[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 215 (Thursday, November 5, 2020)]
[Notices]
[Pages 70576-70580]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-24402]


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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

[Docket No. APHIS-2018-0091]


Decision To Revise Import Requirements for the Importation of 
Fresh Citrus From South Africa Into the United States

AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA.

ACTION: Notice.

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SUMMARY: We are advising the public of our decision to revise the 
import requirements for citrus (grapefruit, lemon, mandarin orange, 
sweet orange, tangelo, and Satsuma mandarin) fruit from South Africa 
into the United States. Based on the findings of a commodity import 
evaluation document (CIED), which we made available to the public for 
review and comment through a previous notice, we are removing 
restrictions on the ports of entry into which such citrus may be 
imported. This action will allow these citrus species to be imported 
into more ports in the United States without presenting a risk of 
introduction or dissemination of plant pests or noxious weeds.

DATES: The articles covered by this notification may be authorized for 
importation under the revised requirements after November 5, 2020.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Tony Roman, Senior Regulatory 
Policy Specialist, Regulatory Coordination and Compliance, IRM, PHP, 
PPQ, APHIS, 4700 River Road Unit 133, Riverdale, MD 20737-1236; (301) 
851-2242; [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Under the regulations in ``Subpart L--Fruits 
and Vegetables'' (7 CFR 319.56-1 through 319.56-12, referred to below 
as the regulations), the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 
(APHIS) prohibits or restricts the importation of fruits and vegetables 
into the United States from certain parts of the world to prevent plant 
pests from being introduced into and spreading within the United 
States.
    Section 319.56-4 of the regulations provides the requirements for 
authorizing the importation of fruits and vegetables into the United 
States, and it revises existing requirements for the importation of 
fruits and vegetables.

[[Page 70577]]

Paragraph (c) of that section provides that the name and origin of all 
fruits and vegetables authorized importation into the United States, as 
well as their importation requirements, are listed on the internet in 
APHIS' Fruits and Vegetables Import Requirements database, or FAVIR 
(https://epermits.aphis.usda.gov/manual).
    It also provides that, if the Administrator of APHIS determines 
that any of the phytosanitary measures required for the importation of 
a particular fruit or vegetable are no longer necessary to reasonably 
mitigate the plant risk posed by the fruit or vegetable, APHIS will 
publish a notice in the Federal Register making its pest risk 
documentation and determination available for public comment.
    Citrus (grapefruit, lemon, mandarin orange, sweet orange, tangelo, 
and Satsuma mandarin) fruit from South Africa are currently listed in 
FAVIR as commodities authorized importation into the United States, 
subject to certain phytosanitary measures.
    One of these phytosanitary measures requires citrus to be cold 
treated according to treatment schedule T107-e. This treatment schedule 
is listed in the Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) Treatment Manual 
as an effective mitigation for Thaumatotibia leucotreta (false codling 
moth, or FCM).\1\
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    \1\ To view the manual, go to https://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/ports/downloads/treatment.pdf.
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    We implemented the current treatment schedule for FCM on South 
African citrus in 2013 on a provisional basis, provided that the citrus 
was only imported into the ports of Newark, NJ, Philadelphia, PA, and 
Wilmington, DE. We included these port restrictions because the 
national plant protection organization (NPPO) of South Africa requested 
T107-e as a less stringent alternative to the treatment schedule at the 
time, T107-k, and because the ports in question had cold treatment 
facilities should the revised treatment schedule have proven to be 
ineffective.
    In 2014, we also added Houston, TX, as an authorized port. These 
port restrictions were also currently found in FAVIR.
    Over the following 2 years, we conducted enhanced inspections for 
FCM on citrus from South Africa at the four authorized ports. During 
that time, South Africa imported more than 2,000 shipments of citrus 
into the United States with no detections of live FCM.
    Based on these results, the NPPO of South Africa asked that we 
remove the port restrictions and authorize the importation of citrus 
from South Africa into all ports of entry within the United States.
    In response to this request, we prepared a commodity import 
evaluation document (CIED) that recommends removing the port 
restrictions. Based on the recommendations of the CIED we published a 
notice \2\ in the Federal Register on April 1, 2020 (85 FR 18185-18186, 
Docket No. APHIS-2018-0091), announcing the availability of our CIED 
for public review and comment and proposing to remove these port 
restrictions.
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    \2\ To view the notice, the CIED, a description of the economic 
considerations associated with removing port restrictions, and the 
comments we received, go to https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=APHIS-2018-0091.
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    We solicited comments on the CIED for 60 days, ending June 1, 2020. 
We received 19 comments by that date. They were from domestic citrus 
producers, other domestic producers, importers, wholesalers, a 
representative for South African citrus producers, port authorities, 
organizations representing citrus production in the States of Georgia 
and Florida, and the Georgia and Florida Departments of Agriculture. Of 
the 19 comments, 12 opposed the notice, 6 were supportive, and 1 took a 
neutral position.
    Most comments favoring expanded port-of-entry importation were 
based on the following considerations: Cold treatment effectively kills 
pests, making infestation risk low; expanding ports of entry beyond 
present importation would get cold-treated South African citrus to U.S. 
customers near other ports faster, fresher; this change would also curb 
land freight traffic, congestion, and emissions, and address driver 
shortages; cargo economic activity and jobs would increase in other 
ports; shipping and distribution supply chains would increase 
efficiencies; and increased competition and service levels would 
benefit consumers.
    Commenters against removing restricted ports of entry to South 
African citrus raised concerns and/or requested specific changes in 
mitigation measures regarding the importation of citrus from South 
Africa. We address first the issues commenters raised under topic 
headings that characterize the issues. We then address commenters' 
specific requested changes to the pest mitigation measures for the 
importation of citrus fruit from South Africa.

Comments Regarding the Scope of the Pilot Project

    Four commenters objected to APHIS using a pilot project limited to 
four ports of entry over 2 years as a basis for allowing importation 
now to all other U.S. ports. The commenters said this expansion, which 
they believed was based on limited and inadequate inspection results, 
increases cold treatment failure risk exponentially for multiple pests.
    We understand the commenters' concerns but disagree that the pilot 
project was not sufficiently robust. The volume of South African citrus 
that entered the United States during the pilot period, 119,128 metric 
tons in 2,116 shipments, is not a small shipment volume. Indeed, 
because the total volume of South Africa citrus shipments is not 
expected to increase significantly as a result of the removal of port 
restrictions, the pilot project likely evaluated a similar volume of 
citrus to that which is expected to be imported into the United States 
as a result of this notice. Moreover, the commenters provided no 
scientific evidence to support concerns that South African citrus entry 
to multiple ports or reducing the cold treatment from 24 to 22 days 
increases cold treatment failure risk.
    Finally, the commenters failed to take into consideration that the 
other existing conditions for importation of citrus fruit from South 
Africa would remain. Other existing requirements that will remain 
unchanged as a result of this notice include surveillance and 
monitoring at South African production sites for quarantine pests, 
inspection in South Africa of shipments intended for export to the 
United States and issuance of a phytosanitary certificate by the NPPO 
of South Africa or APHIS preclearance inspection in South Africa, and 
inspection at all U.S. ports of entry.

Comments Regarding Possible Introduction of Other Moth Species

    Four commenters expressed concerns that other moth species could 
also follow the pathway on the importation of citrus from South Africa 
and have no known traps, no lures for surveillance, and no post-harvest 
treatments to mitigate shipping risks. They also said some traps for 
these moths are not available in the United States and stated that the 
pests feed on or inside fruit while on the tree.
    The commenters failed to take into consideration the lengthy 
history of safe importation of citrus from South Africa. In 1997, APHIS 
established the current regulatory framework for the importation of 
citrus from South Africa, apart from the port restrictions mentioned 
earlier in this document (62 FR 593-597, Docket No. 95-098-3). In the 
past 23 years of citrus importation from South Africa into the United 
States

[[Page 70578]]

(well before the 2-year pilot project), APHIS has not intercepted any 
moth species in commercial shipments of South African citrus other than 
FCM. As with the previous commenters, these commenters also failed to 
consider other requirements for the importation of citrus from South 
Africa that would remain unchanged as a result of this notice and that 
have a mitigative effect on the likelihood of other quarantine species 
of moth being introduced into the United States. These include place-
of-production monitoring and surveillance for quarantine pests, 
issuance of a phytosanitary certificate by the NPPO of South Africa or 
APHIS preclearance inspection, and the cold treatment itself.

Comments Regarding FCM Detections in South African Citrus at European 
Union Ports

    One commenter stated that European Union (EU) ports intercepted FCM 
12 times and other pests and diseases 5 times in South African citrus 
shipments in 2019, and that these detections came after the 2-year U.S. 
pilot project.
    The EU does not require South African citrus to be cold-treated for 
FCM. The disease that the EU intercepted was citrus black spot (CBS). 
While the EU takes action against CBS interceptions, APHIS has 
determined that fresh fruit is not an epidemiologically significant 
pathway for the introduction and establishment of CBS.

Comments Regarding Other Fruit Fly Risks

    Five commenters cited fruit fly risks as of even greater concern 
than FCM in expanded South African citrus port access. Commenters were 
concerned that the Natal fruit fly (Ceratitis rosa) showed less 
susceptibility to cold treatment, that both the Natal fruit fly and 
Marula fruit fly (Ceratitis cosyra) had been detected in South African 
citrus crops and intercepted in shipments destined for Europe, and that 
an Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) outbreak had occurred in 
South Africa at the time APHIS prepared its CIED. Commenters from 
Florida also stated that the Oriental fruit fly necessitated Florida's 
two largest eradication efforts (2015, 2018).
    As indicated in the PPQ Treatment Manual, schedule T107-e mitigates 
risks that Natal and Oriental fruit flies pose. Marula fruit fly is 
admittedly not mitigated by this treatment schedule. However, while a 
major pest of mangoes, it does not attack citrus (except for sour 
orange), according to the Crop Pest Compendium (CABI, 2020). Sour 
orange is not a citrus variety authorized importation into the United 
States from South Africa.
    Moreover, the Oriental fruit fly is not widespread in South Africa, 
and it is only present in the Northeastern region of that nation, which 
is outside of areas where South Africa grows citrus for export.
    Finally, no live fruit flies have ever been intercepted in the past 
23 years of commercial citrus shipments from South Africa to the United 
States. This is indicative of the efficacy of the mitigation structure 
for citrus fruit from South Africa.

Comments Regarding Mite Risk With Expanded Citrus Imports

    Three commenters raised concerns that mite and disease introduction 
and transmission could become even greater than FCM with South African 
citrus port restrictions lifted. The commenters stated that oriental 
red mite and mite-vectored citrus leprosis virus, both found in South 
Africa and detected in 17 orchards in 2018, could spread rapidly on 
introduction to Florida. They noted both can survive cold treatment and 
that they exploit calices and stems in shipment. The commenters stated 
that they believe sieves for mite washes that inspectors use at ports 
of entry are the wrong sizes to detect immature mite species.
    Oriental red mite (Eutetranychus orientalis) is indeed present in 
South Africa. However, port restrictions based on the use of cold 
treatment schedule T107-e are not the mitigation APHIS employs for 
Oriental red mite. Instead, we require washing, brushing, and waxing of 
fruit at the packinghouse processing stage of production. Consignments 
that are not washed, brushed, and waxed in such a manner are not 
considered commercial consignments. This remains part of the systems 
approach for South African citrus imports to the United States. These 
measures are efficacious in removing Oriental red mite from the pathway 
prior to shipment throughout all the pests' life stages. Finally, 
Oriental red mite does not vector citrus leprosis virus.
    Two other mite species, Brevipalpus californicus and B. phoenicis, 
are present in South Africa and have been reported as vectors of citrus 
leprosis virus. However, only B. phoenicis has been proven to be a 
vector. Moreover, as with E. orientalis, cold treatment is not used as 
a mitigation for the mites. The primary mitigation for these two 
species of mites on citrus is packinghouse processing with washing, 
brushing, and waxing, which are efficacious at removing all life stages 
of the mites from citrus.
    Finally, no mites have ever been intercepted in commercial 
shipments of South African citrus, and citrus fruit itself is not an 
epidemiologically significant pathway for the transmission of citrus 
leprosis virus, in the absence of mite vectors.

Comments Regarding Surveillance for and Eradication of Fruit Flies

    Six commenters maintained that the fruit fly species found in South 
Africa are polyphagous and attack nearly all dooryard fruits and some 
vegetables. The commenters stated that South African fruit fly species 
do not respond to any lures used domestically in the States of Florida 
or California.
    These commenters' concerns pertain to perceived difficulties in 
surveillance, control, and eradication in the event fruit fly species 
ever were to be introduced into the United States through the 
importation of citrus from South Africa. However, live fruit flies have 
never been detected in South African commercial citrus shipments at 
U.S. ports of entry under the current regulatory framework, which, as 
noted above, was in place in 1997. The absence of detections of live 
fruit flies at ports of entry over a 23-year period is a reliable 
indicator of the efficacy of the current systems approach.
    APHIS also respectfully disagrees with the commenters' 
characterization of traps and lures for the species in question. All of 
the fruit fly species in South Africa respond to lures commonly used by 
APHIS and the State departments of agriculture. The Mediterranean fruit 
fly and Natal fruit fly respond to tri-medlure, and the Oriental fruit 
fly responds to methyl eugenol-based lures.\3\ As noted earlier in this 
document, Marula fruit fly does not attack commercial citrus apart from 
sour orange (CABI, 2020). However, it can be trapped with standard 
protein baits in multi-lure traps commonly used in Florida and 
California.
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    \3\ See IAEA Trapping Manual for Area-Wide Fruit Fly Programmes, 
http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/ipc/public/FruitFlyTrapping.pdf.
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Comments Regarding Perceived Pest Identification Weaknesses

    One commenter stated that U.S. port-of-entry identification 
technology is poor and that species identification of most intercepted 
larvae is not known.
    We disagree. In recent years, APHIS has invested significant 
resources in molecular diagnostic technology, which allows APHIS to 
identify almost any interception in commercial fruit

[[Page 70579]]

commodities to the species level. In instances in which this is not 
possible, and only a genus level identification can occur, if one of 
the species in the genus is of quarantine significance, the shipment is 
nonetheless refused entry and must be treated, re-exported, or 
destroyed.

Comments Regarding Cold Treatment Efficacy

    Six commenters stated that cold treatment is not an inerrant 
mitigation measure for moths, fruit flies, mites, and viruses. As 
evidence of the limitations of cold treatment, they stated that 
Mediterranean fruit flies or larvae have been found in cold-treated 
Moroccan and Peruvian fruit imports.
    These commenters erroneously assumed that cold treatment was the 
only mitigation we were proposing for South African citrus fruit. This 
is not the case. As discussed previously in this document, there are 
many mitigations in place, including surveillance and monitoring at 
places of production; washing, brushing, and waxing of fruit during 
packinghouse processing; phytosanitary inspection by the NPPO of South 
Africa or APHIS preclearance inspection; and port-of-entry inspection 
in the United States.
    The detection of fruit flies on clementines from Morocco was 
determined to be the result of failure to pre-cool the fruit adequately 
prior to applying cold treatment. We also determined that this pre-
cooling failure was, in turn, due to uniquely inhospitable climatic 
conditions in the area of Morocco surrounding the pre-cooling facility, 
a desert where daytime temperatures during the summer months routinely 
exceed 90 [deg]F. We addressed this failure by revising the operational 
workplan that Morocco had entered into with APHIS to specify additional 
pre-cooling and temperature reading procedures at pre-cooling 
facilities.
    The fruit fly larvae intercepted on citrus from Peru were moribund 
based on the morphological characteristics of the larvae found. As a 
precaution, APHIS rejected the shipment, investigated the interception, 
and sent warning letters to the exporting country. This is not 
indicative of a larger failure in APHIS' cold treatment procedures that 
would be applicable to the importation of citrus fruit from South 
Africa.

Comments Regarding Perceived Inspection Deficiencies

    Two commenters stated that external inspection and fruit cutting 
for detection at ports of entry are unreliable measures for screening 
fruit fly larvae; mites, they stated, also readily escape detection 
during inspection. Growers also said that they have little confidence 
inspection at a greatly expanded number of ports will prevent pest 
introduction.
    External inspection and fruit cutting procedures at ports of entry 
are based on sampling algorithms intended to detect a 2 percent or 
greater infestation rate in the shipment with 95 percent confidence. 
This longstanding inspection protocol, when coupled with other pest-
specific provisions of a systems approach, is very reliable in 
detecting quarantine pests on imported shipments of fruits and 
vegetables.
    Mites, as noted previously in this document, are removed from the 
pathway by the required packinghouse procedures of washing, brushing, 
and waxing the citrus fruit prior to export.

Comments Regarding Consistency With the APHIS Mission and Strategic 
Plan

    One commenter stated that multiple pests that show resistance to 
cold treatment could evade mitigation measures and inspection and harm 
U.S. fruit and vegetable production in temperate climate States. The 
commenter opined that this contradicts both APHIS' mission to safeguard 
domestic agriculture from exotic pests and diseases and its Strategic 
Plan to protect the health and value of U.S. agriculture, natural, and 
other resources.
    The commenter is correct that some of the quarantine pests of 
citrus that exist in South Africa are not mitigated by cold treatment; 
however, we did not say they were. As noted previously in this 
document, APHIS employs multiple mitigation measures to address the 
plant pest risk associated with the importation of citrus from South 
Africa.
    We disagree that this is inconsistent with APHIS' mission under its 
statutory authorities. Under the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. 7701 et 
seq.), restrictions or prohibitions that APHIS places on the 
importation of a fruit or vegetable must have the intent of preventing 
the introduction or dissemination of a plant pest or noxious weed 
within the United States, which the requirements for the importation of 
citrus from South Africa do. Moreover, as noted previously, the only 
quarantine pests intercepted on citrus from South Africa at ports of 
entry within the United States have been the two detections of FCM, 
both of which occurred more than 15 years ago. For this reason, we also 
consider the requirements to be consistent with APHIS' stated goals in 
our Strategic Plan.

Comments Requesting Changes to the Mitigation Structure for the 
Importation of Citrus Fruit From South Africa

Restrict Ports of Entry

    Eight commenters asked that APHIS limit South African citrus 
importation to northern climate ports of entry, and/or those ports 
above the 39th parallel and away from the southeast commodity-growing 
region.
    Additionally, one of these commenters asked that port of entry 
restrictions especially exclude ports where pest introductions threaten 
tomato production, specifically Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina 
ports of entry. Another commenter asked exclusion of ports affecting 
peach production in Georgia, especially excluding the Port of Savannah, 
and a third asked exclusion of the citrus imports from Florida ports of 
entry.
    For the reasons already stated in initial notice of this action, 
the CIED, and this final notice, APHIS does not consider these 
additional mitigations to be warranted. As noted previously, there are 
already in place multiple, other requirements for the importation of 
citrus from South Africa into the United States, and APHIS has no 
indication that these other requirements are ineffective.
    Existing conditions for South African citrus imports at all ports 
of entry will remain unchanged as a result of this notice. These 
include surveillance and monitoring at South African production sites 
for quarantine pests, inspection in South Africa of shipments intended 
for export to the United States, issuance of a phytosanitary 
certificate by the NPPO of South Africa or APHIS preclearance 
inspection in South Africa, and inspection at all U.S. ports of entry.

Couple Cold Treatment With Additional Requirements

    Three commenters asked that cold treatment be employed to eliminate 
pests with ``multiple'' (unspecified) additional mitigation methods.
    As noted previously, additional mitigations are currently in place 
and will remain unchanged as a result of this notice, which merely 
lifts one of these mitigations, that is port restrictions.

Make Technological Improvements and Stronger Knowledge Base 
Prerequisites

    Three commenters asked for more effective technology that 
identifies fruit fly larvae and species in infested fruit, also better 
knowledge of introduction pressure from South African imported fruits 
and vegetables, before expanded

[[Page 70580]]

port permissions are granted, especially citrus importation to Florida 
ports of entry.
    This request is unwarranted since South African citrus has been 
imported into the United States with almost no interceptions, and no 
detections of fruit fly larvae in 23 years. Moreover, as noted 
previously in this document, diagnostic technologies the commenters 
requested already exist and are being deployed. Molecular technology 
already allows APHIS to identify almost any fruit fly larval 
interception in commercial fruit commodities. Finally, APHIS' 
preclearance personnel are stationed in South Africa and routinely 
monitor pest populations and pest pressures.

Adjust Sieve Size for Mite Wash Detection

    One commenter suggested that inspection at U.S. ports of entry must 
adjust the size of sieves for mite washes to detect immature mite 
species before South African citrus importation is allowed to expand to 
all U.S. ports of entry.
    As noted above, washing, brushing, and waxing of citrus fruit at 
packinghouses is demonstrated to remove mites from the pathway on the 
importation of citrus to the United States. Accordingly, additional 
inspection tools for mites at ports of entry are not warranted.

Comments Regarding Economic Cost Considerations

    We received multiple comments on the economic effects assessment 
(EEA) that accompanied the initial notice. We address these in a 
revised EEA that accompanies this document (See footnote 2).
    Therefore, in accordance with Sec.  319.56-4(c)(4)(ii) of the 
regulations, we are announcing our decision to remove restrictions on 
the ports of entry into which South African citrus (grapefruit, lemon, 
mandarin orange, sweet orange, tangelo, and Satsuma mandarin) fruit may 
be imported into the United States.

Paperwork Reduction Act

    In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 
3501 et seq.), the reporting and recordkeeping requirements included in 
this notice are covered under the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
control number 0579-0049.

E-Government Act Compliance

    The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service is committed to 
compliance with the E-Government Act to promote the use of the internet 
and other information technologies, to provide increased opportunities 
for citizen access to Government information and services, and for 
other purposes. For information pertinent to E-Government Act 
compliance related to this notice, please contact Mr. Joseph Moxey, 
APHIS' Information Collection Coordinator, at (301) 851-2483.

Congressional Review Act

    Pursuant to the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), 
the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs designated this action 
as not a major rule, as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

    Authority:  7 U.S.C. 1633, 7701-7772, and 7781-7786; 21 U.S.C. 
136 and 136a; 7 CFR 2.22, 2.80, and 371.3.

    Done in Washington, DC, this 30th day of October 2020.
Michael Watson,
Acting Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
[FR Doc. 2020-24402 Filed 11-4-20; 8:45 am]
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