data points unrelated to investment performance, and/or 
backward-looking negative events with little predictive power.''
    In footnote 24 of the proposal, the Department stated that 
fiduciaries should be skeptical of ESG rating systems--or any other 
rating system that seeks to measure, in whole or in part, the potential 
of an investment to achieve non-pecuniary goals--as a tool to select 
designated investment alternatives, or investments more generally. The 
Department has not changed its views as to the need for fiduciaries to 
carefully examine ESG rating systems before relying on them to make 
investment decisions. The Department notes that an ERISA plan fiduciary 
should evaluate any rating system with care, skill, prudence, and 
diligence in order to determine that the rating system appropriately 
considers only pecuniary factors if such rating system is used to 
evaluate an investment.
    Skepticism of ESG or sustainability rating systems is warranted 
under ERISA because such ratings systems may involve the evaluation of 
non-pecuniary factors. While individual `E', `S', or `G' factors 
evaluated by a ratings provider may be a pecuniary factor for a 
particular investment or investment course of action it does not follow 
that all factors under the ESG rubric are pecuniary for all 
investments. And because ESG factors are so disparate--and often 
idiosyncratic--a fiduciary may not assume that combining them into a 
single rating, index, or score creates an amalgamated factor that is 
itself pecuniary. If ESG or sustainability rating systems are to be 
used, a fiduciary should conduct appropriate due diligence to 
understand how the ratings are determined, for example methodology, 
weighting, data sources, and the underlying assumptions used by such 
rating systems. Similarly, in selecting an investment fund that follows 
an ESG index, a fiduciary should also conduct appropriate due diligence 
and understand the ESG index objective, how the ESG index is 
constructed and maintained, its performance benchmarks, and how the 
factors and weightings used by the ESG index are pecuniary. For 
example, should specific ESG factors become reliably and consistently 
identified, and widely recognized by qualified investment managers as 
pecuniary factors that are predictive of financial performance, then 
nothing in the final rule would prohibit their use by plan fiduciaries.
f. Interpretive Bulletin 2015-1 (IB 2015-1) and Field Assistance 
Bulletin 2018-01 (FAB 2018-01)
    The final rule also withdraws IB 2015-1 and removes it from the 
Code of Federal Regulations. Accordingly, as of publication of this 
final rule, IB 2015-1 may no longer be relied upon as reflecting the 
Department's interpretation of the application of ERISA's fiduciary 
responsibility provisions to the selection of investments and 
investment courses of action.
    Similarly, FAB 2018-01, which concerned both ``ESG Investment 
Considerations'' and ``Shareholder Engagement Activities,'' is 
superseded in part. Accordingly, as of publication of this final rule, 
the portion of FAB 2018-01 under the heading ``ESG Investment 
Considerations'' will be null and void and will be disregarded by the 
Department.

E. Regulatory Impact Analysis

    This section analyzes the regulatory impact of a final regulation 
concerning the legal standard imposed by sections 404(a)(1)(A) and 
404(a)(1)(B) of ERISA with respect to investment decisions involving 
plan assets. In particular, it addresses the selection of a plan 
investment or, in the case of an ERISA section 404(c) plan or other 
individual account plan, a designated investment alternative under the 
plan. This final rule addresses the limitations that section 
404(a)(1)(A) and 404(a)(1)(B) of ERISA impose on fiduciaries' 
consideration of non-pecuniary benefits and goals when making 
investment decisions, including environmental, social, and corporate 
governance and other similar factors.
    Thus, the rule sets forth standards of prudence and loyalty for 
selecting and monitoring investments. This rule imposes some costs. For 
example, some plans will incur costs to review the rule to ensure 
compliance, document the basis for certain investment decisions, and 
ensure their QDIA does not contain prohibited characteristics. The 
research and analysis used to select investments may change, but such a 
change is unlikely to increase the overall cost. The transfer impacts, 
benefits, and costs associated with the final rule depend on the number 
of plan fiduciaries that are currently not following or are 
misinterpreting the Department's existing sub-regulatory guidance. 
While the Department does not have sufficient data to estimate the 
number of such fiduciaries, the Department's educated estimate is 
small, because most fiduciaries are operating in compliance with the 
Department's sub-regulatory guidance. The Department acknowledges, 
however, that some plan fiduciaries may be making investment decisions 
that do not comply with the requirements of this final rule. 
Nevertheless, the Department expects that the gains to investors will 
justify the costs for participants and beneficiaries covered by plans 
with noncompliant investment fiduciaries. If the Department's educated 
estimate regarding the number of noncompliant fiduciaries is 
understated, the final rule's transfer impacts, and costs will be 
proportionately higher. Even in this instance, however, the Department 
believes that the rule's benefits and gains to retirement investors 
justify its costs.
    The Department has examined the effects of this rule as required by 
Executive Order 12866,\61\ Executive Order 13563,\62\ the Congressional 
Review Act,\63\ Executive Order 13771,\64\ the Paperwork Reduction Act 
of 1995,\65\ the Regulatory Flexibility Act,\66\ section 202 of the 
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995,\67\ and Executive Order 
13132.\68\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ Regulatory Planning and Review, 58 FR 51735 (Oct. 4, 1993).
    \62\ Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review, 76 FR 3821 
(Jan. 18, 2011).
    \63\ 5 U.S.C. 804(2) (1996).
    \64\ Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs, 82 FR 
9339 (Jan. 30, 2017).
    \65\ 44 U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A) (1995).
    \66\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. (1980).
    \67\ 2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq. (1995).
    \68\ Federalism, 64 FR 153 (Aug. 4, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563

    Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 direct agencies to assess all 
costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if 
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize 
net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public 
health and safety effects; distributive impacts; and equity). Executive 
Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying costs and 
benefits, reducing costs, harmonizing rules, and promoting flexibility.
    Under Executive Order 12866, ``significant'' regulatory actions are

[[Page 72873]]

subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Section 
3(f) of the Executive Order defines a ``significant regulatory action'' 
as an action that is likely to result in a rule (1) having an annual 
effect on the economy of $100 million or more, or adversely and 
materially affecting a sector of the economy, productivity, 
competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or state, 
local, or tribal governments or communities (also referred to as 
``economically significant''); (2) creating a serious inconsistency or 
otherwise interfering with an action taken or planned by another 
agency; (3) materially altering the budgetary impacts of entitlement 
grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of 
recipients thereof; or (4) raising novel legal or policy issues arising 
out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles 
set forth in the Executive Order. It has been determined that this rule 
is economically significant within the meaning of section 3(f)(1) of 
the Executive Order. Therefore, the Department has provided an 
assessment of the final rule's potential costs, benefits, and 
transfers, and OMB has reviewed this final rule pursuant to the 
Executive Order. Pursuant to the Congressional Review Act, OMB has 
designated this final rule as a ``major rule,'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 
804(2), because it would be likely to result in an annual effect on the 
economy of $100 million or more.

1.1. Introduction and Need for Regulation

    Recently, there has been an increased emphasis in the marketplace 
on investments and investment courses of action that further non-
pecuniary objectives, particularly what have been termed environmental, 
social, and corporate governance (ESG) investing.\69\ The Department is 
concerned that the growing emphasis on ESG investing, and other non-
pecuniary factors, may be prompting ERISA plan fiduciaries to make 
investment decisions for purposes distinct from their responsibility to 
provide benefits to participants and beneficiaries and defray 
reasonable plan administration expenses. The Department is also 
concerned that some investment products may be marketed to ERISA 
fiduciaries on the basis of purported benefits and goals unrelated to 
financial performance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ See Jon Hale, Sustainable Funds U.S. Landscape Report: 
Record Flows and Strong Fund Performance in 2019 (Feb. 14, 2020), 
www.morningstar.com/lp/sustainable-funds-landscape-report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department has periodically considered the application of 
ERISA's fiduciary rules to plan investment decisions that are based, in 
whole or part, on non-pecuniary factors, and not simply investment 
risks and expected returns. The Department has made various statements 
on the subject over the years in sub-regulatory guidance not issued 
pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act. Accordingly, this final 
rule is necessary to interpret ERISA regarding the scope of fiduciary 
duties surrounding non-pecuniary issues.
    Some commenters asserted that ERISA's prudence and loyalty duties 
do not justify the need for the final rule. The Department disagrees 
and firmly believes that fiduciaries must evaluate plan investments 
based solely on pecuniary factors and not subordinate the interests of 
the participants and beneficiaries in their retirement income or 
financial benefits under the plan to unrelated objectives or sacrifice 
investment return or take on additional investment risk to promote 
goals unrelated to the financial interests of the plan's participants 
and beneficiaries or the purposes of the plan. The Department believes 
that providing a final regulation will help safeguard the interests of 
participants and beneficiaries in their plan benefits.

1.2. Affected Entities

    The final rule will affect certain ERISA-covered plans whose 
fiduciaries consider or will begin considering non-pecuniary factors 
when selecting investments and the participants in those plans. Indeed, 
the Department received multiple comments from entities who described 
their use of non-pecuniary factors when selecting investments and their 
intention to continue using them in the future. The best data available 
on the topic of non-pecuniary investing comes from surveys of ESG 
investing by plans, thus the data used in this analysis is on ESG 
investing. A challenge in relying on survey data, however, is that one 
cannot tell how much of the ESG investing described is pecuniary or 
non-pecuniary.\70\ Further complicating matters is that in selecting 
investments, some plans may use non-pecuniary factors that are not ESG 
factors, or are not perceived to be ESG factors. If survey respondents 
do not view them as ESG factors, these plans would not be identified by 
surveys.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ See Schanzenbach & Sitkoff, supra note 5, at 389-90 
(distinguishing between ``collateral benefits ESG'' investing--
defined as ``ESG investing for moral or ethical reasons or to 
benefit a third party''--which is not permissible under ERISA, and 
``risk-return ESG'' investing, which is).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule requires plan fiduciaries to meet a documentation 
requirement when they are unable to distinguish among alternative 
investments based on pecuniary factors alone and base their investment 
decision on non-pecuniary factors. In such circumstances, the fiduciary 
must document (i) why pecuniary factors were not sufficient to select 
the investment or investment course of action; (ii) how the investment 
compares to the alternative investments with regard to the certain 
factors, and (iii) how the non-pecuniary chosen factor is, or factors 
are, consistent with interests of the participants and beneficiaries in 
their retirement income or financial benefits under the plan. According 
to a 2018 survey by the NEPC, approximately 12 percent of private 
pension plans have adopted ESG investing.\71\ Another survey, conducted 
by the Callan Institute in 2019, found that about 19 percent of private 
sector pension plans consider ESG factors in investment decisions.\72\ 
Both of these estimates are calculated from samples that include both 
defined benefit (DB) and defined contribution (DC) plans. Some DB plans 
that consider ESG factors will not be affected by the final rule 
because they focus only on the financial aspects of ESG factors, rather 
than on non-pecuniary objectives. In order to generate an upper-bound 
estimate of the costs, however, the Department assumes that 19 percent 
of DB plans will be affected by the final rule. This represents 
approximately 8,905 DB plans.\73\ The Department also assumes that 19 
percent of DC plans with investments that are not participant-directed 
will be affected; this represents an additional 17,676 plans.\74\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ Brad Smith & Kelly Regan, NEPC ESG Survey: A Profile of 
Corporate & Healthcare Plan Decisionmakers' Perspectives, NEPC (Jul. 
11, 2018), https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/2529352/files/2018%2007%20NEPC%20ESG%20Survey%20Results%20.pdf?t=1532123276859.
    \72\ 2019 ESG Survey, Callan Institute (2019), www.callan.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2019-ESG-Survey.pdf.
    \73\ DOL calculations are based on statistics from Private 
Pension Plan Bulletin: Abstract of 2018 Form 5500 Annual Reports, 
Employee Benefits Security Administration (forthcoming 2020), 
(46,869 * 19% = 8,905 DB plans).
    \74\ Id. (93,033 * 19% = 17,676 plans).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Participant-directed individual account DC plans and their 
participants will be affected by the final rule if fiduciaries respond 
to participant demand by examining ESG options for inclusion among 
their plans' designated investment alternatives. Fiduciaries of

[[Page 72874]]

such plans may also select investments using non-pecuniary factors when 
the fiduciary is unable to distinguish alternative investment options 
based on pecuniary considerations. A small share of individual account 
plans offer at least one ESG-themed option among their designated 
investment alternatives. According to the Plan Sponsor Council of 
America, about three percent of 401(k) and/or profit sharing plans 
offered at least one ESG-themed investment option in 2018.\75\ 
Vanguard's 2018 administrative data show that approximately nine 
percent of DC plans offered one or more ``socially responsible'' 
domestic equity fund options.\76\ In a comment letter, Fidelity 
Investments reported that 14.5 percent of corporate DC plans with fewer 
than 50 participants offered an ESG option, and that the figure is 
higher for large plans with at least 1,000 participants. Considering 
these sources together, the Department estimates that nine percent of 
participant-directed individual account plans have at least one ESG-
themed designated investment alternative and will be affected by the 
final rule. This represents 52,378 participant-directed individual 
account plans.\77\ In terms of the actual investment in ESG options, 
one survey indicates that about 0.1 percent of total DC plan assets are 
invested in ESG funds.\78\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ 62nd Annual Survey of Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plans, Plan 
Sponsor Council of America (2019).
    \76\ How America Saves 2019, Vanguard (June 2019), https://institutional.vanguard.com/iam/pdf/HAS2019.pdf.
    \77\ DOL calculations based on statistics from Private Pension 
Plan Bulletin: Abstract of 2018 Form 5500 Annual Reports, Employee 
Benefits Security Administration (forthcoming 2020), (581,974 * 9% = 
52,378 individual account plans with participant direction).
    \78\ 62nd Annual Survey of Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plans, Plan 
Sponsor Council of America (2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The rule prevents any investment fund, product, or model portfolio 
from being added as, or as a component of, a Qualified Default 
Investment Alternative (QDIA) if its investment objectives or goals or 
its principal investment strategies include, consider, or indicate the 
use of one or more non-pecuniary factors. To assess the impact of this 
provision, it is important to determine how many DC plans have a QDIA. 
According to a 2018 survey conducted by the Plan Sponsor Council of 
America, about 70 percent of DC plans have a QDIA.\79\ This represents 
approximately 407,382 individual account plans with participant 
direction.\80\ As specified in 29 CFR 2550.404c-5, there are four 
permitted types of QDIAs: Target-date funds, professionally managed 
accounts, balanced funds, and capital preservation products for only 
the first 120 days of participation. The 2018 survey from Plan Sponsor 
Council of America also found that approximately 75 percent of QDIAs 
are target-date funds, while 12 percent are balanced funds, 7 percent 
are professionally managed accounts, 4 percent are stable value funds, 
and the remaining 2 percent are investments classified as ``other.'' 
\81\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ Id.
    \80\ DOL calculations based on statistics from Private Pension 
Plan Bulletin: Abstract of 2018 Form 5500 Annual Reports, Employee 
Benefits Security Administration (forthcoming 2020), (581,974 * 70% 
= 407,382 individual account plans with participant direction).
    \81\ 62nd Annual Survey of Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plans, Plan 
Sponsor Council of America (2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To better understand how many plans with QDIAs would be affected by 
the rule, the Department looked at the holdings of target-date fund 
providers. According to Morningstar, the five largest target-date fund 
providers account for 79 percent of target-date strategy assets.\82\ 
The Department examined the most recent holdings, as of September 2020, 
of the target-date funds offered by the five largest target-date fund 
providers, denoting target-date funds that either had an investment 
strategy considering non-pecuniary factors or that were invested in a 
fund with a non-pecuniary investment focus. Within this sample, the 
Department found only one target-date fund provider that had issued a 
target-date series with an ESG focus. This series was launched in 2020, 
and as of September 2020, this series accounted for less than 0.002 
percent of assets in the sample. The Department also examined other 
target-date funds it was aware of that had an ESG focus. When looking 
at the total net asset value for each of the target date series from 
Morningstar Direct, the Department found that target-date funds with an 
ESG focus account for a very small portion of the assets invested in 
the target-date market. When looking at preliminary data from 
BrightScope on the holdings of 401(k) and 403(b) plans for 2018, the 
Department found that target-date funds with an ESG focus account for 
an even smaller portion of the target-date assets in ERISA plans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ Morningstar, 2020 Target-Date Strategy Landscape, How 
Target-Date Shareholders Fared in the Coronavirus Bear Market and 
the Trends Shaping the Future of Investing for Retirement (2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the purpose of this analysis, the Department assumes that the 
characteristics of the five largest providers of target-date funds are 
representative of the investment alternatives offered as QDIAs. As the 
target-date series noted above is relatively new, and the Department is 
aware of at least one other target-date series focusing on non-
pecuniary factors, the Department assumes that 0.1 percent of plans 
will need to make changes to their QDIAs. Based on the foregoing, the 
Department assumes that 407 plans with QDIAs will be affected by the 
rule.\83\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ 407,383 * 0.001 = 407.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.3. Gains to Retirement Investors

    The final rule will replace existing guidance on the use of ESG and 
similar factors in the selection of investments. It will lead to less 
use of non-pecuniary factors in selecting DB plan investments and 
participant-directed individual account plan QDIAs. These effects may 
provide gains to retirement investors in the form of higher returns by 
preventing fiduciaries from selecting investments by factoring in non-
pecuniary ESG considerations and requiring them to base investment 
decisions on financial factors.
    The final rule states that fiduciaries for DB plans must base 
investment decisions on pecuniary factors unless the plan fiduciary is 
unable to distinguish alternative investment options on the basis of 
pecuniary factors and such a conclusion is properly documented. This 
will lead to a decrease in the use of non-pecuniary factors in 
selecting DB plan investments. Defined contribution plans that do not 
have participant direction will be similarly affected with the same 
results.
    This rule specifically addresses circumstances when participant-
directed individual account plan fiduciaries select designated 
investment alternatives. Such fiduciaries are not automatically 
prohibited from casting a broad net to consider or include an 
investment fund, product, or model portfolio merely because the fund, 
product, or model portfolio promotes, seeks, or supports one or more 
non-pecuniary goals, so long as fiduciaries meet the final rule's 
requirement to base final selection decisions on pecuniary factors. If 
the pecuniary factors lead to situations where plan fiduciaries are 
unable to distinguish alternative investment options on the basis of 
pecuniary factors, the plan fiduciary can make a selection based on 
non-pecuniary factors if they properly document the basis for their 
decision. It is unclear whether fiduciaries will

[[Page 72875]]

increase selection of non-pecuniary funds as designated investment 
alternatives, and consequently, how returns may be affected.
    Furthermore, the rule prohibits plan fiduciaries from adding any 
investment fund, product, or model portfolio as, or as a component of, 
a QDIA if its investment objectives or goals or its principal 
investment strategies include, consider, or indicate the use of one or 
more non-pecuniary factors. The Department expects that requiring a 
fiduciary's selection of a QDIA to be based solely on pecuniary factors 
will lead to higher returns for the reasons discussed above.
    Some commenters objected to the Department's characterization in 
the proposal of the empirical research assessing ESG investing. Indeed, 
the research studies have a wide range of findings. Some studies have 
shown that ESG investing outperforms conventional investing. Verheyden, 
Eccles, and Feiner's research analyzes stock portfolios that used 
negative screening \84\ to exclude operating companies with poor ESG 
records from the portfolios.\85\ The study finds that negative 
screening tends to increase a stock portfolio's annual performance by 
0.16 percent. Similarly, Kempf and Osthoff's research, which examines 
stocks in the S&P 500 and the Domini 400 Social Index (renamed as the 
MSCI KLD 400 Social Index in 2010), finds that it is financially 
beneficial for investors to positively screen their portfolios.\86\ 
Additionally, Ito, Managi, and Matsuda's research finds that socially 
responsible funds outperformed conventional funds in the European Union 
and United States.\87\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \84\ Negative screening refers to the exclusion of certain 
sectors, companies, or practices from a fund or portfolio based on 
ESG criteria.
    \85\ Tim Verheyden, Robert G. Eccles, and Andreas Feiner, ESG 
for all? The Impact of ESG Screening on Return, Risk, and 
Diversification. 28 Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 2 (2016).
    \86\ Alexander Kempf and Peer Osthoff, The Effect of Socially 
Responsible Investing on Portfolio Performance, 13 European 
Financial Management 5 (2007).
    \87\ Yutaka Ito, Shunsuke Managi, and Akimi Matsuda, 
Performances of Socially Responsible Investment and Environmentally 
Friendly Funds, 64 Journal of the Operational Research Society 11 
(2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In contrast, other studies have found that ESG investing has 
resulted in lower returns than conventional investing. For example, 
Winegarden shows that over ten years, a portfolio of ESG funds has a 
return that is 43.9 percent lower than if it had been invested in an 
S&P 500 index fund.\88\ Trinks and Scholten's research, which examines 
socially responsible investment funds, finds that a screened market 
portfolio significantly underperforms an unscreened market 
portfolio.\89\ Ferruz, Mu[ntilde]oz, and Vicente's research, which 
examines U.S. mutual funds, finds that a portfolio of mutual funds that 
implements negative screening underperforms a portfolio of 
conventionally matched pairs.\90\ Likewise, Ciciretti, Dal[ograve], and 
Dam's research, which analyzes a global sample of operating companies, 
finds that companies that score poorly in terms of ESG indicators have 
higher expected returns.\91\ Marsat and Williams' research has very 
similar findings.\92\ Operating companies with better ESG scores 
according to MSCI had lower market valuation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \88\ Wayne Winegarden, Environmental, Social, and Governance 
(ESG) Investing: An Evaluation of the Evidence. Pacific Research 
Institute (2019).
    \89\ Pieter Jan Trinks and Bert Scholtens, The Opportunity Cost 
of Negative Screening in Socially Responsible Investing, 140 Journal 
of Business Ethics 2 (2014).
    \90\ Luis Ferruz, Fernando Mu[ntilde]oz, and Ruth Vicente, 
Effect of Positive Screens on Financial Performance: Evidence from 
Ethical Mutual Fund Industry (2012).
    \91\ Rocco Ciciretti, Ambrogio Dal[ograve], and Lammertjan Dam, 
The Contributions of Betas versus Characteristics to the ESG Premium 
(2019).
    \92\ Sylvain Marsat and Benjamin Williams, CSR and Market 
Valuation: International Evidence. Bankers, Markets & Investors: An 
Academic & Professional Review, Groupe Banque (2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, there are many studies with inconclusive results. 
Goldreyer and Diltz's research, which examines 49 socially responsible 
mutual funds, finds that employing positive social screens does not 
affect the investment performance of mutual funds.\93\ Similarly, 
Renneboog, Ter Horst, and Zhang's research, which analyzes global 
socially responsible mutual funds, finds that the risk-adjusted returns 
of socially responsible mutual funds are not statistically different 
from conventional funds.\94\ Bello's research, which examines 126 
mutual funds, finds that the long-run investment performance is not 
statistically different between conventional and socially responsible 
funds.\95\ Likewise, Ferruz, Mu[ntilde]oz, and Vicente's research finds 
that a portfolio of mutual funds that implement positive screening \96\ 
performs equally well as a portfolio of conventionally matched-
pairs.\97\ Finally, Humphrey and Tan's research, which examines 
socially responsible investment funds, finds no evidence of negative 
screening affecting the risks or returns of portfolios.\98\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \93\ Elizabeth Goldreyer and David Diltz, The Performance of 
Socially Responsible Mutual Funds: Incorporating Sociopolitical 
Information in Portfolio Selection, 25 Managerial Finance 1 (1999).
    \94\ Luc Renneboog, Jenke Ter Horst, and Chendi Zhang, The Price 
of Ethics and Stakeholder Governance: The Performance of Socially 
Responsible Mutual Funds, 14 Journal of Corporate Finance 3 (2008).
    \95\ Zakri Bello, Socially responsible investing and portfolio 
diversification, 28 Journal of Financial Research 1 (2005).
    \96\ Positive screening refers to including certain sectors and 
companies that meets the criteria of non-financial objectives.
    \97\ Ferruz, Mu[ntilde]oz, and Vicente, Effect of Positive 
Screens on Financial Performance (2012).
    \98\ Jacquelyn Humphrey and David Tan, Does It Really Hurt to be 
Responsible?, 122 Journal of Business Ethics 3 (2014).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule emphasizes the importance of plan fiduciaries 
focusing on pecuniary factors when selecting investments. This emphasis 
may encourage fiduciaries to pay greater attention to fees. If, as a 
result of the final rule, assets are invested in funds with lower fees 
on average, the reduced fees, minus potential upfront transition costs, 
will represent gains to retirement investors.
    To the extent that ESG and other investing decisions sacrifice 
return to achieve non-pecuniary goals, it reduces participant and 
beneficiaries' retirement investment returns, thereby compromising a 
central purpose of ERISA. Given the increase in ESG investing, the 
Department is concerned that, without this rulemaking, non-pecuniary 
ESG investing will present a growing threat to ERISA fiduciary 
standards and, ultimately, to investment returns and retirement income 
security for plan participants and beneficiaries. The gains to 
investors derived from higher investment returns compounded over many 
years could be considerable for plans and participants that would be 
impacted by plan fiduciaries' increased reliance on pecuniary factors 
as required by the final rule.
    If some portion of the increased returns realized by the rule are 
associated with ESG investments generating lower pre-fee returns than 
non-ESG investments (as regards economic impacts that can be 
internalized by parties conducting market transactions), then the new 
returns qualify as gains to investors from the rule. It would, however, 
be important to track externalities, public goods, or other market 
failures that might lead to economic effects of the non-ESG activities 
being potentially less fully internalized than ESG activities' effects 
would, and thus generating costs to society on an ongoing basis. 
Finally, if some portion of the increased returns would be associated 
with transactions in which the opposite party experiences decreased 
returns of equal magnitude, then this portion of the rule's impact 
would, from a society-wide perspective, be appropriately categorized as 
a transfer (though it should be noted that, if there is evidence of 
wealth differing

[[Page 72876]]

across the transaction parties, it would have implications for marginal 
utility of the assets).

1.4. Costs

    This final rule provides guidance on the investment duties of a 
plan fiduciary. Under this final rule, plan fiduciaries who consider 
ESG and similar factors when choosing investments will be reminded that 
they may evaluate only the investments' relevant economic pecuniary 
factors to determine the risk and return profiles of the alternatives. 
It is the Department's view that many plan fiduciaries already 
undertake such evaluations, though many that consider ESG and similar 
factors may not be treating those as pecuniary factors within the risk-
return evaluation. This final rule will not impair fiduciaries' 
appropriate consideration of ESG factors in circumstances where such 
consideration is material to the risk-return analysis and, as a result, 
advances participants' interests in their retirement benefits. The 
Department does not intend to increase fiduciaries' burden of care 
attendant to such consideration; therefore, no additional costs are 
estimated for this requirement. While fiduciaries may modify the 
research approach they use to select investments as a consequence of 
the final rule, the Department assumes this modification will not 
impose significant additional cost.
    The Department solicited comments on its cost analysis in the 
regulatory impact analysis for the proposed rule. While some commenters 
provided insights the Department could use to improve its analysis, few 
commenters provided additional data or data sources to help the 
Department quantify the cost impacts of the rule.
    Commenters suggested that the analysis did not account for the 
movement from ESG assets to non-ESG assets due to the rule and the 
related costs of this movement. Commenters provided several reasons for 
this movement including, the proposed rule favors non-ESG investments; 
additional costs are required to document decisions to invest in ESG 
investments in certain circumstances; and increased litigation risk. 
Commenters suggested that this movement from ESG to non-ESG investments 
would create a cost due to lost returns, suggesting that ESG 
investments outperform non-ESG investments.
    The Department disagrees with most of these comments; changes made 
in the final rule strengthen the Department's view that commenters' 
concerns are overstated. For example, the final rule reaffirms that 
plan investments and investment alternatives are to be chosen based on 
pecuniary factors. If an investment, including an ESG investment, is 
expected to outperform other similar investments, fills a plan's needs, 
and meets other relevant requirements under ERISA, it can be selected 
and the plan and plan participants will benefit from its inclusion. If 
an investment, including an ESG investment, is expected to underperform 
other similar investments, it does not satisfy the final rule's 
requirements and should not be selected. Plan investments or investment 
alternatives that previously followed this requirement will not 
experience a change in economic performance. If plan investments or 
investment alternatives were selected based on non-pecuniary factors 
and they are not maximizing the economic benefits of the plan, they 
should be replaced, which would increase the returns to the plan. Thus, 
the requirement to consider only pecuniary factors only serves to 
benefit the plan, and additional losses are less likely to be incurred 
as suggested by commenters.
    Commenters also suggested that the requirement to document the 
decision when fiduciaries use non-pecuniary factors to choose between 
alternative investment options that cannot be distinguished based on 
pecuniary factors could drive up costs. Commenters said that these 
costs would lead plans to avoid selecting ESG assets due to the added 
cost, even when they are beneficial. The final rule significantly 
reduces the documentation requirements from the proposal. In the final 
rule, the Department explicitly requires plan fiduciaries to document 
three elements identified in the final rule only in the discrete (and 
likely rare) situations in which a fiduciary cannot distinguish between 
alternatives based on pecuniary factors. Stating precisely what is 
required to be documented in the final rule should help both lower 
compliance costs and address concerns about liability exposure, because 
fiduciaries will have clear expectations of what is expected. While the 
Department does include a requirement to document the decision, it 
continues to believe that a prudent process would already require plan 
fiduciaries to have considered responses to these questions, so the 
only added costs would be to document their reasoning and many plan 
fiduciaries already are doing this as part of a prudent selection 
process.
    Further, commenters suggested that the requirement to document the 
use of non-pecuniary factors would subject ESG factors to a different 
standard of analysis that would diminish a fiduciary's ability to act 
in the best interest of plan participants. In response to comments, the 
Department has removed the proposed requirement to document the 
selection and monitoring of designated investment alternatives that 
include ESG assessments. A different standard is not being created in 
this final rule. Fiduciaries should use a prudent process for selecting 
all investments. In exchange for using a non-pecuniary factor to select 
between or among investment alternatives that the fiduciary prudently 
determines would serve equivalent roles in the plan's portfolio, the 
rule requires fiduciaries to prepare a justification to help ensure 
that the decision is consistent with interests of participants and 
beneficiaries in their retirement income or financial benefits under 
the plan and not based on any other consideration.
    Some commenters also expressed concern that the regulation would 
limit diversification and a fiduciary's ability to consider all 
material factors in an investment decision. The regulation specifies 
that compliance with section 404(a)(1)(B) of ERISA requires a fiduciary 
of an employee benefit plan to evaluate investments and investment 
courses of action based solely on pecuniary factors that have had a 
material effect on the return and risk. The regulation does not 
restrict consideration of any asset classes or sectors of investment so 
long as investment decisions are made solely in the interest of the 
plan's financial objective of providing retirement income for plan 
participants and beneficiaries.
    Commenters suggested that the Department did not appropriately 
consider an investment's time horizon at all or focused only on a 
short-time horizon. The Department disagrees. The rule requires plan 
fiduciaries to ``evaluate investments and investment courses of action 
based solely on pecuniary factors that have a material effect on the 
return and risk of an investment based on appropriate investment 
horizons.'' The appropriate time horizon to consider for an investment 
or investment alternative can be plan specific, and the rule allows the 
plan fiduciary to make that determination for their plan.
    Some commenters expressed concern regarding how the regulation will 
affect the behavior of plan participants (participation rates, elective 
deferrals, and investment choices) and plan sponsors (offering of ESG 
options in plan investment menus). A change to

[[Page 72877]]

the final rule makes it clear that participant-directed individual 
account plan fiduciaries are not automatically prohibited from 
considering or including an investment fund, product, or model 
portfolio merely because the fund, product, or model portfolio 
promotes, seeks, or supports one or more non-pecuniary goals, provided 
that certain requirements are met. As discussed above, this could lead 
to increased participation or inflows of assets into plans.
    Several of the commenters note that the rule would require plan 
fiduciaries to read the rule and review investment policy statements to 
ensure they are in compliance. The Department estimates that 78,959 
plans have exposure to investments with non-pecuniary objectives, 
consisting of 8,905 DB plans,\99\ 52,378 participant-directed 
individual account plans,\100\ and 17,676 DC plans with ESG investments 
that are not participant directed.\101\ In the proposal, the Department 
estimated that the incremental costs would be ``minimal.'' The 
Department agrees with commenters that fiduciaries of each of these 
types of plans will need to spend time reviewing the final rule, 
evaluating how it affects their investment practices, and implementing 
any necessary changes. The Department now estimates that this review 
process will require a lawyer to spend approximately four hours to 
complete, resulting in a cost burden of approximately $44 million.\102\ 
The Department believes that these processes will likely be performed 
by a service provider for most plans that likely oversee multiple 
plans. Therefore, the Department's estimate likely is an upper bound, 
because it is based on the number of affected plans. The Department 
does not have data that would allow it to estimate the number of 
service providers acting in such a capacity for these plans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \99\ DOL calculations based on statistics from U.S. Department 
of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration, ``Private 
Pension Plan Bulletin: Abstract of 2018 Form 5500 Annual Reports,'' 
(forthcoming 2020), (46,869 DB plans * 19% = 8,905 DB plans; 93,033 
DC Plans * 19% = 17,676 DC plans; 581,974 * 6% = 34,918 individual 
account plans with participant direction).
    \100\ DOL calculations based on statistics from Private Pension 
Plan Bulletin: Abstract of 2018 Form 5500 Annual Reports, Employee 
Benefits Security Administration (forthcoming 2020), (581,974 * 9% = 
52,378 individual account plans with participant direction).
    \101\ DOL calculations based on statistics from U.S. Department 
of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration, ``Private 
Pension Plan Bulletin: Abstract of 2018 Form 5500 Annual Reports,'' 
(forthcoming 2020), (46,869 DB plans * 19% = 8,905 DB plans; 93,033 
DC Plans * 19% = 17,676 DC plans; 581,974 * 6% = 34,918 individual 
account plans with participant direction).
    \102\ The Department estimated that there are 78,959 plans that 
will need to ensure compliance with the final rule. The burden is 
estimated as follows: (78,959 plans * 4 hours) = 315,836 hours. A 
labor rate of $138.41 is used for a lawyer. The cost burden is 
estimated as follows: (78,959 plans * 4 hours * $138.41) = 
$43,714,860.76. Labor rates are based on DOL estimates from Labor 
Cost Inputs Used in the Employee Benefits Security Administration, 
Office of Policy and Research's Regulatory Impact Analyses and 
Paperwork Reduction Act Burden Calculation, Employee Benefits 
Security Administration (June 2019), www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/laws-and-regulations/rules-and-regulations/technical-appendices/labor-cost-inputs-used-in-ebsa-opr-ria-and-pra-burden-calculations-june-2019.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some fiduciaries will select investments that are different from 
what they would have selected pre-rule. As part of a routine evaluation 
of the plan's investments or investment alternatives, fiduciaries may 
replace an investment or investment alternative. This could lead to 
some disruption, particularly for participant-directed DC plans. If a 
plan fiduciary removes an ESG fund as a designated investment 
alternative and does not replace it with a more appropriate ESG fund as 
a result of this final rule, participants invested in the ESG fund will 
have to pick a new fund that may not be comparable from their 
perspective. This could be disruptive.
    Paragraph (c)(1) of the final rule provides that a fiduciary's 
evaluation of an investment must be focused on pecuniary factors. 
Paragraph (c)(2) addresses investment alternatives that the fiduciary 
prudently determines would serve equivalent roles in the plan's 
portfolio and that which the plan fiduciary is unable to distinguish on 
the basis of pecuniary factors alone. In such cases, a fiduciary may 
choose between such alternatives based on non-pecuniary factors 
provided the fiduciary documents (1) why the pecuniary factors were not 
sufficient to select the investment; (2) why the fiduciary believes 
diversification among the investments under consideration would not be 
prudent; and (3) how the chosen non-pecuniary factors are consistent 
with the interests of the plan. The Department continues to believe 
that the likelihood that a plan fiduciary will be unable to distinguish 
between two investment options based on pecuniary factors is rare; 
therefore, the need to document such circumstances also will be 
rare.\103\ In those rare instances, the documentation requirement could 
be burdensome if fiduciaries are not currently documenting decisions. 
The Department estimates that this requirement will not result in a 
substantial cost burden, because it concludes that situations where 
plan fiduciaries are unable to distinguish between alternative 
investment options based on pecuniary factors are rare. The cost for 
the documentation requirement is estimated to be $122,000 annually. The 
estimation of this cost is discussed in the Paperwork Reduction Act 
(PRA) section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \103\ See Schanzenbach & Sitkoff, supra note 5, at 410 
(describing a hypothetical pair of truly identical investments as a 
``unicorn'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule provides that under no circumstances may any 
investment fund, product, or model portfolio be added as, or as a 
component of, a QDIA if its investment objectives or goals or its 
principal investment strategies include, consider, or indicate the use 
of one or more non-pecuniary factors. The final rule provides a 
transition provision requiring plans to bring their QDIAs into 
compliance with the final rule by April 30, 2022. This transition 
provision is intended to provide sufficient time for plans to review 
and make any necessary changes to their QDIAs to bring them into 
compliance. The Department believes as plans familiarize themselves 
with the rule, they are likely to make necessary changes. Accordingly, 
the Department assumes that associated costs will be incurred during 
the first year. The Department estimates that it will take on average 
20 hours (in addition to any time fiduciaries customarily spend 
reviewing and changing their QDIAs) for fiduciaries of a plan offering 
QDIAs with exposure to non-pecuniary investment objectives to review 
and change their QDIAs resulting in a cost of $1.1 million.\104\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \104\ The Department estimated that there are 407,383 DC plans 
with QDIAs and that 0.1 percent, or 407 plans, will need to 
reconsider their QDIAs as a result of the rule. The burden is 
estimated as follows: (407,383 plans * 0.001 * 20 hours) = 814 
hours. A labor rate of $134.21 is used for a plan fiduciary. The 
cost burden is estimated as follows: (407,383 plans * 0.001 * 20 
hours * $134.21) = $1,092,469.40. Labor rates are based on DOL 
estimates from Labor Cost Inputs Used in the Employee Benefits 
Security Administration, Office of Policy and Research's Regulatory 
Impact Analyses and Paperwork Reduction Act Burden Calculation, 
Employee Benefits Security Administration (June 2019), www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/laws-and-regulations/rules-and-regulations/technical-appendices/labor-cost-inputs-used-in-ebsa-opr-ria-and-pra-burden-calculations-june-2019.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The use of ESG investment alternatives in participant-directed 
plans has potential as a marketing tool that may increase retirement 
savings contributions for some investors. To the extent the rule 
reduces access to ESG investment alternatives retirement investors may 
reduce their future contributions. The Department is not aware of any 
empirical evidence assessing whether ESG investing is associated with 
increased rates of retirement savings.

[[Page 72878]]

1.5. Uncertainty

    It is unclear how many plan fiduciaries use non-pecuniary factors 
when selecting investments and the total asset value of investments 
that are selected in this manner, particularly for DB plans. While 
there is some survey evidence on how many DB plans factor in ESG 
considerations, the surveys were based on small samples and yielded 
varying results. It is also not clear whether survey information about 
ESG investing accurately represents the prevalence of investing that 
incorporates non-pecuniary factors. For instance, some non-pecuniary 
investing concentrates on issues that are not thought of as ESG-
related. At the same time, some investment policies take account of 
environmental factors and corporate governance in a manner that focuses 
exclusively on the financial aspects of those considerations.
    The final rule will replace the Department's existing sub-
regulatory guidance on using non-pecuniary factors while selecting plan 
investments. It is very difficult to estimate how many plans have 
fiduciaries that are currently using non-pecuniary factors improperly 
while selecting investments. Such plans will experience significant 
effects from the final rule. It is also difficult to estimate the 
degree to which the use of non-pecuniary factors by ERISA fiduciaries, 
ESG or otherwise, would expand in the future absent this rulemaking, 
though trends in other countries suggest that pressure for such 
expansion will continue only to increase.\105\ However, based on 
current trends the Department believes that the use of non-pecuniary 
factors by ERISA plan fiduciaries would likely increase moderately in 
the future without this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \105\ See generally Government Accountability Office Report No. 
18-398, Retirement Plan Investing: Clearer Information on 
Consideration of Environmental, Social, and Governance Factors Would 
Be Helpful (May 2018), at 25-27; Principles for Responsible 
Investment, Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century, supra note 12, at 
21-22, 50-51.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.6. Alternatives

    The Department considered several alternatives to the final 
regulation. One alternative would prohibit plan fiduciaries from ever 
considering ESG factors. This would address the Department's concerns 
that some plan fiduciaries may sacrifice return or increase investment 
risk to promote goals that are unrelated to the financial interests of 
the plan or its participants. However, the Department rejected this 
alternative, because it would prohibit fiduciaries from considering 
such factors even when the fiduciaries are focused on the financial 
aspects rather than the non-pecuniary aspects of the investments.
    The Department also considered prohibiting plan fiduciaries from 
basing investment decisions on non-pecuniary factors and prohibiting 
the use of non-pecuniary factors even where the alternative investment 
options cannot be distinguished based on pecuniary factors (the so-
called ``tie-breaker'' provision). However, if the alternative 
investment options cannot be distinguished on the basis of pecuniary 
factors, it is not clear what factors would be available to a plan 
fiduciary to base its decision on other than a non-pecuniary factor. 
Regardless, the Department believes that investment options that cannot 
be distinguished on the basis of pecuniary factors occur very rarely in 
practice, if at all. Accordingly, this final rule provides that when 
choosing between investment alternatives that the fiduciary prudently 
determines would serve equivalent roles in the plan's portfolio or the 
portion of the portfolio over which the fiduciary has responsibility 
and which the plan fiduciary is unable to distinguish on the basis of 
pecuniary factors alone, the fiduciary may base the investment decision 
non-pecuniary factors provided the fiduciary documents the following: 
(1) Why the pecuniary factors were not sufficient to select the 
investment; (2) how the investment compares to alternative investments 
with regard to the factors listed in paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) through 
(C) of the final rule; and (3) how the chosen non-pecuniary factors are 
consistent with the interests of the plan.
    The Department notes that the proposal did not expressly 
incorporate the tie-breaker provision into the regulatory provision on 
selection of investment options for individual account plans. The 
Department explained in the proposal its perspective that the concept 
of ``ties'' may have little relevance in the context of fiduciaries' 
selection of menu options for individual account plans as such 
investment options are often chosen precisely for their varied 
characteristics and the range of choices they offer plan participants. 
Further, the Department explained that because the proposal did not 
restrict the addition of prudently selected, well managed investment 
options for individual account plans that include non-pecuniary factors 
if they can be justified solely on the basis of pecuniary factors, 
there would be little need for a tie-breaker between selected 
investment funds. Nonetheless, some commenters expressed uncertainty 
regarding the interaction of paragraph (c)(2) and the provisions of the 
proposal on selecting investment options for individual account plans. 
Some commenters asked the Department to expressly make the tie-breaker 
available for such investment decisions.
    Although the Department continues to doubt the relevance of a 
``tie'' concept when adding investment alternatives to a platform of 
investments that allow participants and beneficiaries to choose from a 
broad range of investment alternatives as defined in 29 CFR 2550.404c-
1(b)(3), the final rule makes the tie-breaker provisions in paragraph 
(c) generally available for use in selecting investment options for 
individual account plans in the event the fiduciaries of the plan 
believe that it gives them some added flexibility and fiduciary 
protection when adding an investment fund, product, or model portfolio 
that promotes, seeks, or supports one or more non-pecuniary goals.
    Paragraph (d) of the final rule contains standards applicable to 
participant-directed individual account plans. The predecessor 
standards for participant-directed individual account plans were set 
forth in paragraph (c)(3) of the proposal. Paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of the 
proposal would have required plan fiduciaries to document their 
compliance with the requirement to use only objective risk-return 
criteria in the selection and monitoring of investment platforms or 
menu alternatives. The Department included the cost plan fiduciaries 
would incur to comply with this documentation requirement in its cost 
estimates for the proposal.
    The Department considered including this documentation requirement 
in the final rule; however, it determined not to include such 
requirement in paragraph (d)(2) of the final rule. The Department was 
persuaded by some commenters' concerns that this requirement would have 
applied more stringent requirements to ESG investment alternatives than 
other types of investment alternatives. These commenters argued that it 
is inappropriate to impose separate documentation requirements that 
vary by investment strategy. Other commenters objected to this 
requirement on the grounds that it would increase costs to plans and 
potentially provide grounds for unwarranted class action lawsuits. The 
Department believes that the approach reflected in the final rule best 
reflects ERISA's statutory obligations of prudence and loyalty, 
appropriately ensures that small and large plan fiduciaries' decisions 
will be guided by the financial interests of the plans and

[[Page 72879]]

participants to whom they owe duties of prudence and loyalty, and is 
the most efficient alternative to apply and enforce.

1.7. Conclusion

    The final rule describes when and how fiduciaries can fulfill their 
responsibilities by factoring in only pecuniary considerations when 
selecting and monitoring investments. Some plans and their service 
providers will incur costs to (1) review the rule and if necessary, 
modify their processes for selecting and monitoring investments, (2) 
make changes to their QDIA if it does not align with the final rule's 
requirements, and (3) document selections where alternative investment 
options cannot be distinguished on the basis of pecuniary factors. The 
Department does not expect these requirements to impose a significant 
cost increase. The final rule mitigates some costs by allowing plans to 
make any required changes to QDIAs when necessary to comply with the 
requirements of paragraph (d)(2) by April 30, 2022. The Department also 
believes cost will be mitigated, because circumstances where 
alternative investment options that cannot be distinguished based on 
pecuniary factors should occur very rarely in practice.
    Although the final rule will replace its prior sub-regulatory 
guidance, the Department believes that there is significant overlap in 
the content of each. Overall, the final rule will assist fiduciaries in 
carrying out their responsibilities by avoiding making investment 
decisions based on non-pecuniary factors, while protecting the 
financial interests of participants and beneficiaries in their 
retirement benefits under their plans.
    The Department estimates that the final rule would impose 
incremental costs of approximately $44.9 million in the first year and 
$122,000 in subsequent years. Over 10 years, the associated costs would 
be approximately $42.7 million with an annualized cost of $6.1 million, 
using a seven percent discount rate.\106\ Using a perpetual time 
horizon (to allow the comparisons required under Executive Order 
13771), the annualized costs in 2016 dollars are $2.9 million at a 
seven percent discount rate.\107\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \106\ The costs would be $44.5 million over 10-year period with 
an annualized cost of $5.2 million, applying a three percent 
discount rate.
    \107\ The annualized costs in 2016 dollars would be $1.4 million 
applying a three percent discount rate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Paperwork Reduction Act

    In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (PRA 95) (44 
U.S.C. 3506(c)(2)(A)), the Department solicited comments concerning the 
information collection request (ICR) included in the Financial Factors 
in Selecting Plan Investments ICR (85 FR 39113). At the same time, the 
Department also submitted an information collection request (ICR) to 
the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), in accordance with 44 U.S.C. 
3507(d). OMB filed a comment on the proposed rule with the Department 
on August 25, 2020, requesting the Department to provide a summary of 
comments received on the ICR and identify changes to the ICR made in 
response to the comments. OMB did not approve the ICR, and requested 
the Department to file future submissions of the ICR under OMB control 
number 1210-0162.
    The Department received several comments that specifically 
addressed the paperwork burden analysis of the information collection 
requirement contained in the proposed rule. The Department took into 
account such public comments in developing the revised paperwork burden 
analysis discussed below.
    In connection with publication of this final rule, the Department 
is submitting an ICR to OMB requesting approval of a new collection of 
information under OMB Control Number 1210-0162. The Department will 
notify the public when OMB approves the ICR.
    A copy of the ICR may be obtained by contacting the PRA addressee 
shown below or at www.RegInfo.gov. PRA ADDRESSEE: G. Christopher Cosby, 
Office of Regulations and Interpretations, U.S. Department of Labor, 
Employee Benefits Security Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, 
Room N-5718, Washington, DC 20210; [email protected]. Telephone: 202-
693-8410; Fax: 202-219-4745. These are not toll-free numbers.
    In prior guidance, the Department has encouraged plan fiduciaries 
to appropriately document their investment activities, and the 
Department believes it is common practice. The final rule expressly 
requires only that, where a plan fiduciary or its service provider 
determines that alternative investments are unable to be distinguished 
on the basis of pecuniary factors alone, the fiduciary or the plan's 
service provider further documents the basis for concluding that a 
distinguishing factor could not be found and the reason that the 
investment was selected based on non-pecuniary factors. Nevertheless, 
the Department believes that the likelihood of two investment options 
that cannot be distinguished based on pecuniary factors is very rare.
    While the incremental burden of the final regulation is small, the 
full burden of the requirements will be included below as required by 
the PRA to allow for evaluation of the requirements in the entire 
information collection.
    According to the most recent Form 5500 data and other assumptions 
discussed in the affected entities section above, there are 8,905 DB 
plans and 17,676 DC plans with ESG investments that are not participant 
directed, and 52,378 participant-directed individual account 
plans.\108\ These plans and their service providers could be affected 
by the final rule. While the Department does not have data regarding 
the frequency of the rare event of alternatives being not distinguished 
on the basis of pecuniary factors and requiring documentation, the 
Department models the burden using one percent of plans with ESG 
investments as needing to comply with the documentation requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \108\ DOL calculations based on statistics from U.S. Department 
of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration, ``Private 
Pension Plan Bulletin: Abstract of 2018 Form 5500 Annual Reports,'' 
(forthcoming 2020), (46,869 DB plans * 19% = 8,905 DB plans; 93,033 
DC Plans * 19% = 17,676 DC plans; 581,974 * 9% = 52,378 individual 
account plans with participant direction).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While DB plans may change investments at least annually, DC plans 
may do so less frequently. For this analysis, DC plans are assumed to 
review their service providers and investments about every three years. 
Therefore, the Department estimates that in a year, 89 DB plans and 59 
DC plans with ESG investments that are not participant directed, and 
175 participant-directed DC plans with ESG alternatives will encounter 
alternative investment options that cannot be distinguished on the 
basis of pecuniary factors.

2.1. Maintain Documentation

    The final rule requires ESG plan fiduciaries to maintain 
documentation when choosing between or among investment alternatives 
that the fiduciary prudently determines would serve equivalent roles in 
the plan's portfolio based on appropriate consideration of the 
investment and that the plan fiduciary is unable to distinguish on the 
basis of pecuniary factors and the fiduciary bases the investment 
decision on non-pecuniary factors. While much of the

[[Page 72880]]

documentation needed to fulfill this requirement is generated in the 
normal course of business, plans may need additional time to ensure 
records are properly maintained and are up to the standard required by 
the Department.
    Some commenters suggested that the Department underestimated the 
cost associated with documenting the required information. 
Specifically, they asserted that the Department underestimated the 
labor rates for attorneys and the time required to document the 
required information. The Department disagrees with both of these 
comments. Instead of using an attorney labor rate, the Department based 
its estimate on a plan fiduciary's labor rate, because this task could 
be performed by attorneys or other types of professionals including 
financial professionals. The labor rate estimates were based on 
estimates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). While the 
Department understands that hiring outside services can come at a 
higher cost, the Department believes that using the BLS estimate is 
appropriate for purposes of this analysis.
    Commenters claimed that the two hours estimated to document when 
alternative investments cannot be distinguished based on pecuniary 
factors underestimated the burden. The Department continues to believe 
that a prudent process required by ERISA should already include the 
burden of research and consideration. The burden associated with this 
ICR is for plan fiduciaries to meet the final rule's specific 
documentation requirement. In the final rule, the Department explicitly 
set forth the three items that must be documented. Stating precisely 
what is required to be documented should help lower the cost of 
compliance, because fiduciaries know the specific information that must 
be documented. In response to the comments, and to avoid 
underestimating the final rule's potential costs, the Department has 
not reduced the total estimated quantified costs although the research 
burden of the rule has been reduced.
    The Department estimates that plan fiduciaries and clerical staff 
will each expend, on average, two hours of labor to maintain the needed 
documentation. This results in an annual burden estimate of 1,290 hours 
annually, with an equivalent cost of $122,115 for DB plans and DC plans 
with ESG investments.\109\ Plans that rely on service providers may 
incur a lower cost due to economies of scale. However, the Department 
does not know exactly how many plans use a service provider; therefore, 
it estimated such costs on a per-plan basis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \109\ The burden is estimated as follows: (8,905 DB plans * 0.01 
* 2 hours) + (17,676 DC plans * 0.01 * 2 hours * 0.33) + (52,378 DC 
plans with participant direction * 0.01 * 2 hours * 0.33) = 645 
hours for both a plan fiduciary and clerical staff for a total of 
1,290. A labor rate of $134.21 is used for a plan fiduciary and a 
labor rate of $55.14 for clerical staff ((8,905 DB plans * 0.01 * 2 
* $134.21) + (17,676 DC plans * 0.01 * 2 hours* 0.33 * $134.21)) + 
(52,378 DC plans with participant direction * 0.01 * 2 hours * 0.33 
* $134.21) + (8,905 DB plans * 0.01 * 2 * $55.14) + (17,676 DC plans 
* 0.01 * 2 hours* 0.33 * $55.14)) + (52,378 DC plans with 
participant direction * 0.01 * 2 hours * 0.33 * $55.14) = $122,115).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department's paperwork burden estimate associated with the 
final rule is summarized as follows:
    Type of Review: New collection.
    Agency: Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department of 
Labor.
    Title: Financial Factors in Selecting Plan Investments.
    OMB Control Number: 1210-0162.
    Affected Public: Businesses or other for-profits.
    Estimated Number of Respondents: 323.
    Estimated Number of Annual Responses: 323.
    Frequency of Response: Occasionally.
    Estimated Total Annual Burden Hours: 1,290.
    Estimated Total Annual Burden Cost: $0.

2. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) \110\ imposes certain 
requirements with respect to Federal rules that are subject to the 
notice and comment requirements of section 553(b) of the Administrative 
Procedure Act \111\ and that are likely to have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities. Unless the head of an 
agency determines that a final rule is not likely to have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, section 603 
of the RFA requires the agency to present a final regulatory 
flexibility analysis of the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \110\ 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. (1980).
    \111\ 5 U.S.C. 551 et seq. (1946).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For purposes of analysis under the RFA, the Employee Benefits 
Security Administration (EBSA) continues to consider a small entity to 
be an employee benefit plan with fewer than 100 participants.\112\ The 
basis of this definition is found in section 104(a)(2) of ERISA, which 
permits the Secretary of Labor to prescribe simplified annual reports 
for pension plans that cover fewer than 100 participants. Under section 
104(a)(3), the Secretary may also provide for exemptions or simplified 
annual reporting and disclosure for welfare benefit plans. Pursuant to 
the authority of section 104(a)(3), the Department has previously 
issued--at 29 CFR 2520.104-20, 2520.104-21, 2520.104-41, 2520.104-46, 
and 2520.104b-10--certain simplified reporting provisions and limited 
exemptions from reporting and disclosure requirements for small plans. 
Such plans include unfunded or insured welfare plans covering fewer 
than 100 participants and satisfying certain other requirements. 
Further, while some large employers may have small plans, in general 
small employers maintain small plans. Thus, EBSA believes that 
assessing the impact of this final rule on small plans is an 
appropriate substitute for evaluating the effect on small entities. The 
definition of small entity considered appropriate for this purpose 
differs, however, from a definition of small business that is based on 
size standards promulgated by the Small Business Administration (SBA) 
\113\ pursuant to the Small Business Act.\114\ In its initial 
regulatory flexibility analysis for the proposal, the Department 
requested, but did not receive, comments on the appropriateness of the 
size standard used in evaluating the impact of the proposed rule on 
small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \112\ The Department consulted with the Small Business 
Administration's Office of Advocacy before making this 
determination, as required by 5 U.S.C. 603(c) and 13 CFR 121.903(c).
    \113\ 13 CFR 121.201.
    \114\ 15 U.S.C. 631 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Department has determined that this final rule could have a 
significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
Therefore, the Department has prepared a Final Regulatory Flexibility 
Analysis that is presented below.

3.1. Need for and Objectives of the Rule

    The final rule confirms that ERISA requires plan fiduciaries to 
select investments and investment courses of action based solely on 
financial considerations relevant to the risk-adjusted economic value 
of a particular investment or investment course of action. This will 
help ensure that fiduciaries are protecting the financial interests of 
participants and beneficiaries.

3.2. Affected Small Entities

    The final rule has documentation provisions that will affect small 
ERISA-covered plans with fewer than 100 participants. It also contains 
provisions about the improper use of non-pecuniary factors when plan 
fiduciaries select and monitor investments. These provisions will 
affect only small plans that are improperly incorporating non-

[[Page 72881]]

pecuniary factors into their investment decisions.
    As discussed in the affected entities section above, surveys 
suggest that 19 percent of DB plans and DC plans with investments that 
are not participant directed and 9 percent of DC plans with participant 
directed individual accounts have ESG or ESG-themed investments. Plans 
with ESG or ESG-themed investments are used as a proxy of the number of 
plans that could be affected by the final rule. This represents 
approximately 8,905 DB plans and 70,054 DC plans. Additionally, surveys 
suggest 70 percent of DC plans with participant-directed individual 
accounts offer a QDIA. Of the 70 percent, the Department estimates that 
0.1 percent have exposure to ESG investments, representing 
approximately 407 plans.
    The distribution across plan size is not available in the surveys. 
It should be noted that 84 percent of all DB plans and 87 percent of 
all DC plans are small plans.\115\ Applying these proportions 
uniformly, 7,480 small DB plans and 60,947 small DC plans are estimated 
to be affected by the rule. Particularly for DB plans, it is likely 
that most plans with ESG investments are large. In terms of the actual 
utilization of ESG options, about 0.1 percent of total DC plan assets 
are invested in ESG funds.\116\ In addition, one survey found that 
among 401(k) plans with fewer than 50 participants, approximately 1.7 
percent offered an ESG investment option.\117\ Therefore, a large 
majority of small plan participants do not have an ESG fund in their 
portfolio.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \115\ DOL calculations based on statistics from U.S. Department 
of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration, ``Private 
Pension Plan Bulletin: Abstract of 2018 Form 5500 Annual Reports,'' 
(forthcoming 2020).
    \116\ 62nd Annual Survey of Profit Sharing and 401(k) Plans, 
Plan Sponsor Council of America (2019).
    \117\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter suggested that the Department underestimated the 
percent of small DC plans that offer an ESG investment option. The 
commenter asserted that their data analysis indicates that 14.5 percent 
of corporate DC plans with fewer than 50 participants have an ESG 
option. The experience of one service provider is insightful, but may 
not be representative of the industry as a whole. While the Department 
appreciates the input, the commenter did not provide the data source 
for their statistic. Thus, the Department could not access the validity 
of the data and general applicability of the statistic. The Department 
did consider the statistic when reevaluating its estimates, and when 
combined with other data points, raised its estimate from six percent 
to nine percent of DC plans with individual accounts where a plan 
fiduciary could not distinguish investment alternatives based on 
pecuniary factors and such fiduciary is required to document its use of 
a non-pecuniary factor.
    One commenter was concerned that the Department did not survey plan 
participants and fiduciaries in order to estimate the cost incurred by 
the plan. While the Department acknowledges this concern, the 
Department used survey data from the Plan Sponsor Council of America to 
estimate the percent of small DC plans that offer an ESG investment 
option. The Department believes that the impact of the rule has been 
accurately assessed.
    Other general comments about the final rule and its impacts are 
discussed elsewhere in the preamble.

3.3. Impact of the Rule

    While the rule is expected to affect small pension plans, it is 
unlikely there will be a significant economic impact on many of these 
plans. The final regulation provides guidance on how fiduciaries can 
comply with section 404(a)(1)(B) of ERISA when investing plan assets. 
The Department believes most plans are already fulfilling the 
requirement in the course of following the Department's prior sub-
regulatory guidance.
    The Department expects some small plans to experience rising costs 
from three potential sources. The first cost is associated with the 
time required for plan fiduciaries to review the rule and amending 
investment policy statements to reflect it. The second cost is 
associated with the requirement for plan fiduciaries to document 
selections of investments based on non-pecuniary factors where the 
alternative investment options are unable to be distinguished on the 
basis of pecuniary factors alone. The third cost is associated with the 
final rule's provision prohibiting plan fiduciaries from adding any 
investment fund, product, or model portfolio as, or as a component of, 
a QDIA if its investment objectives or goals or its principal 
investment strategies include, consider, or indicate the use of one or 
more non-pecuniary factors. The final rule allows for a transition 
period for plans to review and make necessary changes to pre-existing 
QDIAs; however, as discussed in the regulatory impact analysis, the 
Department assumes that associated costs will be incurred during the 
first year.
    As illustrated in Table 1 below, the Department estimates a cost of 
$3,599.74 per affected plan in year 1 and $379 per affected plan in 
year two for plan fiduciaries and clerical professionals to become 
familiar with the final rule, fulfill the documentation requirement, 
and review their QDIA holdings. These costs reflect an instance in 
which (1) a plan has exposure to investments with non-pecuniary 
investment objectives, (2) a plan fiduciary uses a non-pecuniary factor 
to make an investment decision between investments that cannot be 
distinguished on the basis of pecuniary factors, and (3) a plan offers 
a QDIA in which the QDIA, or component of the QDIA, considers, or 
indicates the use of, one or more non-pecuniary factors in its 
investment objectives or goals or its principal investment strategies. 
As discussed throughout the regulatory impact analysis, most plans will 
only incur the rule familiarization costs, while few plans will incur 
both costs (2) and (3). Plans needing to provide documentation will be 
rare, because tie-breakers rarely occur, and only an estimated 0.1 
percent of plans need to update their QDIA holdings, because the QDIA 
or a component thereof, includes, considers, or indicates the use of, 
one or more non-pecuniary factors in its investment objectives or goals 
or its principal investment strategies.

                              Table 1--Costs for Plans To Comply With Requirements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Affected entity                    Labor rate         Hours        Year 1 cost     Year 2 cost
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Documentation: Plan Fiduciary...................         $134.21               2         $268.42         $268.42
Documentation: Clerical workers.................           55.14               2          110.28          110.28
Rule Familiarization: Plan Fiduciary............          134.21               4          536.84               0
Update QDIA Holdings: Plan Fiduciary............          134.21              20        2,684.20               0

[[Page 72882]]

 
    Total: Plans Needing Familiarization Only...  ..............  ..............          536.84               0
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Total: Plans Needing to Update QDIA and       ..............  ..............        3,599.74         $378.70
     Provide Documentation......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: DOL calculations based on statistics from Labor Cost Inputs Used in the Employee Benefits Security
  Administration, Office of Policy and Research's Regulatory Impact Analyses and Paperwork Reduction Act Burden
  Calculation, Employee Benefits Security Administration (June 2019), www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/laws-and-regulations/rules-and-regulations/technical-appendices/labor-cost-inputs-used-in-ebsa-opr-ria-and-pra-burden-calculations-june-2019.pdf.

    Small plans affected by the rule--those with exposure to 
investments considering non-pecuniary factors--would incur a cost 
associated with the time to review the rule and amend relevant 
investment policy statements. The Department estimates that nine 
percent of plans would fall into this category. Additionally, the 
Department believes small plans are likely to rely on service providers 
to monitor regulatory changes and make necessary changes to the plan. 
Overall, the Department expects the costs associated with the 
familiarization of the rule to be small on a per-plan basis.
    As stated above, the final rule also prohibits plan fiduciaries 
from adding any investment fund, product, or model portfolio as, or as 
a component of, a QDIA if its investment objectives or goals or its 
principal investment strategies include, consider, or indicate the use 
of one or more non-pecuniary factors. While the cost in the table above 
reflects a cost for participant-directed individual account plans with 
exposure to investments with non-pecuniary objectives, the Department 
believes this is likely to affect few small plans. The Department 
estimates that 0.1 percent of all plans would need to reassess their 
QDIAs; however, as the Department believes small plans are likely to 
rely on service providers to propose compliant QDIAs, this estimate 
likely represents an upper bound of the burden on affected small 
entities. Further, the Department believes service providers should be 
familiar with the available target-date funds and be able to propose an 
alternative, compliant QDIA without expending material resources. As 
discussed above, this restriction will affect small plans; however, the 
Department expects that a minimal burden will be imposed on a small 
number of them.

3.4. Regulatory Alternatives

    As discussed above in this preamble, the final regulation 
reiterates and codifies long-established principles of fiduciary 
standards for selecting and monitoring investments, and thus seeks to 
provide clarity and certainty regarding the scope of fiduciary duties 
surrounding non-pecuniary issues. These standards apply to all affected 
entities, both large and small; therefore, the Department's ability to 
craft specific alternatives for small plans is limited.
    The Department carefully considered the final rule's impact on 
small entities by analyzing other alternatives for the proposal. One 
alternative would prohibit plan fiduciaries from ever considering ESG 
or similar factors. This would address the Department's concerns that 
some plan fiduciaries may sacrifice return or increase investment risk 
to promote goals that are unrelated to the financial interests of the 
plan or its participants. However, the Department rejected this 
alternative, because it would prohibit fiduciaries from considering 
such factors even when the fiduciaries are focused on the financial 
aspects rather than the non-pecuniary aspects of the investments.
    The Department also has considered prohibiting plan fiduciaries 
from basing investment decisions on non-pecuniary factors and 
prohibiting the use of non-pecuniary factors even where plan 
fiduciaries cannot distinguish alternative investment options based on 
pecuniary factors. But if the alternative investment options cannot be 
distinguished on the basis of pecuniary factors, it is unclear what 
factors would be available for a plan fiduciary to base its decision on 
other than non-pecuniary factors. Regardless, the Department believes 
this circumstance occurs very rarely in practice, if at all. 
Accordingly, this final rule retains the ``all things being equal'' 
test from the Department's previous guidance with a specific 
requirement for plan fiduciaries to document (1) why the pecuniary 
factors were not sufficient to select the investment; (2) how the 
investment compares to alternative investments with regard to the 
factors listed in paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) through (C) of the final 
rule; and (3) how the chosen non-pecuniary factors are consistent with 
the interests of participants and beneficiaries in their retirement 
income or financial benefits under the plan.
    The Department notes that the proposal did not expressly 
incorporate the tie-breaker provision into the regulatory provision on 
selection of investment options for individual account plans. The 
Department explained in the proposal its perspective that the concept 
of ``ties'' may have little relevance in the context of fiduciaries' 
selection of menu options for individual account plans as such 
investment options are often chosen precisely for their varied 
characteristics and the range of choices they offer plan participants. 
Further, the Department explained that because the proposal did not 
restrict the addition of prudently selected, well-managed investment 
options for individual account plans that include non-pecuniary factors 
if they can be justified solely on the basis of pecuniary factors, 
there would be little need for a tie-breaker between selected 
investment funds. Nonetheless, some commenters expressed some 
uncertainty regarding the interaction of paragraph (c)(2) and the 
provisions of the proposal on selecting investment options for 
individual account plans. Some commenters asked the Department to 
expressly make the tie-breaker available for such investment decisions.
    Although the Department continues to doubt the relevance of a 
``tie'' concept when adding investment alternatives to a platform of 
investments that allow participants and beneficiaries to choose from a 
broad range of investment alternatives as defined in 29 CFR 2550.404c-
1(b)(3), the final rule makes the tie-breaker provisions in paragraph 
(c) generally available for use in selecting investment options for 
individual account plans in the event the fiduciaries of the plan 
believe that it gives them some added flexibility and fiduciary 
protection when adding an investment fund, product, or model portfolio 
that promotes, seeks, or supports one or more non-pecuniary goals.
    Paragraph (d) of the final rule contains standards applicable to 
participant-directed individual account plans. The predecessor 
standards for

[[Page 72883]]

participant-directed individual account plans were set forth in 
paragraph (c)(3) of the proposal. Paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of the proposal 
would have required plan fiduciaries to document their compliance with 
the requirement to use only objective risk-return criteria in the 
selection and monitoring of investment platform or menu alternatives. 
The Department included the cost plan fiduciaries would incur to comply 
with this documentation requirement in its cost estimates for the 
proposal.
    The Department considered including this document requirement in 
the final rule; however, it determined not to include such requirement 
in paragraph (d)(2) of the final rule. The Department was persuaded by 
some commenters' concerns that this requirement would have applied more 
stringent requirements to ESG investment alternatives than other types 
of investment alternatives. These commenters argued that it is 
inappropriate to impose separate documentation requirements that vary 
by investment strategy. Other commenters objected to this requirement 
on the grounds that it would increase costs to plans and potentially 
provide grounds for unwarranted class action lawsuits.
    The Department believes that the approach taken in the final rule 
best reflects the statutory obligations of prudence, appropriately 
ensures that large and small plan fiduciaries' decisions would be 
guided by the financial interests of the plans and participants to whom 
they owe duties of prudence, and is the most efficient alternative to 
apply and enforce.

3.5. Duplicate, Overlapping, or Relevant Federal Rules

    The Department is issuing this final rule under sections 
404(a)(1)(A) and 404(a)(1)(B) of Title I under ERISA. The Department 
has sole jurisdiction to interpret these provisions as they apply to 
plan fiduciaries' consideration of non-pecuniary factors in selecting 
plan investment funds. Therefore, there are no duplicate, overlapping, 
or relevant Federal rules.

4. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-
4) requires each Federal agency to prepare a written statement 
assessing the effects of any Federal mandate in a proposed or final 
agency rule that may result in an expenditure of $100 million or more 
(adjusted annually for inflation with the base year 1995) in any one 
year by state, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by 
the private sector. For purposes of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act, 
as well as Executive Order 12875, this final rule does not include any 
Federal mandate that the Department expects would result in such 
expenditures by state, local, or tribal governments.

5. Federalism Statement

    Executive Order 13132 outlines fundamental principles of federalism 
and requires the adherence to specific criteria by Federal agencies in 
the process of their formulation and implementation of policies that 
have ``substantial direct effects'' on the states, the relationship 
between the National Government and the states, or on the distribution 
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government.\118\ Federal agencies promulgating regulations that have 
federalism implications must consult with state and local officials, 
and describe the extent of their consultation and the nature of the 
concerns of state and local officials in the preamble to the final 
rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \118\ Federalism, 64 FR 153 (Aug. 4, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the Department's view, this final regulation does not have 
federalism implications because it will not have direct effects on the 
states, the relationship between the National Government and the 
states, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among 
various levels of government. Section 514 of ERISA provides, with 
certain exceptions specifically enumerated, that the provisions of 
Titles I and IV of ERISA supersede any and all laws of the states as 
they relate to any employee benefit plan covered under ERISA. The 
requirements implemented in the final rule do not alter the fundamental 
reporting and disclosure requirements of the statute with respect to 
employee benefit plans, and as such have no implications for the states 
or the relationship or distribution of power between the National 
Government and the states.

Statutory Authority

    This regulation is finalized pursuant to the authority in section 
505 of ERISA (Pub. L. 93-406, 88 Stat. 894; 29 U.S.C. 1135) and section 
102 of Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1978 (43 FR 47713, October 17, 
1978), effective December 31, 1978 (44 FR 1065, January 3, 1979), 3 CFR 
1978 Comp. 332, and under Secretary of Labor's Order No. 1-2011, 77 FR 
1088 (Jan. 9, 2012).

List of Subjects in 29 CFR Parts 2509 and 2550

    Employee benefit plans, Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 
Exemptions, Fiduciaries, Investments, Pensions, Prohibited 
transactions, Reporting and Recordkeeping requirements, Securities.

    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Department amends 
parts 2509 and 2550 of subchapters A and F of chapter XXV of title 29 
of the Code of Federal Regulations as follows:

Subchapter A--General

PART 2509--INTERPRETIVE BULLETINS RELATING TO THE EMPLOYEE 
RETIREMENT INCOME SECURITY ACT OF 1974

0
1. The authority citation for part 2509 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 29 U.S.C. 1135. Secretary of Labor's Order 1-2003, 68 
FR 5374 (Feb. 3, 2003). Sections 2509.75-10 and 2509.75-2 issued 
under 29 U.S.C. 1052, 1053, 1054. Sec. 2509.75-5 also issued under 
29 U.S.C. 1002. Sec. 2509.95-1 also issued under sec. 625, Pub. L. 
109-280, 120 Stat. 780.


Sec.  2509.2015-01  [Removed]

0
2. Remove Sec.  2509.2015-01.

Subchapter F--Fiduciary Responsibility under the Employee Retirement 
Income Security Act of 1974

PART 2550--RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR FIDUCIARY RESPONSIBILITY

0
3. The authority citation for part 2550 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 29 U.S.C. 1135 and Secretary of Labor's Order No. 
12011, 77 FR 1088 (January 9, 2012). Sec. 102, Reorganization Plan 
No. 4 of 1978, 5 U.S.C. App. at 727 (2012). Sec. 2550.401c-1 also 
issued under 29 U.S.C. 1101. Sec. 2550.404a-1 also issued under sec. 
657, Pub. L. 107-16, 115 Stat 38. Sec. 2550.404a-2 also issued under 
sec. 657 of Pub. L. 107-16, 115 Stat. 38. Sections 2550.404c-1 and 
2550.404c-5 also issued under 29 U.S.C. 1104. Sec. 2550.408b-1 also 
issued under 29 U.S.C. 1108(b)(1). Sec. 2550.408b-19 also issued 
under sec. 611, Pub. L. 109-280, 120 Stat. 780, 972. Sec. 2550.412-1 
also issued under 29 U.S.C. 1112.


0
4. Revise Sec.  2550.404a-1 to read as follows:


Sec.  2550.404a-1  Investment duties.

    (a) In general. Section 404(a)(1)(A) and 404(a)(1)(B) of the 
Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA or 
the Act) provide, in part, that a fiduciary shall discharge that 
person's duties with respect to the plan solely in the interests of the 
participants and beneficiaries, for the

[[Page 72884]]

exclusive purpose of providing benefits to participants and their 
beneficiaries and defraying reasonable expenses of administering the 
plan, and with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the 
circumstances then prevailing that a prudent person acting in a like 
capacity and familiar with such matters would use in the conduct of an 
enterprise of a like character and with like aims.
    (b) Investment duties. (1) With regard to the consideration of an 
investment or investment course of action taken by a fiduciary of an 
employee benefit plan pursuant to the fiduciary's investment duties, 
the requirements of section 404(a)(1)(B) of the Act set forth in 
paragraph (a) of this section are satisfied if the fiduciary:
    (i) Has given appropriate consideration to those facts and 
circumstances that, given the scope of such fiduciary's investment 
duties, the fiduciary knows or should know are relevant to the 
particular investment or investment course of action involved, 
including the role the investment or investment course of action plays 
in that portion of the plan's investment portfolio with respect to 
which the fiduciary has investment duties; and
    (ii) Has acted accordingly.
    (2) For purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, ``appropriate 
consideration'' shall include, but is not necessarily limited to:
    (i) A determination by the fiduciary that the particular investment 
or investment course of action is reasonably designed, as part of the 
portfolio (or, where applicable, that portion of the plan portfolio 
with respect to which the fiduciary has investment duties), to further 
the purposes of the plan, taking into consideration the risk of loss 
and the opportunity for gain (or other return) associated with the 
investment or investment course of action compared to the opportunity 
for gain (or other return) associated with reasonably available 
alternatives with similar risks; and
    (ii) Consideration of the following factors as they relate to such 
portion of the portfolio:
    (A) The composition of the portfolio with regard to 
diversification;
    (B) The liquidity and current return of the portfolio relative to 
the anticipated cash flow requirements of the plan; and
    (C) The projected return of the portfolio relative to the funding 
objectives of the plan.
    (3) An investment manager appointed, pursuant to the provisions of 
section 402(c)(3) of the Act, to manage all or part of the assets of a 
plan, may, for purposes of compliance with the provisions of paragraphs 
(b)(1) and (2) of this section, rely on, and act upon the basis of, 
information pertaining to the plan provided by or at the direction of 
the appointing fiduciary, if--
    (i) Such information is provided for the stated purpose of 
assisting the manager in the performance of the manager's investment 
duties; and
    (ii) The manager does not know and has no reason to know that the 
information is incorrect.
    (c) Investments based on pecuniary factors. (1) A fiduciary's 
evaluation of an investment or investment course of action must be 
based only on pecuniary factors, except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) 
of this section. A fiduciary may not subordinate the interests of the 
participants and beneficiaries in their retirement income or financial 
benefits under the plan to other objectives, and may not sacrifice 
investment return or take on additional investment risk to promote non-
pecuniary benefits or goals. The weight given to any pecuniary factor 
by a fiduciary should appropriately reflect a prudent assessment of its 
impact on risk-return.
    (2) Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section, when choosing between or among investment alternatives that 
the plan fiduciary is unable to distinguish on the basis of pecuniary 
factors alone, the fiduciary may use non-pecuniary factors as the 
deciding factor in the investment decision provided that the fiduciary 
documents:
    (i) Why pecuniary factors were not sufficient to select the 
investment or investment course of action;
    (ii) How the selected investment compares to the alternative 
investments with regard to the factors listed in paragraphs 
(b)(2)(ii)(A) through (C) of this section; and
    (iii) How the chosen non-pecuniary factor or factors are consistent 
with the interests of participants and beneficiaries in their 
retirement income or financial benefits under the plan.
    (d) Investment alternatives for participant-directed individual 
account plans. (1) The standards set forth in paragraphs (a) and (c) of 
this section apply to a fiduciary's selection or retention of 
designated investment alternatives available to participants and 
beneficiaries in an individual account plan.
    (2) In the case of selection or retention of investment 
alternatives for an individual account plan that allows plan 
participants and beneficiaries to choose from a broad range of 
investment alternatives as defined in Sec.  2550.404c-1(b)(3), a 
fiduciary is not prohibited from considering or including an investment 
fund, product, or model portfolio as a designated investment 
alternative solely because the fund, product, or model portfolio 
promotes, seeks, or supports one or more non-pecuniary goals, provided 
that:
    (i) The fiduciary satisfies the requirements of paragraphs (a) and 
(c) of this section in selecting or retaining any such investment fund, 
product, or model portfolio; and
    (ii) The investment fund, product, or model portfolio is not added 
or retained as, or as a component of, a qualified default investment 
alternative described in Sec.  2550.404c-5 if its investment objectives 
or goals or its principal investment strategies include, consider, or 
indicate the use of one or more non-pecuniary factors.
    (e) [Reserved]
    (f) Definitions. For purposes of this section:
    (1) The term investment duties means any duties imposed upon, or 
assumed or undertaken by, a person in connection with the investment of 
plan assets which make or will make such person a fiduciary of an 
employee benefit plan or which are performed by such person as a 
fiduciary of an employee benefit plan as defined in section 3(21)(A)(i) 
or (ii) of the Act.
    (2) The term investment course of action means any series or 
program of investments or actions related to a fiduciary's performance 
of the fiduciary's investment duties, and includes the selection of an 
investment fund as a plan investment, or in the case of an individual 
account plan, a designated investment alternative under the plan.
    (3) The term pecuniary factor means a factor that a fiduciary 
prudently determines is expected to have a material effect on the risk 
and/or return of an investment based on appropriate investment horizons 
consistent with the plan's investment objectives and the funding policy 
established pursuant to section 402(b)(1) of ERISA.
    (4) The term plan means an employee benefit plan to which Title I 
of the Act applies.
    (5) The term designated investment alternative means any investment 
alternative designated by the plan into which participants and 
beneficiaries may direct the investment of assets held in, or 
contributed to, their individual accounts. The term ``designated 
investment alternative'' shall not include ``brokerage windows,'' 
``self-directed brokerage accounts,'' or similar plan arrangements that 
enable participants and beneficiaries to select investments beyond 
those designated by the plan.

[[Page 72885]]

    (g) Effective date. (1) This section shall be effective on January 
12, 2021, and shall apply in its entirety to all investments made and 
investment courses of action taken after January 12, 2021.
    (2) Plans shall have until April 30, 2022 to make any changes to 
qualified default investment alternatives described in Sec.  2550.404c-
5, where necessary to comply with the requirements of paragraph (d)(2) 
of this section.
    (h) Severability. If any provision of this section is held to be 
invalid or unenforceable by its terms, or as applied to any person or 
circumstance, or stayed pending further agency action, the provision 
shall be construed so as to continue to give the maximum effect to the 
provision permitted by law, unless such holding shall be one of 
invalidity or unenforceability, in which event the provision shall be 
severable from this section and shall not affect the remainder thereof.

    Signed at Washington, DC, this 30th day of October 2020.
Jeanne Klinefelter Wilson,
Acting Assistant Secretary, Employee Benefits Security Administration, 
Department of Labor.
[FR Doc. 2020-24515 Filed 11-12-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4510-29-P