[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 134 (Monday, July 13, 2020)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 42074-42130]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-09753]



[[Page 42073]]

Vol. 85

Monday,

No. 134

July 13, 2020

Part II





Environmental Protection Agency





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





40 CFR Part 63





National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Integrated 
Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities Residual Risk and Technology 
Review; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 85 , No. 134 / Monday, July 13, 2020 / Rules 
and Regulations  

[[Page 42074]]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 63

[EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083; FRL-10008-45-OAR]
RIN 2060-AT03


National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities Residual Risk and 
Technology Review

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: This action finalizes the residual risk and technology review 
(RTR) conducted for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities source category regulated under national emission standards 
for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP). The Agency found that risks due 
to emissions of air toxics from this source category are acceptable and 
that the current NESHAP provides an ample margin of safety to protect 
public health. Under the technology review, we found no developments in 
practices, processes, or control technologies that necessitate revision 
of the standards. In addition, we are taking final action to establish 
emission standards for mercury in response to a 2004 administrative 
petition for reconsideration which minimizes emissions by limiting the 
amount of mercury per ton of metal scrap used. We also are removing 
exemptions for periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction (SSM) 
consistent with a 2008 court decision, and clarifying that the 
emissions standards apply at all times; adding electronic reporting of 
performance test results and compliance reports; and making minor 
corrections and clarifications for a few other rule provisions.

DATES: This final rule is effective on July 13, 2020. The incorporation 
by reference (IBR) of certain publications listed in the rule is 
approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of July 13, 2020.

ADDRESSES: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has 
established a docket for this action under Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2002-0083. All documents in the docket are listed on the https://www.regulations.gov/ website. Although listed, some information is not 
publicly available, e.g., Confidential Business Information or other 
information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other 
material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the internet 
and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly 
available docket materials are available electronically through https://www.regulations.gov/. Out of an abundance of caution for members of 
the public and our staff, the EPA Docket Center and Reading Room was 
closed to public visitors on March 31, 2020, to reduce the risk of 
transmitting COVID-19. Our Docket Center staff will continue to provide 
remote customer service via email, phone, and webform. There is a 
temporary suspension of mail delivery to the EPA, and no hand 
deliveries are currently accepted. For further information and updates 
on EPA Docket Center services and the current status, please visit us 
online at https://www.epa.gov/dockets.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For questions about this final action, 
contact Dr. Donna Lee Jones, Sector Policies and Programs Division 
(D243-02), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 
27711; telephone number: (919) 541-5251; fax number: (919) 541-4991; 
and email address: [email protected]. For specific information 
regarding the risk assessment methodology, contact Ted Palma, Health 
and Environmental Impacts Division (C539-02), Office of Air Quality 
Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research 
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; telephone number: (919) 541-5470; 
fax number: (919) 541-0840; and email address: [email protected]. For 
information about the applicability of the NESHAP to a particular 
entity, contact Maria Malave, Office of Enforcement and Compliance 
Assurance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, WJC South Building 
(Mail Code 2227A), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington DC 20460; 
telephone number: (202) 564-7027; and email address: 
[email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Preamble acronyms and abbreviations. We use 
multiple acronyms and terms in this preamble. While this list may not 
be exhaustive, to ease the reading of this preamble and for reference 
purposes, the EPA defines the following terms and acronyms here:

ACI activated carbon injection
ADL above detection limit
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BDL below detection limit
BF blast furnace
BOPF basic oxygen process furnace
CAA Clean Air Act
CDX Central Data Exchange
CEDRI Compliance and Emissions Data Reporting Interface
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
COS carbonyl sulfide
DCOT Digital Camera Opacity Technique
DLL detection level limited
EAF electric arc furnace
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERT Electronic Reporting Tool
ESP electrostatic precipitators
HAP hazardous air pollutant(s)
HCl hydrochloric acid
HCN hydrogen cyanide
HI hazard index
HMTDS hot metal transfer, desulfurization, and skimming
HQ hazard quotient
IBR incorporation by reference
ICR information collection request
km kilometers
lbs pounds
MACT maximum achievable control technology
MIR maximum individual risk
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NESHAP national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants
NRDC Natural Resources Defense Council
NVMSRP National Vehicle Mercury Switch Recovery Program
OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OMB Office of Management and Budget
PDF portable document format
PM particulate matter
PM2.5 particulate matter at or below 2.5 micrometers.
ppm parts per million
REL reference exposure level
RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act
RTR residual risk and technology review
SSM startup, shutdown, and malfunction
TOSHI target organ-specific hazard index
tpy tons per year
UFIP unmeasured fugitive and intermittent particulate
UMRA Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
UPL upper prediction limit
U.S. United States
VCS voluntary consensus standards
VOC volatile organic compound

    Background information. On August 16, 2019, the EPA proposed the 
results of the RTR and various amendments for the Integrated Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Facilities NESHAP (84 FR 42704). In this action, we 
are finalizing decisions and revisions for the rule. We summarize some 
of the more significant comments we timely received regarding the 
proposed rule and provide our responses in this preamble. A summary of 
all other public comments on the proposal and the EPA's responses to 
those comments is available in the Summary of Public Comments and 
Responses for the Risk and Technology Review for Integrated Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Facilities (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-

[[Page 42075]]

0083). A ``redline'' (track changes) version of the regulatory language 
that incorporates the changes in this action is available in the 
docket.
    Organization of this document. The information in this preamble is 
organized as follows:

I. General Information
    A. Does this action apply to me?
    B. Where can I get a copy of this document and other related 
information?
    C. Judicial Review and Administrative Reconsideration
II. Background
    A. What is the statutory authority for this action?
    B. What is the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities source category and how does the NESHAP regulate HAP 
emissions from the source category?
    C. What changes did we propose for the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities source category in our August 16, 2019, 
proposal?
    D. Regulatory Background
III. What is included in this final rule?
    A. What are the final rule amendments based on the risk review 
for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source 
category?
    B. What are the final rule amendments based on the technology 
review for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities 
source category?
    C. What are the final rule amendments for mercury for the 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    D. What are the final rule amendments addressing emissions 
during periods of SSM?
    E. What are the final rule amendments addressing electronic 
reporting?
    F. What other changes are being made to the NESHAP?
    G. What are the effective and compliance dates of the standards?
IV. What is the rationale for our final decisions and amendments for 
the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source 
category?
    A. Residual Risk Review for the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities Source Category
    B. Technology Review for the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities Source Category
    C. Mercury Emission Limits
    D. Changes to SSM Provisions
    E. Electronic Reporting
    F. Other Issues Regarding UFIP Sources of HAP Emissions
    G. Other Items
V. Summary of Cost, Environmental, and Economic Impacts and 
Additional Analyses Conducted
    A. What are the affected sources?
    B. What are the air quality impacts?
    C. What are the cost impacts?
    D. What are the economic impacts?
    E. What are the benefits?
    F. What analysis of environmental justice did we conduct?
VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
    A. Executive Orders 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and 
Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
    B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulations and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs
    C. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)
    D. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
    E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)
    F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
    G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments
    H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From 
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
    I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) and 
1 CFR part 51
    K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address 
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
Populations
    L. Congressional Review Act (CRA)

I. General Information

A. Does this action apply to me?

    Regulated entities. Categories and entities potentially regulated 
by this action are shown in Table 1 of this preamble.

 Table 1--NESHAP and Industrial Source Categories Affected by This Final
                                 Action
------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Source category                   NESHAP          NAICS code \1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Integrated Iron and Steel        40 CFR part 63, subpart          331110
 Manufacturing.                   FFFFF.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ North American Industry Classification System.

    Table 1 of this preamble is not intended to be exhaustive, but 
rather to provide a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be 
affected by the final action for the source category listed. To 
determine whether your facility is affected, you should examine the 
applicability criteria in the appropriate NESHAP. If you have any 
questions regarding the applicability of any aspect of this NESHAP, 
please contact the appropriate person listed in the preceding FOR 
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section of this preamble.

B. Where can I get a copy of this document and other related 
information?

    In addition to being available in the docket, an electronic copy of 
this final action will also be available on the internet. Following 
signature by the EPA Administrator, the EPA will post a copy of this 
final action at: https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/integrated-iron-and-steel-manufacturing-national-emission-standards. 
Following publication in the Federal Register, the EPA will post the 
Federal Register version and key technical documents at this same 
website.
    Additional information is available on the RTR website at https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/risk-and-technology-review-national-emissions-standards-hazardous. This information 
includes an overview of the RTR program, links to project websites for 
the RTR source categories.

C. Judicial Review and Administrative Reconsideration

    Under Clean Air Act (CAA) section 307(b)(1), judicial review of 
this final action is available only by filing a petition for review in 
the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 
(the Court) by September 11, 2020. Under CAA section 307(b)(2), the 
requirements established by this final rule may not be challenged 
separately in any civil or criminal proceedings brought by the EPA to 
enforce the requirements.
    Section 307(d)(7)(B) of the CAA further provides that only an 
objection to a rule or procedure which was raised with reasonable 
specificity during the period for public comment (including any public 
hearing) may be raised during judicial review. This section also 
provides a mechanism for the EPA to reconsider the rule if the person 
raising an objection can demonstrate to the Administrator that it was 
impracticable to raise such objection within the period for public 
comment or if the grounds for such objection arose after the period for 
public comment (but within the time specified for judicial review) and 
if such objection is of central relevance to the outcome of the rule. 
Any person seeking to make such a demonstration should

[[Page 42076]]

submit a Petition for Reconsideration to the Office of the 
Administrator, U.S. EPA, Room 3000, WJC South Building, 1200 
Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460, with a copy to both the 
person(s) listed in the preceding FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT 
section, and the Associate General Counsel for the Air and Radiation 
Law Office, Office of General Counsel (Mail Code 2344A), U.S. EPA, 1200 
Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460.

II. Background

A. What is the statutory authority for this action?

    Section 112 of the CAA establishes a two-stage regulatory process 
to address emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from stationary 
sources. In the first stage, we must identify categories of sources 
emitting one or more of the HAP listed in CAA section 112(b) and then 
promulgate technology-based NESHAP for those sources. ``Major sources'' 
are those that emit, or have the potential to emit, any single HAP at a 
rate of 10 tons per year (tpy) or more, or 25 tpy or more of any 
combination of HAP. For major sources, these standards are commonly 
referred to as maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standards 
and must reflect the maximum degree of emission reductions of HAP 
achievable (after considering cost, energy requirements, and non-air 
quality health and environmental impacts). In developing MACT 
standards, CAA section 112(d)(2) directs the EPA to consider the 
application of measures, processes, methods, systems, or techniques, 
including, but not limited to, those that reduce the volume of or 
eliminate HAP emissions through process changes, substitution of 
materials, or other modifications; enclose systems or processes to 
eliminate emissions; collect, capture, or treat HAP when released from 
a process, stack, storage, or fugitive emissions point; are design, 
equipment, work practice, or operational standards; or any combination 
of the above.
    For these MACT standards, the statute specifies certain minimum 
stringency requirements, which are referred to as MACT floor 
requirements, and which may not be based on cost considerations. See 
CAA section 112(d)(3). For new sources, the MACT floor cannot be less 
stringent than the emission control achieved in practice by the best-
controlled similar source. The MACT standards for existing sources can 
be less stringent than floors for new sources, but they cannot be less 
stringent than the average emission limitation achieved by the best-
performing 12 percent of existing sources in the category or 
subcategory (or the best-performing five sources for categories or 
subcategories with fewer than 30 sources). In developing MACT 
standards, we must also consider control options that are more 
stringent than the floor under CAA section 112(d)(2). We may establish 
standards more stringent than the floor, based on the consideration of 
the cost of achieving the emissions reductions, any non-air quality 
health and environmental impacts, and energy requirements.
    In the second stage of the regulatory process, the CAA requires the 
EPA to undertake two different analyses, which we refer to as the 
technology review and the residual risk review. Under the technology 
review, we must review the technology-based standards and revise them 
``as necessary (taking into account developments in practices, 
processes, and control technologies)'' no less frequently than every 8 
years, pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(6). Under the residual risk 
review, we must evaluate the risk to public health remaining after 
application of the technology-based standards and revise the standards, 
if necessary, to provide an ample margin of safety to protect public 
health or to prevent, taking into consideration costs, energy, safety, 
and other relevant factors, an adverse environmental effect. The 
residual risk review is required within 8 years after promulgation of 
the technology-based standards, pursuant to CAA section 112(f). In 
conducting the residual risk review, if the EPA determines that the 
current standards provide an ample margin of safety to protect public 
health, it is not necessary to revise the MACT standards pursuant to 
CAA section 112(f).\1\ For more information on the statutory authority 
for this rule, see 84 FR 42704, August 16, 2019.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ The Court has affirmed this approach of implementing CAA 
section 112(f)(2)(A): NRDC v. EPA, 529 F.3d 1077, 1083 (DC Cir. 
2008) (``If EPA determines that the existing technology-based 
standards provide an `ample margin of safety,' then the Agency is 
free to readopt those standards during the residual risk 
rulemaking.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. What is the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities 
source category and how does the NESHAP regulate HAP emissions from the 
source category?

    The EPA promulgated the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities NESHAP on May 20, 2003 (68 FR 27646). The standards are 
codified at 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 63, subpart 
FFFFF. The rule was amended on July 13, 2006 (71 FR 39579). The 
amendments added a new compliance option, revised emission limitations, 
reduced the frequency of repeat performance tests for certain emission 
units, added corrective action requirements, and clarified monitoring, 
recordkeeping, and reporting requirements. All documents used to 
develop the previous 2003 and 2006 final rules can be found in either 
the legacy docket, A-2000-44, or the electronic docket, EPA-HQ-OAR-
2002-0083.
    The Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities industry 
consists of facilities that produce steel from iron ore pellets, coke, 
metal scrap, and other raw materials using furnaces and other 
processes. The Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities 
source category includes sinter production, iron preparation, iron 
production, and steel production. The source category covered by this 
MACT standard currently includes 11 facilities.
    The main sources of air toxics emissions from Integrated Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Facilities are the blast furnace (BF); basic oxygen 
process furnace (BOPF); hot metal transfer, desulfurization, and 
skimming (HMTDS) operations; ladle metallurgy operations; sinter plant 
windbox; sinter plant discharge end; and sinter cooler. All 11 
facilities have BFs, BOPFs, HMTDS operations, and ladle metallurgy 
operations. However, only three facilities have sinter plants. See 40 
CFR 63.7852 for definitions of the emission units at integrated iron 
and steel manufacturing facilities.
    The NESHAP includes emission limits for particulate matter (PM) and 
opacity standards (both of which are surrogates for PM HAP) for 
furnaces and sinter plants. The NESHAP also includes an emission limit 
for volatile organic compounds (VOC) for the sinter plant windbox 
exhaust stream or, as an alternative, an operating limit for the oil 
content of the sinter plant feedstock. The VOC and oil content limits 
serve as surrogates for all organic HAP emitted from the windbox.

C. What changes did we propose for the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities source category in our August 16, 2019, 
proposal?

    On August 16, 2019, the EPA published a proposed rule in the 
Federal Register for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities NESHAP, 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF, that took into 
consideration the RTR analyses (84 FR 42704). In the proposed rule, we 
also proposed a numerical emissions standard for

[[Page 42077]]

mercury and an alternative compliance option based on limiting the 
amount of mercury in the metal scrap used by these facilities. In 
addition, we proposed the removal of exemptions for periods of SSM 
consistent with a 2008 court decision, and clarifying that the 
emissions standards apply at all times; the addition of electronic 
reporting of performance test results and compliance reports; and minor 
corrections and clarifications for a few other rule provisions.

D. Regulatory Background

    In 2003, the EPA promulgated standards pursuant to CAA section 
112(d)(2) and (3) for HAP emissions from the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities source category. In 2004, the Sierra Club 
submitted an administrative petition for reconsideration on several 
issues, including adding standards for mercury, dioxins/furans, 
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, and other organic HAP. In 
2005, the EPA granted reconsideration to evaluate a possible mercury 
emission limit, but denied the petition for reconsideration to the 
extent it requested reconsideration of other issues. The Sierra Club 
sought judicial review of the 2003 NESHAP as well as the EPA's 2005 
denial of the petition for reconsideration. In February 2010, the EPA 
asked the Court for a voluntary remand without vacatur of both the 2003 
rule and the EPA's 2005 reconsideration denial letter. The Court 
granted this request and the rule and the letter denying 
reconsideration were remanded to the Agency.

III. What is included in this final rule?

    This action finalizes the EPA's determinations pursuant to the RTR 
provisions of CAA section 112 for the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities source category. This action also finalizes 
amendments to the NESHAP, including the addition of mercury emission 
limits, changes to SSM provisions, addition of electronic reporting, 
and minor corrections and clarifications to a number of other rule 
provisions. This final action also includes some changes to the August 
2019 proposed requirements based on consideration of comments received 
during the public comment period described in section IV of this 
preamble.

A. What are the final rule amendments based on the risk review for the 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?

    The EPA proposed no changes to the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities NESHAP based on the risk review conducted 
pursuant to CAA section 112(f). In this action, we are finalizing our 
proposed determination that risks from this source category are 
acceptable, the standards provide an ample margin of safety to protect 
public health, and more stringent standards are not necessary to 
prevent an adverse environmental effect. Section IV.A.3 of this 
preamble provides a summary of key comments we received regarding the 
risk review and our responses to those comments.

B. What are the final rule amendments based on the technology review 
for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source 
category?

    Consistent with the proposal, we determined that there are no 
developments in practices, processes, and control technologies that 
warrant revisions to the MACT standards for this source category. 
Therefore, we are not finalizing revisions to the MACT standards 
pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(6).

C. What are the final rule amendments for mercury for the Integrated 
Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?

    The EPA is promulgating emissions standards for mercury for the 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category 
pursuant to CAA sections 112(d)(2) and (3).
    We are promulgating a MACT floor limit of 0.00026 pounds (lbs) of 
mercury per ton of scrap processed as an input-based limit for all 
existing BOPFs and related units at existing integrated iron and steel 
facilities pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(3) for existing sources. We 
are finalizing the mercury emission limit for existing sources as 
proposed. We are providing two options to demonstrate compliance with 
the input-based emission limit in the final rule: (1) Subsequent to an 
initial performance test required within 1 year of the effective date 
of the rule, conduct performance testing twice per permit cycle, (i.e., 
mid-term and at initial or end term for permitted facilities, or every 
2.5 years for facilities without a permit) at all BOPF-related units 
and convert the sum of the results to input-based units (i.e., lbs of 
mercury per ton of scrap input) and document the results in a test 
report that can be submitted electronically to the delegated authority 
with the results (see section IV.E below); or (2) certify annually that 
the facility obtains all of their scrap from National Vehicle Mercury 
Switch Recovery Program (NVMSRP) participants (or similar program as 
approved by the delegated authority), or certify that the scrap 
processed by the facility does not contain mercury switches. Existing 
sources will have 1 year to comply with the mercury emission limits.
    Pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(3), the standard for new sources 
shall not be less stringent than the emission control that is achieved 
in practice by the best controlled similar source. We are promulgating 
a new source MACT limit of 0.000081 lbs of mercury per ton of scrap 
processed as an input-based limit for any new BOPF and related units, 
or any new integrated iron and steel facility. With regard to 
compliance, new sources will have the same options to demonstrate 
compliance as existing sources. These new source limits apply to BOPFs 
for which construction or reconstruction commenced after August 16, 
2019.
    The mercury emission limits, promulgated pursuant to CAA sections 
112(d)(2) and (3), have been added to Table 1 in the NESHAP. In 
addition, 40 CFR 63.7791 (and related sections 40 CFR 63.7820, 63.7821, 
63.7825, 63.7826, 63.7833, 63.7840, and 63.7841) describes the specific 
compliance deadlines and compliance options related to the control of 
mercury. Based on consideration of public comments discussed in section 
IV.C below, we made some minor revisions to the proposed deadlines, 
compliance options, and testing requirements in 40 CFR 63.7791, 
63.7820(e), 63.7821(e), 63.7825, 63.7833(h), 63.7833(i), 63.7840(e), 
63.7840(f), and 63.7841(b)(9)-(11). The specific revisions are 
described in section IV.C.5 of this preamble.

D. What are the final rule amendments addressing emissions during 
periods of SSM?

    In this action, we are finalizing revisions to the SSM provisions 
of the NESHAP to ensure that they are consistent with the Court 
decision in Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F. 3d 1019 (DC Cir. 2008), which 
vacated two provisions that exempted sources from the requirement to 
comply with otherwise applicable CAA section 112(d) emission standards 
during periods of SSM. We also are finalizing various other changes to 
modify reporting and monitoring as a result of the SSM revisions. Our 
analyses and changes related to these issues are discussed below. In 
addition, we are making minor revisions to aspects of the proposed SSM 
requirements in response to comments. These changes are discussed below 
in IV.D.5.
    We are finalizing the proposed revision of 40 CFR 63.7810(a) to 
eliminate the SSM exemption. The

[[Page 42078]]

revision will apply after January 11, 2021. In addition, we are 
updating the references in Table 4 (the General Provisions 
Applicability Table) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF, including the 
references to 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) and (h)(1)--the provisions vacated by 
Sierra Club v. EPA. Consistent with Sierra Club v. EPA, the standards 
in this rule will apply at all times. We are also revising 40 CFR part 
63, subpart FFFFF, Table 4 to change several references related to 
requirements that apply during periods of SSM. For example, we are 
eliminating the incorporation of the General Provisions' requirement 
that sources develop an SSM plan. We also are eliminating and revising 
certain recordkeeping and reporting requirements related to the SSM 
exemption.
    The EPA has attempted to ensure that the provisions we eliminated 
are inappropriate, unnecessary, or redundant in the absence of the SSM 
exemption. In promulgating the standards in this rule, the EPA has 
taken into account startup and shutdown periods and, for the reasons 
explained below, has not proposed alternate standards for those 
periods. The integrated iron and steel industry has not identified (and 
there are no data indicating) any specific problems with removing the 
SSM provisions.
1. 40 CFR 63.7810(d) General Duty
    We are promulgating revisions to the General Provisions table 
(Table 4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 
CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i), which describes the general duty to minimize 
emissions, and including a ``No'' for new or reconstructed sources 
which commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. 
For all other affected sources, we include ``Yes on or before January 
11, 2021 and No thereafter.'' in column 3. Some of the language in that 
section is no longer necessary or appropriate in light of the 
elimination of the SSM exemption. We are instead adding general duty 
regulatory text at 40 CFR 63.7810(d) that reflects the general duty to 
minimize emissions while eliminating the reference to periods covered 
by an SSM exemption. The current language in 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) 
characterizes what the general duty entails during periods of SSM. With 
the elimination of the SSM exemption, there is no need to differentiate 
between normal operations, startup and shutdown, and malfunction events 
in describing the general duty. Therefore, the language the EPA is 
promulgating for 40 CFR 63.7810(d) does not include that language from 
40 CFR 63.6(e)(1) after January 11, 2021 for each such source, and 
after July 13, 2020 for new and reconstructed sources for which 
construction or reconstruction commenced after August 16, 2019.
    We are also finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table 
(Table 4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 
CFR 63.6(e)(1)(ii) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources 
which commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019.'' 
For all other affected sources, we are adding ``Yes, on or before 
January 11, 2021 and No thereafter.'' in column 3. 40 CFR 
63.6(e)(1)(ii) imposes requirements that are not necessary with the 
elimination of the SSM exemption or are redundant with the general duty 
requirement being added at 40 CFR 63.7810(d).
2. SSM Plan
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.6(e)(3) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources which 
commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. For all 
other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 2021 and No 
thereafter.'' in column 3. Generally, the paragraphs under 40 CFR 
63.6(e)(3) require development of an SSM plan and specify SSM 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements related to the SSM plan. As 
the EPA is removing the SSM exemptions, the affected units will be 
subject to an emission standard during such events. The applicability 
of a standard during such events will ensure that sources have ample 
incentive to plan for and achieve compliance and, thus, the SSM plan 
requirements are no longer necessary. For that same reason, we are 
revising 40 CFR 63.7810(c) to remove the SSM plan requirement 180 days 
after publication in the Federal Register for sources that commenced 
construction or reconstruction on or before August 16, 2019, and to 
remove the SSM plan requirement upon publication in the Federal 
Register for all sources that commenced construction or reconstruction 
after August 16, 2019.
3. Compliance With Standards
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.6(f)(1) and including ``No'' in column 3. The exemption at 40 CFR 
63.6(f)(1), which exempted sources from non-opacity standards during 
periods of SSM, was vacated by the Court in Sierra Club v. EPA, as 
discussed above.
    We also are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table 
(Table 4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 
CFR 63.6(h)(1) and including ``No'' in column 3. The exemption at 40 
CFR 63.6(h)(1), which exempted sources from opacity standards during 
periods of SSM, was also vacated by the Court in Sierra Club v. EPA. 
Consistent with Sierra Club v. EPA, the EPA is finalizing revisions to 
standards in this rule to ensure that a CAA section 112 standard 
applies at all times.
4. 40 CFR 63.7822 and 63.7823 Performance Testing
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.7(e)(1) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources which 
commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. For all 
other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 2021 and No 
thereafter.'' in column 3. In section 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1), performance 
testing requirements are described. The EPA is instead adding a 
performance testing requirement at 40 CFR 63.7822(a) and 63.7823(a). 
The performance testing requirements we are adding differ from the 
General Provisions performance testing provisions in several respects. 
The regulatory text we are adding does not include the language in 40 
CFR 63.7(e)(1) that restated the SSM exemption and precluded SSM 
periods from being considered ``representative'' for purposes of 
performance testing. In 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1), performance tests conducted 
under this subpart should not be conducted during SSM because 
conditions during SSM are often not representative of normal operating 
conditions. During SSM periods, both emission and flow rate profiles 
can be highly variable and unsuitable for the emission measurement 
methods. The EPA is promulgating language that requires the owner or 
operator to record the process information that is necessary to 
document operating conditions during the test and include in this 
record an explanation to support that such conditions represent normal 
operation. In 40 CFR 63.7(e), the owner or operator is required to make 
available to the Administrator on request such records ``as may be 
necessary to determine the condition of the performance test,'' but 
does not specifically require the information to be recorded. The 
regulatory text the EPA is adding to this provision builds onto that 
requirement and makes explicit the requirement to record the 
information.

[[Page 42079]]

5. Monitoring
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding entries for 40 CFR 
63.8(c)(1)(i) and (iii) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed 
sources which commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 
2019. For all other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 
2021 and No thereafter.'' in column 3. The cross-references to the 
general duty and SSM plan requirements in those subparagraphs are not 
necessary in light of other requirements of 40 CFR 63.8 that require 
good air pollution control practices (40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)) and that set 
out the requirements of a quality control program for monitoring 
equipment (40 CFR 63.8(d)).
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.8(d)(3) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources which 
commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. For all 
other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 2021 and No 
thereafter.'' in column 3. The final sentence in 40 CFR 63.8(d)(3) 
refers to the General Provisions' SSM plan requirement which is no 
longer applicable. The EPA is adding to the rule at 40 CFR 
63.7842(b)(3) text that is identical to 40 CFR 63.8(d)(3) except that 
the final sentence is replaced with the following sentence: ``The 
program of corrective action should be included in the plan required 
under 40 CFR 63.8(d)(2).''
6. 40 CFR 63.7842 Recordkeeping
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.10(b)(2)(i) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources 
which commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. 
For all other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 2021 and 
No thereafter.'' in column 3. 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(i) describes the 
recordkeeping requirements during startup and shutdown. These recording 
provisions are no longer necessary because the EPA is requiring that 
recordkeeping and reporting applicable to normal operations would apply 
to startup and shutdown. In the absence of special provisions 
applicable to startup and shutdown, such as a startup and shutdown 
plan, there is no reason to retain additional recordkeeping for startup 
and shutdown periods.
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.10(b)(2)(ii) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources 
which commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. 
For all other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 2021 and 
No thereafter.'' in column 3. 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(ii) describes the 
recordkeeping requirements during a malfunction. The EPA is adding such 
requirements to 40 CFR 63.7842. The regulatory text we are adding 
differs from the General Provisions it is replacing in that the General 
Provisions requires the creation and retention of a record of the 
occurrence and duration of each malfunction of process, air pollution 
control, and monitoring equipment. The EPA is finalizing this 
requirement to apply to any failure to meet an applicable standard and 
is requiring the source to record the date, time, and duration of the 
failure rather than the ``occurrence.'' The EPA is also adding to 40 
CFR 63.7842(a)(3) a requirement that sources keep records that include 
a list of the affected sources or equipment and actions taken to 
minimize emissions, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated 
pollutant emitted over the standard for which the source failed to meet 
the standard, and a description of the method used to estimate the 
emissions. Examples of such methods would include product-loss 
calculations, mass balance calculations, measurements when available, 
or engineering judgment based on known process parameters. The EPA is 
requiring that sources keep records of this information to ensure that 
there is adequate information to allow the EPA to determine the 
severity of any failure to meet a standard, and to provide data that 
may document how the source met the general duty to minimize emissions 
when the source has failed to meet an applicable standard.
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.10(b)(2)(iv) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources 
which commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. 
For all other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 2021 and 
No thereafter.'' in column 3. When applicable, the provision requires 
sources to record actions taken during SSM events when actions were 
inconsistent with their SSM plan. The requirement is no longer 
appropriate because SSM plans would no longer be required. The 
requirement previously applicable under 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(iv) to 
record actions to minimize emissions and record corrective actions 
during SSM is now applicable at all times by 40 CFR 63.7842(a)(4).
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.10(b)(2)(v) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources 
which commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. 
For all other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 2021 and 
No thereafter.'' in column 3. When applicable, the provision requires 
sources to record actions taken during SSM events to show that actions 
taken were consistent with their SSM plan. The requirement is no longer 
appropriate because SSM plans would no longer be required.
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.10(c)(15) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources which 
commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. For all 
other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 2021 and No 
thereafter.'' in column 3. Because the SSM plan requirement is being 
eliminated, 40 CFR 63.10(c)(15) no longer applies. When applicable, the 
provision allowed an owner or operator to use the affected source's SSM 
plan or records kept to satisfy the recordkeeping requirements of the 
SSM plan, specified in 40 CFR 63.6(e), to also satisfy the requirements 
of 40 CFR 63.10(c)(10) through (12). The EPA is eliminating this 
requirement because SSM plans would no longer be required, and, 
therefore, 40 CFR 63.10(c)(15) no longer serves any useful purpose for 
affected units.
7. 40 CFR 63.7841 Reporting
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.10(d)(5)(i) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources 
which commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. 
For all other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 2021 and 
No thereafter.'' in column 3. 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5)(i) describes the 
reporting requirements for startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions. To 
replace the General Provisions reporting requirement, the EPA is adding 
reporting requirements to 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(4). The replacement 
language differs from the General Provisions requirement in that it 
eliminates

[[Page 42080]]

periodic SSM reports as a stand-alone report. We are adding language 
that requires sources that fail to meet an applicable standard at any 
time to report the information concerning such events in the semiannual 
reporting period compliance report already required under this rule. We 
are requiring the report to contain the date, time, duration, and the 
cause of such events (including unknown cause, if applicable), a list 
of the affected source or equipment, an estimate of the quantity of 
each regulated pollutant emitted over any emission limit, and a 
description of the method used to estimate the emissions. Examples of 
such methods would include product-loss calculations, mass balance 
calculations, measurements when available, or engineering judgment 
based on known process parameters. The EPA is promulgating this 
requirement to ensure that there is adequate information to determine 
compliance, to allow the EPA to determine the severity of the failure 
to meet an applicable standard, and to provide data that may document 
how the source met the general duty to minimize emissions during a 
failure to meet an applicable standard.
    We are no longer requiring owners or operators to determine whether 
actions taken to correct a malfunction are consistent with an SSM plan, 
because plans are no longer required. These final amendments, 
therefore, eliminate from this section the cross-reference to 40 CFR 
63.10(d)(5)(i) that contains the description of the previously required 
SSM report format and submittal schedule. These specifications are no 
longer necessary because the SSM events would be reported in otherwise 
required periodic reports with similar format and submittal 
requirements.
    We are finalizing revisions to the General Provisions table (Table 
4) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF by adding an entry for 40 CFR 
63.10(d)(5)(ii) and including ``No, for new or reconstructed sources 
which commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019. 
For all other affected sources, Yes, on or before January 11, 2021 and 
No thereafter.'' in column 3. 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5)(ii) describes an 
immediate report for startups, shutdown, and malfunctions when a source 
failed to meet an applicable standard but did not follow the SSM plan. 
We are no longer requiring owners and operators to report when actions 
taken during an SSM event were not consistent with an SSM plan, because 
such plans are no longer required.

E. What are the final rule amendments addressing electronic reporting?

    Through this final rule, the EPA is requiring that owners and 
operators of integrated iron and steel manufacturing facilities submit 
the required electronic copies of performance test results and 
semiannual reports through the EPA's Central Data Exchange (CDX) using 
the Compliance and Emissions Data Reporting Interface (CEDRI). A 
description of the electronic data submission process is provided in 
the memorandum titled Electronic Reporting Requirements for New Source 
Performance Standards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for 
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Rules (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2002-0083-0909).
    This final rule requires that performance test results collected 
using test methods that are supported by the EPA's Electronic Reporting 
Tool (ERT), as listed on the ERT website at the time of the test, be 
submitted in the format generated through the use of the ERT, and that 
other performance test results be submitted in portable document format 
(PDF) using the attachment module of the ERT. Similarly, performance 
evaluation results of continuous monitoring systems that measure 
relative accuracy test audit pollutants that are supported by the ERT 
at the time of the test, should be submitted in the format generated 
through the use of the ERT; other performance evaluation results should 
be submitted in PDF using the attachment module of the ERT. For 
semiannual compliance reports, the final rule requires that owners and 
operators use the appropriate spreadsheet template to submit 
information to CEDRI. The draft template for these reports is included 
in the docket for this rulemaking and the final template will be 
available on the CEDRI homepage (https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/cedri).
    Additionally, the EPA has identified two broad circumstances in 
which electronic reporting extensions may be provided. In both 
circumstances, the decision to accept the claim of needing additional 
time to report is within the discretion of the Administrator, and 
reporting should occur as soon as possible. The EPA is providing these 
potential extensions to protect owners and operators from noncompliance 
in cases where they cannot successfully submit a report by the 
reporting deadline for reasons outside of their control. The situation 
where an extension may be warranted due to outages of the EPA's CDX or 
CEDRI which precludes an owner or operator from accessing the system 
and submitting required reports is addressed in 40 CFR 63.7841(e). The 
situation where an extension may be warranted due to a force majeure 
event, which is defined as an event that would be or has been caused by 
circumstances beyond the control of the affected facility, its 
contractors, or any entity controlled by the affected facility that 
prevents an owner or operator from complying with the requirement to 
submit a report electronically as required by this rule is addressed in 
40 CFR 63.7841(f). Examples of such events are acts of nature, acts of 
war or terrorism, or equipment failure or safety hazards beyond the 
control of the facility.
    The electronic submittal of the reports addressed in this 
rulemaking will increase the usefulness of the data contained in those 
reports, is in keeping with current trends in data availability and 
transparency, will further assist in the protection of public health 
and the environment, will improve compliance by facilitating the 
ability of regulated facilities to demonstrate compliance with 
requirements, and by facilitating the ability of delegated state, 
local, tribal, and territorial air agencies and the EPA to assess and 
determine compliance, and will ultimately reduce burden on regulated 
facilities, delegated air agencies, and the EPA. Electronic reporting 
also eliminates paper-based, manual processes, thereby saving time and 
resources, simplifying data entry, eliminating redundancies, minimizing 
data reporting errors, and providing data quickly and accurately to the 
affected facilities, air agencies, the EPA, and the public. Moreover, 
electronic reporting is consistent with the EPA's plan to implement 
Executive Order 13563 and is in keeping with the EPA's Agency-wide 
policy developed in response to the White House's Digital Government 
Strategy. For more information on the benefits of electronic reporting, 
see the memorandum titled Electronic Reporting Requirements for New 
Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for 
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Rules (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2002-0083-0909).
    We are also making minor revisions to aspects of the proposed 
electronic reporting requirements in response to comments. These rule 
changes are discussed in section IV.E.5 of this preamble.

[[Page 42081]]

F. What other changes are being made to the NESHAP?

1. IBR Under 1 CFR Part 51
    We are promulgating regulatory text that includes IBR. In 
accordance with requirements of 1 CFR 51.5, the EPA is incorporating by 
reference the three documents listed below and amending 40 CFR 63.14 to 
identify the provisions for which these documents are IBR approved for 
this rule:
     ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981, Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses 
[Part 10, Instruments and Apparatus], issued August 31, 1981, IBR 
approved for 40 CFR 63.7822(b), 63.7824(e) and 63.7825(b). This method 
determines quantitatively the gaseous constituents of exhausts 
resulting from stationary combustion sources. The gases addressed in 
the method are oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, 
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, 
hydrogen sulfide, and hydrocarbons. The method is approved for this 
rule for oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements, with the caveats 
described in section VI.J of this preamble.
     ASTM D7520-16, Standard Test Method for Determining the 
Opacity of a Plume in the Outdoor Ambient Atmosphere, approved April 1, 
2016, IBR approved for 40 CFR 63.7823(c), 63.7823(d), 63.7823(e), and 
63.7833(g). This method describes procedures to determine the opacity 
of a plume, using digital imagery and associated hardware and software, 
where opacity is caused by PM emitted from a stationary point source in 
the outdoor ambient environment. The opacity of emissions is determined 
by the application of a digital camera opacity technique (DCOT) that 
consists of a digital still camera, analysis software, and the output 
function's content to obtain and interpret digital images to determine 
and report plume opacity. The method is approved for this rule with 
caveats described in section VI.J of this preamble.
     Fabric Filter Bag Leak Detection Guidance, EPA-454/R-98-
015, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), September 
1997, IBR approved for 40 CFR 63.7831(f). This document provides 
guidance on the use of triboelectric monitors as fabric filter bag leak 
detectors. The document includes fabric filter and monitoring system 
descriptions; guidance on monitor selection, installation, setup, 
adjustment, and operation; and quality assurance procedures.
2. Technical and Editorial Rule Corrections and Clarifications
    In this final rule, the EPA is making a number of technical and 
editorial changes to the NESHAP to reflect corrections and 
clarifications. These revisions are described in section IV.G.3 of this 
preamble.

G. What are the effective and compliance dates of the standards?

    This final rule is effective on July 13, 2020. Because most of 
these amendments provide corrections and clarifications to the current 
rule and do not impose new requirements on the industry, existing 
sources are required to comply with the amendments 180 days after 
publication of the final rule, except where indicated otherwise, as in 
the provisions for mercury. Sources constructed on or before August 16, 
2019 must comply with the mercury emission limits within 1 year of 
publication of the final rule. New BOPF or new facilities constructed 
or reconstructed after August 16, 2019, must comply with the new source 
mercury emission limit on the effective date of the final rule, or upon 
startup, whichever is later. Electronic reporting for the compliance 
report is required beginning either 180 days after promulgation of the 
final rule or 180 days after the spreadsheet template is available in 
CEDRI, whichever is later. Electronic reporting of performance tests is 
required upon promulgation of the final rule.

IV. What is the rationale for our final decisions and amendments for 
the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?

    For each significant issue, this section provides a description of 
what we proposed and what we are finalizing for each issue, the EPA's 
rationale for the final decisions and amendments, a summary of key 
comments and responses, and impact on final rule language, if 
applicable. For all comments not discussed in this preamble, comment 
summaries and the EPA's responses can be found in the Summary of Public 
Comments and Responses for the Risk and Technology Review for 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities document, which is 
available in the docket.

A. Residual Risk Review for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities Source Category

1. What did we propose pursuant to CAA section 112(f) for the 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    On August 16, 2019 (84 FR 42704), the EPA proposed that risks posed 
by emissions from the source category are acceptable, that the current 
NESHAP provides an ample margin of safety to protect public health, and 
that additional standards are not necessary to prevent an adverse 
environmental effect. The estimated cancer risks were below the 
presumptive limit of acceptability and the noncancer risk results 
indicate there is minimal likelihood of adverse noncancer health 
effects due to HAP emissions from this source category. The proposed 
decision on ample margin of safety was based on weighing factors 
relevant to this particular source category, including the risk posed 
by point sources and the costs and cost-effectiveness of additional 
controls to reduce risk further, as well as uncertainties in the 
assessment of unmeasured fugitive and intermittent particulate 
(UFIP),\2\ including uncertainties in the baseline emissions estimates 
used in estimating risk posed by UFIP emissions, the costs and 
effectiveness of the work practices we considered to reduce these 
emissions, and the amount of risk reduction that could be achieved with 
the work practices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ The UFIP sources are BF bleeder valve unplanned openings 
(also known as slips), BF bleeder valve planned openings, BF bell 
leaks, BF casthouse fugitives, BF iron beaching, BF slag handling 
and storage operations, and BOPF shop fugitives.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The EPA sets standards under CAA section 112(f)(2) using ``a two-
step standard-setting approach, with an analytical first step to 
determine an `acceptable risk' that considers all health information, 
including risk estimation uncertainty, and includes a presumptive limit 
on maximum individual risk (MIR) of approximately 1-in-10 thousand.'' 
(54 FR 38045, September 14, 1989). In the proposal, the EPA estimated 
risks based on actual and allowable emissions from integrated iron and 
steel sources, and we considered these in determining acceptability. A 
more thorough discussion of the risk assessment is included in the 
Residual Risk Assessment for the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Source Category in Support of the Risk and Technology 
Review 2020 Final Rule document, available in the docket for this rule

[[Page 42082]]

(Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083).
    In the proposed rule, as presented in Table 2 below, based on 
modeling point source actual emissions from the source category for all 
11 facilities, we estimated inhalation cancer risk to the individual 
most exposed was 10-in-1 million. The estimated incidence of cancer due 
to inhalation exposures due to the point sources for the source 
category was 0.03 excess cancer cases per year, or one excess case 
every 33 years. We estimated that approximately 64,000 people face an 
increased cancer risk greater than or equal to 1-in-1 million due to 
inhalation exposure to HAP emissions from the point sources for this 
source category. The Agency estimated that the maximum chronic 
noncancer target organ-specific hazard index (TOSHI) from inhalation 
exposure due to point sources for this source category was 0.1. In the 
screening assessment of worst-case acute inhalation impacts due to 
point sources, we estimated a maximum hazard quotient (HQ) of 0.3 (due 
to arsenic) based on the reference exposure level (REL). With regard to 
multipathway human health risks, we estimated the cancer risk for the 
highest exposed individual to be 40-in-1 million (due to dioxins/furans 
emissions from sinter plants) and the maximum chronic noncancer hazard 
quotient (HQ) to be less than 1 for all the persistent and 
bioaccumulative HAP. Based on the results of the environmental risk 
screening analysis, we do not expect an adverse environmental effect as 
a result of HAP emissions from point source emissions from this source 
category.
    As shown in Table 2, based on allowable emissions, the estimated 
inhalation cancer risk to the individual most exposed from point 
sources in the source category is 70-in-1 million and the estimated 
incidence of cancer due to inhalation exposures to these allowable 
emissions is 0.3 excess cancer cases per year, or one excess case every 
3 years. An estimated 6 million people would face an increased cancer 
risk greater than or equal to 1-in-1 million due to inhalation exposure 
to allowable HAP emissions from this source category. The maximum 
chronic noncancer TOSHI from inhalation exposure is 0.9 based on 
allowable emissions.

                                          Table 2--Risk Summary for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Source Category Point Source Emissions
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Inhalation cancer risk                    Population cancer risk                    Max chronic individual         Max acute noncancer risk     Multipathway
                             ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------          noncancer risk          -----------------------------    assessment
                                  Maximum                                                                        ----------------------------------                             ----------------
          Emissions             individual                     Cancer incidence     >=10 in 1        >=1 in 1                                         Hazard                     Risk driver and
                                risk (in 1      Risk driver    (cases per year)      million          million       Hazard index     Risk driver     quotient     Risk driver         health
                                 million)                                                                             (TOSHI)                                                       endpoints
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baseline Actual Emissions:
    Source Category.........              10  chromium (VI)                0.03               60          64,000  0.1              arsenic and             0.7  arsenic          Cancer (dioxins/
                                               compounds.                                                          (developmental   lead compounds.              compounds.       furans) site-
                                                                                                                   ).                                                             specific MIR =
                                                                                                                                                                                  40-in-1
                                                                                                                                                                                  million;
                                                                                                                                                                                 Noncancer
                                                                                                                                                                                  (mercury) site-
                                                                                                                                                                                  specific HQ =
                                                                                                                                                                                  0.5
Baseline Allowable
 Emissions:
    Source Category.........              70  arsenic                       0.3           79,500       5,900,000  0.9              arsenic and      ..........  ...............  ...............
                                               compounds,                                                          (developmental   lead compounds.
                                               chromium (VI)                                                       ).
                                               compounds,
                                               nickel
                                               compounds,
                                               cadmium
                                               compounds.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We also estimated risk posed by both point source and nonpoint 
(i.e., UFIP) emissions from an actual facility in the category that we 
selected as an example facility. Of the facilities in the category, the 
example facility has the largest production capacity, the highest 
estimated HAP emissions from steel-making sources (i.e., facility 
emissions not including sinter plant emissions), and the highest 
estimated UFIP emissions. The example facility is also the facility 
with the highest potential population exposure (4 million people within 
50 kilometers of the facility). The EPA conducted a risk assessment 
using conservative emissions estimates to evaluate the potential 
exposures and risks due to all the emissions for this one example 
facility. We performed the risk analysis for the example facility to 
assess the potential change in the magnitude of risk when risk from 
UFIP emissions is added to risk posed by point-source emissions. The 
estimated risks due to actual emissions from nonpoint (i.e., UFIP) and 
point sources for the example facility are presented in Table 3.
    When UFIP sources were included in the EPA's risk analysis, the 
estimated HAP emissions increased from 3 tpy to 53 tpy and the 
estimated inhalation cancer risk to the individual most exposed to 
actual emissions from the example facility increased from 2-in-1 
million to 20-in-1 million. The estimated population with risks greater 
than or equal to 1-in-1 million increased from 3,000 to 4,000,000, and 
the population with risks greater than or equal to 10-in-1 million 
increased from 0 to 9,000. The maximum chronic noncancer TOSHI from 
inhalation exposures remained at less than 1, but the acute HQ 
increased from 0.3 to 3 based on the REL (for arsenic). The two UFIP 
sources that are the greatest contributors to the inhalation risk in 
terms of MIR were the BF casthouse and BOPF shop, which are currently 
regulated by opacity limits in the rule. Based on allowable emissions, 
the estimated inhalation cancer risk to the individual most exposed 
increased from 30-in-1 million to 50-in-1 million with the inclusion of 
emissions from UFIP sources.
    There is considerable uncertainty in the estimated risk due to UFIP 
sources for the example facility due to the uncertainties in the 
estimated UFIP emissions and release parameters. Nevertheless, if UFIP 
emissions were quantified for the entire source category, the source 
category risks and the number of individuals with cancer risk exceeding 
1-in-1 million would be expected to increase for each facility.

[[Page 42083]]

Although it is problematic to estimate from our risk assessment results 
(shown in Tables 2 and 3) what the increase in risk might be for each 
facility in the entire industry without quantifying UFIP emissions for 
each facility, based upon results from the example facility, we 
concluded that it is likely that the cancer MIR based on allowable 
emissions at all other facilities would be less than 90-in-1 million 
(70-in-1 million from point sources and up to 20-in-1 million from UFIP 
emissions) and the maximum chronic noncancer HI would be less than 1. 
For information on the development of emission estimates from the 
example facility, see the memorandum titled Development of Emissions 
Estimates for Fugitive or Intermittent HAP Emission Sources for an 
Example Integrated Iron and Steel Facility for Input to the RTR Risk 
Assessment (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0956), hereafter 
called the ``Example Facility memorandum.''

                                                       Table 3--Inhalation Risk Results--Example Facility With and Without UFIP Emissions
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Inhalation chronic cancer                     Inhalation chronic noncancer           Acute noncancer
                                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Emissions                Example facility sources                                    Pop >1-in-1    Pop >10-in-1
                                                                   MIR (in 1-M)      Incidence        million         million       HI (TOSHI)     Target organ         HQ           Pollutant
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Actual................................  Point Sources Only......               2           0.010           3,000               0            0.03   Developmental             0.3         Arsenic
                                        Point Sources & UFIP                  20            0.12       4,000,000           9,000             0.3   Developmental               3         Arsenic
                                         Emissions.
Allowables............................  Point Sources Only......              30            0.13       4,000,000          11,000             0.3   Developmental  ..............  ..............
                                        Point Sources & UFIP                  50            0.24       4,000,000          90,000             0.7   Developmental  ..............  ..............
                                         Emissions.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although we did not assess multipathway risks for the example 
facility used to represent a ``worst case'' for UFIP emissions, the 
highest exposed individual for dioxins/furans in the point source 
modeling was not due to the example facility. Furthermore, none of the 
UFIP sources are known to emit dioxins/furans emissions. In addition, 
because mercury is emitted as a gas, UFIP emissions, which are PM, did 
not add to mercury emissions. See the Example Facility memorandum cited 
above for more information on the estimated emissions from the model 
facility.
    Furthermore, it is important to note that after the EPA completed 
its risk modeling, the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 
provided additional, more recent test data for the example facility 
that suggest arsenic emissions are lower than the level we estimated 
based on the 2011 information collection request (ICR) data that we 
used in our analysis (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0804). 
The AISI also conducted their own risk assessment using the new data 
and using the same modeling methodology that the EPA uses. The results 
presented by AISI (described in the EPA's proposal preamble at 84 FR 
42704) indicate the MIR when the UFIP emissions are included could be 
about 60 percent lower than the estimated value in the EPA's risk 
characterization presented above (i.e., 8-in-1 million compared to the 
EPA's estimate of 20-in-1 million) and that population risks also could 
be substantially lower than the EPA's estimate presented above in this 
preamble, with an estimated 500,000 people with risks greater than or 
equal to 1-in-1 million compared to the estimate of 4,000,000 in the 
EPA's risk characterization. Therefore, we conclude the emissions used 
in our risk assessment are likely conservative (upper-end) estimates.
    In determining whether risks are acceptable for this source 
category, the EPA considered all available health information and risk 
estimation uncertainty that includes the uncertainty in the data from 
both point sources and the estimated UFIP emissions. (See proposal at 
84 FR 42716, section III.C.8, How do we consider uncertainties in risk 
assessment?) A more thorough discussion of the uncertainties is 
included in the Residual Risk Assessment for the Integrated Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Source Category in Support of the Risk and 
Technology Review 2020 Final Rule, available in the docket for this 
rule (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083).
    The risk results indicate that the inhalation cancer risks to the 
individual most exposed could be more than 70-in-1-million but less 
than 90-in-1 million, as a worst case, based on the highest allowable 
emissions due to point sources among the industry facilities plus the 
conservative estimate of risk from UFIP emissions, and also considering 
the uncertainties in the example facility analysis as discussed above 
and in the proposal (84 FR 42716). This worst case risk is still below 
the presumptive limit of 100-in-1 million risk. In addition, there were 
no facilities with an estimated maximum chronic noncancer HI greater 
than or equal to 1 from point sources. The maximum acute HQ for all 
pollutants was less than 1 when we only considered point source 
emissions, and up to 3 based on the REL for arsenic when including 
exposures to estimated emissions from UFIP emissions at the example 
facility.
    For the acute screening analyses, to better characterize the 
potential health risks associated with estimated worst-case acute 
exposures to HAP, the EPA examined a wider range of acute health 
metrics, where available, including the California Reference Exposure 
Levels (RELs) and emergency response levels, such as Acute Exposure 
Guideline Levels and Emergency Response Planning Guidelines. This is in 
acknowledgement that there are generally more data gaps and 
uncertainties in acute reference values than there are in chronic 
reference values. The maximum acute HQ is estimated to be no more than 
3 from arsenic emissions, based on the acute REL. However, for arsenic, 
the only available acute health metric is the REL. By definition, the 
acute REL represents a health-protective level of exposure, with 
effects not anticipated below those levels, even for repeated 
exposures; however, the level of exposure that would cause health 
effects is not specifically known. As the exposure concentration 
increases above the acute REL, the potential for effects increases. In 
addition, the acute screening assessment includes the conservative 
(health protective) assumptions that every process releases its peak 
hourly emissions at the same hour, that the near worst-case dispersion 
conditions occur at that same hour, and that an individual is present 
at the location of maximum concentration for that hour. Further, the HQ 
value was not refined to an off-site location, which, in many cases, 
may be significantly lower than that estimated at an on-site receptor. 
Thus, because of the conservative nature of the acute inhalation 
screening assessment as well as the conservative bias in the UFIP 
emission estimates, the EPA anticipates that emissions from the 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category pose 
minimal risk of adverse acute health effects.
    As part of the ample margin of safety analysis performed for the 
proposal, we

[[Page 42084]]

evaluated additional potential technologies for controlling point 
source emissions to further reduce risk from these sources, taking into 
consideration costs, energy, safety, and other relevant factors. We 
evaluated the installation of a wet electrostatic precipitator (ESP) on 
the exhaust of the current air pollution control devices for the BF 
casthouse primary units to reduce chromium VI and arsenic emissions, 
respectively. We also evaluated the installation of activated carbon 
injection (ACI) systems onto current control devices for the sinter 
plant windbox to reduce emissions of dioxins/furans. Details of the 
estimated costs and emissions reductions associated with these control 
measures can be found in the memorandum titled Ample Margin of Safety 
for Point Sources in the II&S Industry (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2002-0083-0952).
    We estimated the MIR could be reduced by 95, 95, and 98 percent, 
respectively, from 10-in-1 million, 70-in-1 million, and 40-in-1 
million for BF chromium actual emissions, BOPF arsenic allowable 
emissions, and sinter plant dioxins/furans actual emissions as toxic 
equivalents, respectively. However, we did not propose any of these 
control scenarios because of the relatively high capital and annualized 
costs compared to a relatively low amount of emissions reduced. Cost-
effectiveness estimates were determined to be $1.9 billion/ton 
($940,000/lb), $46 million/ton ($23,000/lb), and $188 billion/ton ($94 
million/lb) for BF chromium, BOPF arsenic, and sinter plant dioxins/
furans, respectively. None of these options were considered cost 
effective.
    We also considered potential work practices to reduce UFIP 
emissions as part of the ample margin of safety analysis. The EPA 
identified work practices that could achieve HAP reductions from the 
seven UFIP sources, such as more frequent measurements (e.g., opacity, 
internal furnace conditions) to identify problems earlier, increased 
maintenance, applying covers on equipment, developing operating plans 
to minimize emissions, optimizing positioning of ladles with respect to 
hood faces, and earlier repair of equipment. We estimated these work 
practices would achieve a range of 50- to 90-percent reduction in UFIP 
emissions (i.e., control efficiency) from these sources, based on EPA 
staff judgment as to the potential effectiveness of the work practices. 
In analyzing post-control scenarios, we assumed the work practices 
would achieve 70-percent reduction in emissions (the midpoint between 
50 and 90 percent), corresponding to an estimate of 185 tpy of HAP 
reduced, assuming work practices were required for all seven UFIP 
sources. A description of the uncontrolled UFIP emissions and an 
estimate of emissions after implementation of work practices are 
provided in the Example Facility memorandum cited above.
    To estimate the risk reductions that could be achieved from the 
UFIP sources via work practices, we developed a model input file to 
reflect the estimated emissions reductions that would be achieved under 
two control options and modeled two post-control scenarios for the 
example facility to estimate risk reductions. We analyzed two options: 
Option 1 would establish work practice standards for two of the UFIP 
sources (BF casthouse fugitives and BOPF shop fugitives), which 
contribute about 70 percent of the MIR and are currently regulated via 
opacity standards; Option 2 would establish work practice standards for 
all seven of the UFIP sources. Potential work practices for the two 
UFIP sources in Option 1 were the same in Option 2. We assumed a 
control efficiency of 70 percent for the work practices as the average 
of an assumed range of 50-percent to 90-percent control efficiency for 
the work practices. Details of the work practices for UFIP and 
estimated costs of the work practices can be found in the memorandum 
titled Ample Margin of Safety for Nonpoint Sources in the II&S Industry 
(Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0953).
    Based on this modeling assessment, we estimated Option 1 would 
reduce the MIR from 20-in-1 million to about 10-in-1 million for the 
example facility, the estimated population with risks greater than or 
equal to 1-in-1 million would decrease from 4,000,000 to 1,500,000, and 
the estimated population with risks greater than or equal to 10-in-1 
million would decrease from 9,000 to 800. In addition, the maximum 
acute HQ would decrease from 3 to 2. This option also would achieve 
reductions in PM with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less 
(PM2.5). For Option 2, we estimated the work practices would 
reduce the MIR from 20-in-1 million to about 9-in-1 million for the 
example facility, the estimated population with risks greater than or 
equal to 1-in-1 million would decrease from 4,000,000 to 800,000, and 
the estimated population with risks greater than or equal to 10-in-1 
million would decrease from 9,000 to 0. Also, the maximum acute HQ 
would decrease from 3 to 0.9. This option would also achieve reductions 
in PM2.5.
    We estimated the total capital costs of Option 1 for the source 
category would be approximately $1.4 million, annualized costs would be 
approximately $1.7 million per year, and HAP reductions would be 
approximately 173 tpy of HAP, which corresponds to a cost-effectiveness 
value of approximately $10,000/ton. This estimate was based on cost 
estimates for individual emission units that were projected to the 
entire industry based on the number of units of each type at each 
facility. For Option 2 for the source category, we estimated the total 
capital costs would be approximately $8.7 million, annualized costs 
would be approximately $3 million per year, and HAP reductions would be 
approximately 185 tpy, which corresponds to a cost-effectiveness value 
of approximately $16,000/ton HAP.
    Considering all of the health and environmental risk information 
and factors discussed above, including the substantial uncertainties 
regarding our estimates of UFIP emissions, and the costs and cost 
effectiveness of the work practices, the EPA proposed that risks from 
the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category 
are acceptable and that revision of the standards is not required in 
order to provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health or 
to prevent an adverse environmental effect.
2. How did the risk review change for the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    No changes were made to the risk review in the final rule. As 
mentioned above, we received new arsenic performance test data and an 
industry conducted risk assessment for the example facility from 
industry shortly before proposal suggesting arsenic emissions and risks 
are about 60 percent lower than our estimates.\3\ (See 84 FR 42720 
(August 16, 2019) for more discussion). However, we did not rerun the 
risk model after proposal because of the court-ordered schedule to 
complete the final rule \4\ and because it would not affect the outcome 
of the final rule. We proposed risks were acceptable and the NESHAP 
provided an ample margin of safety to protect public health. Based on

[[Page 42085]]

consideration of comments and information received through the comment 
period, we continue to conclude risks are acceptable and that the 
NESHAP provides an ample margin of safety to protect public health.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ Letter and attachment from P. Balserak, AISI, Washington, 
DC, to C. French, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC. 34 pages. 
February 4, 2019. (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-1014).
    \4\ The EPA is required by court order to complete the RTR for 
the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source 
category by May 5, 2020. Calif. Communities Against Toxics v. 
Wheeler, No. 1:15-cv-00512, Order (D.D.C. March 13, 2017, as 
modified February 20, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. What key comments did we receive on the risk review, and what are 
our responses?
    This section provides a summary of key comments and responses 
regarding the risk review. A summary of all other public comments on 
the proposal related to the risk review and the EPA's responses to 
those comments is available in the document, Summary of Public Comments 
and Responses for the Risk and Technology Review for Integrated Iron 
and Steel Manufacturing Facilities (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-
0083). With regard to UFIP emissions and potential work practices, key 
comments and responses in regard to risk are discussed below. Other key 
comments and responses are discussed under the sections in this 
preamble on technology review (Section IV.B of this preamble) and UFIP 
(Section IV.F). The remainder of the UFIP comments and responses are 
discussed in the response to comment document cited above.
    Comment: One commenter stated the EPA has failed to provide an 
ample margin of safety. The commenter stated at the ample margin stage, 
the EPA refuses to address the fact that the health risks are quite 
high. The EPA must consider how to assure an ample margin of safety to 
protect public health from the systemic harm implied by this risk 
value. Yet, the EPA does not discuss or find that it is providing any 
margin, much less an ample one, to protect people from the emissions 
causing the carcinogenic, chronic noncancer, and acute risks it also 
found.
    In contrast, a different commenter stated the conservative residual 
risk estimates in the proposal are already well below the presumptively 
acceptable risk threshold, despite being artificially inflated due to 
inaccurate emissions inputs and modeling parameters. Thus, the Agency's 
proposed determination that no additional regulatory requirements are 
necessary to provide an ample margin of safety or to prevent adverse 
environmental effect in light of relevant factors including safety and 
costs is unquestionably reasonable and appropriate.
    Response: We acknowledge the comments supporting the EPA's ample 
margin of safety analysis and the determination that risks are 
acceptable and no additional regulatory requirements are necessary to 
provide an ample margin of safety or to prevent adverse environmental 
effect. A summary of the EPA's ample margin of safety analysis is 
provided in section IV.A.1 of this preamble and in the proposal 
preamble (84 FR 42704). Further details are provided in the memorandum 
titled Ample Margin of Safety Analysis for Point Sources in the 
Integrated Iron and Steel Industry (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-
0083-0952). In this memorandum, we estimate the remaining risk after 
implementation of potential control technologies and work practices 
along with the costs of these controls and work practices.
    The EPA disagrees with the comments that the EPA failed to satisfy 
the CAA requirement to provide an ample margin of safety and only 
addressed whether cost-effective measures were identified for reducing 
HAP emissions. The EPA uses ``a two-step standard-setting approach, 
with an analytical first step to determine an `acceptable risk' that 
considers all health information, including risk estimation 
uncertainty, and includes a presumptive limit on MIR of approximately 
1-in-10 thousand,'' as stated in the Benzene NESHAP (54 FR 38045), 
followed by a second step to set a standard that provides an ``ample 
margin of safety,'' in which the EPA considers whether the emissions 
standards provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health in 
consideration of all health information, including the number of 
persons at risk levels higher than, approximately, 1-in-1 million, as 
well as other relevant factors, including costs and economic impacts, 
technological feasibility, and other factors relevant to each 
particular decision.
    As explained above, we determined, based on our risk analysis, the 
risks from the source category are acceptable and that no additional 
regulatory requirements are necessary to provide an ample margin of 
safety to protect public health.
    Regarding potential controls for point sources (described in 
section IV.A.1 of this preamble), we determined these controls would 
reduce risks, but were not cost effective. The calculated cost-
effectiveness values were $940,000/lb, $23,000/lb, and $94 million/lb 
for HAP removed from BF (chromium VI), BOPF (arsenic), and sinter 
plants (dioxins/furans), respectively.
    With regard to the UFIP and potential work practices, consistent 
with our explanation in the proposed rule (see 84 FR 42704), based on 
consideration of all our analyses and related information, including 
the risk results, costs, and uncertainties, we have determined that no 
additional standards are required under CAA section 112(f) and that the 
current NESHAP provides an ample margin of safety to protect public 
health. This decision is based largely on the substantial uncertainties 
in the estimates of the baseline HAP emissions from UFIP emission 
sources, costs of the work practices, HAP risk reductions that would be 
achieved by the work practices, and uncertainties raised by industry in 
their comments regarding potential effects of the work practices on the 
facilities' operations, safety, and economics.
    Comment: One commenter stated the multipathway risk did not include 
UFIP sources. Since the EPA only considered UFIP emissions from the one 
facility, the commenter inquired about the population that resides in 
the area impacted by all four mills along a short 20 mile stretch of 
northwest Indiana. The commenter questioned whether the cumulative risk 
from inhalation from total point, and UFIP sources for people who live 
within the impacted areas from all of these mills together was 
addressed because it does not appear to have been assessed in this 
proposal. The commenter asserted the EPA has significantly 
underestimated the exposure for people who live near more than one of 
the four mills in an approximately 20-mile area of northwest Indiana. 
The commenter stated the EPA's risk model results, when UFIP emissions 
are included for the example facility alone, increase by an order of 
magnitude. The commenter asserted that by itself this should have made 
it imperative that the EPA consider UFIP sources as important as point 
sources in quantifying emissions and risks and considering control 
measures in the final rule.
    Another commenter stated documents in the rule docket show serious, 
harmful, and major releases of pollution, demonstrated in photographs 
and in high opacity or visible smoke, and in inspections and 
communications with enforcement officials. The commenter asserted that 
this information shows the need for stronger standards under each 
provision of the CAA. The commenter concluded that by not including 
UFIP emissions in its multipathway assessment, the EPA has 
underestimated health risks and the already high health threats 
communities are facing. The commenter stated the EPA has recognized 
that its residual risk assessment fails to account for several types of 
pollution that the EPA calls UFIP emissions. The commenter stated the 
EPA is also refusing to complete a risk assessment for all sources, 
including the UFIP emission points, and

[[Page 42086]]

this is unlawful. The commenter asserted the EPA needs to complete a 
new risk assessment study, where they include all of the risk factors, 
to protect the health of Americans that are living around these steel 
facilities.
    Response: The commenter is correct that the UFIP emissions were 
considered later in the process of developing the RTR and, therefore, 
were not included in the quantitative multipathway analysis. The EPA 
would not have been able to meet the RTR court-ordered deadline if the 
multipathway analysis was repeated to include UFIP emissions or if the 
risk assessment was repeated to include UFIP emissions from all 
facilities. However, we qualitatively considered the potential impact 
of UFIP emissions on the multipathway analysis and concluded that 
including UFIP emissions would not have affected the results or 
conclusions of the analysis. Specifically, the HAP driving the risks in 
the multipathway analysis were dioxins/furans from sinter plants (with 
a cancer risk estimate for the highest exposed individual of 40-in-1 
million from the fisher scenario). In contrast, the UFIP HAP emissions 
are particulate HAP metals (such as arsenic) from the BF and BOPF 
related sources, and do not include dioxins/furans. The combined metal 
HAP from all point sources at the three facilities in the multipathway 
analysis showed a significantly lower risk (with a cancer risk estimate 
of 2-in-1 million from arsenic emissions from the gardener scenario) as 
compared to the risk estimated from dioxins/furans noted above. 
Therefore, even if we took estimated arsenic emissions from UFIP 
sources into account in the multipathway analysis, the multipathway 
risks from the gardener scenario would almost certainly remain lower 
than the dioxins/furans risk from the fisher scenario. Thus, we have no 
reason to believe that including arsenic emissions from UFIP sources in 
the multipathway analysis would alter our conclusion from the 
multipathway analysis.
    Obtaining measurements of UFIP emissions via source testing to 
combine with the point source emissions was not possible due to the 
court-ordered deadline and, more importantly, because measurement of 
UFIP sources would be very difficult, if not impossible, for some 
sources. To balance the difficulty of obtaining reasonably accurate 
information on HAP emissions from UFIP sources with the importance of 
gaining some understanding of the potential risk from UFIP, we modeled 
a very large facility with the highest expected UFIP (and HAP) 
emissions, which is also close to a large urban area to estimate the 
potential upper-end risks due to such emissions. Using the example 
facility analysis was also a time-saving measure in lieu of estimating 
UFIP emissions for the entire industry via emission factors.
    Comment: One commenter stated the EPA found that a list of 
effective controls, work practices, and monitoring methods for UFIP 
sources could achieve HAP reductions from the seven UFIP sources. The 
commenter stated the EPA's findings are extensive, and are noted as 
being available, with emissions ``preventable,'' with many practices 
identified as ``having no or minimal cost'' (ample margin of safety 
memorandum at 7), and that some facilities are actually using 
currently. See, e.g., Id. at 7-15. The commenter further stated the EPA 
found that the experience of its regional staff provided the reason for 
consideration of these controls. The commenter continued that the EPA 
recognized some iron and steel sources have had serious compliance 
problems in the past and highlighted some provisions, like stronger 
monitoring, that would reduce and prevent those problems. The commenter 
stated the EPA also provided photographs (at undisclosed locations) 
that show huge visual releases of HAP metals and other pollution into 
the air from bell leaks, beaching, and BF slips. The commenter noted 
that the care the EPA staff took to research, compile, and discuss the 
important pollution control methods is appreciated.
    The commenter stated the Ferroalloys and Secondary Lead Smelting 
NESHAP each include a number of methods or variations on the methods 
described in the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities RTR 
proposal to reduce metal HAP emissions from UFIP--such as requiring 
total or partial building enclosure with negative pressure. In 
addition, the commenter asserted the EPA has recognized the need to 
prohibit uncontrolled releases of HAP to the atmosphere from planned or 
unplanned openings at other kinds of facilities. For example, the 
commenter noted that the EPA, in a long list of CAA section 112 
rulemakings in recent years, has repeatedly prohibited uncontrolled HAP 
releases that vented directly to the atmosphere rather than being 
routed to a control device.
    The commenter stated the EPA ultimately proposes not to require any 
of the work practices, referring to ``uncertainties regarding the 
effect the work practice standards would have on facility operations, 
economics, and safety.'' The commenter stated the EPA's own analyses 
and direct observations all support better characterizing UFIP 
emissions and implementing the basic cost-effective control measures 
and work practices the EPA has already explored to some extent. To not 
do so, the commenter asserted, would be to ignore the EPA's own 
analyses of the impacts to human health and the environment of the UFIP 
emissions from the mills in these highly affected areas, and miss the 
opportunity to implement easy cost and industry-friendly actions that 
would go far to reduce impacts to the nearby communities, land, and 
waterways. The commenter asserted the EPA may not lawfully or 
rationally refuse to set emission standards that reflect the emission 
reduction methods available.
    Response: We agree with the commenter that work practices to reduce 
UFIP emissions are available. However, due to the substantial 
uncertainties regarding the emissions estimates, the uncertainties 
regarding the costs and effectiveness of the work practices, and 
potential negative effects of the work practices on facility 
operations, economics, and safety that were asserted by industry 
representatives (see below in their detailed comments), the EPA is not 
promulgating any work practice requirements for UFIP sources in this 
final rule at this time. Because we conducted a risk assessment for the 
largest facility in the source category to examine a worst-case 
scenario for UFIP sources in the industry (as described in detail in 
section IV.A of this preamble) and determined that risks posed by 
emissions from the source category were acceptable, and due to the 
uncertainties and other factors described above, we conclude that the 
NESHAP provides an amply margin of safety and additional standards, 
such as work practices described above, are not necessary. In addition, 
because of the same uncertainties and potential impacts described above 
for the UFIP sources and work practices, we also are not promulgating 
any work practice standards under CAA section 112(d)(6) for the two 
regulated UFIP sources in this action.
    Comment: One commenter stated the EPA is right to conclude that 
additional control technologies, including wet ESPs for BF casthouses 
and BOPF shops and ACI systems for sinter plant windboxes would not 
provide cost-effective emissions reductions, given the extremely high 
costs associated with small incremental additional reductions of HAP.
    The commenter asserted that the EPA's ``very high'' cost estimates 
are

[[Page 42087]]

actually low, i.e., underestimated, and that the removal rate estimates 
are high, i.e., overestimated. The values that the EPA calculated are 
so clearly not cost effective, however, that further analysis of these 
costs and reduction levels is unnecessary to reject them under an ample 
margin of safety analysis. The EPA's proposed determination is, thus, 
well within the substantial discretion afforded to it under the Court's 
Vinyl Chloride decision and should be finalized.
    Response: We acknowledge the comments supporting the EPA's proposed 
determination that no new standards are required to provide an ample 
margin of safety to protect public health and that the costs of the 
control technologies evaluated and emission reductions estimated in the 
ample margin of safety analysis were not in the range generally 
determined to be cost effective by the EPA. The costs of additional 
controls are disproportionately high considering the reductions in risk 
that are achievable.
    Comment: One commenter stated it is arbitrary for the EPA to find 
risk acceptable in view of additional evidence of uncertainty in the 
record. The EPA should find the current health risks to be unacceptable 
because of the omissions, underestimates, and uncertainties its own 
risk assessment contains. The EPA has failed to show, based on evidence 
in the record, that the risks are not significantly higher than the 
values it has presented. The EPA has failed to justify its 
acceptability determination when such major gaps are present.
    Response: As stated in the proposal rulemaking, the estimated 
combined worst-case, upper-end risks (point and UFIP) are below the 
presumptive limit of acceptability of 100-in-1-million and the 
noncancer results indicate there is minimal likelihood of adverse 
noncancer health effects due to HAP emissions from this source 
category. As we explained in the proposal preamble, the EPA's risk 
results indicate that the inhalation cancer risks to the individual 
most exposed are less than 90-in-1 million, as a worst case, 
considering the highest allowable risk due to point sources among the 
industry facilities plus the conservative estimate of risk from UFIP 
emissions due, in part, to the use of the largest facility as the 
example facility. Furthermore, we conclude that by using the UFIP 
emissions estimate from the example facility plus the highest allowable 
point source risk to represent the worst case risk scenario for the 
industry mitigates any potential concerns regarding the lack of UFIP 
emissions estimates and associated UFIP associated risks for each 
individual facility. Furthermore, we did not receive any data or 
information through the public comment process that would change our 
proposed determination that risks are acceptable.
    Comment: One commenter stated the EPA's ICR did not collect 
emissions data information on UFIP sources or all HAP emitted, 
controlled and uncontrolled. The EPA assessed additional particulate 
and metal HAP emissions from UFIP sources not addressed in the ICR 
through estimates based on ``literature values for PM from these or 
other similar emission points and ratios of HAP to PM developed from 
the ICR data.'' The commenter also stated the EPA's ``actual'' analysis 
of risk is based on an emission inventory that is largely calculated 
from emission factors and engineering judgment. The commenter asserted 
that it is well-documented that emission factors underestimate 
emissions for a variety of reasons including inherent bias in the 
factors themselves and the inability to account for equipment 
malfunctions and environmental conditions. The commenter stated the EPA 
cannot rationally base emission estimates or risk assessments on data 
it has strong reason to doubt. The commenter stated the EPA must 
collect actual emissions data to support its emissions estimates. The 
commenter argues that, to the extent actual data is not collected, the 
Agency must adjust the emissions inventory using these same conclusions 
from the technology review and the large body of scientific evidence 
that show emissions factors underestimate emissions, in order to ensure 
that the inventory better represents reality and reflects actual 
emissions.
    One commenter stated that the proposal's UFIP source analysis 
(i.e., effort to quantify UFIP emissions) is based on no sampling or 
engineering analysis, but on very dated studies and emission factors 
that are poorly rated. While it is more difficult to characterize the 
emissions from UFIP sources, the commenter asserted that methods do 
exist that can help in properly characterizing UFIP emissions. The 
commenter stated these include grab sampling followed by HAP 
characterization, use of process knowledge, and engineering assessment/
modeling. The commenter asserted that each of these methods could have 
been used by the EPA to better characterize potential HAP emissions 
from UFIP.
    Response: The commenter is correct that EPA did not require HAP 
testing from these UFIP sources in the ICR in 2011. The EPA did not 
have a good understanding of the UFIP sources at the time of the ICR in 
2011. Furthermore, it would have been quite difficult to reliably 
measure the UFIP emissions at that time due to the nature of such 
emissions and lack of test methods to reliably quantify emissions from 
these sources for use in the RTR. However, note that we did not use an 
inventory for any analyses in this RTR, for UFIP or otherwise.
    The HAP to PM ratios that were used along with the estimates of PM 
emissions from UFIP to calculate HAP emissions estimates for UFIP 
sources for the risk assessment for this action were obtained from ICR 
source tests and are as good, in terms of quality and, therefore, 
accuracy, if not better than the grab samples that the commenter 
suggests because the ICR stack tests were performed continuously over a 
period of hours providing a composite profile of HAP emissions, whereas 
grab samples would have been instantaneous and only reflect a discrete 
moment in time. The EPA used all of the other methods recommended by 
the commenter to estimate emissions from UFIP sources, specifically: 
HAP characterization, use of process knowledge, and engineering 
assessment/modeling, as described in the technical memorandum titled 
Development of Emissions Estimates for Fugitive or Intermittent HAP 
Emission Sources for an Example Integrated Iron and Steel Facility for 
Input to the RTR Risk Assessment (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-
0083-0956), hereafter called the ``Example Facility'' memorandum.
    The emission factors used in the example facility analysis were, in 
most cases, from a number of test reports from various and different 
facilities that were evaluated and combined into one overall emission 
factor for each of the seven UFIP sources. Environmental conditions and 
malfunctions are not included in data used to develop EPA emission 
factors and the latter are never included in any part of an emission 
factor analysis. In addition, we have no evidence that based on current 
industry operation the EPA's emission factors are biased low, in 
general, i.e., for typical or average conditions. Engineering judgment 
was used when portions of the emission estimates were missing and was 
conservative in nature. An analysis using limited ambient emission data 
previously obtained by the EPA in the vicinity of the example facility, 
included in the ``Example Facility'' memorandum (Section 7 and Appendix 
G), indicates the EPA's emissions estimates for UFIP at the example 
facility are plausible.

[[Page 42088]]

4. What is the rationale for our final approach and final decisions for 
the risk review?
    Based on consideration of comments, and all of the health risk 
information, factors, results, and uncertainties discussed above and in 
the proposal (84 FR 42704), we conclude the risks due to HAP emissions 
from this source category acceptable. Furthermore, based on the 
analyses described in the proposal and elsewhere in this preamble, 
including the evaluation of potential controls and work practices to 
reduce emissions and risks, and the costs, effectiveness, and 
uncertainties of those controls and work practices, and after 
evaluating comments, we conclude the NESHAP provides an ample margin of 
safety to protect public health. Finally, based on our evaluation of 
environmental risks, we conclude that more stringent standards are not 
necessary to prevent an adverse environmental effect. Therefore, we are 
not promulgating any additional control requirements pursuant to CAA 
section 112(f)(2), but instead are readopting the existing 
standards.\5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ The Court upheld this approach to CAA section 112(f)(2) in 
NRDC v. EPA, 529 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2008): ``If EPA 
determines that the existing technology-based standards provide an 
`ample margin of safety,' then the Agency is free to readopt those 
standards during the residual risk rulemaking.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Technology Review for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities Source Category

1. What did we propose pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(6) for the 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    In the proposed technology review, we evaluated the cost 
effectiveness of upgrading fume/flame suppressants used for control of 
fugitive PM and HAP metal emissions from BF to use of baghouses as 
control devices. We also evaluated process modifications found in 
European literature to further reduce dioxins/furans emissions from 
sinter plants; these potential process controls for dioxins/furans 
emissions were in addition to the add-on control devices considered for 
sinter plants under the ample margin of safety analysis for point 
sources described above. The technology reviews for these two emissions 
sources were discussed in detail in the proposal (84 FR 42704) and the 
technical memorandum titled Technology Review for the Integrated Iron 
and Steel NESHAP (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0964).
    In the proposed technology review, the EPA also evaluated potential 
work practices to reduce nonpoint source emissions from the BF 
casthouse and BOPF shop (84 FR 42704). However, the EPA did not propose 
any of these work practices primarily because there are significant 
uncertainties in the technical assessment of UFIP emissions that 
includes estimates of the baseline UFIP emissions, the estimated HAP 
reductions that would be achieved by the work practices, and the costs 
of the work practices. In addition, there also are uncertainties in the 
effect the work practices would have on facility operations, economics, 
and safety. Based on all our analyses and uncertainties described 
above, the EPA proposed to find that there are no developments in 
practices, processes, or control technologies that necessitate revising 
the standards for these two UFIP sources under CAA section 112(d)(6).
    Considering all the information evaluated in our technology reviews 
for upgrading fume/flame suppressants control on BFs, sinter plant 
process modifications, and the potential work practices to reduce UFIP 
emissions from BF casthouse and BOP shop, we did not identify any 
developments in practices, processes, or technologies that warrant 
revision of the NESHAP for the currently regulated point or nonpoint 
sources under section 112(d)(6) of the CAA and, therefore, did not 
propose any changes to the NESHAP pursuant to section 112(d)(6) of the 
CAA.
a. Upgrading Fume/Flame Suppressants at BFs to Baghouses
    Emissions from BFs are controlled in the integrated iron and steel 
industry in one of two fundamentally different ways: (1) Fume and flame 
suppression techniques or (2) conventional ventilation practices that 
route exhaust air to control devices such as baghouses. Fume 
suppression consists of blowing natural gas over the open equipment 
which retards vaporization and prevents emissions. With flame 
suppression, the natural gas is ignited with accompanying oxygen 
consumption that suppresses the formation of metal oxide emissions. The 
use of fume/flame suppressants for control of fugitive BF casthouse 
emissions is estimated to have 75-percent control, whereas control with 
baghouses is estimated to have 95-percent control.
    There are a total of eight BFs with fume/flame suppressants 
distributed at four facilities among the 21 BFs total at 11 integrated 
iron and steel facilities. Per-unit capital costs for converting from 
fume/flame suppressant control to baghouses was estimated to be $18 
million with $2.7 million in annual unit costs, where some facilities 
have two or three units. Total industry costs are estimated to be $140 
million in capital costs and $22 million in annual costs. The estimated 
cost effectiveness of upgrading the fume/flame suppressant control to 
ventilation and baghouses at all eight BFs is $7 million/ton of metal 
HAP with 3 tpy of HAP removed, and $160,000/ton PM with 120 tpy of PM 
removed. We concluded these controls were not cost effective and, 
therefore, we did not propose to require baghouses to be installed on 
BFs as a result of the technology review.
b. Process Modifications To Control Dioxins/Furans at Sinter Plants
    There are three facilities in the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities source category that have sinter plants. The 
sinter plants are currently regulated by PM and opacity limits on the 
windbox exhaust stream, sinter cooler, and discharge end of sinter 
plants. In addition, the sinter plant windbox is regulated for organic 
HAP with compliance demonstrated by either meeting a VOC limit or a 
limit on oil content of the sinter feed. Dioxins/furans are components 
of the organic HAP but because of their higher toxicity, they often are 
evaluated separately under control scenarios. Therefore, our technology 
review included exploration of potential control measures that could 
further reduce dioxins/furans from sinter plants.
    For the proposal, we conducted a literature search and reviewed 
various technical publications (largely from Europe and other countries 
in the Stockholm Convention \6\) regarding potential control 
technologies and practices to reduce dioxins/furans from sinter plants 
and found a number of potential options that could potentially be 
applied at sinter plants in the U.S.7 8 9 These options 
include urea injection to inhibit dioxins/furans formation; partial

[[Page 42089]]

windbox exhaust gas recirculation; post-exhaust windbox chemical spray 
(monoethanolamine and triethanolamine dissolved in water and sprayed 
onto exhaust); and elimination of certain inputs (e.g., no ESP dust). 
The European Union also included these measures in their 2013 Best 
Available Technology evaluation.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 
(Pops), Texts and Annexes. Revised in 2017. Published by the 
Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention, Geneva, Switzerland. May 
2018. Available at: http://www.pops.int.
    \7\ Ooi, T. C. and L. Lu. Formation and mitigation of PCDD/Fs in 
iron ore sintering. Chemosphere 85 291-299. 2011.
    \8\ Boscolo, M.E., Padoano, and S. Tommasi. Identification of 
possible dioxin emission reduction strategies in preexisting iron 
ore sinter plants. Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. 
Published by Maney on behalf of the Institute. Ironmaking and 
Steelmaking. 15:35:11.The Charlesworth Group, Wakefield, UK. October 
19, 2007.
    \9\ Lanzerstorfer, C. State of the Art in Air Pollution Control 
for Sinter Plants. Chapter 18, in Ironmaking and Steelmaking 
Processes. P. Cavaliere, Ed. Springer International Publishing, 
Springer Nature, Switzerland AG. 2016.
    \10\ Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Iron 
and Steel Production. Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU 
(Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control). R. Remus, M. A. 
Aguado-Monsonet, S. Roudier, and L. D. Sancho. European Commission, 
Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological 
Studies. European IPPC Bureau, Seville, Spain. Luxembourg 
Publications Office of the European Union. doi:10.2791/97469. 2013.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As far as we knew at proposal, none of these technologies or 
practices were currently used at sinter plants in the U.S. However, 
based on the literature cited above, we believe some of these 
technologies or measures may be used to control dioxins/furans in other 
countries (such as in Europe and other countries complying with the 
Stockholm Convention).
    We were not able to estimate the costs of these control methods due 
to lack of cost information in the literature, nor were we able to 
estimate the feasibility for U.S. facilities. Based on the analysis set 
forth in the proposal, we did not propose to require process 
modifications to control dioxins/furans at sinter plants as a result of 
the technology review.
c. Work Practices as a Potential Measure To Reduce UFIP Emissions From 
BF Casthouses and BOPF Shops
    As described in the proposal, we evaluated potential work practices 
to reduce uncaptured fugitive emissions from BF casthouses and BOPF 
shops under our technology review. The estimated capital costs for work 
practices for these two nonpoint sources were $1.4 million and 
annualized costs were $1.7 million. We estimated these work practices 
would achieve about 173 tpy reduction in metal HAP, at an average 
combined cost effectiveness of $10,000 per ton.
    After considering all the information and analyses, we proposed to 
find that there were no developments in practices, processes, or 
control technologies that necessitate revising the standards for these 
two UFIP sources under CAA section 112(d)(6). This decision was based 
largely on the considerable uncertainties in the technical assessment 
of UFIP emissions that includes estimates of the baseline UFIP 
emissions, the HAP emission reductions that would be achieved by the 
work practices, and the costs of the work practices. In addition, as 
indicated by the industry in their comments, there are also 
uncertainties with regard to the effect the work practices would have 
on facility operations, economics, and safety.
2. How did the technology review change for the Integrated Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    No changes were made to the technology review in the final rule 
from that proposed for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities source category (84 FR 42704).
3. What key comments did we receive on the technology review, and what 
are our responses?
    This section provides a summary of key comments and responses 
regarding the technology review. Related comments and responses in 
regard to UFIP emissions are discussed in sections IV.A.3 and IV.F.3 of 
this preamble. A summary of all other public comments on the proposal 
and the EPA's responses to those comments is available in the Summary 
of Public Comments and Responses for the Risk and Technology Review for 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities (Docket ID No. EPA-
HQ-OAR-2002-0083).
    Comment: One commenter stated the record contradicts the EPA's 
conclusion of no developments for point sources. The evidence shows, 
``that there are many techniques to control dioxins/furans emissions 
from sinter plants,'' through process modifications controls such as 
windbox gas recirculation or chemical treatment of windbox exhaust, and 
these are in use at European facilities. Tech. Review Memo at 21. The 
commenter said that the EPA found chemical treatment could achieve 40- 
to 90-percent control and that the EPA concluded that the cost 
effectiveness and success of application of these techniques in the 
U.S. is not known. Id. at 19-20. The commenter stated that the EPA gave 
no justification for why the application should be different in the 
U.S., however, nor any evidence showing that these could not be applied 
or should not be applied in the U.S. The commenter also claimed that 
the European Union actually requires BAT for control of dioxins/furans 
emissions and stated that the EPA has no lawful or rational basis to 
refuse to revise the emission standards to ``tak[e] into account'' 
these techniques when they are plainly ``developments'' within the 
meaning of CAA section 112(d)(6). Id. at 20.
    The commenter stated the EPA's claims about the cost effectiveness 
of ACI in the proposal were made in the context of its separate CAA 
section 112(f) analysis (84 FR at 42725) and that the EPA did not 
evaluate ACI in the context of its CAA section 112(d)(6) analysis. Id. 
at 42729. The commenter also claimed that the EPA's findings under CAA 
section 112(f)(2) cannot possibly satisfy the Agency's obligations 
under the separate and different requirements of CAA section 112(d)(6). 
Stating what the EPA believes ACI costs does not show that ACI is not 
cost effective and is irrelevant under CAA section 112(d)(6). Equally 
irrelevant is whether or not ACI would reduce health risks. The focus 
under CAA section 112(d)(6), is how much reduction is achievable and 
not the EPA's views about risk or the value of reducing it.
    The commenter stated moreover, the Agency grossly underestimates 
this technology's cost effectiveness by considering it only for one HAP 
at a time, as if iron and steel sources would have to purchase and 
install ACI once to control dioxins/furans, and again to control other 
pollutants. 84 FR 42726 (August 16, 2019). The commenter stated the 
EPA's irrational failure to recognize the actual benefits of ACI on 
multiple HAP is arbitrary and unlawful.
    In addition, the commenter asserted that the Agency pretends that 
cost effectiveness must be measured in dollars per ton even for 
pollutants like mercury and dioxins/furans for which such a measure is 
``ridiculous.'' The commenter explained that dioxins/furans are 
measured in millionths of a gram, and they are toxic in the millionths 
of a gram. Further, the commenter elaborated that all the industries in 
the nation do not emit a single ton of dioxins/furans in a year. The 
commenter posited that giving the cost effectiveness for ACI in dollars 
per ton of dioxins/furans is meaningless and that by doing so the EPA 
is simply obscuring the facts by using absurdly irrelevant units to 
make ACI look as though it is not cost effective to support its 
rejection of an extremely effective and cost-effective technology.
    The commenter stated failing to present all of the underlying 
information the EPA relied on for its CAA section 112(d)(6) 
determination--including, e.g., the title V permits to which it 
refers--makes it impossible for the public and for a reviewing court to 
evaluate the EPA's conclusory determination that there are ``no 
developments'' requiring revision.
    In contrast, a different commenter stated as part of the technology 
review, the EPA considered a number of process

[[Page 42090]]

modifications to provide additional reductions of dioxins/furans 
emissions from sinter plants but appropriately chose not to propose to 
require them based on inadequate information. The commenter stated that 
the EPA reasonably determined not to focus on additional control 
technologies for sinter plants during the technology review, which are 
already subject to limits on organic HAP emissions (through either a 
VOC limit or an oil content limit for the sinter feed). Based on the 
incredibly high estimated cost-effectiveness numbers, the commenter 
stated that the EPA proposes that these additional control technologies 
would not be cost effective and proposes not to require them. Although 
the commenter stated that the EPA's cost estimates appear 
unrealistically low and the estimated emissions reductions too high, 
even with those flawed assumptions the commenter stated that the EPA 
calculated such staggeringly high cost-effectiveness values that 
further analysis is unnecessary to establish that these controls are 
not appropriate to impose pursuant to the technology review. The 
commenter stated the process modifications the EPA evaluated are not 
used at any facility in the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities source category but, rather, were identified during the 
EPA's literature review from primarily European sources. Sinter plant 
emissions are already regulated by PM and opacity limits, as well as a 
VOC limit or limit on sinter feed oil content to regulate organic HAP 
emissions, including dioxins/furans. The commenter stated that the EPA 
nonetheless looked to identify the potential process changes in its 
literature review to yield further dioxins/furans emission reductions. 
The commenter stated that none of the process changes that the EPA 
identified warrant revision of the 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF 
standards for sinter plants. The industry reviewed the materials from 
the EPA's literature review described in the proposal; however, the 
commenter stated that the EPA did not provide adequate information to 
properly evaluate the potential effectiveness, costs, or other issues 
associated with the process changes discussed therein. Because there 
has not been a meaningful opportunity to review and comment on any 
potential requirement the EPA could impose on the basis of that 
insufficiently clear literature, the commenter stated that none should 
be adopted in the final rule.
    Response: At proposal, we evaluated ACI as a means of reducing 
dioxins/furans emissions from sinter plants and used the information 
and data we collected to inform both our ample margin of safety 
analysis under CAA section 112(f) and our technology review under CAA 
section 112(d)(6). In addition, we investigated potential process 
modifications to reduce emissions for the sinter plants under CAA 
section 112(d)(6). None of the process technologies or practices 
identified to control dioxins/furans in European sinter plants are 
currently used at sinter plants in the U.S. Therefore, we were not able 
to estimate the costs of these control methods due to lack of cost 
information in the literature, nor were we able to determine the 
feasibility for U.S. facilities or whether the European facilities that 
are applying these process modifications are similar enough to U.S. 
facilities to enable adoption of the same control techniques. 
Considering all the information in our technology reviews, we did not 
identify any developments in practices, processes, or technologies that 
warrant revision of the NESHAP for sinter plants.
    We agree with the first commenter that dioxins/furans are commonly 
expressed in grams. However, in the RTR proposal (84 FR 42704), we 
provided the emissions for dioxins/furans in measurement units 
typically used for most other HAP (i.e., tons and lbs) for consistency 
purposes. Changing measurement units does not change the relative 
impact of this analysis compared to previous EPA analyses for dioxins/
furans.
    We agree with the first commenter that we did not specifically 
discuss ACI for dioxins/furans in the technology review sections of our 
RTR proposal preamble. However, in the memorandum titled Technology 
Review for the Integrated Iron and Steel NESHAP (Docket ID Item No. 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0964), we explained (on page 17 of 22) that 
although add-on controls are available, the focus for the technology 
review was on process modifications because add-on controls (i.e., ACI) 
for dioxins/furans emissions were shown not to be cost effective at 
sinter plants at integrated iron and steel facilities in the ample 
margin of safety analysis. For details of this analysis, see the 
memorandum titled Ample Margin of Safety Analysis for Point Sources in 
the Integrated Iron and Steel Industry (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2002-0083-0952).
    In terms of multiple pollutant control, for the purpose of this 
comment, because dioxins/furans are quite different than other HAP, we 
typically would not add together the mass of other individual HAP 
together with dioxins/furans to generate a cost effectiveness value for 
the sum of HAP, such as in units of dollars per ton of total HAP or lbs 
per ton of total HAP. Nevertheless, in response to the comment, we 
estimated the cost effectiveness to control VOC, such as benzene, 
toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (BTEX), and carbonyl sulfide (COS) 
with ACI. Using the same annual costs for ACI described for control of 
dioxins/furans (see 84 FR 42725 (August 16, 2019) and also Docket ID 
Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0952), at $1,849,781 per year, and 
assuming 85-percent control of BTEX and COS with ACI (average of vendor 
estimate of 80 to 90 percent),\11\ the estimated cost effectiveness for 
BTEX and COS co-control is approximately $14,000/ton, which is above 
the range that the EPA has typically considered cost effective for 
volatile HAP. Consequently, we continue to conclude that ACI is not 
cost effective for sinter plants, whether we consider ACI for only 
dioxins/furans controls or if we consider costs and cost effectiveness 
of the other HAP as well, and we are not promulgating any new or 
revised standards for sinter plants under the technology review 
pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(6).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ Telecommunication. Raymond, G., RTI International, Research 
Triangle Park, North Carolina, with C. Allen, Carbon Activated 
Corporation, Blasdell, New York. January 27, 2020.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We disagree with the comment that claims the EPA did not provide 
the underlying information the EPA relied on for its CAA section 
112(d)(6) determination. The EPA provided all the relevant supporting 
information in the proposal preamble or technical memoranda, including 
the Technology Review for the Integrated Iron and Steel NESHAP (Docket 
ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0964) and Ample Margin of Safety 
Analysis for Point Sources in the Integrated Iron and Steel Industry 
(Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0952). Regarding the title V 
permits, we made no reference to title V permits in this rule package 
or any of the supporting materials and technical memoranda; therefore, 
we cannot address the commenter's points on this issue.
    Comment: One commenter stated the EPA cannot justify leaving other 
non-mercury emissions completely uncontrolled. Refusing to set limits 
on all uncontrolled pollutants that iron and steel sources emit is both 
unlawful and arbitrary. The commenter stated that the EPA's emission 
standards for iron and

[[Page 42091]]

steel plants lack any limits at all for certain HAP, such as 
hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and COS, either direct 
or through a surrogate. Specifically, the iron and steel plants emit 12 
tpy HCl, 4 tpy HCN, and 72 tpy COS. Although the EPA has set certain 
requirements that purport to be limits on VOC, it has not set any limit 
for iron and steel plants' emissions of COS. Indeed, when the EPA 
promulgated the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities 
standards, it did not even recognize that they emit COS. Instead, the 
EPA claimed that iron and steel plants emit only ``trace amounts of 
other organic HAP (such as polycyclic organic matter, benzene, and 
carbon disulfide).'' Moreover, the EPA claimed that these ``trace'' 
emissions come entirely from oil used in the sintering process, and its 
only limit on them is to ``establish limits on the amount of organic 
HAP precursor material (specifically oil and grease) that may be in the 
sinter feed . . .'' The commenter stated because the EPA does not claim 
that COS emissions either come from organic HAP precursor material in 
sinter feed or can be reduced by limits on such material, its current 
standards do not limit emissions of COS. In addition, the extremely 
dangerous neurotoxicant HCN appears not to be currently restricted at 
all.
    The commenter stated it is well-established that, under CAA section 
112(d) of the CAA, the EPA's emission standards for a source category 
must include limits for each HAP that a source category emits. As the 
Court held in National Lime Ass'n, 233 F.3d 625, 634 (D.C. Cir. 2000), 
the Agency has a ``clear statutory obligation to set emission standards 
for each listed HAP.'' In subsequent decisions, the Court has 
repeatedly confirmed that the EPA has this obligation, that it is 
unambiguous, and that the EPA's failure or refusal to set limits for 
each listed HAP that a category emits is flatly unlawful. See, e.g., 
Sierra Club v. EPA, 479 F.3d 875, 883 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Despite the 
plain language of the CAA and the Court precedent, the existing 
standards do not currently contain any limit at all on certain HAP.
    The commenter stated that CAA section 112(d)(6) requires the EPA to 
review and revise ``as necessary'' the emission standards for 
integrated iron and steel facilities. This includes ensuring standards 
apply to all emitted HAPs and satisfying all currently applicable 
requirements. As part of its review rulemaking under CAA section 
112(d)(6) of existing standards to determine whether it is 
``necessary'' to revise the standards, EPA must ensure that standards 
for Iron & Steel facilities meet the requirements of CAA section 
112(d), consistent with its responsibility under the CAA and applicable 
case law.
    The commenter stated while the EPA has been ignoring its statutory 
obligations to control these sources' toxic pollution, people in 
communities near these sources suffer as a result of their exposure to 
uncontrolled HAP emissions. The commenter stated as communities 
currently have no protection at all from these emitted HAP, it is both 
unlawful and arbitrary for the EPA not to set a limit in this 
rulemaking. If it fails to do so, it will fail to complete the review 
and revision rulemaking as CAA section 122(d)(6) requires, will violate 
the Court's Order in California Communities Against Toxics v. Pruitt, 
241 F. Supp. 3d 199 (D.D.C. 2017), and will also issue a final rule 
that is unlawful and inadequate.
    Response: Section 112(d)(6) of the CAA requires the EPA to review 
and revise, as necessary (taking into account developments in 
practices, processes, and control technologies), emission standards 
promulgated under this section. We do not agree with the commenter's 
assertion that the EPA must establish new standards for unregulated 
emission points or pollutants as part of a technology review of the 
existing standards.\12\ The EPA reads CAA section 112(d)(6) as a 
limited provision requiring the Agency to, at least every 8 years, 
review the emission standards already promulgated in the NESHAP and to 
revise those standards as necessary taking into account developments in 
practices, processes, and control technologies. Nothing in CAA section 
112(d)(6) directs the Agency, as part of or in conjunction with the 
mandatory 8-year technology review, to develop new emission standards 
to address HAP or emission points for which standards were not 
previously promulgated. As shown by the statutory text and the 
structure of CAA section 112, CAA section 112(d)(6) does not impose 
upon the Agency any obligation to promulgate emission standards for 
previously unregulated emissions. Establishing emissions standards for 
unregulated emission points or pollutants involves a different 
analytical approach from reviewing emissions standards under CAA 
section 112(d)(6).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ On April 21, 2020, shortly before this rule was signed, the 
U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit issued an opinion in LEAN 
v. EPA (No. 17-1257) in which the court held that the EPA has an 
obligation to set standards for unregulated pollutants as part of 
technology reviews under CAA section 112(d)(6). At the time of 
signature, the mandate in that case had not been issued and the EPA 
is continuing to evaluate the decision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Though the EPA has discretion to develop standards under CAA 
section 112(d)(2) through (4) and CAA section 112(h) for previously 
unregulated pollutants at the same time as the Agency completes the CAA 
section 112(d)(6) review, any such action is not part of the CAA 
section 112(d)(6) review, and there is no obligation to undertake such 
actions at the same time as the CAA section 112(d)(6) review.\12\ In 
the case of mercury, as described in sections III.C and IV.C of this 
preamble, the EPA has decided to promulgate new standards pursuant to 
CAA section 112(d)(2) and (3) to address an outstanding petition for 
reconsideration. However, the EPA is not establishing new standards for 
the other HAP described above (i.e., HCl, HCN, and COS) as part of this 
rulemaking, partly due to the fact that the EPA has insufficient time 
to gather the information to complete the necessary analyses and review 
in order to develop such additional standards before the court-ordered 
deadline of May 5, 2020. Nevertheless, the Agency may address these 
additional HAP in a future action.
4. What is the rationale for our final approach for the technology 
review?
    Our technology review focused on the identification and evaluation 
of developments in practices, processes, and control technologies that 
have occurred since the MACT standards were promulgated. Where we 
identified such developments, we analyzed their technical feasibility, 
estimated costs, energy implications, and non-air environmental 
impacts. We also considered the emission reductions associated with 
applying each development. This analysis informed our decision of 
whether it is ``necessary'' to revise the emissions standards.
    For the reasons explained in the proposed rule (84 FR 42704) and in 
this final rule preamble (section IV.B), we determined that there are 
no developments in practices, processes, or control technologies that 
warrant revisions to the standards. We evaluated all of the comments on 
the EPA's technology review and we determined no changes to the review 
are needed. Consequently, the EPA is not promulgating any new or 
revised standards in this action for the Integrated Iron and Steel 
NESHAP under CAA section 112 (d)(6) of the CAA.\12\ More information 
concerning our technology review is in the memorandum titled Technology 
Review for the Integrated Iron and Steel

[[Page 42092]]

NESHAP (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0964).

C. Mercury Emission Limits

1. What did we propose for mercury emissions for the Integrated Iron 
and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    On August 16, 2019, the EPA proposed emissions standards for 
mercury for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities 
source category pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(3) in part to address a 
petition for reconsideration received by the EPA in 2004 from the 
Sierra Club. The proposed MACT floor limit was 0.00026 lbs of mercury 
per ton of scrap processed as an input-based limit for all existing 
BOPFs and related units at existing integrated iron and steel 
facilities. We proposed two options to demonstrate compliance with the 
input-based limit of 0.00026 lbs of mercury per ton of scrap processed 
for existing facilities. These options were: (1) Conduct an annual 
performance test at all BOPF-related units and convert the sum of the 
results to input-based units (i.e., lbs of mercury per ton of scrap 
input) and document the results in a test report that can be submitted 
electronically to the delegated authority with the results (see section 
IV.E below); or (2) certify that the facility obtains all of their 
scrap from NVMSRP participants (or similar program as approved by the 
delegated authority), or establish that their scrap is not likely to 
contain mercury switches. We proposed that existing sources would be 
required to comply with these requirements within 1 year of 
promulgation of the final rule. We also proposed that for facilities 
demonstrating compliance with the mercury limits through performance 
testing, subsequent performance testing would be required annually. In 
addition, we proposed that facilities demonstrating compliance through 
the scrap selection options, would be required to report their status 
with the appropriate required information in their semiannual 
compliance reports beginning 1 year after promulgation of final rule.
    For new sources, we proposed a MACT limit of 0.00008 lbs of mercury 
per ton of scrap processed as an input-based limit for any new BOPF and 
related units, and new integrated iron and steel facility, pursuant to 
the CAA section 112(d)(3) requirements for new sources that the 
standard for new sources shall not be less stringent than the emission 
control that is achieved in practice by the best controlled similar 
source. With regard to compliance, the EPA proposed that new sources 
would have the same options to demonstrate compliance as the existing 
sources. A new BOPF and new integrated iron and steel facility was 
defined, with respect to the mercury standard, to be any BOPF or 
facility constructed or reconstructed on or after August 16, 2019.
2. How did the mercury emissions standards change for the Integrated 
Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    For the final rule, in response to comments, we changed the mercury 
testing frequency after the initial performance test to twice per 
permit cycle, i.e., every 2.5 years in a 5-year title V permit cycle or 
every 2.5 years for facilities without a permit (where the initial 
performance test is performed within 1 year from the effective date of 
the rule); changed definitions for motor vehicle scrap; changed 40 CFR 
63.7825 Equation 1 to reflect the correct calculation for mass 
emissions; and changed minor aspects of provisions that allow sources 
to demonstrate compliance through participation in the NVMSRP and other 
provisions related to compliance with the mercury limits. These changes 
are described in sections III.C, IV.C.4, and IV.C.5 of this preamble.
3. What key comments did we receive on the mercury emissions standards, 
and what are our responses?
    This section provides a summary of key comments and responses 
regarding the mercury standard. A summary of all other public comments 
on the proposal and the EPA's responses to those comments is available 
in the Summary of Public Comments and Responses for the Risk and 
Technology Review for Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083).
    Comment: One commenter stated the EPA has appropriately proposed a 
measure to reduce mercury emissions, which the emission standards 
currently do not control, by (proposing to) set standards for the first 
time pursuant to CAA sections 112(d)(2) and (3). (84 FR 42730). The 
commenter urged the EPA to finalize this measure, but also asserted 
that it does not satisfy CAA section 112(d)(6). The commenter added, as 
the EPA acknowledges, the EPA also has a pending petition for 
reconsideration asking the EPA to set mercury limits. (Id. at 42,731). 
The EPA granted the petition on the issue of the mercury limits. The 
commenter opined that the EPA should not have waited 15 years to 
propose measures to reduce iron and steel plants' mercury emissions, 
and its current proposal falls short of the CAA's requirements. (Id.).
    The commenter stated the EPA's proposed practices for the removal 
of mercury switches from the scrap metal used by iron and steel plants 
are not numeric emission limits. At best, the commenter stated, they 
constitute a work practice requirement the EPA has not even claimed, 
let alone shown, as it must under CAA section 112(h), that the 
statutory preconditions for setting work practice requirements instead 
of numeric emission limits have been satisfied. For this reason alone, 
the commenter asserted that the EPA's proposed mercury requirements are 
unlawful and arbitrary.
    The commenter asserted that the limits fail to satisfy the 
stringency requirements under CAA sections 112(d)(2) and (3). 
Specifically, the commenter argues that the EPA has not demonstrated 
with substantial evidence, as it must, that these requirements reflect 
the mercury emissions levels actually achieved by the plants that are 
best-performing with respect to mercury and contravene CAA section 
112(d)(3). Further, the commenter stated that the EPA has neither 
claimed nor demonstrated that its mercury requirements require the 
``maximum'' degree of reduction in mercury emissions that is 
``achievable'' through the full range of reduction measures enumerated 
in CAA section 112(d)(2) and, therefore, this violates CAA section 
112(d)(2).
    The commenter affirmed that the mercury switch requirements the EPA 
has proposed should be included in the Agency's final mercury emission 
limits. The commenter acknowledged that the EPA has the authority to 
set limits for mercury that reflect, among other things, the 
application of operational measures, such as the proposed mercury 
switch requirements. However, they questioned whether such measures are 
sufficient and asserted that, if not, the EPA must set numeric limits 
for mercury that satisfy the stringency requirements in CAA sections 
112(d)(2) and (3).
    The commenter stated that the proposed limits for mercury are 
unlawfully and arbitrarily weak, because they simply codify what the 
majority of sources are already doing--instead of ensuring the 
``maximum achievable degree of emission reduction.'' (42 U.S.C. 
7412(d)(2) and (3); see 84 FR 42730-32, August 16, 2019). The commenter 
stated that the EPA does not claim that this satisfies CAA sections 
112(d)(2) and (3), or determine that numerical emission limits are not 
feasible.

[[Page 42093]]

    Response: We acknowledge the support for our proposal to set 
mercury standards. This is the first time the EPA is promulgating a 
mercury emissions standard for this source category. Therefore, CAA 
section 112(d)(6) does not apply. Section 112(d)(6) of the CAA only 
applies to existing standards and requires that the EPA review existing 
standards within 8 years, and revise them as necessary, taking into 
account developments in practices, processes, or technologies.\12\
    Pursuant to CAA sections 112(d)(2) and (3), and based on data from 
all facilities, we proposed MACT floor limits for new and existing 
sources in terms of lbs of mercury per ton of scrap processed as an 
input-based limit for all BOPFs and related units (HMTDS and ladles) at 
integrated iron and steel facilities. These limits, which are in units 
of mass of mercury emissions from all BOPFs and related units at each 
facility (hereafter called the ``BOPF Group'' \13\) per mass of scrap 
processed by each facility in their BOPFs, were derived using 
performance test data and data on amount of metal scrap processed 
obtained through an ICR sent to the industry in 2011, and are based in 
part on the assumption that the mass of mercury emitted from all BOPFs 
and related units is equivalent to the mass of mercury in the scrap 
input. Mercury is neither created nor destroyed in the BOPF and, based 
on our understanding of the steelmaking process, the primary source of 
mercury emissions is mercury contained in the scrap feedstock. Thus, 
the EPA determined it was reasonable to set a standard that limits the 
amount of mercury that may be emitted per ton of scrap processed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ Basic oxygen process furnace group is defined to be the 
collection of BOPF shop steelmaking operating units including the 
BOPF primary units (BOPF emissions from oxygen blow for iron 
refining); BOPF secondary units (secondary fugitive emissions in the 
shop from iron charging, steel tapping, and auxiliary processes not 
elsewhere controlled); ladle metallurgy units; and HMTDS and slag 
skimming units that are operating at the time of each mercury test 
sequence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because we collected test data from BOPF Groups at all facilities 
in the industry, we necessarily collected test data from the best 
performing sources. We then used the test data to develop mercury-to-
scrap input ratios for the facilities' BOPF Groups and used the best 
performing five facilities out of all 11 integrated iron and steel 
facilities in the source category to develop the data set to derive the 
input-based MACT floor for existing sources for mercury, pursuant to 
CAA section 112(d)(3). For new sources, we established a standard no 
less stringent than the emission control achieved in practice by the 
best controlled source, as determined by the Administrator, pursuant to 
CAA section 112(d)(3).
    Once we established the MACT floor data set, we then determined an 
upper prediction limit (UPL) \14\ to develop the mercury MACT standard 
that incorporates the potential variability in future measurements. The 
EPA's MACT analyses use the UPL approach to identify the average 
emission limitation achieved by the best performing sources to 
determine the MACT level of performance, or MACT emission limit, as 
described in the EPA memorandum titled Mercury Emissions, Controls, and 
Costs at Integrated Iron and Steel Facilities (Docket ID Item No. EPA-
HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0958). The EPA uses this approach because it 
incorporates the average performance of the best performing sources as 
well as the variability of the performance during testing conditions. 
The UPL estimates what the upper bound of future values will be based 
upon present or past background data. The UPL approach encompasses all 
the data point-to-data point variability in the collected data, as 
derived from the dataset to which it is applied. We then took the 
mercury mass-to-scrap input ratio from the lowest-emitting facility in 
regard to mercury and used this value to establish the new source 
standard, after applying the same UPL procedure. Details of this 
procedure also are described in the technical memorandum cited above.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ Westlin, P., and R. Merrill. Data and procedure for 
handling below detection level data in analyzing various pollutant 
emissions databases for MACT and RTR emissions limits. U.S. EPA, 
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. December 13, 2011 (revised 
April 5, 2012) (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0857).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After calculating the MACT floor, the EPA evaluated and considered 
a beyond-the-floor option pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(2) based on 
ACI. However, for the reasons explained in the proposal preamble, 
including the relatively high capital and annualized cost of ACI with 
baghouses, and poor cost effectiveness, the EPA did not propose a 
beyond-the-floor option and instead proposed the MACT floor emission 
limits for new and existing sources as described above in this 
preamble. Additional details of the development of the proposed mercury 
emission limits and beyond-the-floor analyses are available in the 
proposed rule preamble and technical document titled Mercury Emissions, 
Controls, and Costs at Integrated Iron and Steel Facilities (Docket ID 
Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0958).
    With regard to compliance with the proposed mercury emission 
limits, we proposed that facilities would have two options to 
demonstrate compliance with the proposed input-based MACT emission 
limit: (1) Conduct a performance test annually at all BOPF-related 
units and convert the sum of the results to input-based units (i.e., 
lbs of mercury per ton of scrap input) and document the results in a 
test report that can be submitted electronically to the delegated 
authority with the results; or (2) certify that the facility obtains 
all of their scrap from NVMSRP participants (or similar program as 
approved by the delegated authority), or establish that the facility's 
scrap is not likely to contain mercury switches.
    In the proposal preamble (84 FR 42704), we explained that although 
we did not know exactly what type of scrap was used when the integrated 
iron and steel facilities performed the ICR testing for mercury, we 
assumed the scrap was either NVMSRP scrap or scrap with higher amounts 
of mercury per ton of scrap than NVMSRP scrap. In response to the 
proposal, industry (AISI and one facility, U.S. Steel) submitted 
comments \15\ stating that the performance tests conducted to establish 
the MACT floor limits and, thus, the MACT for mercury in the proposal 
were based on facilities participating in the NVMSRP. We expect NVMSRP 
scrap in the future will contain similar levels of mercury or, more 
likely, less mercury than the scrap used to develop the MACT floor 
limits because the amount of mercury in scrap is declining overall due 
to the ban on the use of mercury in switches in U.S. automobiles after 
2002, the expected continual retirement of older vehicles, and success 
of the NVMSRP. Based on the EPA's understanding of the NVMSRP and the 
commitments made by the parties in the memoranda of understanding, the 
NVMSRP scrap constitutes some of the cleanest, if not the cleanest, 
scrap available in terms of mercury content. Therefore, if a facility 
chooses to comply with the mercury emission limit by certifying that 
all their scrap is from NVMSRP participants (or a similarly-approved 
program) or establishes that their scrap does not contain mercury 
switches, it is also reasonable to conclude that the amount of mercury 
left in the scrap due to the removal of mercury switches by the

[[Page 42094]]

NVMSRP achieves at least the same level of mercury reduction or likely 
better reduction compared to the numeric MACT floor limits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ ``Comments of the American Iron and Steel Institute and 
United States Steel Corporation on Proposed National Emission 
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities Residual Risk and Technology Review 84 FR 
42,704 (Aug. 16, 2019) and Notice of Comment Period Reopening 84 FR 
53,662 (Oct. 8, 2019).'' Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083. 
Submitted November 7, 2019.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By finalizing this emissions standard for mercury and two options 
to demonstrate compliance, the EPA has fulfilled its legal obligations 
under CAA sections 112 (d)(2) and (d)(3).
    Comment: One commenter supported the EPA's proposal to continue to 
rely on the NVMSRP as an effective and efficient means of reducing 
mercury emissions in the steel industry. The commenter stated mercury 
is not an ingredient in steel, nor is it intentionally added in the 
steelmaking process; however, mercury is a contaminant sometimes 
present in scrap metal feedstock. The commenter acknowledges that the 
EPA correctly stated in the proposal that the primary source of mercury 
contamination in scrap metal is mercury-containing convenience switches 
that were used in automobiles until their use was phased out in model 
year 2002.
    The commenter stated the NVMSRP has been a component of the NESHAP 
for Area Source Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) Steelmaking Facilities in 
40 CFR part 63, subpart YYYYY (``subpart YYYYY'') for over a decade. As 
evidenced by the EPA's own data, the commenter noted that the program 
has been highly effective in removing mercury from scrap feedstock and 
reducing mercury emissions from EAF mills. The commenter stated as EAF 
steel production uses a feedstock of nearly 100-percent steel scrap, 
Steel Manufacturers Association and its members have gone to great 
lengths to prevent mercury switches and other sources of mercury 
contamination from entering the scrap metal recycling stream. Foremost 
among those efforts, the commenter stated, is the development of the 
NVMSRP in 2006. Since that time, the commenter noted that the NVMSRP 
and its participants have removed and safely diverted from the scrap 
supply and environment over seven million mercury convenience light 
switches containing nearly 7.8 tons of mercury. By removing these 
switches from scrap feedstock, the commenter stated, the steel industry 
prevented that mercury from being charged into its furnaces and 
released into the atmosphere.
    The commenter agreed with the EPA that the amount of mercury 
emitted from steel manufacturers using scrap metal as feedstock has 
declined significantly due to the elimination of mercury-containing 
switches in cars in 2002 and the steel industry's efforts through the 
NVMSRP to ensure that those remaining mercury switches are not charged 
into steelmaking furnaces. Critically, the commenter stated, the 
removal of mercury from convenience switches in cars is only one part--
albeit, an important part--of a larger trend toward removing mercury 
from products. The commenter stated that all available data show the 
downward trend in mercury emissions is continuing and will continue 
until there are so few remaining pre-2003 vehicles reaching the end of 
their useful lives that mercury emissions will cease to be an issue for 
the steel manufacturing industry.
    The commenter stated that the facilities in the Integrated Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category that use automotive 
shredded scrap inputs obtain automotive shredded scrap solely from 
suppliers participating in the NVMSRP.\15\ Furthermore, the commenter 
stated, the performance tests conducted to establish the MACT floor 
limits and, thus, the MACT limits for mercury in this rule were based 
on these very facilities participating in the program. The commenter 
stated the NVMSRP seeks to ensure that mercury switches are removed 
from scrap used in integrated iron and steel and other industries' 
production processes; this approach allows for responsible recycling of 
vehicles while minimizing the likelihood of mercury emissions from 
companies using this scrap to make new products. Based on this, the 
commenter asserted the EPA has appropriately proposed to account for 
the NVMSRP.
    Response: We agree with the commenter that mercury is not 
intentionally added to the steelmaking process, that the NVMSRP works 
to remove mercury from the scrap supply, and that the level of mercury 
in steel scrap should continue to decline in the future because, based 
on available information and our analyses, the overwhelming majority of 
the mercury originates from mercury-containing convenience switches 
that were used in automobiles until their use was banned in the U.S. 
after model year 2002.
    Comment: One commenter stated that because mercury emissions from 
scrap consuming facilities are caused by contamination in the scrap 
feedstock, mercury emissions are necessarily random and episodic. The 
commenter stated the intermittence of these emissions--and the 
widespread reduction in sources of mercury contamination--strongly 
weigh against the imposition of specific numerical limits. The 
commenter recognized that the EPA believes the Agency is legally 
compelled to promulgate numerical mercury limits, and the commenter 
takes no position on whether the Agency is compelled to do so in this 
rulemaking. The commenter viewed these limits as inappropriate given 
the nature of mercury emissions in scrap-consuming facilities. The 
commenter asserted the NVMSRP remains a highly protective and effective 
surrogate for numerical limits and recommended that the EPA continue to 
rely on it as such.
    Response: As explained above, the EPA has decided to promulgate a 
mercury emission limit for the BOPF and related processes pursuant to 
section 112(d) of the CAA in part, to address a 2004 petition for 
reconsideration. The steel-making units, although by definition a batch 
process, operate on a cycle where one batch starts as soon as the 
previous one ends so that the furnace remains operating almost all the 
time (except for occasional maintenance or repair activities) to 
prevent cooling and the need to reheat. Three test runs are required 
for a performance test. The steelmaking process cycle, although a batch 
process, is sufficiently long enough to allow at least one test run in 
each cycle. Because the scrap content and amount of mercury in each 
batch may change from batch to batch, using an average of three runs to 
develop the standard that the facilities will use to determine 
compliance (or for any other testing purpose) contributes to the 
accuracy of the data and, therefore, is to the benefit of both steel 
facilities as well as the EPA. The final three-run test average, then, 
is considered representative of typical operations and not just one 
``batch.'' Therefore, the EPA determined it was feasible and reasonable 
to develop a numerical emission limit based on the data we had. 
However, as explained above, the EPA is including two options to 
demonstrate compliance: (1) Conduct performance testing; or (2) certify 
scrap is obtained from suppliers who participate in the NVMSRP or 
similar program, or is free of mercury switches. With this final rule, 
the EPA has fulfilled its legal obligations under CAA sections 
112(d)(2) and (3) to set emission standards for mercury.
    Comment: The commenter stated that the use of a 99-percent UPL to 
develop the MACT floor for mercury is appropriate and consistent with 
the EPA's approach in other rulemakings. The commenter stated the 
ability of the UPL, however, to properly account for variability here 
is in question, given that 80 percent of the sampling results included 
at least one mass fraction below the detection limit (non-detect), and 
8 percent of total runs included all

[[Page 42095]]

non-detect values. In sum, the commenter stated only 12 percent of runs 
included all detected results, severely limiting the above-detection-
limit dataset on which the UPL calculation was based.
    Response: In the procedure the EPA uses to develop the MACT 
standards, the calculated UPL is compared to three times the HAP and 
method-specific ``representative detection level'' (RDL) developed by 
the EPA, and the higher value of the two (UPL v. 3xRDL) is used as the 
MACT standard. This step ensures that the final MACT floor values will 
be a measurable above-detection-limit value. (See Westlin and Merrill, 
2011\14\). When multiplying RDL by a factor of 3, the measurement 
imprecision is decreased to around 10 to 15 percent. Using the larger 
value for the MACT standard ensures that measurement variability is 
adequately addressed.
    In regard to the number of below detection limit (BDL) values, see 
the procedure from the EPA memorandum titled Determination of ``Non-
Detect'' from EPA Method 29 (Multi-Metals) and EPA Method 23 (Dioxin/
Furan) Test Data When Evaluating the Setting of MACT Floors Versus 
Establishing Work Practice Standards (S. Johnson, U.S. EPA, June 5, 
2014) located in the docket to this final rule. In the memorandum (page 
8, item 3), there is a discussion of a procedure for data 
classification for mercury and nonmercury metals obtained via EPA 
Method 29. According to the procedure: ``Where test results for any 
single analyte are detection level limited (DLL) or above detection 
limit (ADL), we assume detection (i.e., ADL) for that test run data for 
that specific analyte.'' Therefore, the integrated iron and steel 
mercury data classified as DLL, at 80 percent, are considered ADL and 
consequently, the number of runs considered ADL is 92 percent, a clear 
majority of the data set. See summary table of the MACT floor run data 
below.

                                  Table 4--Integrated Iron and Steel Source Mercury MACT Floor Run Data Classifications
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           Number of runs                    Percentage of total runs
                   Source                                 Data              ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                BDL        DLL        ADL       Total       BDL        DLL        ADL
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOPF Group.................................  Before reclassification \1\...          7         73         11         91          8         80         12
                                             After reclassification \2\....          7          0         84         91          8          0         92
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ From the memorandum titled Mercury Emissions, Controls, and Costs at Integrated Iron and Steel Facilities (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-
  0958).
\2\ As per the procedures described in the memorandum titled Determination of ``Non-Detect`` from EPA Method 29 (Multi-Metals) and EPA Method 23 (Dioxin/
  Furan) Test Data When Evaluating the Setting of MACT Floors Versus Establishing Work Practice Standards. S. Johnson, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park,
  North Carolina. June 5, 2014.

    Comment: A commenter stated the EPA's equating of hourly mercury 
test results with annual mercury rates and use of annual scrap usage to 
determine lbs of mercury per ton of scrap value is problematic for 
several reasons. The commenter stated that hourly mercury tests only 
account for the amount of mercury in the scrap at the time of the test 
and are not normalized for fluctuations in the short-term scrap usage 
rates, short-term scrap/iron ratios, or scrap and lime mercury 
concentration. The commenter asserted the differences in the mercury 
emissions rates between facilities and their respective operations are 
not appropriately accounted for in the EPA's calculations, based on the 
amount of scrap and mercury concentration in the scrap during the time 
of the test, which could add variability not properly factored into the 
EPA's calculations. The commenter stated it is inappropriate to assume 
that the type of scrap, scrap usage, and scrap-to-molten iron ratio at 
the time of the test were indicative of the long-term averages. Thus, 
the commenter stated, this critical element of the proposal's analysis 
is unjustified and cannot support standard-setting. In addition, the 
commenter stated that although the proposed standards in 40 CFR part 
63, subpart FFFFF, Table 1 are intended to be set at the CAA section 
112(d) floor level, they fail to account for the degree of variability 
present in steelmaking inputs and, thus, go beyond the floor without 
proper justification.
    The commenter also stated the EPA's annualized approach (lbs/yr 
mercury / ton scrap/yr) resulted in the skewness and kurtosis data 
analyses being represented as a lognormal distribution, whereas the 
output-based steel production approach (that accounts for short-term 
production rates) is skewed non-normal distribution, according to the 
prescribed MACT floor methodology. The commenter stated that since the 
mercury emissions data sets are the same between the two input- and 
output-based approaches, one could properly conclude that the 
annualized approach is not adequately accounting for the short-term 
production rate variability and, thus, it may be comparatively less 
representative of actual variability in mercury emissions during 
operations.
    The commenter stated the EPA's analysis appears not to have 
accounted properly for the scrap mercury content variability and, thus, 
does not adequately apply the UPL concept of ensuring that sources 
controlled to the level of the best performing five sources would 
achieve the limit 99 percent of the time. The commenter stated that, as 
proposed, the UPL calculation does account for some degree of 
variability. However, the commenter stated the EPA needs to revisit the 
associated MACT floor calculations to better represent the variability 
among individual loads of scrap in terms of the variability in mercury 
content and the associated long-term emission performance in assessing 
the emission limit that is achieved by the top five performing sources 
or UPL.
    The commenter asserted that the EPA should calculate the 
variability using all viable mercury emissions stack testing results in 
the UPL analysis and then apply that variability factor to the five 
best performing sources. Particularly when there is a small dataset for 
which the raw material content is indicative of emissions, the 
commenter asserted that the EPA needs to determine the variability that 
can reasonably be expected from the top performers. Given that the 
facilities in question were all accepting scrap from suppliers in the 
NVMSRP, the commenter said the variability in scrap obtained from such 
suppliers is reflected in all of the test results, not just the top 
five performers.
    The commenter noted that in the NESHAP for the EAF source, which 
used similar scrap inputs as the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities source category but at much greater volumes 
and proportions, the EPA recognized that an additional scrap 
variability factor would be needed to account for variation in mercury 
emissions if an emission limit was to be developed. Therefore, the 
commenter

[[Page 42096]]

stated, although the EPA did not ultimately establish a numeric mercury 
emission limit, working documents from development of the EAF rule show 
a ``scrap (mercury) variability'' factor was applied in an attempt to 
develop a mercury limit. The commenter stated that the EPA cited the 
variability of mercury in scrap metal as the reason why performance 
test averages varied by over 2 orders of magnitude at a single EAF 
plant. (72 FR 53817). The commenter stated that if the EPA decides to 
proceed, it needs to seek additional data regarding scrap mercury 
content and variability similar to the approach the EPA considered with 
the EAF NESHAP so that the UPL can account for that variability using 
standard and accepted methods.
    The commenter stated rather than the approach the EPA took in the 
proposal of calculating the mercury per ton of scrap values by using a 
source's annual total scrap input tonnage, the EPA should refine its 
approach by comparing the scrap tonnage used in the individual heats 
when the ICR stack test results were obtained. Moreover, the commenter 
stated the EPA should look not only at the total scrap used for those 
heats, but also to the extent possible based on available records, the 
proportion of automotive shredded scrap used in those heats. The 
commenter stated this approach would be far more accurate than the one 
reflected in the proposal, which fails to account for any relation 
between the stack test data and the scrap used at the time those 
results were obtained. The commenter stated that failure to take this 
critical factor into account renders the standard not rationally 
related to the performance of the top performing sources and, thus, 
arbitrary and capricious.
    Response: Because scrap varied from unit to unit and facility to 
facility, the variability in the scrap was already accounted for in the 
data used to develop the MACT floor. We used data for the mercury 
content of scrap from all units in the BOPF Group \13\ at the top five 
best performing facilities from five locations in three states that 
stretched from Chicago, Illinois, to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Over 100 
runs of data were used to develop the facility lbs mercury/ton steel 
scrap values used to calculate the UPL. The variability in the scrap in 
the over 100 runs was almost certainly captured by the UPL calculation 
for the MACT floor.
    In addition, the procedure the EPA uses to develop the MACT 
standards allows for variability in future emission measurements. To 
determine the MACT standard, an initially calculated UPL is compared to 
3 times the HAP- and method-specific representative detection level 
(RDL) developed by the EPA, and the higher value is used as the MACT 
standard. This step ensures that the final MACT floor values will be 
measurable ADL values. (See Westlin and Merrill, 2011.\14\)
    As explained at the following website, a lognormal distribution is 
a type of skewed distribution (see https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/lognormal-distribution/; 
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/skewness.asp). A lognormal 
distribution leans toward the right because all values are above zero, 
by definition of a log. ``Skew'' refers to distortion or asymmetry as 
compared to a symmetrical bell curve, or normal distribution, in a set 
of data. If the curve leans towards the left or to the right, it is 
said to be skewed. Skewness can be quantified as a representation of 
the extent to which a given distribution varies from a normal 
distribution. A normal distribution has a skew of zero, while a 
lognormal distribution has some degree of right-skew. Both the input- 
and output-based approaches to calculate a mercury MACT limit are 
skewed because they are both lognormally distributed.
    With regard to the mercury MACT calculations, when data from the 
same facilities were compared, the variability of the lbs mercury/ton 
scrap input dataset had more variability than the lbs mercury/ton steel 
output variability. Consequently, more variability is incorporated into 
the UPL calculation for the input-based standard than for an output-
based.
    Not every facility reported run-by-run scrap tonnage values to the 
EPA in the ICR, whereas every facility reported an annual scrap tonnage 
value. In addition, almost all facilities did not report percent 
automotive scrap use during testing or annually. Most facilities left 
this ICR answer field blank, said it was confidential, or was unknown. 
Therefore, the annual approach was the only option available to the EPA 
based on the data provided to the EPA by the integrated iron and steel 
facilities.
    Comment: One commenter stated although the EPA's MACT floor 
calculation includes a mass concentration value for mercury content in 
lime, as is discussed in an attached engineering report providing 
independent evaluation by Barr Engineering Co. commissioned by AISI/
U.S. Steel, the MACT floor calculation fails to account for potential 
mercury variability in lime inputs as the EPA has appropriately done in 
other contexts. The commenter stated this approach fails to account for 
variability in a manner that is appropriate for the source category.
    Response: We agree with the commenter's Barr evaluation that some 
mercury emissions can be attributed to the other inputs to the BOPF, 
which include lime. However, the stack performance test data the EPA 
collected through the 2011 ICR would account for the lime portion of 
the mercury emissions and include some of the variability in emissions 
as well. Variability is accounted for both by the number and length of 
the source test runs and the fact that multiple sources were tested. 
Our MACT floor calculation relied on this data and, thus, accounted for 
variability in lime inputs. At this time, we do not have additional 
data regarding variability in lime inputs. The Barr evaluation cites 
the Portland Cement UPL calculation as an example of the EPA accounting 
for mercury variability in lime inputs in the UPL MACT floor 
calculation. The commenter pointed to the ``Intra-quarry Variability 
Estimate for Mercury'' memorandum for the Portland Cement NESHAP (40 
CFR part 63, subpart LLL) memorandum (Docket ID item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2002-0051-3323), and stated that, in that rulemaking, the EPA had 30 
daily mercury concentrations, parts per million (ppm) in limestone by 
quarry values for three kilns that were in the MACT floor pool or used 
the same quarry as MACT floor pool kilns. The commenter also stated 
that those values were used to calculate temporal correlation between 
the quarries and calculate intra-quarry variability. That information, 
the commenter asserts, was then incorporated into the Portland Cement 
UPL MACT floor calculation. The commenter is correct that the EPA does 
not have direct data regarding mercury content of the lime used at the 
integrated iron and steel industry. For the integrated iron and steel 
ICR, facilities had to report the amount of lime used annually, but not 
the mercury content of that lime.
    As shown in the memorandum titled Mercury Emissions, Controls, and 
Costs at Integrated Iron and Steel Facilities (Docket ID Item No. EPA-
HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0958), Table 4, the mercury from lime was estimated to 
comprise less than 15 percent of the total mercury inputs to the BOPF, 
on average. The value for mercury content of lime, at 0.03035 ppm, was 
developed from the average of data from two reference sources. One 
reference source was the information (Limestone Mercury Concentrations 
(ppb) with Revised Data from Buzzi. July 21, 2009) gathered for

[[Page 42097]]

the Portland Cement NESHAP (40 CFR part 63, subpart LLL; Docket ID Item 
No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0051-3400) and the other source was from a Portland 
Cement Association research report (Hills and Stevenson, 2006; Docket 
ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0872).
    The EPA estimated that mercury in the scrap accounts for over 85 
percent of the total mercury inputs to the BOPF and constitutes the 
vast majority of mercury content; therefore, regulating the scrap input 
is sufficiently correlated to the numeric emission limitation for 
mercury to enable setting a standard for mercury from scrap. And, as 
noted above, as a result of the robustness of the mercury emission data 
used and the calculations performed to develop the MACT standard (UPL, 
etc.), we have accounted for the variability of mercury in both the 
scrap and lime. The mercury emission limitations are based on the best 
data available to the Agency and satisfies our obligation under CAA 
section 112(d) to establish a standard for mercury emissions from the 
BOPF. For information on the data used to develop the MACT floor, see 
the memorandum titled Mercury Emissions, Controls, and Costs at 
Integrated Iron and Steel Facilities (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2002-0083-0958).
    Comment: One commenter stated that with a small source category, 
and, thus, small number of sources setting the floor, a proper UPL 
analysis is essential to a technically defensible standard that is 
consistent with the statute. The commenter stated the EPA's technical 
memorandum regarding its mercury floor calculations acknowledges, 
however, that its dataset including just five data points is small and, 
in fact, below the minimum of seven data points that the EPA considers 
the threshold for a ``limited dataset.'' The commenter stated that this 
limited dataset is the result of calculating a mercury emissions per 
ton of steel scrap value for only the top five sources in the source 
category and then running the UPL calculation based only on those five 
sources.
    Response: The BOPF Group existing source MACT floor pool dataset 
(five data points) is based on fewer than seven data points. Therefore, 
the EPA used the protocol for developing MACT floors for small 
datasets. (See technical memorandum titled Mercury Emissions, Controls, 
and Costs at Integrated Iron and Steel Facilities (Docket ID Item No. 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0958)). For limited datasets, the EPA can further 
evaluate each individual dataset in order to ensure that the 
uncertainty associated with a limited dataset does not cause the 
calculated emission limit to be so high that it does not reflect the 
average performance of the units upon which the limit is based after 
accounting for variability in the emissions of those units. The EPA 
evaluated this specific integrated iron and steel mercury dataset to 
determine whether it is appropriate to make any modifications to the 
approach used to calculate MACT floors for each of these datasets. The 
EPA ensured that the selected data distribution best represents each 
dataset; ensured that the correct equation for the distribution was 
then applied to the data; and compared individual components of each 
limited dataset to determine if the standards based on limited datasets 
reasonably represent the performance of the units included in the 
dataset. Based on an evaluation of the limited datasets, the EPA 
determined that no changes to the standard floor calculation procedure 
were warranted.
    For new sources, in the EPA's experience from the past, limited 
datasets warranted close scrutiny because sources with the lowest 
average emissions, but with a relatively high variance, could be 
identified mistakenly as the best performing source. In the mercury 
emission limit for new integrated iron and steel sources, the best 
performing source identified had 28 data points in the MACT floor pool, 
so it is not a limited dataset, nor does it have relatively high 
variance. Therefore, we conclude that further inspection of the 
existing emissions datasets is not warranted.
    Comment: One commenter stated given the need to finalize this RTR 
in March 2020 and given that any data collection and analysis needed to 
generate a sound mercury emission limit would take at least a year, the 
EPA should not finalize the mercury emission limit at this time but 
instead should withdraw it and defer action to a later date to allow 
the EPA to address the flaws in the proposed standard. The commenter 
stated the proposed mercury emission limit should be withdrawn and, if 
the Agency ultimately determines a standard must be set, the EPA should 
issue a new, separate proposal because the changes necessary to both 
the dataset and the floor setting methodologies are sufficiently great 
that interested persons will need an opportunity to comment on the 
EPA's efforts to address them. In short, the commenter stated any 
mercury gap-filling should proceed on an independent track from the 
RTR, and it would be arbitrary and capricious for the EPA to finalize a 
mercury emission limit in reliance on the limited data it has and 
particularly using the flawed methodologies reflected in the proposal.
    The commenter stated the EPA can and should determine that it 
currently lacks adequate data to establish a mercury emission limit, in 
light of the limited timeframe allowed under the judicial deadline to 
complete this rulemaking. The commenter stated such a decision would be 
afforded an ``extreme degree of deference'' by the Court on review. The 
commenter stated the EPA's obligation under the court order is to 
complete the RTR. The commenter stated filling a perceived gap in the 
original standard is not mandated under CAA section 112 generally and 
certainly is not compelled to be part of the RTR. Accordingly, the 
commenter stated the EPA need not finalize the mercury proposal by the 
March 2020 RTR deadline. The commenter stated if the EPA promulgates 
now, the standard will necessarily lack adequate data and a record to 
support it and, thus, would not only be ill-advised, but also arbitrary 
and capricious.
    Response: The EPA opted to promulgate these mercury emission limits 
at the same time we conducted the RTR in part to address an outstanding 
petition for reconsideration asking the Agency to set a mercury 
emissions standard. The data used for the mercury emission limit were 
stack test data obtained using typical mercury testing methodology and 
the procedures we followed to develop the MACT limits were typical MACT 
standard development procedures. The mercury data are not flawed, as 
explained elsewhere in this preamble in responses to commenters' 
specific allegations. All alleged flaws have been addressed above in 
responses to comments received, and we have shown that the allegations 
were unfounded and/or lacking scientific basis and that the EPA data 
and data handling procedures were performed correctly to develop the 
numeric emission limitation. Thus, we did not make any changes to the 
mercury emission limit in response to comments received. The mercury 
emission limitation promulgated in this rule is based on the best data 
available to the Agency and satisfies our obligation under CAA section 
112(d) to establish a standard for mercury emissions from the BOPF.
    Comment: One commenter stated if the EPA proceeds with a mercury 
emission limit, the proposal to allow facilities to satisfy the mercury 
requirements by certifying that their scrap is ``not likely to contain 
motor vehicle scrap'' in the proposed rule, e.g., proposed 40 CFR 
63.7791(b) (final 40 CFR 63.7791(d)), is reasonable but needs

[[Page 42098]]

to be revised to better match the requirements in 40 CFR 63.10685(b) in 
40 CFR part 63, subpart YYYYY. For example, the commenter stated the 
EPA needs to clarify that the option applies to ``scrap not likely to 
contain automotive shredded scrap,'' rather than all ``motor vehicle 
scrap'' as it is currently proposed; regulatory language changes should 
be made to reflect this clarification. This is because mercury 
switches, the commenter stated, the driver of mercury emissions, are 
not present in all motor vehicle scrap; rather, mercury switches are 
typically only present in shredded automotive scrap. The commenter 
stated facilities should, thus, be able to comply by certifying that 
scrap inputs are not likely to contain automotive shredded scrap. The 
commenter recommended the EPA modify proposed 40 CFR 63.7791(a)(1), 
63.7791(a)(2), 63.7791(b)(1), 63.7791(b)(2), 63.7791(c), 63.7840(f)(1), 
and 63.7852 (final 40 CFR 63.7791(c)(1), 63.7791(c)(2), 63.7791(d)(1) 
through (d)(3), 63.7791(e), 63.7840(f)(1), and 63.7852, respectively) 
definitions for motor vehicle scrap, scrap provider, and steel scrap 
accordingly.
    Response: The EPA acknowledges the clarification requested by the 
commenter and has incorporated these suggestions as much as appropriate 
into the final rule. We agree with the commenter that given today's 
automobile fleet, where motor vehicles from 2003 production and earlier 
still contain mercury switches, the scrap containing mercury switches 
is typically shredded automotive scrap. We have revised the proposed 
option that would have allowed facilities to comply by certifying that 
the facility's scrap is ``not likely to contain motor vehicle scrap.'' 
As finalized, this option has been changed to allow facilities to 
comply by certifying that the facility's scrap ``does not contain 
mercury switches.'' This approach allows facilities to establish the 
absence of mercury switches in their scrap, as appropriate for their 
facility, i.e., their scrap is recovered for its specialty alloy 
content, their scrap does not contain motor vehicle scrap, or their 
scrap does not contain shredded motor vehicle scrap.
    Comment: One commenter stated facilities that use small amounts of 
automotive shredded scrap relative to other inputs per ton of steel 
produced, even from non-NVMSRP suppliers, would not be expected to emit 
mercury at levels exceeding the emission limitations reflected in the 
proposed rule. As the proposal acknowledges, the commenter stated that 
the mercury content associated with mercury switches in older, end-of-
life vehicles is the basis for the mercury emission limit. The 
commenter stated mercury switches are not present in all scrap, and not 
even in all automotive scrap; rather, mercury switches are only 
potentially present in shredded automotive scrap. Because of this, the 
commenter stated, facilities using small amounts of automotive shredded 
scrap would not be expected to have mercury emissions in excess of the 
proposed standard. Thus, the commenter stated, sources using minimal 
amounts of automotive shredded scrap should not be burdened with the 
costs of testing or documenting participation in the switch recovery 
programs, particularly given the low risk modeled for the source 
category.
    The commenter stated the EPA should modify the proposed 40 CFR 
63.7791(b) to allow facilities to instead certify that they use only 
minimal amounts of automotive shredded scrap inputs, such as 10-percent 
automotive shredded scrap per ton of steel produced. So long as a 
facility does not use more automotive shredded scrap than the 
threshold, the commenter stated that certification should constitute 
its compliance demonstration; this would enable facilities that use 
very minimal amounts of automotive shredded scrap or that use 
automotive shredded scrap only occasionally based on the scrap supply 
market, and are, thus, unlikely to exceed the mercury emission limit, 
to be deemed compliant, as well.
    The commenter added the EPA should acknowledge that when the NVMSRP 
ends this event will, in essence, establish compliance with the 
proposed mercury emission limit because it will signal achievement of 
substantial elimination of mercury switches from automotive scrap. 
Consistent with the compliance option for the proposed mercury 
requirements of allowing purchase of scrap from NVMSRP participants, 
the commenter stated the EPA should include in any final rule a 
provision that when the NVMSRP ends, sources would be deemed compliant 
with the mercury emission limit (because the commenter stated the EPA 
would have deemed that the NVMSRP is no longer needed to reduce mercury 
switches from automotive scrap).
    The commenter stated the EPA should revise proposed 40 CFR 
63.7791(c) or add a new 40 CFR 63.7791(d) to allow sources to otherwise 
show that their shredded motor vehicle scrap is unlikely to contain 
mercury. For example, the commenter stated, if the NVMSRP has ended 
with a finding that the mercury switches remaining in vehicles on the 
road are minimal, the fact that there is no need for such a program 
establishes the diminished presence of mercury. Or, the commenter 
stated, if a scrap dealer uses only recycled post-2003 vehicles, the 
use of this automotive scrap should not contain any appreciable 
mercury. In other words, the commenter stated, at some point the number 
of recycled vehicles containing mercury switches will diminish to the 
extent that mercury in automotive scrap is no longer a concern. At this 
point, the commenter stated, facilities should be able to rely on some 
provision in 40 CFR 63.7791 to conclude that their scrap is unlikely to 
contain mercury switches. The commenter stated such an approach is 
reasonable because the standard is driven by the use of automotive 
shredded scrap at BOPF shops and the mercury content in that scrap, and 
the NVMSRP is aimed at removing mercury switches from automotive 
shredded scrap. The commenter stated meeting the NVMSRP's program 
goals, which should be the rationale for ending the program, will occur 
when mercury switches are sufficiently removed from automotive scrap. 
When that has occurred, the commenter stated, it will mean that the 
remaining automotive scrap inputs available to integrated iron and 
steel facilities will in effect satisfy the NVMSRP criteria, and 
facilities should be considered to be in compliance with the mercury 
emissions standard. In that case, the commenter stated, it would not 
add value to require further compliance with the administrative burdens 
associated with complying with the standard, since the source will have 
been effectively eliminated.
    Response: The commenter appears to be asking the EPA to create an 
exemption from the requirements for certain sources and to not regulate 
the mercury emissions from those sources. In other words, the commenter 
is asking the EPA to read a de minimis exemption into the requirement 
that the EPA regulate all HAP emitted by major sources. The court, 
however, has previously upheld the EPA's rejection of this argument on 
the grounds that the statute does not provide for de minimis exemptions 
where a MACT floor exists. See Nat'l Lime Assn. v. EPA, 233 F.3d 625, 
640 (D.C. Cir. 2000). For this reason, the EPA is not making any 
changes to the proposed rule to create an exemption for de minimis 
mercury emissions as per this comment.
    However, in the final rule, the compliance option in 40 CFR 
63.7791(d) ``Use of scrap that does not contain mercury switches'' can 
be used by a source if the facility can establish that

[[Page 42099]]

their scrap does not include mercury switches. This option is available 
regardless of whether or not the NVMSRP is in operation. If the NVMSRP 
were to be discontinued, however, the fact that the program had been 
discontinued would not establish the mercury level, or lack thereof, in 
the scrap. Thus, the potential scenario of NVMSRP discontinuation could 
not be relied upon to demonstrate compliance with the mercury emission 
limit.
    Comment: One commenter stated the proposed standards for the 
integrated iron and steel source category are very similar to the 
requirements for facilities in the EAF area source standards to obtain 
scrap from participants in the NVMSRP and therefore the EPA should 
reconcile this rule with the EAF rule. The commenter stated the rule 
language should be revised to maintain consistency with the existing 
EAF NVMSRP regulatory language.
    As background, the commenter explained that some companies with 
facilities subject to the subpart FFFFF standards for integrated iron 
and steel sources also operate EAF facilities subject to the subpart 
YYYYY standards, and they purchase and manage scrap that is charged 
both into BOPF vessels and the EAF at a corporate level, using the same 
policies and management methods to obtain scrap for both source 
categories. Since these companies have area source EAF facilities that 
must comply with the mercury switch program requirements in subpart 
YYYYY, the commenter stated their entire scrap management system is 
already compliant with the motor vehicle scrap management requirements 
in those standards. The commenter stated the language differences 
between subpart YYYYY and the proposed subpart FFFFF motor vehicle 
scrap management requirements could cause issues in managing these 
companies' scrap supply chains and ensuring compliance with both 
regulations. The commenter stated the proposal does not explain why 
these differently worded requirements are being imposed on integrated 
iron and steel facilities, particularly given that EAF sources use a 
greater proportion of scrap inputs than integrated iron and steel BOPF 
sources and that doing so would impose burdens on facilities, including 
the need to modify contracts and additional administrative costs. 
Because of the identical supply chain for BOPF shops and EAFs, the 
commenter stated there should be no differentiation in the 
requirements. The commenter suggested revisions to the proposed 
language 40 CFR 63.7791(b) (final 40 CFR 63.7791(d)) and to add 
allowance for specialty metal scrap from motor vehicles.
    Response: The EPA agrees with the rationale for the suggested 
changes and we have made revisions to the rule to make this rule more 
similar to 40 CFR part 63, subpart YYYYY, as described below in section 
IV.C.5. In terms of NVMSRP participation, the proposed rule was 
identical to subpart YYYYY except for the scrap plan requirement; we 
have removed the scrap plan requirement in the final rule. As discussed 
above in a previous comment, in the final rule, we have revised the 
proposed option that allowed sources to comply by certifying that the 
facility's scrap is ``not likely to contain motor vehicle scrap.'' As 
finalized, the facility can establish compliance with the mercury 
emission limit by certifying the absence of mercury switches in their 
scrap, as appropriate for their facility: By either certifying that 
their scrap is recovered for its specialty alloy content, or their 
scrap does not contain motor vehicle scrap, or their scrap does not 
contain shredded motor vehicle scrap.
    Comment: One commenter stated the proposed annual testing for 
sources opting to comply under subpart FFFFF Table 1 should be revised 
to once per five-year title V permit term, which is consistent with 
frequencies for other title V testing requirements for the sources, 
such as for secondary BOPF baghouses. The commenter stated more 
frequent testing is unnecessary given that emissions are steadily 
declining among the source category in conjunction with the depletion 
of mercury switches in automotive scrap. If the EPA believes that more 
frequent than once-per-term testing is needed, the commenter stated EPA 
then should adopt a twice per five-year permit term, similar to the 
testing frequency for primary BOPF controls, given the high cost of 
testing. The commenter stated requiring annual testing would be 
excessive, costly, without basis, and inconsistent with any other 
requirements in the subpart FFFFF standards. In the event that EPA 
retains the annual testing requirement, the commenter stated revisions 
to the proposed language regarding time between performance tests 
should be made to clarify the point at which facilities should begin to 
calculate these dates.
    Response: The EPA agrees with a reduction in testing frequency to 
coincide with tests for PM already promulgated in the rule (40 CFR 
63.7821(b)) for units equipped with control devices other than a 
baghouse (which includes all of the primary BOPF control devices), 
which will reduce the testing burden on the industry. The change is as 
follows (for testing compliance option, only): Change from annual 
testing to twice per permit cycle (initial/final and mid-term) for 
facilities with title V permits, and every 2.5 years for facilities 
without a title V permit, to match the PM testing frequency in 40 CFR 
63.7821. Testing would then take place after the initial performance 
test at the next specified point in the permit cycle, either at 
initial, final, or mid-term of the permit (for facilities with 
permits), whichever comes first after the initial performance test, 
which is one year after the effective date of the rule, or within 2.5 
years after promulgation (for facilities without permits).
    Comment: One commenter stated in any final rule, and consistent 
with the approach the EPA took in the ICR testing, the EPA should 
explicitly provide for similar units at a source to rely on the testing 
of one of those units for subpart FFFFF Table 1 compliance 
demonstration purposes, where the units are exhausted to the same type 
of control device, processed the same types of materials, were similar 
size and design, and have similar operating conditions.
    Response: We understand the economic benefit associated with 
reducing the testing burden where possible. The EPA allows testing of 
representative units on a case-by-case basis as described in the 2009 
EPA guidance document, Clean Air Act National Stack Test Guidance,\16\ 
pursuant to the EPA's authority cited in the General Provisions to part 
63 at 40 CFR 63.7(h). Similar to the requirements to establish 
similarity that was used in the integrated iron and steel ICR for this 
RTR, the stack test guidance requires submission of design and 
operating parameters to establish the case of identical units, as 
described further in the guidance, with the final decision to be 
determined by the Administrator or delegated authority. The EPA thus 
provides options for reducing testing burden and no addition to or 
modification of the rule is needed to provide this testing option.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ Clean Air Act National Stack Test Guidance. U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. April 27, 2009. 
(Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0061). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2013-09/documents/stacktesting_1.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter stated the proposed 40 CFR 63.7825(a)(2) 
provision requires either a single compliance test with all affected 
units in operation or separate compliance tests on each emission unit 
in the BOPF Group. The commenter stated most facilities have multiple 
stacks that

[[Page 42100]]

would need to be tested under the current Proposed Rule; simultaneously 
testing all stacks during a single compliance testing event would be 
difficult or impossible. The commenter stated this leaves the option of 
performing separate compliance testing on each emission unit. The 
commenter stated proposed 40 CFR 63.7825(a)(2) requires that when units 
are tested separately, they must be tested ``as soon as is 
practicable,'' which is not defined. The commenter stated the EPA 
should allow a three-month period for all stacks to be tested. To 
implement this, the commenter stated the EPA should create a new 
subparagraph, e.g., 63.7825(a)(3), as follows: ``Testing of related 
BOPF Group units shall be conducted within a 3-month period.''
    The commenter stated since the BOPF Group mercury limit applies to 
all BOPF shop steelmaking operation units, the compliance demonstration 
for performance testing requires mercury emissions from all BOPF Group 
stacks to be added up to demonstrate compliance. The commenter stated 
this calculation cannot be made until all BOPF Group sources have been 
tested. Under proposed 40 CFR 63.7840(e)(2), the commenter stated 
facilities are required to submit a notification of compliance status 
within 60 days of completion of the performance test. The commenter 
requested that EPA allow for one notification of compliance status to 
be submitted 60 days after the final performance test. The commenter 
also stated that in the proposal, facilities are required to provide a 
60-day notification of intent to conduct performance testing. 
Therefore, the commenter requested that the rule also provide that the 
60-day notice be submitted at least 60 days prior to the first BOPF 
Group unit control device test; then the initial testing notification 
can be required to include a schedule of when testing of other BOPF 
Group unit control devices will be tested, rather than require 
additional notification for subsequently tested sources.
    Response: The EPA has decided that it is not appropriate to allow a 
three-month window for testing because this time period likely would 
include very different batches of scrap and possibly wide variation in 
levels of mercury. However, we discuss in the previous comment and 
response that EPA provides for facilities to be able to apply for a 
waiver of testing in the case of multiple and identical units via stack 
test guidance \16\ pursuant to EPA's authority in 40 CFR 63.7(h). For 
the final rule, the EPA changed the requirement for a 60-day 
notification of the start of ``mercury compliance testing'' to 
``notification of the first compliance test in the BOPF Group with a 
schedule of all subsequent tests in the BOPF Group.'' The final rule 
also differs from the proposed rule in that it states that ``for the 
purposes of submitting the notification of compliance status, the 
performance test shall be considered complete when the final BOPF Group 
unit control device is tested.'' These changes eliminate multiple start 
notices for testing of the BOPF Group and clarify that only one notice 
of compliance status is needed to show compliance with the mercury 
emission limit. Because all units in the BOPF Group must be tested 
before the mercury emissions can be calculated and compared to the 
emission limit in the rule, it is logical to require one notice of 
compliance status after the last BOPF Group unit is tested. See section 
IV.C.5 below for details of the rule changes.
    Comment: One commenter stated mercury testing samples were 
collected during the ICR process following sampling procedures in 40 
CFR 63.7822(f), (g), and (h), which dictate when sampling begins and 
ends during specific process BOPF operations for PM testing. The 
commenter stated the same procedures should apply to mercury testing 
and should be incorporated by reference in the mercury testing 
requirements. Accordingly, the commenter stated proposed 40 CFR 63.7825 
should be modified to include the procedures in 40 CFR 63.7822(f), (g), 
and (h) as applicable.
    Response: The EPA agrees that mercury testing samples were 
collected during the ICR process following sampling procedures in 40 
CFR 63.7822(f), (g), and (h). Therefore, we have added these procedures 
to the final rule. See section IV.C.5 for details of the rule changes.
    Comment: One commenter stated the 40 CFR 63.7825(b)(2) provision 
requires a minimum sample volume of 60 dscf of gas during each mercury 
test run. The commenter stated it is inappropriate to collect 60 dscf 
when using EPA Method 30B because the method itself contains guidelines 
for selecting proper sampling rates. The commenter stated the 
collection of 60 dscf should be clarified to only apply to EPA Method 
29 or other isokinetic sampling methods.
    Response: We agree with the commenter that EPA Method 30B has a 
method-specific volume requirement tied to the detection limit of the 
method, so we do not need to identify a minimum volume for EPA Method 
30B in the rule. However, a sample volume of 60 dscf is appropriate for 
EPA Method 29. The rule text has been revised to specify that the 60 
dscf minimum sample volume applies to Method 29 only. See section 
IV.C.5 for details of the rule changes.
    Comment: One commenter stated the EPA should also include EPA 
Method 101A, Determination of Particulate and Gaseous Mercury Emissions 
From Sewage Sludge Incinerators, which is a viable alternative to both 
EPA Methods 29 and 30B.
    Response: The EPA does not consider EPA Method 101A to be 
equivalent to EPA Method 29 for mercury measurement for all purposes. 
However, the EPA is willing to consider EPA Method 101A as an 
alternative test method under the General Provisions to 40 CFR part 63 
(40 CFR 63.7(f)) on a case-by-case basis, provided the petitioner can 
provide adequate information demonstrating that this candidate method 
is equivalent to the standards (i.e., EPA Methods 29 and/or 30B). The 
proposed rule text has been revised to elaborate on EPA's ability to 
allow alternative test methods to be considered on a case-by-case 
basis. See section IV.C.5 for details of the rule changes.
    Comment: One commenter stated in order to use the NVMSRP or 
equivalent program option, the EPA lists in proposed 40 CFR 63.7791(a) 
and (c) a host of requirements that companies will need to meet. The 
commenter stated a key purpose of the NVMSRP was to have suppliers 
register and participate so that companies could rely on that 
participation to prevent mercury from entering their feedstocks in the 
form of automotive shredded scrap. The commenter stated since its 
initiation, the NVMSRP has proven to be a success. As recognition of 
that success, in 2017, the commenter stated that the EPA, along with 
the original parties to the 2006 agreement, came together to extend the 
program through 2021. The commenter stated unfortunately, the proposed 
language fails to recognize that the industry has substantially 
invested to make the program a success and instead would put individual 
companies in the role of policing the program. The commenter stated 
companies need to be able to rely on the program and that its suppliers 
are participants therein. The commenter stated nothing more should be 
required.
    The commenter said specifically that the EPA should delete 40 CFR 
63.7791(a)(3)-(5) and (c)(3)-(5). The commenter stated these provisions 
are inconsistent with the requirements that apply to the NVMSRP as it 
is considered an ``approved mercury program'' in 40 CFR 63.10685 in 40 
CFR part 63,

[[Page 42101]]

subpart YYYYY. The commenter stated companies are not in a position to 
renegotiate supplier contracts to allow them to enter and inspect 
suppliers. Moreover, the commenter stated the EPA is unclear about what 
``other corroboration'' even means in the context of the program; the 
participation of the suppliers in the program should be sufficient. 
Finally, the commenter stated any broker contracts would provide that 
the scrap needs to be from NVMSRP-participating suppliers and it is 
entirely unclear how the EPA expects companies to ensure that suppliers 
are ``implementing appropriate steps to minimize the presence of 
mercury in scrap from end-of-life vehicles.'' The commenter stated that 
this assurance is implicitly made by contracting for scrap from 
suppliers participating in the program.
    The commenter stated while the EPA correctly states that companies 
are already participating in the NVMSRP, the requirements in the 
proposed rule take the verification process to a more burdensome level, 
which will impose significant additional costs. The commenter stated 
creating the plans required in the proposed rule is likely to far 
exceed the proposed approximate $1,000 estimate, given the labor and 
supervision required, not to mention ongoing plan updates. Moreover, 
the commenter stated the proposed cost estimate entirely excludes 
consideration of the massive costs that would be required to satisfy 
the due diligence obligations the proposed regulatory language would 
create. For example, according to the commenter, the proposed 
requirement to ``conduct periodic inspections or provide other means of 
corroboration to ensure that scrap providers and brokers are aware of 
the need for and are implementing appropriate steps to minimize the 
presence of mercury in scrap from end-of-life vehicles'' would impose 
an obligation on integrated iron and steel facilities that would be 
both onerous and expensive. The commenter stated it also would be 
potentially impossible to satisfy because existing contracts are in 
place that do not provide authority for the purchaser to inspect 
suppliers or otherwise ensure their ``appropriate'' implementation of 
mercury removal practices. If the plan is not removed, and a mercury 
emission limit is issued, the commenter said the EPA should revise the 
cost-effectiveness analysis to better account for the costs of the 
NVMSRP (or equivalent) program. Specifically, the commenter stated the 
proposal needs to better account for the cost of the NVMSRP option, 
which is estimated at $1,058 per facility and $11,638 across the 
industry, with similar costs assumed for certifying compliance not 
likely to contain automotive scrap.
    The commenter stated instead of these requirements, as explained 
above, the EPA should simply require that the company to purchase from 
suppliers that state they are participating in the NVMSRP (which may be 
reflected on invoices or in contracts). The commenter stated additional 
obligations need not be imposed because the EPA's record for this 
rulemaking establishes that the NVMSRP is an effective program for 
removing mercury switches from shredded automobile scrap. The commenter 
stated the EPA can reasonably rely on that record.
    The commenter stated similarly, just as the NVMSRP is an EPA 
approved program, any alternative ``approved mercury program'' 
contemplated in the proposal would have the same level of approval as 
the NVMSRP, and integrated iron and steel facilities should be able to 
rely on the stipulation in contracts with their scrap suppliers that 
any shredded automotive scrap received is from NVMSRP or similar EPA-
approved program participants and is compliant with the program's 
standards.
    Response: The EPA has considered the commenter's request and 
rationale, and has eliminated the proposed plan requirement in the 
final rule and instead is requiring facilities to both identify their 
scrap dealers or brokers and certify that these dealers and brokers 
participate in the NVMSRP or other EPA-approved program. See section 
IV.C.5 of this preamble for details of the rule changes.
    Comment: One commenter stated the EPA proposes to require 
compliance with the proposed mercury emission limits within 1 year of 
publication of the final rule, and that all other amendments to the 40 
CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF standards will become effective 180 days 
after publication of the final rule. The commenter stated these 
proposed compliance dates are inadequate to allow facilities to 
undertake all the necessary planning and operational adjustments needed 
to ensure compliance with the Proposed Rule. The commenter stated the 
EPA should not proceed to finalize the proposed mercury provisions with 
this RTR rulemaking, however, if the Agency proceeds to do so 
nonetheless, the EPA must provide a 3-year compliance period to allow 
facilities to comply. The commenter stated because the proposed mercury 
requirement constitutes new standard setting under CAA sections 
112(d)(2) and (3), more time is needed for facilities to ensure 
compliance. The commenter stated the remaining proposed amendments to 
the 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF standards will likewise require 
additional time for facilities to conform their existing practices. The 
commenter stated the EPA should, thus, extend the proposed effective 
date of 180 days after promulgation of the final rule to 1 year after 
that date.
    Response: It is our understanding that all facilities are already 
participating in the NVMSRP and facilities have the option of complying 
with the mercury emission limit by certifying that all their scrap is 
from NVMSRP participants (or a similarly-approved program). Further, we 
determined 1 year after promulgation is sufficient for facilities to 
familiarize themselves with the new reporting requirements in the 
amended rule for this compliance option. For these reasons, we have 
concluded that it is reasonable to require existing sources to comply 
with the mercury requirements within 1 year. Existing sources will be 
given 180 days to comply with the changes to the SSM provisions in 40 
CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF and all other new or revised requirements in 
this final rule, except the requirements for mercury. We have 
determined that there are no other compliance requirements as a result 
of this rule that require more than 180 days except for those for 
complying with the mercury emission limit and potentially for 
electronic reporting. Regarding the electronic reporting requirement, 
because we are revising the spreadsheet template for integrated iron 
and steel facilities as a result of comments discussed in section IV.E 
of this preamble, we are allowing the beginning of electronic reporting 
of compliance reports to begin 180 days after the new template is 
available in CEDRI if later than 180 days after promulgation of the 
final rule.
4. What is the rationale for our final approach for the mercury 
emission limits?
    The mercury MACT limit for existing sources (i.e., 0.00026 lbs of 
mercury per ton of scrap processed, as an input-based limit) was 
derived using data obtained from source tests performed to fulfill an 
EPA ICR to determine the mass of mercury emissions from the BOPF Groups 
\13\ at each facility per mass of scrap used in their BOPFs. The format 
of this standard is based, in part, on the assumption that the mass of 
mercury emitted from all BOPFs and related units was substantially 
equivalent to the mass of mercury in the input materials

[[Page 42102]]

because mercury is neither created nor destroyed in the BOPF. 
Furthermore, based on available data and information, we conclude that 
the primary source of mercury in the input materials are mercury 
switches. Therefore, we used mercury-to-scrap input ratios from the 
best performing five facilities out of all 11 integrated iron and steel 
facilities in the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities 
source category to develop an input-based MACT floor limit for mercury. 
To establish the limit, we calculated a UPL that incorporates the 
potential variability in future measurements. Because there are fewer 
than 30 sources in the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities source category, as described below, we evaluated the best 
performing five sources in the category to establish a standard for 
existing sources, pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(3)(B).
    The EPA's MACT analyses used the UPL approach to identify the 
average emission limitation achieved by the best performing five 
sources. The EPA uses this approach because it incorporates the average 
performance of the best performing sources as well as the variability 
of the performance during testing conditions. The UPL represents the 
value which one can expect the mean of a specified number of future 
observations (e.g., three-run average) to fall below for the specified 
level of confidence (99 percent), based upon the results from the same 
population. In other words, the UPL estimates what the upper bound of 
future values will be based upon present or past background data. The 
UPL approach encompasses all the data point-to-data point variability 
in the collected data, as derived from the dataset to which it is 
applied. For more details regarding how this limit was derived, see the 
technical memorandum on the mercury emission limits, referenced above.
    The steel industry submitted comments \15\ on the proposed rule 
indicating that the scrap currently used by all facilities is NVMSRP 
scrap. Furthermore, industry stated \15\ that the performance tests 
conducted to establish the MACT floor limits and, thus, the MACT for 
mercury in the proposal were based on facilities participating in the 
NVMSRP. Because of the projected decline in the number of mercury 
switches in the automobile fleet over time due to the ban of such 
switches after 2002, and with the continuing implementation of the 
NVMSRP, it is reasonable for the EPA to conclude that NVMSRP scrap in 
the future will contain similar mercury, or more likely less mercury, 
than the scrap used to develop the MACT floor limits. This rule relies, 
in part, on that conclusion. Therefore, if a facility chooses to comply 
with the emission limit by certifying that all their scrap is from 
NVMSRP participants (or a similarly-approved program) or certify that 
their scrap does not contain mercury switches, it is also reasonable to 
conclude that such certification achieves the same level of mercury 
reduction or more reduction as the numeric MACT floor limits.
    The mercury emission limit for new sources in the final rule, at 
0.000081 lbs of mercury per ton of scrap processed, was derived using 
ICR test data of the mass of mercury emissions from all BOPF and 
related units (HMTDS and ladles) per mass of scrap used by the lowest-
emitting facility, pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(3). For the final 
rule, we are correcting the mercury limit from proposal to include two 
significant figures, from 0.00008 to 0.000081 lbs of mercury per ton of 
scrap processed, as in the standard for existing sources and as 
typically done in EPA regulations.
    Following the same reasoning discussed above in connection with the 
existing source standard, we assumed and industry confirmed \15\ that 
the scrap used by the best performing source was either NVMSRP scrap or 
scrap with higher amounts of mercury per ton of scrap than NVMSRP 
scrap. Furthermore, industry stated \15\ that the performance tests 
conducted to establish the MACT floor limits and, thus, the MACT for 
mercury in the proposal were based on facilities participating in the 
NVMSRP.
    As described above, we expect mercury levels in scrap to continue 
to decline over time due to the switch ban and success of the NVMSRP. 
Therefore, it is reasonable for the EPA to conclude that scrap subject 
to the NVMSRP or other approved scrap program in the future will 
contain similar levels of mercury or, more likely, less mercury than 
the scrap used to develop the new source limit. Because mercury levels 
in scrap in the NVMSRP have decreased since 2011 and continue to 
decrease, it is reasonable to assume that mercury emissions from 
sources that obtain their metal scrap from participants of that program 
(or similar program) will be equal to, or more likely lower than, the 
MACT floor limits for both new and existing sources.
    Similar to existing sources above, for new BOPFs and new 
facilities, we are finalizing provisions in the NESHAP that allow two 
options to demonstrate compliance with the input-based limit of 
0.000081 lbs of mercury per ton of scrap processed, as follows: (1) 
Conduct performance test twice per permit cycle, i.e., mid-term and at 
initial or end term for facilities with permits or every 2.5 years for 
facilities without permits, after the initial performance testing, 
which is required to be performed within 180 days of July 13, 2020 or 
within 180 days of initial startup of the new BOPF or new facility, 
whichever is later, convert the sum of the results to input-based units 
(i.e., lbs of mercury per ton of scrap input) and document the results 
in a test report created using the ERT and submitted electronically to 
the delegated authority through CEDRI (see section IV.E below); or (2) 
certify in their semiannual compliance reports, with the first 
semiannual compliance report required after July 13, 2021 or after 
initial startup of your BOPF Group, whichever is later, that the 
facility obtains all of their scrap from NVMSRP participants (or 
similar program as approved by the delegated authority) or certify that 
their scrap does not contain mercury switches. However, based on 
consideration of comments, in this final rule the EPA has eliminated 
the proposed requirement to develop and maintain onsite a scrap plan 
demonstrating the manner through which facilities are participating in 
the NVMSRP or similar approved program. Facilities complying via the 
performance testing option and facilities complying via the NVMSRP or 
similarly-approved program, or facilities that use scrap that does not 
contain mercury switches will have 1 year to comply. New facilities 
must be in compliance with the rule upon startup.
5. What rule changes did we make to the final rule for the mercury 
emissions standards from proposal?
    In response to comments submitted in regard to the proposed mercury 
emissions standards, we made the following changes for the final rule:
     Added 40 CFR 63.7783(f) to establish the deadline for 
existing and new affected sources to comply with the emission 
limitations for mercury;
     Revised proposed 40 CFR 63.7791 title to ``How do I comply 
with the requirements for the control of mercury?'';
     Revised proposed 40 CFR 63.7791 opening paragraph to start 
with the letter (a); renamed ``Compliance deadlines''; created new 
subsections 40 CFR 63.7791(a)(1), 63.7791(a)(2), 63.7791(b)(1) through 
(3); re-lettered the subsections that followed: 63.7791(c)(1) through 
(4); 63.7791(d)(1) through (3); and 63.7791(e)(1) through (4); and 
updated citations throughout the remaining rule text to reflect new 
organization;

[[Page 42103]]

     Revised 40 CFR 63.7791(c)(2) (proposed as (a)(2)) to 
specify the notification of compliance requirement to identify all 
scrap providers in semiannual compliance report;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7791(c)(3) (proposed as (a)(3)) to 
specify the requirement to identify all scrap providers used by all 
scrap brokers in semiannual compliance report;
     Removed proposed 40 CFR 63.7791 (a)(4) scrap plan 
requirement to develop and maintain onsite plan demonstrating the 
manner through which facilities are participating in the NVMSRP (or 
other EPA-approved program);
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7791(d) (proposed as (b)(1)) to delete 
the scrap plan features to obtain information from scrap suppliers or 
other entities with established knowledge of scrap content that the 
steel scrap used is not likely to contain motor vehicle scrap and 
maintain records of this information, and reassigning proposed 40 CFR 
63.7791(b)(2) as new, revised 40 CFR 63.7791(d);
     Added 40 CFR 63.7791(d)(1) through (3) regarding 
compliance by certification of the use of scrap that does not contain 
mercury switches or is recovered for the specialty alloy content;
     Removed proposed 40 CFR 63.7791 (c)(1)(i) through (iii), 
limitations on future approved programs;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7791(e)(2) (proposed as (c)(2)) to 
specify the notification of compliance requirement to identify all 
scrap providers in semiannual compliance report;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7791(e)(3) (proposed as (c)(3)) to 
specify the requirement to identify all scrap providers used by all 
scrap brokers in semiannual compliance report;
     Removed proposed 40 CFR 63.7791(c)(4) scrap plan 
requirement to prevent limitations on future approved plan, and 
reassigned proposed 40 CFR 63.7791(c)(5) as new, revised 40 CFR 
63.7791(e)(4);
     Added 40 CFR 63.7820(e)(1) through (4) to establish the 
deadlines for conducting initial performance tests to demonstrate 
compliance with the mercury emission limitations;
     Added and revised 40 CFR 63.7821(e) to require performance 
tests to be conducted twice per permit cycle for sources with title V 
operating permits and every 2.5 years for sources without a title V 
operating permit;
     Added 40 CFR 63.7825 for test methods and other procedures 
to demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limit for mercury;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7825(a) to clarify that initial 
compliance tests must be conducted by the deadlines in 40 CFR 63.7820;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7825(b)(1)(v) to clarify that the 
minimum sample volume of 1.7 dry standard cubic meters (dscm) (60 dry 
standard cubic feet (dscf)) is for EPA Method 29 only and to clarify 
alternative test methods can be considered on a case-by-case basis per 
40 CFR 63.7(f);
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7825(b)(2) to remove requirement of 
minimum sample volume of 1.7 dscm (60 dscf);
     Added to 40 CFR 63.7825(b)(3), (b)(4)(i), (b)(4)(ii), and 
(b)(5) to make sampling procedures consistent with 40 CFR 63.7822(f), 
(g), and (h) in regard to when sampling should start and stop for BOPF 
operations;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7825(c) Equation 1 to correctly 
calculate the mass emissions and revised units to those typically used 
in the measurement of metals;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7833(h) to clarify requirements for 
demonstrating compliance with the mercury emission limits in Table 1 
through mercury performance testing;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7833(i) to clarify requirement for 
demonstrating compliance with the mercury emission limits in Table 1 by 
certifying participation in the NVMSRP or another EPA-approved mercury 
program, or by using scrap that does not contain mercury switches;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7840(e) requirement for notification of 
mercury compliance testing for BOPF Group units to include notification 
of the first mercury compliance test in the BOPF Group along with a 
schedule of all subsequent tests in the BOPF Group, and that testing is 
considered complete when the final unit or control device in the BOPF 
Group is tested;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7840(f) to include citation to 40 CFR 
63.7791(c), (d), and (e) (proposed as (a), (b), and (c));
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7840(f)(1) to remove requirements 
regarding preparing a plan per proposed 40 CFR 63.7791 (a)(4) or 
(c)(4);
     Added 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(11) to clarify the reporting 
statements required per 40 CFR 63.7791(c), (d) or (e);
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7852 to add or change definitions for 
``basic oxygen process furnace group,'' ``mercury switch,'' ``motor 
vehicle,'' ``motor vehicle scrap,'' ``opening,'' ``post-consumer steel 
scrap,'' ``pre-consumer steel scrap,'' ``steel scrap,'' ``scrap 
provider;'' ``shredded motor vehicle scrap,'' and ``specialty metal 
scrap;'' and
     Revised the mercury emission limits in Tables 1, 2, and 3 
from 0.00008 to 0.000081 lbs of mercury per ton of scrap processed to 
include two significant figures.

D. Changes to SSM Provisions

1. What did we propose for SSM?
    On August 16, 2019, we proposed to eliminate the SSM exemption in 
this rule which appears at 40 CFR 63.7810(a). We also proposed to 
revise the references in Table 4 (the General Provisions table) of 40 
CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF, including the references to 40 CFR 
63.6(f)(1) and (h)(1), which were vacated by the Court in Sierra Club 
v. EPA, 551 F. 3d 1019 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Consistent with Sierra Club v. 
EPA, we proposed that the standards in this rule would apply at all 
times. We also proposed several additional revisions to Table 4 of 40 
CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF. For example, we proposed to eliminate the 
incorporation of the General Provisions' requirement that the source 
develop an SSM plan. We also proposed to eliminate or revise certain 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements related to the SSM exemption. 
We aimed to ensure that the provisions we proposed to eliminate were 
inappropriate, unnecessary, or redundant in the absence of the SSM 
exemption.
2. How did the SSM provisions change for the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    We did not make any major changes to the proposed SSM provisions 
for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source 
category. We made minor edits to the proposed SSM provisions in 
response to comments that are shown in section IV.D.5, below.
3. What key comments did we receive on SSM, and what are our responses?
    This section provides a summary of key comments and responses 
regarding SSM. A summary of all other public comments on the proposal 
and the EPA's responses to those comments is available in the Summary 
of Public Comments and Responses for the Risk and Technology Review for 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities (Docket ID No. EPA-
HQ-OAR-2002-0083).
    Comment: One commenter stated certain aspects of the Proposed Rule, 
including the proposed elimination of the SSM exemption, are not based 
on the EPA's authority to conduct RTR rulemakings under CAA sections 
112(f)(2) and (d)(6) but, instead, invoke the EPA's discretion to 
exercise its other statutory authorities in the same rulemaking. The 
commenter stated the

[[Page 42104]]

proposed elimination of the SSM exemption would bring the 40 CFR part 
63, subpart FFFFF standards in line with relevant Court decisions by 
the D.C. Circuit. The commenter stated in certain cases, the EPA's 
proposed language would create redundancies and pose problems for 
compliance that should be addressed.
    The commenter stated the EPA should not finalize the additional 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements included in the proposal under 
40 CFR 63.7835, 63.7841, and 63.7842 that would add regulatory burden 
without adding apparent value.
    The commenter stated the preamble explains that the requirement 
would ``ensure that there is adequate information to determine 
compliance, to allow the EPA to determine the severity of the failure 
to meet an applicable standard, and to provide data that may document 
how the source met the general duty to minimize emissions during a 
failure to meet an applicable standard.'' The commenter stated the 
preamble provides no information or examples of how or why the absence 
of this information has created any issues for the EPA or those subject 
to the regulation. As a practical matter, the commenter stated, it may 
not be possible to estimate the quantity of ``each regulated 
pollutant'' emitted over any emission limit.
    The commenter stated the NESHAP provides for work practices and 
involves regulation of HAP emissions with the use of surrogates. Given 
that SSM or deviation reports may be due to a permitting authority in 
relatively short order, the commenter stated it could be very difficult 
to meet this requirement even where an estimate could be generated. The 
commenter stated minimizing regulatory burden and avoiding information 
``creep'' that tends to institutionalize higher costs are important 
concerns for regulated entities; it is unclear why this information 
needs to be supplied on an ongoing basis, rather than providing it in 
response to an expected, infrequent request from a regulatory 
authority. Thus, the commenter stated the EPA should remove the 
proposed requirements to provide estimates quantifying emission limit 
exceedances or methods used to estimate those emissions in the proposed 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements in 40 CFR 63.7835, 63.7841, 
and 63.7842.
    Response: The EPA disagrees that the additional reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements add burden without value. As stated in the 
proposed rule, recordkeeping and reporting of the information specified 
in 40 CFR 63.7835, 63.7841, and 63.7842 ensure that there is adequate 
information to determine compliance, allow the EPA to determine the 
severity of the failure to meet an applicable standard, and to provide 
data that may document how the source met the general duty to minimize 
emissions during a failure to meet an applicable standard.
    The procedure for estimating the quantity of pollutant emitted 
during the deviation is left open because we recognize that precise or 
direct measurement is not likely unless the failure to meet the 
applicable standard happens to occur during a performance test. The 
estimate of emissions is not for each HAP emitted, but for the 
regulated pollutant, which in the case of a surrogate such as PM, is 
the surrogate pollutant (PM) itself. A facility has the flexibility to 
employ any reasonable means to estimate the emissions from a deviation 
(e.g., mass balance calculations, measurements when available, or 
engineering judgment based on known process parameters or the effects 
of a work practice). The estimation of the quantity of pollutant 
emitted, as the product of the mass emission rate (determined from 
emissions concentration and gas flow) and the duration of the 
deviation, are direct indicators of the severity of an issue. 
Therefore, we maintain that it is appropriate and feasible for 
facilities to estimate the quantity of each regulated pollutant over 
the emission limit.
    The SSM reports are no longer required by this rule with the 
removal of the SSM provisions, and the deviation reports are part of 
the semiannual compliance report, occurring on a known schedule, and 
have a fixed reporting deadline of 31 days after the end of the 
reporting period. This deadline provides sufficient time for reporting 
a deviation that may have occurred on the final day of the reporting 
period. The EPA is retaining the additional recordkeeping and reporting 
elements in the final rule, with the exception of the number of 
deviations, which is unnecessary in light of all deviations being 
reported.
    We agree with the commenter that one of the proposed new SSM 
requirements, the inclusion of compliance procedures and emissions 
calculations in the Operations and Maintenance Plan, was not consistent 
with required content or use of an Operation and Maintenance Plan. To 
address this inconsistency, we removed certain SSM provisions, 
described below in section IV.D.5. In addition, see other related rule 
changes included under electronic reporting, in section IV.E.5 of this 
preamble.
4. What is the rationale for our final approach for the SSM provisions?
    In finalizing the SSM standards in this rule, the EPA has taken 
into account startup and shutdown periods and, for the reasons 
explained below, has not proposed alternate standards for those 
periods. The integrated iron and steel industry has not identified (and 
there are no data indicating) any specific problems with removing the 
SSM exemption. We solicited comment on whether any situations exist 
where separate standards, such as work practices, would be more 
appropriate during periods of startup and shutdown rather than the 
current standard. We did not receive any comments on this topic.
    Periods of startup, normal operations, and shutdown are all 
predictable and routine aspects of a source's operations. Malfunctions, 
in contrast, are neither predictable nor routine. Instead they are, by 
definition, ``sudden, infrequent, and not reasonably preventable 
failures of emissions control, process, or monitoring equipment.'' (40 
CFR 63.2) (definition of malfunction).
    The EPA interprets CAA section 112 as not requiring emissions that 
occur during periods of malfunction to be factored into development of 
CAA section 112 standards and this reading has been upheld as 
reasonable by the Court in U.S. Sugar Corp. v. EPA, 830 F.3d 579, 606-
610 (2016). Under CAA section 112, emissions standards for new sources 
must be no less stringent than the level ``achieved'' by the best 
controlled similar source and for existing sources generally must be no 
less stringent than the average emission limitation ``achieved'' by the 
best performing 12 percent of sources in the category. There is nothing 
in CAA section 112 that directs the Agency to consider malfunctions in 
determining the level ``achieved'' by the best performing sources when 
setting emission standards. As the Court has recognized, the phrase 
``average emission limitation achieved by the best performing 12 
percent of sources'' says nothing about how the performance of the best 
units is to be calculated. Nat'l Ass'n of Clean Water Agencies v. EPA, 
734 F.3d 1115, 1141 (D.C. Cir. 2013). While the EPA accounts for 
variability in setting emissions standards, nothing in CAA section 112 
requires the Agency to consider malfunctions as part of that analysis. 
The EPA is not required to treat a malfunction in the same manner as 
the type of variation in performance that occurs during routine 
operations of a source. A malfunction is a failure of

[[Page 42105]]

the source to perform in a ``normal or usual manner'' and no statutory 
language compels the EPA to consider such events in setting CAA section 
112 standards.
    As the Court recognized in U.S. Sugar Corp., accounting for 
malfunctions in setting standards would be difficult, if not 
impossible, given the myriad different types of malfunctions that can 
occur across all sources in the category and given the difficulties 
associated with predicting or accounting for the frequency, degree, and 
duration of various malfunctions that might occur. Id. at 608 (``the 
EPA would have to conceive of a standard that could apply equally to 
the wide range of possible boiler malfunctions, ranging from an 
explosion to minor mechanical defects. Any possible standard is likely 
to be hopelessly generic to govern such a wide array of 
circumstances.''). As such, the performance of units that are 
malfunctioning is not ``reasonably'' foreseeable. See, e.g., Sierra 
Club v. EPA, 167 F.3d 658, 662 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (``The EPA typically 
has wide latitude in determining the extent of data-gathering necessary 
to solve a problem. We generally defer to an Agency's decision to 
proceed on the basis of imperfect scientific information, rather than 
to 'invest the resources to conduct the perfect study.'''), See also, 
Weyerhaeuser v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011, 1058 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (``In the 
nature of things, no general limit, individual permit, or even any 
upset provision can anticipate all upset situations. After a certain 
point, the transgression of regulatory limits caused by `uncontrollable 
acts of third parties', such as strikes, sabotage, operator 
intoxication or insanity, and a variety of other eventualities, must be 
a matter for the administrative exercise of case-by-case enforcement 
discretion, not for specification in advance by regulation.''). In 
addition, emissions during a malfunction event can be significantly 
higher than emissions at any other time of source operation. For 
example, if an air pollution control device with 99-percent removal 
goes off-line as a result of a malfunction (as might happen if, for 
example, the bags in a baghouse catch fire) and the emission unit is a 
steady state type unit that would take days to shut down, the source 
would go from 99-percent control to zero control until the control 
device was repaired. The source's emissions during the malfunction 
would be 100 times higher than during normal operations. As such, the 
emissions over a 4-day malfunction period would exceed the annual 
emissions of the source during normal operations. As this example 
illustrates, accounting for malfunctions could lead to standards that 
are not reflective of (and significantly less stringent than) levels 
that are achieved by a well-performing non-malfunctioning source. It is 
reasonable to interpret CAA section 112 to avoid such a result. The 
EPA's approach to malfunctions is consistent with CAA section 112 and 
is a reasonable interpretation of the statute.
    Although no statutory language compels the EPA to set standards for 
malfunctions, the EPA has the discretion to do so where feasible. For 
example, when the EPA conducted the Petroleum Refinery Sector RTR, the 
EPA established a work practice standard for unique types of 
malfunctions that result in releases from pressure relief devices or 
emergency flaring events because the EPA had information to determine 
that such work practices reflected the level of control that applies to 
the best performers. 80 FR 75178, 75211-14 (December. 1, 2015). The EPA 
will consider whether circumstances warrant setting standards for a 
particular type of malfunction and, if so, whether the EPA has 
sufficient information to identify the relevant best performing sources 
and establish a standard for such malfunctions. In the event that a 
source fails to comply with the applicable CAA section 112(d) standards 
as a result of a malfunction event, the EPA would determine an 
appropriate response based on, among other things, the good faith 
efforts of the source to minimize emissions during malfunction periods, 
including preventative and corrective actions, as well as root cause 
analyses to ascertain and rectify excess emissions. The EPA would also 
consider whether the source's failure to comply with the CAA section 
112(d) standard was, in fact, ``sudden, infrequent, not reasonably 
preventable,'' and was not caused (in any way) by poor maintenance or 
careless operation. 40 CFR 63.2 (definition of malfunction).
    If the EPA determines in a particular case that an enforcement 
action against a source for violation of an emission standard is 
warranted, the source can raise any and all defenses in that 
enforcement action and the Federal district court will determine what, 
if any, relief is appropriate. The same is true for citizen enforcement 
actions. Similarly, the presiding officer in an administrative 
proceeding can consider any defense raised and determine whether 
administrative penalties are appropriate.
    In summary, the EPA interpretation of the CAA and, in particular, 
CAA section 112 is reasonable and encourages practices that will avoid 
malfunctions. Administrative and judicial procedures for addressing 
exceedances of the standards fully recognize that violations may occur 
despite good faith efforts to comply and can accommodate those 
situations. U.S. Sugar Corp. v. EPA, 830 F.3d 579, 606-610 (2016).
    We are requiring compliance with the SSM changes for existing 
sources 180 days from publication of the final rule. This period of 
time will allow facilities to read and understand the amended rule 
requirements, to evaluate their operations to ensure that they can meet 
the standards during periods of startup and shutdown as defined in the 
rule and make any necessary adjustments, and to convert reporting 
mechanisms to install necessary hardware and software. The EPA 
considers a period of 180 days to be the most expeditious compliance 
period practicable for these source categories and, thus, all affected 
sources must comply with the revisions to the SSM provisions and 
electronic reporting requirements no later than 180 days from the 
effective date of the final rule, or upon startup, whichever is later.
5. What rule changes did we make for the final rule for the SSM 
Provisions?
    In response to comments submitted in regard to the SSM provisions, 
we made the following changes for the final rule:
     Removed proposed 40 CFR 63.7800(b)(8), ``The compliance 
procedures within the operation and maintenance plan shall not include 
any periods of startup or shutdown in emissions calculations.''

E. Electronic Reporting

1. What did we propose for electronic reporting for the Integrated Iron 
and Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    On August 16, 2019, the EPA proposed the requirement that owners 
and operators of integrated iron and steel facilities submit the 
required electronic copies of summaries of performance test and 
performance evaluation results and semiannual reports through the EPA's 
CDX using the CEDRI. A description of the electronic data submission 
process is provided in the memorandum titled Electronic Reporting 
Requirements for New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and National 
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Rules (Docket 
ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0909). The proposed rule required 
performance test results to be collected using test methods that are 
supported by the EPA's ERT, as listed on the ERT website

[[Page 42106]]

at the time of the test, be submitted in the format generated through 
the use of the ERT, and that other performance test results be 
submitted in PDF using the attachment module of the ERT. Similarly, 
performance evaluation results of continuous monitoring systems 
measuring relative accuracy test audit pollutants that are supported by 
the ERT at the time of the test would be submitted in the format 
generated through the use of the ERT and other performance evaluation 
results be submitted in PDF using the attachment module of the ERT.
    For semiannual compliance reports, the proposed rule required 
owners and operators to use the appropriate spreadsheet template to 
submit information to CEDRI. A draft template for these reports was 
included in the docket for this rulemaking, and the final template will 
be available on the CEDRI homepage (https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/cedri). Additionally, the EPA identified two 
broad circumstances in which electronic reporting extensions may be 
provided. In both circumstances, the decision to accept the claim of 
needing additional time to report would be within the discretion of the 
Administrator, and reporting should occur as soon as possible. The EPA 
is providing these potential extensions to protect owners and operators 
from noncompliance in cases where they cannot successfully submit a 
report by the reporting deadline for reasons outside of their control. 
The situation where an extension may be warranted due to outages of the 
EPA's CDX or CEDRI that preclude an owner or operator from accessing 
the system and submitting required reports is addressed in 40 CFR 
63.7841(e). The situation where an extension may be warranted due to a 
force majeure event, which is defined as an event that would be or has 
been caused by circumstances beyond the control of the affected 
facility, its contractors, or any entity controlled by the affected 
facility that prevents an owner or operator from complying with the 
requirement to submit a report electronically as required by this rule 
is addressed in 40 CFR 63.7841(f). Examples of such events are acts of 
nature, acts of war or terrorism, or equipment failure or safety 
hazards beyond the control of the facility.
2. How did electronic reporting change for the Integrated Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    There were no major changes to the final rule for electronic 
reporting for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities 
source category. Minor rule edits were made to the proposed 
requirements in response to comments and are shown in section IV.E.5 
below.
3. What key comments did we receive on electronic reporting, and what 
are our responses?
    This section provides a summary of key comments and responses 
regarding electronic reporting. A summary of all other public comments 
on the proposal and the EPA's responses to those comments is available 
in the Summary of Public Comments and Responses for the Risk and 
Technology Review for Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083).
    Comment: A commenter requested minor technical corrections to the 
compliance reporting template.
    Response: The EPA acknowledges the thorough review of the template 
by the commenter. Updates to the Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities source category compliance template have been 
made accordingly to better reflect the provisions of the final rule and 
address industry comments. These corrections are shown in detail in the 
response to comment document with responses to specific elements of the 
comments.
4. What is the rationale for our final approach for electronic 
reporting?
    The electronic submittal of the reports addressed in this 
rulemaking will increase the usefulness of the data contained in those 
reports, is in keeping with current trends in data availability and 
transparency, will further assist in the protection of public health 
and the environment, will improve compliance by facilitating the 
ability of regulated facilities to demonstrate compliance with 
requirements, and by facilitating the ability of delegated state, 
local, tribal, and territorial air agencies and the EPA to assess and 
determine compliance, and will ultimately reduce burden on regulated 
facilities, delegated air agencies, and the EPA. Electronic reporting 
also eliminates paper-based, manual processes, thereby saving time and 
resources, simplifying data entry, eliminating redundancies, minimizing 
data reporting errors, and providing data quickly and accurately to the 
affected facilities, air agencies, the EPA, and the public. Moreover, 
electronic reporting is consistent with the EPA's plan to implement 
Executive Order 13563 and is in keeping with the EPA's Agency-wide 
policy developed in response to the White House's Digital Government 
Strategy. For more information on the benefits of electronic reporting, 
see the memorandum titled Electronic Reporting Requirements for New 
Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for 
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Rules (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2002-0083-0909).
5. What rule changes did we make for the final rule for electronic 
reporting?
    In response to comments submitted in regard to electronic 
reporting, we made the following changes for the final rule:
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7835 to remove requirement to record 
number of failures to eliminate redundancy with the spreadsheet 
template that requires the inclusion of every failure;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(4) to remove requirement to 
report number of failures to eliminate redundancy with the spreadsheet 
template that requires the inclusion of every failure;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(7) to include citation to newly 
added 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(13);
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(7)(i) to remove the requirement 
to report the ``number'' of deviations;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(8) to include citation to newly 
added 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(13);
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(8)(ii) to add ``and duration'', 
as in (iii);
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(9) to include citation to newly 
added 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(13);
     Added 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(13) to provide 180 days after 
publication in the Federal Register for all sources that failed to meet 
an applicable standard to include in the compliance report for each 
failure the start date, start time and duration of each failure and a 
list of the affected sources or equipment, an estimate of the quantity 
of each regulated pollutant emitted over any emission limit, and a 
description of the method used to estimate the emissions;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7841(c) to specify the beginning of 
electronic reporting to begin either 180 days after promulgation of the 
final rule or 180 days after the template is available in CEDRI, 
whichever is later; and
     Removed proposed 40 CFR 63.7843(d) to eliminate redundancy 
with existing language in 40 CFR 63.10(b)(1).

F. Other Issues Regarding UFIP Sources of HAP Emissions

    In this section we address other issues related to UFIP emissions 
sources that are not addressed above in section IV.A of this preamble.

[[Page 42107]]

1. How were other relevant issues regarding UFIP sources of HAP 
emissions addressed in the proposed rule for the Integrated Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category?
    As described in Section IV.A of this preamble, in the August 16, 
2019, proposal, we discussed seven UFIP HAP emission sources (84 FR at 
42708) and requested comments on all aspects of the UFIP analyses. We 
did not propose any standards for these sources.
    The UFIP emission sources described in the proposal included BF 
bleeder valve unplanned openings (also known as slips), BF bleeder 
valve planned openings, BF bell leaks, BF casthouse fugitives, BF iron 
beaching, BF slag handling and storage operations, and BOPF shop 
fugitives. These UFIP emission sources were identified by observation 
of visible plumes of fugitives and intermittent emissions being emitted 
from the seven UFIP sources during inspections by EPA Regional staff 
\17\ and discussed in the technical memorandum titled Development of 
Emissions Estimates for Fugitive or Intermittent HAP Emission Sources 
for an Example Integrated Iron and Steel Facility for Input to the RTR 
Risk Assessment (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0956). The 
NESHAP already contains opacity limits for two of these sources--BF 
casthouse fugitives and BOPF shop fugitives.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See the report, EPA Region V Enforcement Summary--UFIP 
Opacity from Integrated Iron and Steel Facility Violation Reports--
2007 through 2014. (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083-0997.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The emissions from these UFIP sources were included in the risk 
assessment in an example facility analysis to assess the potential risk 
contributed by UFIP and the effect that omission of these sources has 
on the estimated risks for the source category as a whole. (See section 
IV.A.1 and Table 2 of this preamble for the risk estimated for the 
source category).
    As explained in section IV.A in regard to the UFIP and potential 
work practices, and consistent with our explanation in the proposed 
rule (see 84 FR 42704) that was based on consideration of all our 
analyses and related information including the risk analysis results, 
costs, and uncertainties, we determined in the proposal that the 
current NESHAP provides an ample margin of safety to protect public 
health and that no additional standards are required under CAA section 
112(f). This decision was based largely on the substantial 
uncertainties in the estimates of the baseline HAP emissions from UFIP 
emission sources, costs of the work practices, HAP risk reductions that 
would be achieved by the work practices, and uncertainties raised by 
industry in their comments regarding potential effects of the work 
practices on the facilities' operations, safety, and economics.
    Furthermore, as described in section IV.B, for most of the same 
reasons discussed above in regard to ample margin of safety analysis 
for UFIP emissions, no new standards were proposed for the two 
regulated UFIP sources under the technology review pursuant to CAA 
section 112(d)(6).
2. How did the final rule change based on the comments received about 
UFIP sources?
    We are not promulgating any new standards for UFIP emissions 
sources under the risk or technology reviews, as described in sections 
IV.A and IV.B. We also are not taking final action to establish 
additional emission standards for any of the UFIP emissions sources 
under any other CAA authority at this time. Although we received many 
comments on UFIP sources, both supporting and opposing additional 
standards, we did not receive any additional data on UFIP emissions or 
on the effectiveness of the work practices. We did receive some limited 
additional information on costs that suggested we may have 
underestimated the costs for some of the work practices discussed in 
the proposal, but no citations or documentation were provided to 
validate the new cost information. We also received comments that 
suggested we may have overestimated UFIP emissions and control-
effectiveness of the work practices, but, again, without any citations 
of documentation for other emission estimates or control efficiencies 
of the work practices. For these reasons, and because we do not have 
adequate information to resolve the substantial uncertainty that 
remains for the UFIP emissions estimates, control efficiency of the 
work practices, costs, and other factors, we are not promulgating any 
new requirements for UFIP sources in this action.
3. What key comments did we receive about UFIP sources that were not 
already addressed under the risk review section of this preamble and 
what are our responses?
    This section provides a summary of some of the key comments and 
responses regarding UFIP sources not addressed above in section IV.A.3. 
A summary of all other public comments on the proposal in regard to 
UFIP and the EPA's responses to those comments are available in the 
document Summary of Public Comments and Responses for the Risk and 
Technology Review for Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities, located in the docket for this rule (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-
OAR-2002-0083).
    Comment: One commenter recognized that the EPA identified the work 
practice information as uncertain, and in fact, too uncertain to be 
relied upon in this rulemaking. The commenter appreciated the EPA's 
recognition of these issues and supported the Agency's conclusions. The 
commenter is pleased that the EPA is not proposing to rely on 
unsupported conclusions as part of a final rule.
    Another commenter stated the EPA created the ``UFIP'' designation 
to refer to emissions that facilities generally try to prevent from 
occurring in the first place. In other words, facilities are already 
naturally incentivized to prevent many UFIP emissions as they reflect 
nonoptimal operation. Thus, the commenter says, facilities operate to 
minimize these emissions without additional regulatory requirements; 
imposing a regulatory overlay would be problematic from an operational 
perspective and would not lead to reduced emissions. The commenter 
stated regulating these sources would dictate how facilities operate--
effectively freezing approaches in time when they should be evolving as 
part of the continuous improvement process. Second, the commenter 
stated regulation would impose a one-size-fits-all approach for sources 
that make products in different ways and have different configurations. 
Third, the commenter stated regulation of UFIP would create a micro-
managerial structure that would be costly--even if not from a capital 
investment perspective--because of the operational nature of many of 
the approaches the EPA considered. This micro-managerial structure, the 
commenter stated, would lead to only ``paperwork'' deviations, by 
imposing onerous recordkeeping requirements, which will mean that 
operators' and inspectors' attention will be taken away from critical 
aspects of plant operations, even when a plant is not causing increased 
emissions. Thus, the commenter concluded the emission reduction 
practices presented by the EPA for UFIP sources provide no risk 
reduction benefit despite the cost and effort they entail. Finally, the 
commenter stated that, given the intense competition in this industry, 
which stretches well beyond U.S. borders, these requirements would put 
U.S. facilities at a cost disadvantage--and

[[Page 42108]]

would do so without generating commensurate emissions and risk 
reductions.
    The commenter stated the EPA appropriately acknowledges that there 
are significant uncertainties in costs, effectiveness, and feasibility 
of the work practice options on which it seeks comment. The commenter 
stated the estimates in the proposal drastically understate the costs 
and likewise overstate any emission reductions that would be achieved, 
since companies already work to prevent these emissions and are 
incentivized to do so to maintain their operations in the most 
efficient and safe manner. Although the EPA estimates the specific 
costs for each of the work practices discussed in the proposal 
preamble, the commenter stated the EPA fails to attribute potential HAP 
emissions reductions individually, and, thus, does not appropriately 
estimate cost effectiveness. The commenter stated that, even without 
these additional considerations, the EPA is right not to require them, 
and that with an accurate view of the costs and benefits of this 
regulatory overlay, the EPA decision is unquestionably correct.
    The commenter stated given the risk modeling, the work practice 
options discussed are not necessary to provide an ample margin of 
safety. The commenter stated the various compliance and enforcement 
documents related to the so-called UFIP sources in the rulemaking 
docket are not to the contrary. Moreover, the commenter stated it would 
be unreasonable to require the potential work practices as doing so 
would codify practices that already occur voluntarily or pursuant to 
current federal or state requirements and drive up costs of compliance 
without resulting in any risk reduction. The commenter stated adding a 
substantial administrative burden to an important economic sector, 
particularly without clear benefit, is contrary to Congress' purpose 
under the CAA and with reasoned decision-making. The commenter stated 
the focus should be on maximizing environmentally beneficial results, 
not paperwork. The commenter stated codifying work practices that 
already take place on a case-by-case basis would result in a 
misdirection of resources not only from the steel industry to comply 
with added monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements, but 
also from the EPA by having to assure compliance with details that 
ultimately have little bearing on air quality and public health.
    The commenter stated many of the work practices are practically 
infeasible as applied to particular plants or, generally, not cost 
effective and, in some instances, could even be contrary to practices 
established to assure facility safety, such as what would result from 
reducing natural ventilation and other effects of closing the openings 
and air holes in the BF casthouse and BOP shop. These effects include 
cost to the facility to otherwise increase breathing space ventilation 
for workers; the wear and tear on control equipment due to higher-than-
design air flowrates; the cost to document opening and closing of 
doors, windows, etc., to accommodate large equipment and vehicle 
traffic into buildings; difficulty in accessing some openings that may 
be hundreds of feet off the ground, requiring significant precautions 
due to the height alone; and prevent the opening of pressure relief 
panels, which would badly damage building exteriors during high-
pressure events, etc. Therefore, the commenter stated the EPA should, 
thus, finalize its proposal not to amend 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF 
to require additional work practices for UFIP sources.
    Response: The EPA acknowledges the support by the commenter for the 
proposed conclusions, which are being finalized in this document. The 
EPA also acknowledges, as the commenter points out, the complexities in 
controlling emissions from UFIP sources. The EPA also is pleased to 
know that the industry is already attempting to minimize these 
emissions.
    We do not agree with the commenter that many of the work practices 
are ``practically infeasible'' at all plants, but we cannot adequately 
assess the effectiveness or impacts of the work practices without more 
specific descriptions of actual facility experience with, or analyses 
of, the impacts of the work practices, including potential changes in 
air flow into and out of the buildings beyond the extreme consequences 
hypothesized by the commenter, which mostly only concern BF casthouse 
and BOP shop operations. With the understanding that the work practices 
could be more difficult to implement at some facilities than others, we 
sought specific comments on the general feasibility of the work 
practices, with the hope that commenters could have described ways to 
improve or modify the work practice so as to be amenable to their use 
at all facilities. Unfortunately, we received very little information 
through the public comments to improve our understanding of which work 
practices would be generally feasible and appropriate across the 
industry.
    In regard to calculating cost effectiveness, since the HAP being 
evaluated are all various PM HAP metals, we conclude that it would 
neither be appropriate nor logical to apportion control costs of a work 
practice or control device to each metal HAP in this case, mainly 
because the intent of the control methods we analyzed is to minimize 
emissions of the mix of PM HAP metals. Nevertheless, as described 
elsewhere in this preamble, the EPA is not promulgating any new or 
revised standards for UFIP sources in this action.
    Comment: One commenter stated, based on the record, it is unclear 
how or why the EPA ended its staff's consideration of the work practice 
standards for the proposal, or on what basis it did so. In addition, 
the commenter noted that the EPA contacted Michigan and Indiana and 
provided ``draft work practice standards,'' as shown by email 
communications with these states in 2018. The commenter continued that 
there was some material in the bodies of the emails that the EPA has 
disclosed showing these would likely have been important and achieved 
significant emission reductions. It is clear to the commenter that the 
EPA staff long planned to propose significant emission reduction 
requirements, based on the evidence they have in the record, and that 
the state air quality inspectors and regulators also supported these 
requirements.
    The commenter stated the EPA has failed to show how it can lawfully 
or rationally not follow what its own regulatory staff initially 
provided to stakeholders, what its enforcement staff apparently support 
(EPA Region V), and what state regulators in Michigan and Indiana have 
also supported as needed to reduce UFIP emissions and protect public 
health. The commenter stated the EPA's ``about-face'' from its staff's 
and state air regulators' recommendations, and its ultimate refusal to 
follow the evidence in the record illustrate that this proposal, if 
finalized, would be unlawful and arbitrary. The commenter stated it 
appears that the EPA Administrator has not acted with the requisite 
open mind to consider the relevant statutory requirements, record, or 
staff recommendations which would have led to a stronger proposal and a 
stronger final rule. The commenter stated the EPA will violate the CAA 
and engage in the ultimate in capricious decision making if it attempts 
to finalize this proposed rule which lacks the necessary statutory 
requirements as well as the required rational connection to the facts 
shown in the record.
    Response: While the EPA agrees with the commenter that the UFIP HAP 
emissions issue and related information

[[Page 42109]]

available to the EPA were worthy of bringing forth to the public and 
asking for comment in the proposal, no additional technical information 
was received to improve our understanding or quantification of the UFIP 
emissions or our understanding of the effectiveness of using work 
practices to control UFIP emissions. We received some new cost 
information that suggests that we underestimated the costs of the work 
practices, but that new information was not documented or cited. We 
also received comments that we overestimated UFIP emissions and 
overestimated the effectiveness of the work practices, which combined 
with information suggesting we underestimated costs, if accurate, would 
make control of UFIP emissions substantially less cost-effective than 
the values we presented in the proposal preamble. In addition, although 
environmental groups submitted comments in general support of UFIP 
regulations, no comments were received from citizens or community 
groups living in the areas of the integrated iron and steel facilities 
supporting the UFIP emission regulations, or on the impact to local 
residents of not requiring work practices to reduce emissions from 
these sources, or any other claims as such. Therefore, because of the 
uncertainty in the UFIP emission estimates, cost estimates, and control 
efficiencies of the work practices; and the lack of complete 
information about the impact of UFIP emissions at all facilities (as 
described above in previous comments), the EPA is not promulgating any 
work practice standards for UFIP emissions at this time. See above 
section IV.A for a more detailed discussion of the estimated risk from 
UFIP emissions.
4. What is our rationale for our final approach for the UFIP sources?
    The decision not to promulgate any new standards for UFIP sources 
at this time is based largely on the uncertainties in the UFIP 
assessment in terms of the emission estimates, costs of the work 
practices, how much emission reduction the work practices could 
achieve, and the potential negative effects of the work practices on 
the facilities' operations, safety, and economics. For five of the UFIP 
sources not currently regulated,\18\ we would need to promulgate 
standards for these sources pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(2) and (3), 
which would necessitate an analysis of the top performers under CAA 
sections 112(d)(2) and (3). The lack of quantitative emissions data 
(and the time and techniques to obtain such data) for UFIP sources and/
or the lack of other relevant information (such as reliable information 
regarding the effectiveness of each of the work practices), which is 
needed to establish the top performing facilities and the MACT floor 
level of control, prevents us from establishing appropriate emissions 
standards for the five UFIP sources at this time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ The five currently unregulated UFIP sources are BF bleeder 
valve unplanned openings (also known as slips), BF bleeder valve 
planned openings, BF bell leaks, BF iron beaching, and BF slag 
handling and storage operations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With regard to the other two UFIP sources currently regulated 
(i.e., BF casthouse and BOPF shop), since we have concluded that risks 
due to emissions from the source category are acceptable, we would need 
to promulgate standards for these two UFIP sources pursuant to CAA 
section 112(d)(6) or under the ample margin of safety analysis phase of 
our section 112(f) review, both of which include considerations of 
costs and other factors. As explained previously in this preamble, the 
EPA has decided to not promulgate any of the work practices for these 
two UFIP sources at this time mainly because of the substantial 
uncertainties in the UFIP assessment in terms of baseline emissions, 
costs of the work practices, how much emission reduction the work 
practices could achieve; and, the potential negative effects of the 
work practices on the facilities' operations, safety, and economics.

G. Other Items

    Other items in this final rule are IBR, compliance dates, and other 
rule changes not discussed elsewhere in this preamble. These issues are 
discussed below.
1. IBR Under 1 CFR Part 51
    On August 16, 2019, the EPA proposed regulatory text that includes 
IBR. In accordance with requirements of 1 CFR 51.5, the EPA proposed to 
incorporate by reference the following documents and to amend 40 CFR 
63.14 to identify the provisions for which these documents are IBR 
approved for this rule:
     ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981, Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses 
[Part 10, Instruments and Apparatus], issued August 31, 1981, IBR 
approved for 40 CFR 63.7822(b), 63.7824(e), and 63.7825(b). This method 
determines quantitatively the gaseous constituents of exhausts 
resulting from stationary combustion sources. The gases addressed in 
the method are oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, 
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, 
hydrogen sulfide, and hydrocarbons. The method is approved for this 
rule with caveats described in section VI.J of this preamble.
     EPA-454/R-98-015, Office of Air Quality Planning and 
Standards (OAQPS), Fabric Filter Bag Leak Detection Guidance, September 
1997, IBR approved for 40 CFR 63.7831(f). This document provides 
guidance on the use of triboelectric monitors as fabric filter bag leak 
detectors. The document includes fabric filter and monitoring system 
descriptions; guidance on monitor selection, installation, setup, 
adjustment, and operation; and quality assurance procedures.
    For the final rule, in response to comments, we have added the 
following voluntary consensus standard (VCS) approved as an alternate 
method to measure opacity under 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF, with 
caveats described in section VI.J of this preamble; we will incorporate 
the method by reference in the amendments to 40 CFR 63.14:
     ASTM D7520-16, Standard Test Method for Determining the 
Opacity of a Plume in the Outdoor Ambient Atmosphere, approved April 1, 
2016, IBR approved for 40 CFR 63.7823(c), 63.7823(d), 63.7823(e), and 
63.7833(g). This method describes procedures to determine the opacity 
of a plume, using digital imagery and associated hardware and software, 
where opacity is caused by PM emitted from a stationary point source in 
the outdoor ambient environment. The opacity of emissions is determined 
by the application of a DCOT that consists of a digital still camera, 
analysis software, and the output function's content to obtain and 
interpret digital images to determine and report plume opacity. The 
method is approved for this rule with caveats described in section VI.J 
of this preamble.
    The ANSI/ASME document is available from the American Society of 
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) at http://www.asme.org; by mail at Three 
Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990; or by telephone at (800) 843-
2763. The ASTM D7520-16 document is available from the American Society 
for Testing and Materials (ASTM) at https://www.astm.org or 1100 Barr 
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, telephone number: (610) 
832-9500, fax number: (610) 832-9555, or email: [email protected]. The 
EPA has made, and will continue to make, the EPA document generally 
available electronically through https://www.regulations.gov/ and at 
the EPA Docket Center (see the ADDRESSES

[[Page 42110]]

section of this preamble for more information).
2. Compliance Dates
    On August 16, 2019, we proposed to provide existing sources with 
180 days after the effective date of the final rule to comply with the 
changes to the SSM provisions in 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF and all 
other new or revised requirements in this rule except for the mercury 
emission limits, for which we proposed to require compliance within 1 
year. We proposed that new sources, defined as BOPFs, BOPF shops, or 
facilities constructed or reconstructed after August 16, 2019, would be 
required to comply with all requirements on the effective date of the 
final rule, or upon startup, whichever is later.
    In the final rule, for the SSM provisions and all other new or 
revised requirements in this rule except for those related to the 
mercury standards, we are finalizing the compliance times as proposed 
(180 days) for existing sources, and new sources will need to comply 
upon the effective date of the final rule or upon startup, whichever is 
later. Regarding the mercury standards and associated requirements, we 
are providing for existing sources the same deadlines as proposed 
(i.e., 1 year to comply). An additional year may be provided for 
compliance via the states as per 40 CFR part 63 General Provisions (40 
CFR 63.6(i)) for facilities needing to make process changes or install 
control equipment. As proposed and consistent with the CAA, new sources 
must comply upon the effective date of the final rule or upon startup, 
whichever is later.
    For electronic reporting, the final rule provides that facilities 
must comply with the electronic reporting requirements for semiannual 
compliance reports either 180 days after date of publication in the 
Federal Register of the final rule or 180 days after the electronic 
reporting template for Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities is available in CEDRI, whichever is later, to allow for EPA 
revisions to the template in response to comments.
3. What other rule changes did we make in the final rule?
    In the final rule, we made the following technical and editorial 
corrections and clarifications:
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7810(a) to provide sources that 
commenced construction or reconstruction on or before August 16, 2019, 
180 days after publication in the Federal Register for all sources to 
comply with emission limitations during periods of SSM;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7810(c) to remove the SSM plan 
requirement 180 days after publication in the Federal Register for 
sources that commenced construction or reconstruction on or before 
August 16, 2019 and to remove the SSM plan requirement upon publication 
in the Federal Register for all sources that commenced construction or 
reconstruction after August 16, 2019;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7810(d) to provide sources that 
commenced construction or reconstruction on or before August 16, 2019 
with 180 days to comply with the general duty requirement in 40 CFR 
63.7810(d). Prior to the expiration of the 180 days, such sources must 
comply with the provisions in 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i);
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7822(a) to provide 180 days after 
publication in the Federal Register for all sources that commenced 
construction or reconstruction on or before August 16, 2019 comply with 
the revised requirement to conduct each performance test under 
conditions representative of normal operations, excluding periods of 
startup and shutdown and malfunction. Prior to the expiration of 180 
days, such sources must comply with the pre-existing requirement to 
conduct performance tests based on representative performance;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7822 and 63.7823 to specify the 
conditions for conducting performance tests;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7822(b)(1)(iii), 63.7824(e)(1)(iii), and 
63.7825(b)(1)(iii) to IBR ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7822, 63.7823, 63.7824, and 63.7833 to 
clarify the location in 40 CFR part 60 of applicable EPA test methods;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7823(a) to specify initial compliance 
with the opacity limits should be based on representative performance 
which excludes periods of startup and shutdown and malfunction;
     Added to 40 CFR 63.7823(c)(1), (d)(1)(i), (d)(2)(i), 
(e)(1) and 63.7833(g)(3) to IBR the ASTM D7520-16 method as an 
alternative VCS to EPA Method 9 opacity observations; added ``For 
Method 9'' to 40 CFR 63.7823(e)(3) to clarify that using an observer is 
only for EPA Method 9;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7831(a)(4) to clarify that sources that 
commenced construction or reconstruction on or before August 16, 2019, 
and, therefore, are not required to comply during periods of SSM until 
after 180 days after publication in the Federal Register, are subject 
during that 180 day period to the requirements in 40 CFR 
63.8(c)(1)(ii), (c)(3), (c)(4)(ii), (c)(7), and (c)(8);
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7831(a)(5) to clarify that sources that 
commenced construction or reconstruction on or before August 16, 2019, 
and, therefore, are not required to comply during periods of SSM until 
after 180 days after publication in the Federal Register, are subject 
during that 180 day period to the requirements related to SSM plans 
referenced in 40 CFR 63.8(d)(3);
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7831(a)(6) to provide sources 
constructed or reconstructed on or before August 16, 2019, and, 
therefore, are not required to comply during periods of SSM until after 
180 days after publication in the Federal Register, are subject during 
that 180 day period to the requirements in Sec.  63.10(c)(1) through 
(c)(14), and (e)(1) and (e)(2)(i);
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7831(f)(4) to IBR for EPA-454/R-98-015;
     Added 40 CFR 63.7835(d) to specify that for sources that 
commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019 the 
exemptions for deviations that occur during a period of startup, 
shutdown, or malfunction no longer apply 180 days after publication in 
the Federal Register, and for all other sources the exemptions no 
longer apply as of the date of publication of the final rule in the 
Federal Register;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7835, 63.7841, and 63.7842 to include 
the requirements to record and report information on failures to meet 
the applicable standard;
     Added 40 CFR 63.7840 and 63.7841 electronic reporting 
requirements of required summaries of performance test results and 
semiannual reports;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(4) to specify that for sources 
that commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019 a 
SSM plan and the information in 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5)(i) are no longer 
required 180 days after publication in the Federal Register;
     Added 40 CFR 63.7841(b)(12) to specify that for sources 
that commenced construction or reconstruction after August 16, 2019 a 
SSM report is no longer required 180 days after publication in the 
Federal Register;
     Revised 40 CFR 63.7842(a)(2) to specify records related to 
SSM to be kept;
     Revised Table 1 of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF to add a 
mercury emission limit, revised Table 2 to add demonstration of initial 
compliance with the mercury emission limit, and revised Table 3 to add 
demonstration of continuous compliance with the mercury emission limit;

[[Page 42111]]

     Revised Tables 1 and 3 of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF to 
clarify that opacity observations be made at all openings to the BF 
casthouse;
     Revised Tables 1, 2, and 3 of 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
FFFFF to clarify that the affected source is each BOPF shop; and
     Eliminated the SSM exemption with revisions to Table 4 
(the General Provisions table) of 40 CFR part 63, subpart FFFFF and 
updated citations throughout the remaining rule text.

V. Summary of Cost, Environmental, and Economic Impacts and Additional 
Analyses Conducted

A. What are the affected sources?

    The affected sources are facilities in the Integrated Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Facilities source category. This includes any 
facility engaged in producing steel from iron ore. Integrated iron and 
steel manufacturing includes the following processes: Sinter 
production, iron production, iron preparation (hot metal 
desulfurization), and steel production. The iron production process 
includes the production of iron in BFs by the reduction of iron-bearing 
materials with a hot gas. The steel production process includes BOPF. 
Based on the data we have, there are eleven integrated iron and steel 
manufacturing facilities subject to this NESHAP, but one of these 
facilities is idle.

B. What are the air quality impacts?

    We are promulgating standards for mercury that may result in 
unquantified reductions of mercury emissions and consequently improve 
air quality to some degree.

C. What are the cost impacts?

    In this final rule, we require control of mercury emissions and 
allow sources to demonstrate compliance through performance testing or 
scrap selection requirements. We expect that facilities that choose 
scrap selection as their method of demonstrating compliance likely will 
not incur operational costs to comply with this requirement because we 
understand that most, if not all, facilities are already purchasing all 
their auto scrap from providers who participate in the NVMSRP. 
Therefore, we estimate a cost of $1,058 per year per facility and 
$11,639 per year for all 11 facilities in the industry, for 
recordkeeping and reporting of compliance with the standards.

D. What are the economic impacts?

    Negligible economic impacts are expected to be incurred by 
integrated iron and steel facilities due to the mercury emission limit 
because the information available to the EPA indicates that most, if 
not all, facilities are already purchasing scrap from providers who 
participate in the NVMSRP.

E. What are the benefits?

    These promulgated amendments may result in some unquantified 
reductions in emissions of mercury, depending on the extent of current 
limitation of mercury input or participation in the scrap selection 
program by integrated iron and steel facilities. While the industry has 
reported to the EPA that most, or all, facilities are already meeting 
the proposed mercury emission limit, to the extent that additional 
reductions may be achieved, this rule may result in improved health in 
surrounding populations, especially protection of children from the 
negative health impacts of mercury exposure.
    The requirements to submit reports and test results electronically 
will reduce paperwork and improve monitoring, compliance, and 
implementation of the rule.

F. What analysis of environmental justice did we conduct?

    For this action, we examined the potential for any environmental 
justice issues that might be associated with the source category 
through a demographic analysis, which is an assessment of risks to 
individual demographic groups of the populations living within 5 
kilometer (km) and within 50 km of the facilities. In the analysis, we 
evaluated the distribution of HAP-related cancer and noncancer risks 
from point sources in the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities source category across different demographic groups within 
the populations living near facilities.
    The results of the demographic analysis are summarized in Table 5 
below. These results, for various demographic groups, are based on the 
estimated risk from actual emissions from point sources for the 
population living within 50 km of the facilities.

          Table 5--Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities Demographic Risk Analysis Results
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Population with cancer
                                                                risk at or above 1-in-1  Population with chronic
                                                                     million due to      HI at or above 1 due to
                 Item                         Nationwide          integrated iron and      integrated iron and
                                                                  steel  manufacturing     steel manufacturing
                                                                       facilities               facilities
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Population.....................              317,746,049                   64,158                        0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          White and Minority by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
White................................                      62%                      63%                       0%
Minority.............................                      38%                      37%                       0%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Minority by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African American.....................                      12%                      29%                       0%
Native American......................                     0.8%                     0.1%                       0%
Hispanic or Latino includes white and                      18%                       4%                       0%
 nonwhite)...........................
Other and Multiracial................                       7%                       4%                       0%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Income by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Below Poverty Level..................                      14%                      23%                       0%
Above Poverty Level..................                      86%                      77%                       0%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Education by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Over 25 and without High School                            14%                      12%                       0%
 Diploma.............................

[[Page 42112]]

 
Over 25 and with a High School                             86%                      88%                       0%
 Diploma.............................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Linguistically Isolated by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Linguistically Isolated..............                       6%                     0.6%                       0%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The results of the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities source category demographic analysis indicate that point 
source emissions from the source category expose approximately 64,000 
people to a cancer risk at or above 1-in-1 million and zero people to a 
chronic noncancer HI greater than or equal to 1. The percentages of the 
at-risk population in each demographic group (except for African 
American and Below Poverty Level) are similar to or lower than their 
respective nationwide percentages. The African American population with 
cancer risk at or above 1-in-1 million due to Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities source category emissions is more than 3 times 
the national average. Likewise, populations living ``Below Poverty 
Level'' exposed to cancer risk at or above 1-in-1 million is nearly 
twice the national average. However, the risks to all demographic 
groups is less than 100-in-1 million.
    The methodology and the results of the demographic analysis are 
presented in a technical report, Risk and Technology Review--Analysis 
of Demographic Factors for Populations Living Near Integrated Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Facilities (Docket ID Item No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-
0083-1060).

VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Additional information about these statutes and Executive Orders 
can be found at https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/laws-and-executive-orders.

A. Executive Orders 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    This action is a not a significant regulatory action and was, 
therefore, not submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
for review.

B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulations and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs

    This action is not an Executive Order 13771 regulatory action 
because this action is not significant under Executive Order 12866.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    The information collection activities in this final rule have been 
submitted for approval to OMB under the PRA. The ICR document that the 
EPA prepared has been assigned EPA ICR number 2003.09. You can find a 
copy of the ICR in the docket for this rule, and it is briefly 
summarized here. The information collection requirements are not 
enforceable until OMB approves them.
    These amendments require electronic reporting; remove the SSM 
exemptions; and impose other revisions that affect reporting and 
recordkeeping for integrated iron and steel facilities. We are also 
promulgating standards for mercury that require facilities to certify 
the type of steel scrap they use or conduct a performance test. This 
information is collected to assure compliance with 40 CFR part 63, 
subpart FFFFF.
    Respondents/affected entities: Integrated iron and steel 
manufacturing facilities.
    Respondent's obligation to respond: Mandatory (40 CFR part 63, 
subpart FFFFF).
    Estimated number of respondents: 11 facilities.
    Frequency of Response: One time.
    Total estimated burden: The annual recordkeeping and reporting 
burden for facilities to comply with all of the requirements in the 
NESHAP is estimated to be 6,500 hours (per year). Burden is defined at 
5 CFR 1320.3(b).
    Total estimated cost: The annual recordkeeping and reporting cost 
for all facilities to comply with all of the requirements in the NESHAP 
is estimated to be $800,000 (per year), of which $20,000 (per year) is 
for this rule, and $780,000 is for other costs related to continued 
compliance with the NESHAP including $50,300 for paperwork associated 
with operation and maintenance requirements. The total rule costs 
reflect a savings of $210,000 (per year) from the previous ICR due to 
the transition to electronic reporting.
    An Agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for the 
EPA's regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. When OMB 
approves this ICR, the Agency will announce that approval in the 
Federal Register and publish a technical amendment to 40 CFR part 9 to 
display the OMB control number for the approved information collection 
activities contained in this final rule.

D. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    I certify that this action will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities under the RFA. This 
action will not impose any requirements on small entities. No small 
entities are subject to the requirements of this rule.

E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    This action does not contain an unfunded mandate of $100 million or 
more as described in UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538, and does not 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments. While this action 
creates an enforceable duty on the private sector, the cost does not 
exceed $100 million or more.

F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have 
substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between 
the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government.

[[Page 42113]]

G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This action does not have tribal implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13175. It will not have substantial direct effects on 
tribal governments, on the relationship between the Federal government 
and Indian tribes, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities 
between the Federal government and Indian tribes. No tribal governments 
own facilities subject to the NESHAP. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does 
not apply to this action.

H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because the EPA 
does not believe the environmental health or safety risks addressed by 
this action present a disproportionate risk to children. This action's 
health and risk assessments are contained in sections III and IV of 
this preamble and further documented in the document titled Residual 
Risk Assessment for the Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing 
Facilities Source Category in Support of the Risk and Technology Review 
2020 Final Rule, in the docket for this rule (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2002-0083).

I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13211 because it is 
not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 13211.

J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) and 1 CFR 
Part 51

    This action involves technical standards. Therefore, the EPA 
conducted searches for the Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities 
NESHAP through the Enhanced National Standards Systems Network Database 
managed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). We also 
contacted VCS organizations and accessed and searched their databases. 
We conducted searches for EPA Methods 1, 2, 2F, 2G, 3, 3A, 3B, 4, 5, 
5D, 9, 17, 25, 29, and 30B of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A and SW-846 
Method 9071B Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical 
Methods, EPA Publications SW-846 third edition. During the EPA's VCS 
search, if the title or abstract (if provided) of the VCS described 
technical sampling and analytical procedures that are similar to the 
EPA's reference method, the EPA reviewed it as a potential equivalent 
method. We reviewed all potential standards to determine the 
practicality of the VCS for this rule. This review requires significant 
method validation data that meet the requirements of EPA Method 301 for 
accepting alternative methods or scientific, engineering and policy 
equivalence to procedures in the EPA reference methods. The EPA may 
reconsider determinations of impracticality when additional information 
is available for a particular VCS. No applicable VCS were identified 
for EPA Methods 1A, 2F, 2G, 5D, 30B, and SW-846 Method 9071B.
    The EPA is incorporating by reference the VCS ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-
1981, ``Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses.'' We are revising 40 CFR 
63.7822(b), 40 CFR 63.7824(e), and 40 CFR 63.7825(b) to provide that 
the manual procedures (but not instrumental procedures) of VCS ANSI/
ASME PTC 19.10-1981--Part 10 may be used as an alternative to EPA 
Method 3B.The manual procedures (but not instrumental procedures) of 
VCS ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981--Part 10 (incorporated by reference--see 
40 CFR 63.14) may be used as an alternative to EPA Method 3B for 
measuring the oxygen or carbon dioxide content of the exhaust gas. This 
standard is acceptable as an alternative to EPA Method 3B and is 
available from ASME at http://www.asme.org; by mail at Three Park 
Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990; or by telephone at (800) 843-2763. 
This method determines quantitatively the gaseous constituents of 
exhausts resulting from stationary combustion sources. The gases 
covered in ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981 are oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon 
monoxide, nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide, nitric oxide, 
nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrocarbons, however the use 
in this rule is only applicable to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    In the final rule, the EPA is incorporating by reference the VCS 
ASTM D7520-16, Standard Test Method for Determining the Opacity of a 
Plume in the Outdoor Ambient Atmosphere, as an acceptable alternative 
to EPA Method 9 with the following caveats:
     During the DCOT certification procedure outlined in 
Section 9.2 of ASTM D7520-16, the facility or the DCOT vendor must 
present the plumes in front of various backgrounds of color and 
contrast representing conditions anticipated during field use such as 
blue sky, trees, and mixed backgrounds (clouds and/or a sparse tree 
stand).
     The facility must also have standard operating procedures 
in place including daily or other frequency quality checks to ensure 
the equipment is within manufacturing specifications as outlined in 
Section 8.1 of ASTM D7520-16.
     The facility must follow the recordkeeping procedures 
outlined in 40 CFR 63.10(b)(1) for the DCOT certification, compliance 
report, data sheets, and all raw unaltered JPEGs used for opacity and 
certification determination.
     The facility or the DCOT vendor must have a minimum of 
four independent technology users apply the software to determine the 
visible opacity of the 300 certification plumes. For each set of 25 
plumes, the user may not exceed 15-percent opacity of anyone reading 
and the average error must not exceed 7.5-percent opacity.
     This approval does not provide or imply a certification or 
validation of any vendor's hardware or software. The onus to maintain 
and verify the certification and/or training of the DCOT camera, 
software, and operator in accordance with ASTM D7520-16 is on the 
facility, DCOT operator, and DCOT vendor. This method describes 
procedures to determine the opacity of a plume, using digital imagery 
and associated hardware and software, where opacity is caused by PM 
emitted from a stationary point source in the outdoor ambient 
environment. The opacity of emissions is determined by the application 
of a DCOT that consists of a digital still camera, analysis software, 
and the output function's content to obtain and interpret digital 
images to determine and report plume opacity. The ASTM D7520-16 
document is available from ASTM at https://www.astm.org or 1100 Barr 
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, telephone number: (610) 
832-9500, fax number: (610) 8329555 at [email protected].
    The EPA is finalizing the use of the guidance document, Fabric 
Filter Bag Leak Detection Guidance, EPA-454/R-98-015, Office of Air 
Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, September 1997. This 
document provides guidance on the use of triboelectric monitors as 
fabric filter bag leak detectors. The document includes fabric filter 
and monitoring system descriptions; guidance on monitor selection, 
installation, setup, adjustment, and operation; and quality assurance 
procedures. The document is available at https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=2000D5T6.PDF.
    Additional information for the VCS search and determinations can be 
found

[[Page 42114]]

in the memorandum titled Voluntary Consensus Standard Results for 
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Iron and 
Steel Manufacturing Facilities, available in the docket for this final 
rule.

K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    The EPA believes that this action does not have disproportionately 
high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority 
populations, low-income populations, and/or indigenous peoples, as 
specified in Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994). The 
documentation for this decision is included in sections III.A and IV.A 
of this preamble and the technical report titled Risk and Technology 
Review--Analysis of Socio-Economic Factors for Populations Living Near 
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Facilities, available in the 
docket for this final rule.
    We examined the potential for any environmental justice issues that 
might be associated with the source category by performing a 
demographic analysis of the population close to the facilities. In this 
analysis, we evaluated the distribution of HAP-related cancer and 
noncancer risks from the NESHAP source category across different 
social, demographic, and economic groups within the populations living 
near facilities identified as having the highest risks. The methodology 
and the results of the demographic analyses are included in a technical 
report titled Risk and Technology Review--Analysis of Socio-Economic 
Factors for Populations Living Near Integrated Iron and Steel 
Manufacturing Facilities (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0083).
    The results of the source category demographic analysis for the 
NESHAP (point sources only) indicate that emissions expose 
approximately 60 people to a cancer risk at or above 10-in-1 million 
and none exposed to a chronic noncancer TOSHI greater than or equal to 
1. The specific demographic results indicate that the overall 
percentage of the population potentially impacted by emissions is less 
than its corresponding national percentage for the minority population 
(37 percent for the source category compared to 38-percent nationwide). 
However, the ``African American'' population (29 percent for the source 
category compared to 12-percent nationwide) and the population ``Below 
the Poverty Level'' are greater than their corresponding national 
percentages. The proximity results (irrespective of risk) indicate that 
the population percentages for certain demographic categories within 5 
km of source category emissions are greater than the corresponding 
national percentage for certain demographic groups including: ``African 
American,'' ``Ages 0 to 17,'' ``Over age 25 without a high school 
diploma,'' and ``Below the poverty level.''
    The risks due to HAP emissions from this source category are 
acceptable for all populations. Furthermore, we do not expect this rule 
to achieve significant reductions in HAP emissions. Therefore, we 
conclude that this final rule will not have disproportionately high and 
adverse human health or environmental effects on minority or low-income 
populations because it does not affect the level of protection provided 
to human health or the environment. However, this final rule will 
provide additional benefits to these demographic groups by improving 
the compliance, monitoring, and implementation of the NESHAP.

L. Congressional Review Act (CRA)

    This action is subject to the CRA, and the EPA will submit a rule 
report to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of 
the United States. This action is not a ``major rule'' as defined by 5 
U.S.C. 804(2).

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 63

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedures, 
Air pollution control, Hazardous substances, Incorporation by 
reference, Intergovernmental relations, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements.

Andrew Wheeler,
Administrator.
    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the EPA amends 40 CFR 
part 63 as follows:

PART 63--NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS 
FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES

0
1. The authority citation for part 63 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Subpart A--General Provisions

0
2. Section 63.14 is amended by revising paragraphs (e)(1), (h)(106), 
and (n)(3) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.14  Incorporations by reference.

* * * * *
    (e) * * *
    (1) ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981, Flue and Exhaust Gas Analyses [Part 
10, Instruments and Apparatus], issued August 31, 1981, IBR approved 
for Sec. Sec.  63.309(k), 63.457(k), 63.772(e) and (h), 63.865(b), 
63.997(e), 63.1282(d) and (g), 63.1625(b), table 5 to subpart EEEE, 
63.3166(a), 63.3360(e), 63.3545(a), 63.3555(a), 63.4166(a), 63.4362(a), 
63.4766(a), 63.4965(a), 63.5160(d), table 4 to subpart UUUU, table3 to 
subpart YYYY, 63.7822(b), 63.7824(e), 63.7825(b), 63.9307(c), 
63.9323(a), 63.11148(e), 63.11155(e), 63.11162(f), 63.11163(g), 
63.11410(j), 63.11551(a), 63.11646(a), and 63.11945, table 5 to subpart 
DDDDD, table 4 to subpart JJJJJ, table 4 to subpart KKKKK, tables 4 and 
5 of subpart UUUUU, table 1 to subpart ZZZZZ, and table 4 to subpart 
JJJJJJ.
* * * * *
    (h) * * *
    (106) ASTM D7520-16, Standard Test Method for Determining the 
Opacity of a Plume in the Outdoor Ambient Atmosphere, approved April 1, 
2016, IBR approved for Sec. Sec.  63.1625(b), table 3 to subpart LLLLL, 
63.7823(c) through (e), and 63.7833(g).
* * * * *
    (n) * * *
    (3) EPA-454/R-98-015, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards 
(OAQPS), Fabric Filter Bag Leak Detection Guidance, September 1997, 
https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=2000D5T6.pdf, IBR approved 
for Sec. Sec.  63.548(e), 63.864(e), 63.7525(j), 63.7831(f), 
63.8450(e), 63.8600(e), and 63.11224(f).
* * * * *

Subpart FFFFF--[Amended]

0
3. Section 63.7783 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) introductory 
text, (b), and (c) and adding paragraph (f) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.7783  When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    (a) If you have an existing affected source, you must comply with 
each emission limitation, standard, and operation and maintenance 
requirement in this subpart that applies to you by the dates specified 
in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section. This paragraph does not 
apply to the emission limitations for mercury.
* * * * *
    (b) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date 
is on or before May 20, 2003, then you must comply with each emission 
limitation, standard, and operation and maintenance requirement in this 
subpart that applies to you by May 20, 2003. This paragraph does not 
apply to the emission limitations for mercury.

[[Page 42115]]

    (c) If you have a new affected source and its initial startup date 
is after May 20, 2003, you must comply with each emission limitation, 
standard, and operation and maintenance requirement in this subpart 
that applies to you upon initial startup. This paragraph does not apply 
to the emission limitations for mercury.
* * * * *
    (f) With regard to the mercury emission limitations, if you have a 
new or existing affected source, you must comply with each emission 
limitation for mercury that applies to you by the deadlines set forth 
in Sec.  63.7791.

0
4. The undesignated center heading before Sec.  63.7790 is revised to 
read:

Emission Limitations and Standards

0
5. Section 63.7791 is added before the undesignated center heading 
``Operation and Maintenance Requirements'' to read as follows:


Sec.  63.7791  How do I comply with the requirements for the control of 
mercury?

    (a) Compliance deadlines. (1) If you have an existing affected 
source or a new or reconstructed affected source for which construction 
or reconstruction commenced on or before August 16, 2019, each BOPF 
Group at your facility must be in compliance with the applicable 
mercury emission limit in Table 1 of this subpart through performance 
testing under Sec. Sec.  63.7825 and 63.7833, or through procurement of 
steel scrap pursuant to the compliance options in Sec.  63.7791(c), 
(d), or (e) beginning July 13, 2021.
    (2) If you have a new or reconstructed affected source for which 
construction or reconstruction commenced after August 16, 2019, each 
BOPF Group at that source must be in compliance with the applicable 
mercury emission limit in Table 1 of this subpart beginning July 13, 
2020 or upon initial startup of your affected source, whichever is 
later.
    (b) Alternative compliance demonstration. (1) As an alternative to 
demonstrating compliance with the emission limits in Table 1 by 
conducting performance tests pursuant to Sec. Sec.  63.7825 and 
63.7833(h), you may demonstrate compliance with the emission limits in 
Table 1 by procuring scrap pursuant to the requirements in paragraph 
(c), (d), or (e) of this section for each scrap provider, contract, or 
shipment. It is not necessary to use the same BOPF scrap compliance 
provision for all scrap providers, contracts, or shipments. You may 
procure some scrap through providers, contracts, or shipments pursuant 
to one BOPF scrap compliance provision and other scrap through 
providers, contracts, or shipments pursuant to other BOPF scrap 
compliance provisions.
    (2) To utilize the alternative compliance options established in 
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, you must submit an initial 
certification of compliance and semiannual compliance reports 
consistent with the requirements of Sec. Sec.  63.7840(f) and 
63.7841(b)(9) through (11), and (13), and comply with the recordkeeping 
requirements in Sec.  63.7842(e) and all other applicable provisions 
related to demonstrating compliance through participating in an 
approved mercury program or through the use of scrap that does not 
contain mercury switches.
    (3) For any facility that initially elects to utilize the 
alternative compliance options established in paragraph (b)(1) of this 
section, but subsequently stops using scrap that meets the requirements 
of paragraph (c), (d), or (e) of this section for each scrap provider, 
contract, or shipment, within 180 days of the change you must, for that 
BOPF Group, demonstrate compliance through performance testing pursuant 
to the requirements of Sec. Sec.  63.7825 and 63.7833(h), and submit a 
revised notice of compliance status in your next semiannual compliance 
report described in this section. You must also comply with the 
requirements for conducting subsequent performance tests in Sec. Sec.  
63.7821(e) and 63.7840(g), and all other applicable requirements 
related to demonstrating compliance with the emission limits through 
performance testing.
    (c) Participation in the NVMSRP. (1) You must obtain all post-
consumer scrap that contains motor vehicle scrap from scrap providers 
who participate in the NVMSRP. The NVMSRP is an EPA-approved program 
under this section unless and until the Administrator disapproves the 
program (in part or in whole);
    (2) You must certify in your initial notification of compliance 
status required by Sec.  63.7840(f) and semiannual compliance report 
required by Sec.  63.7841(a) that you purchased post-consumer steel 
scrap containing motor vehicle scrap according to paragraph (c)(1) of 
this section, and identify all your scrap providers in your semiannual 
compliance report;
    (3) If you purchase scrap from a broker, you must certify that all 
scrap received from that broker was obtained from other scrap providers 
who participate in the NVMSRP and identify all scrap providers used by 
all your scrap brokers in your semiannual compliance report; and
    (4) You must conduct periodic inspections or provide other means of 
corroboration to ensure that scrap providers and brokers participate in 
the NVMSRP and, therefore, are aware of the need for and are 
implementing appropriate steps to minimize the presence of mercury in 
scrap from end-of-life vehicles.
    (d) Use of scrap that does not contain mercury switches. For BOPF 
scrap not complying with the requirements in paragraph (c) or (e) of 
this section, you must certify in your initial notification of 
compliance report required by Sec.  63.7840(f) and semiannual 
compliance report required by Sec.  63.7841(a) and maintain records of 
documentation required by Sec.  63.7842(e) establishing that the scrap 
does not contain mercury switches. You may satisfy this requirement by 
certifying and documenting that:
    (1) The scrap does not contain motor vehicle scrap; or
    (2) The scrap does not contain shredded motor vehicle scrap; or
    (3) The only materials from motor vehicles in the scrap are 
materials recovered for their specialty alloy content (including, but 
not limited to, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, or other alloys); 
therefore, based on the type of the scrap and purchase specifications, 
the scrap does not contain mercury switches.
    (e) Use of an EPA-approved mercury removal program. (1) You must 
obtain all post-consumer scrap containing motor vehicle scrap from 
scrap providers who participate in a program for the removal of mercury 
switches that has been approved by the Administrator;
    (2) You must certify in your initial notification of compliance 
status required by Sec.  63.7840(f) and semiannual compliance report 
required by Sec.  63.7841(a) that you purchase post-consumer steel 
scrap containing motor vehicle scrap according to paragraph (e)(1) of 
this section and identify all your scrap providers in your semiannual 
compliance report;
    (3) If you purchase scrap from a broker, you must certify that all 
scrap received from that broker was obtained from other scrap providers 
who participate in a program for the removal of mercury switches that 
has been approved by the Administrator and identify all scrap providers 
used by all your scrap brokers in your semiannual compliance report; 
and
    (4) You must conduct periodic inspections or provide other means of 
corroboration to ensure that scrap providers and brokers are complying 
with the approved mercury removal

[[Page 42116]]

program and, therefore, are aware of the need for and are implementing 
appropriate steps to minimize the presence of mercury in scrap from 
end-of-life vehicles.

0
6. Section 63.7800 is amended by revising paragraph (a) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  63.7800  What are my operation and maintenance requirements?

    (a) You must always operate and maintain your affected source, 
including air pollution control and monitoring equipment, according to 
the requirements in Sec.  63.7810(d).
* * * * *

0
7. Section 63.7810 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (c) and 
adding paragraph (d) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.7810  What are my general requirements for complying with this 
subpart?

    (a) On or before January 11, 2021, for each existing source, and 
for each new or reconstructed source for which construction or 
reconstruction commenced on or before August 16, 2019, you must be in 
compliance with the emission limitations, standards, and operation and 
maintenance requirements in this subpart at all times, except during 
periods of startup, shutdown, and malfunction. After January 11, 2021, 
for each such source you must be in compliance with the emission 
limitations in this subpart at all times. For new and reconstructed 
sources for which construction or reconstruction commenced after August 
16, 2019, you must be in compliance with the emission limitations in 
this subpart at all times.
* * * * *
    (c) On or before January 11, 2021, for each existing source, and 
for each new or reconstructed source for which construction or 
reconstruction commenced on or before August 16, 2019, you must develop 
a written startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan according to the 
provisions in Sec.  63.6(e)(3). For each such source, a startup, 
shutdown, and malfunction plan is not required after January 11, 2021. 
No startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan is required for any new or 
reconstructed source for which construction or reconstruction commenced 
after August 16, 2019.
    (d) On or before January 11, 2021, for each existing source, and 
for each new or reconstructed source for which construction or 
reconstruction commenced on or before August 16, 2019, you must always 
operate and maintain your affected source, including air pollution 
control and monitoring equipment, according to the provisions in Sec.  
63.6(e)(1)(i). After January 11, 2021for each such source, and after 
July 13, 2020 for new and reconstructed sources for which construction 
or reconstruction commenced after August 16, 2019, at all times, you 
must operate and maintain any affected source, including associated air 
pollution control equipment and monitoring equipment, in a manner 
consistent with safety and good air pollution control practices for 
minimizing emissions. The general duty to minimize emissions does not 
require you to make any further efforts to reduce emissions if levels 
required by the applicable standard have been achieved. Determination 
of whether a source is operating in compliance with operation and 
maintenance requirements will be based on information available to the 
Administrator which may include, but is not limited to, monitoring 
results, review of operation and maintenance procedures, review of 
operation and maintenance records, and inspection of the source.

0
8. Section 63.7820 is amended by adding paragraph (e) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  63.7820  By what date must I conduct performance tests or other 
initial compliance demonstrations?

* * * * *
    (e) Notwithstanding the deadlines in this section, existing and new 
affected sources must comply with the deadlines for making the initial 
compliance demonstrations for the mercury emission limit set forth in 
(e)(1) through (4) in this section.
    (1) If you have an existing affected BOPF Group or a new or 
reconstructed affected source for which construction or reconstruction 
commenced on or before August 16, 2019, and you are demonstrating 
compliance with the emission limit in Table 1 through performance 
testing, you must conduct the initial performance test at your BOPF 
Group to demonstrate compliance with the mercury emission limit in 
Table 1 no later than July 13, 2021.
    (2) If you have a new or reconstructed affected BOPF Group for 
which construction or reconstruction commenced after August 16, 2019, 
and you are demonstrating compliance with the emission limit in Table 1 
through performance testing, you must conduct the initial performance 
test at your BOPF Group to demonstrate compliance with the mercury 
emission limit in Table 1 within 180 days of July 13, 2020 or within 
180 days of initial startup of your affected source, whichever is 
later.
    (3) If you have an existing affected BOPF Group or a new or 
reconstructed affected source for which construction or reconstruction 
commenced on or before August 16, 2019, and you are demonstrating 
compliance with the mercury emission limit in Table 1 through the 
requirements in Sec.  63.7791(c) through (e), you must certify 
compliance in accordance with Sec.  63.7840(f) in your notification of 
compliance and in accordance with Sec.  63.7841(b)(11) in your first 
semiannual compliance report after July 13, 2021.
    (4) If you have a new affected BOPF Group or a new or reconstructed 
affected source for which construction or reconstruction commenced 
after August 16, 2019, and you are demonstrating compliance with the 
mercury emission limit in Table 1 through the requirements in Sec.  
63.7791(b) through (d), you must certify compliance in accordance with 
Sec.  63.7840(f) in your initial notification of compliance and in 
accordance with Sec.  63.7841(b)(11) in your first semiannual 
compliance report after July 13, 2021 or after initial startup of your 
BOPF Group, whichever is later.

0
9. Section 63.7821 is amended by revising paragraph (a) and adding 
paragraph (e) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.7821  When must I conduct subsequent performance tests?

    (a) You must conduct subsequent performance tests to demonstrate 
compliance with all applicable emission and opacity limits in Table 1 
to this subpart at the frequencies specified in paragraphs (b) through 
(e) of this section.
* * * * *
    (e) For each BOPF Group, if demonstrating compliance with the 
mercury emission limit in Table 1 to this subpart through performance 
testing under Sec. Sec.  63.7825 and 63.7833, you must conduct 
subsequent performance tests twice per permit cycle (i.e., mid-term and 
initial/final) for sources with title V operating permits, and every 
2.5 years for sources without a title V operating permit, at the outlet 
of the control devices for the BOPF Group.

0
10. Section 63.7822 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (b)(1) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  63.7822  What test methods and other procedures must I use to 
demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limits for particulate 
matter?

    (a) On or before January 11, 2021, for each existing source, and 
for each new or reconstructed source for which construction or 
reconstruction commenced on or before August 16, 2019, you must conduct 
each performance test that applies to your

[[Page 42117]]

affected source based on representative performance (i.e., performance 
based on normal operating conditions) of the affected source for the 
period being tested, according to the conditions detailed in paragraphs 
(b) through (i) of this section. After January 11, 2021 for each such 
source, and after July 13, 2020 for new and reconstructed sources for 
which construction or reconstruction commenced after August 16, 2019, 
you must conduct each performance test under conditions representative 
of normal operations. The owner or operator must record the process 
information that is necessary to document operating conditions during 
the test and include in such record an explanation to support that such 
conditions represent normal operation. Upon request, the owner or 
operator shall make available to the Administrator such records as may 
be necessary to determine the conditions of performance tests. 
Representative conditions exclude periods of startup and shutdown. You 
shall not conduct performance tests during periods of malfunction. You 
must record the process information that is necessary to document 
operating conditions during the test and include in such record an 
explanation to support that such conditions represent normal operation. 
Upon request, you shall make available to the Administrator such 
records as may be necessary to determine the conditions of performance 
tests.
    (b) * * *
    (1) Determine the concentration of particulate matter according to 
the following test methods:
    (i) EPA Method 1 in appendix A-1 to part 60 of this chapter to 
select sampling port locations and the number of traverse points. 
Sampling ports must be located at the outlet of the control device and 
prior to any releases to the atmosphere.
    (ii) EPA Method 2 or 2F in appendix A-1 to part 60 of this chapter 
or EPA Method 2G in appendix A-2 to part 60 of this chapter to 
determine the volumetric flow rate of the stack gas.
    (iii) EPA Method 3, 3A, or 3B in appendix A-2 to part 60 of this 
chapter to determine the dry molecular weight of the stack gas. The 
manual procedures (but not instrumental procedures) of voluntary 
consensus standard ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981--Part 10 (incorporated by 
reference--see Sec.  63.14) may be used as an alternative to EPA Method 
3B.
    (iv) EPA Method 4 in appendix A-3 to part 60 of this chapter to 
determine the moisture content of the stack gas.
    (v) EPA Method 5 or 5D in appendix A-3 to part 60 of this chapter 
or EPA Method 17 in appendix A-6 to part 60 of this chapter, as 
applicable, to determine the concentration of particulate matter (front 
half filterable catch only).
* * * * *

0
11. Section 63.7823 is amended by revising paragraphs (a), (c)(1), 
(d)(1)(i), (d)(2)(i), and (e)(1) and (3) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.7823  What test methods and other procedures must I use to 
demonstrate initial compliance with the opacity limits?

    (a) You must conduct each performance test that applies to your 
affected source based on representative performance (i.e., performance 
based on normal operating conditions) of the affected source for the 
period being tested, according to the conditions detailed in paragraphs 
(b) through (d) of this section. Representative conditions exclude 
periods of startup and shutdown. You shall not conduct performance 
tests during periods of malfunction. You must record the process 
information that is necessary to document operating conditions during 
the test and include in such record an explanation to support that such 
conditions represent normal operation. Upon request, you shall make 
available to the Administrator such records as may be necessary to 
determine the conditions of performance tests.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) Using a certified observer, determine the opacity of emissions 
according to EPA Method 9 in appendix A-4 to part 60 of this chapter. 
Alternatively, ASTM D7520-16, (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
63.14) may be used with the following conditions:
    (i) During the digital camera opacity technique (DCOT) 
certification procedure outlined in Section 9.2 of ASTM D7520-16 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14), the owner or operator or 
the DCOT vendor must present the plumes in front of various backgrounds 
of color and contrast representing conditions anticipated during field 
use such as blue sky, trees, and mixed backgrounds (clouds and/or a 
sparse tree stand).
    (ii) The owner or operator must also have standard operating 
procedures in place including daily or other frequency quality checks 
to ensure the equipment is within manufacturing specifications as 
outlined in Section 8.1 of ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, 
see Sec.  63.14).
    (iii) The owner or operator must follow the recordkeeping 
procedures outlined in Sec.  63.10(b)(1) for the DCOT certification, 
compliance report, data sheets, and all raw unaltered JPEGs used for 
opacity and certification determination.
    (iv) The owner or operator or the DCOT vendor must have a minimum 
of four independent technology users apply the software to determine 
the visible opacity of the 300 certification plumes. For each set of 25 
plumes, the user may not exceed 15-percent opacity of anyone reading 
and the average error must not exceed 7.5-percent opacity.
    (v) Use of this approved alternative does not provide or imply a 
certification or validation of any vendor's hardware or software. The 
onus to maintain and verify the certification and/or training of the 
DCOT camera, software, and operator in accordance with ASTM D7520-16 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14) and these requirements is 
on the facility, DCOT operator, and DCOT vendor.
* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (i) Using a certified observer, determine the opacity of emissions 
according to EPA Method 9 in appendix A-4 to part 60 of this chapter 
except as specified in paragraphs (d)(1)(ii) and (iii) of this section. 
Alternatively, ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
63.14) may be used with the following conditions:
    (A) During the DCOT certification procedure outlined in Section 9.2 
of ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14), the 
owner or operator or the DCOT vendor must present the plumes in front 
of various backgrounds of color and contrast representing conditions 
anticipated during field use such as blue sky, trees, and mixed 
backgrounds (clouds and/or a sparse tree stand).
    (B) The owner or operator must also have standard operating 
procedures in place including daily or other frequency quality checks 
to ensure the equipment is within manufacturing specifications as 
outlined in Section 8.1 of ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, 
see Sec.  63.14).
    (C) The owner or operator must follow the recordkeeping procedures 
outlined in Sec.  63.10(b)(1) for the DCOT certification, compliance 
report, data sheets, and all raw unaltered JPEGs used for opacity and 
certification determination.
    (D) The owner or operator or the DCOT vendor must have a minimum of 
four independent technology users apply the software to determine the 
visible opacity of the 300 certification

[[Page 42118]]

plumes. For each set of 25 plumes, the user may not exceed 15-percent 
opacity of anyone reading and the average error must not exceed 7.5-
percent opacity.
    (E) Use of this approved alternative does not provide or imply a 
certification or validation of any vendor's hardware or software. The 
onus to maintain and verify the certification and/or training of the 
DCOT camera, software, and operator in accordance with ASTM D7520-16 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14) and these requirements is 
on the facility, DCOT operator, and DCOT vendor.
* * * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) Using a certified observer, determine the opacity of emissions 
according to EPA Method 9 in appendix A-4 to part 60 of this chapter. 
Alternatively, ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
63.14) may be used with the following conditions:
    (A) During the DCOT certification procedure outlined in Section 9.2 
of ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14), the 
owner or operator or the DCOT vendor must present the plumes in front 
of various backgrounds of color and contrast representing conditions 
anticipated during field use such as blue sky, trees, and mixed 
backgrounds (clouds and/or a sparse tree stand).
    (B) The owner or operator must also have standard operating 
procedures in place including daily or other frequency quality checks 
to ensure the equipment is within manufacturing specifications as 
outlined in Section 8.1 of ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, 
see Sec.  63.14).
    (C) The owner or operator must follow the recordkeeping procedures 
outlined in Sec.  63.10(b)(1) for the DCOT certification, compliance 
report, data sheets, and all raw unaltered JPEGs used for opacity and 
certification determination.
    (D) The owner or operator or the DCOT vendor must have a minimum of 
four independent technology users apply the software to determine the 
visible opacity of the 300 certification plumes. For each set of 25 
plumes, the user may not exceed 15-percent opacity of anyone reading 
and the average error must not exceed 7.5-percent opacity.
    (E) Use of this approved alternative does not provide or imply a 
certification or validation of any vendor's hardware or software. The 
onus to maintain and verify the certification and/or training of the 
DCOT camera, software, and operator in accordance with ASTM D7520-16 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14) and these requirements is 
on the facility, DCOT operator, and DCOT vendor.
* * * * *
    (e) * * *
    (1) Using a certified observer, determine the opacity of emissions 
according to EPA Method 9 in appendix A-4 to part 60 of this chapter. 
Alternatively, ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  
63.14) may be used with the following conditions:
    (i) During the DCOT certification procedure outlined in Section 9.2 
of ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14), the 
owner or operator or the DCOT vendor must present the plumes in front 
of various backgrounds of color and contrast representing conditions 
anticipated during field use such as blue sky, trees, and mixed 
backgrounds (clouds and/or a sparse tree stand).
    (ii) The owner or operator must also have standard operating 
procedures in place including daily or other frequency quality checks 
to ensure the equipment is within manufacturing specifications as 
outlined in Section 8.1 of ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, 
see Sec.  63.14).
    (iii) The owner or operator must follow the recordkeeping 
procedures outlined in Sec.  63.10(b)(1) for the DCOT certification, 
compliance report, data sheets, and all raw unaltered JPEGs used for 
opacity and certification determination.
    (iv) The owner or operator or the DCOT vendor must have a minimum 
of four independent technology users apply the software to determine 
the visible opacity of the 300 certification plumes. For each set of 25 
plumes, the user may not exceed 15-percent opacity of anyone reading 
and the average error must not exceed 7.5-percent opacity.
    (v) Use of this approved alternative does not provide or imply a 
certification or validation of any vendor's hardware or software. The 
onus to maintain and verify the certification and/or training of the 
DCOT camera, software, and operator in accordance with ASTM D7520-16 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14) and these requirements is 
on the facility, DCOT operator, and DCOT vendor.
* * * * *
    (3) Make visible emission observations of uncovered portions of 
sinter plant coolers with the line of sight generally in the direction 
of the center of the cooler.

0
12. Section 63.7824 is amended by revising paragraphs (e) introductory 
text and (e)(1) and (2) and the defined term ``Mc'' in 
Equation 1 in paragraph (e)(3) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.7824  What test methods and other procedures must I use to 
establish and demonstrate initial compliance with operating limits?

* * * * *
    (e) To demonstrate initial compliance with the alternative 
operating limit for volatile organic compound emissions from the sinter 
plant windbox exhaust stream in Sec.  63.7790(d)(2), follow the test 
methods and procedures in paragraphs (e)(1) through (5) of this 
section. You must conduct each performance test that applies to your 
affected source based on representative performance (i.e., performance 
based on normal operating conditions) of the affected source for the 
period being tested. Representative conditions exclude periods of 
startup and shutdown. You shall not conduct performance tests during 
periods of malfunction. You must record the process information that is 
necessary to document operating conditions during the test and include 
in such record an explanation to support that such conditions represent 
normal operation. Upon request, you shall make available to the 
Administrator such records as may be necessary to determine the 
conditions of performance tests.
    (1) Determine the volatile organic compound emissions according to 
the following test methods:
    (i) EPA Method 1 in appendix A-1 to part 60 of this chapter to 
select sampling port locations and the number of traverse points. 
Sampling ports must be located at the outlet of the control device and 
prior to any releases to the atmosphere.
    (ii) EPA Method 2 or 2F in appendix A-1 to part 60 of this chapter 
or EPA Method 2G in appendix A-2 to part 60 of this chapter to 
determine the volumetric flow rate of the stack gas.
    (iii) EPA Method 3, 3A, or 3B in appendix A-2 to part 60 of this 
chapter to determine the dry molecular weight of the stack gas. The 
manual procedures (but not instrumental procedures) of voluntary 
consensus standard ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981--Part 10 (incorporated by 
reference--see Sec.  63.14) may be used as an alternative to EPA Method 
3B.
    (iv) EPA Method 4 in appendix A-3 to part 60 of this chapter to 
determine the moisture content of the stack gas.
    (v) EPA Method 25 in appendix A-7 to part 60 of this chapter to 
determine the mass concentration of volatile organic compound emissions 
(total gaseous nonmethane organics as carbon) from the sinter plant 
windbox exhaust stream stack.

[[Page 42119]]

    (2) Determine volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions every 24 
hours (from at least three samples taken at 8-hour intervals) using EPA 
Method 25 in appendix A-7 to part 60 of this chapter. Record the 
sampling date and time, sampling results, and sinter produced (tons/
day).
    (3) * * *

Mc = Average concentration of total gaseous nonmethane 
organics as carbon by EPA Method 25 in appendix A-7 to part 60 of this 
chapter, milligrams per dry standard cubic meters (mg/dscm) for each 
day;
* * * * *


Sec.  Sec.  63.7825 and 63.7826   [Redesignated as Sec. Sec.  63.7826 
and 63.7827]

0
13. Sections 63.7825 and 63.7826 are redesignated as Sec. Sec.  63.7826 
and 63.7827, respectively, and a new Sec.  63.7825 is added to read as 
follows:


Sec.  63.7825  What test methods and other procedures must I use to 
demonstrate initial compliance with the emission limit for mercury?

    (a) If demonstrating compliance with the mercury emission limits 
for each BOPF Group in Table 1 to this subpart through performance 
testing, you must conduct a performance test to demonstrate initial 
compliance with the emission limit. If demonstrating compliance with 
the emission limit through performance testing, you must conduct each 
performance test that applies to your affected source based on 
representative performance (i.e., performance based on normal operating 
conditions) of the affected source for the period being tested, 
according to the conditions detailed in paragraphs (b) through (f) of 
this section. Representative conditions exclude periods of startup and 
shutdown. You shall not conduct performance tests during periods of 
malfunction. Initial compliance tests must be conducted by the 
deadlines in Sec.  63.7820(e).
    (1) You must record the process information that is necessary to 
document operating conditions during the test and include in such 
record an explanation to support that such conditions represent normal 
operation. Upon request, you shall make available to the Administrator 
such records as may be necessary to determine the conditions of 
performance tests.
    (2) For sources with multiple emission units ducted to a common 
control device and stack, compliance testing must be performed either 
by conducting a single compliance test with all affected emissions 
units in operation or by conducting a separate compliance test on each 
emissions unit. Alternatively, the owner or operator may request 
approval from the permit authority for an alternative testing approach. 
If the units are tested separately, any emissions unit that is not 
tested initially must be tested as soon as is practicable.
    (b) To demonstrate compliance with the emission limit for mercury 
in Table 1 to this subpart through performance testing, follow the test 
methods and procedures in paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section.
    (1) Determine the concentration of mercury according to the 
following test methods:
    (i) EPA Method 1 in appendix A-1 to part 60 of this chapter to 
select sampling port locations and the number of traverse points. 
Sampling ports must be located at the outlet of the control device and 
prior to any releases to the atmosphere.
    (ii) EPA Method 2 or 2F in appendix A-1 to part 60 of this chapter 
or EPA Method 2G in appendix A-2 to part 60 of this chapter to 
determine the volumetric flow rate of the stack gas.
    (iii) EPA Method 3, 3A, or 3B in appendix A-2 to part 60 of this 
chapter to determine the dry molecular weight of the stack gas. The 
manual procedures (but not instrumental procedures) of voluntary 
consensus standard ANSI/ASME PTC 19.10-1981--Part 10 (incorporated by 
reference--see Sec.  63.14) may be used as an alternative to EPA Method 
3B.
    (iv) EPA Method 4 in appendix A-3 to part 60 of this chapter to 
determine the moisture content of the stack gas.
    (v) EPA Method 29 or 30B in appendix A-8 to part 60 of this chapter 
to determine the concentration of mercury from each unit of the BOPF 
Group exhaust stream stack. If performing measurements using EPA Method 
29, you must collect a minimum sample volume of 1.7 dscm (60 dscf). 
Alternative test methods may be considered on a case-by-case basis per 
Sec.  63.7(f).
    (2) Three valid test runs are needed to comprise a performance test 
of each BOPF Group unit. If the performance testing results for any of 
the emission points yields a non-detect value, then the minimum 
detection limit (MDL) must be used to calculate the mass emissions (lb) 
for that emission unit and, in turn, for calculating the sum of the 
emissions (in units of pounds of mercury per ton of steel scrap) for 
all BOPF Group units subject to the emission standard for determining 
compliance. If the resulting mercury emissions are greater than the 
MACT emission standard, the owner or operator may use procedures that 
produce lower MDL results and repeat the mercury performance testing 
one additional time for any emission point for which the measured 
result was below the MDL. If this additional testing is performed, the 
results from that testing must be used to determine compliance (i.e., 
there are no additional opportunities allowed to lower the MDL).
    (3) For a primary emission control device applied to emissions from 
a BOPF with a closed hood system, sample only during the primary oxygen 
blow and do not sample during any subsequent reblows. Continue sampling 
for each run for an integral number of primary oxygen blows.
    (4) For a primary emission control system applied to emissions from 
a BOPF with an open hood system and for a control device applied solely 
to secondary emissions from a BOPF, you must complete the requirements 
of paragraphs (b)(4)(i) and (ii) of this section:
    (i) Sample only during the steel production cycle. Conduct sampling 
under conditions that are representative of normal operation. Record 
the start and end time of each steel production cycle and each period 
of abnormal operation; and
    (ii) Sample for an integral number of steel production cycles. The 
steel production cycle begins when the scrap is charged to the furnace 
and ends 3 minutes after the slag is emptied from the vessel into the 
slag pot.
    (5) For a control device applied to emissions from BOPF shop 
ancillary operations (hot metal transfer, skimming, desulfurization, or 
ladle metallurgy), sample only when the operation(s) is being 
conducted.
    (c) Calculate the mercury mass emissions, based on the average of 
three test run values, for each BOPF Group unit (or combination of 
units that are ducted to a common stack and are tested when all 
affected sources are operating pursuant to paragraph (a) of this 
section) using Equation 1 of this section as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR13JY20.000

Where:

E = Mass emissions of mercury, pounds (lb);
Cs = Concentration of mercury in stack gas, mg/dscm;
454,000 = Conversion factor (mg/lb);
Q = Volumetric flow rate of stack gas, dscf/min;
35.31 = Conversion factor (dscf/dscm); and
t = Duration of test, minutes.

    (d) You must install, calibrate, maintain, and operate an 
appropriate

[[Page 42120]]

weight measurement device, to measure the tons of steel scrap input to 
the BOPF cycle simultaneous with each BOPF Group unit's stack test.
    (e) You must maintain the systems for measuring weight within 
5 percent accuracy. You must describe the specific 
equipment used to make measurements at your facility and how that 
equipment is periodically calibrated. You must also explain, document, 
and maintain written procedures for determining the accuracy of the 
measurements and make these written procedures available to your 
permitting authority upon request. You must determine, record, and 
maintain a record of the accuracy of the measuring systems before the 
beginning of your initial compliance test and during each subsequent 
quarter of affected source operation.
    (f) Calculate the emissions from each new and existing affected 
source in pounds of mercury per ton of steel scrap to determine initial 
compliance with the mercury emission limit in Table 1. Sum the mercury 
mass emissions (in pounds) from all BOPF Group units calculated using 
Equation 1 of this section. Divide that sum by the sum of the total 
amount of steel scrap charged to the BOPFs (in tons).

0
14. Section 63.7831 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(4) through 
(6) and (f)(4) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.7831  What are the installation, operation, and maintenance 
requirements for my monitors?

    (a) * * *
    (4) On or before January 11, 2021, for each existing source, and 
for each new or reconstructed source for which construction or 
reconstruction commenced on or before August 16, 2019, ongoing 
operation and maintenance procedures in accordance with the general 
requirements of Sec.  63.8(c)(1)(ii), (c)(3), (c)(4)(ii), and (c)(7) 
and (8). After January 11, 2021 for each such source, and after July 
13, 2020 for new and reconstructed sources for which construction or 
reconstruction commenced after August 16, ongoing operation and 
maintenance procedures in accordance with the general requirements of 
Sec.  63.8(c)(1)(ii), (c)(3), (c)(4)(ii), and (c)(7) and (8);
    (5) On or before January 11, 2021, for each existing source, and 
for each new or reconstructed source for which construction or 
reconstruction commenced on or before August 16, 2019, ongoing data 
quality assurance procedures in accordance with the general 
requirements of Sec.  63.8(d). After January 11, 2021 for each such 
source, and after July 13, 2020 for new and reconstructed sources for 
which construction or reconstruction commenced after August 16, 2019, 
ongoing data quality assurance procedures in accordance with the 
general requirements of Sec.  63.8(d) except for the requirements 
related to startup, shutdown, and malfunction plans referenced in Sec.  
63.8(d)(3). The owner or operator shall keep these written procedures 
on record for the life of the affected source or until the affected 
source is no longer subject to the provisions of this part, to be made 
available for inspection, upon request, by the Administrator. If the 
performance evaluation plan is revised, the owner or operator shall 
keep previous (i.e., superseded) versions of the performance evaluation 
plan on record to be made available for inspection, upon request, by 
the Administrator, for a period of 5 years after each revision to the 
plan. The program of corrective action should be included in the plan 
required under Sec.  63.8(d)(2);
    (6) On or before January 11, 2021, for each existing source, and 
for each new or reconstructed source for which construction or 
reconstruction commenced on or before August 16, 2019, ongoing 
recordkeeping and reporting procedures in accordance with the general 
requirements of Sec.  63.10(c)(1) through (14), (e)(1), and (e)(2)(i). 
After January 11, 2021 for each such source, and after July 13, 2020 
for new and reconstructed sources for which construction or 
reconstruction commenced after August 16, 2019, ongoing recordkeeping 
and reporting procedures in accordance with the general requirements of 
Sec.  63.10(c)(1) through (14), (e)(1), and (e)(2)(i);
* * * * *
    (f) * * *
    (4) Each system that works based on the triboelectric effect must 
be installed, operated, and maintained in a manner consistent with the 
guidance document, ``Fabric Filter Bag Leak Detection Guidance,'' EPA-
454/R-98-015 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14). You may 
install, operate, and maintain other types of bag leak detection 
systems in a manner consistent with the manufacturer's written 
specifications and recommendations.
* * * * *

0
15. Section 63.7833 is amended by revising paragraph (g)(3) and adding 
paragraphs (h) and (i) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.7833  How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the 
emission limitations that apply to me?

* * * * *
    (g) * * *
    (3) For purposes of paragraphs (g)(1) and (2) of this section, in 
the case of an exceedance of the hourly average opacity operating limit 
for an electrostatic precipitator, measurements of the hourly average 
opacity based on visible emission observations in accordance with EPA 
Method 9 (in appendix A-4 to part 60) may be taken to evaluate the 
effectiveness of corrective action. ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by 
reference, see Sec.  63.14) may be used with the following conditions:
    (i) During the DCOT certification procedure outlined in Section 9.2 
of ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14), the 
owner or operator or the DCOT vendor must present the plumes in front 
of various backgrounds of color and contrast representing conditions 
anticipated during field use such as blue sky, trees, and mixed 
backgrounds (clouds and/or a sparse tree stand).
    (ii) The owner or operator must also have standard operating 
procedures in place including daily or other frequency quality checks 
to ensure the equipment is within manufacturing specifications as 
outlined in Section 8.1 of ASTM D7520-16 (incorporated by reference, 
see Sec.  63.14).
    (iii) The owner or operator must follow the recordkeeping 
procedures outlined in Sec.  63.10(b)(1) for the DCOT certification, 
compliance report, data sheets, and all raw unaltered JPEGs used for 
opacity and certification determination.
    (iv) The owner or operator or the DCOT vendor must have a minimum 
of four independent technology users apply the software to determine 
the visible opacity of the 300 certification plumes. For each set of 25 
plumes, the user may not exceed 15-percent opacity of anyone reading 
and the average error must not exceed 7.5-percent opacity.
    (v) Use of this approved alternative does not provide or imply a 
certification or validation of any vendor's hardware or software. The 
onus to maintain and verify the certification and/or training of the 
DCOT camera, software, and operator in accordance with ASTM D7520-16 
(incorporated by reference, see Sec.  63.14) and these requirements is 
on the facility, DCOT operator, and DCOT vendor.
* * * * *
    (h) If you are demonstrating compliance with the mercury emission 
limits in Table 1 of this section for your BOPF Groups through 
performance testing, you must conduct mercury performance tests in 
accordance with Sec. Sec.  63.7821(e) and 63.7825 and calculate

[[Page 42121]]

the emissions from each new and existing affected source in pounds of 
mercury per ton of steel scrap to determine compliance with the mercury 
emission limits in Table 1. Sum the mercury mass emissions (in pounds) 
from all BOPF Group units calculated using Equation 1 of Sec.  63.7825. 
Divide that sum by the sum of the total amount of steel scrap charged 
to the BOPFs (in tons).
    (i) If you are demonstrating compliance with the mercury emission 
limits in Table 1 of this section for your BOPF Groups by certifying 
participation in the NVMSRP or another EPA-approved mercury program, or 
by using scrap that does not contain mercury switches, you must obtain 
and certify your use of steel scrap per Sec.  63.7791(c), (d), or (e), 
as applicable, and Sec.  63.7841(b)(11) to demonstrate continuous 
compliance with the standard.

0
16. Section 63.7835 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  63.7835  What other requirements must I meet to demonstrate 
continuous compliance?

    Except as provided in Sec.  63.7833(g), you must report each 
instance in which you did not meet each emission limitation in Sec.  
63.7790 that applies to you. This includes periods of startup, 
shutdown, and malfunction. You also must report each instance in which 
you did not meet each operation and maintenance requirement in Sec.  
63.7800 that applies to you. These instances are deviations from the 
emission limitations and operation and maintenance requirements in this 
subpart. These deviations must be reported according to the 
requirements in Sec.  63.7841.
    (a) In the event that an affected unit fails to meet an applicable 
standard, record the date, time, and duration of each failure.
    (b) For each failure to meet an applicable standard, record and 
retain a list of the affected sources or equipment, an estimate of the 
quantity of each regulated pollutant emitted over any emission limit 
and a description of the method used to estimate the emissions.
    (c) Record actions taken to minimize emissions in accordance with 
Sec.  63.7810(d), and any corrective actions taken to return the 
affected unit to its normal or usual manner of operation.
    (d) For existing sources and for new or reconstructed sources which 
commenced construction or reconstruction on or before August 16, 2019, 
before January 11, 2021, consistent with Sec. Sec.  63.6(e) and 
63.7(e)(1), deviations that occur during a period of startup, shutdown, 
or malfunction are not violations if you demonstrate to the 
Administrator's satisfaction that you were operating in accordance with 
Sec.  63.6(e)(1). The Administrator will determine whether deviations 
that occur during a period of startup, shutdown, or malfunction are 
violations, according to the provisions in Sec.  63.6(e). After January 
11, 2021 for such sources, and after July 13, 2020 for new and 
reconstructed sources which commence construction or reconstruction 
after August 16, 2019, the exemptions for periods of startup, shutdown, 
and malfunction in Sec.  63.6(e) no longer apply.

0
17. Section 63.7840 is amended by revising paragraphs (d), (e) 
introductory text, and (e)(2) and adding paragraphs (f) through (h) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  63.7840  What notifications must I submit and when?

* * * * *
    (d) If you are required to conduct a performance test, you must 
submit a notification of intent to conduct a performance test at least 
60 calendar days before the performance test is scheduled to begin as 
required in Sec.  63.7(b)(1). For the first mercury compliance test in 
the BOPF Group for anyone sequence of tests, you must include a 
schedule of all subsequent tests in the BOPF Group in the test series.
    (e) If you are required to conduct a performance test, opacity 
observation, or other initial compliance demonstration, you must submit 
a notification of compliance according to Sec.  63.9(h)(2)(ii), except 
that for the purposes of submitting the notification of compliance 
status for BOPF Group mercury testing, the performance test shall be 
considered complete when the final unit or control device in the BOPF 
Group in the sequence is tested.
* * * * *
    (2) For each initial compliance demonstration that includes a 
performance test, you must submit the notification of compliance 
status, including the summary of performance test results, before the 
close of business on the 60th calendar day following the completion of 
the performance test according to Sec.  63.10(d)(2).
    (f) The notification of compliance status required by Sec. Sec.  
63.9(b) and (h) and 63.7826(c) must include each applicable 
certification of compliance, signed by a responsible official, in 
paragraphs (f)(1) and (2) of this section, regarding the mercury 
requirements, as applicable, in Sec.  63.7791(c) through (e).
    (1) ``This facility participates in and purchases scrap only from 
scrap providers who participate in a program for removal of mercury 
switches that has been approved by the EPA Administrator, in accordance 
with Sec.  63.7791(c) or (e)''; or
    (2) ``This facility complies with the requirements for scrap that 
does not contain mercury switches, in accordance with Sec.  
63.7791(d).''
    (g) Within 60 calendar days after the date of completing each 
performance test required by this subpart, you must submit the results 
of the performance test following the procedures specified in 
paragraphs (g)(1) through (3) of this section. Where applicable, you 
may assert a claim of EPA system outage, in accordance with Sec.  
63.7841(e), or force majeure, in accordance with Sec.  63.7841(f), for 
failure to timely comply with this requirement.
    (1) Data collected using test methods supported by EPA's Electronic 
Reporting Tool (ERT) as listed on EPA's ERT website (https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/electronic-reporting-tool-ert) at the time of the test. Submit the results of the 
performance test to the EPA via the Compliance and Emissions Data 
Reporting Interface (CEDRI), which can be accessed through EPA's 
Central Data Exchange (CDX) (https://cdx.epa.gov/). The data must be 
submitted in a file format generated through the use of EPA's ERT. 
Alternatively, you may submit an electronic file consistent with the 
extensible markup language (XML) schema listed on EPA's ERT website.
    (2) Data collected using test methods that are not supported by 
EPA's ERT as listed on EPA's ERT website at the time of the test. The 
results of the performance test must be included as an attachment in 
the ERT or an alternate electronic file consistent with the XML schema 
listed on EPA's ERT website. Submit the ERT generated package or 
alternative file to the EPA via CEDRI.
    (3) Confidential business information (CBI). If you claim some of 
the information submitted under paragraph (g) of this section is CBI, 
you must submit a complete file, including information claimed to be 
CBI, to the EPA. The file must be generated through the use of EPA's 
ERT or an alternate electronic file consistent with the XML schema 
listed on EPA's ERT website. Submit the file on a compact disc, flash 
drive, or other commonly used electronic storage medium and clearly 
mark the medium as CBI. Mail the electronic medium to U.S. EPA/OAQPS/
CORE CBI Office, Attention: Group Leader, Measurement Policy Group, MD 
C404-02, 4930 Old Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same file with the 
CBI omitted must be submitted to the EPA via EPA's CDX as described in 
paragraph (g) of this section.

[[Page 42122]]

    (h) Within 60 calendar days after the date of completing each 
continuous monitoring system (CMS) performance evaluation (as defined 
in Sec.  63.2), you must submit the results of the performance 
evaluation following the procedures specified in paragraphs (h)(1) 
through (3) of this section. Where applicable, you may assert a claim 
of EPA system outage, in accordance with Sec.  63.7841(e), or force 
majeure, in accordance with Sec.  63.7841(f), for failure to timely 
comply with this requirement.
    (1) Performance evaluations of CMS measuring relative accuracy test 
audit (RATA) pollutants that are supported by EPA's ERT as listed on 
EPA's ERT website at the time of the evaluation. Submit the results of 
the performance evaluation to the EPA via CEDRI, which can be accessed 
through EPA's CDX. The data must be submitted in a file format 
generated through the use of EPA's ERT. Alternatively, you may submit 
an electronic file consistent with the XML schema listed on EPA's ERT 
website.
    (2) Performance evaluations of CMS measuring RATA pollutants that 
are not supported by EPA's ERT as listed on EPA's ERT website at the 
time of the evaluation. The results of the performance evaluation must 
be included as an attachment in the ERT or an alternate electronic file 
consistent with the XML schema listed on EPA's ERT website. Submit the 
ERT generated package or alternative file to the EPA via CEDRI.
    (3) Confidential business information (CBI). If you claim some of 
the information submitted under this paragraph (h) is CBI, you must 
submit a complete file, including information claimed to be CBI, to the 
EPA. The file must be generated through the use of EPA's ERT or an 
alternate electronic file consistent with the XML schema listed on 
EPA's ERT website. Submit the file on a compact disc, flash drive, or 
other commonly used electronic storage medium and clearly mark the 
medium as CBI. Mail the electronic medium to U.S. EPA/OAQPS/CORE CBI 
Office, Attention: Group Leader, Measurement Policy Group, MD C404-02, 
4930 Old Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same file with the CBI omitted 
must be submitted to the EPA via EPA's CDX as described in this 
paragraph (h).

0
18. Section 63.7841 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (b) introductory text, (b)(4), (b)(7) 
introductory text, (b)(7)(ii), (b)(8) introductory text, and 
(b)(8)(ii), (iv), and (vi);
0
b. Adding paragraphs (b)(9) through (13);
0
c. Revising paragraph (c);
0
d. Redesignating paragraph (d) as paragraph (g) and revising it; and
0
e. Adding new paragraph (d) and paragraphs (e) and (f).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  63.7841  What reports must I submit and when?

* * * * *
    (b) Compliance report contents. Each compliance report must include 
the information in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section and, 
as applicable, paragraphs (b)(4) through (13) of this section.
* * * * *
    (4) For existing sources and for new or reconstructed sources for 
which construction or reconstruction commenced on or before August 16, 
2019, before January 11, 2021, if you had a startup, shutdown, or 
malfunction during the reporting period and you took actions consistent 
with your startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan, the compliance 
report must include the information in Sec.  63.10(d)(5)(i). A startup, 
shutdown, and malfunction plan and the information in Sec.  
63.10(d)(5)(i) is not required after January 11, 2021.
* * * * *
    (7) For each deviation from an emission limitation in Sec.  63.7790 
that occurs at an affected source where you are not using a continuous 
monitoring system (including a CPMS, COMS, or CEMS) to comply with an 
emission limitation in this subpart, the compliance report must contain 
the information in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this section, the 
information in paragraphs (b)(7)(i) and (ii) of this section, and the 
information in (b)(13) of this section. This includes periods of 
startup, shutdown, and malfunction.
* * * * *
    (ii) Information on the duration and cause of deviations (including 
unknown cause, if applicable) as applicable and the corrective action 
taken.
* * * * *
    (8) For each deviation from an emission limitation occurring at an 
affected source where you are using a continuous monitoring system 
(including a CPMS or COMS) to comply with the emission limitation in 
this subpart, you must include the information in paragraphs (b)(1) 
through (4) of this section, the information in paragraphs (b)(8)(i) 
through (xi) of this section, and the information in (b)(13) of this 
section. This includes periods of malfunction.
* * * * *
    (ii) The date, time, and duration that each continuous monitoring 
was inoperative, except for zero (low-level) and high-level checks.
* * * * *
    (iv) The date and time that each deviation started and stopped, and 
whether each deviation occurred during a malfunction or during another 
period.
* * * * *
    (vi) A breakdown of the total duration of the deviations during the 
reporting period including those that are due to control equipment 
problems, process problems, other known causes, and other unknown 
causes.
* * * * *
    (9) Any deviation from the requirements in Sec.  63.7791 and the 
corrective action taken. For each deviation, you must include the 
information in (b)(13) of this section.
    (10) If there were no deviations from the requirements in Sec.  
63.7791, a statement that there were no deviations from the 
requirements during the reporting period.
    (11) If the facility demonstrates compliance with the mercury 
emission limits in Table 1 through the compliance options in Sec.  
63.7791(c), (d), or (e), the report must contain the applicable 
statement in paragraphs (b)(11)(i) and (ii) of this section, as 
applicable.
    (i) ``This facility participates in and purchases scrap only from 
scrap providers who participate in a program for removal of mercury 
switches that has been approved by the EPA Administrator, in accordance 
with Sec.  63.7791(c) or (e)''; or
    (ii) ``This facility complies with the requirements for scrap that 
does not contain mercury switches, in accordance with Sec.  
63.7791(d).''
    (12) For existing sources and for new or reconstructed sources 
which commenced construction or reconstruction on or before August 16, 
2019, before January 11, 2021, for each startup, shutdown, or 
malfunction during the reporting period that is not consistent with 
your startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan you must submit an 
immediate startup, shutdown and malfunction report. Unless the 
Administrator has approved a different schedule for submission of 
reports under Sec.  63.10(a), you must submit each report according to 
paragraphs (f)(1) and (2) of this section. An immediate startup, 
shutdown, and malfunction report is not required after January 11, 
2021.
    (13) Beginning on January 11, 2021 if you failed to meet an 
applicable standard, the compliance report must

[[Page 42123]]

include the start date, start time, and duration of each failure. For 
each failure, the compliance report must include a list of the affected 
sources or equipment, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated 
pollutant emitted over any emission limit, and a description of the 
method used to estimate the emissions.
    (c) Use of CEDRI template. Beginning on January 11, 2021 or 180 
days after the date the reporting template becomes available in CEDRI, 
whichever is later, submit all subsequent reports following the 
procedure specified in paragraph (d) of this section.
    (d) CEDRI submission. If you are required to submit reports 
following the procedure specified in this paragraph, you must submit 
reports to the EPA via CEDRI, which can be accessed through EPA's CDX 
(https://cdx.epa.gov/). You must use the appropriate electronic report 
template on the CEDRI website (https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/compliance-and-emissions-data-reporting-interface-cedri) for this subpart. The date report templates become 
available will be listed on the CEDRI website. The report must be 
submitted by the deadline specified in this subpart, regardless of the 
method in which the report is submitted. If you claim some of the 
information required to be submitted via CEDRI is CBI, submit a 
complete report, including information claimed to be CBI, to the EPA. 
The report must be generated using the appropriate form on the CEDRI 
website. Submit the file on a compact disc, flash drive, or other 
commonly used electronic storage medium and clearly mark the medium as 
CBI. Mail the electronic medium to U.S. EPA/OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, 
Attention: Group Leader, Measurement Policy Group, MD C404-02, 4930 Old 
Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same file with the CBI omitted must be 
submitted to the EPA via EPA's CDX as described earlier in this 
paragraph.
    (e) CDX outage. If you are required to electronically submit a 
report through CEDRI in EPA's CDX, you may assert a claim of EPA system 
outage for failure to timely comply with the reporting requirement. To 
assert a claim of EPA system outage, you must meet the requirements 
outlined in paragraphs (e)(1) through (7) of this section.
    (1) You must have been or will be precluded from accessing CEDRI 
and submitting a required report within the time prescribed due to an 
outage of either EPA's CEDRI or CDX systems.
    (2) The outage must have occurred within the period of time 
beginning five business days prior to the date that the submission is 
due.
    (3) The outage may be planned or unplanned.
    (4) You must submit notification to the Administrator in writing as 
soon as possible following the date you first knew, or through due 
diligence should have known, that the event may cause or has caused a 
delay in reporting.
    (5) You must provide to the Administrator a written description 
identifying:
    (i) The date(s) and time(s) when CDX or CEDRI was accessed and the 
system was unavailable;
    (ii) A rationale for attributing the delay in reporting beyond the 
regulatory deadline to EPA system outage;
    (iii) Measures taken or to be taken to minimize the delay in 
reporting; and
    (iv) The date by which you propose to report, or if you have 
already met the reporting requirement at the time of the notification, 
the date you reported.
    (6) The decision to accept the claim of EPA system outage and allow 
an extension to the reporting deadline is solely within the discretion 
of the Administrator.
    (7) In any circumstance, the report must be submitted 
electronically as soon as possible after the outage is resolved.
    (f) Claim of force majeure. If you are required to electronically 
submit a report through CEDRI in EPA's CDX, you may assert a claim of 
force majeure for failure to timely comply with the reporting 
requirement. To assert a claim of force majeure, you must meet the 
requirements outlined in paragraphs (f)(1) through (5) of this section.
    (1) You may submit a claim if a force majeure event is about to 
occur, occurs, or has occurred or there are lingering effects from such 
an event within the period of time beginning five business days prior 
to the date the submission is due. For the purposes of this section, a 
force majeure event is defined as an event that will be or has been 
caused by circumstances beyond the control of the affected facility, 
its contractors, or any entity controlled by the affected facility that 
prevents you from complying with the requirement to submit a report 
electronically within the time period prescribed. Examples of such 
events are acts of nature (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes, or floods), 
acts of war or terrorism, or equipment failure or safety hazard beyond 
the control of the affected facility (e.g., large scale power outage).
    (2) You must submit notification to the Administrator in writing as 
soon as possible following the date you first knew, or through due 
diligence should have known, that the event may cause or has caused a 
delay in reporting.
    (3) You must provide to the Administrator:
    (i) A written description of the force majeure event;
    (ii) A rationale for attributing the delay in reporting beyond the 
regulatory deadline to the force majeure event;
    (iii) Measures taken or to be taken to minimize the delay in 
reporting; and
    (iv) The date by which you propose to report, or if you have 
already met the reporting requirement at the time of the notification, 
the date you reported.
    (4) The decision to accept the claim of force majeure and allow an 
extension to the reporting deadline is solely within the discretion of 
the Administrator.
    (5) In any circumstance, the reporting must occur as soon as 
possible after the force majeure event occurs.
    (g) Part 70 monitoring report. If you have obtained a title V 
operating permit for an affected source pursuant to part 70 or 71 of 
this chapter, you must report all deviations as defined in this subpart 
in the semiannual monitoring report required by Sec.  
70.6(a)(3)(iii)(A) or Sec.  71.6(a)(3)(iii)(A) of this chapter. If you 
submit a compliance report for an affected source along with, or as 
part of, the semiannual monitoring report required by Sec.  
70.6(a)(3)(iii)(A) or Sec.  71.6(a)(3)(iii)(A) of this chapter, and the 
compliance report includes all the required information concerning 
deviations from any emission limitation, standard, or operation and 
maintenance requirement in this subpart, submission of the compliance 
report satisfies any obligation to report the same deviations in the 
semiannual monitoring report. However, submission of a compliance 
report does not otherwise affect any obligation you may have to report 
deviations from permit requirements for an affected source to your 
permitting authority.

0
19. Section 63.7842 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (a)(2);
0
b. Redesignating paragraph (a)(3) as paragraph (a)(5);
0
c. Adding new paragraph (a)(3) and paragraph (a)(4);
0
d. Revising paragraph (b)(3); and
0
e. Adding paragraph (e).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  63.7842  What records must I keep?

    (a) * * *
    (2) For existing sources and for new or reconstructed sources which 
commenced construction or reconstruction on or before August 16, 2019, 
before January 11, 2021, the records in Sec.  63.6(e)(3)(iii) through 
(v) related to startup, shutdown, and malfunction for a period of five 
years. A

[[Page 42124]]

startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan is not required after January 
11, 2021.
    (3) For each failure to meet an applicable standard, a list of the 
affected sources or equipment, an estimate of the quantity of each 
regulated pollutant emitted over any emission limit, and a description 
of the method used to estimate the emissions.
    (4) Records of the actions taken to minimize emissions in 
accordance with Sec.  63.7810(d), and any corrective actions taken to 
return the affected unit to its normal or usual manner of operation.
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) Previous (that is, superseded) versions of the performance 
evaluation plan required under Sec.  63.8(d)(2), with the program of 
corrective action included in the plan.
* * * * *
    (e) If you are demonstrating compliance with the mercury emission 
limit in Table 1 through Sec.  63.7791(c), you must keep records to 
demonstrate compliance with the requirements for mercury in Sec.  
63.7791(c) as applicable. If you are demonstrating compliance with the 
mercury emission limit in Table 1 through Sec.  63.7791(d), you must 
keep records documenting compliance with Sec.  63.7791(d) for scrap 
that does not contain mercury switches. If you are demonstrating 
compliance with the mercury emission limit in Table 1 through Sec.  
63.7791(e), you must maintain records identifying each scrap provider 
and documenting the scrap provider's participation in an approved 
mercury switch removal program. If you purchase scrap from a broker, 
you must maintain records identifying each broker and documentation 
that all scrap provided by the broker was obtained from other scrap 
providers who participate in an approved mercury switch removal 
program.

0
20. Section 63.7851 is amended by revising paragraph (c) introductory 
text and adding paragraph (c)(5) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.7851  Who implements and enforces this subpart?

* * * * *
    (c) The authorities that will not be delegated to State, local, or 
tribal agencies are specified in paragraphs (c)(1) through (5) of this 
section.
* * * * *
    (5) Approval of an alternative to any electronic reporting to the 
EPA required by this subpart.

0
21. Section 63.7852 is amended by:
0
a. Adding in alphabetical order a definition for ``basic oxygen process 
furnace group'';
0
b. Revising the definition of ``deviation''; and
0
c. Adding in alphabetical order definitions for ``mercury switch'', 
``motor vehicle'', ``motor vehicle scrap'', ``opening'', ``post-
consumer steel scrap'', ``pre-consumer steel scrap'', ``scrap 
provider'', ``shredded motor vehicle scrap'', ``specialty metal 
scrap'', and ``steel scrap''.
    The additions and revision read as follows:


Sec.  63.7852  What definitions apply to this subpart?

* * * * *
    Basic oxygen process furnace group means the collection of BOPF 
shop steelmaking operating units and their control devices including 
the BOPF primary emission control system, BOPF secondary control 
system, ladle metallurgy units, and hot metal transfer, desulfurization 
and slag skimming units that are operating at the time of each mercury 
test sequence. In the case of duplicate units in the BOPF Group, the 
BOPF Group for purposes of this rule means only those units operating 
at the time of the test sequence. See related definitions in this 
section for ``primary emissions,'' ``primary emission control system,'' 
``secondary emissions,'' and ``secondary emission control system.''
* * * * *
    Deviation means any instance in which an affected source subject to 
this subpart, or an owner or operator of such a source:
    (1) Fails to meet any requirement or obligation established by this 
subpart, including but not limited to any emission limitation 
(including operating limits), standard, or operation and maintenance 
requirement;
    (2) Fails to meet any term or condition that is adopted to 
implement an applicable requirement in this subpart and that is 
included in the operating permit for any affected source required to 
obtain such a permit; or
    (3) Fails to meet any emission limitation in this subpart during 
startup, shutdown, or malfunction, regardless of whether or not such 
failure is permitted by this subpart.
* * * * *
    Mercury switch means each mercury-containing capsule or switch 
assembly that is part of a convenience light switch mechanism installed 
in a motor vehicle.
    Motor vehicle means an automotive vehicle not operated on rails and 
usually operated with rubber tires for use on roads and highways.
    Motor vehicle scrap means post-consumer scrap from discarded 
automotive vehicles, in whole or in part, including automobile body 
hulks that have been processed through a shredder. Motor vehicle scrap 
does not include automobile manufacturing bundles or miscellaneous 
vehicle parts, such as wheels and bumpers, which do not contain mercury 
switches.
    Opening means any roof monitor, vent, door, window, hole, crack or 
other conduit that allows gas to escape to the atmosphere from a blast 
furnace casthouse or BOPF shop.
    Post-consumer steel scrap means steel scrap that is composed of 
materials made of steel that were purchased by households or by 
commercial, industrial, and institutional facilities in their role as 
end-users of the product and which can no longer be used for its 
intended purpose.
    Pre-consumer steel scrap means steel scrap that is left over from 
industrial or manufacturing processes and which is subsequently 
recycled as scrap. Other terms used to describe this scrap are new, 
home, run-around, prompt-industrial, and return scrap.
* * * * *
    Scrap provider means the company or person (including a broker) who 
contracts directly with an integrated iron and steel manufacturing 
facility to provide steel scrap. Scrap processors, such as shredder 
operators or vehicle dismantlers, who do not sell scrap directly to an 
integrated iron and steel manufacturing facility are not scrap 
providers.
* * * * *
    Shredded motor vehicle scrap means post-consumer scrap from 
discarded automotive vehicles that has been processed through a 
shredder.
* * * * *
    Specialty metal scrap means scrap where the only materials from 
motor vehicles in the scrap are materials (such as certain exhaust 
systems) recovered for their specialty alloy content (including, but 
not limited to, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, or other alloys), and, 
based on the nature of the scrap and purchase specifications, the scrap 
is not expected to contain mercury switches.
* * * * *
    Steel scrap means pre-consumer and post-consumer discarded steel 
that is processed by scrap providers for resale (post-consumer) or used 
on-site (pre-consumer or run-around scrap from within a facility or 
company). Post-consumer steel scrap may or may not

[[Page 42125]]

contain motor vehicle scrap, depending on the type of scrap.
* * * * *

0
22. Table 1 to Subpart FFFFF of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
    As required in Sec.  63.7790(a), you must comply with each 
applicable emission and opacity limit in the following table:

    Table 1 to Subpart FFFFF of Part 63--Emission and Opacity Limits
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    You must comply with each of the
          For . . .                         following . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Each windbox exhaust        You must not cause to be discharged to
 stream at an existing sinter   the atmosphere any gases that contain
 plant.                         particulate matter in excess of 0.4 lb/
                                ton of product sinter.
2. Each windbox exhaust        You must not cause to be discharged to
 stream at a new sinter plant.  the atmosphere any gases that contain
                                particulate matter in excess of 0.3 lb/
                                ton of product sinter.
3. Each discharge end at an    a. You must not cause to be discharged to
 existing sinter plant.         the atmosphere any gases that exit from
                                one or more control devices that
                                contain, on a flow-weighted basis,
                                particulate matter in excess of 0.02 gr/
                                dscf 1 2; and
                               b. You must not cause to be discharged to
                                the atmosphere any secondary emissions
                                that exit any opening in the building or
                                structure housing the discharge end that
                                exhibit opacity greater than 20 percent
                                (6-minute average).
4. Each discharge end at a     a. You must not cause to be discharged to
 new sinter plant.              the atmosphere any gases that exit from
                                one or more control devices that
                                contain, on a flow weighted basis,
                                particulate matter in excess of 0.01 gr/
                                dscf; and
                               b. You must not cause to be discharged to
                                the atmosphere any secondary emissions
                                that exit any opening in the building or
                                structure housing the discharge end that
                                exhibit opacity greater than 10 percent
                                (6-minute average).
5. Each sinter cooler at an    You must not cause to be discharged to
 existing sinter plant.         the atmosphere any emissions that
                                exhibit opacity greater than 10 percent
                                (6-minute average).
6. Each sinter cooler at a     You must not cause to be discharged to
 new sinter plant.              the atmosphere any gases that contain
                                particulate matter in excess of 0.01 gr/
                                dscf.
7. Each casthouse at an        a. You must not cause to be discharged to
 existing blast furnace.        the atmosphere any gases that exit from
                                a control device that contain
                                particulate matter in excess of 0.01 gr/
                                dscf \2\; and
                               b. You must not cause to be discharged to
                                the atmosphere any secondary emissions
                                that exit all openings in the casthouse
                                or structure housing the blast furnace
                                that exhibit opacity greater than 20
                                percent (6-minute average).
8. Each casthouse at a new     a. You must not cause to be discharged to
 blast furnace.                 the atmosphere any gases that exit from
                                a control device that contain
                                particulate matter in excess of 0.003 gr/
                                dscf; and
                               b. You must not cause to be discharged to
                                the atmosphere any secondary emissions
                                that exit all openings in the casthouse
                                or structure housing the blast furnace
                                that exhibit opacity greater than 15
                                percent (6-minute average).
9. Each BOPF at a new or       a. You must not cause to be discharged to
 existing shop.                 the atmosphere any gases that exit from
                                a primary emission control system for a
                                BOPF with a closed hood system at a new
                                or existing BOPF shop that contain, on a
                                flow-weighted basis, particulate matter
                                in excess of 0.03 gr/dscf during the
                                primary oxygen blow 2 3; and
                               b. You must not cause to be discharged to
                                the atmosphere any gases that exit from
                                a primary emission control system for a
                                BOPF with an open hood system that
                                contain, on a flow-weighted basis,
                                particulate matter in excess of 0.02 gr/
                                dscf during the steel production cycle
                                for an existing BOPF shop 2 3 or 0.01 gr/
                                dscf during the steel production cycle
                                for a new BOPF shop \3\; and
                               c. You must not cause to be discharged to
                                the atmosphere any gases that exit from
                                a control device used solely for the
                                collection of secondary emissions from
                                the BOPF that contain particulate matter
                                in excess of 0.01 gr/dscf for an
                                existing BOPF shop \2\ or 0.0052 gr/dscf
                                for a new BOPF shop.
10. Each hot metal transfer,   You must not cause to be discharged to
 skimming, and                  the atmosphere any gases that exit from
 desulfurization operation at   a control device that contain
 a new or existing BOPF shop.   particulate matter in excess of 0.01 gr/
                                dscf for an existing BOPF shop \2\ or
                                0.003 gr/dscf for a new BOPF shop.
11. Each ladle metallurgy      You must not cause to be discharged to
 operation at a new or          the atmosphere any gases that exit from
 existing BOPF shop.            a control device that contain
                                particulate matter in excess of 0.01 gr/
                                dscf for an existing BOPF shop \2\ or
                                0.004 gr/dscf for a new BOPF shop.
12. Each existing BOPF shop..  You must not cause to be discharged to
                                the atmosphere any secondary emissions
                                that exit any opening in the BOPF shop
                                or any other building housing the BOPF
                                or BOPF shop operation that exhibit
                                opacity greater than 20 percent (3-
                                minute average).
13. Each new BOPF shop.......  a. You must not cause to be discharged to
                                the atmosphere any secondary emissions
                                that exit any opening in the BOPF shop
                                or other building housing a bottom-blown
                                BOPF or BOPF shop operations that
                                exhibit opacity (for any set of 6-minute
                                averages) greater than 10 percent,
                                except that one 6-minute period not to
                                exceed 20 percent may occur once per
                                steel production cycle; or
                               b. You must not cause to be discharged to
                                the atmosphere any secondary emissions
                                that exit any opening in the BOPF shop
                                or other building housing a top-blown
                                BOPF or BOPF shop operations that
                                exhibit opacity (for any set of 3-minute
                                averages) greater than 10 percent,
                                except that one 3-minute period greater
                                than 10 percent but less than 20 percent
                                may occur once per steel production
                                cycle.
14. Each BOPF Group at an      You must not cause to be discharged to
 existing BOPF shop.            the atmosphere any gases that exit from
                                the collection of BOPF Group control
                                devices that contain mercury in excess
                                of 0.00026 lb/ton of steel scrap input
                                to the BOPF.
15. Each BOPF Group at a new   You must not cause to be discharged to
 BOPF shop.                     the atmosphere any gases that exit from
                                the collection of BOPF Group control
                                devices that contain mercury in excess
                                of 0.000081 lb/ton of steel scrap input
                                to the BOPF.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ This limit applies if the cooler is vented to the same control
  device as the discharge end.
\2\ This concentration limit (gr/dscf) for a control device does not
  apply to discharges inside a building or structure housing the
  discharge end at an existing sinter plant, inside a casthouse at an
  existing blast furnace, or inside an existing BOPF shop if the control
  device was installed before August 30, 2005.
\3\ This limit applies to control devices operated in parallel for a
  single BOPF during the oxygen blow.


[[Page 42126]]


0
23. Table 2 to Subpart FFFFF of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
    As required in Sec.  63.7826(a)(1), you must demonstrate initial 
compliance with the emission and opacity limits according to the 
following table:

  Table 2 to Subpart FFFFF of Part 63--Initial Compliance With Emission
                           and Opacity Limits
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                You have demonstrated initial compliance
          For . . .                             if . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Each windbox exhaust        The process-weighted mass rate of
 stream at an existing sinter   particulate matter from a windbox
 plant.                         exhaust stream, measured according to
                                the performance test procedures in Sec.
                                 63.7822(c), did not exceed 0.4 lb/ton
                                of product sinter.
2. Each windbox exhaust        The process-weighted mass rate of
 stream at a new sinter plant.  particulate matter from a windbox
                                exhaust stream, measured according to
                                the performance test procedures in Sec.
                                 63.7822(c), did not exceed 0.3 lb/ton
                                of product sinter.
3. Each discharge end at an    a. The flow-weighted average
 existing sinter plant.         concentration of particulate matter from
                                one or more control devices applied to
                                emissions from a discharge end, measured
                                according to the performance test
                                procedures in Sec.   63.7822(d), did not
                                exceed 0.02 gr/dscf; and
                               b. The opacity of secondary emissions
                                from each discharge end, determined
                                according to the performance test
                                procedures in Sec.   63.7823(c), did not
                                exceed 20 percent (6-minute average).
4. Each discharge end at a     a. The flow-weighted average
 new sinter plant.              concentration of particulate matter from
                                one or more control devices applied to
                                emissions from a discharge end, measured
                                according to the performance test
                                procedures in Sec.   63.7822(d), did not
                                exceed 0.01 gr/dscf; and
                               b. The opacity of secondary emissions
                                from each discharge end, determined
                                according to the performance test
                                procedures in Sec.   63.7823(c), did not
                                exceed 10 percent (6-minute average).
5. Each sinter cooler at an    The opacity of emissions, determined
 existing sinter plant.         according to the performance test
                                procedures in Sec.   63.7823(e), did not
                                exceed 10 percent (6-minute average).
6. Each sinter cooler at a     The average concentration of particulate
 new sinter plant.              matter, measured according to the
                                performance test procedures in Sec.
                                63.7822(b), did not exceed 0.01 gr/dscf.
7. Each casthouse at an        a. The average concentration of
 existing blast furnace.        particulate matter from a control device
                                applied to emissions from a casthouse,
                                measured according to the performance
                                test procedures in Sec.   63.7822(e),
                                did not exceed 0.01 gr/dscf; and
                               b. The opacity of secondary emissions
                                from each casthouse, determined
                                according to the performance test
                                procedures in Sec.   63.7823(c), did not
                                exceed 20 percent (6-minute average).
8. Each casthouse at a new     a. The average concentration of
 blast furnace.                 particulate matter from a control device
                                applied to emissions from a casthouse,
                                measured according to the performance
                                test procedures in Sec.   63.7822(e),
                                did not exceed 0.003 gr/dscf; and
                               b. The opacity of secondary emissions
                                from each casthouse, determined
                                according to the performance test
                                procedures in Sec.   63.7823(c), did not
                                exceed 15 percent (6-minute average).
9. Each BOPF at a new or       a. The average concentration of
 existing BOPF shop.            particulate matter from a primary
                                emission control system applied to
                                emissions from a BOPF with a closed hood
                                system, measured according to the
                                performance test procedures in Sec.
                                63.7822(f), did not exceed 0.03 gr/dscf
                                for a new or existing BOPF shop;
                               b. The average concentration of
                                particulate matter from a primary
                                emission control system applied to
                                emissions from a BOPF with an open hood
                                system, measured according to the
                                performance test procedures in Sec.
                                63.7822(g), did not exceed 0.02 gr/dscf
                                for an existing BOPF shop or 0.01 gr/
                                dscf for a new BOPF shop; and
                               c. The average concentration of
                                particulate matter from a control device
                                applied solely to secondary emissions
                                from a BOPF, measured according to the
                                performance test procedures in Sec.
                                63.7822(g), did not exceed 0.01 gr/dscf
                                for an existing BOPF shop or 0.0052 gr/
                                dscf for a new BOPF shop.
10. Each hot metal transfer    The average concentration of particulate
 skimming, and                  matter from a control device applied to
 desulfurization at a new or    emissions from hot metal transfer,
 existing BOPF shop.            skimming, or desulfurization, measured
                                according to the performance test
                                procedures in Sec.   63.7822(h), did not
                                exceed 0.01 gr/dscf for an existing BOPF
                                shop or 0.003 gr/dscf for a new BOPF
                                shop.
11. Each ladle metallurgy      The average concentration of particulate
 operation at a new or          matter from a control device applied to
 existing BOPF shop.            emissions from a ladle metallurgy
                                operation, measured according to the
                                performance test procedures in Sec.
                                63.7822(h), did not exceed 0.01 gr/dscf
                                for an existing BOPF shop or 0.004 gr/
                                dscf for a new BOPF shop.
12. Each existing BOPF shop..  The opacity of secondary emissions from
                                each BOPF shop, determined according to
                                the performance test procedures in Sec.
                                 63.7823(d), did not exceed 20 percent
                                (3-minute average).
13. Each new BOPF shop.......  a. The opacity of the highest set of 6-
                                minute averages from each BOPF shop
                                housing a bottom-blown BOPF, determined
                                according to the performance test
                                procedures in Sec.   63.7823(d), did not
                                exceed 20 percent and the second highest
                                set of 6-minute averages did not exceed
                                10 percent; or
                               b. The opacity of the highest set of 3-
                                minute averages from each BOPF shop
                                housing a top-blown BOPF, determined
                                according to the performance test
                                procedures in Sec.   63.7823(d), did not
                                exceed 20 percent and the second highest
                                set of 3-minute averages did not exceed
                                10 percent.
14. Each BOPF Group at an      If demonstrating compliance through
 existing BOPF shop.            performance testing, the average
                                emissions of mercury from the collection
                                of BOPF Group control devices applied to
                                the emissions from the BOPF Group,
                                measured according to the performance
                                test procedures in Sec.   63.7825, did
                                not exceed 0.00026 lb/ton steel scrap
                                input to the BOPF.
15. Each BOPF Group at a new   If demonstrating compliance through
 BOPF shop.                     performance testing, the average
                                emissions of mercury from the collection
                                of BOPF Group control devices applied to
                                the emissions from the BOPF Group,
                                measured according to the performance
                                test procedures in Sec.   63.7825, did
                                not exceed 0.000081 lb/ton steel scrap
                                input to the BOPF.
------------------------------------------------------------------------


0
24. Table 3 to Subpart FFFFF of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
    As required in Sec.  63.7833(a), you must demonstrate continuous 
compliance with the emission and opacity limits according to the 
following table:

[[Page 42127]]



Table 3 to Subpart FFFFF of Part 63--Continuous Compliance With Emission
                           and Opacity Limits
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    You must demonstrate continuous
          For . . .                       compliance by . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Each windbox exhaust        a. Maintaining emissions of particulate
 stream at an existing sinter   matter at or below 0.4 lb/ton of product
 plant.                         sinter; and
                               b. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
2. Each windbox exhaust        a. Maintaining emissions of particulate
 stream at a new sinter plant.  matter at or below 0.3 lb/ton of product
                                sinter; and
                               b. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
3. Each discharge end at an    a. Maintaining emissions of particulate
 existing sinter plant.         matter from one or more control devices
                                at or below 0.02 gr/dscf; and
                               b. Maintaining the opacity of secondary
                                emissions that exit any opening in the
                                building or structure housing the
                                discharge end at or below 20 percent (6-
                                minute average); and
                               c. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
4. Each discharge end at a     a. Maintaining emissions of particulate
 new sinter plant.              matter from one or more control devices
                                at or below 0.01 gr/dscf; and
                               b. Maintaining the opacity of secondary
                                emissions that exit any opening in the
                                building or structure housing the
                                discharge end at or below 10 percent (6-
                                minute average); and
                               c. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
5. Each sinter cooler at an    a. Maintaining the opacity of emissions
 existing sinter plant.         that exit any sinter cooler at or below
                                10 percent (6-minute average); and
                               b. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
6. Each sinter cooler at a     a. Maintaining emissions of particulate
 new sinter plant.              matter at or below 0.1 gr/dscf; and
                               b. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
7. Each casthouse at an        a. Maintaining emissions of particulate
 existing blast furnace.        matter from a control device at or below
                                0.01 gr/dscf; and
                               b. Maintaining the opacity of secondary
                                emissions that exit all openings in the
                                casthouse or structure housing the
                                casthouse at or below 20 percent (6-
                                minute average); and
                               c. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
8. Each casthouse at a new     a. Maintaining emissions of particulate
 blast furnace.                 matter from a control device at or below
                                0.003 gr/dscf; and
                               b. Maintaining the opacity of secondary
                                emissions that exit all openings in the
                                casthouse or structure housing the
                                casthouse at or below 15 percent (6-
                                minute average); and
                               c. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
9. Each BOPF at a new or       a. Maintaining emissions of particulate
 existing BOPF shop.            matter from the primary control system
                                for a BOPF with a closed hood system at
                                or below 0.03 gr/dscf; and
                               b. Maintaining emissions of particulate
                                matter from the primary control system
                                for a BOPF with an open hood system at
                                or below 0.02 gr/dscf for an existing
                                BOPF shop or 0.01 gr/dscf for a new BOPF
                                shop; and
                               c. Maintaining emissions of particulate
                                matter from a control device applied
                                solely to secondary emissions from a
                                BOPF at or below 0.01 gr/dscf for an
                                existing BOPF shop or 0.0052 gr/dscf for
                                a new BOPF shop; and
                               d. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
10. Each hot metal transfer,   a. Maintaining emissions of particulate
 skimming, and                  matter from a control device at or below
 desulfurization operation at   0.01 gr/dscf at an existing BOPF or
 a new or existing BOPF shop.   0.003 gr/dscf for a new BOPF; and
                               b. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
11. Each ladle metallurgy      a. Maintaining emissions of particulate
 operation at a new or          matter from a control device at or below
 existing BOPF shop.            0.01 gr/dscf at an existing BOPF shop or
                                0.004 gr/dscf for a new BOPF shop; and
                               b. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
12. Each existing BOPF shop..  a. Maintaining the opacity of secondary
                                emissions that exit any opening in the
                                BOPF shop or other building housing the
                                BOPF shop or shop operation at or below
                                20 percent (3-minute average); and
                               b. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
13. Each new BOPF shop.......  a. Maintaining the opacity (for any set
                                of 6-minute averages) of secondary
                                emissions that exit any opening in the
                                BOPF shop or other building housing a
                                bottom-blown BOPF or shop operation at
                                or below 10 percent, except that one 6-
                                minute period greater than 10 percent
                                but no more than 20 percent may occur
                                once per steel production cycle; and
                               b. Maintaining the opacity (for any set
                                of 3-minute averages) of secondary
                                emissions that exit any opening in the
                                BOPF shop or other building housing a
                                top-blown BOPF or shop operation at or
                                below 10 percent, except that one 3-
                                minute period greater than 10 percent
                                but less than 20 percent may occur once
                                per steel production cycle; and
                               c. Conducting subsequent performance
                                tests at the frequencies specified in
                                Sec.   63.7821.
14. Each BOPF Group at an      a. Maintaining emissions of mercury from
 existing BOPF shop.            the collection of BOPF Group control
                                devices at or below 0.00026 lb/ton steel
                                scrap input to the BOPF; and
                               b. If demonstrating compliance through
                                performance testing, conducting
                                subsequent performance tests at the
                                frequencies specified in Sec.   63.7821;
                                and
                               c. If demonstrating compliance through
                                Sec.   63.7791(c), (d), or (e),
                                maintaining records pursuant to Sec.
                                63.7842(e).
15. Each BOPF Group at a new   a. Maintaining emissions of mercury from
 BOPF shop.                     the collection of BOPF Group control
                                devices at or below 0.000081 lb/ton
                                steel scrap input to the BOPF; and
                               b. If demonstrating compliance through
                                performance testing, conducting
                                subsequent performance tests at the
                                frequencies specified in Sec.   63.7821;
                                and

[[Page 42128]]

 
                               c. If demonstrating compliance through
                                Sec.   63.7791(c), (d), or (e),
                                maintaining records pursuant to Sec.
                                63.7842(e).
------------------------------------------------------------------------


0
25. Table 4 to Subpart FFFFF of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:
    As required in Sec.  63.7850, you must comply with the requirements 
of the NESHAP General Provisions (40 CFR part 63, subpart A) shown in 
the following table:

            Table 4 to Subpart FFFFF of Part 63--Applicability of General Provisions to Subpart FFFFF
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Citation                       Subject           Applies to Subpart FFFFF         Explanation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   63.1......................  Applicability............  Yes.....................  ........................
Sec.   63.2......................  Definitions..............  Yes.....................  ........................
Sec.   63.3......................  Units and Abbreviations..  Yes.....................  ........................
Sec.   63.4......................  Prohibited Activities....  Yes.....................  ........................
Sec.   63.5......................  Construction/              Yes.....................  ........................
                                    Reconstruction.
Sec.   63.6(a), (b), (c), (d),     Compliance with Standards  Yes.....................  ........................
 (e)(1)(iii), (f)(2)-(3), (g),      and Maintenance
 (h)(2)(ii)-(h)(9).                 Requirements.
Sec.   63.6(e)(1)(i).............  General Duty to Minimize   No, for new or            See Sec.   63.7810(d)
                                    Emissions.                 reconstructed sources     for general duty
                                                               which commenced           requirement.
                                                               construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.6(e)(1)(ii)............  Requirement to Correct     No, for new or            ........................
                                    Malfunctions ASAP.         reconstructed sources
                                                               which commenced
                                                               construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes, on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.6(e)(3)................  SSM Plan Requirements....  No, for new or            See Sec.   63.7810(c)
                                                               reconstructed sources
                                                               which commenced
                                                               construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.6(f)(1)................  Compliance except during   No......................  See Sec.   63.7810(a).
                                    SSM.
Sec.   63.6(h)(1)................  Compliance except during   No......................  See Sec.   63.7810(a).
                                    SSM.
Sec.   63.6(h)(2)(i).............  Determining Compliance     No......................  Subpart FFFFF specifies
                                    with Opacity and VE                                  methods and procedures
                                    Standards.                                           for determining
                                                                                         compliance with opacity
                                                                                         emission and operating
                                                                                         limits.
Sec.   63.6(i)...................  Extension of Compliance    Yes.....................  ........................
                                    with Emission Standards.
Sec.   63.6(j)...................  Exemption from Compliance  Yes.....................  ........................
                                    with Emission Standards.
Sec.   63.7(a)(1)-(2)............  Applicability and          No......................  Subpart FFFFF and
                                    Performance Test Dates.                              specifies performance
                                                                                         test applicability and
                                                                                         dates.
Sec.   63.7(a)(3), (b)-(d),        Performance Testing        Yes.....................  ........................
 (e)(2)-(4), (f)-(h).               Requirements.
Sec.   63.7(e)(1)................  Performance Testing......  No, for new or            See Sec.  Sec.
                                                               reconstructed sources     63.7822(a), 63.7823(a),
                                                               which commenced           and 63.7825(a).
                                                               construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.8(a)(1)-(3), (b),        Monitoring Requirements..  Yes.....................  CMS requirements in Sec.
 (c)(1)(ii), (c)(2)-(3),                                                                   63.8(c)(4)(i)-(ii),
 (c)(4)(i)-(ii), (c)(5)-(6),                                                             (c)(5)-(6), (d)(1)-(2),
 (c)(7)-(8), (d)(1)-(2), (e),                                                            and (e) apply only to
 (f)(1)-(5), (g)(1)-(4).                                                                 COMS.
Sec.   63.8(a)(4)................  Additional Monitoring      No......................  Subpart FFFFF does not
                                    Requirements for Control                             require flares.
                                    Devices in Sec.   63.11.

[[Page 42129]]

 
Sec.   63.8(c)(1)(i).............  General Duty to Minimize   No, for new or            ........................
                                    Emissions and CMS          reconstructed sources
                                    Operation.                 which commenced
                                                               construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.8(c)(1)(iii)...........  Requirement to Develop     No, for new or            ........................
                                    SSM Plan for CMS.          reconstructed sources
                                                               which commenced
                                                               construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.8(c)(4)................  Continuous Monitoring      No......................  Subpart FFFFF specifies
                                    System Requirements.                                 requirements for
                                                                                         operation of CMS.
Sec.   63.8(d)(3)................  Written procedures for     No, for new or            See Sec.
                                    CMS.                       reconstructed sources     63.7842(b)(3).
                                                               which commenced
                                                               construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.8(f)(6)................  RATA Alternative.........  No......................  ........................
Sec.   63.8(g)(5)................  Data Reduction...........  No......................  Subpart FFFFF specifies
                                                                                         data reduction
                                                                                         requirements.
Sec.   63.9......................  Notification Requirements  Yes.....................  Additional notifications
                                                                                         for CMS in Sec.
                                                                                         63.9(g) apply only to
                                                                                         COMS.
Sec.   63.10(a), (b)(1),           Recordkeeping and          Yes.....................  Additional records for
 (b)(2)(x), (b)(2)(xiv), (b)(3),    Reporting Requirements.                              CMS in Sec.
 (c)(1)-(6), (c)(9)-(14), (d)(1)-                                                        63.10(c)(1)-(6), (9)-
 (4), (e)(1)-(2), (e)(4), (f).                                                           (14), and reports in
                                                                                         Sec.   63.10(d)(1)-(2)
                                                                                         apply only to COMS.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(i)............  Recordkeeping of           No, for new or            ........................
                                    Occurrence and Duration    reconstructed sources
                                    of Startups and            which commenced
                                    Shutdowns.                 construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(ii)...........  Recordkeeping of Failures  No, for new or            See Sec.   63.7842(a)(2)-
                                    to Meet a Standard.        reconstructed sources     (4) for recordkeeping
                                                               which commenced           of (1) date, time, and
                                                               construction or           duration of failure to
                                                               reconstruction after      meet the standard; (2)
                                                               August 16, 2019. For      listing of affected
                                                               all other affected        source or equipment,
                                                               sources, Yes on or        and an estimate of the
                                                               before January 11, 2021   quantity of each
                                                               and No thereafter.        regulated pollutant
                                                                                         emitted over the
                                                                                         standard; and (3)
                                                                                         actions to minimize
                                                                                         emissions and correct
                                                                                         the failure.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(iii)..........  Maintenance Records......  Yes.....................  ........................
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(iv)...........  Actions Taken to Minimize  No, for new or            See Sec.   63.7842(a)(4)
                                    Emissions During SSM.      reconstructed sources     for records of actions
                                                               which commenced           taken to minimize
                                                               construction or           emissions.
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(v)............  Actions Taken to Minimize  No, for new or            See Sec.   63.7842(a)(4)
                                    Emissions During SSM.      reconstructed sources     for records of actions
                                                               which commenced           taken to minimize
                                                               construction or           emissions.
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(vi)...........  Recordkeeping for CMS      Yes.....................  ........................
                                    Malfunctions.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(vii)-(ix).....  Other CMS Requirements...  Yes.....................  ........................
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(xiii).........  CMS Records for RATA       No......................  ........................
                                    Alternative.

[[Page 42130]]

 
Sec.   63.10(c)(7)-(8)...........  Records of Excess          No......................  Subpart FFFFF specifies
                                    Emissions and Parameter                              record requirements;
                                    Monitoring Exceedances                               see Sec.   63.7842.
                                    for CMS.
Sec.   63.10(c)(15)..............  Use of SSM Plan..........  No, for new or            ........................
                                                               reconstructed sources
                                                               which commenced
                                                               construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.10(d)(5)(i)............  Periodic SSM Reports.....  No, for new or            See Sec.   63.7841(b)(4)
                                                               reconstructed sources     for malfunction
                                                               which commenced           reporting requirements.
                                                               construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.10(d)(5)(ii)...........  Immediate SSM Reports....  No, for new or            ........................
                                                               reconstructed sources
                                                               which commenced
                                                               construction or
                                                               reconstruction after
                                                               August 16, 2019. For
                                                               all other affected
                                                               sources, Yes on or
                                                               before January 11, 2021
                                                               and No thereafter.
Sec.   63.10(e)(3)...............  Excess Emission Reports..  No......................  Subpart FFFFF specifies
                                                                                         reporting requirements;
                                                                                         see Sec.   63.7841.
Sec.   63.11.....................  Control Device             No......................  Subpart FFFFF does not
                                    Requirements.                                        require flares.
Sec.   63.12.....................  State Authority and        Yes.....................  ........................
                                    Delegations.
Sec.   63.13-Sec.   63.16........  Addresses, Incorporations  Yes.....................  ........................
                                    by Reference,
                                    Availability of
                                    Information and
                                    Confidentiality,
                                    Performance Track
                                    Provisions.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[FR Doc. 2020-09753 Filed 7-10-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P