[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 194 (Tuesday, October 6, 2020)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 63019-63037]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-22071]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Part 31

[TD 9924]
RIN 1545-B032


Income Tax Withholding From Wages

AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.

ACTION: Final regulations.

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SUMMARY: This document sets forth final regulations that provide 
guidance for employers concerning income tax withholding from 
employees' wages. These final regulations concern the amount of Federal 
income tax employers withhold from employees' wages, implement changes 
in the Internal Revenue Code made by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and 
reflect the redesigned withholding allowance certificate (Form W-4) and 
related IRS publications. These final regulations affect employers that 
pay wages subject to Federal income tax withholding and employees who 
receive wages subject to Federal income tax withholding.

DATES: 
    Effective date: These final regulations are effective on October 6, 
2020.
    Applicability dates:For dates of applicability see Sec. Sec.  
31.3402(a)-1(h), 31.3402(b)-1(b), 31.3402(c)-1(f), 31.3402(f)(1)-1(c), 
31.3402(f)(2)-1(h), 31.3402(f)(3)-1(d), 31.3402(f)(4)-1(e), 
31.3402(f)(5)-1(d), 31.3402(f)(6)-1(c), 31.3402(g)-1(d), 31.3402(h)(4)-
1(c), 31.3402(i)-1(b), 31.3402(l)-1(e), 31.3402(m)-1(f), and 
31.3402(n)-1(f).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Concerning these final regulations, 
Mikhail Zhidkov of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (Employee 
Benefits, Exempt Organizations, and Employment Taxes), (202) 317-4774 
(not a toll-free number).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background

    Section 3402(a)(1) provides that, except as otherwise provided in 
section 3402, every employer making a payment of wages shall deduct and 
withhold from such wages a tax determined in accordance with tables or 
computational procedures prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. 
Section 3402(a)(1) further provides that any tables or procedures 
prescribed under section 3402(a)(1) shall be in such form, and provide 
for such amounts to be deducted and withheld, as the Secretary 
determines to be most appropriate to carry out the purposes of chapter 
1 (imposition of individual income tax). Section 3402 sets forth 
certain methods of withholding but also gives the Secretary broad 
regulatory authority in providing for tables or computational 
procedures for income tax withholding.
    Generally, employers apply the withholding tables or computational 
procedures based on the entries on the Form W-4 the employee furnishes 
the employer. An employee who receives wages subject to withholding 
under section 3402 is required to furnish his or her employer a Form W-
4 on commencement of employment or, generally, within 10 days after the 
employee experiences a ``change of status'' that reduces the 
``withholding allowance'' to which the employee is entitled. See 
section 3402(f)(2).
    An employee completes Form W-4 based on the employee's personal tax 
situation by applying the factors listed in section 3402(f)(1). Section 
3402(f)(1) describes the combination of these factors as the employee's 
``withholding allowance.'' Once an employee completes a valid Form W-4, 
the employee must furnish the Form W-4 to the employer. The employer 
puts the Form W-4 into effect in accordance with the timing rules in 
section

[[Page 63020]]

3402(f)(3). Once in effect, the employer generally applies the entries 
on an employee's Form W-4 (the withholding allowance) to compute the 
amount of income tax to withhold from the employee's regular wages 
under either the percentage method of withholding or the wage bracket 
method of withholding. See section 3402(b) and (c).\1\
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    \1\ Special rules under Sec.  31.3402(g)-1 of the current 
regulations apply to ``supplemental wages''. In the case of 
supplemental wages in excess of $1,000,000, employers must disregard 
the entries on the employee's Form W-4 and apply a mandatory flat 
rate of withholding. In the case of supplemental wages of less than 
$1,000,000, employers may either disregard the entries on the 
employee's Form W-4 and withhold using the optional flat rate or may 
use an aggregate procedure, taking into consideration the entries on 
the Form W-4 furnished by the employee.
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    In certain cases, the IRS may issue an employer a lock-in letter 
that notifies the employer in writing that an employee is not entitled 
to claim exemption from withholding or is not entitled to the 
withholding allowance claimed on the employee's Form W-4 and prescribes 
the withholding allowance the employer must use to figure withholding. 
If the employer employs the employee at the time the employer receives 
the lock-in letter, the employer must furnish the employee notice of 
the lock-in letter within 10 days of receipt of the lock-in letter. In 
this case, the employer must withhold in accordance with the lock-in 
letter as of the date specified in the lock-in letter, which cannot be 
any earlier than 45 calendar days after the date of issuance of the 
lock-in letter.
    After the lock-in letter becomes effective, the IRS may issue a 
subsequent notice (modification notice) modifying the lock-in letter. 
Generally, a modification notice is issued only after the employee 
contacts the IRS to request an adjustment to the withholding prescribed 
in the lock-in letter. In certain cases, if warranted, the IRS may 
issue a notice releasing the employee from the lock-in program. If the 
employee is subject to a lock-in letter or modification notice, the 
employer may put in effect a Form W-4 only if doing so results in more 
withholding than specified by the lock-in letter or modification 
notice. Finally, an employee who was subject to a lock-in letter or 
modification notice, who terminates employment and then resumes 
employment with the same employer within 12 months of termination, 
remains subject to the lock-in letter or the modification notice 
withholding instructions upon resuming the employment.

TCJA Changes

    Prior to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, Public Law 115-97, 131 Stat. 
2054 (2017) (TCJA), one withholding exemption was equal to the amount 
of one personal exemption provided in section 151(b), prorated to the 
payroll period. See section 3402(a)(2) (2017). TCJA enacted section 
151(d)(5), which reduced the personal exemption amount to zero for the 
years 2018-2025. See TCJA section 11041(a). TCJA also increased the 
standard deduction under section 63, increased the child tax credit 
under section 24, and created a new credit under section 24 for other 
dependents. See TCJA sections 11021 and 11022.
    TCJA permanently modified the wage withholding rules in section 
3402(a)(2) and, replaced ``withholding exemptions'' with a 
``withholding allowance, prorated to the payroll period.'' See TCJA 
section 11041(c)(1). TCJA also repealed section 3401(e), which, prior 
to TCJA, provided, for purposes of chapter 24 (relating to collection 
of income tax at source on wages), that the ``number of withholding 
exemptions claimed'' meant the number of withholding exemptions claimed 
in a withholding exemption certificate in effect under section 3402(f) 
or in effect under the corresponding section of prior law, except that 
if no such certificate was in effect, the number of withholding 
exemptions claimed was considered zero. See TCJA section 
11041(c)(2)(A).
    TCJA modified section 3402(f), and defined a ``withholding 
allowance,'' which is determined based on the factors listed in section 
3402(f)(1). See TCJA section 11041(c)(2)(B). TCJA further changed the 
list of factors on which the withholding allowance is based and added 
that the withholding allowance is determined based on rules determined 
by the Secretary. See TCJA section 11041(c)(2)(B). This change to 
section 3402(f)(1) revised section 3402(f)(1)(C), entitling an employee 
to take into account the number of individuals for which the employee 
expects to take an income tax credit under section 24 instead of the 
number of individuals with respect to whom the employee reasonably 
expects to claim a deduction under section 151. Section 3402(f)(1)(D) 
also changed an employee's entitlement to take into account the 
standard deduction from an amount generally equal to one withholding 
exemption to the standard deduction allowable to such employee (one-
half of the standard deduction in the case of an employee who is 
married and whose spouse is an employee receiving wages subject to 
withholding). Finally, TCJA added section 3402(f)(1)(F), which provides 
that the employee's withholding allowance also takes into account 
``whether the employee has withholding allowance certificates in effect 
with respect to more than one employer.'' See TCJA section 
11041(c)(2)(B).
    TCJA also made conforming changes to the ``change of status'' rules 
in section 3402(f)(2), changing ``withholding exemptions'' to 
``withholding allowance'' and striking out ``exemption'' and inserting 
``allowance'' in various subsections of section 3402. This resulted in 
a conforming change to the statutory name of the withholding exemption 
certificate in section 3402(f)(5) to the withholding allowance 
certificate. See TCJA sections 11041(c)(2)(B) and (C).
    TCJA amended section 3402(m) by changing the reference from 
``withholding allowances'' to ``withholding allowance.'' See TCJA 
sections 11041(c)(2)(D) and (E). TCJA added the section 199A deduction 
to the list of deductions in section 3402(m)(1) that an employee may 
take into account in determining the additional withholding allowance 
that the employee is entitled to claim on Form W-4, and struck the 
reference to section 62(a)(10) in section 3402(m)(1) with respect to 
certain payments made under divorce or separation instruments 
previously described in section 62(a)(10). See TCJA sections 
11011(b)(4) and 11051(b)(2)(B).
    The legislative history of TCJA states that ``the Secretary of the 
Treasury is to develop rules to determine the amount of tax required to 
be withheld by employers from a taxpayer's wages.'' H.R. Rep. No. 115-
466, at 203 (2017).

Guidance Addressing TCJA

    TCJA allowed the Secretary of the Treasury to administer section 
3402 before January 1, 2019, without regard to the changes described 
above. See TCJA section 11041(f)(2). Nevertheless, on January 11, 2018, 
the Treasury Department and the IRS released Notice 1036, ``Early 
Release Copies of the 2018 Percentage Method Tables for Income Tax 
Withholding,'' which implemented TCJA's tax rate changes, standard 
deduction, and suspension of the deduction under section 151. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS designed the 2018 withholding tables to 
work with the Forms W-4 that employees had already furnished their 
employers. On February 28, 2018, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
updated Form W-4, ``Employee's Withholding Allowance Certificate,''

[[Page 63021]]

incorporating TCJA's changes in the 2018 Form W-4's worksheets and 
updated the online withholding calculator (now called the Tax 
Withholding Estimator) to reflect TCJA changes. Notice 2018-14, 2018-7 
I.R.B. 353, published February 12, 2018, allowed continued use of the 
2017 Form W-4 temporarily in 2018 and included a relief provision for 
employees who experienced changes in their tax circumstances solely 
attributable to TCJA.
    Notice 2018-92, 2018-51 I.R.B. 1038, published December 17, 2018, 
addressed some of TCJA's changes to section 3402 and provided interim 
rules for the 2019 calendar year. Section 3 of Notice 2018-92 addressed 
TCJA's use of ``withholding allowance'' (singular) and provided that 
withholding allowances (plural) were to be used for wage withholding 
computational procedures in 2019. Under section 3 of Notice 2018-92, 
any reference to a withholding exemption in the regulations and other 
guidance under section 3402 was to be applied as if it were a reference 
to a withholding allowance. Section 4 of Notice 2018-92 extended the 
relief provided in Notice 2018-14 for changes in tax circumstances 
solely attributable to TCJA. Section 5 of Notice 2018-92 addressed the 
repeal of section 3401(e) and provided rules for employees who fail to 
furnish a valid Form W-4. Section 6 of Notice 2018-92 allowed employees 
to include the employee's estimated deduction under section 199A in 
determining the additional withholding allowance under section 3402(m) 
that the employee is entitled to claim on Form W-4. Section 7 of Notice 
2018-92 allowed taxpayers to use the online withholding calculator (now 
called the Tax Withholding Estimator) or Publication 505, ``Tax 
Withholding and Estimated Tax,'' in lieu of the Form W-4 worksheets. 
Section 8 of Notice 2018-92 requested comments on alternative 
withholding methods under section 3402(h) and announced that the IRS 
and the Treasury Department intended to eliminate the combined income 
tax withholding and employee Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) 
tax withholding tables under Sec.  31.3402(h)(4)-1(b). Section 9 of 
Notice 2018-92 confirmed that an employer in receipt of a lock-in 
letter should not send a response to the IRS when the employer no 
longer employs the employee (within the meaning of Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-
1(g)(2)(iii)).

2019 Form W-4

    In June 2018, the Treasury Department and the IRS released a draft 
2019 Form W-4 and draft instructions for public comment. The 2019 draft 
Form W-4 and instructions incorporated significant changes intended to 
improve the accuracy of income tax withholding and make the withholding 
system more transparent for employees. Many comments were received on 
the draft form and instructions. In response to comments received from 
stakeholders, the Treasury Department and the IRS announced on 
September 20, 2018, that implementation of the redesigned form would be 
postponed until 2020, and that the Treasury Department and the IRS 
would continue working closely with stakeholders as additional changes 
were made to the form for 2020. For 2019, however, Notice 2018-92 
announced that the 2019 Form W-4 would include minimal changes to the 
2018 Form W-4 and would continue to apply section 3402 by using the 
existing withholding system under which employees claimed a number of 
withholding allowances on a valid Form W-4.
    In addition, the amount of each withholding allowance for 2019, 
like for the years before it, was set to what would have been the value 
of a personal or dependency exemption under section 151(b) prior to 
enactment of TCJA. See Rev. Proc. 2018-57, 2018-49 I.R.B. 827, sections 
2.03 and 3.25. For calendar years 2018 through 2025, however, the 
exemption amount is zero. See section 151(d)(5)(A). Moreover, the high 
value of each withholding allowance ($4,050 for 2017, $4,150 for 2018, 
and $4,200 for 2019) led to rounding errors that made it difficult for 
some employees to have their withholding equal their tax liability for 
the year. Accuracy was even more difficult to achieve for employees 
claiming tax credits, as these amounts first had to be converted into 
tax deductions and then expressed as a number of withholding 
allowances. In addition to limiting accuracy, the use of withholding 
allowances to compute withholding is not intuitive, given that wages, 
deductions, credits, and taxes are all expressed as dollar amounts, 
rather than as a number of withholding allowances. Although the 2019 or 
earlier Forms W-4 allowed an employee to achieve a high degree of 
accuracy if the employee requested an additional dollar amount to be 
withheld and/or used the online withholding calculator (now called the 
Tax Withholding Estimator) or Publication 505 in completing the Form W-
4, most employees did not use these options.

Redesigned Form W-4, Employee's Withholding Certificate

    To address the limitations of the 2019 Form W-4, on May 31, 2019, a 
draft of a redesigned 2020 Form W-4 was released for public comment. 
The redesigned Form W-4 was intended to reduce the combined complexity 
of the form, instructions, and worksheets and to increase the 
transparency and accuracy of the withholding system. The redesigned 
Form W-4 uses the same underlying information as the 2019 Form W-4 but 
replaces complex worksheets with more straightforward questions. The 
redesigned Form W-4 was released on December 4, 2019, and then was 
rereleased on December 31, 2019, to reflect a change in the medical 
expense deduction threshold under section 213 for 2020 made by the 
Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, Public Law 116-94, 133 
Stat. 2534, 3228 (2019).
    The redesigned Form W-4 does not use withholding allowances. An 
employee selects a filing status (single, married filing separately, 
head of household, married filing jointly, or qualifying widow(er)) on 
the Form W-4, and this entry generally results in the basic standard 
deduction relating to the filing status being taken into account in 
determining the amount of tax withheld from the employee's pay. In 
addition, the redesigned Form W-4 streamlines the multiple jobs 
procedures and gives employees three options to account for a working 
spouse or multiple jobs held concurrently. Specifically, employees may 
(1) use the Tax Withholding Estimator to achieve accurate withholding; 
(2) complete the Multiple Jobs Worksheet and enter an additional amount 
to withhold from pay for each pay period; or (3) check the box in Step 
2(c) on the redesigned Form W-4 to request withholding using higher 
withholding rate tables. For married taxpayers filing jointly with two 
jobs held concurrently, the effect of checking the box in Step 2(c) is 
similar to selecting ``Married, but withhold at higher Single rate'' on 
a 2019 or earlier Form W-4. The redesigned Form W-4 also allows an 
employee to enter dollar amounts for tax credits, other income, and 
deductions the employee expects to claim on his or her income tax 
return to reflect the permitted allowance under sections 3402(f)(1)(C) 
and (f)(1)(D) and the increase in the amount of withholding under 
section 3402(i).

Publication 15-T, Federal Income Tax Withholding Methods

    On June 7, 2019, the IRS released for public comment a draft of 
Publication

[[Page 63022]]

15-T, ``Federal Income Tax Withholding Methods,'' which provided 
percentage method tables, wage bracket withholding tables, and other 
computational procedures for employers to use to compute withholding 
for employees for the 2020 calendar year, including for employees who 
furnished a redesigned Form W-4 to be effective for 2020. After 
stakeholder feedback, Publication 15-T was revised and rereleased on 
August 13, 2019, and was rereleased on November 4, 2019. Publication 
15-T was finalized and released on December 24, 2019.
    Publication 15-T prescribes percentage method tables, wage bracket 
withholding tables, discussion on alternative withholding methods, and 
Tables for Withholding on Distributions of Indian Gaming Profits to 
Tribal Members. These tables and discussions, which were formerly 
published in Publication 15 (Circular E), ``Employer's Tax Guide,'' 
Publication 15-A, ``Employer's Supplemental Tax Guide,'' and 
Publication 51, ``Agricultural Employer's Tax Guide,'' are now 
published only in Publication 15-T, ``Federal Income Tax Withholding 
Methods.'' However, in 2020, the IRS discontinued publishing Formula 
Tables for Percentage Method Withholding (for Automated Payroll 
Systems), Wage Bracket Percentage Method Tables (for Automated Payroll 
Systems), and Combined Federal Income Tax, Employee Social Security 
Tax, and Employee Medicare Tax Withholding Tables. In addition, the IRS 
has discontinued publishing Notice 1036, ``Early Release Copies of the 
Percentage Method Tables for Income Tax Withholding,'' effective 
beginning with calendar year 2020, and instead will post information 
previously included in Notice 1036 in early release drafts of 
Publication 15 (www.irs.gov/Pub15) and Publication 15-T (www.irs.gov/Pub15T) for use by employers and the payroll community. For percentage 
method and wage bracket withholding tables, Publication 15-T describes 
different withholding computational procedures and different tables for 
2019 or earlier Forms W-4 than for Forms W-4 from 2020 or later (the 
redesigned Forms W-4).

Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

    On February 13, 2020, a notice of proposed rulemaking (proposed 
regulations) (REG-132741-17) was published in the Federal Register (85 
FR 8344) to update the regulations under sections 3401 and 3402 for 
legislative changes, including TCJA, and expand the rules in the 
regulations to accommodate the changes necessary to fully implement the 
redesigned Form W-4 and its related computational procedures, along 
with most existing computational procedures applicable to 2019 or 
earlier Forms W-4. These changes are explained in detail in the 
preamble to the proposed regulations.
    The IRS did not receive any requests for a public hearing on the 
proposed regulations, and therefore no public hearing was held. Written 
comments responding to the proposed regulations were received and are 
available for public inspection and copying at http://www.regulations.gov or upon request. After full consideration of the 
comments received on the proposed regulations, this Treasury decision 
adopts the proposed regulations with revisions as described in the 
Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions.

Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions

    The Treasury Department and the IRS received seven written comments 
in response to the proposed regulations. Some of the comments propose 
changes to the Form W-4 or related instructions, publications, or other 
guidance that would not require a change to the proposed regulations 
themselves. One commenter made a general comment about the complexity 
of income tax withholding from wages but did not offer any comments 
specific to the proposed regulations. Except to the extent that the 
comments raise issues related to the proposed regulations, the comments 
are beyond the scope of the proposed regulations, and therefore are not 
addressed in this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions. 
However, the comments will remain under consideration for future 
revisions to forms, instructions, publications, and other guidance 
relating to income tax withholding from wages, including revisions to 
the Form W-4.
1. Requirement To Maintain Two Systems To Determine Withholding
    Two commenters expressed concern that the proposed regulations and 
the related forms, instructions, publications, and other guidance 
require maintenance of two different systems for computing income tax 
withholding from wages: One system for 2019 or earlier Forms W-4, and 
another system for redesigned Forms W-4. According to these commenters, 
these two systems complicate computer programming and exacerbate 
inaccuracy of employees' withholding determined using 2019 or earlier 
Forms W-4. These commenters requested that all employees should be 
required to furnish a redesigned Form W-4. One commenter stated that 
requiring all employees to furnish a redesigned Form W-4 would simplify 
computer programming and make employees more aware of TCJA changes to 
the wage withholding rules. The other commenter stated that not 
requiring employees to furnish a redesigned Form W-4 would increase 
burden on employers and would confuse employees who commence employment 
with a second or third employer that pays wages subject to income tax 
withholding for which the employee has to complete a redesigned Form W-
4 while the employee still has 2019 or earlier Form(s) W-4 in effect 
with one or more employers.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS note that section 3402(f)(4) 
generally requires that a Form W-4 continue in effect with respect to 
an employer until another Form W-4, furnished by the employee, takes 
effect under the rules in section 3402. Thus, an employer must continue 
withholding according to the Form W-4 submitted by an employee until 
the employee furnishes the employer a new Form W-4. In addition, 
section 11041 of TCJA does not require all employees to submit new 
Forms W-4 to conform to changes to the wage withholding rules in TCJA. 
In contrast, section 1581 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Public Law 99-
514, 100 Stat. 2085, 2101 (1987), explicitly required all employees to 
furnish new Forms W-4 as a result of the changes made to the statute. 
In other words, although TCJA and the Tax Reform Act of 1986 both 
enacted significant changes to the income tax withholding rules in 
chapter 1, only the Tax Reform Act of 1986 mandated that employees 
furnish new Forms W-4. Therefore, the final regulations do not require 
all employees with a 2019 or earlier Form W-4 in effect to furnish a 
redesigned Form W-4.
    Nevertheless, the Treasury Department and the IRS acknowledge the 
commenters' concerns and address them in two ways: (1) Through 
instructions to the redesigned Form W-4 for employees with multiple 
jobs and (2) through optional computational ``bridge'' entries 
permitted under these regulations and described in Publication 15-T.
    First, in redesigning the Form W-4, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS were aware of the challenges facing employees who have multiple 
employers paying wages subject to withholding and who have 2019 or 
earlier Form(s) W-4 in effect in completing the redesigned Form W-4. 
The redesigned 2020 Form W-4 includes instructions advising

[[Page 63023]]

employees that, ``[t]o be accurate, submit a 2020 Form W-4 for all 
other jobs.'' The IRS intends to continue providing an updated version 
of this instruction on Forms W-4 for future years.
    Second, to address commenters' concerns relating to employers 
maintaining separate withholding systems, these regulations adopt 
optional computational bridge entries that will allow employers to 
continue in effect 2019 or earlier Forms W-4 as if the employees had 
furnished redesigned Forms W-4. This will allow employers to use one 
process for both 2019 and earlier Forms W-4 and 2020 and later Forms W-
4 and free employers from the need to use the number of allowances data 
field from 2019 and earlier Forms W-4 once the employers apply the 
appropriate computational bridge entries for their employees. 
Accordingly, starting for calendar year 2021, the IRS intends to 
include instructions in Publication 15-T for these optional 
computational bridge entries. The computational bridge entries will 
allow employers to use the computational procedures and data fields for 
the redesigned Form W-4 to arrive at the equivalent withholding for an 
employee that would have applied using the computational procedures and 
data fields related to a 2019 or earlier Form W-4 furnished by the 
employee.
    Specifically, Publication 15-T will provide for four adjustments to 
accurately implement the computational bridge entries. First, 
Publication 15-T will provide for treating an employee as having made 
an entry on line 1(c) (filing status) of the redesigned Form W-4 that 
most accurately reflects the employee's entry on line 3 (marital 
status) of a 2019 or earlier Form W-4. In this regard, an employee will 
be treated as having selected ``single or married filing separately'' 
on the redesigned form if the employee selected either ``single'' or 
``married, but withhold at higher single rate'' on a 2019 or prior Form 
W-4. An employee will be treated as having selected ``married filing 
jointly'' on the redesigned form if the employee selected ``married'' 
on a 2019 or prior Form W-4.
    Second, Publication 15-T will provide for treating an employee as 
also having made an entry in step 4(a) (other income (not from jobs)) 
on the redesigned Form W-4 based on the marital status on line 3 of a 
2019 or earlier Form W-4 to help offset the full basic standard 
deduction that has otherwise been incorporated in tables related to the 
various filing statuses in step 1(c) of the redesigned Form W-4. In 
particular, the employer would treat the employee as having entered the 
value of two allowances corresponding to a single employee's filing 
status and the value of three allowances corresponding to a married 
employee's filing status in Step 4(a) of the redesigned Form W-4.
    Third, Publication 15-T will provide for treating an employee as 
having made an entry in step 4(b) (deductions) of the redesigned Form 
W-4 to replicate the effect of allowances claimed on line 5 (number of 
allowances) of a 2019 or earlier Form W-4. In particular, the employer 
would multiply the number of allowances claimed on line 5 of a 2019 or 
earlier Form W-4 by $4,300 and treat the employee as having entered the 
product in Step 4(b) of the redesigned Form W-4.
    Finally, fourth, Publication 15-T will provide for treating an 
employee as having made an entry in step 4(c) (extra withholding) of 
the redesigned Form W-4 to replicate the effect of any additional 
amount that the employee requested to have withheld using line 6 
(additional amount withheld from each paycheck) on a 2019 or earlier 
Form W-4. In particular, the employer would treat the employee as 
having entered any additional amount the employee requested to have 
withheld from each paycheck on line 6 of a 2019 or earlier Form W-4 in 
Step 4(c) of the redesigned Form W-4.\2\
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    \2\ For employers that use the computational bridge entries for 
nonresident alien employees with 2019 or earlier Forms W-4 in 
effect, the procedures in Publication 15-T will provide for an 
entries on the redesigned form to replicate the effect of allowances 
claimed on a 2019 or earlier Form W-4, as well as an entry for any 
additional amount the nonresident alien requested to be withheld on 
a 2019 or earlier Form W-4. Publication 15-T will instruct employers 
that choose to use the computational bridge entries for nonresident 
alien employees with a 2019 or earlier Form W-4 in effect to apply 
the general procedures applicable to nonresident alien employees who 
furnish a redesigned Form W-4.
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    To facilitate the use of the computational bridge entries, starting 
in 2021, the IRS will no longer index the withholding allowance to 
reflect cost-of-living adjustments to what would have been the value of 
a personal or dependency exemption in section 151(b) prior to enactment 
of TCJA. The withholding allowance will be fixed at $4,300 in 2021. 
Thus, employers that choose to implement the computational bridge 
entries starting in 2021 will not have to make any adjustments to 
employees' withholding entries that the employee is treated as having 
made on the redesigned Form W-4 within their system unless the employee 
furnishes a new, redesigned Form W-4.
    For example, for the year 2021 and its withholding allowance of 
$4,300, an employer determining withholding from wages for an employee 
with a 2019 Form W-4 in effect on which the employee reported a marital 
status of single (or married, but withhold at a higher single rate) and 
one withholding allowance would compute withholding for the employee as 
if the employee had made the following entries on a 2021 Form W-4: 
Single or married filing separately in Step 1(c) (filing status), an 
entry of $8,600 in Step 4(a) (other income (not from jobs)) and an 
entry of $4,300 in Step 4(b) (deductions) to determine withholding from 
wages for this employee. In this case, the computational bridge entries 
that the employee is treated as having made in Step 1(c), Step 4(a), 
and Step 4(b) of the 2021 Form W-4 replicate the effect of selecting 
single and one withholding allowance on the 2019 Form W-4.
    Use of the computational bridge entries will be optional; the IRS 
intends to continue publishing withholding tables and procedures for 
employers that choose to continue computing withholding using the 
computational procedures related to 2019 or earlier Forms W-4 furnished 
by employees. The computational bridge entries apply only for Forms W-4 
that were properly put in effect on or before December 31, 2019, and 
that continue in effect under section 3402(f)(4). The computational 
bridge entries are not intended to continue 2019 or earlier 
computational procedures, including the use of a number of withholding 
allowances, for redesigned Forms W-4. Furthermore, if an employee is 
either required, or chooses, to furnish a new Form W-4, the use of the 
computational bridge entries by an employer does not change the 
requirement that the employee must use the current year's revision of 
the Form W-4 when furnishing a new Form W-4 to his or her employer.\3\
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    \3\ Near the end of a year, an employee may furnish the Form W-4 
revision for the following calendar year to take effect for the 
following calendar year.
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    Accordingly, these final regulations revise Sec.  31.3402(f)(4)-
1(a) to provide that an employer's use of the computational bridge 
entries to adapt a 2019 or earlier Form W-4 to the redesigned 
computational procedures as if using entries on a redesigned Form W-4 
will continue in effect, within the meaning of section 3402(f)(4), a 
2019 or earlier Form W-4 that was properly in effect on or before 
December 31, 2019.
2. Lock-in Letters or Modification Notices
    One commenter expressed concern about whether a lock-in letter 
under which an employer is required to

[[Page 63024]]

withhold based on instructions using 2019 or earlier Form W-4 
computational procedures ceases to be effective because of the redesign 
of the Form W-4 until a new lock-in letter using redesigned Form W-4 
computational procedures is issued to the employer. Under current 
regulations, once an employer is required to furnish the employee a 
copy of the lock-in letter, the lock-in letter becomes effective. It 
remains effective until the IRS issues the employer a modification 
notice, including a modification notice releasing the employee from a 
lock-in letter or a prior modification notice, or until the employee 
furnishes the employer a Form W-4 that requests more withholding than 
required under the lock-in letter or modification notice. If the 
employee is no longer employed by the employer, the lock-in letter 
generally does not apply because the employer generally is not paying 
wages subject to withholding. Under the proposed regulations and these 
final regulations, employers are no longer required to notify the IRS 
that they no longer employ an employee for whom a lock-in letter was 
issued.
    These final regulations follow the proposed regulations and do not 
require the IRS to reissue lock-in letters or modification notices 
solely because of the redesign of the Form W-4. Employers may not 
assume that a lock-in letter or modification notice ceases to be 
effective because of changes resulting from the redesigned Form W-4 and 
related withholding procedures. Unless the employee furnishes the 
employer a Form W-4 that results in more withholding than under the 
lock-in letter or modification notice, the employer must continue 
following any lock-in letter or modification notice until the IRS 
releases the employee from the program.
    For ease of administering the withholding instructions in lock-in 
letters or modification notices that were based on 2019 or earlier 
Forms W-4, employers may use the optional computational bridge entries 
discussed in section 1 of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions to comply with the requirement to withhold based on the 
maximum withholding allowance and filing status permitted in a lock-in 
letter or modification notice and to adapt to the redesigned Form W-4 
and computational procedures. For example, for calendar year 2021, 
based on a withholding allowance of $4,300, an employer that is 
determining withholding from wages for an employee subject to a lock-in 
letter that uses 2019 computational procedures and instructs the 
employer use a filing status of single and a maximum withholding 
allowance of zero allowances, may comply with the lock-in letter by 
using the following computational bridge entries on a 2021 Form W-4: An 
entry of single or married filing separately in Step 1(c), an entry of 
$8,600 in Step 4(a) (other income (not from jobs)) to further account 
for the effect of the withholding instructions directing an employer to 
withhold from the employee using the single filing status, and an entry 
of $0 in Step 4(b) (deductions) to replicate the effect of the 
employee's maximum withholding allowance of zero withholding 
allowances.
    These final regulations revise the rules in Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-
1(g)(2)(iv) (relating to lock-in letters) and (vii) (relating to 
modification notices) to provide that an employer may comply with a 
lock-in letter or modification notice that is based on a 2019 or 
earlier Form W-4, as required by the regulations, if the employer 
implements the maximum withholding allowance and filing status 
permitted in a lock-in letter or modification notice by using the 
computational bridge entries as set forth in forms, instructions, 
publications, and other guidance prescribed by the Commissioner to 
calculate withholding for a 2019 or earlier Form W-4.
    Another commenter stated that lock-in letters and modification 
notices should be revised in such a way that makes it easier for 
employers to compare withholding based on a lock-in letter or 
modification notice to withholding based on the redesigned Form W-4. 
Specifically, this commenter notes that the new entries on the 
redesigned Form W-4 make it more difficult for employers to determine 
whether a newly furnished Form W-4 results in more withholding than a 
lock-in letter or modification notice that the employer was required to 
put in effect. The commenter's suggestions regarding the contents of 
the lock-in letters or modifications notices do not require changes to 
the proposed regulations because the language of the proposed 
regulations is broad enough to accommodate the commenter's suggestions 
to the letters and notices. Accordingly, the proposed regulations 
regarding the contents of the lock-in letter or modification notice 
will be adopted as final without change. However, these comments will 
be considered in future revisions of the lock-in letter and 
modification notice.
    Furthermore, to ease the employer's burden in determining whether a 
Form W-4 furnished by an employee for whom a lock-in letter or 
modification notice is in effect results in more withholding (and thus 
may be put into effect), the Treasury Department and the IRS note that 
employers may use the Income Tax Withholding Assistant for employers 
available on www.irs.gov. The Income Tax Withholding Assistant can aid 
in estimating the amount of tax to be withheld from employee's wages 
based on a Form W-4 furnished by the employee, which can be compared to 
the withholding required pursuant to a lock-in letter or modification 
notice. The Income Tax Withholding Assistant is a software tool that is 
designed to help small employers with manual payroll systems compute 
the amount of income tax to withhold from employees' wages. Employers 
enter the employees' pay frequency, wages, and Form W-4 entries, and 
the software tool computes the amount of income tax that is required to 
be withheld from employees' wages. This software tool is compatible 
with 2019 or earlier Forms W-4, as well as with the 2020 Form W-4, and 
is designed to be used by employers that use the income tax withholding 
tables in Publication 15-T.
    The same commenter also suggested that employees who are subject to 
a lock-in letter or modification notice be restricted from making 
certain entries on a Form W-4 that they furnish to an employer that 
must withhold pursuant to a lock-in letter or modification notice. 
However, because each entry on Form W-4 is intended to foster accuracy 
and simplicity in income tax withholding, an employee who is subject to 
a lock-in letter or modification notice should be able to use all 
entries on Form W-4 when appropriate. Due to the circumstances under 
which a lock-in letter or modification notice is issued (i.e., the 
employee's history of noncompliance with withholding requirements), and 
that any decrease in withholding from a lock-in letter or modification 
notice may only be accomplished by seeking a modification notice from 
the IRS, the employee would be furnishing a redesigned Form W-4 only to 
request an increase in withholding.
3. Effective Period of a Withholding Allowance Certificate
    The proposed regulations provide that when an employee is released 
from a lock-in letter or modification notice, the employee would 
generally be required to furnish a new Form W-4, and if the employee 
fails to do so, the employee would be treated as single but having the 
withholding allowance provided in forms, instructions, publications, 
and

[[Page 63025]]

other guidance prescribed by the Commissioner that applies to other 
employees who fail to furnish a new Form W-4.\4\ Under the redesigned 
computational procedures, this means that the employee would be treated 
as single or married filing separately in Step 1(c) of the 2020 Form W-
4 with no entries in Step 2, Step 3, or Step 4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ If the employee's Form W-4 results in more withholding than 
prescribed by the lock-in letter or modification notice, the 
proposed regulations provide that the employer should continue 
withholding according to the employee's Form W-4, even after the 
employee is released from the lock-in letter or modification notice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter recommended that this rule be modified to require an 
employee to furnish a new Form W-4, but, in the event the employee 
fails to do so, the withholding according to the lock-in letter or 
modification notice would continue. The commenter recommended this 
approach to reduce the administrative burden on employers in 
administering lock-in letters and modification notices, especially upon 
the employee's release from a lock-in letter or modification notice. 
After careful consideration of the comment, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS do not agree that this approach is appropriate. To foster 
accuracy, the Treasury Department and IRS are of the view that an 
employee released from a lock-in letter should be subject to the normal 
default rule until the employee furnishes a new Form W-4. Accordingly, 
these final regulations adopt the rule in Sec.  31.3402(f)(4)-1 as set 
forth in the proposed regulations.
4. Head of Household Filing Status
    One commenter questioned whether employees who were eligible for 
the head of household filing status but claimed single filing status on 
a 2019 or earlier Form W-4 must be withheld as head of household using 
tables applicable to redesigned Forms W-4. Under the proposed 
regulations, the adoption of the head of household filing status and 
the use of related tables is limited to redesigned Forms W-4. The head 
of household filing status and related tables are not available for 
2019 or earlier Forms W-4. These final regulations adopt the filing 
status rules set forth in the proposed regulations.
5. Amount of Income Tax Withheld Using the Redesigned Form W-4
    One commenter noted that in processing 2020 Forms W-4 for 
employees, it appeared that no tax would be withheld from employees' 
pay, in certain circumstances, such as when employees enter an amount 
in Step 3 to reflect the child or other dependent credits. The 
commenter further noted that it appeared that no tax would be withheld 
in these circumstances despite the Tax Withholding Estimator showing 
that the employee would have a tax liability. The Treasury Department 
and the IRS cannot comment on specific factual situations; however, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS note that the redesigned Form W-4 is 
intended to result in more accurate withholding.
    Prior to the redesign of the Form W-4, approximately 30% of income 
tax returns that reported gross income from wages did not report any 
income tax liability, yet approximately 93% of these taxpayers with no 
income tax liability still had federal income tax withheld from wages. 
Accordingly, the redesigned Form W-4 was designed to consider all the 
deductions and credits an employee is entitled to, which often results 
in no income tax withholding from the employee's wages. This is 
consistent with the goal of increased accuracy in withholding, which 
includes minimizing overwithholding from employees who owe little or no 
income tax, especially after tax credits reduce the employees' income 
tax liability.
6. Estimated Tax Payments
    Under the proposed regulations, employees who are not subject to a 
lock-in letter or modification notice may take into account estimated 
tax payments already made, provided that they take into account nonwage 
income and follow the instructions to the Tax Withholding Estimator. 
Although no comments were received on this issue, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS have determined that certain employees, 
especially those employees with a higher amount of nonwage income 
relative to wage income, should also be able to take into account 
planned estimated tax payments not yet made provided that the employee 
(1) takes into account all wage and nonwage income in determining 
withholding, (2) follows the instructions to the Tax Withholding 
Estimator, and (3) does not use planned estimated tax payments to 
reduce income tax withholding from wages below the pro-rata share of 
chapter 1 income tax attributable to the estimated annual wages. The 
pro-rata share of chapter 1 tax attributable to estimated annual wages 
will be determined under forms, instructions, publications, and other 
guidance prescribed by the Commissioner. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS have determined that this rule furthers accuracy in withholding 
without encouraging inappropriate underwithholding on wages by shifting 
withholding from wages to estimated tax payments.
    In addition, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined 
that employees who do not use the Tax Withholding Estimator and instead 
use IRS Publication 505 to determine their withholding should be able 
to take into account estimated tax payments subject to the applicable 
requirements, provided that the employees use Publication 505 
instructions. Accordingly, these final regulations revise Sec.  
31.3402(m)-1(d) to allow employees to take into account estimated tax 
payments provided that the employee (1) follows the instructions to the 
Tax Withholding Estimator or Publication 505, (2) is not subject to a 
lock-in letter or modification notice, and (3) does not request 
withholding from wages that falls below the pro rata share of chapter 1 
taxes attributable to wages as determined under forms, instructions, 
publications, and other guidance prescribed by the Commissioner. The 
IRS intends to update the Tax Withholding Estimator and Publication 505 
to reflect this rule.
7. Applicability Date
    Consistent with the applicability date provisions in the proposed 
regulations, these final regulations generally apply on and after 
October 6, 2020. However, as in the proposed regulations, Sec.  
31.3402(f)(2)-1(g), relating to withholding compliance, applies as of 
February 13, 2020, the date the notice of proposed rulemaking was 
published in the Federal Register; Sec.  31.3402(f)(5)-1(a)(3), 
regarding the requirement to use the current version of Form W-4, 
applies as of March 16, 2020, 30 days after the date the notice of 
proposed rulemaking was published in the Federal Register; and the 
removal of Sec.  31.3402(h)(4)-1(b), relating to the combined income 
tax withholding and employee FICA tax withholding tables, applies on 
and after January 1, 2020. Except with regard to the removal of Sec.  
31.3402(h)(4)-1(b), taxpayers may also choose to apply the final 
regulations, on and after January 1, 2020 and before their 
applicability date as set forth in the regulations. See section 
7805(b)(7).

Special Analyses

I. Regulatory Planning and Review

    These final regulations are not subject to review under section 
6(b) of Executive Order 12866 pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement 
(April 11, 2018) between the Treasury Department and the Office of 
Management and

[[Page 63026]]

Budget regarding review of tax regulations.

II. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5 U.S.C. chapter 6), it 
is hereby certified that these final regulations do not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities 
that are directly affected by these final regulations. These final 
regulations will apply to all employers that have an income tax 
withholding obligation and, therefore, are likely to affect a 
substantial number of small entities. Although these final regulations 
are likely to affect a substantial number of small entities, the 
economic impact of these final regulations will not be significant.
    These final regulations do not independently impact employers or 
employees because these final regulations support both the 2019 and 
2020 Form W-4 and related withholding procedures, and employees are not 
required to furnish a new Form W-4 solely because of the redesign of 
the Form W-4. Employees who have a Form W-4 on file with their employer 
from years prior to 2020 generally will continue to have their 
withholding determined based on that form. These final regulations 
incorporate the changes made by TCJA to sections 3401 and 3402 and 
provide flexible and administrable rules for income tax withholding 
from wages to implement the 2020 Form W-4 and its related tables and 
computational procedures described in Publication 15-T and to work with 
2019 or earlier Forms W-4. Any economic impact on small entities that 
have an income tax withholding obligation is generally a result of the 
change in underlying substantive tax rules which led to revisions in 
the method of computing withholding, not these final regulations. 
Because the final regulations preserve the option of continuing to use 
old Forms W-4 for existing employees who have not had significantly 
changed circumstances, and provide for optional computational bridge 
entries for employers to facilitate continued use of Forms W-4 provided 
in 2019 or earlier years that eliminates the need for employers to 
maintain separate withholding systems, these final regulations minimize 
impact of the statutory changes on employers, including small entities. 
Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS certify that these 
final regulations will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities pursuant to the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. chapter 6).
    Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Internal Revenue Code, the 
notice of proposed rulemaking preceding this regulation was submitted 
to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration 
for comment on its impact on small business, and no comments were 
received.

III. Paperwork Reduction Act

    Any collection of information associated with these final 
regulations has been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget 
for review under OMB control number 1545-0074 in accordance with the 
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)). In general, the 
collection of information is required under section 3402 of the 
Internal Revenue Code. The Treasury Department and the IRS request 
comments on all aspects of information collection burdens related to 
these final regulations, including estimates for how much time it would 
take to comply with the paperwork burdens described in OMB control 
number 1545-0074 and ways for the IRS to minimize the paperwork burden. 
An agency may not conduct or sponsor and a person is not required to 
respond to a collection of information unless it displays a valid OMB 
control number.

IV. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) 
requires that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits and take 
certain other actions before issuing a final rule that includes any 
Federal mandate that may result in expenditures in any one year by a 
state, local, or tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the private 
sector, of $100 million in 1995 dollars, updated annually for 
inflation. This rule does not include any Federal mandate that may 
result in expenditures by state, local, or tribal governments, or by 
the private sector in excess of that threshold.

V. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 (entitled ``Federalism'') prohibits an agency 
from publishing any rule that has federalism implications if the rule 
either imposes substantial, direct compliance costs on state and local 
governments, and is not required by statute, or preempts state law, 
unless the agency meets the consultation and funding requirements of 
section 6 of the Executive order. This final rule does not have 
federalism implications and does not impose substantial direct 
compliance costs on state and local governments or preempt state law 
within the meaning of the Executive order.

Statement of Availability of IRS Documents

    IRS Revenue Procedures, Revenue Rulings, and Notices cited in this 
preamble are published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin (or Cumulative 
Bulletin) and are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. 
Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or by visiting the 
IRS website at http://www.irs.gov.

Drafting Information

    The principal author of these final regulations is Mikhail Zhidkov, 
Office of the Associate Chief Counsel (Employee Benefits, Exempt 
Organizations, and Employment Taxes). Other personnel from the Treasury 
Department and the IRS participated in their development.

List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 31

    Employment taxes, Fishing vessels, Gambling, Income taxes, 
Penalties, Pensions, Railroad retirement, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Social security, Unemployment compensation.

Adoption of Amendments to the Regulations

    Accordingly, 26 CFR part 31 is amended as follows:

PART 31--EMPLOYMENT TAXES AND COLLECTION OF INCOME TAX AT SOURCE

0
Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 31 is amended by adding an 
entry for Sec.  31.3402 in numerical order to read in part as follows:

    Authority:  26 U.S.C. 7805.
* * * * *

    Section 31.3402 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 3402(i) and (m).

* * * * *


Sec.  31.3401(e)-1   [Removed]

0
Par. 2. Section 31.3401(e)-1 is removed.


0
Par. 3. Section 31.3402(a)-1 is amended by adding paragraphs (g) and 
(h) to read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(a)-1   Requirement of withholding.

* * * * *
    (g) For purposes of chapter 24 of the Code and this subpart:
    (1) References to ``withholding exemption certificate'' include 
``withholding allowance certificate'' unless otherwise stated in this 
subpart.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (h) The provisions of paragraph (g) of this section apply on and 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply

[[Page 63027]]

paragraph (g) of this section on or after January 1, 2020 and before 
October 6, 2020.


0
Par. 4. Section 31.3402(b)-1 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(b)-1   Percentage method of withholding.

    (a) Percentage method of withholding. The amount of tax to be 
deducted and withheld from an employee's wages under the percentage 
method of withholding is determined based on the entry for the 
employee's anticipated filing status or marital status and other 
entries on the employee's withholding allowance certificate using the 
applicable percentage method tables and computational procedures set 
forth in the applicable forms, instructions, publications, and other 
guidance prescribed by the Commissioner issued with respect to the 
period in which wages are paid.
    (b) Applicability date. The provisions of this section apply on and 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply this section on or 
after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 2020. For rules that apply 
before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of April 1, 
2020.


0
Par. 5. Section 31.3402(c)-1 is amended:
0
1. By revising paragraph (a)(1).
0
2. By redesignating paragraph (a)(2) as paragraph (a)(3).
0
3. By adding a new paragraph (a)(2).
0
4. By revising paragraph (b).
0
5. In paragraph (c)(1), by revising the first sentence.
0
6. By adding paragraph (f).
0
7. By removing the parenthetical authority citation at the end of the 
section.
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(c)-1   Wage bracket withholding.

    (a) * * *
    (1) The employer may elect to use the wage bracket method provided 
in section 3402(c) instead of the percentage method with respect to any 
employee. The tax computed under the wage bracket method shall be in 
lieu of the tax required to be deducted and withheld under section 
3402(a).
    (2) The amount of tax to be deducted and withheld from an 
employee's wages under the wage bracket method of withholding is 
determined based on the entry for the employee's anticipated filing 
status or marital status and other entries on the employee's 
withholding allowance certificate using the applicable wage bracket 
method tables and computational procedures set forth in the applicable 
forms, instructions, publications, and other guidance prescribed by the 
Commissioner issued with respect to the period in which wages are paid.
* * * * *
    (b) Established payroll periods, other than daily or miscellaneous, 
covered by wage bracket withholding tables. The wage bracket 
withholding tables applicable to the employee's filing status set forth 
in forms, instructions, publications, and other guidance prescribed by 
the Commissioner for established periods other than daily or 
miscellaneous should be used in determining the tax to be deducted and 
withheld for any such period without reference to the time the employee 
is actually engaged in the performance of services during such payroll 
period.
    (c) * * *
    (1) * * * The tables applicable to a daily or miscellaneous payroll 
period show the tentative amount of tax to be deducted and withheld 
from an employee's wages for the employee's filing status for one day. 
* * *
* * * * *
    (f) Applicability date. The provisions of this section apply on and 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply this section on or 
after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 2020. For rules that apply 
before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of April 1, 
2020.


0
Par. 6. Section 31.3402(f)(1)-1 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(f)(1)-1   Withholding allowance.

    (a) In general. (1) Except as otherwise provided in section 
3402(f)(6) (see Sec.  31.3402(f)(6)-1), an employee receiving wages 
will, on any day, be entitled to a withholding allowance as provided in 
section 3402(f)(1) and paragraph (b) of this section. In order to 
receive the benefit of the withholding allowance, the employee must 
furnish to the employer a valid withholding allowance certificate in 
effect for the calendar year as provided in section 3402(f)(2) and 
Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1.
    (2) The employer is not required to ascertain whether the 
withholding allowance claimed is greater than the withholding allowance 
to which the employee is entitled. For rules relating to invalid 
withholding allowance certificates, see Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1(f)(3), 
for rules relating to required submission of copies of certain 
withholding allowance certificates to the Internal Revenue Service, see 
Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1(g)(1), and for rules relating to the notice of 
the maximum withholding allowance permitted, see Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-
1(g)(2).
    (b) Withholding allowance defined. (1) Generally, the withholding 
allowance to which an employee is entitled is determined under the 
computational procedures prescribed by the Commissioner in forms, 
instructions, publications, and other guidance for the calendar year 
for which the withholding allowance certificate is in effect.
    (2) The withholding allowance is determined based on the 
following--
    (i) Whether the employee is an individual for whom a deduction is 
allowable with respect to another taxpayer under section 151;
    (ii) If the employee is married, whether the employee's spouse is 
an individual for whom a deduction is allowable with respect to another 
taxpayer under section 151 but only if such spouse does not have in 
effect a withholding allowance certificate claiming such deduction;
    (iii) If the employee is married, whether the employee's spouse is 
entitled to additional deductions, credits, or other items the employee 
elects to take into account under Sec.  31.3402(m)-1 or would be so 
entitled if the employee's spouse were an employee receiving wages, but 
only if such spouse does not have in effect a withholding allowance 
certificate claiming such allowance;
    (iv) Any credit under section 24(a) that the employee reasonably 
expects to be able to claim on the employee's income tax return for the 
calendar year for which the withholding allowance certificate is in 
effect, except that the employee may not take into account any credit 
under section 24(a) if this credit is claimed on another valid 
withholding allowance certificate in effect with respect to another 
employer of the employee or the employee's spouse. In addition, an 
employee whose employer must withhold for that employee pursuant to a 
notice under Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1(g)(2) must offset any tax benefit 
resulting from a credit under section 24(a) with any anticipated income 
tax attributable to items other than wages includible in the employee's 
gross income in the manner prescribed by the Commissioner;
    (v) Any additional deductions, credits, or other items the employee 
elects to take into account under Sec.  31.3402(m)-1 for the calendar 
year for which the withholding allowance certificate is in effect;
    (vi) The basic standard deduction (as defined in section 63(c)(2)) 
relating to the filing status the employee reasonably expects to claim 
on the

[[Page 63028]]

employee's income tax return for the calendar year for which the 
withholding allowance certificate is in effect; and
    (vii) Any adjustment resulting from multiple withholding allowance 
certificates the employee, the employee's spouse, or both have or 
reasonably expect to have in effect with respect to one or more 
employers, determined based on the instructions to the withholding 
allowance certificate and other guidance for the calendar year for 
which the withholding allowance certificate is in effect.
    (c) Applicability date. The provisions of this section apply on and 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply this section on or 
after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 2020. For rules that apply 
before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of April 1, 
2020.


0
Par. 7. Section 31.3402(f)(2)-1 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1   Furnishing of withholding allowance 
certificates.

    (a) On commencement of employment. (1) On or before the date on 
which an individual commences employment with an employer, the 
individual must furnish the employer with a signed withholding 
allowance certificate (see Sec.  31.3402(f)(5)-1) relating to the 
filing status the employee reasonably expects to claim under Sec.  
31.3402(l)-1(b) for the calendar year for which the withholding 
allowance certificate is in effect and the withholding allowance under 
Sec.  31.3402(f)(1)-1(b) that the employee claims.
    (2) In no event may the withholding allowance exceed the 
withholding allowance that the employee is entitled to as determined 
based on the employee's reasonable expectations and the instructions 
set forth in forms, instructions, publications, and other guidance 
prescribed by the Commissioner.
    (3) The employee may claim exemption from withholding if the 
certifications described in section 3402(n) and Sec.  31.3402(n)-
1(a)(1) and (2) are true with respect to the employee.
    (4) If an employee has no valid withholding allowance certificate 
in effect with the employer at the time of the payment of the wages, 
and fails to furnish a valid withholding allowance certificate to the 
employer, the employee will be treated as single but having the 
withholding allowance provided in forms, instructions, publications, 
and other guidance prescribed by the Commissioner.
    (b) Change of status that affects calendar year--(1) General rule. 
If, on any day during the calendar year, the employee experiences a 
change of status that reduces the employee's withholding allowance or 
withholding allowances, in the manner described in paragraph (b)(2) of 
this section, the employee must, within 10 days after the change 
occurs, furnish the employer with a new withholding allowance 
certificate claiming the withholding allowance to which the employee is 
entitled under Sec.  31.3402(f)(1)-1(b), unless paragraph (b)(3) of 
this section applies to the employee.
    (2) Changes of status. A change of status occurs if any of the 
following changes occur on any day during the calendar year:
    (i) The employee's filing status changes in the manner described in 
Sec.  31.3402(l)-1(c).
    (ii) The employee no longer has only one withholding allowance 
certificate in effect for the employee, the employee's spouse, or both, 
and the employee or the employee's spouse selects higher withholding 
rate tables on the additional withholding allowance certificate, but 
higher withholding rate tables are not selected on any previously 
furnished withholding allowance certificate.
    (iii) The employee has multiple withholding allowance certificates 
in effect on which higher withholding rate tables are not selected, and 
the employee or the employee's spouse reasonably expects an increase in 
regular wages for the calendar year (as defined in Sec.  31.3402(g)-
1(a)(1)(ii)) in excess of $10,000.
    (iv) The employee has included on a valid withholding allowance 
certificate the child tax credit allowed under section 24(a) but 
reasonably expects the number of individuals who satisfy the definition 
of ``qualifying child'' as defined in section 24(c) who will be 
reported on the employee's income tax return for the year for which tax 
is being withheld to be less than the number taken into account in 
completing the withholding allowance certificate.
    (v) The employee has included on a valid withholding allowance 
certificate a tax credit allowed under section 24(a) or other tax 
credits allowed under Sec.  31.3402(m)-1 but reasonably expects the 
employee's tax credits that will be reported on the employee's income 
tax return for the year for which tax is being withheld to decrease by 
more than $500 from the amount taken into account in completing the 
withholding allowance certificate.
    (vi) The employee has included on a valid withholding allowance 
certificate deductions allowed under Sec.  31.3402(m)-1 but reasonably 
expects the employee's included income tax deductions that will be 
reported on the employee's income tax return for the year for which tax 
is being withheld to decrease by more than $2,300 from the amount taken 
into account in completing the withholding allowance certificate.
    (vii) It is no longer reasonable for an employee who has furnished 
the employer with a withholding allowance certificate which relies upon 
the certifications described in Sec.  31.3402(n)-1(a) to anticipate 
that the employee will incur no liability for income tax imposed under 
subtitle A of the Code for the current or previous taxable year.
    (3) Exception. If one or more of the changes described in paragraph 
(b)(2) of this section occurs, but the total effect of the changes 
together with any other changes affecting the employee's anticipated 
tax liability under subtitle A is not anticipated to result in an 
amount of tax to be deducted and withheld from the employee's wages 
under section 3402 for the year that is less than the employee's 
anticipated tax liability under subtitle A, the employee is not 
required to furnish a new withholding allowance certificate.
    (c) Increase in withholding allowance. If, on any day during the 
calendar year, the employee experiences a change of status that 
increases the employee's withholding allowance, the employee may 
furnish the employer with a new withholding allowance certificate 
claiming the withholding allowance the employee is entitled to under 
Sec.  31.3402(f)(1)-1(b).
    (d) Exemption from withholding. If, on any day during the calendar 
year, the certifications described in section 3402(n) and Sec.  
31.3402(n)-1(a)(1) and (2) are true with respect to an employee, the 
employee may furnish the employer with a withholding allowance 
certificate claiming exemption from withholding in the manner described 
in forms, instructions, publications, and other guidance prescribed by 
the Commissioner.
    (e) Change of status which affects next calendar year--(1) General 
rule. If, on any day during the calendar year, the withholding 
allowance to which the employee will be, or may reasonably be expected 
to be, entitled under Sec.  31.3402(f)(1)-1(b) for the next calendar 
year, but not for the current calendar year, decreases in the manner 
prescribed in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, the employee must 
furnish a new withholding allowance certificate claiming the 
withholding allowance the employee is entitled to under Sec.  
31.3402(f)(1)-1(b) to take effect in the next calendar year by the 
later of

[[Page 63029]]

December 1 of the calendar year of the year in which the change occurs 
or within 10 days after the change occurs, unless paragraph (e)(2) of 
this section applies to the employee.
    (2) Exception. If one or more of the changes in paragraph (b)(2) of 
this section occurs, but the total effect of the changes together with 
any other changes affecting the employee's anticipated tax liability 
under subtitle A is not anticipated to result in an amount of tax to be 
deducted and withheld from the employee's wages under section 3402 for 
the employee's next year that is less than the employee's anticipated 
tax liability under subtitle A, the employee is not required to furnish 
a new withholding allowance certificate.
    (f) Special rules--(1) Employer requests. Before December 1 of each 
year, every employer should request each employee to furnish a new 
withholding allowance certificate for the next calendar year, in the 
event of a change to the employee's withholding allowance.
    (2) Social security account numbers. Every individual to whom a 
social security number has been assigned must include such number on 
any withholding allowance certificate furnished to an employer. An 
employee may not use a truncated social security number (see Sec.  
301.6109-4 of this chapter) in completing the withholding allowance 
certificate. For provisions relating to the obtaining of an account 
number from the Social Security Administration, see Sec.  31.6011(b)-2.
    (3) Invalid withholding allowance certificates--(i) General rule. 
Any alteration of or unauthorized addition to a withholding allowance 
certificate causes such certificate to be invalid; see Sec.  
31.3402(f)(5)-1(b) for the definitions of alteration and unauthorized 
addition. Any withholding allowance certificate which the employee 
clearly indicates to be false by an oral statement or by a written 
statement (other than one made on the withholding allowance certificate 
itself) made by the employee to the employer on or before the date on 
which the employee furnishes such certificate is also invalid. For 
purposes of the preceding sentence, the term ``employer'' includes any 
individual authorized by the employer either to receive withholding 
allowance certificates, to make withholding computations, or to make 
payroll distributions.
    (ii) Employer disregard of invalid withholding allowance 
certificate. If an employer receives an invalid withholding allowance 
certificate, the employer must disregard it for purposes of computing 
withholding. The employer must inform the employee who furnished the 
certificate that it is invalid and must request another withholding 
allowance certificate from the employee. If the employee who furnished 
the invalid certificate fails to comply with the employer's request, 
the employer must treat the employee as single but having the 
withholding allowance provided by the forms, instructions, 
publications, and other guidance prescribed by the Commissioner. If, 
however, a prior certificate is in effect with respect to the employee, 
the employer must continue to withhold in accordance with the prior 
certificate.
    (g) Submission of certain withholding allowance certificates and 
notice of maximum withholding allowance permitted--(1) Submission of 
certain withholding allowance certificates--(i) In general. An employer 
must submit to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) a copy of any 
currently effective withholding allowance certificate as directed in a 
written notice to the employer from the IRS or as directed in published 
guidance.
    (A) Notice to submit withholding allowance certificates. A notice 
to the employer to submit withholding allowance certificates may relate 
either to one or more named employees, to one or more reasonably 
segregable units of the employer, or to withholding allowance 
certificates under certain specified criteria. The notice will 
designate the IRS office to which the copies of the withholding 
allowance certificates must be submitted. Alternatively, upon notice 
from the IRS, the employer must make available for inspection by an IRS 
employee withholding allowance certificates received from one or more 
named employees, from one or more reasonably segregable units of the 
employer, or from employees who have furnished withholding allowance 
certificates under certain specified criteria.
    (B) Published guidance. Employers may also be required to submit 
copies of withholding allowance certificates under certain specified 
criteria when directed to do so by the IRS in published guidance in the 
Internal Revenue Bulletin (see Sec.  601.601(d)(2) of this chapter).
    (ii) Withholding after submission of withholding allowance 
certificate. After a copy of a withholding allowance certificate has 
been submitted to the IRS under this paragraph (g)(1), the employer 
must withhold tax on the basis of the withholding allowance 
certificate, if the withholding allowance certificate meets the 
requirements of Sec.  31.3402(f)(5)-1. However, the employer may not 
withhold on the basis of the withholding allowance certificate if the 
certificate must be disregarded based on a notice of the maximum 
withholding allowance permitted under the provisions of paragraph 
(g)(2) of this section.
    (2) Notice of the maximum withholding allowance permitted--(i) 
Notice to employer. The IRS may notify the employer in writing that the 
employee is not entitled to claim a complete exemption from withholding 
or more than the maximum withholding allowance specified by the IRS in 
the written notice. The notice will also specify the applicable filing 
status for purposes of calculating the required amount of withholding. 
The notice will specify the IRS office to be contacted for further 
information. The notice of maximum withholding allowance permitted may 
be issued if--
    (A) The IRS determines that a copy of a withholding allowance 
certificate submitted under paragraph (g)(1) of this section or 
otherwise provided to the IRS includes a materially incorrect statement 
or determines, after a request to the employee for verification of the 
statements on the certificate, that the IRS lacks sufficient 
information to determine if the certificate is correct; or
    (B) The IRS otherwise determines that the employee is not entitled 
to claim a complete exemption from withholding and is not entitled to 
claim more than a specified number of withholding exemptions, 
withholding allowances, or a specified withholding allowance.
    (ii) Notice to employee. If the IRS provides a notice to the 
employer under this paragraph (g)(2), the IRS will also provide the 
employer with a similar notice for the employee (employee notice) that 
identifies the maximum withholding allowance permitted and specifies 
the filing status to be used for calculating the required amount of 
withholding for the employee. The employee notice will indicate the 
process by which the employee can provide additional information to the 
IRS for purposes of determining the appropriate withholding allowance 
and/or modifying the specified filing status. The IRS will also mail a 
similar notice to the employee's last known address. For further 
guidance regarding the definition of last known address, see Sec.  
301.6212-2 of this chapter. If the IRS is unable to determine a last 
known address for the employee, the IRS will use other available 
information as appropriate to mail the notice to the employee.
    (iii) Requirement to furnish. If the employee is employed by the 
employer as of the date of the notice, the employer

[[Page 63030]]

must furnish the employee notice to the employee within 10 business 
days of receipt. The employer may follow any reasonable business 
practice to furnish the copy of the notice to the employee. For 
purposes of this paragraph (g)(2)(iii), the determination of whether an 
employee is employed as of the date of the notice is based on all the 
facts and circumstances, including whether the employer has treated the 
employment relationship as terminated for other purposes. An employee 
who is not performing services for the employer as of the date of the 
notice is employed by the employer as of the date of the notice for 
purposes of this paragraph (g)(2)(iii) if--
    (A) The employer pays wages with respect to prior employment to the 
employee subject to income tax withholding on or after the date 
specified in the notice;
    (B) The employer reasonably expects the employee to resume the 
performance of services for the employer within twelve months of the 
date of the notice; or
    (C) The employee is on a bona fide leave of absence and either the 
period of such leave does not exceed twelve months or the employee 
retains a right to reemployment with the employer under an applicable 
statute or by contract.
    (iv) Requirement to withhold based on the notice. If the employer 
is required to furnish the employee notice to the employee under 
paragraph (g)(2)(iii) of this section, then the employer must withhold 
tax on the basis of the maximum withholding allowance and the filing 
status specified in the notice for any wages paid after the date 
specified in the notice, except as provided in paragraphs (g)(2)(v) 
through (ix) of this section. The employer must withhold tax in 
accordance with the notice as of the date specified in the notice, 
which shall be no earlier than 45 calendar days after the date of the 
notice. If the notice was provided to the employer based on 
computational procedures applicable to a withholding allowance 
certificate that was in effect on December 31, 2019 or earlier, the 
employer may comply with the requirement in this paragraph (g)(2)(iv) 
to withhold on the basis of the notice by implementing the maximum 
withholding allowance and filing status permitted by using the 
computational bridge entries as set forth in forms, instructions, 
publications, and other guidance prescribed by the Commissioner to 
calculate withholding for a withholding allowance certificate that was 
in effect on December 31, 2019 or earlier.
    (v) Employment resumes after twelve months. If the employer is 
required to furnish the employee notice to the employee only pursuant 
to paragraph (g)(2)(iii)(B) of this section and the employee resumes 
the performance of services for the employer more than 12 months after 
the date of the notice, then the employer is not required to withhold 
based on the notice.
    (vi) Requirement to withhold based on an existing Form W-4. If a 
withholding allowance certificate is in effect with respect to the 
employee before the employer receives a notice of the maximum 
withholding allowance permitted under this paragraph (g)(2), the 
employer must continue to withhold tax in accordance with the existing 
withholding allowance certificate, rather than on the basis of the 
notice, if the existing withholding allowance certificate does not 
claim complete exemption from withholding and claims a filing status, a 
withholding allowance, and any additional amount under Sec.  
31.3402(i)-1(a)(1) and (2) that results in more withholding than would 
result from applying the filing status and withholding allowance 
specified in the notice.
    (vii) Modification notice. After issuing the notice specifying the 
maximum withholding allowance permitted and the filing status, the IRS 
may issue a subsequent notice to the employer and the employee that 
modifies the original notice (modification notice). The modification 
notice may change the filing status and/or the withholding allowance 
permitted. The employer must withhold based on the modification notice 
as of the date specified in the modification notice. If the 
modification notice was provided to the employer based on computational 
procedures applicable to a withholding allowance certificate that was 
in effect on December 31, 2019 or earlier, the employer may comply with 
the requirement in this paragraph (g)(2)(vii) to withhold on the basis 
of the modification notice by implementing the maximum withholding 
allowance and filing status permitted by using the optional 
computational bridge entries as set forth in forms, instructions, 
publications, and other guidance prescribed by the Commissioner to 
calculate withholding for a withholding allowance certificate that was 
in effect on December 31, 2019 or earlier.
    (viii) Requirement to withhold after termination of employment. If 
the employee is employed as of the date of the notice under paragraph 
(g)(2)(iii) of this section but the employer or employee terminates the 
employment relationship after the date of the notice, the employer must 
continue to withhold based on the maximum withholding allowance and the 
filing status specified in the notice or a modification notice if any 
wages subject to income tax withholding are paid with respect to the 
prior employment after such date. Furthermore, the employer must 
withhold based on the notice or modification notice if the employee 
resumes an employment relationship with the employer within 12 months 
after the termination of the employment relationship. Whether the 
employment relationship is terminated is based on all the facts and 
circumstances.
    (ix) Requirement to withhold based on new Form W-4. The employee 
may furnish a new withholding allowance certificate after the employer 
receives a notice or modification notice from the IRS of the maximum 
withholding allowance permitted under this paragraph (g)(2).
    (A) Employee requests more withholding. If the employee furnishes a 
new withholding allowance certificate after the employer receives the 
notice or modification notice, the employer must withhold tax on the 
basis of that new certificate only if the new certificate does not 
claim complete exemption from withholding and claims a filing status, a 
withholding allowance, and any additional amount under Sec.  
31.3402(i)-1(a)(1) and (2) that results in more withholding than would 
result under the notice or modification notice.
    (B) Employee requests less withholding. If the employee furnishes a 
new withholding allowance certificate after the employer receives the 
notice or modification notice, the employer must disregard the new 
certificate and withhold on the basis of the notice or modification 
notice if the employee claims complete exemption from withholding or 
claims a filing status, a withholding allowance, and any additional 
amount under Sec.  31.3402(i)-1(a)(1) and (2) that results in less 
withholding than would result under the notice or modification notice. 
If the employee wants to put a new certificate into effect that results 
in less withholding than that required under the notice or modification 
notice, the employee must contact the IRS. The employer must withhold 
on the basis of the notice or modification notice unless the IRS 
subsequently notifies the employer to withhold based on the new 
certificate.
    (3) Definition of employer. For purposes of this paragraph (g), the 
term ``employer'' includes any person authorized by the employer to 
receive withholding allowance certificates, to

[[Page 63031]]

make withholding computations, or to make payroll distributions.
    (4) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of this 
section.

    (i) Example 1. Employer U receives a notice from the IRS that 
identifies the maximum withholding allowance permitted and specifies 
the filing status for Employee A. Employee A is not currently 
performing any services for Employer U. However, Employer U is 
continuing to make certain wage payments to Employee A. Employer U 
must furnish the employee notice to Employee A within 10 business 
days of receipt and must withhold based on the notice on any wages 
paid to Employee A on or after the date specified in the notice.
    (ii) Example 2. Employer V receives a notice in October of Year 
1 from the IRS that identifies the maximum withholding allowance 
permitted and specifies the filing status for Employee B. Employee B 
has not performed services for Employer V since August of Year 1. 
However, since Employee B has performed services for Employer V for 
several years on a seasonal basis, Employer V reasonably expects 
Employee B to resume the performance of services for Employer V in 
June of Year 2, a date that is within 12 months of the date of the 
notice. Employer V is required to furnish the notice to Employee B 
within 10 business days of receipt. Employee B does not resume the 
performance of services with Employer V until June of Year 3. 
Employer V is not required to withhold based on the notice.
    (iii) Example 3. Employer W receives a notice from the IRS that 
identifies the maximum withholding allowance permitted and specifies 
the filing status for Employee C. Employee C began a 4-month unpaid 
maternity leave of absence three weeks before Employer W received 
the notice. Employer W must furnish the employee notice to Employee 
C within 10 business days of receipt. When her maternity leave ends 
and Employee C resumes performing services for Employer W, Employer 
W must withhold based on the notice.
    (iv) Example 4. Employer X receives a notice from the IRS in 
Year 1 that identifies the maximum withholding allowance permitted 
and specifies the filing status for Employee D. Employer X must 
furnish the employee notice to Employee D within 10 business days of 
receipt and withhold based on the notice. In Year 2, Employee D 
terminates the employment relationship. Employee D applies for a 
different position with Employer X and resumes employment 10 months 
after having left her previous position with Employer X. Since 
Employer X rehired Employee D within 12 months after the termination 
of employment, Employer X must withhold based on the notice.
    (v) Example 5. Employer Y receives a notice from the IRS that 
identifies the maximum withholding allowance permitted and specifies 
the filing status for Employee E. Employer Y must furnish the 
employee notice to Employee E within 10 business days of receipt. 
After receipt of this notice, Employee E contacts the IRS and 
establishes that the employee is entitled to claim a modified filing 
status and withholding allowance. Employer Y receives a modification 
notice from the IRS that changes the maximum withholding allowance 
permitted for Employee E. Employer Y must withhold tax based on the 
modification notice as of the date specified in such notice.
    (vi) Example 6. Employer Z pays remuneration to Employee F, a 
United States citizen, for services performed in Country M. Employer 
Z receives a notice from the IRS in Year 1 that identifies the 
maximum withholding allowance permitted and specifies the filing 
status for Employee F. Employer Z must furnish the employee notice 
to Employee F within 10 business days of receipt. Employer Z 
reasonably believes all the remuneration paid to Employee F in Year 
1 is excluded from Employee F's gross income under section 911. 
Since section 3401(a)(8)(B) excludes such remuneration from wages 
for income tax withholding purposes, Employer X does not have to 
withhold on such remuneration, notwithstanding the maximum 
withholding allowance permitted and filing status specified in the 
notice. In Year 2, Employee F returns to the United States to 
perform services. Employer Z does not reasonably believe any part of 
Employee F's remuneration paid in Year 2 is excluded from Employee 
F's gross income under section 911. Rather, Employer Z reasonably 
believes that remuneration paid to Employee F in Year 2 is subject 
to income tax withholding. Employer Z must withhold on the 
remuneration paid to Employee F in Year 2 based on the notice.

    (h) Applicability date. The provisions of paragraph (g) of this 
section apply on February 13, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply 
paragraph (g) of this section on or after January 1, 2020 and before 
February 13, 2020. For rules that apply under paragraph (g) of this 
section before February 13, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of 
April 1, 2020. The provisions of paragraphs (a) through (f) of this 
section apply on and after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to 
apply the provisions of paragraph (a) through (f) of this section on or 
after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 2020. For rules that apply 
before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of April 1, 
2020.

0
Par. 8. Section 31.3402(f)(3)-1 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(f)(3)-1   When withholding allowance certificate takes 
effect.

    (a) No withholding allowance certificate on file. A withholding 
allowance certificate furnished to the employer in any case in which no 
previous withholding allowance certificate is in effect with such 
employer, takes effect as of the beginning of the first payroll period 
ending, or the first payment of wages made without regard to a payroll 
period, on or after the date on which such certificate is so furnished.
    (b) Withholding allowance certificate on file. Except as provided 
in paragraph (c) of this section, a withholding allowance certificate 
furnished to the employer in any case in which a previous withholding 
allowance certificate is in effect with such employer takes effect as 
of the beginning of the first payroll period ending (or the first 
payment of wages made without regard to a payroll period) on or after 
the 30th day after the day on which such certificate is so furnished. 
However, the employer may elect to put a withholding allowance 
certificate into effect earlier, beginning with any payment of wages on 
or after the day on which the certificate is so furnished.
    (c) Withholding allowance certificate furnished to take effect in 
next calendar year. A withholding allowance certificate furnished to 
the employer pursuant to section 3402(f)(2)(C) (see Sec.  
31.3402(f)(2)-1(e) or Sec.  31.3402(l)-1(c)) which effects a change for 
the next calendar year, does not take effect, and may not be made 
effective, with respect to the calendar year in which the certificate 
is furnished.
    (d) Applicability date. The provisions of this section apply on and 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply this section on or 
after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 2020. For rules that apply 
before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of April 1, 
2020.


Sec.  31.3402(f)(4)-1   [Removed]

0
Par. 9. Section 31.3402(f)(4)-1 is removed.


Sec.  31.3402(f)(4)-2   [Redesignated as Sec.  31.3402(f)(4)-1]

0
Par. 10. Section 31.3402(f)(4)-2 is redesignated as Sec.  
31.3402(f)(4)-1.

0
Par. 11. Newly redesignated Sec.  31.3402(f)(4)-1 is revised to read as 
follows:


Sec.  31.3402(f)(4)-1   Effective period of a withholding allowance 
certificate.

    (a) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section 
and Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1(g)(2), a withholding allowance certificate 
that takes effect under section 3402(f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 
1986 continues in effect with respect to the employee until another 
withholding allowance certificate takes effect under section 3402(f). 
An employer's use of computational bridge entries as set forth in 
forms, instructions, publications, and other guidance prescribed by the 
Commissioner to calculate withholding for a withholding allowance 
certificate that was in effect on December 31, 2019 or earlier 
continues in effect an

[[Page 63032]]

employee's withholding allowance certificate under this paragraph (a).
    (b) Certifications under section 3402(n) eliminating requirement of 
withholding. The certifications described in Sec.  31.3402(n)-1(a) made 
by an employee with respect to the employee's preceding taxable year 
and current taxable year are effective until either a new withholding 
allowance certificate furnished by the employee takes effect or the 
existing certificate that relies upon such certifications expires. If 
an employee's certificate expires and the employee fails to furnish a 
valid withholding allowance certificate, the employee will be treated 
as single but having the withholding allowance provided in forms, 
instructions, publications, and other guidance prescribed by the 
Commissioner. In no case shall a withholding allowance certificate that 
relies upon such certifications be effective with respect to any 
payment of wages made to an employee:
    (1) In the case of an employee whose liability for tax under 
subtitle A of the Code is determined on a calendar year basis, after 
February 15 of the calendar year following the estimation year; or
    (2) In the case of an employee to whom paragraph (b)(1) of this 
section does not apply, after the 15th day of the 2nd calendar month 
following the last day of the estimation year.
    (c) Estimation year. The estimation year is the taxable year 
including the day on which the employee furnishes the withholding 
allowance certificate to the employer, except that if the employee 
furnishes the withholding allowance certificate to the employer and 
specifies on the certificate that the certificate is not to take effect 
until a specified future date, the estimation year will be the taxable 
year including that specified future date.
    (d) Applicability to notice of maximum withholding allowance. If a 
withholding allowance certificate is no longer in effect because of the 
application of Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1(g)(2), the employer is no longer 
required to withhold pursuant to any notice under Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-
1(g)(2), and the employee fails to furnish the employer a valid 
withholding allowance certificate, then the employee will be treated as 
single but having the withholding allowance provided in forms, 
instructions, publications, and other guidance prescribed by the 
Commissioner, in accordance with Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1(a)(4).
    (e) Applicability date. The provisions of this section apply on and 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply this section on or 
after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 2020. For rules that apply 
before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of April 1, 
2020.


0
Par. 12. Section 31.3402(f)(5)-1 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(f)(5)-1   Form and contents of withholding allowance 
certificates.

    (a) In general--(1) Form W-4. Form W-4, ``Employee's Withholding 
Certificate,'' previously called ``Employee's Withholding Allowance 
Certificate,'' is the form prescribed for the withholding allowance 
certificate required to be furnished under section 3402(f)(2). A 
withholding allowance certificate must be prepared in accordance with 
the instructions applicable thereto and must set forth fully and 
clearly the information that is called for therein. In lieu of the 
prescribed form, an employer may prepare and provide to employees a 
form the provisions of which are identical to those of the prescribed 
form, but only if the employer also provides employees with all the 
tables, instructions, and worksheets set forth in the Form W-4 in 
effect at that time, and only if the employer complies with all revenue 
procedures and other guidance prescribed by the Commissioner relating 
to substitute forms in effect at that time.
    (2) Employee substitute forms. Employers are prohibited from 
accepting a substitute form developed by an employee, and an employee 
furnishing such form will be treated as failing to furnish a 
withholding allowance certificate. For further guidance regarding the 
employer's obligations when an employee is treated as failing to 
furnish a withholding allowance certificate, see Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1.
    (3) Current year revision. Only the Form W-4 revision in effect for 
a calendar year may be furnished by an employee in that calendar year 
and given legal effect by the employer, unless provided otherwise in 
forms, instructions, publications, or other guidance, except that an 
employee may furnish the Form W-4 revision for the following calendar 
year in the current calendar year to take effect for the following 
calendar year.
    (4) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rule in 
paragraph (a)(3) of this section.

    (i) Example 1. Employee A furnishes a 2019 Form W-4 to Employer 
X in calendar year 2020. The 2019 Form W-4 furnished by Employee A 
in 2020 has no legal effect. Employer X must disregard this 2019 
Form W-4 furnished in 2020 and continue to withhold based on a 
previously furnished Form W-4 that has been in effect for Employee 
A, if any. If Employee A has no Form W-4 in effect, she is treated 
as having no valid withholding allowance certificate in effect.
    (ii) Example 2. Employee A furnishes a 2021 Form W-4 to Employer 
X in calendar year 2020 to take effect in calendar year 2021. The 
2021 Form W-4 is valid, and the employer must put this form into 
effect in 2021 in accordance with the timing rules in Sec.  
31.3402(f)(3)-1.

    (b) Invalid Form W-4. A Form W-4 does not meet the requirements of 
section 3402(f)(5) or this section and is invalid if it includes an 
alteration or unauthorized addition. For purposes of Sec.  
31.3402(f)(2)-1(f)(3) and this paragraph (b)--
    (1) An alteration of a withholding allowance certificate is any 
deletion of the language of the jurat or other similar provision of 
such certificate by which the employee certifies or affirms the 
correctness of the completed certificate, or any material defacing of 
such certificate; and
    (2) An unauthorized addition to a withholding allowance certificate 
is any writing on such certificate other than the entries requested on 
the Form W-4 (e.g., name, address, and filing status) or permitted by 
instructions or other guidance. For purposes of this paragraph (b)(2), 
an entry claiming exemption from withholding that is accompanied by 
other entries on the Form W-4 (other than the employee's filing status) 
that could potentially affect the amount of income tax deducted and 
withheld from the employee's pay is an unauthorized addition; 
consequently, the employer must treat the Form W-4 as an invalid Form 
W-4.
    (c) Electronic Form W-4--(1) In general. An employer may establish 
a system for its employees to furnish withholding allowance 
certificates electronically.
    (2) Requirements--(i) In general. The electronic system must ensure 
that the information received is the information sent and must document 
all occasions of employee access that result in the furnishing of a 
Form W-4. In addition, the design and operation of the electronic 
system, including access procedures, must make it reasonably certain 
that the person accessing the system and furnishing the Form W-4 is the 
employee identified in the form.
    (ii) Information to employer. The electronic furnishing must 
provide the employer with exactly the same information as the current 
version of the official Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form W-4 
available on irs.gov.
    (iii) Information to employee. The electronic Form W-4 system must

[[Page 63033]]

provide the employee with the same information as the current version 
of the official IRS Form W-4 available on irs.gov and must satisfy any 
requirements specified by the IRS in forms, publications, and other 
guidance. The electronic Form W-4 system must provide employees the 
ability to claim exemption from withholding under section 3402(n) and 
must include the two certifications described in Sec.  31.3402(n)-1(a).
    (iv) Jurat and signature requirements. The electronic furnishing 
must be signed by the employee under penalties of perjury.
    (A) Jurat. The jurat (perjury statement) must contain the language 
that appears on the paper Form W-4. The electronic program must inform 
the employee that he or she must make the declaration set forth in the 
jurat and that the declaration is made by signing the Form W-4. The 
instructions and the language of the jurat must immediately follow the 
employee's income tax withholding selections and immediately precede 
the employee's electronic signature.
    (B) Electronic signature. The electronic signature must identify 
the employee furnishing the electronic Form W-4 and authenticate and 
verify the furnishing. For purposes of this paragraph (c)(2)(iv)(B), 
the terms ``authenticate'' and ``verify'' have the same meanings as 
they do when applied to a written signature on a paper Form W-4. An 
electronic signature can be in any form that satisfies the foregoing 
requirements. The electronic signature must be the final entry in the 
employee's Form W-4 furnished electronically.
    (v) Copies of electronic Forms W-4. Upon request by the Internal 
Revenue Service, the employer must supply a hard copy of the electronic 
Form W-4 and a statement that, to the best of the employer's knowledge, 
the electronic Form W-4 was furnished by the named employee. The 
hardcopy of the electronic Form W-4 must provide exactly the same 
information as, but need not be a facsimile of, the paper Form W-4.
    (d) Applicability date. The provisions of paragraphs (a)(3) and (4) 
of this section apply on and after March 16, 2020. Taxpayers may choose 
to apply the provisions of paragraphs (a)(3) and (4) of this section on 
or after January 1, 2020 and before March 16, 2020. For the provision 
of paragraph (a)(3) of this section that applies before March 16, 2020, 
see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of April 1, 2020. The provisions of 
paragraphs (a)(1) and (2), (b), and (c) of this section apply on and 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply paragraphs (a)(1) 
and (2), (b), and (c) of this section on or after January 1, 2020 and 
before October 6, 2020. For rules that apply before October 6, 2020, 
see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of April 1, 2020.


0
Par. 13. Section 31.3402(f)(6)-1 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(f)(6)-1   Withholding exemptions for nonresident alien 
individuals.

    (a) In general. (1) A nonresident alien individual (other than a 
nonresident alien individual treated as a resident under section 
6013(g) or (h)) subject to withholding under section 3402 is on any one 
day entitled to the number of withholding exemptions corresponding to 
the number of personal exemptions to which the nonresident alien is 
entitled on such day by reason of the application of section 873(b)(3) 
or section 876, whichever applies. Thus, a nonresident alien individual 
who is not a resident of Canada or Mexico and who is not a resident of 
Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year, is allowed only one 
withholding exemption.
    (2) The withholding exemption in paragraph (a) of this section and 
section 3402(f)(6) is the deduction allowed to the nonresident alien 
individual under section 151.
    (b) Additional guidance. A nonresident alien individual (other than 
a nonresident alien individual treated as a resident under section 
6013(g) or (h)) subject to withholding must follow administrative 
guidance such as forms, instructions, publications, or other guidance 
prescribed by the Commissioner to determine the nonresident alien's 
withholding allowance.
    (c) Applicability date. The provisions of this section apply on and 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply this section on or 
after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 2020. For rules that apply 
before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of April 1, 
2020.

0
Par. 14. Section 31.3402(g)-1 is amended:
0
1. In paragraph (a)(2), by revising the second sentence.
0
2. In paragraph (a)(7)(ii), by revising the first sentence.
0
3. By adding paragraph (d).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(g)-1   Supplemental wage payments.

    (a) * * *
    (2) * * * This flat rate shall be applied without regard to whether 
income tax has been withheld from the employee's regular wages, and 
without regard to any entries on Form W-4, including whether the 
employee has claimed exempt status on Form W-4 or whether the employee 
has requested additional withholding on Form W-4, and without regard to 
the withholding method used by the employer. * * *
* * * * *
    (7) * * *
    (ii) * * * The determination of the tax to be withheld under 
paragraph (a)(7)(iii) of this section is made without reference to any 
payment of regular wages and without regard to any entries on the Form 
W-4 other than the entry claiming exempt status on Form W-4 (see Sec.  
31.3402(n)-1(b)). * * *
* * * * *
    (d) Applicability date. The provisions of paragraphs (a)(2) and 
(a)(7)(ii) of this section apply on and after October 6, 2020. 
Taxpayers may choose to apply paragraphs (a)(2) and (a)(7)(ii) of this 
section on or after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 2020. For the 
provisions of paragraphs (a)(2) and (a)(7)(ii) of this section that 
apply before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, revised as of April 
1, 2020.


0
Par. 15. Section 31.3402(h)(4)-1 is amended by:
0
1. Removing paragraph (b).
0
2. Redesignating paragraph (c) as paragraph (b).
0
3. Adding a new paragraph (c).
0
4. Removing the parenthetical authority citation at the end of the 
section.
    The addition reads as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(h)(4)-1   Other methods.

* * * * *
    (c) Applicability date. The removal of paragraph (b) from this 
section as of October 6, 2020, which provided for combined FICA and 
income tax withholding tables, applies on and after January 1, 2020. 
For rules that apply before January 1, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, 
revised as of April 1, 2020.


Sec.  31.3402(i)-1   [Removed]

0
Par. 16. Section 31.3402(i)-1 is removed.


Sec.  31.3402(i)-2   [Redesignated as Sec.  31.3402(i)-1]


0
Par. 17. Section 31.3402(i)-2 is redesignated as Sec.  31.3402(i)-1.

0
Par. 18. Newly redesignated Sec.  31.3402(i)-1 is amended by:
0
1. Revising the section heading and paragraph (a)(2).
0
2. Adding paragraph (a)(3).
0
3. Revising paragraph (b).
0
4. Removing the parenthetical authority citation at the end of the 
section.
    The revisions and addition read as follows:

[[Page 63034]]

Sec.  31.3402(i)-1   Increases in withholding.

    (a) * * *
    (2) Increases in withholding based on additional income. (i) The 
employee may request that the employer add an additional amount to the 
employee's wages and that the employer deduct and withhold an 
additional amount of income tax resulting from this addition under the 
computational procedures prescribed by the Commissioner in forms, 
instructions, publications, and other guidance for the calendar year 
for which the withholding allowance certificate claiming an additional 
amount to add to the employee's wages is furnished;
    (ii) The employee may request that the employer deduct and withhold 
additional amounts of income tax resulting from the employee selecting 
higher withholding rate tables on the withholding allowance 
certificate;
    (iii) The employer must comply with the employee's request under 
paragraph (a)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section, except that the employer 
shall comply with the employee's request only to the extent that the 
amount that the employee requests to be deducted and withheld under 
this section does not exceed the amount that remains after the employer 
has deducted and withheld all amounts otherwise required to be deducted 
and withheld by Federal law (other than by section 3402(i) and this 
section), State law, and local law (other than by State or local law 
that provides for voluntary withholding); and
    (iv) The employer must comply with the employee's request in 
accordance with the time limitations in Sec.  31.3402(f)(3)-1. The 
employee must make the request on Form W-4 as provided in Sec.  
31.3402(f)(5)-1 (relating to form and contents of withholding allowance 
certificates), and this Form W-4 shall take effect and remain effective 
in accordance with section 3402(f) and Sec.  31.3402(f)(4)-1.
    (3) Amount deducted treated as tax. The amount deducted and 
withheld pursuant to paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section shall be 
treated as tax required to be deducted and withheld under section 3402.
    (b) Applicability date. The provisions of paragraphs (a)(2) and (3) 
of this section apply on and after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may 
choose to apply paragraphs (a)(2) and (3) this section on or after 
January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 2020.


0
Par. 18. Section 31.3402(l)-1 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(l)-1   Determination and disclosure of marital or filing 
status.

    (a) In general. An employer shall apply the applicable percentage 
method or wage bracket method withholding tables corresponding to the 
marital status or filing status that the employee selects on a valid 
withholding allowance certificate as set forth in forms, instructions, 
publications, and other guidance prescribed by the Commissioner.
    (b) Employee's filing status. An employee will be treated as single 
unless the employee selects head of household or married filing jointly 
filing status on a valid withholding allowance certificate. Employees 
may select a filing status other than single, subject to the following 
conditions:
    (1) The employee may select head of household filing status on the 
employee's withholding allowance certificate only if the employee 
reasonably expects to be eligible to claim head of household filing 
status under section 2(b) and Sec.  1.2-2(b) of this chapter on the 
employee's income tax return.
    (2) The employee may select married filing jointly filing status on 
the employee's withholding allowance certificate only if paragraph (d) 
of this section applies to the employee and the employee reasonably 
expects to file jointly a single return of income under subtitle A of 
the Code with the employee's spouse. If an employee is married and 
expects to file a separate return from the employee's spouse, the 
employee must select single or married filing separately filing status 
on the employee's withholding allowance certificate.
    (c) Change in filing status--(1) In general. Unless paragraph 
(c)(2) of this section applies, the employee must within 10 days 
furnish the employer with a new withholding allowance certificate if 
the employee's filing status changes--
    (i) From married filing jointly (or qualifying widow(er)) to head 
of household, married filing separately, or single; or
    (ii) From head of household to married filing separately or single.
    (2) Exception. If the employee's filing status changes in the 
manner described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section, but 
the total effect of the changes together with other changes affecting 
the employee's anticipated tax liability under subtitle A does not 
result in an amount of tax to be deducted and withheld from the 
employee's wages for the taxable year that is less than the employee's 
anticipated tax liability under subtitle A, the employee is not 
required to furnish a new withholding allowance certificate within 10 
days. However, the employee must furnish a new withholding allowance 
certificate to take effect the following calendar year by the later of 
December 1 of the calendar year in which the employee's filing status 
changes, or within 10 days of such change.
    (d) Determination of marital status. For the purposes of section 
3402(l)(2) and paragraph (b) of this section, paragraphs (d)(1) and (2) 
of this section shall be applied in determining whether an employee is 
a single person or a married person:
    (1) An employee shall on any day be considered as a single person 
and not married if--
    (i) The employee is legally separated from the employee's spouse 
under a decree of divorce or separate maintenance; or
    (ii) Either the employee or the employee's spouse is, or on any 
preceding day within the same calendar year was, a nonresident alien 
unless the employee has made or reasonably expects to make an election 
under section 6013(g) in the time and manner prescribed in Sec.  
1.6013-6(a)(4) of this chapter.
    (2) An employee shall on any day be considered as a married person 
if paragraph (d)(1) of this section does not apply and--
    (i) The employee is married within the meaning of Sec.  301.7701-
18(b) of this chapter on the day the withholding allowance certificate 
is furnished;
    (ii) The employee's spouse died during the employee's taxable year; 
or
    (iii) The employee's spouse died during one of the two taxable 
years immediately preceding the current taxable year and, on the basis 
of facts existing at the beginning of such day, the employee reasonably 
expects, at the close of the taxable year, to be a surviving spouse as 
defined in section 2 and Sec.  1.2-2(a) of this chapter. The employee 
must reasonably expect to file an income tax return claiming qualifying 
widow(er) status.
    (e) Applicability date. The provisions of this section apply on and 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply paragraphs (a)(2) 
and (3) this section on or after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 
2020. For rules that apply before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, 
revised as of April 1, 2020.

0
Par. 20. Section 31.3402(m)-1 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(m)-1   Additional withholding allowance.

    (a) In general. In determining the withholding allowance or 
additional

[[Page 63035]]

reductions in withholding under section 3402(m) on employee withholding 
allowance certificates furnished to the employer to be effective on or 
after January 1, 2020, employees may take into account the estimated 
tax deductions described in paragraph (b) of this section, the 
estimated tax credits described in paragraph (c) of this section, and 
estimated tax payments described in paragraph (d) of this section. 
Employees may only claim items in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this 
section to the extent provided in paragraph (e) of this section.
    (b) Estimated tax deductions. Employees may take into account the 
following income tax deductions in chapter 1 of the Code:
    (1) Estimated itemized deductions (as defined in section 63(d)) 
allowable under chapter 1;
    (2) Estimated deductions described in section 62(a), except for--
    (i) Any deduction described in section 62(a)(1);
    (ii) Any deduction described in section 62(a)(2) if the 
reimbursement or payment for the amount allowable as such deduction is 
excludable from wages subject to income tax withholding;
    (iii) Any deduction described in section 62(a)(3);
    (iv) Any deduction described in section 62(a)(4); and
    (v) Any deduction described in section 62(a)(5);
    (3) Estimated deductions for net operating loss carryovers under 
section 172;
    (4) The estimated aggregate net losses from schedules C (Profit or 
Loss from Business), D (Capital Gains and Losses), E (Supplemental 
Income and Loss), and F (Profit or Loss from Farming) of Form 1040 and 
from the last line of Part II of Form 4797 (Sale of Business Property);
    (5) Estimated additional standard deduction for the aged and blind 
provided under section 63(c)(3) and section 63(f);
    (6) Estimated deduction allowed under section 199A; and
    (7) Estimated deduction or deductions allowed under section 151.
    (c) Estimated tax credits. Employees may take into account the 
estimated income tax credits allowable under chapter 1, except for--
    (1) The credit under section 31(a) for taxes withheld under chapter 
24 of the Code (which includes taxes withheld on wages and amounts 
treated as wages for chapter 24 purposes, such as pension withholding 
under section 3405 and backup withholding under section 3406) unless, 
on the day the employee estimates this amount, the amount has been 
actually withheld from the employee's wages (or another payment treated 
as wages for this purpose), the employee enters this amount of tax 
withheld pursuant to the instructions in the Tax Withholding Estimator 
(or successor) or Publication 505 (or successor), and the employee is 
not an employee whose employer must withhold for that employee pursuant 
to a notice under Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1(g)(2);
    (2) The credit for tax withheld at source for nonresident aliens 
and foreign corporations under section 33; and
    (3) Any credit to the extent that the employee has filed or expects 
to file any IRS form claiming such credit other than the employee's 
United States Individual Income Tax Return (Form 1040).
    (d) Estimated tax payments. Employees may take into account 
estimated tax payments only if--
    (1) The employee's employer is not obligated to withhold on the 
employee's wages pursuant to a notice under Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-
1(g)(2);
    (2) The amount claimed has been paid with the payment voucher from 
Form 1040-ES (or was otherwise designated by the taxpayer as a payment 
of estimated tax) or is planned to be made with respect to nonwage 
items but only if the planned amount does not decrease withholding 
below the pro-rata share of chapter 1 tax attributable to wages as 
determined under forms, instructions, publications, and other guidance 
prescribed by the Commissioner;
    (3) The employee uses the Tax Withholding Estimator (or successor) 
or Publication 505 (or successor) and enters the amount claimed 
pursuant to the instructions in the Tax Withholding Estimator (or 
successor) or Publication 505 (or successor); and
    (4) In using the Tax Withholding Estimator (or successor) or 
Publication 505 (or successor), the employee includes all items of 
nonwage income the Tax Withholding Estimator (or successor) or 
Publication 505 (or successor) prompts or instructs the employee to 
enter or include.
    (e) Definitions and special rules--(1) Estimated. The term 
``estimated'' as used in this section to modify the terms 
``deduction,'' ``deductions,'' ``credits,'' ``losses,'' and ``amount of 
decrease'' means with respect to an employee the aggregate dollar 
amount of a particular item that the employee reasonably expects will 
be allowable to the employee on the employee's income tax return for 
the estimation year under the section of the Code specified for each 
item. In no event shall that amount exceed the sum of:
    (i) The amount shown for that particular item on the income tax 
return that the employee has filed for the taxable year preceding the 
estimation year (or, if such return has not yet been filed, then the 
income tax return that the employee filed for the taxable year 
preceding such year), which amount the employee also reasonably expects 
to show on the income tax return for the estimation year; plus
    (ii) The determinable additional amounts (as defined in paragraph 
(e)(1)(iii) of this section) for each item for the estimation year.
    (iii) The determinable additional amounts are amounts that are not 
included in paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this section and that are 
demonstrably attributable to identifiable events during the estimation 
year or the preceding year. Amounts are demonstrably attributable to 
identifiable events if they relate to payments already made during the 
estimation year, to binding obligations to make payments (including the 
payment of taxes) during the year, and to other transactions or 
occurrences, the implementation of which has begun and is verifiable at 
the time the employee furnishes a withholding allowance certificate. 
The estimation year is the taxable year including the day on which the 
employee furnishes the withholding allowance certificate to the 
employer, except that if the employee furnishes the withholding 
allowance certificate to the employer and specifies on the certificate 
that the certificate is not to take effect until a specified future 
date, the estimation year shall be the taxable year including that 
specified future date. It is not reasonable for an employee to include 
in his or her withholding computation for the estimation year any 
amount that is shown for a particular item on the income tax return 
that the employee has filed for the taxable year preceding the 
estimation year (or, if such return has not yet been filed, then the 
income tax return that the employee filed for the taxable year 
preceding such year) and that has been disallowed by the Service as 
part of an adjustment described in Sec.  601.103(b) of this chapter 
(relating to examination and determination of tax liability) and Sec.  
601.105(b) through (d) of this chapter (relating to examination of 
returns), without regard to any pending request for reconsideration, 
protest, request for consideration by an Appeals office, or civil 
action in which such proposed adjustment is at issue.
    (2) Restriction for employees with nonwage income. The employee 
must offset any deduction described in paragraph (b) of this section 
with items

[[Page 63036]]

includible in the employee's gross income for which no Federal income 
tax is withheld in accordance with forms, instructions, publications, 
and other guidance prescribed by the Commissioner. In addition, an 
employee whose employer must withhold for that employee pursuant to a 
notice under Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1(g)(2) must offset any tax benefit 
resulting from any deduction or credit described in paragraph (b) or 
(c) of this section with the anticipated income tax attributable to 
items other than wages includible in the employee's gross income in the 
manner determined by the Commissioner.
    (3) Multiple withholding allowance certificates--(i) In general. 
The employee may not take into account deductions, credits, or 
estimated tax payments described in paragraph (b), (c), or (d) of this 
section if these deductions, credits, or estimated tax payments are 
claimed on another valid withholding allowance certificate in effect 
with respect to another employer of the employee or any employer of the 
employee's spouse.
    (ii) Married taxpayers filing jointly. Married taxpayers who 
reasonably expect to file as married filing jointly on their Federal 
income tax return for the estimation year determine the withholding 
allowance to which they are entitled under section 3402(m) on the basis 
of their combined wages, allowable credits or deductions, and estimated 
tax payments permitted to be taken into account. The deductions, 
credits, or estimated tax payments described in paragraphs (b), (c), 
and (d) of this section to which either spouse is entitled may be 
claimed by either spouse or may be allocated between both spouses. 
However, one spouse may not claim deductions, credits, or estimated tax 
payments described in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section 
claimed on the other spouse's withholding allowance certificate.
    (iii) Married taxpayers filing separately. A married taxpayer who 
reasonably expects to file a separate income tax return from the 
employee's spouse for the estimation year determines the withholding 
allowance deductions, credits, or estimated tax payments described in 
paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section on the basis of the 
employee's individual wages, deductions, credits, and estimated tax 
payments.
    (4) IRS instructions. An employee must follow the instructions to 
the Form W-4, and other IRS forms, instructions, publications, and 
related guidance in determining the employee's withholding allowance or 
other reductions in withholding permitted under section 3402(m) for 
deductions, credits, or estimated tax payments described in paragraphs 
(b), (c), and (d) of this section.
    (f) Applicability date. The provisions of this section apply on or 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply paragraphs (a)(2) 
and (3) this section on or after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 
2020. For rules that apply before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, 
revised as of April 1, 2020.

0
Par. 21. Section 31.3402(n)-1 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  31.3402(n)-1   Employees incurring no income tax liability.

    (a) In general. Notwithstanding any other provision of this subpart 
(except to the extent a payment of wages is subject to withholding 
under Sec.  31.3402(g)-1(a)(2)), an employer shall not deduct and 
withhold any tax under chapter 24 of the Code upon a payment of wages 
made to an employee, if there is in effect with respect to the payment 
a withholding allowance certificate furnished to the employer by the 
employee which certifies that--
    (1) The employee incurred no liability for income tax imposed under 
subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code for the employee's preceding 
taxable year; and
    (2) The employee anticipates that the employee will incur no 
liability for income tax imposed under subtitle A for the employee's 
current taxable year.
    (b) Mandatory flat rate withholding. To the extent wages are 
subject to income tax withholding under Sec.  31.3402(g)-1(a)(2), such 
wages are subject to such income tax withholding regardless of whether 
a withholding allowance certificate under section 3402(n) and this 
section has been furnished to the employer.
    (c) Liability for income tax. For purposes of section 3402(n) and 
this section, an employee is not considered to incur liability for 
income tax imposed under subtitle A if the amount of such tax imposed 
is equal to or less than the total amount of credits against such tax 
which are allowable under chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code, other 
than those credits allowable under section 31 or 34. For purposes of 
this section, an employee who files a joint return under section 6013 
is considered to incur liability for any tax shown on such return. An 
employee who is entitled to file a joint return under section 6013 
shall not certify that the employee anticipates that he or she will 
incur no liability for income tax imposed by subtitle A for the 
employee's current taxable year if such statement would not be true in 
the event that the employee files a joint return for such year, unless 
the employee filed a separate return for the preceding taxable year and 
anticipates that the employee will file a separate return for the 
current taxable year.
    (d) Rules about withholding allowance certificates. For rules 
relating to invalid withholding allowance certificates, see Sec.  
31.3402(f)(2)-1(h), and for rules relating to disregarding certain 
withholding allowance certificates on which an employee claims a 
complete exemption from withholding, see Sec.  31.3402(f)(2)-1(i).
    (e) Examples. The following examples illustrate this section:

    (1) Example 1. A, an unmarried, calendar-year basis taxpayer, 
files an income tax return for 2020 on April 10, 2021, showing that 
A had adjusted gross income of $5,000 and is not liable for any 
income tax for 2020. A had $180 of income tax withheld during 2020. 
A anticipates that A's gross income for 2021 will be approximately 
the same amount, and that A will not incur income tax liability for 
that year. On April 20, 2021, A commences employment and furnishes 
the employer a withholding allowance certificate certifying that A 
incurred no liability for income tax imposed under subtitle A for 
2020, and that A anticipates that A will incur no liability for 
income tax imposed under subtitle A for 2021. A's employer shall not 
deduct and withhold on payments of wages made to A on or after April 
20, 2021. Under Sec.  31.3402(f)(4)-1(b), unless A furnishes a new 
withholding allowance certificate including the certifications 
described in paragraph (a) of this section to the employer, the 
employer is required to deduct and withhold upon payments of wages 
to A made after February 15, 2022.
    (2) Example 2. Assume the facts are the same as in paragraph 
(e)(1) of this section (Example 1) except that A had been employed 
by the employer prior to April 20, 2021, and had furnished the 
employer a withholding allowance certificate prior to furnishing the 
withholding allowance certificate including the certifications 
described in paragraph (a) of this section on April 20, 2021. Under 
Sec.  31.3402(f)(3)-1(b), the employer would be required to give 
effect to the new withholding allowance certificate no later than 
the beginning of the first payroll period ending (or the first 
payment of wages made without regard to a payroll period) on or 
after May 20, 2021. However, under Sec.  31.3402(f)(3)-1(b), the 
employer could, if it chose, make the new withholding allowance 
certificate effective with respect to any payment of wages made on 
or after April 20, 2021, and before the effective date mandated by 
section 3402(f)(3)(B)(i) and Sec.  31.3402(f)(3)-1(b). Under Sec.  
31.3402(f)(4)-1(b), unless A furnishes a new withholding allowance 
certificate including the certifications described in Sec.  
31.3402(n)-1(a) to A's employer, the employer is required to deduct 
and withhold upon payments of wages to A made after February 15, 
2022.
    (3) Example 3. Assume the facts are the same as in paragraph 
(e)(1) of this section (Example 1) except that for 2020 A has

[[Page 63037]]

taxable income of $8,000, income tax liability of $839, and income 
tax withheld of $1,195. Although A received a refund of $356 due to 
income tax withholding of $1,195, A may not certify on A's 
withholding allowance certificate that A incurred no liability for 
income tax imposed by subtitle A for 2020.

    (f) Applicability date. The provisions of this section apply on and 
after October 6, 2020. Taxpayers may choose to apply paragraphs (a)(2) 
and (3) this section on or after January 1, 2020 and before October 6, 
2020. For rules that apply before October 6, 2020, see 26 CFR part 31, 
revised as of April 1, 2020.

Sunita Lough,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.
    Approved: September 29, 2020.
David J. Kautter,
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy).
[FR Doc. 2020-22071 Filed 10-5-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-P