[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 115 (Monday, June 15, 2020)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 36264-36306]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-12575]



[[Page 36263]]

Vol. 85

Monday,

No. 115

June 15, 2020

Part II





Department of Homeland Security

Department of Justice





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Executive Office for Immigration Review





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8 CFR Parts 208, 235, 1003, et al.





Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; Credible Fear and 
Reasonable Fear Review; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 85 , No. 115 / Monday, June 15, 2020 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 36264]]



DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

8 CFR Parts 208 and 235

RIN 1615-AC42

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Executive Office for Immigration Review

8 CFR Parts 1003, 1208, and 1235

[EOIR Docket No. 18-0002; A.G. Order No. 4714-2020]
RIN 1125-AA94


Procedures for Asylum and Withholding of Removal; Credible Fear 
and Reasonable Fear Review

AGENCY: Executive Office for Immigration Review, Department of Justice; 
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, Department of Homeland 
Security.

ACTION: Joint notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: The Department of Justice and the Department of Homeland 
Security (collectively, ``the Departments'') propose to amend the 
regulations governing credible fear determinations so that individuals 
found to have such a fear will have their claims for asylum, 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (``INA'' or ``the Act'') (``statutory withholding of 
removal''), or protection under the regulations issued pursuant to the 
legislation implementing the Convention Against Torture and Other 
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (``CAT''), 
adjudicated by an immigration judge within the Executive Office for 
Immigration Review (``EOIR'') in streamlined proceedings (rather than 
in proceedings under section 240 of the Act), and to specify what 
standard of review applies in such streamlined proceedings. The 
Departments further propose changes to the regulations regarding 
asylum, statutory withholding of removal, and withholding and deferral 
of removal under the CAT regulations. The Departments also propose 
amendments related to the standards for adjudication of applications 
for asylum and statutory withholding.

DATES: Written or electronic comments on the notice of proposed 
rulemaking must be submitted on or before July 15, 2020. Written 
comments postmarked on or before that date will be considered timely. 
The electronic Federal Docket Management System will accept comments 
prior to midnight eastern time at the end of that day. Comments 
specific to the proposed collection of information will be accepted 
until August 14, 2020. All such submissions received must include the 
OMB Control Number 1615-0067 in the body of the submission. Note: 
Comments received on the information collection that are intended as 
comments on the proposed rulemaking rather than those specific to the 
collection of information will be rejected.

ADDRESSES: If you wish to provide comments regarding this rulemaking, 
you must submit comments, identified by the agency name and reference 
RIN 1125-AA94 or EOIR Docket No. 18-0002, by one of the two methods 
below.
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the website instructions for submitting comments.
     Mail: Paper comments that duplicate an electronic 
submission are unnecessary. If you wish to submit a paper comment in 
lieu of electronic submission, please direct the mail/shipment to: 
Lauren Alder Reid, Assistant Director, Office of Policy, Executive 
Office for Immigration Review, 5107 Leesburg Pike, Suite 1800, Falls 
Church, VA 22041. To ensure proper handling, please reference the 
agency name and RIN 1125-AA94 or EOIR Docket No. 18-0002 on your 
correspondence. Mailed items must be postmarked or otherwise indicate a 
shipping date on or before the submission deadline.
    Collection of information. You must submit comments on the 
collection of information discussed in this notice of proposed 
rulemaking to both the rulemaking docket and the Office of Management 
and Budget's (OMB) Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA). 
All such submissions received must include the OMB Control Number 1615-
0067 in the body of the submission. OIRA submissions can be sent using 
any of the following methods.
     Email (preferred): [email protected] (include the 
docket number and ``Attention: Desk Officer for U.S. Citizenship and 
Immigration Services, DHS'' in the subject line of the email).
     Fax: 202-395-6566.
     Mail: Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office 
of Management and Budget, 725 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20503; 
Attention: Desk Officer, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 
DHS.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Lauren Alder Reid, Assistant Director, 
Office of Policy, Executive Office for Immigration Review, 5107 
Leesburg Pike, Suite 1800, Falls Church, VA 22041, telephone (703) 305-
0289 (not a toll-free call).
    Maureen Dunn, Chief, Division of Humanitarian Affairs, Office of 
Policy and Strategy, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 20 
Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20529; telephone (202) 272-8377.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Public Participation

    Interested persons are invited to participate in this rulemaking by 
submitting written data, views, or arguments on all aspects of this 
rule via one of the methods and by the deadline stated above. All 
comments must be submitted in English, or accompanied by an English 
translation. The Departments also invite comments that relate to the 
economic, environmental, or federalism effects that might result from 
this rule. Comments that will provide the most assistance to the 
Departments in developing these procedures will reference a specific 
portion of the rule; explain the reason for any recommended change; and 
include data, information, or authority that support such recommended 
change.
    Please note that all comments received are considered part of the 
public record and made available for public inspection at http://www.regulations.gov. Such information includes personally identifying 
information (such as your name, address, etc.) voluntarily submitted by 
the commenter. If you want to submit personally identifying information 
(such as your name, address, etc.) as part of your comment, but do not 
want it to be posted online, you must include the phrase ``PERSONALLY 
IDENTIFIABLE INFORMATION'' in the first paragraph of your comment and 
identify what information you want redacted.
    If you want to submit confidential business information as part of 
your comment, but do not want it to be posted online, you must include 
the phrase ``CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION'' in the first paragraph 
of your comment. You must prominently identify the confidential 
business information to be redacted within the comment. If a comment 
has so much confidential business information that it cannot be 
effectively redacted, all or part of that comment may not be posted on 
http://www.regulations.gov.
    Personally identifying information located as set forth above will 
be placed in the agency's public docket file, but not posted online. 
Confidential business information identified and located as set

[[Page 36265]]

forth above will not be placed in the public docket file. The 
Departments may withhold from public viewing information provided in 
comments that they determine may affect the privacy of an individual or 
is offensive. For additional information, please read the Privacy Act 
notice that is available via the link in the footer of http://www.regulations.gov. To inspect the agency's public docket file in 
person, you must make an appointment with the agency. Please see the 
For Further Information Contact paragraph above for agency contact 
information.

II. Discussion \1\
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    \1\ As a prefatory matter, the Departments note that portions of 
this rule, in accordance with well-established administrative law 
principles, would supersede certain interpretations of the 
immigration laws by federal courts of appeals: The Supreme Court has 
``also made clear that administrative agencies are not bound by 
prior judicial interpretations of ambiguous statutory 
interpretations, because there is `a presumption that Congress, when 
it left ambiguity in a statute meant for implementation by an 
agency, understood that the ambiguity would be resolved, first and 
foremost, by the agency, and desired the agency (rather than the 
courts) to possess whatever degree of discretion the ambiguity 
allows.' '' Matter of R-A-, 24 I&N Dec. 629, 631 (A.G. 2008) 
(quoting Nat'l Cable & Telecomms. Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 
545 U.S. 967, 982 (2005) (internal quotation and citations 
omitted)). ``A court's prior judicial construction of a statute 
trumps an agency construction otherwise entitled to Chevron 
deference only if the prior court decision holds that its 
construction follows from the unambiguous terms of the statute and 
thus leaves no room for agency discretion.'' Brand X, 545 U.S. at 
982.
    Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. 316, 327 (A.G. 2018).
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    Since World War II, the United States has sought a comprehensive 
solution to the issues surrounding the admission of refugees into the 
country and the protection of refugees from return to persecution. As 
an expression of a nation's foreign policy, the laws and policies 
surrounding asylum are an assertion of a government's right and duty to 
protect its own resources and citizens, while aiding those in true need 
of protection from harm. See, e.g., Kleindienst v. Mandel, 408 U.S. 
753, 765 (1972) (``In accord with ancient principles of the 
international law of nation-states, * * * the power to exclude aliens 
is inherent in sovereignty, [and] necessary for maintaining normal 
international relations and defending the country against foreign 
encroachments and dangers * * * .'' (internal citations and quotation 
marks omitted)).
    In the Refugee Act of 1980 (``Refugee Act''), Public Law 96-212, 94 
Stat. 102, Congress furthered implementation of the United Nations 
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (``Refugee Protocol''), 
Jan. 31, 1967, 19 U.S.T. 6223, 606 U.N.T.S. 268, providing for a 
permanent procedure for the admission and protection of refugees, 
generally defined in domestic law as:

any person who is outside of any country of such person's 
nationality * * * and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and 
is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection 
of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of 
persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in 
a particular social group, or political opinion.

Refugee Act, sec. 201(a), 94 Stat. at 102 (codified at section 
101(a)(42) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42)). Those five grounds are 
the sole grounds for asylum and refugee status.

A. Expedited Removal and Screenings in the Credible Fear Process

1. Asylum-and-Withholding-Only Proceedings \2\ for Aliens With Credible 
Fear
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    \2\ These proceedings have also been referred to as ``asylum-
only'' proceedings in other contexts. See, e.g., Matter of D-M-C-P-, 
26 I&N Dec. 644, 645 (BIA 2015) (``The applicant expressed a fear of 
returning to Argentina, and on June 23, 2011, his case was referred 
to the Immigration Court for asylum-only proceedings * * * .''). 
This NPRM uses the phrase ``asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings'' to ensure that the forms of relief and protection 
available are more accurately described.
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    In the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act 
of 1996, Public Law 104-208, div. C, 110 Stat. 3009, 3009-546 
(``IIRIRA''), Congress established the expedited removal process, thus 
establishing two primary types of proceedings for determining the 
removability of an alien from the United States: (1) Expedited removal 
proceedings under section 235(b)(1) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1), 
and (2) removal proceedings under section 240 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1229a (``section 240 proceedings'').
    First, section 235 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225, contains the 
procedures for expedited removal. Under expedited removal, aliens 
arriving in the United States--and, in the discretion of the Secretary 
of Homeland Security (``Secretary''),\3\ certain other designated 
classes of aliens \4\--who are found to be inadmissible under either 
section 212(a)(6)(C) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C), regarding 
material misrepresentations, or section 212(a)(7) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(7), regarding documentation requirements for admission, may be 
``removed from the United States without further hearing or review 
unless the alien indicates either an intention to apply for asylum 
under section [208 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158,] or a fear of 
persecution.'' INA 235(b)(1)(A)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(A)(i).\5\ Among 
other things, expedited removal is an administrative process that 
allows for the fair and efficient removal of aliens who have made no 
claims regarding asylum or a fear of return or, if they have, have not 
established a fear of persecution or torture, without requiring lengthy 
and resource-intensive removal proceedings in immigration court.
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    \3\ The Homeland Security Act of 2002 (``HSA''), Public Law 107-
296, 116 Stat. 2135, as amended, charged the Secretary ``with the 
administration and enforcement of this chapter [titled, `Immigration 
and Nationality'] and all other laws relating to the immigration and 
naturalization of aliens'' and granted the Secretary the power to 
take all actions ``necessary for carrying out'' the provisions of 
the immigration and nationality laws. See HSA, sec. 1102, 116 Stat. 
at 2273-74; Consolidated Appropriations Resolution of 2003, Public 
Law 108-7, div. L, sec. 105, 117 Stat. 11, 531 (codified at INA 
103(a)(1) and (3), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(1) and (3)). The HSA states that 
the Attorney General ``shall have such authorities and functions 
under this chapter and all other laws relating to the immigration 
and naturalization of aliens as were [previously] exercised by 
[EOIR], or by the Attorney General with respect to [EOIR] * * * .'' 
HSA, sec. 1102, 116 Stat. at 2274 (codified at INA 103(g)(1), 8 
U.S.C. 1103(g)(1)); see 6 U.S.C. 521. Furthermore, the Attorney 
General is authorized to ``establish such regulations, prescribe 
such forms of bonds, reports, entries, and other papers, issue such 
instructions, review such administrative determinations in 
immigration proceedings, delegate such authority, and perform such 
other acts as the Attorney General determines to be necessary for 
carrying out this section.'' HSA, sec. 1102, 116 Stat. at 2274 
(codified at INA 103(g)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1103(g)(2)).
    \4\ DHS has designated the following additional categories of 
aliens, if inadmissible under sections 212(a)(6)(C) or 212(a)(7) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C) or 1182(a)(7), as subject to 
expedited removal: (1) Aliens who are apprehended in the United 
States within 100 air miles of the border, who have not been 
admitted or paroled, and who cannot affirmatively show that they 
have been continuously physically present in the United States for 
the 14-day period prior to apprehension, see Designating Aliens For 
Expedited Removal, 69 FR 48877 (Aug. 11, 2004); and (2) aliens who 
arrived in the United States between ports of entry by sea, who have 
not been admitted or paroled, and who cannot affirmatively show that 
they have been continuously physically present in the United States 
for the two-year period prior to the determination of 
inadmissibility, see Notice Designating Aliens Subject to Expedited 
Removal Under Section 235(b)(1)(A)(iii) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act, 67 FR 68924 (Nov. 13, 2002). On July 23, 2019, DHS 
announced it would expand the application of expedited removal to 
aliens (not included in the additional categories established in 
2002 and 2004) who are inadmissible under sections 212(a)(6)(C) or 
212(a)(7) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C) or 1182(a)(7), who are 
apprehended anywhere in the United States, who have not been 
admitted or paroled, and who cannot affirmatively show that they 
have been continuously physically present for the two-year period 
prior to the determination of inadmissibility. See Designating 
Aliens for Expedited Removal, 84 FR 35409 (July 23, 2019). The U.S. 
District Court for the District of Columbia issued an injunction 
against the July 2019 designation. Make the Road New York v. 
McAleenan, 405 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2019).
    \5\ Unaccompanied alien children, as defined in 6 U.S.C. 
279(g)(2), are exempt from expedited removal. See 8 U.S.C. 
1232(a)(5)(D)(i).
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    Pursuant to statute and regulations, DHS implements a screening 
process,

[[Page 36266]]

known as ``credible fear'' screening, to identify potentially valid 
claims for asylum, statutory withholding of removal, and protection 
under the regulations issued pursuant to the legislation implementing 
CAT, Dec. 10, 1984, S. Treaty Doc. No. 100-20, 1465 U.N.T.S. 113,\6\ to 
prevent aliens placed in expedited removal from being removed to a 
country in which they would face persecution or torture.\7\ Currently, 
any alien who expresses a fear of persecution or torture, a fear of 
return, or an intention to apply for asylum during the course of the 
expedited removal process is referred to a DHS asylum officer for an 
interview to determine if the alien has a credible fear of persecution 
or torture in the country of return. INA 235(b)(1)(A)(ii), (B), 8 
U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(A)(ii), (B); see also 8 CFR 235.3(b)(4), 
1235.3(b)(4)(i). If the asylum officer determines that the alien does 
not have a credible fear of persecution or torture (or, in certain 
instances, a reasonable possibility of persecution or torture), the 
alien may request that an immigration judge review that determination. 
See INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III); 8 CFR 
208.30(g), 1208.30(g).
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    \6\ Because CAT is a non-self-executing treaty, see, e.g., Hui 
Zheng v. Holder, 562 F.3d 647, 655-56 (4th Cir. 2009), adjudicators 
do not apply CAT itself, but rather the regulations issued pursuant 
to the implementing legislation, principally 8 CFR 1208.16(c)-
1208.18. See Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 
(``FARRA''), Public Law 105-277, sec. 2242(b), 112 Stat. 2681, 2681-
822 (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1231 note).
    \7\ Screening for fear of torture in the designated country of 
removal is conducted not under section 235(b)(1) of the INA, 8 
U.S.C. 1225(b)(1), but instead under the CAT regulations.
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    Under the current regulatory framework, if the asylum officer 
determines that an alien subject to expedited removal proceedings has a 
credible fear of persecution or torture (or, in certain instances, a 
reasonable possibility of persecution or torture), DHS places the alien 
before an immigration court for adjudication of the alien's claims by 
initiating section 240 proceedings. See 8 CFR 208.30(f), 
235.6(a)(1)(ii), 1235.6(a)(1)(i). Section 240 proceedings are often 
more detailed and provide additional procedural protections, including 
greater administrative and judicial review, than expedited removal 
proceedings under section 235 of the Act. Compare INA 235(b)(1), 8 
U.S.C. 1225(b)(1), with INA 240, 8 U.S.C. 1229a. Similarly, if an 
immigration judge, upon review of the asylum officer's negative 
determination, finds that the alien possesses a credible fear of 
persecution or torture (or, in certain instances, a reasonable 
possibility of persecution or torture), the immigration judge will 
vacate the expedited removal order, and DHS will initiate section 240 
proceedings for the alien. 8 CFR 1208.30(g)(2)(iv)(B).
    The INA, however, instructs only that an alien who is found to have 
a credible fear ``shall be detained for further consideration of the 
application for asylum,'' and neither mandates that an alien who 
demonstrates a credible fear be placed in removal proceedings in 
general nor in section 240 proceedings specifically. INA 
235(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii).
    The relevant regulations regarding the credible fear process, and 
the interplay between expedited removal and section 240 proceedings, 
were first implemented in 1997. Inspection and Expedited Removal of 
Aliens; Detention and Removal of Aliens; Conduct of Removal 
Proceedings; Asylum Procedures, 62 FR 10312 (Mar. 6, 1997).\8\ At the 
time, the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (``INS'') 
explained that it was choosing to initiate section 240 proceedings in 
this context because the remaining provisions of section 235(b) of the 
Act, beyond those governing credible fear review, were specific to 
aliens who do not have a credible fear and because the statute was 
silent as to procedures for those who demonstrated such a fear. Id. at 
10320. The INS's analysis at the time was very limited.
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    \8\ The 1997 rule amended, inter alia, part 208 of title 8 of 
the CFR. Following the creation of DHS in 2003 after the passage of 
the HSA, EOIR's regulations were moved from Chapter I of Title 8 to 
Chapter V. Aliens and Nationality; Homeland Security; Reorganization 
of Regulations, 68 FR 9824 (Feb. 28, 2003). Part 208 was 
subsequently duplicated for EOIR at part 1208. Id.
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    For several reasons, the Departments believe that section 
235(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1), when compared with section 235(b)(2), 8 
U.S.C. 1225(b)(2), may also be read as permitting a procedure for 
``further consideration of [an] application for asylum'' that is 
separate from section 240 proceedings. First, while section 235(b)(1), 
8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1), mandates that an alien with a positive credible 
fear determination receive ``further consideration of [his or her] 
application for asylum,'' section 235(b)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(2), 
mandates that other classes of aliens receive ``a proceeding under 
section 1229a of this title''--i.e., section 240 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1229a. Compare INA 235(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii), with 
INA 235(b)(2)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(2)(A). The difference in language 
suggests that section 235(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1), does not require 
use of section 240 proceedings, in contrast to section 235(b)(2), 8 
U.S.C. 1225(b)(2), which does so require. See Henson v. Santander 
Consumer USA, Inc., 137 S. Ct. 1718, 1723 (2017) (``differences in 
language [generally] convey differences in meaning''). That negative 
inference is reinforced by the fact that aliens in expedited removal 
are expressly excluded from the class of aliens entitled to section 240 
proceedings under section 235(b)(2)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(2)(A). See INA 
235(b)(2)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(2)(B)(ii).
    Second, an alien with a positive credible fear determination is 
entitled only to a further proceeding related to his or her 
``application for asylum.'' INA 235(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 
1225(b)(1)(B)(ii). An asylum application's purpose is to determine 
whether the alien is entitled to relief or protection from removal, not 
whether the alien should be admitted or is otherwise entitled to 
immigration benefits. See Matter of V-X-, 26 I&N Dec. 147, 150 (BIA 
2013) (holding that, ``although [an alien's] grant of asylum confer[s] 
a lawful status upon him, it [does] not entail an `admission'''). By 
contrast, in section 240 proceedings, aliens generally may raise their 
admissibility and their entitlement to various forms of relief or 
protection. Compare INA 235(b)(1)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii), 
with INA 240(c)(2)-(4), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(c)(2)-(4).
    Moreover, the Departments believe, for the reasons described in 
this rule, that it is better policy to place aliens with a positive 
credible fear determination in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings 
rather than section 240 proceedings.
    DHS has prosecutorial discretion at the outset to place an alien 
amenable to expedited removal instead in section 240 proceedings. See 
Matter of J-A-B- & I-J-V-A-, 27 I&N Dec. 168, 170 (BIA 2017) (``The 
DHS's decision to commence removal proceedings involves the exercise of 
prosecutorial discretion, and neither the Immigration Judges nor the 
Board may review a decision by the DHS to forgo expedited removal 
proceedings or initiate removal proceedings in a particular case.''); 
Matter of E-R-M- & L-R-M-, 25 I&N Dec. 520, 523 (BIA 2011). If DHS has 
exercised its discretion by initially commencing expedited removal 
proceedings against an alien, placing that alien in section 240 
proceedings following the establishment of a credible fear effectively 
negates DHS's original discretionary decision. By deciding that the 
alien was amenable to expedited removal, DHS already determined 
removability, leaving only a determination as to whether the

[[Page 36267]]

individual is eligible for relief or entitled to protection from 
removal in the form of asylum, statutory withholding of removal, or 
protection under the CAT regulations. Further, it is evident that 
Congress intended the expedited removal process to be streamlined, 
efficient, and truly ``expedited'' based on the statutory limits it 
placed on administrative review of expedited removal orders, INA 
235(b)(1)(C), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(C); the temporal limits it placed on 
review of negative credible fear determinations by immigration judges, 
INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III); and the 
limitations placed on judicial review of determinations made during the 
expedited removal process, INA 242(e), 8 U.S.C. 1252(e). The current 
policy of referring aliens who have established a credible fear for 
section 240 proceedings runs counter to those legislative aims.\9\
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    \9\ In Matter of X-K-, 23 I&N Dec. 731 (BIA 2005)--which the 
Attorney General recently overruled in Matter of M-S-, 27 I&N Dec. 
509 (A.G. 2019)--the Board of Immigration Appeals noted in dicta 
that although the INA ``does not require that such aliens be placed 
in full section 240 removal proceedings * * *, there is legislative 
history suggesting that this comports with the intent of Congress.'' 
23 I&N Dec. at 734 (citing H.R. Rep. No. 104-828, at 209 (1996) 
(Conf. Rep.) (``If the officer finds that the alien has a credible 
fear of persecution, the alien shall be detained for further 
consideration of the application for asylum under normal non-
expedited removal proceedings.''). Although the notation in the 
House Conference Report may be read as supporting an interpretation 
of section 235(b) that allows for the current policy, the statute 
certainly does not compel the current policy. Indeed, we presume 
that Congress speaks most directly through its adopted statutory 
language, and, as explained above, that language actually clearly 
permits the use of asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings, rather 
than section 240 proceedings.
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    Accordingly, DOJ proposes to amend 8 CFR 1003.1, 8 CFR 1003.42(f), 
8 CFR 1208.2, 8 CFR 1208.30, and 8 CFR 1235.6--and DHS proposes to 
amend 8 CFR 208.2(c), 8 CFR 208.30(e)(5) and (f), and 8 CFR 
235.6(a)(1)--so that aliens who establish a credible fear of 
persecution, a reasonable possibility of persecution, or a reasonable 
possibility of torture and accordingly receive a positive fear 
determination will appear before an immigration judge for ``asylum-and-
withholding-only'' proceedings under 8 CFR 208.2(c)(1) and 8 CFR 
1208.2(c)(1).\10\ Such proceedings will be adjudicated in the same 
manner that currently applies to certain alien crewmembers, stowaways, 
and applicants for admission under the Visa Waiver Program, among other 
categories of aliens who are not entitled by statute to section 240 
proceedings. See 8 CFR 208.2(c)(1)(i)-(viii), 1208.2(c)(1)(i)-(viii). 
Additionally, to ensure that these claims receive the most expeditious 
consideration reasonably possible, the Departments propose to amend 8 
CFR 208.5 and 8 CFR 1208.5 to require DHS to make available appropriate 
applications and relevant warnings to aliens in its custody who have 
expressed a fear in the expedited removal process and received a 
positive determination.
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    \10\ Under existing regulations, in proceedings under 8 CFR 
208.2(c)(1) and 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1), aliens may pursue not only 
claims for asylum, but also claims for ``withholding or deferral of 
removal''--which encompasses both statutory withholding of removal, 
and withholding and deferral of removal under the CAT regulations. 8 
CFR 208.2(c)(3)(i), 1208.2(c)(3)(i). This rule makes no change to 
that aspect of the existing regulations.
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    These ``asylum-and-withholding-only'' proceedings generally follow 
the same rules of procedure that apply in section 240 proceedings, but 
the immigration judge's consideration is limited solely to a 
determination on the alien's eligibility for asylum, statutory 
withholding of removal, and withholding or deferral of removal under 
the CAT regulations (and, if the alien is eligible for asylum, whether 
he or she should receive it as a matter of discretion). 8 CFR 
208.2(c)(3)(i), 1208.2(c)(3)(i). If the immigration judge does not 
grant the alien asylum, statutory withholding of removal, or protection 
under the CAT regulations, the alien will be removed, although the 
alien may submit an appeal of a denied application for asylum, 
statutory withholding of removal, or protection under the CAT 
regulations to the Board of Immigration Appeals (``BIA'').\11\
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    \11\ DOJ proposes a technical correction to 8 CFR 1003.1(b), 
which establishes the jurisdiction of the BIA, to correct the 
reference to 8 CFR 1208.2 in paragraph (b)(9) and ensure that the 
regulations accurately authorize BIA review in ``asylum-and-
withholding-only'' proceedings. EOIR and the INS amended 8 CFR part 
208 in 1997 following the enactment of IIRIRA. Inspection and 
Expedited Removal of Aliens; Detention and Removal of Aliens; 
Conduct of Removal Proceedings; Asylum Procedures, 62 FR 444 (Jan. 
3, 1997). Two of the many changes made at the time were (1) amending 
8 CFR 208.2(b) to set out immigration judges' jurisdiction over 
asylum applications filed by aliens not entitled to proceedings 
under section 240 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1229a, and aliens who have 
been served, among other charging documents, a Notice to Appear; and 
(2) amending 8 CFR 3.1(b)(9) to specifically state that the BIA has 
jurisdiction over asylum applications described at 8 CFR 208.2(b). 
Inspection and Expedited Removal of Aliens; Detention and Removal of 
Aliens; Conduct of Removal Proceedings; Asylum Procedures, 62 FR at 
455, 462. In 2000, EOIR and the INS redesignated then-existing 8 CFR 
208.2(b) into separate paragraphs 8 CFR 208.2(b) (regarding 
immigration judges' jurisdiction over aliens served, among other 
charging documents, a Notice to Appear) and 8 CFR 208.2(c) 
(regarding immigration judges' jurisdiction over asylum applications 
filed by aliens not entitled to removal proceedings under section 
240 of the INA). Asylum Procedures, 65 FR 76121, 76122 (Dec. 6, 
2000). EOIR and the INS, however, failed to make a corresponding 
update to 8 CFR 3.1(b)(9) to account for the change to the cross-
referenced paragraph 8 CFR 208.2(b). There is no indication that the 
Departments intended to remove appeals from ``asylum-and-
withholding-only'' proceedings from the BIA's jurisdiction. In 2003, 
following the creation of DHS, EOIR's regulations were transferred 
from chapter I to chapter V of 8 CFR and redesignated. Aliens and 
Nationality; Homeland Security; Reorganization of Regulations, 68 FR 
9824, 9830, 9834 (Feb. 28, 2003). Since EOIR and the INS amended 8 
CFR 208.2(b) in 2000, the BIA has continued to exercise jurisdiction 
over appeals from asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings. See, 
e.g., Kanacevic v. I.N.S., 448 F.3d 129, 133 (2d Cir. 2006) (noting 
that the BIA summarily affirmed an immigration judge's decision in a 
proceeding under 8 CFR 208.2(c)(iii)); Matter of D-M-C-P-, 26 I&N 
Dec. at 647 (holding that neither an immigration judge nor the BIA 
has jurisdiction to consider whether asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings were improvidently instituted). Accordingly, the 
Departments are now correcting the reference at 8 CFR 1003.1(b)(9) 
to prevent ambiguity regarding the BIA's jurisdiction over appeals 
from immigration judges' decisions in proceedings under 8 CFR 
1208.2(c), including decisions in ``asylum-and-withholding-only'' 
proceedings involving aliens found to have a credible fear of 
persecution or reasonable possibility of persecution or torture 
under the proposed rule.
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2. Consideration of Precedent When Making Credible Fear Determinations 
in the ``Credible Fear'' Process
    DOJ proposes to add language to 8 CFR 1003.42(f) to specify that an 
immigration judge will consider applicable legal precedent when 
reviewing a negative fear determination. This instruction is in 
addition to those currently in 8 CFR 1003.42 to consider the 
credibility of the alien's statements and other facts of which the 
immigration judge is aware. These changes codify in the regulations the 
current practice and provide a clear requirement to immigration judges 
that they must consider and apply all applicable law, including 
administrative precedent from the BIA, decisions of the Attorney 
General, decisions of the federal courts of appeals binding in the 
jurisdiction where the immigration judge conducting the review sits, 
and decisions of the Supreme Court.
3. Remove and Reserve DHS-Specific Procedures From DOJ Regulations
    The Department of Justice proposes to remove and reserve 8 CFR 
1235.1, 8 CFR 1235.2, 8 CFR 1235.3, and 8 CFR 1235.5. When the 
Department first incorporated part 235 into 1235, it stated that 
``nearly all of the provisions * * * affect bond hearings before 
immigration judges.'' Aliens and Nationality; Homeland Security; 
Reorganization of Regulations, 68 FR 9824, 9826 (Feb. 28, 2003). Upon 
further review, the Department has determined that these sections 
regard procedures that are specific to DHS's examinations of applicants 
for admission as set forth in 8 CFR 235.1, 8 CFR 235.2, 8 CFR 235.3, 
and 8 CFR 235.5, and do not need to be duplicated

[[Page 36268]]

in the regulations for EOIR in Chapter V, except for the provisions in 
8 CFR 1235.4 relating to the withdrawal of an application for admission 
and 8 CFR 1235.6 relating to the referral of cases to an immigration 
judge.
4. Reasonable Possibility as the Standard of Proof for Statutory 
Withholding of Removal and Torture-Related Fear Determinations for 
Aliens in Expedited Removal Proceedings and Stowaways
    This rule also proposes clarifying and raising the statutory 
withholding of removal screening standard and the torture-related 
screening standard under the CAT regulations for stowaways and aliens 
in expedited removal.\12\ Currently, fear screenings for aliens in 
expedited removal proceedings and stowaways generally involve 
considering whether there is a significant possibility that the alien 
can establish, in a hearing on the merits, eligibility for asylum, 
statutory withholding of removal, or withholding or deferral of removal 
under the CAT regulations. See 8 CFR 208.30(e)(2)-(3). Screening for 
protection under statutory withholding of removal generally involves 
considering whether there is a significant possibility that the alien 
could establish in a hearing that it is more likely than not that he or 
she would be persecuted on account of race, religion, nationality, 
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, if 
removed to the proposed country of removal. See 8 CFR 208.16(b), 
208.30(e)(2), 1208.16(b). Currently, screening for protection under the 
CAT regulations generally involves considering whether the alien can 
establish that there is a significant possibility that he or she could 
establish that it is more likely than not that he or she would be 
tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal. See 8 CFR 
208.16(c), 208.30(e)(3), 1208.16(c). The ``significant possibility'' 
standard has been interpreted by DHS as requiring that the alien 
``demonstrate a substantial and realistic possibility of succeeding'' 
in immigration court. See Memorandum from John Lafferty, Chief, Asylum 
Div., U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Servs., Release of Updated 
Asylum Division Officer Training Course (ADOTC) Lesson Plan, Credible 
Fear of Persecution and Torture Determinations 2 (Feb. 28, 2014); see 
also Holmes v. Amerex Rent-A-Car, 180 F.3d 294, 297 (D.C. Cir. 1999) 
(stating in a non-immigration context that establishing a significant 
possibility involves demonstrating ``a substantial and realistic 
possibility of succeeding'' (quoting Holmes v. Amerex Rent-a-Car, 710 
A.2d 846, 852 (D.C. 1998))). The Departments propose amending 8 CFR 
208.30 and 8 CFR 1208.30 to raise the standard of proof in ``credible 
fear'' screenings for aliens in expedited removal proceedings and for 
stowaways from a significant possibility that the alien can establish 
eligibility for statutory withholding of removal to a reasonable 
possibility that the alien would be persecuted because of his or her 
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, 
or political opinion. See 8 CFR 208.16, 208.30(e)(2), 1208.16. 
Similarly, for aliens expressing a fear of torture, the Departments 
propose amending 8 CFR 208.30 and 8 CFR 1208.30 to raise the standard 
of proof from a significant possibility that the alien is eligible for 
withholding or deferral of removal under the CAT regulations to a 
reasonable possibility that the alien would be tortured in the country 
of removal. See 8 CFR 208.18(a), 208.30(e)(3), 1208.18(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ A stowaway is defined in section 101(a)(49) of the INA, 8 
U.S.C. 1101(a)(49), as ``any alien who obtains transportation 
without the consent of the owner, charterer, master or person in 
command of any vessel or aircraft through concealment aboard such 
vessel or aircraft.'' Further, ``[a] passenger who boards with a 
valid ticket is not to be considered a stowaway.'' Id. The rules 
that apply to stowaways relating to referrals for credible fear 
determinations and review by an immigration judge are found in 
section 235(a)(2) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225(a)(2), which provides 
that:
    An arriving alien who is a stowaway is not eligible to apply for 
admission or to be admitted and shall be ordered removed upon 
inspection by an immigration officer. Upon such inspection if the 
alien indicates an intention to apply for asylum under section 1158 
of this title or a fear of persecution, the officer shall refer the 
alien for an interview under subsection (b)(1)(B). A stowaway may 
apply for asylum only if the stowaway is found to have a credible 
fear of persecution under subsection (b)(1)(B). In no case may a 
stowaway be considered an applicant for admission or eligible for a 
hearing under section 1229a of this title.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Congress has not required that consideration of eligibility for 
asylum, statutory withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT 
regulations in the ``credible fear'' screening process be considered in 
the same manner. In fact, the ``credible fear'' screening process as 
set forth in the INA makes no mention whatsoever of statutory 
withholding of removal or protection under the CAT regulations. See INA 
235(b)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B); see also FARRA, 112 Stat. at 
2681-822; INA 103(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(1) (``The Secretary of 
Homeland Security shall be charged with the administration and 
enforcement of [the INA] and all other laws relating to the immigration 
and naturalization of aliens * * * .''); INA 208(b)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(b)(1)(A) (``The Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney 
General may grant asylum to an alien who has applied for asylum in 
accordance with the requirements and procedures established by the 
Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General under this 
section * * * .''); INA 241(b)(3)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3)(A); 
Regulations Concerning the Convention Against Torture, 64 FR 8478, 8478 
(Feb. 19, 1999), as corrected by Regulations Concerning the Convention 
Against Torture, 64 FR 13881 (Mar. 23, 1999) (``Under Article 3 [of 
CAT], the United States had agreed not to `expel, return (`refouler') 
or extradite' a person to another state where he or she would be 
tortured * * * . The United States currently implements Article 33 of 
the Refugee Convention through the withholding of removal provision in 
section 241(b)(3) * * * of the [INA] * * * .''). FARRA provides that 
``the heads of the appropriate agencies shall prescribe regulations to 
implement the obligations of the United States under Article 3'' of 
CAT, ``subject to any reservations, understandings, declarations, and 
provisos contained in the United States Senate resolution of 
ratification of [CAT].'' FARRA, sec. 2242(b), 112 Stat. at 2681-822.
    Recently, DHS began to apply the ``reasonable possibility'' 
standard of proof to determinations regarding potential eligibility for 
statutory withholding of removal and protection under the CAT 
regulations in ``credible fear'' screenings for aliens in expedited 
removal proceedings where an alien is found barred from asylum pursuant 
to 8 CFR 208.13(c)(3)-(4). On November 9, 2018, the Departments issued 
an Interim Final Rule (``IFR'') to provide that certain aliens 
described in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(3) or 8 CFR 1208.13(c)(3) who entered the 
United States in contravention of a covered Presidential proclamation 
or order are barred from eligibility for asylum (hereinafter referred 
to as the ``Presidential Proclamation Asylum Bar IFR''). Under that 
rule, claims for statutory withholding and protection under the CAT 
regulations are analyzed under this ``reasonable possibility'' 
standard. See Aliens Subject to a Bar on Entry Under Certain 
Presidential Proclamations; Procedures for Protection Claims, 83 FR 
55934 (Nov. 9, 2018).\13\ In addition, on

[[Page 36269]]

July 16, 2019, the Departments issued an IFR providing that certain 
aliens described in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(4) or 8 CFR 1208.13(c)(4) who 
enter, attempt to enter, or arrive in the United States across the 
southern land border on or after such date, after transiting through at 
least one country outside the alien's country of citizenship, 
nationality, or last lawful habitual residence en route to the United 
States, will be found ineligible for asylum unless they qualify for 
certain exceptions (hereinafter referred to as the ``Third Country 
Transit Asylum Bar IFR''). See Asylum Eligibility and Procedural 
Modifications, 84 FR 33829 (July 16, 2019). That IFR provides that if 
an alien is found ineligible for asylum pursuant to the bar, asylum 
officers will similarly apply the ``reasonable possibility'' standard 
to any statutory withholding of removal or CAT regulation claims in the 
``credible fear'' screening context. See id. at 33837.\14\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ On December 19, 2018, the U.S. District Court for the 
Northern District of California enjoined the Departments ``from 
taking any action continuing to implement the Rule'' and ordered the 
Departments ``to return to the pre-Rule practices for processing 
asylum applications.'' E. Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Trump, 354 F. 
Supp. 3d 1094, 1121 (N.D. Cal. 2018). On February 28, 2020, the U.S. 
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the injunction. E. 
Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Trump, 950 F.3d 1242, 1284 (9th Cir. 
2020). The Departments in this rule do not propose to make any 
amendments that would implement the rule at issue in East Bay 
Sanctuary.
    \14\ On July 24, 2019, the U.S. District Court for the Northern 
District of California enjoined the Departments ``from taking any 
action continuing to implement the Rule'' and ordered the 
Departments ``to return to the pre-Rule practices for processing 
asylum applications.'' E. Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Barr, 385 F. 
Supp. 3d 922, 960 (N.D. Cal. 2019). On August 16, 2019, the U.S. 
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit issued a partial stay of the 
preliminary injunction so that the injunction remained in force only 
in the Ninth Circuit. E. Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Barr, 934 F.3d 
1026, 1028 (9th Cir. 2019). On September 9, 2019, the district court 
then reinstated the nationwide scope of the injunction. 391 
F.Supp.3d 974. Two days later, the Supreme Court stayed the district 
court's injunction. Barr v. East Bay Sanctuary Covenant, 140 S. Ct. 
3 (2019). The Departments do not propose to make any amendments in 
this rule that would modify the substance of the rule at issue in 
that litigation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This proposed rule would expand the Departments' application of the 
``reasonable possibility'' standard of proof. Specifically, the 
standard of proof in the ``credible fear'' screening process for 
statutory withholding of removal and protection under the CAT 
regulations would be raised from a significant possibility that the 
alien can establish eligibility for such relief or protection to a 
reasonable possibility that the alien would be persecuted or tortured. 
See 8 CFR 208.16, 208.30(e)(2), 1208.16; see also 8 CFR 208.30(e)(3) 
(currently employing a ``significant possibility'' standard), 8 CFR 
208.18(a) and 1208.18(a) (defining torture). For aliens expressing a 
fear of persecution, the standard of proof in the screening remains 
unchanged regarding asylum eligibility, i.e., a significant possibility 
that the alien could establish eligibility for asylum. See INA 
235(b)(1)(B)(v), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(v).
    Under this rule, during ``credible fear'' screening interviews,\15\ 
asylum officers would consider whether aliens could establish a 
credible fear of persecution, a reasonable possibility of persecution, 
or a reasonable possibility of torture. Assessing a ``credible fear of 
persecution'' for purposes of asylum claims would continue to involve 
considering whether there is a significant possibility that the alien 
could establish eligibility for asylum under section 208 of the INA, 8 
U.S.C. 1158, as is currently provided in the regulations. See 8 CFR 
208.30(e)(2). However, under the proposed regulations, assessing a 
``reasonable possibility of persecution'' would involve considering 
whether there is a reasonable possibility that the alien would be 
persecuted such that the alien should be referred to a hearing in 
immigration court to adjudicate eligibility for statutory withholding 
of removal. See 8 CFR 208.16(b), 1208.16(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ The Departments recognize that, as a linguistic matter, it 
may seem strange to refer to a proceeding in which a reasonable 
possibility standard is applied as a ``credible fear'' screening. 
But the Departments have elected to retain the ``credible fear'' 
nomenclature because the relevant statutory provision is titled 
``removal without further review if no credible fear of 
persecution,'' INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iii), 
and for continuity and for ease of distinguishing proceedings 
conducted under 8 CFR 208.30 from those conducted under 8 CFR 
208.31. Moreover, this change is consistent with the Departments' 
IFR in 2018 that employed a reasonable possibility standard in the 
context of a credible fear screening for aliens subject to certain 
Presidential proclamations. See Presidential Proclamation Asylum Bar 
IFR, 83 FR at 55943.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Meanwhile, under this proposed rule, assessing a reasonable 
possibility of torture would involve considering whether there is a 
reasonable possibility that the alien would be tortured such that the 
alien should be referred for a hearing in immigration court to 
adjudicate potential eligibility for protection under the CAT 
regulations. See 8 CFR 208.16(c), 1208.16(c). Consistent with existing 
regulations, if the alien is referred to immigration court after 
receiving a positive fear determination, the immigration judge applies 
a ``more likely than not'' standard to the claims for statutory 
withholding of removal and protection under the CAT regulations. See 8 
CFR 1208.16-1208.17.
    To be eligible for asylum under section 208 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1158, an alien must ultimately prove a ``reasonable possibility'' of 
persecution upon return to his or her country. See, e.g., Y.C. v. 
Holder, 741 F.3d 324, 332 (2d Cir. 2013); see also 8 CFR 
208.13(b)(2)(i)(B), 1208.13(b)(2)(i)(B). On the other hand, to be 
eligible for either statutory withholding of removal or protection 
under the CAT regulations, an alien must ultimately prove a ``clear 
probability'' of the relevant type of harm--i.e., that the harm is more 
likely than not to occur--upon return to his or her country. See Y.C., 
741 F.3d at 333; 8 CFR 208.16(b)(2) and (c)(2), 1208.16(b)(2) and 
(c)(2); see also E. Bay Sanctuary, 950 F.3d at 1277 (``A `clear 
probability' of persecution or torture means that it is `more likely 
than not' that applicants will be persecuted upon their removal.''). 
Because an alien's merits burden with respect to claims for CAT 
protection and statutory withholding of removal is higher than that for 
a claim to asylum, it is reasonable for an alien's associated screening 
burden to be correspondingly higher than for an asylum claim. However, 
under the current regulations, an asylum officer conducting an 
interview under 8 CFR 208.30 determines whether there is a 
``significant possibility'' that the alien would be eligible for 
statutory withholding of removal or protection under the CAT 
regulations. 8 CFR 208.30(e)(2)-(3). In other words, the asylum officer 
applies the same screening standard for fear of persecution under 
asylum and statutory withholding of removal and fear of torture under 
the CAT regulations, despite the fact that ultimate success on the 
merits requires differing standards of proof.
    The decision to adopt such a regulatory scheme was made on the 
assumption that it would not ``disrupt[] the streamlined process 
established by Congress to circumvent meritless claims.'' Regulations 
Concerning the Convention Against Torture, 64 FR at 8485.
    But while the INA and the CAT regulations authorize the Attorney 
General and Secretary to provide for consideration of statutory 
withholding of removal claims and claims for CAT protection together 
with asylum claims or other matters that may be considered in removal 
proceedings, the INA does not mandate that approach, see, e.g., 8 
U.S.C. 1103(a)(1) and 1225(b)(1); cf. Foti v. INS, 375 U.S. 217, 229-30 
& n.16 (1963) (emphasizing that administrative regulations and 
procedure may broaden or narrow the subject matter within a court's 
scope of review, including review of orders denying voluntary departure 
or withholding or removal), or that they be considered in the same 
manner. This rule would end the current approach and require asylum

[[Page 36270]]

officers conducting interviews under 8 CFR 208.30 to assess whether the 
interviewed aliens can establish a credible fear of persecution in 
asylum claims, a reasonable possibility of persecution in statutory 
withholding of removal claims, and a reasonable possibility of torture 
in claims under the CAT regulations.
    The Departments' proposal to raise the standards of proof for 
assessing potential eligibility for statutory withholding of removal 
and withholding or deferral of removal under the CAT regulations in the 
``credible fear'' screening context falls within the scope of the 
authority that Congress has granted to the Secretary and the Attorney 
General to carry out immigration and nationality laws. See HSA; FARRA; 
INA 241(b)(3)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3)(A) (allowing the Attorney General 
to ``decide[ ]'' whether an ``alien's life or freedom would be 
threatened'' before directing removal of the alien); Regulations 
Concerning the Convention Against Torture, 64 FR at 8478, as corrected 
by Regulations Concerning the Convention Against Torture, 64 FR 13881 
(Mar. 23, 1999). Moreover, raising the standards of proof to a 
``reasonable possibility'' during screening for statutory withholding 
of removal and withholding and deferral of removal under the CAT 
regulations better aligns the initial screening standards of proof with 
the higher standards used to determine whether aliens are in fact 
eligible for these forms of protection before immigration judges. 
Unlike in the context of asylum determinations, in which the ``well-
founded fear'' standard is used, both in the statutory withholding and 
CAT withholding or deferral of removal contexts, immigration judges 
apply the higher ``more likely than not'' standard. See 8 CFR 1208.16-
1208.17.
    The ``reasonable possibility'' standard has long been used for fear 
determinations made under 8 CFR 208.31 and 8 CFR 1208.31, which cover 
certain classes of aliens who are ineligible for asylum but who are 
eligible for statutory withholding of removal and protection under the 
CAT regulations. See 8 CFR 208.31(a) and (c), 1208.31(a) and (c); see 
also INA 238(b)(5), 8 U.S.C. 1228(b)(5); INA 241(a)(5), 8 U.S.C. 
1231(a)(5). ``This * * * screening process is modeled on the credible-
fear screening process, but requires the alien to meet a higher 
screening standard.'' Regulations Concerning the Convention Against 
Torture, 64 FR at 8485; see also Garcia v. Johnson, No. 14-CV-01775, 
2014 WL 6657591, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 21, 2014) (describing the aim of 
the regulations as providing ``fair and efficient procedures'' in 
reasonable fear screening that would comport with U.S. international 
obligations).
    Significantly, when establishing the ``reasonable fear'' screening 
process, DOJ explained that the two affected categories of aliens 
should be screened based on the higher reasonable fear standard 
because, ``[u]nlike the broad class of arriving aliens who are subject 
to expedited removal, these two classes of aliens are ineligible for 
asylum,'' and may be entitled only to statutory withholding of removal 
or protection under the CAT regulations. Regulations Concerning the 
Convention Against Torture, 64 FR at 8485. ``Because the standard for 
establishing the likelihood of harm related to these forms of 
protection (a clear probability of persecution or torture) is 
significantly higher than the standard for asylum (a well-founded fear 
of persecution), the screening standard adopted for initial 
consideration of withholding and deferral requests in these contexts is 
also higher.'' Id.
    The standard's long use evidences that it is consistent with the 
United States' non-refoulement obligations and would not prevent aliens 
entitled to protection under the CAT regulations from receiving it. 
Drawing on the established framework for considering whether to grant 
statutory withholding of removal or CAT protection in the reasonable 
fear context, this rule would establish a bifurcated screening process 
in which aliens subject to expedited removal will be screened for 
asylum under the ``significant possibility'' standard, and screened for 
statutory withholding of removal or CAT protection under the 
``reasonable possibility'' standard.
    The Departments also propose to amend 8 CFR 208.30, 8 CFR 1208.30, 
and 8 CFR 1003.42 to refer to the screenings of aliens in expedited 
removal proceedings and of stowaways for statutory withholding of 
removal as ``reasonable possibility of persecution'' determinations and 
the screening for withholding and deferral of removal under the CAT 
regulations as ``reasonable possibility of torture'' determinations, in 
order to avoid confusion between the different standards of proof. By 
proposing these amendments, the Departments seek to maintain 
operational efficiency by differentiating between screenings for forms 
of relief, including asylum under 8 CFR 208.30, and screenings for only 
statutory withholding of removal and withholding and deferral of 
removal under the CAT regulations under 8 CFR 208.31, because, as noted 
above, the two screenings apply to different populations of aliens. 
Currently, DHS asylum officers conduct screenings under a ``credible 
fear'' standard for, inter alia, stowaways and aliens in expedited 
removal proceedings who express a fear of persecution or torture, a 
fear of return, or an intention to apply for asylum. See 8 CFR 
208.30(a), 1208.30(a). DHS asylum officers conduct screenings under a 
``reasonable fear'' standard for aliens who express a fear of 
persecution or torture and who have been issued an administrative 
removal order under section 238 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1228, due to an 
aggravated felony conviction or who are subject to a reinstated removal 
order under section 241(a)(5) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1231(a)(5). See 8 
CFR 208.31(a), 1208.31(a). Accordingly, the Departments seek to make 
technical edits by using the term ``reasonable possibility'' as the 
legal standard and using ``reasonable fear'' only to refer to 
proceedings under 8 CFR 208.31 and 8 CFR 1208.31. Use of the term 
``reasonable possibility'' rather than the term ``reasonable fear'' 
when discussing statutory withholding of removal and CAT protection 
screening determinations under 8 CFR 208.30, 8 CFR 1208.30, and 8 CFR 
1003.42 will prevent confusion over which type of analysis is at issue.
    In conjunction with the edits proposed to DHS's regulation in 8 CFR 
208.30, DOJ proposes edits to 8 CFR 1208.30 related to the legal 
standard of review. Currently, after an asylum officer determines that 
an alien lacks a credible fear of persecution or torture, the 
regulation provides that an immigration judge in EOIR then reviews that 
determination under the credible fear standard. 8 CFR 208.30(g), 
1208.30(g). DHS's proposed ``reasonable possibility'' screening 
standard for statutory withholding of removal and CAT protection claims 
is a mismatch for EOIR's current regulation, which does not provide for 
a reasonable possibility review process in the expedited removal 
context. Therefore, DOJ proposes to modify 8 CFR 1208.30(g) to clarify 
that credible fear of persecution determinations will continue to be 
reviewed under a ``credible fear'' standard, but screening 
determinations for eligibility for statutory withholding of removal and 
protection under the CAT regulations will be reviewed under a 
``reasonable possibility'' standard.
    Additionally, to clarify terminology in 8 CFR 208.30(d)(2), mention 
of the Form M-444, Information about Credible Fear Interview in 
Expedited Removal Cases, would be replaced with mention of relevant 
information regarding the ``credible fear'' screening process. This

[[Page 36271]]

change would clarify that DHS may relay information regarding screening 
for a reasonable possibility of persecution and a reasonable 
possibility of torture, in addition to a credible fear of persecution.
    Under the proposed rule, the burden is on the alien to show that 
there is a reasonable possibility that he or she would be persecuted 
because of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a 
particular social group, or political opinion if removed to the country 
of removal. Similarly, the burden is on the alien to show there is a 
reasonable possibility that he or she would be tortured in the country 
of removal. As a result, the alien must demonstrate a reasonable 
possibility that he or she will suffer severe pain or suffering, 
whether physical or mental, in the country of removal and a reasonable 
possibility that the feared harm would fall within the definition of 
torture set forth in 8 CFR 208.18(a)(1)-(8) and 8 CFR 1208.18(a)(1)-
(8).
    A ``reasonable possibility'' standard is equivalent to the ``well-
founded fear'' standard in section 101(a)(42) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(42), which is used to determine ultimate eligibility for 
asylum. See I.N.S. v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 424-25 (1984); 8 CFR 
208.13(b)(2)(i)(B), 1208.13(b)(2)(i)(B). The ``well-founded fear'' 
standard is lower than the ``more likely than not'' standard ultimately 
required to establish the likelihood of future harm for statutory 
withholding of removal and protection under the CAT regulations. 
Indeed: ``[o]ne can certainly have a well-founded fear of an event 
happening when there is less than a 50% chance of the occurrence taking 
place.'' INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 431 (1987).
    While lower than the ``clear probability'' standard governing the 
merits determination for statutory withholding of removal and 
withholding and deferral of removal under the CAT regulations, the 
``reasonable possibility'' standard is a well-established standard of 
proof that is an appropriate screening standard to identify those who 
have meaningful claims to such protection. See Matter of Mogharrabi, 19 
I&N Dec. 439, 440-46 (BIA 1987) (distinguishing the ``reasonable 
possibility'' and ``more likely than not'' standards). Determining a 
reasonable possibility of persecution does not rest on the statistical 
possibility of persecution, but rather on whether the applicant's fear 
is based on facts that would lead a reasonable person in similar 
circumstances to fear persecution. See id. at 445.
    For a number of reasons, the Departments do not believe that this 
change would implicate reliance interests. First, the ultimate 
eligibility standards remain the same. Second, it is exceedingly 
unlikely that aliens seek statutory withholding of removal or 
protection under the CAT regulations based on the applicable standard 
of proof. Third, the proposed change would provide numerous benefits. 
Raising the standards of proof to a ``reasonable possibility'' for the 
screening of aliens seeking statutory withholding of removal and CAT 
protection would allow the Departments to better screen out non-
meritorious claims and focus limited resources on claims much more 
likely to be determined to be meritorious by an immigration judge. 
Adopting a higher standard for statutory withholding and CAT screenings 
would not hinder the streamlined process envisioned for expedited 
removal. Asylum officers already receive extensive training and 
guidance on applying the ``reasonable possibility'' standard in other 
contexts because they are determining whether a reasonable possibility 
of persecution or torture exists in reasonable fear determinations 
pursuant to 8 CFR 208.31. In some cases, asylum officers would need to 
spend additional time eliciting more detailed testimony from aliens to 
account for the higher standard of proof; however, the overall impact 
on the time asylum officers spend making screening determinations would 
be minimal. The procedural aspects of making screening determinations 
regarding fear of persecution and of torture would remain largely the 
same. Moreover, using a higher standard of proof in the screening 
context for those seeking statutory withholding of removal or 
protection under the CAT regulations in the immigration courts allows 
the Departments to more efficiently and promptly distinguish between 
aliens whose claims are more likely or less likely to ultimately be 
meritorious.
    DHS also proposes in 8 CFR 208.30(e)(1) to interpret the 
``significant possibility'' standard that Congress established in 
section 235(b)(1)(B)(v) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(v). DHS's 
proposal would serve to promote greater clarity and transparency in 
credible fear of persecution determinations.
    As stated in proposed in 8 CFR 208.30(e)(1), ``significant 
possibility'' means a substantial and realistic possibility of 
succeeding. As discussed above, this proposed definition of 
``significant possibility'' is consistent with both case law and 
existing policy and practice, and allows relevant parties, including 
aliens, consultants, and legal representatives, to better understand 
the standard of proof that applies to credible fear of persecution 
claims. This definition is also consistent with congressional intent. 
The 104th Congress chose a screening standard ``intended to be a low 
screening standard for admission into the usual full asylum process.'' 
142 Cong. Rec. S11491 (daily ed. Sept. 27, 1996) (statement of Senate 
Judiciary Committee Chairman Orrin Hatch). Originally, the Senate bill 
had proposed a ``determination of whether the asylum claim was 
`manifestly unfounded,' while the House bill applied a `significant 
possibility' standard coupled with an inquiry into whether there was a 
substantial likelihood that the alien's statements were true.'' Id. In 
IIRIRA, Congress then ``struck a compromise by rejecting the higher 
standard of credibility included in the House bill.'' Id. The House's 
``significant possibility'' standard is lower than the ``more probable 
than not'' language in the original House version. 142 Cong. Rec. 
H11081 (daily ed. Sept. 25, 1996) (statement of House Judiciary 
Committee Chairman Henry Hyde). The proposed regulation is thus 
consistent with congressional intent because it defines ``significant 
possibility'' in a way that ensures that the standard does not reach 
the level of more likely than not. Overall, DHS's effort will 
contribute to ensuring consistency in making credible fear of 
persecution determinations.
5. Proposed Amendments to the Credible Fear Screening Process
    The Departments further propose to amend 8 CFR 208.30, 8 CFR 
1208.30, and 8 CFR 1003.42 to make several additional technical and 
substantive amendments regarding fear interviews, determinations, and 
reviews of determinations. The Departments propose to amend 8 CFR 
208.30(a) and 8 CFR 1208.30(a) to clearly state that the respective 
sections describe the exclusive procedures applicable to applicants for 
admission who are found inadmissible pursuant to section 212(a)(6)(C) 
or 212(a)(7) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(C) or 1182(a)(7), and 
receive ``credible fear'' interviews, determinations, and reviews under 
section 235(b)(1)(B) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B).
    DHS proposes to clarify the existing ``credible fear'' screening 
process in proposed 8 CFR 208.30(b), which states that if an alien 
subject to expedited removal indicates an intention to apply for asylum 
or expresses a fear of

[[Page 36272]]

persecution or torture, or a fear of return, an inspecting officer 
shall not proceed further with removal until the alien has been 
referred for an interview with an asylum officer, as provided in 
section 235(b)(1)(A)(ii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(A)(ii). The 
proposed rule also states that the asylum officer would screen the 
alien for a credible fear of persecution and, as appropriate, a 
reasonable possibility of persecution or a reasonable possibility of 
torture, and conduct an evaluation and determination in accordance with 
8 CFR 208.9(c), which is consistent with current policy and practice. 
These proposals aim to provide greater transparency and clarity with 
regard to fear screenings.
    DHS also proposes to include consideration of internal relocation 
in the context of proposed 8 CFR 208.30(e)(1)-(3), which outline the 
procedures for determining whether aliens have a credible fear of 
persecution, a reasonable possibility of persecution, and a reasonable 
possibility of torture. Considering internal relocation in the 
``credible fear'' screening context is consistent with existing policy 
and practice, and the regulations addressing internal relocation at 8 
CFR 208.16(c)(3)(ii) and 8 CFR 1208.16(c)(3)(ii) (protection under the 
CAT regulations); 8 CFR 208.13(b)(1)(i)(B) and 8 CFR 
1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B) (asylum); and 8 CFR 208.16(b)(1)(i)(B) and 8 CFR 
1208.16(b)(1)(i)(B) (statutory withholding). The regulatory standard 
that governs consideration of internal relocation in the context of 
asylum and statutory withholding of removal adjudications is different 
from the standard that considers internal relocation in the context of 
protection under the CAT regulations. See generally Maldonado v. Lynch, 
786 F.3d 1155, 1163 (9th Cir. 2015) (noting the marked difference 
between the asylum and CAT regulations concerning internal relocation).
    In addition, the Departments propose to add asylum and statutory 
withholding eligibility bar considerations in proposed 8 CFR 
208.30(e)(1)(iii) and (e)(2)(iii), and 8 CFR 1003.42(d). Currently, 8 
CFR 208.30(e)(5)(i) provides that if an alien, other than a stowaway, 
is able to establish a credible fear of persecution or torture but also 
appears to be subject to one or more of the mandatory eligibility bars 
to asylum or statutory withholding of removal, then the alien will be 
placed in section 240 proceedings. In proposed 8 CFR 208.30(e)(5), DHS 
would require asylum officers to determine (1) whether an alien is 
subject to one or more of the mandatory bars to being able to apply for 
asylum under section 208(a)(2)(B)-(D) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1158(a)(2)(B)-(D), or the bars to asylum eligibility under section 
208(b)(2) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2), including any eligibility 
bars established by regulation under section 208(b)(2)(C) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(C); \16\ and (2) if so, whether the bar at issue is 
also a bar to statutory withholding of removal and withholding of 
removal under the CAT regulations.\17\ An alien who could establish a 
credible fear of persecution or reasonable possibility of persecution 
but for the fact that he or she is subject to one of the bars that 
applies to both asylum and statutory withholding of removal would 
receive a negative fear determination, unless the alien could establish 
a reasonable possibility of torture, in which case he or she would be 
referred to the immigration court for asylum-and-withholding-only 
proceedings. In those proceedings, the alien would have the opportunity 
to raise whether he or she was correctly identified as being subject to 
the bar(s) to asylum and withholding of removal and also pursue 
protection under the CAT regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ The following classes of aliens are ineligible for asylum: 
Aliens who (1) participated in certain types of persecution; (2) 
have been convicted of a particularly serious crime; (3) have 
committed (or are reasonably believed to have committed) a serious 
nonpolitical crime outside the United States; (4) are a danger to 
the security of the United States; (5) are removable on terrorism-
related grounds; or (6) were firmly resettled in another country 
prior to arrival in the United States. INA 208(b)(2)(A)(i)-(vi), 8 
U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(A)(i)-(vi). The Secretary and the Attorney General 
may also by regulation establish additional ineligibilities. INA 
208(b)(2)(C), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(C). Together, the bars in these 
two subparagraphs are commonly referred to as the mandatory bars to 
a grant of asylum.
    \17\ The following classes of aliens are ineligible for 
statutory withholding of removal: Aliens who (1) participated in 
certain types of persecution; (2) have been convicted of a 
particularly serious crime; (3) have committed (or are reasonably 
believed to have committed) a serious nonpolitical crime outside the 
United States; or (4) are a danger to the security of the United 
States. INA 241(b)(3)(B)(i)-(iv), 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3)(B)(i)-(iv).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the current regulations at 8 CFR 208.30(e)(5), aliens who 
establish a credible fear of persecution or torture but appear to be 
subject to one or more of the mandatory bars are referred for section 
240 proceedings. From an administrative standpoint, it is pointless and 
inefficient to adjudicate claims for relief in section 240 proceedings 
when it is determined that an alien is subject to one or more of the 
mandatory bars to asylum or statutory withholding at the screening 
stage. Accordingly, applying those mandatory bars to aliens at the 
``credible fear'' screening stage would eliminate removal delays 
inherent in section 240 proceedings that serve no purpose and eliminate 
the waste of adjudicatory resources currently expended in vain.
    If an asylum officer determines, at the ``credible fear'' screening 
stage, that an alien is subject to one or more mandatory bars, the 
alien would, under this rule, be permitted to request review of that 
determination by an immigration judge. See 8 CFR 208.30(g) (current), 8 
CFR 208.30(g) (proposed); see also INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III), 8 U.S.C. 
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III) (``The Attorney General shall provide by 
regulation and upon the alien's request for prompt review by an 
immigration judge of a determination * * * that the alien does not have 
a credible fear of persecution.'').
    The bars to asylum eligibility are not identical to the bars to 
statutory withholding eligibility. Compare 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(A)(i)-
(vi) (bars to asylum eligibility), with 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3)(B)(i)-(iv) 
(bars to withholding of removal eligibility). Under the proposed 
regulations, an alien who is barred from asylum eligibility could be 
found to have a reasonable possibility of persecution in instances in 
which the alien is barred from asylum, but not likewise barred from 
statutory withholding. For instance, if an alien is subject to the firm 
resettlement bar, the alien is barred from asylum eligibility, but not 
barred from statutory withholding eligibility. In such a case, if the 
alien demonstrated a reasonable possibility of persecution, the alien 
would be referred to the immigration judge for asylum-and-withholding-
only proceedings. The proposed rule would ensure that if an alien has 
established a significant possibility of eligibility for asylum or a 
reasonable possibility of persecution and is not barred from statutory 
withholding eligibility, the alien can appear before an immigration 
judge for consideration of the asylum, statutory withholding, and CAT 
claims. Moreover, this process would retain a mechanism for immigration 
judge review of the determination that the alien is not eligible for 
asylum, as required in section 235(b)(1)(B)(iii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii). Thus, the proposed rule would reasonably balance 
the various interests at stake. It would promote efficiency by avoiding 
duplicative administrative efforts while ensuring that those who are 
subject to a mandatory bar receive an opportunity to have the asylum 
officer's finding reviewed by an immigration judge.

[[Page 36273]]

    Additionally, under 8 CFR 208.30(e)(5), DHS currently uses (or 
potentially would use, pending the resolution of litigation), a 
``reasonable fear'' standard (identical to the ``reasonable 
possibility'' standard enunciated in this rule) in procedures related 
to aliens barred from asylum under the two previously mentioned IFRs, 
as described in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(3)-(4). The Departments seek to make 
technical edits in proposed 8 CFR 208.30(e)(5), to change ``reasonable 
fear'' to ``reasonable possibility'' to align the terminology with the 
proposed changes in this rule. Similarly, DOJ proposes to make 
technical edits in 8 CFR 1208.30(g)(1) and 8 CFR 1003.42(d)--both of 
which refer to the ``reasonable fear'' standard in the current version 
of 8 CFR 208.30(e)(5)--to change the ``reasonable fear'' language to 
``reasonable possibility.'' These edits are purely technical and would 
not amend, alter, or impact the standard of proof applicable to the 
fear screening process and determinations, or review of such 
determinations, associated with the aforementioned bars.
    Additionally, in proposed 8 CFR 208.2(c)(1), 8 CFR 1208.2(c)(1), 8 
CFR 235.6(a)(2), and 8 CFR 1235.6(a)(2), the Departments are making 
technical edits to replace the term ``credible fear of persecution or 
torture'' with ``a credible fear of persecution, reasonable possibility 
of persecution, or reasonable possibility of torture'' to mirror the 
terminology used in proposed 8 CFR 208.30 and 8 CFR 1208.30. Moreover, 
in proposed 8 CFR 1208.30(g)(2)(iv)(C), DOJ is making a technical edit 
to clarify that stowaways barred from asylum and both statutory and CAT 
withholding of removal may still be eligible for deferral of removal 
under the CAT regulations.
    The Departments further propose to amend 8 CFR 208.30(g) and 8 CFR 
1208.30(g)(2), which address procedures for negative fear 
determinations for aliens in the expedited removal process. Currently, 
8 CFR 208.30(g) provides that when an alien receives notice of a 
negative determination, the asylum officer inquires whether the alien 
wishes to have an immigration judge review the decision. If that alien 
refuses to indicate whether he or she desires such review, DHS treats 
this as a request for review by an immigration judge. See also 8 CFR 
1208.30(g)(2). In proposed 8 CFR 208.30(g)(1), the Departments seek to 
treat an alien's refusal to indicate whether he or she desires review 
by an immigration judge as declining to request such review. Also, in 
proposed 8 CFR 208.31, the Departments will treat a refusal as 
declining to request review within the context of reasonable fear 
determinations. This proposal aligns with the Departments' interest in 
the expeditious resolution of fear claims, with a focus on those claims 
that are most likely to be meritorious. Given that the alien has been 
informed of his or her right to seek further review and given an 
opportunity to exercise that right, referring an alien to an 
immigration judge based on a refusal to indicate his or her desire 
places unnecessary and undue burdens on the immigration courts.
    The Departments welcome comments on all aspects of these proposals, 
including the use of asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings, the 
definition of ``significant possibility,'' and the raising of the 
standard for statutory withholding of removal and torture-related 
determinations to ``reasonable possibility.''

B. Form I-589, Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal, 
Filing Requirements

1. Frivolous Applications
    Frivolous asylum applications are a costly detriment, resulting in 
wasted resources and increased processing times for an already 
overloaded immigration system. See Angov v. Lynch, 788 F.3d 893, 901-02 
(9th Cir. 2015) (``[Immigration f]raud, forgery and fabrication are so 
common--and so difficult to prove--that they are routinely tolerated. * 
* * [I]f an alien does get caught lying or committing fraud, nothing 
very bad happens to him. * * * Consequently, immigration fraud is 
rampant.''). Under section 208(d)(6) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(6), 
``[i]f the Attorney General determines that an alien has knowingly made 
a frivolous application for asylum and the alien has received [the 
notice of privilege of counsel and the consequences of knowingly filing 
a frivolous application], the alien shall be permanently ineligible for 
any benefits under this chapter, effective as of the date of a final 
determination on such application.'' By current regulation, such 
frivolousness determinations may only be made by an immigration judge 
or the BIA. 8 CFR 208.20, 1208.20.
    For the penalty in section 208(d)(6) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(6), to apply, there must be a finding that an alien ``knowingly 
made a frivolous application for asylum'' after receiving the notice 
required by section 208(d)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C 1158(d)(4)(A). In other 
words, the alien's asylum application must be frivolous, the 
application must have been knowingly made--i.e., knowing of its 
frivolous nature--and the alien must have received the notice required 
by section 208(d)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(4)(A), at the time of 
filing.\18\ No penalty under this section will be imposed unless all 
three requirements are met. The term ``knowingly'' is not defined in 
either the statute or the current regulations. Consequently, the 
Departments propose to clarify that ``knowingly'' requires either 
actual knowledge of the frivolousness or willful blindness toward it. 
Willful blindness means the alien was aware of a high probability that 
his or her application was frivolous and deliberately avoided learning 
otherwise. This standard is higher than mere recklessness or negligence 
and is consistent with well-established legal principles. See, e.g., 
Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A., 563 U.S. 754, 769-70 (2011). 
The term ``frivolous'' is not defined in the INA.\19\ Prior to the 
enactment of section 208(d)(6) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(6), a 
frivolous asylum application was defined for purposes of granting 
employment authorization as

[[Page 36274]]

one that was ``manifestly unfounded or abusive.'' 8 CFR 208.7 (1995). 
Additional guidance interpreted ``frivolous'' in this context to mean 
``patently without substance.'' See Grijalva v. Illchert, 815 F. Supp. 
328, 331 (N.D. Cal. 1993) (summarizing prior regulatory and policy 
definitions of frivolousness before the current definition was 
promulgated in 1997). Subsequent to the enactment of section 208(d)(6) 
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(6), DOJ proposed defining a frivolous 
asylum application for purposes of that provision as one that ``is 
fabricated or is brought for an improper purpose'' before settling on 
the current definition of an application in which ``any of its material 
elements is deliberately fabricated.'' Compare Inspection and Expedited 
Removal of Aliens; Detention and Removal of Aliens; Conduct of Removal 
Proceedings; Asylum Procedures, 62 FR 444, 468 (Jan. 3, 1997) (proposed 
rule), with Inspection and Expedited Removal of Aliens; Detention and 
Removal of Aliens; Conduct of Removal Proceedings; Asylum Procedures, 
62 FR 10312, 10344 (Mar. 6, 1997) (final rule). Although the final rule 
did not explain why DOJ altered its proposed definition of 
``frivolous,'' the proposed rulemaking noted that the purpose of a 
definition of ``frivolous'' was ``to discourage applicants from making 
patently false claims.'' Inspection and Expedited Removal of Aliens; 
Detention and Removal of Aliens; Conduct of Removal Proceedings; Asylum 
Procedures, 62 FR at 447. In light of this regulatory definition, 
subsequent case law has noted that ``the term `fraudulent' may be more 
appropriate than the term `frivolous' when applied to a questionable 
asylum application.'' Matter of Y-L-, 24 I&N Dec. 151, 155 n.1 (BIA 
2007) (citing Barreto-Claro v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 275 F.3d 1334, 1339 
n.11 (11th Cir. 2001), which observed that ``Fraudulent'' would be a 
more appropriate modifier than ``Frivolous'' in the statutory heading 
of section 208(d)(6) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(6)). In short, the 
concept of a frivolous asylum application as understood by the 
Departments has encompassed a number of different, related concerns 
over the years--i.e., applications that are unfounded, abusive, 
improperly brought, fabricated, or fraudulent--but not all of those are 
necessarily represented in the current regulatory definition premised 
solely on fabricated material elements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ The asylum application, Form I-589, contains a written 
notice of the consequences of making a frivolous asylum application 
pursuant to section 208(d)(4)(A) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(4)(A), 
and that notice is sufficient to satisfy the third requirement of 
section 208(d)(6), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(6). See, e.g., Niang v. Holder, 
762 F.3d 251, 254-55 (2d Cir. 2014) (``Because the written warning 
provided on the asylum application alone is adequate to satisfy the 
notice requirement under 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(4)(A) and because Niang 
signed and filed his asylum application containing that warning, he 
received adequate notice warning him against filing a frivolous 
application.''). Thus, every alien who signs and files an asylum 
application has received the notice required by section 208(d)(4)(A) 
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(4)(A).
    \19\ Depending on context, frivolous may mean, inter alia, 
``[l]acking in high purpose; trifling, trivial, and silly'' or 
``[l]acking a legal basis or legal merit; manifestly insufficient as 
a matter of law.'' Black's Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Frivolous 
filings abuse the judicial process. See Des Vignes v. Dep't of 
Transp., FAA, 791 F.2d 142, 146 (Fed. Cir. 1986) (holding that 
frivolous filings abuse the judicial process by wasting the time and 
limited resources of adjudicators, unnecessarily expend taxpayer 
resources, and deny the availability of adjudicatory resources to 
deserving litigants). The Departments accordingly believe that 
``frivolous'' is a term that is broad enough to encompass not only 
applications that are fraudulent, but also those that are plainly 
without legal merits. Both kinds of applications seriously undermine 
the adjudicatory process, yet although none of these conceptions of 
frivolousness is precluded by INA 208(d)(6), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(6), 
not all of them are captured by the current regulatory definition of 
frivolousness. There is no indication that Congress intended a 
narrow construction of 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(6), and a narrow view of a 
frivolous asylum application is at odds with its intent to 
discourage improper applications. As discussed, infra, the proposed 
rule broadens the regulatory definition of a frivolous asylum 
application, provided the application was knowingly filed and the 
applicant received the appropriate notice, to more fully and 
accurately capture a broader spectrum of behavior that abuses the 
judicial process.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The statutory text does not provide a definition of ``frivolous,'' 
expressly restrict how it may be defined, or compel a narrow definition 
limited solely to the deliberate fabrication of material elements, 
though the penalty in section 208(d)(6) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(6), only applies if a frivolous application is knowingly made--
i.e., with knowledge or willful blindness of its frivolousness--after 
an alien has received notice of the consequences of filing a frivolous 
application. The current regulatory definition of ``frivolous'' related 
to asylum applications, which limits the concept of frivolousness to 
deliberate fabrication of material elements, was promulgated in 1997 
with the intent ``to discourage applicants from making patently false 
claims,'' but it did not address other types of frivolousness, such as 
abusive filings, filings for an improper purpose, or patently unfounded 
filings, or explain why these considerations of frivolousness were 
either no longer necessary or undesirable. Inspection and Expedited 
Removal of Aliens; Detention and Removal of Aliens; Conduct of Removal 
Proceedings; Asylum Procedures, 62 FR at 468 (proposing to define a 
frivolous application as one that ``is fabricated or is brought for an 
improper purpose''); Inspection and Expedited Removal of Aliens; 
Detention and Removal of Aliens; Conduct of Removal Proceedings; Asylum 
Procedures, 62 FR at 10344 (ultimately defining an asylum application 
as frivolous if ``any of its material elements is deliberately 
fabricated,'' but not explaining the basis for the change).
    Consequently, the current, narrowly-drawn definition does not 
appear sufficient to capture the full spectrum of claims that would 
ordinarily be deemed ``frivolous,'' nor has it been fully successful in 
its stated intent of discouraging knowingly and patently false claims. 
This result can be seen in several cases where applications that one 
may ordinarily understand as ``frivolous'' are nonetheless not captured 
by the current narrow regulatory definition. See, e.g., Scheerer v. 
U.S. Att'y Gen., 445 F.3d 1311, 1317-18 & n.10 (11th Cir. 2006) 
(reversing a frivolousness finding regarding a claim based on alleged 
fear of persecution due to the applicant's belief that the Holocaust 
did not occur); L-T-M- v. Whitaker, 760 F. App'x 498, 501 (9th Cir. 
2019) (fabricated material evidence, including fraudulent 
documentation, does not make an asylum application frivolous because 
the regulatory definition of frivolousness requires the fabrication of 
an element and evidence is not an element).
    L-T-M-, in particular, demonstrates the limitations of the current 
definition in discouraging false claims. Not only does it run contrary 
to numerous other federal court decisions upholding frivolousness 
findings based on fabricated evidence--see, e.g., Selami v. Gonzales, 
423 F.3d 621, 626-27 (6th Cir. 2005) (affirming a frivolousness finding 
based on the submission of a fraudulent newspaper article); Ursini v. 
Gonzales, 205 F. App'x 496, 497-98 (9th Cir. 2006) (affirming a 
frivolousness finding based on the submission of false documents); 
Diallo v. Mukasey, 263 F. App'x 146, 150 (2d Cir. 2008) (affirming a 
frivolousness finding based on the submission of a fraudulent 
vaccination card); Shllaku v. Gonzales, 139 F. App'x 700, 702-03 (6th 
Cir. 2005) (affirming a frivolousness finding based on the submission 
of counterfeit documents)--but its potential to lead to absurd results 
by allowing claims supported by knowingly fabricated material evidence 
to escape the penalty called for in INA 208(d)(6), 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(6), 
undermines the intent of that provision to discourage false claims. The 
proposed rule would revise the current definition of ``frivolous'' to 
broaden it and bring it more in line with prior understandings of 
frivolous applications, including applications that are clearly 
unfounded, abusive, or involve fraud, and better effectuate the intent 
of section 208(d)(6) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(6), to discourage 
applications that make patently meritless or false claims.
    Accordingly, the Departments propose to amend the definition of 
``frivolous'' to ensure that manifestly unfounded or otherwise abusive 
claims are rooted out and to ensure that meritorious claims are 
adjudicated more efficiently so that deserving applicants receive 
benefits in a timely fashion. The revised regulation also reflects 
Congress's concern with applications that are knowingly frivolous at 
the time of filing, regardless of whether an alien subsequently 
retracts or withdraws the application. See INA 208(d)(4) and (6), 8 
U.S.C. 1158(d)(4) and (6); Matter of X-M-C-, 25 I&N Dec. 322, 325-27 
(BIA 2010) (withdrawal of asylum application does not preclude finding 
that the application is knowingly frivolous); see also Kulakchyan v. 
Holder, 730 F.3d 993, 996 (9th Cir. 2013) (approving of Matter of X-M-
C-); Mei Juan Zheng v. Holder, 672 F.3d 178, 184 (2d Cir. 2012) (same).
    Existing regulations provide that immigration judges and the BIA 
may make findings that an alien has knowingly filed a frivolous asylum 
application. See 8 CFR 208.20, 8 CFR 1208.20. The Departments propose 
to amend these regulations to allow asylum officers adjudicating 
affirmative

[[Page 36275]]

asylum applications to make findings that aliens have knowingly filed 
frivolous asylum applications and to refer the cases on that basis to 
immigration judges (for aliens not in lawful status) or to deny the 
applications (for aliens in lawful status). For an alien not in lawful 
status, a finding by an asylum officer that an asylum application is 
frivolous would not render an alien permanently ineligible for 
immigration benefits unless an immigration judge or the BIA 
subsequently makes a finding of frivolousness upon de novo review of 
the application as stated in the current and proposed 8 CFR 208.20 and 
8 CFR 1208.20. Asylum officers would apply the same definition used by 
immigration judges and the BIA as proposed by this rule. Id. As this 
proposed rule would overrule Matter of Y-L-, and revise the definition 
of ``frivolous,'' USCIS would not be required to provide opportunities 
for applicants to address discrepancies or implausible aspects of their 
claims in all cases when the asylum officer determines that sufficient 
opportunity was afforded to the alien. As with any other affirmative 
asylum case referred to the immigration judge by an asylum officer, the 
immigration judge would review the asylum application de novo.
    By allowing asylum officers to find asylum applications to be 
frivolous, the Departments seek to enhance the officers' ability to 
identify and efficiently root out frivolous applications, and to deter 
the filing of such applications in the first place. The current 
practice for handling frivolous asylum applications at the affirmative 
asylum application stage generally involves asylum officers making 
negative credibility determinations. Asylum officers may refer asylum 
applications to the immigration courts based on negative credibility 
findings, but not solely based on frivolousness.
    Making a credibility determination, positive or negative, involves 
conducting an asylum interview. If the asylum officer identifies 
credibility concerns, such as inconsistencies or lack of detail, the 
asylum officer confronts the applicant with these concerns during the 
interview and gives the applicant an opportunity to explain. If the 
asylum officer decides to make a negative credibility determination, 
the officer prepares a written assessment that explains the credibility 
concerns, such as inconsistencies, lack of detail, or both, and 
discusses the reasonableness of the applicant's explanations and the 
relevancy of the credibility concerns to the claim. See INA 
208(b)(1)(B)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); Matter of B-Y-, 25 I&N 
Dec. 236, 242 (BIA 2010) (``In making an adverse credibility 
determination, the opportunity for explanation requires that an 
Immigration Judge not rely on inconsistencies that take a respondent by 
surprise. See Ming Shi Xue v. BIA, 439 F.3d 111 (2d Cir. 2006) * * *. 
If an inconsistency is obvious or glaring or has been brought to the 
attention of the respondent during the course of the hearing, however, 
there is no requirement that a separate opportunity for explanation be 
provided prior to making the adverse credibility determination. See Ye 
v. Dep't of Homeland Sec., 446 F.3d 289 (2d Cir. 2006).'').
    The proposed amendments to the regulations would give asylum 
officers a valuable and more targeted mechanism for handling frivolous 
asylum applications. As noted above, when referring cases to the 
immigration courts based on negative credibility determinations, asylum 
officers may flag issues related to frivolousness for immigration 
judges to consider, but they cannot refer frivolous cases or deny 
applications solely on that basis. Allowing asylum officers to refer or 
deny frivolous cases solely on that basis would strengthen USCIS's 
ability to root out frivolous applications more efficiently, deter 
frivolous filings, and ultimately reduce the number of frivolous 
applications in the asylum system. These amendments would help the 
Departments better allocate limited resources and time and more 
expeditiously adjudicate meritorious asylum claims.
    Moreover, under this proposed rule, if an asylum officer identifies 
indicators of frivolousness in an asylum application, the asylum 
officer would focus more during the interview on matters that may be 
frivolous. And an immigration judge who receives an asylum application 
with a frivolousness finding by an asylum officer would have a more 
robust and developed written record focused on frivolous material 
elements to help inform his or her ultimate decision. Thus, an asylum 
officer's finding that an application is frivolous would help improve 
the efficiency and integrity of the overall adjudicatory process.
    Asylum officers are well prepared to put the proposed regulatory 
changes into operation. They receive extensive training on spotting 
indicators of frivolousness, fraud, and credibility concerns, including 
on reviewing and assessing written materials that may raise such 
concerns. In addition, asylum officers receive training on how to 
appropriately identify, raise, and address credibility and 
frivolousness concerns during interviews with asylum applicants. Thus, 
asylum officers are well equipped to adjudicate frivolousness in the 
affirmative asylum context.
    Furthermore, the Departments' proposed regulatory changes are 
consistent with congressional intent. When the 104th Congress amended 
the procedures used to consider asylum applications through IIRIRA, it 
sought ``to reduce the likelihood that fraudulent or frivolous 
applications will enable deportable or excludable aliens to remain in 
the U.S. for substantial periods.'' S. Rept. No. 104-249, at 2 (1996). 
Allowing asylum officers, in addition to immigration judges and the 
BIA, to find filings frivolous would help deter aliens from filing 
frivolous asylum applications and reduce the likelihood that aliens 
with frivolous applications will be released into the United States for 
substantial periods of time, usually with work authorization.
    The Departments also propose changes to 8 CFR 208.20 and 8 CFR 
1208.20 to expand and clarify what circumstances would require an 
immigration judge or the BIA (and now asylum officers) to find an 
asylum application to be knowingly frivolous.\20\ The proposed rule 
maintains the current definition of ``frivolous'' such that if 
knowingly made, an asylum application would be properly considered 
frivolous if the adjudicator determines that it includes a fabricated 
material element. The proposed rule also would provide, consistent with 
case law, that if knowingly made, an asylum application premised on 
false or fabricated evidence, unless it would be granted without the 
fabricated evidence, may also be found frivolous.\21\ See, e.g., 
Selami, 423 F.3d at 626-27; Ursini, 205
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ For purposes of 8 CFR 208.20 and 8 CFR 1208.20, an alien 
knowingly files a frivolous asylum application if the alien filed 
the application knowing that it was frivolous intentionally and 
voluntarily, and not because of ignorance, mistake, accident, or 
carelessness, or the alien filed the application deliberately 
ignoring the fact that the application was frivolous. It is the 
alien's duty to read the asylum application before signing it. If an 
alien acts through an agent, the alien will be deemed responsible 
for actions of the agent if the agent acts with apparent authority. 
If the alien has signed the asylum application, he or she shall be 
presumed to have knowledge of its contents regardless of his or her 
failure to read and understand its contents. 8 CFR 208.3(c)(2), 
1208.3(c)(2).
    \21\ The submission of fabricated evidence may still be 
sufficient to deny the application, Matter of O-D-, 21 I&N Dec. 
1079, 1083 (BIA 1998), but it will not warrant a frivolousness 
finding if the application without the evidence is also approvable.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 36276]]

F. App'x at 497-98; Diallo, 263 F. App'x at 150; Shllaku, 139 F. App'x 
at 702-03.
    Consistent with the concept of frivolousness as encompassing claims 
that are patently without substance or merit, an application, if 
knowingly made, would also be considered frivolous if applicable law 
clearly prohibits the grant of asylum. Of course, simply because an 
argument or claim is unsuccessful does not mean that it can be 
considered frivolous. Matter of Cheung, 16 I&N Dec. 244, 245 (BIA 
1977). Neither could reasonable arguments to extend, modify, or reverse 
the law as it stands. Cf. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(2) (``By presenting to 
the court a pleading, written motion, or other paper--whether by 
signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating it--an attorney or 
unrepresented party certifies that to the best of the person's 
knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable 
under the circumstances * * * the claims, defenses, and other legal 
contentions are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument 
for extending, modifying, or reversing existing law or for establishing 
new law''). Finally, if knowingly made, an application filed without 
regard to the merits of the claim would be considered frivolous. See 
Cooter & Gell v. Hartmax, Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 398 (1990) (``The filing 
of complaints, papers, or other motions without taking the necessary 
care in their preparation is a separate abuse of the judicial system, 
subject to separate sanction. * * * Baseless filing puts the machinery 
of justice in motion, burdening courts and individuals alike with 
needless expense and delay.''). Such a sanction is fully consistent 
with the abusive nature of such applications, which are often filed for 
an ulterior purpose, such as being placed in removal proceedings, 
without regard to the merits of the application itself. Cf. Matter of 
Jaso and Ayala, 27 I&N Dec. 557, 558 (BIA 2019) (affirming the 
dismissal of immigration proceedings where a respondent filed an asylum 
application solely for the purpose of being placed in immigration 
proceedings to seek some other form of relief, recognizing that ``it is 
an abuse of the asylum process to file a meritless asylum application 
with the USCIS for the sole purpose of seeking cancellation of removal 
in the Immigration Court''); \22\ Inspection and Expedited Removal of 
Aliens; Detention and Removal of Aliens; Conduct of Removal 
Proceedings; Asylum Procedures, 62 FR at 447 (proposing to define an 
application as ``frivolous'' if, inter alia, it is ``brought for an 
improper purpose'' in order to discourage applicants from making false 
asylum claims).\23\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ Although the Board's decision affirmed an immigration 
judge's authority to dismiss such a case upon motion by DHS, such 
abusive filings for an improper purpose also warrant sanctioning as 
frivolous if the proceedings go forward.
    \23\ A leading immigration advocacy group has also noted the 
risk of a frivolousness finding in situations in which an alien 
makes a false claim to asylum solely to obtain a Notice to Appear 
and be placed in removal proceedings in order to seek another form 
of relief. See American Immigration Lawyers Association, Ethical 
Considerations Related to Affirmatively Filing an Application for 
Asylum for the Purpose of Applying for Cancellation of Removal and 
Adjustment of Status for a Nonpermanent Resident at 4 (2016), 
https://www.aila.org/practice/ethics/ethics-resources/2016-2019/submitting-an-affirmative-asylum-app-ethical-qs (describing as a 
``classic instance'' of asylum frivolousness a situation in which an 
alien willfully creates false facts for an asylum application in 
order to be placed in removal proceedings to apply for another type 
of relief).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, section 208(d)(4)(A) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(4)(A), 
requires that aliens receive notice of the consequences of knowingly 
filing a frivolous application. Under the proposed regulation, an 
immigration judge would not need to provide an additional opportunity 
to an alien to account for issues of frivolousness with the claim 
before determining that the application is frivolous, as long as the 
required notice was provided. The statute is clear on its face that the 
only procedural requirement for finding a frivolous asylum application 
to be knowingly made is the provision of notice under section 
208(d)(4)(A) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(4)(A). See INA 208(d)(6), 8 
U.S.C. 1158(d)(6) (``If the Attorney General determines that an alien 
has knowingly made a frivolous application for asylum and the alien has 
received the notice under paragraph (4)(A), the alien shall be 
permanently ineligible for any benefits under this chapter * * *.''); 
see also Ndibu v. Lynch, 823 F.3d 229, 235 (4th Cir. 2016) (describing 
the statute as ``clear and unambiguous''). Furthermore, an alien is on 
notice at the time of filing the application that it may be deemed 
frivolous. Niang, 762 F.3d at 254-55 (``Because the written warning 
provided on the asylum application alone is adequate to satisfy the 
notice requirement under 8 U.S.C. 1158(d)(4)(A) and because Niang 
signed and filed his asylum application containing that warning, he 
received adequate notice warning him against filing a frivolous 
application.''). Thus, an alien is already aware of the potential 
ramifications of filing a frivolous application. Moreover, an alien--
who presumably knows whether his or her application is fraudulent or 
meritless--will naturally have an opportunity to account for any issues 
during the alien's removal proceeding if the alien so chooses. 
Consequently, there is no legal or operational reason to require a 
second warning and a third or fourth opportunity to address problematic 
aspects of the claim that may warrant a sanction for frivolousness.
    The Departments note that the BIA has previously explained that 
``it would be a good practice for an Immigration Judge who believes 
that an applicant may have submitted a frivolous asylum application to 
bring this concern to the attention of the applicant prior to the 
conclusion of proceedings.'' Matter of Y-L-, 24 I&N Dec. at 159-60. In 
Matter of Y-L-, however, the BIA interpreted the regulatory provision 
at 8 CFR 1208.20, which provides that an EOIR adjudicator may only make 
this finding if he ``is satisfied that the applicant, during the course 
of the proceedings, has had sufficient opportunity to account for any 
discrepancies or implausible aspects of the claim.'' Id. at 159. There 
is no indication that the BIA's decision was meant to elaborate on any 
statutory procedural requirements. Cf. Matter of B-Y-, 25 I&N Dec. at 
242 (``When the required frivolousness warnings have been given to the 
respondent prior to the start of a merits hearing, the Immigration 
Judge is not required to afford additional warnings or seek further 
explanation in regard to inconsistencies that have become obvious to 
the respondent during the course of the hearing.''). The proposed 
regulation does not contain the 8 CFR 208.20 or 8 CFR 1208.20 provision 
because the Departments believe the current regulatory framework has 
not successfully achieved the Departments' goal of preventing knowingly 
frivolous applications that delay the adjudication of other asylum 
applications that may merit relief. Moreover, an alien who files an 
asylum application already both knows whether the application is 
fraudulent or meritless and is aware of the potential ramifications of 
knowingly filing a frivolous application. The alien is therefore 
already on notice and has an opportunity to account for any issues with 
the claim without the immigration judge having to bring the issues to 
the alien's attention. Thus, there is no reason to require multiple 
opportunities for an alien to disavow or explain a knowingly frivolous 
application, and the current requirement, in essence, creates a moral 
hazard that encourages aliens to pursue false asylum applications 
because no penalty can attach until the alien is caught and

[[Page 36277]]

given an opportunity to retract the claim. See Angov, 788 F.3d at 901-
02 (``[Immigration f]raud, forgery and fabrication are so common--and 
so difficult to prove--that they are routinely tolerated. * * * [I]f an 
alien does get caught lying or committing fraud, nothing very bad 
happens to him. * * * Consequently, immigration fraud is rampant.''). 
Accordingly, the proposed rule would overrule Matter of Y-L- to the 
extent that the two may conflict.\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ The proposed rule would also overrule any other cases that 
rely on the same reasoning as Matter of Y-L-, to the extent that 
there is a conflict between the proposed rule and case law regarding 
frivolousness findings. See, e.g., Matter of B-Y-, 25 I&N Dec. at 
241 (requiring explicit deliberateness/materiality findings).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, in order to ameliorate the consequences of knowingly 
filing a frivolous application in appropriate cases, the Departments 
propose a mechanism that would allow certain aliens to withdraw, with 
prejudice, their applications by disclaiming the applications; 
accepting an order of voluntary departure for a period of no more than 
30 days; withdrawing, also with prejudice, all other applications for 
relief or protection; and waiving any rights to file an appeal, motion 
to reopen, and motion to reconsider. In such instances the aliens would 
not be subject to a frivolousness finding and could avoid the penalties 
associated with such a finding.\25\ Finally, the proposed regulation 
does not change current regulatory language that makes clear that a 
frivolousness finding does not bar an alien from seeking statutory 
withholding of removal or protection under the CAT regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ This safety-valve provision would modify Matter of X-M-C- 
by providing a limited exception to the general rule that an asylum 
application may still be deemed frivolous even if it is withdrawn.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Pretermission of Legally Insufficient Applications
    Additionally, DOJ proposes to add a new paragraph (e) to 8 CFR 
1208.13 to clarify that immigration judges may pretermit and deny an 
application for asylum, statutory withholding of removal, or protection 
under the CAT regulations if the alien has not established a prima 
facie claim for relief or protection under the applicable laws and 
regulations. See Matter of E-F-H-L-, 27 I&N Dec. 226, 226 (A.G. 2018); 
see also Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. 316, 340 (A.G. 2018) (``Of course, 
if an alien's asylum application is fatally flawed in one respect--for 
example, for failure to show membership in a proposed social group * * 
*--an immigration judge or the Board need not examine the remaining 
elements of the asylum claim.''). Such a decision would be based on the 
Form I-589 application itself and any supporting evidence.
    The BIA previously addressed the issue of adjudicating applications 
for asylum without testimony in Matter of Fefe. 20 I&N Dec. 116 (BIA 
1989). In Matter of Fefe, the BIA stated ``[a]t a minimum, we find that 
the regulations require that an applicant for asylum and withholding 
take the stand, be placed under oath, and be questioned as to whether 
the information in the written application is complete and correct.'' 
Id. at 118. But the regulations at issue in Matter of Fefe are no 
longer in effect. The only other prior BIA decision to address the 
matter was subsequently vacated by the Attorney General, and no longer 
has any precedential effect. See Matter of E-F-H-L-, 26 I&N Dec. 319, 
322 (BIA 2014), vacated on other grounds by 27 I&N Dec. 226 (A.G. 
2018).
    Current regulations require a hearing on an asylum application only 
``to resolve factual issues in dispute.'' 8 CFR 1240.11(c)(3) (emphasis 
added). No existing regulation requires a hearing when an asylum 
application is legally deficient. To the contrary, current regulations 
expressly note that no further hearing is necessary once an immigration 
judge determines that an asylum application is subject to certain 
grounds for mandatory denial. Id.
    Moreover, other immigration applications are subject to 
pretermission without a hearing when they are not legally sufficient, 
and there is no reason to treat asylum applications differently. See 
Zhu v. Gonzales, 218 F. App'x 21, 23 (2d Cir. 2007) (finding that 
pretermission of an asylum application due to a lack of a legal nexus 
to a protected ground was not a due process violation when the alien 
was given an opportunity to address the issue). Further, pretermission 
due to a failure to establish prima facie legal eligibility for asylum 
is akin to a decision by an immigration judge or the BIA denying a 
motion to reopen to apply for asylum on the same basis, and both 
immigration judges and the BIA have routinely made such determinations 
for many years. See INS v. Abudu, 485 U.S. 94, 104 (1988) (holding that 
the BIA may deny a motion to reopen to file an asylum application if 
the alien has not made a prima facie case for that relief).
    In short, neither the INA nor current regulations require holding a 
full merits hearing on purely legal issues, such as prima facie legal 
eligibility for relief.\26\ Further, allowing the pretermission of 
legally deficient asylum applications is consistent with current 
practice, applicable law, and due process. As explained below, an 
immigration judge would only be able to pretermit an asylum application 
after first allowing the alien an opportunity to respond. The alien 
would be able to address any inconsistencies or legal weaknesses in the 
asylum application in the response to the judge's notice of possible 
pretermission.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ The Departments are not aware of anything in IIRIRA or 
related legislative history that would conflict with an immigration 
judge's ability to pretermit an asylum application that does not 
demonstrate prima facie eligibility for relief. For example, the 
Departments do not believe that requiring a sufficient level of 
detail to determine whether or not an alien has a prima facie case 
for asylum, statutory withholding of removal, or protection under 
the CAT regulations would necessarily require a voluminous 
application. See H.R. Rep. No. 104-469, part 1, at 175-76 (1996). 
The point instead is enough information to determine the basis of 
the alien's claim for relief and if such a claim could be sufficient 
to demonstrate eligibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the proposed regulation, an immigration judge may pretermit 
an asylum application in two circumstances: (1) Following an oral or 
written motion by DHS, and (2) sua sponte upon the immigration judge's 
own authority. Provided the alien has had an opportunity to respond, 
and the immigration judge considers any such response, a hearing would 
not be required for the immigration judge to make a decision to 
pretermit and deny the application. In the case of the immigration 
judge's exercise of his or her own authority, parties would have at 
least ten days' notice before the immigration judge would enter such an 
order. A similar timeframe would apply if DHS moves to pretermit, under 
current practice. See EOIR, Immigration Court Practice Manual at D-1 
(Aug. 2, 2018), https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1084851/download 
(last visited May 20, 2020).

C. Standards for Consideration During Review of an Application for 
Asylum or for Statutory Withholding of Removal

1. Membership in a Particular Social Group
    To establish eligibility for asylum under the INA, as amended by 
the Refugee Act of 1980, or statutory withholding of removal, the 
applicant must demonstrate, among other things, that she or he was 
persecuted, or has a well-founded fear of future persecution, on 
account of a protected ground: ``race, religion, nationality, 
membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.'' See 
INA 101(a)(42), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42); see also INA 208(b)(1)(A) and 
241(b)(3)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(A) and 1231(b)(3)(A). Congress, 
however, has not defined the phrase

[[Page 36278]]

``membership in a particular social group.'' Nor is the term defined in 
the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 
(``Refugee Convention''), July 28, 1951, 19 U.S.T. 6259, 189 U.N.T.S. 
150, or the related Refugee Protocol. Further, the term lacks the 
benefit of clear legislative intent. See Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 
1239 (3d Cir. 1993) (Alito, J.) (``Thus, neither the legislative 
history of the relevant United States statutes nor the negotiating 
history of the pertinent international agreements sheds much light on 
the meaning of the phrase `particular social group.' ''); cf. Matter of 
Acosta, 19 I&N Dec. 211, 232 (BIA 1985) (``Congress did not indicate 
what it understood this ground of persecution to mean, nor is its 
meaning clear in the Protocol''), overruled on other grounds by Matter 
of Mogharrabi, 19 I&N Dec. 439 (BIA 1987).
    When Congress passed the Refugee Act of 1980, further implementing 
U.S. obligations under the Refugee Protocol, it included ``membership 
in a particular social group'' in its definition of ``refugee'' at 
section 101(a)(42) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42). Just a few years 
later, the BIA established that a particular social group is ``a group 
of persons all of whom share a common, immutable characteristic,'' and 
that the characteristic ``either is beyond the power of an individual 
to change or that it is so fundamental to his identity or conscience 
that it ought not be required to be changed.'' Matter of Acosta, 19 I&N 
Dec. at 233-34.
    Although the Board did not significantly refine the formulation 
further until years later, see, e.g., Matter of C-A-, 23 I&N Dec. 951, 
956, 959-60 (BIA 2006), it routinely issued decisions delineating which 
groups did and did not qualify as particular social groups in the 
context of the relevant societies for purposes of asylum protection, 
see, e.g., Matter of H-, 21 I&N Dec. 337, 342-43 (BIA 1996) (membership 
in a Somali subclan may constitute membership in a particular social 
group); Matter of Toboso-Alfonso, 20 I&N Dec. 819, 822-23 (BIA 1990) 
(designated for publication by the Attorney General in 1994) 
(homosexuals in Cuba may constitute a particular social group).\27\ 
Starting in the late 2000s, the BIA began to build on the Acosta 
definition in a series of cases, and subsequently settled on a three-
part test for a particular social group, holding that the group must be 
``(1) composed of members who share a common immutable characteristic, 
(2) defined with particularity, and (3) socially distinct within the 
society in question.'' Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I&N Dec. at 237; see also 
Matter of W-G-R-, 26 I&N Dec. at 212-18.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ Federal courts have raised questions about whether the 
Board or the Attorney General can recognize or reject particular 
social groups in this manner, Pirir-Boc v. Holder, 750 F.3d 1077, 
1084 (9th Cir. 2014), and a recent federal district court decision 
has more clearly called into question the validity of this approach 
of announcing general rules of particular social group definitions. 
Grace v. Whitaker, 344 F. Supp. 3d 96, 126 (D.D.C. 2018) (finding 
that general rules of particular social group definitions, at least 
as applied to credible fear claims, run ``contrary to the 
individualized analysis required by the INA''), appeal docketed, No. 
19-5013 (D.C. Cir. filed Jan. 30, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Immutability entails a common characteristic: A trait ``that the 
members of the group either cannot change, or should not be required to 
change because it is fundamental to their individual identities or 
consciences.'' Matter of Acosta 19 I&N Dec. at 233. Particularity 
requires that the group ``must be defined by characteristics that 
provide a clear benchmark for determining who falls within the group'' 
and that ``the terms used to describe the group have commonly accepted 
definitions in the society of which the group is a part.'' Matter of M-
E-V-G-, 26 I&N Dec. at 239. Further, the group must not be ``amorphous, 
overbroad, diffuse, or subjective.'' Id. To be considered ``socially 
distinct,'' the group must be a meaningfully discrete group as the 
relevant society perceives it. The term is not dependent on literal or 
``ocular'' visibility. Id. at 238, 240-41.
    The definition of ``particular social group'' has been the subject 
of considerable litigation and is a product of evolving case law, 
making it difficult for EOIR's immigration judges and Board members, as 
well as DHS asylum officers, to uniformly apply the framework. See 
Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 331 (``Although the Board has 
articulated a consistent understanding of the term `particular social 
group,' not all of its opinions have properly applied that 
framework.''); see also, e.g., Cordoba v. Holder, 726 F.3d 1106, 1114 
(9th Cir. 2013) (``We have recognized that the phrase `particular 
social group' is ambiguous.'' (citing Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 
F.3d 1081, 1083 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc))); Fatin, 12 F.3d at 1238 
(``Both courts and commentators have struggled to define `particular 
social group.' Read in its broadest literal sense, the phrase is almost 
completely open-ended.''); see also Velasquez v. Sessions, 866 F.3d 
188, 198 (4th Cir. 2017) (Wilkinson, J. concurring) (noting that the 
legal ``analysis of `particular social group' in the asylum statute is 
at risk of lacking rigor,'' that Congress did not intend ```membership 
in a particular social group' to be some omnibus catch-all,'' and that 
``judicial interpretations of th[e] statute may outstrip anything 
Congress intended''). Accordingly, this regulation would provide clear 
parameters for evaluating cognizable ``particular social groups.''
    The proposed rule would codify the longstanding requirements, as 
discussed above, that a particular social group must be (1) composed of 
members who share a common immutable characteristic, (2) defined with 
particularity, and (3) socially distinct in the society in question. In 
addition, the particular social group must have existed independently 
of the alleged persecutory acts and cannot be defined exclusively by 
the alleged harm.\28\ See Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 334 (``To be 
cognizable, a particular social group must `exist independently' of the 
harm asserted in an application for asylum or statutory withholding of 
removal.''); see generally Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I&N Dec. at 243 
(``The act of persecution by the government may be the catalyst that 
causes the society to distinguish [a collection of individuals] in a 
meaningful way and consider them a distinct group, but the immutable 
characteristic of their shared past experience exists independent of 
the persecution.'').
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    \28\ The Departments recognize the existence of confusion over 
this standard because the independent existence of a particular 
social group is not precisely the same concept as noting the group 
cannot be defined exclusively by the alleged harm. Thus, the 
proposed rule clarifies that a valid particular social group must 
have existed independently of the alleged persecutory acts and 
cannot be defined exclusively by the alleged harm. Otherwise, ``[i]f 
a group is defined by the persecution of its members, the definition 
of the group moots the need to establish actual persecution'' Matter 
of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 335. The ``independent existence'' 
formulation has been accepted by many courts. See, e.g., Perez-
Rabanales v. Sessions, 881 F.3d 61, 67 (1st Cir. 2018) (``A 
sufficiently distinct social group must exist independent of the 
persecution claimed to have been suffered by the alien and must have 
existed before the alleged persecution began.''); Lukwago v. 
Ashcroft, 329 F.3d 157, 172 (3d Cir. 2003) (``We agree that under 
the statute a `particular social group' must exist independently of 
the persecution suffered by the applicant for asylum.''). For courts 
that have rejected this ``independent existence'' requirement, see, 
e.g., Cece v. Holder, 733 F.3d 662, 671-72 (7th Cir. 2013) (en 
banc), both subsequent decisions recognizing the requirement, see, 
e.g., Matter of A-B- and Matter of M-E-V-G-, supra, and the 
Departments' proposed rule codifying it would warrant re-evaluation 
under well-established principles. See Brand X, 545 U.S. at 982.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule would further build on the BIA's standards and 
provide clearer guidance to adjudicators regarding whether an alleged 
group exists and, if so, whether it is cognizable as a particular 
social group in order to ensure the consistent consideration of asylum 
and statutory withholding claims. For example, the proposed rule

[[Page 36279]]

would outline several nonexhaustive bases that would generally be 
insufficient to establish a particular social group. Without more, the 
Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General, in general, 
would not favorably adjudicate claims of aliens who claim membership in 
a purported particular social group consisting of or defined, in 
substance, by the following circumstances:
    (1) Past or present criminal activity or associations, Matter of W-
G-R-, 26 I&N Dec. at 222-23; Cantarero v. Holder, 734 F.3d 82, 86 (1st 
Cir. 2013); Gonzalez v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 820 F.3d 399, 405 (11th Cir. 
2016);
    (2) past or present terrorist activity or association;\29\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ Just as past criminal associations cannot establish a 
particular social group, neither past association with terrorists or 
past association with persecutors warrants recognition as a 
particular social group. To do so would reward membership in 
organizations that cause harm to society and create a perverse 
incentive to engage in reprehensible or illicit behavior as a means 
of avoiding removal. Cf. Cantarero, 734 F.3d at 86.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (3) past or present persecutory activity or association;
    (4) presence in a country with generalized violence or a high crime 
rate, Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 320;
    (5) the attempted recruitment of the applicant by criminal, 
terrorist, or persecutory groups, Matter of S-E-G-, 24 I&N Dec. 579, 
585-86 (BIA 2008); Matter of E-A-G-, 24 I&N Dec. 591, 594-95 (BIA 
2008);
    (6) the targeting of the applicant for criminal activity for 
financial gain based on perceptions of wealth or affluence, Matter of 
A-M-E- & J-G-U-, 24 I&N Dec. 69, 75 (BIA 2007);
    (7) interpersonal disputes of which governmental authorities were 
unaware or uninvolved, Matter of Pierre, 15 I&N Dec. 461, 462-63 (BIA 
1975); see also Gonzalez-Posadas v. Att'y Gen. of U.S., 781 F.3d 677, 
685 (3d Cir. 2015);
    (8) private criminal acts of which governmental authorities were 
unaware or uninvolved, Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 343-44; see also 
Gonzales-Veliz v. Barr, 938 F.3d 219, 230-31 (5th Cir. 2019);
    (9) status as an alien returning from the United States, Delgado-
Ortiz v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1148, 1151-52 (9th Cir. 2010) (``We conclude 
that Petitioners' proposed social group, `returning Mexicans from the 
United States,' * * * * is too broad to qualify as a cognizable social 
group.''); Sam v. Holder, 752 F.3d 97, 100 (1st Cir. 2014) (Guatemalans 
returning after a lengthy residence in the United States is not a 
cognizable particular social group).
    This list is nonexhaustive, and the substance of the alleged 
particular social group, rather than the specific form of its 
delineation, will be considered by adjudicators in determining whether 
the group falls within one of the categories on the list. Without 
additional evidence, these circumstances are generally insufficient to 
demonstrate a particular social group that is cognizable because it is 
immutable, socially distinct, and particular, that is cognizable 
because the group does not exist independently of the harm asserted, or 
that is cognizable because the group is defined exclusively by the 
alleged harm. At the same time, the regulation does not foreclose that, 
in rare circumstances, such facts could be the basis for finding a 
particular social group, given the fact- and society-specific nature of 
this determination. In addition to resulting in more uniform 
application, providing clarity to this issue will reduce the amount of 
time the adjudicators must spend evaluating such claims.
    The proposed regulation also specifies procedural requirements 
specific to asylum and statutory withholding claims premised on a 
particular social group. While in proceedings before an immigration 
judge, the alien must first define the proposed particular social group 
as part of the asylum application or otherwise in the record. If the 
alien fails to do so while before an immigration judge, the alien will 
waive any claim based on a particular social group formulation that was 
not advanced. See Matter of W-Y-C- & H-O-B-, 27 I&N Dec. 189, 190-91 
(BIA 2018). Further, to encourage the efficient litigation of all 
claims in front of the immigration court at the same time--and to avoid 
gamesmanship and piecemeal analyses of claims in separate proceedings 
when all claims could have been brought at once--the alien will also 
waive the ability to file any motion to reopen or reconsider an asylum 
application related to the alien's membership in a particular social 
group that could have been brought at the prior hearing, including 
based on allegations related to the strategic choices made by an 
alien's counsel in defining the alleged particular social group. This 
limitation is consistent with current requirements for motions to 
reopen that preclude the raising of claims that could have been brought 
in a prior proceeding. See 8 CFR 1003.23(b)(3) (``A motion to reopen 
for the purpose of providing the alien an opportunity to apply for any 
form of discretionary relief will not be granted if it appears that the 
alien's right to apply for such relief was fully explained to him or 
her by the Immigration Judge and an opportunity to apply therefore was 
afforded at the hearing, unless the relief is sought on the basis of 
circumstances that have arisen subsequent to the hearing.''). These 
regulations will enable the immigration judge to adjudicate the alien's 
particular claim for relief or protection timely and efficiently, 
including deciding whether or not pretermission of the alien's 
application may be appropriate.
2. Political Opinion
    The definition of ``political opinion'' has also been the subject 
of considerable litigation and is a product of evolving case law, 
making it difficult for EOIR's immigration judges and Board members, as 
well as DHS asylum officers, to uniformly apply the framework. Compare, 
e.g., Hernandez-Chacon v. Barr, 948 F.3d 94, 102-03 (2d Cir. 2020) 
(refusal to submit to the violent advances of gang members may be akin 
to a political opinion taking a stance against a culture of male-
domination), with Saldarriaga v. Gonzales, 402 F.3d 461, 467 (4th Cir. 
2005) (disapproval of a drug cartel is not a political opinion--
``Indeed, to credit such disapproval as grounds for asylum would 
enlarge the category of political opinions to include almost any 
quarrel with the activities of almost any organization. Not only would 
the proliferation of asylum grants under this expansive reading 
interfere with the other branches' primacy in foreign relations, it 
would also strain the language of Sec.  1101(a)(42)(A). The statute 
requires persecution to be on a discrete basis and to fall within one 
of the enumerated categories.'' (citations omitted)).
    BIA case law makes clear that a political opinion involves a cause 
against a state or a political entity, rather than against a culture. 
Matter of S-P-, 21 I&N Dec. 486, 494 (BIA 1996) (``Here we must examine 
the record for direct or circumstantial evidence from which it is 
reasonable to believe that those who harmed the applicant were in part 
motivated by an assumption that his political views were antithetical 
to those of the government.'' (emphasis added)). For purposes of 
interpreting the Refugee Convention and subsequent Protocol, the United 
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (``UNHCR'') also analyzes 
``political opinion'' in terms of holding an opinion different from the 
Government or not tolerated by the relevant governmental authorities. 
UNHCR Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee 
Status and Guidelines on International Protection, ch. II(B)(3)(f), ]] 
80-82 (Feb. 2019) (discussing political opinion refugee claims in terms 
of opinions not

[[Page 36280]]

tolerated by governmental the authorities or ruling powers).
    Nevertheless, to avoid further strain on the INA's definition of 
refugee, INA 1101(a)(42)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42)(A), see Saldarriaga, 
402 F.3d at 467, to provide additional clarity for adjudicators, and in 
recognition of both statutory requirements and the general 
understanding that a political opinion is intended to advance or 
further a discrete cause related to political control of a state, id. 
at 466-67, the Departments propose to define political opinion as one 
expressed by or imputed to an applicant in which the applicant 
possesses an ideal or conviction in support of the furtherance of a 
discrete cause related to political control of a state or a unit 
thereof. Moreover, in recognition of that definition, the Secretary or 
Attorney General, in general, will not favorably adjudicate claims of 
persecution on account of a political opinion defined solely by 
generalized disapproval of, disagreement with, or opposition to 
criminal, terrorist, gang, guerilla, or other non-state organizations 
absent expressive behavior \30\ in furtherance of a cause against such 
organizations related to efforts by the state to control such 
organizations or behavior that is antithetical to or otherwise opposes 
the ruling legal entity of the state or a legal sub-unit of the state. 
Finally, consistent with INA 101(a)(42), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42), a person 
who has been forced to abort a pregnancy or to undergo involuntary 
sterilization, or who has been persecuted for failure or refusal to 
undergo such a procedure or for other resistance to a coercive 
population control program, shall be deemed to have been persecuted on 
account of political opinion, and a person who has a well-founded fear 
that he or she will be forced to undergo such a procedure or subject to 
persecution for such failure, refusal, or resistance shall be deemed to 
have a well-founded fear of persecution on account of political 
opinion.
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    \30\ Expressive behavior includes public behavior commonly 
associated with political activism, such as attending rallies, 
organizing collective actions such as strikes or demonstrations, 
speaking at public meetings, printing or distributing political 
materials, putting up political signs, or similar activities in 
which an individual's political views are a salient feature of the 
behavior and communicated to others at the time the behavior occurs. 
Expressive behavior is not generally thought to encompass acts of 
personal civic responsibility such as voting, reporting a crime, or 
assisting law enforcement in an investigation, and those activities, 
by themselves, would not support a claim based on an alleged fear of 
harm due to a political opinion.
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3. Persecution
    For purposes of eligibility for asylum and withholding of removal, 
persecution is defined as ``a threat to the life or freedom of, or the 
infliction of suffering or harm upon, those who differ in a way 
regarded as offensive.'' Matter of Acosta, 19 I&N Dec. at 222; see also 
Fatin, 12 F.3d at 1240 (``Thus, we interpret Acosta as recognizing that 
the concept of persecution does not encompass all treatment that our 
society regards as unfair, unjust, or even unlawful or 
unconstitutional.''). It encompasses two aspects: ``harm or suffering 
had to be inflicted upon an individual in order to punish him for 
possessing a belief or characteristic a persecutor sought to overcome * 
* * [and] harm or suffering had to be inflicted either by the 
government of a country or by persons or an organization that the 
government was unable or unwilling to control.'' Matter of Acosta, 19 
I&N Dec. at 222. Put differently, persecution requires an intent to 
target a belief, characteristic or group, a severe level of harm, and 
the infliction of a severe level of harm by the government of a country 
or by persons or an organization that the government is unable or 
unwilling to control. Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 337. For purposes 
of evaluating the severity of the level of harm, persecution connotes 
an extreme level of harm and does not encompass all possible forms of 
mistreatment. See Shi v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 707 F.3d 1231, 1235 (11th 
Cir. 2013) (explaining that persecution is ``an extreme concept that 
does not include every sort of treatment [that] our society regards as 
offensive'' (quotation marks and citations omitted)); Gormley v. 
Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1172, 1176 (9th Cir. 2004) (same).
    It is thus well-established that not all treatment that the United 
States regards as unfair, offensive, unjust, or even unlawful or 
unconstitutional constitutes persecution under the INA.\31\ Further, 
intermittent harassment, including brief detentions, repeated threats 
with no effort to carry out the threats, or non-severe economic harm or 
property damage, do not typically constitute persecution. See, e.g., de 
Zea v. Holder, 761 F.3d 75, 80 (1st Cir. 2014) (persecution requires 
more than ``unpleasantness, harassment, and even basic suffering''); 
Ruano v. Ashcroft, 301 F.3d 1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2002) (noting that 
``unfulfilled threats alone generally do not constitute past 
persecution''); Djonda v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 514 F.3d 1168, 1174 (11th 
Cir. 2008) (threats and a minor beating do not constitute past 
persecution); Kazemzadeh v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 577 F.3d 1341, 1353 (11th 
Cir. 2009) (``Minor physical abuse and brief detentions do not amount 
to persecution.''); Matter of T-Z-, 24 I&N Dec. 163, 170 (BIA 2007) 
(explaining that economic harm must be ``severe'' to qualify as 
persecution).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ ``Persecution * * * does not include discrimination.'' 
Fisher v. INS, 79 F.3d 955, 961 (9th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (internal 
quotation marks and authority omitted); see also Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 
341 F.3d 214, 217 (3d Cir. 2003) (discrimination against stateless 
Palestinians in Saudi Arabia did not amount to persecution). Nor 
does harassment constitute persecution. See, e.g., Halim v. Holder, 
590 F.3d 971, 976 (9th Cir. 2009) (alleged incidents constituted 
harassment, not persecution); Ambati v. Reno, 233 F.3d 1054, 1060 
(7th Cir. 2000) (distinguishing persecution from harassment or 
annoyance); Matter of V-F-D-, 23 I&N Dec. 859, 863863 (BIA 2006) 
(determining harassment and discrimination based on religion did not 
constitute persecution).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Absent credible evidence that Government laws or policies have been 
or would be applied to an applicant personally, infrequent application 
of those laws and policies cannot constitute a well-founded fear of 
persecution. In other words, the mere existence of potentially 
persecutory laws or policies is not enough to establish a well-founded 
fear of persecution. Rather, there must be evidence these laws or 
policies were widespread and systemic, or evidence that persecutory 
laws or policies were, or would be, applied to an applicant personally. 
Cf. Wakkary v. Holder, 558 F.3d 1049, 1061 (9th Cir. 2009) (an 
applicant is not required to establish that his or her government would 
personally persecute the alien upon return if he or she can establish a 
pattern or practice of persecution against a protected group to which 
they belong. However, the governmental conduct must be ``systematic'' 
and ``sufficiently widespread'' and not merely infrequent).
    Given the wide range of cases interpreting ``persecution'' for the 
purposes of the asylum laws, the Departments propose adding a new 
paragraph to 8 CFR 208.1 and 1208.1 to define persecution and to better 
clarify what does and does not constitute persecution. It would provide 
that persecution is an extreme concept of a severe level of harm. Under 
the proposed amendment, persecution would not include, for example: (1) 
Every instance of harm that arises generally out of civil, criminal, or 
military strife in a country, see, e.g., Matter of Sanchez and Escobar, 
19 I&N Dec. 276, 284-85 (BIA 1985); (2) any and all treatment that the 
United States regards as unfair, offensive, unjust, or even unlawful or 
unconstitutional, see Fatin, 12 F.3d at 1240; Matter of V-T-S-, 21 I&N 
Dec. 792, 798 (BIA 1997); (3)

[[Page 36281]]

intermittent harassment, including brief detentions; (4) repeated 
threats with no actions taken to carry out the threats; \32\ (5) non-
severe economic harm or property damage; or (6) government laws or 
policies that are infrequently enforced, unless there is credible 
evidence that those laws or policies have been or would be applied to 
an applicant personally. The Departments believe that these changes 
better align the relevant regulations with the high standard Congress 
intended for the term ``persecution.'' See Fatin, 12 F.3d at 1240 n.10.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ The Departments note that courts have been inconsistent in 
their treatment of threats as persecution. See Lim v. INS, 224 F.3d 
at 929, 936-37 (9th Cir. 2000) (explaining that threats are 
generally not past ``persecution,'' but are ``within that category 
of conduct indicative of a danger of future persecution.''); Li v. 
Attorney Gen. of U.S., 400 F.3d 157, 164-65 (3d Cir. 2005) (same). 
See also Guan Shan Liao v. United States Dep't of Justice, 293 F.3d 
61, 70 (2d Cir. 2002); Boykov v. INS, 109 F.3d 413, 416-17 (7th Cir. 
1997); Ang v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 50, 56 (1st Cir. 2005) (``[H]ollow 
threats, * * * without more, certainly do not compel a finding of 
past persecution.''); but see Li v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 171, 177 (4th 
Cir. 2005) (``Persecution involves the infliction or threat of 
death, torture, or injury to one's person or freedom on account of 
one of the enumerated grounds in the refugee definition.''); Tairou 
v. Whitaker, 909 F.3d 702, 707-08 (4th Cir. 2018) (``Contrary to the 
BIA's reasoning, the threat of death alone constitutes persecution, 
and [an applicant] [is] not required to [show] * * * physical or 
mental harm to establish past persecution.''); id. (holding Board 
erred in reasoning that several death threats did not constitute 
past persecution where applicant ``suffered no major physical 
injuries and * * * did not claim to have suffered any long-term 
mental harm or problems''); Hernandez-Avalos v. Lynch, 784 F.3d 944, 
949 (4th Cir. 2015) (``[W]e have expressly held that the threat of 
death qualifies as persecution.'' (internal quotation marks and 
citation omitted)). The Departments' proposed rule would warrant re-
evaluation in appropriate cases under well-established principles. 
See Brand X, 545 U.S. at 982.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Nexus
    To establish eligibility for asylum under the INA, as amended by 
the Refugee Act of 1980 and the REAL ID Act of 2005, Public Law 109-13, 
sec. 101 (found at INA 208(b)(1)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(B)(i)), the 
applicant must demonstrate, among other things, that at least one 
central reason for his or her persecution or well-founded fear of 
persecution was on account of a protected ground: Race, religion, 
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political 
opinion. See INA 101(a)(42), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(42); INA 208(b)(1)(A), 8 
U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(A). The requirement that the fear be on account of 
one of the five grounds is commonly called the ``nexus requirement.''
    The REAL ID Act of 2005 refined the nexus requirement by requiring 
that one of the five protected grounds ``was or will be at least one 
central reason for persecuting the applicant.'' ``Reasons incidental, 
tangential, or subordinate to the persecutor's motivation will not 
suffice.'' Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 338. As with the definitions 
of particular social group and persecution, the contours of the nexus 
requirement have further been shaped through case law rather than 
rulemaking, making it difficult for EOIR's immigration judges and Board 
members, as well as DHS asylum officers, to uniformly apply it.
    Accordingly, the proposed rule would provide clearer guidance on 
situations in which alleged acts of persecution would not be on account 
of one of the five protected grounds. This proposal would further the 
expeditious consideration of asylum and statutory withholding claims. 
For example, the proposed rule would outline the following eight 
nonexhaustive situations, each of which is rooted in case law, in which 
the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General, in 
general, will not favorably adjudicate asylum or statutory withholding 
of removal claims based on persecution:
    (1) Personal animus or retribution, Zoarab v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 
777, 781 (6th Cir. 2008) (``Asylum is not available to an alien who 
fears retribution solely over personal matters.'');
    (2) interpersonal animus in which the alleged persecutor has not 
targeted, or manifested an animus against, other members of an alleged 
particular social group in addition to the member who has raised the 
claim at issue, Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 339 (`` `the record does 
not reflect that [the applicant's] husband bore any particular 
animosity toward women who were intimate with abusive partners, women 
who had previously suffered abuse, or women who happened to have been 
born in, or were actually living in, Guatemala' '' and `` `[w]hen the 
alleged persecutor is not even aware of the group's existence, it 
becomes harder to understand how the persecutor may have been motivated 
by the victim's `membership' in the group to inflict the harm on the 
victim.' '' (quoting Matter of R-A-, 22 I&N Dec. 906, 919-21 (BIA 1999) 
(en banc)));
    (3) generalized disapproval of, disagreement with, or opposition to 
criminal, terrorist, gang, guerilla, or other non-state organizations 
absent expressive behavior in furtherance of a discrete cause against 
such organizations related to control of a state or expressive behavior 
that is antithetical to the state or a legal unit of the state, 
Saldarriaga, 402 F.3d at 468 (``For the inscrutability of the political 
opinion he claims implies that any persecution he faces is due to the 
fact of his cooperation with the government, rather than the content of 
any opinion motivating that cooperation * * *. But when, as here, the 
applicant has not taken sides in such manner--much less under duress--
and the conflict, though ubiquitous, is not aimed at controlling the 
organs of state, an applicant cannot merely describe his involvement 
with one side or the other to establish a political opinion * * *.'');
    (4) resistance to recruitment or coercion by guerilla, criminal, 
gang, terrorist, or other non-state organizations, INS v. Elias-
Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482 (1992) (``[T]he mere existence of a 
generalized `political' motive underlying the guerrillas' forced 
recruitment is inadequate to establish (and, indeed, goes far to 
refute) the proposition that [the respondent] fears persecution on 
account of political opinion, as Sec.  101(a)(42) requires.'' (emphasis 
in original));
    (5) the targeting of the applicant for criminal activity for 
financial gain based on wealth or affluence or perceptions of wealth or 
affluence, Aldana-Ramos v. Holder, 757 F.3d 9, 18 (1st Cir. 2014) 
(``criminal targeting based on wealth does not qualify as persecution 
`on account of' membership in a particular group''); or
    (6) criminal activity, Zetino v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th 
Cir. 2010) (``An alien's desire to be free from harassment by criminals 
motivated by theft or random violence by gang members bears no nexus to 
a protected ground * * *.'');
    (7) perceived, past or present, gang affiliation, Matter of E-A-G-, 
24 I. & N. Dec. 591, 596 (BIA 2008) (``[In Arteaga v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 
940, 945-46 (9th Cir. 2007)] the Ninth Circuit held that membership in 
a gang would not constitute membership in a particular social group. We 
agree.'' Furthermore, ``because we agree that membership in a criminal 
gang cannot constitute a particular social group, the respondent cannot 
establish particular social group status based on the incorrect 
perception by others that he is such a gang member.''); or
    (8) gender, Niang v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 1187, 1199-1200 (10th Cir. 
2005) (``There may be understandable concern in using gender as a 
group-defining characteristic. One may be reluctant to permit, for 
example, half a nation's residents to obtain asylum on the ground that 
women are persecuted there * * *.'')
    Without additional evidence, these circumstances will generally be 
insufficient to demonstrate persecution

[[Page 36282]]

on account of a protected ground. At the same time, the regulation does 
not foreclose that, at least in rare circumstances, such facts could be 
the basis for finding nexus, given the fact-specific nature of this 
determination. In addition to resulting in more uniform application of 
the law, providing clarity to this issue will reduce the amount of time 
the adjudicators must spend evaluating such claims.
    Finally, the Departments propose to make clear that pernicious 
cultural stereotypes have no place in the adjudication of applications 
for asylum and statutory withholding of removal, regardless of the 
basis of the claim. See Matter of A-B-, 27 I&N Dec. at 336 n. 9 (``On 
this point, I note that conclusory assertions of countrywide negative 
cultural stereotypes, such as A-R-C-G-'s broad charge that Guatemala 
has a `culture of machismo and family violence' based on an unsourced 
partial quotation from a news article eight years earlier, neither 
contribute to an analysis of the particularity requirement nor 
constitute appropriate evidence to support such asylum 
determinations.''). Accordingly, the proposed rule would bar 
consideration of evidence promoting cultural stereotypes of countries 
or individuals, including stereotypes related to race, religion, 
nationality, and gender, to the extent those stereotypes were offered 
in support of an alien's claim to show that a persecutor conformed to a 
cultural stereotype.
5. Internal Relocation
    Under current regulations, an applicant for asylum or statutory 
withholding of removal who could avoid persecution by internally 
relocating to another part of his or her country of nationality or, if 
stateless, another part of the applicant's country of last habitual 
residence, and who can reasonably be expected to do so, may not be 
granted these forms of protection.\33\ 8 CFR 208.13(b)(1)(i)(B), 
(2)(ii), 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B), (2)(ii) (asylum); 8 CFR 
208.16(b)(1)(i)(B), (2), 1208.16(b)(1)(i)(B), (2) (statutory 
withholding). The regulations further prescribe a nonexhaustive list of 
factors for adjudicators to consider in making internal relocation 
determinations and delineate burdens of proof in various related 
situations. 8 CFR 208.13(b)(1)(ii), (3), 1208.13(b)(1)(ii), (3); 8 CFR 
208.16(b)(1)(ii), (3), 1208.16(b)(i)(ii), (3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ In limited instances, asylum can be granted without the 
need to establish a well-founded fear of persecution. An alien who 
has suffered past persecution but does not warrant being granted 
asylum due either to a fundamental change in circumstances such that 
the alien no longer has a well-founded fear of persecution or the 
alien's reasonable ability to internally relocate to avoid future 
persecution may nevertheless be granted asylum in the discretion of 
the decisionmaker if the alien is not barred from asylum pursuant to 
8 CFR 208.13(c) and 1208.13(c) and if the applicant has demonstrated 
compelling reasons for being unwilling or unable to return arising 
out of the severity of the past persecution or the applicant has 
established a reasonable possibility of other serious harm upon 
removal. 8 CFR 208.13(b)(1)(iii), 1208.13(b)(1)(iii). This 
regulatory exception is frequently labeled ``humanitarian asylum.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments have determined that the current regulations 
regarding internal relocation inadequately assess the relevant 
considerations in determining whether internal relocation is possible, 
and if possible, whether it is reasonable to expect the asylum 
applicant to relocate. For instance, the utility of the catch-all list 
of factors in 8 CFR 208.13(b)(3) and 1208.13(b)(3) is undermined by its 
unhelpful concluding caveats that the factors ``may, or may not'' be 
relevant to an internal relocation determination and that the factors 
``are not necessarily determinative of whether it would be reasonable 
for the applicant to relocate.'' Such caveats provide little practical 
guidance for adjudicators considering issues of internal relocation 
raised by asylum claims. Moreover, some factors--e.g., administrative, 
economic, or judicial infrastructure--do not have a clear relevance in 
assessing the reasonableness of internal relocation in many cases, 
while others insufficiently appreciate as a general matter that asylum 
applicants have often already relocated hundreds or thousands of miles 
to the United States regardless of such factors. Accordingly, the 
Departments propose a more streamlined presentation in the regulations 
of the most relevant factors for adjudicators to consider in 
determining whether internal relocation is a reasonable option.
    The current regulations also outline different scenarios for 
assessing who bears the burden of proof in establishing or refuting the 
reasonableness of internal relocation. In situations in which the 
persecutor is the government or a government-sponsored actor, it is 
presumed that relocation would not be reasonable (as the persecution is 
presumed to be nationwide). In situations in which a private actor is 
the persecutor, however, there is no apparent reason why the same 
presumption should apply, as a private individual or organization would 
not ordinarily be expected to have influence everywhere in a country. 
Moreover, as an asylum applicant generally bears the burden of proving 
eligibility for asylum, it is even more anomalous to shift that burden 
in situations in which there is no rational presumption that the threat 
of persecution would occur nationwide. Consequently, the Departments 
have determined that the regulatory burdens of proof regarding internal 
relocation should be assigned more in line with these baseline 
assessments of whether types of persecution generally occur nationwide, 
while recognizing that exceptions, such as persecution by local 
governments or nationwide organizations, might overcome these 
presumptions. Thus, the Departments propose to amend the regulations to 
presume that for applications in which the persecutor is not a 
government or government-sponsored actor, internal relocation would be 
reasonable unless the applicant demonstrates by a preponderance of the 
evidence that it would not be. This presumption would apply regardless 
of whether an applicant has established past persecution. For ease of 
administering these provisions, the Departments would also provide 
examples of the types of individuals or entities who are private 
actors.
6. Factors for Consideration in Discretionary Determinations
    Asylum is a discretionary relief, and an alien who demonstrates 
that he or she qualifies as a refugee must also demonstrate that he or 
she deserves asylum as a matter of discretion. See INA 208(b)(1)(A), 8 
U.S.C. 1158(b)(1)(A) (``The Secretary of Homeland Security or the 
Attorney General may grant asylum to an alien who has applied for 
asylum in accordance with the requirements and procedures [they 
establish] * * * if the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney 
General determines that such alien is a refugee * * *.'' (emphasis 
added)); Stevic, 467 U.S. at 423 n.18 (``Meeting the definition of 
`refugee,' however, does not entitle the alien to asylum--the decision 
to grant a particular application rests in the discretion of the 
Attorney General under Sec.  208(a).''). Eligibility for asylum is not 
an automatic entitlement. Rather, after demonstrating statutory and 
regulatory eligibility, aliens must further meet their burden of 
showing that the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security 
should exercise his discretion to grant asylum. See Matter of A-B-, 27 
I&N Dec. at 345 n.12; Matter of Pula, 19 I&N Dec. 467, 474 (BIA 1987).
    The BIA in Matter of Pula examined the sorts of factors immigration 
judges should consider when determining whether asylum applicants merit 
the relief of asylum as a matter of discretion. The BIA ultimately 
directed that that discretionary determination should be based on the 
totality of the

[[Page 36283]]

circumstances and provided a lengthy list of possibly relevant factors 
for consideration, such as, whether the alien passed through any other 
countries en route to the United States, the living conditions and 
level of safety in the countries through which the alien passed, and 
general humanitarian considerations. Matter of Pula, 19 I&N Dec. at 
473-75.
    To date, the Secretary and Attorney General have not provided 
general guidance in agency regulations for factors to be considered 
when determining whether an alien merits asylum as a matter of 
discretion. Nevertheless, the Departments have issued regulations on 
discretionary considerations for other forms of relief, e.g., 8 CFR 
212.7(d), 1212.7(d) (discretionary decisions to consent to visa 
applications, admission to the United States, or adjustment of status, 
for certain criminal aliens), and the Departments believe it is 
similarly appropriate to establish criteria for considering 
discretionary asylum claims. This proposed regulation would build on 
the BIA's guidance regarding discretionary asylum determinations and 
codify specific factors in the regulations for the first time.
    Accordingly, the Departments propose three specific but 
nonexhaustive factors that adjudicators must consider when determining 
whether an applicant merits the relief of asylum as a matter of 
discretion:
    (1) An alien's unlawful entry or unlawful attempted entry into the 
United States unless such entry or attempted entry was made in 
immediate flight from persecution or torture in a contiguous country;
    (2) subject to certain exceptions, the failure of an alien to seek 
asylum or refugee protection in at least one country through which the 
alien transited before entering the United States; and
    (3) an alien's use of fraudulent documents to enter the United 
States, unless the alien arrived in the United States by air, sea, or 
land directly from the applicant's home country without transiting 
through any other country.
    The adjudicator must consider all three factors, if relevant, 
during every asylum adjudication. If one or more of these factors 
applies to the applicant's case, the adjudicator would consider such 
factors to be significantly adverse for purposes of the discretionary 
determination, though the adjudicator should also consider any other 
relevant facts and circumstances to determine whether the applicant 
merits asylum as a matter of discretion. The Departments believe that 
the inclusion of the proposed factors in the rule will better ensure 
that immigration judges and asylum officers properly consider, in all 
cases, whether applicants for asylum merit the relief as a matter of 
discretion, even if the applicant has otherwise demonstrated 
eligibility for asylum.
    First, an alien's unlawful entry, or attempted unlawful entry, has 
been a longstanding factor that adjudicators may consider as a matter 
of discretion. Matter of Pula, 19 I&N Dec. at 473 (``[A]n alien's 
manner of entry or attempted entry is a proper and relevant 
discretionary factor to consider'' as ``one of a number of factors * * 
* balanced in exercising discretion''). In addition to rendering an 
alien inadmissible in general, it is a federal criminal offense to 
enter or attempt to enter the United States other than at a time and 
place designated by immigration officers. See INA 212(a)(6)(A), 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(6)(A); INA 275(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1325(a)(1). The 
Departments remain concerned by the significant strain on their 
resources required to apprehend, process, and adjudicate the cases of 
the growing number of aliens who illegally enter the United States 
putatively in order to seek asylum. See, e.g., Aliens Subject to a Bar 
on Entry Under Certain Presidential Proclamations; Procedures for 
Protection Claims, 83 FR 55934; see also United States ex rel. 
Hintopoulos v. Shaughnessy, 353 U.S. 72, 78 (1957) (observing that 
where the statute ``does not state what standards are to guide the 
Attorney General in the exercise of his discretion'' in adjudicating a 
discretionary benefit request, ``[s]urely it is not unreasonable for 
him to take cognizance of present-day conditions'' and relevant 
congressional enactments).\34\
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    \34\ The Departments note that this adverse factor does not 
conflict with section 208(a)(1) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(1), 
which provides that ``[a]ny alien who is physically present in the 
United States or who arrives in the United States (whether or not at 
a designated port of arrival * * *), irrespective of such alien's 
status, may apply for asylum.'' The consideration of the alien's 
unlawful manner of entry as a discretionary negative factor does not 
limit the alien's right or ability to apply for asylum. Instead, an 
alien who has unlawfully entered the United States is at risk of the 
same discretionary denial of asylum as any other applicant. The 
related issue of whether a regulatory bar to asylum eligibility 
based on manner of entry is ``consistent'' with section 208(a)(1)'s 
``irrespective'' clause is currently being litigated. See supra note 
14.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, as previously explained, the Departments believe that the 
failure to seek asylum or refugee protection in at least one country 
through which an alien transited while en route to the United States 
may reflect an increased likelihood that the alien is misusing the 
asylum system as a mechanism to enter and remain in the United States 
rather than legitimately seeking urgent protection. See Asylum 
Eligibility and Procedural Modifications, 84 FR at 33831. As a result, 
the Departments would consider the failure to seek protection in such a 
third country to be a significant adverse factor. The applicant may, 
however, present evidence regarding the basis for the failure to seek 
such relief for the adjudicator's consideration as outlined in 8 CFR 
208.13(c)(4), 1208.13(c)(4).
    Third, an alien who uses fraudulent documents to effect entry to 
the United States is inadmissible, INA 212(a)(6)(C), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(6)(C), and the Departments are concerned that the use of 
fraudulent documents makes the proper enforcement of the immigration 
laws difficult and requires an immense amount of resources. The 
Departments accordingly propose to consider such use of fraudulent 
documents a significant adverse discretionary factor for the purposes 
of asylum unless an applicant arrived in the U.S. directly from the 
applicant's home country.\35\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ For aliens from countries contiguous to the United States 
or who arrive directly (such as by air) from their home country--
i.e., countries in which the use of fraudulent documents to escape 
persecution may be coterminous with the use of such documents to 
enter the United States-- this factor does not impact case law that 
the use of fraudulent documents to escape the country of persecution 
should not itself be a significant adverse factor. See Lin v. 
Gonzales, 445 F.3d 127, 133 (2d Cir. 2006) (noting a distinction 
``between the presentation of a fraudulent document in immigration 
court in support of an asylum application and the use of a 
fraudulent document to escape immediate danger or imminent 
persecution''); Matter of Pula, 19 I&N Dec. at 474 (noting a 
difference between ``[t]he use of fraudulent documents to escape the 
country of persecution'' and ``entry under the assumed identity of a 
United States citizen, with a United States passport, which was 
fraudulently obtained''). For all other aliens, however, the use of 
fraudulent documents would be a significant adverse factor. To the 
extent that this provision may conflict with any prior holdings by 
the Board of Immigration Appeals, this rule would supersede such 
decisions if it is finalized as drafted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, the Departments propose nine adverse factors, the 
applicability of any of which would ordinarily result in the denial of 
asylum as a matter of discretion, similar to how discretion is 
considered for other applications. See, e.g., 8 CFR 212.7(d), 1212.7(d) 
(waiver of certain grounds of inadmissibility). If the adjudicator 
determines that any of these nine circumstances apply during the course 
of the discretionary review, the adjudicator may nevertheless favorably 
exercise discretion in extraordinary circumstances, such as those 
involving national security or foreign policy considerations, or if the 
alien demonstrates, by clear and convincing evidence, that the denial 
of asylum

[[Page 36284]]

would result in an exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to the 
alien. Cf. id. These factors build on prior precedent from the Attorney 
General. See Matter of Jean, 23 I&N Dec. 373, 385 (A.G. 2002) 
(providing that aliens who have committed violent or dangerous offenses 
will not be granted asylum as a matter of discretion absent 
extraordinary circumstances or a showing of exceptional and extremely 
unusual hardship); see also Matter of Castillo-Perez, 27 I&N Dec. 664, 
670-71 (A.G. 2019) (noting that aliens with multiple driving-under-the-
influence convictions would likely be denied cancellation of removal as 
a matter of discretion due to the seriousness and repeated nature of 
the offenses).
    Each of the nine factors addresses issues that the adjudicators 
might otherwise spend significant time evaluating and adjudicating. 
First, this rule would require a decision-maker to consider whether an 
alien has spent more than 14 days in any one country that permitted 
application for refugee, asylee, or similar protections prior to 
entering or arriving in the United States. Second, this rule would make 
transit through more than one country prior to arrival in the United 
States a significant adverse factor. Both of these factors are 
supported by existing law surrounding firm resettlement and aliens who 
can be removed to a safe third country. See INA 208(a)(2)(A), 
(b)(2)(A)(vi), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(A), (b)(2)(A)(vi); see also Yang v. 
INS, 79 F.3d 932, 935-39 (9th Cir. 1996) (upholding a discretionary 
firm resettlement bar, and rejecting the premise that such evaluation 
is arbitrary and capricious or that it prevents adjudicators from 
exercising discretion). Recognizing that individual circumstances of an 
alien's presence in a third country or transit to the United States may 
not necessarily warrant adverse discretionary consideration in all 
instances, the proposed rule does acknowledge exceptions to these two 
considerations where an alien's application for protection in the 
relevant third country has been denied, where the alien is a victim of 
a severe form of human trafficking as defined in 8 CFR 214.11, or where 
the alien was present in or transited through only countries that were, 
at the relevant time, not parties to the Refugee Convention, Refugee 
Protocol, or CAT.
    Third, adjudicators should consider criminal convictions that 
remain valid for immigration purposes as significant adverse factors. A 
conviction remains valid for immigration purposes despite a reversal, 
vacatur, expungement, or modification of conviction or sentence if the 
alteration is not related to a procedural or substantive defect in the 
underlying criminal proceedings. See Matter of Thomas & Thompson, 27 
I&N Dec. 674, 674-75 (A.G. 2019) (holding that state court orders 
unrelated to the merits of an underlying criminal proceeding have no 
effect on the validity of the conviction for immigration purposes); see 
also Matter of Pickering, 23 I&N Dec. 621, 624-25 (BIA 2003) (holding 
that a conviction that is vacated for reasons solely related to 
rehabilitation or immigration hardships is not eliminated for 
immigration purposes), rev'd on other grounds, Pickering v. Gonzales, 
465 F.3d 263, 267-70 (6th Cir. 2006).\36\ Circuit courts of appeals 
have consistently accepted this principle, deeming Pickering reasonable 
and consistent with congressional intent. See, e.g., Saleh v. Gonzales, 
495 F.3d 17, 23-25 (2d Cir. 2007) (collecting cases). As the Attorney 
General has explained, giving effect to judicial decisions that 
modified sentences in some manner for the sole purpose of mitigating 
immigration consequences would frustrate Congress's intent in setting 
forth those consequences for aliens convicted of certain crimes. See 
Matter of Thomas & Thompson, 27 I&N Dec. at 682 (explaining that by 
enacting the definition of ``conviction'' at section 101(a)(48) of the 
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(48), ``Congress made clear that immigration 
consequences should flow from the original determination of guilt. In 
addition, Congress ensured uniformity in the immigration laws by 
avoiding the need for immigration judges to examine the post-conviction 
procedures of each State''); see also Saleh, 495 F.3d at 25 (``When a 
conviction is amended nunc pro tunc solely to enable a defendant to 
avoid immigration consequences, in contrast to an amendment or vacatur 
on the merits, there is no reason to conclude that the alien is any 
less suitable for removal.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ The Departments published a joint rule on December 19, 
2019, that, inter alia, would provide regulatory guidance regarding 
the immigration consequences of criminal convictions that have been 
vacated, expunged, or modified. See Procedures for Asylum and Bars 
to Asylum Eligibility, 84 FR 69640 (Dec. 19, 2019) (proposed 
amendments to 8 CFR 208.13 and 1208.13).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Fourth, unlawful presence of more than one year's cumulative 
duration prior to filing an application for asylum would be considered 
a significant adverse factor, consistent with the unlawful presence 
bar, INA 212(a)(9)(B)(i)(II), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(9)(B)(i)(II), and the 
permanent bar under section 212(a)(9)(C) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(9)(C). See also Matter of Diaz & Lopez, 25 I&N Dec. 188, 189 
(BIA 2010).
    Fifth, failure to file taxes or fulfill related obligations would 
be another adverse factor. Subject to some exceptions, aliens are 
generally required to file federal income tax returns, as either a 
resident or nonresident alien. 26 U.S.C. 6012, 7701(b); 26 CFR 1.6012-
1(a)(1)(ii), (b).\37\ This rule would hold all asylum applicants to the 
same standards as most individuals in the United States who are 
required to file federal, state, and local taxes, as individuals who 
are required to file taxes are subject to negative consequences should 
said filings and associated obligations not be met. See, e.g., Md. 
Code, Tax-Gen. 10-804, 10-805(a) (2013) (subject to exclusion of 
certain types of income, a Maryland resident required to file a federal 
income tax return is also required to file a state income tax return); 
Ind. Code, 6-3-4-1 (2019) (persons whose income meets federal filing 
threshold are required to file a state return).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ The Internal Revenue Service (``IRS'') uses two tests to 
determine whether an alien is considered a resident alien of the 
United States for tax purposes: The ``green card'' test and the 
``substantial presence'' test. An alien meets the ``green card'' 
test if USCIS has issued the alien a registration card, Form I-551, 
designating the alien as a lawful permanent resident. IRS, Alien 
Residency--Green Card Test, https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/alien-residency-green-card-test (last 
updated Feb. 20, 2020). An alien meets the ``substantial presence'' 
test if he or she has been physically present in the United States 
for 31 days of the current year and 183 days during the three-year 
period that includes the current year and the two years immediately 
prior, including all of the following: (1) All days an alien was 
present in the current year, (2) one-third of the days the alien was 
present in the first year before the current year, and (3) one-sixth 
of the days the alien was present in the second year before the 
current year. IRS, Substantial Presence Test, https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/substantial-presence-test (last 
updated Jan. 15, 2020). There are certain exceptions to this rule. 
Id. Non-resident aliens who pass the ``substantial presence'' test 
are treated as resident aliens for tax purposes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sixth, this rule would consider as an adverse factor having had two 
or more prior asylum applications denied for any reason.
    Seventh, the rule would also consider as an adverse factor having 
withdrawn with prejudice or abandoned an asylum application. This rule 
would thereby disfavor abusive prior or multiple applications. Asylum 
applications take a significant portion of processing time and already 
constitute half of the docket in immigration court. This rule would 
minimize abuse of the system--and allow for meritorious claims to be 
heard more efficiently--by disfavoring repeated applications when prior

[[Page 36285]]

applications have been abandoned or withdrawn.
    Eighth, DHS already may dismiss the case of an alien who fails to 
attend his or her asylum interview, without prior authorization or in 
the absence of exceptional circumstances. INA 208(d)(5)(A)(v), 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(v). Such an applicant may also ``be otherwise sanctioned 
for such failure.'' Id. The Departments' consideration of an alien's 
failure to attend the asylum interview,\38\ unless the alien 
demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence the existence of 
exceptional circumstances or that the interview notice was not mailed 
to the last address provided by the alien or the alien's representative 
(and neither the alien nor the alien's representative received notice 
of the interview), as an adverse discretionary factor is a reasonable 
additional sanction under section 208(d)(5)(A)(v) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1158(d)(5)(A)(v). As with the failure to appear in immigration court, 
failure to appear for an asylum interview before DHS wastes government 
resources that could have been used to adjudicate other applications. 
See DHS, Affirmative Asylum Application Statistics and Decisions Annual 
Report 3 (June 20, 2016) (reporting 2,439 cases that USCIS referred to 
immigration judges because asylum applicants failed to appear for 
interviews or withdrew their applications and were not in lawful 
immigration status during Fiscal Year 2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ On November 14, 2019, DHS proposed modifications to the 
asylum process, including changes to the provisions related to 
failing to appear for an asylum interview. See Asylum Application, 
Interview, and Employment Authorization for Applicants, 86 FR 62374 
(Nov. 14, 2019). The Departments do not believe the proposals 
conflict, but welcome public comment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Ninth, aliens who are subject to a final order of removal may file 
a motion to reopen their proceedings before an immigration judge to 
seek asylum if there is a change in country conditions and the 
underlying evidence of changed conditions is material and was not 
available or could not have been discovered at the time of the prior 
hearing. INA 240(c)(7), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(c)(7). In such situations, 
adjudicators should consider as a significant adverse factor the 
failure to file such a motion within one year of the change in country 
conditions. See INA 240(c)(7)(C)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); 8 
CFR 1003.2(c)(3)(ii), 1003.23(b)(4)(i). The Departments believe that 
such a factor would appropriately incentivize aliens to exercise due 
diligence with regard to their cases, as is otherwise required for 
motions to reopen, and aid in the efficient processing of asylum 
applications before EOIR. Cf. INA 208(a)(2)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1158(a)(2)(B); 
Wang v. BIA, 508 F.3d 710, 715-16 (2d Cir. 2007) (discussing the 
requirement of acting with due diligence in order to establish 
equitable tolling of the filing deadline for motions to reopen asylum 
proceedings premised upon an allegation of ineffective assistance of 
counsel).
    The factors set forth in this rule do not affect the adjudicator's 
ability to consider whether there exist extraordinary circumstances, 
such as those involving national security or foreign policy 
considerations, or whether the denial of asylum would result in an 
exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to the alien. Cf. Matter of 
Jean, 23 I&N Dec. at 385 (``I am highly disinclined to exercise my 
discretion--except, again, in extraordinary circumstances, such as 
those involving national security or foreign policy considerations, or 
cases in which an alien clearly demonstrates that the denial of relief 
would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship--on behalf 
of dangerous or violent felons seeking asylum.''). This approach 
supersedes the Board's previous approach in Matter of Pula that past 
persecution or a strong likelihood of future persecution ``should 
generally outweigh all but the most egregious adverse factors.'' 19 I&N 
Dec. at 474. Especially given that an applicant may still seek non-
discretionary statutory withholding of removal and protection under the 
CAT regulations, the Departments believe that the inclusion of the 
proposed adverse discretionary factors in the rule will ensure that 
immigration judges and asylum officers properly consider, in all cases, 
whether every applicant merits a grant of asylum as a matter of 
discretion, even if the applicant has otherwise demonstrated asylum 
eligibility.
7. Firm Resettlement
    By statute, an alien who ``was firmly resettled in another country 
prior to arriving in the United States'' is ineligible for asylum. INA 
208(b)(2)(A)(vi), 8 U.S.C. 1158(b)(2)(A)(vi). This bar to asylum was 
first included in the asylum laws by IIRIRA in 1996, but Congress added 
it as a prohibition to entry as a refugee from abroad in 1980. Refugee 
Act of 1980, sec. 201(b), 94 Stat. 103 (adding INA 207(c)(1), 8 U.S.C. 
1157(c)(1)).\39\ Before IIRIRA's enactment, the Attorney General also 
included firm resettlement as a bar to asylum under section 208 of the 
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1158, by regulation. See Aliens and Nationality; Refugee 
and Asylum Procedures, 45 FR 37392, 37394 (June 2, 1980) (adding part 
208 to chapter I of 8 CFR, including the instruction at 8 CFR 
208.8(f)(1)(ii) that a request for asylum would be denied if the alien 
``has been firmly resettled in a foreign country''); \40\ see also 
Yang, 79 F.3d at 935-39 (according Chevron deference to the inclusion 
of firm resettlement as a bar to asylum in the regulations).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ The firm resettlement concept has an even longer history in 
the immigration laws. See Rosenberg v. Woo, 402 U.S. 49, 54-55 
(1971) (discussing the inclusion of firm resettlement considerations 
in the Displaced Persons Act of 1948 and Refugee Relief Act of 1953, 
and the subsequent history).
    \40\ DOJ also included a definition of ``firm resettlement'' in 
the context of refugee status determinations under section 207 of 
the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1157, in 1980, providing generally that a refugee 
is considered to be ``firmly resettled'' if he had been offered 
resident status, citizenship, or some other type of permanent 
resettlement by another nation and has travelled to and entered that 
nation as a consequence of his flight from persecution. A refugee 
will not be considered ``firmly resettled,'' however, if he 
establishes, to the satisfaction of the federal official reviewing 
the case, that the conditions of his residence in that nation have 
been so substantially and consciously restricted by the authorities 
of that nation that he has not in fact been resettled. See Aliens 
and Nationality; Refugee and Asylum Procedures, 45 FR at 37394. This 
definition continues to apply in substantially similar form to DHS 
determinations regarding the admission of refugees. 8 CFR 207.1(b). 
The Departments do not propose any changes to the definition or 
application of the firm resettlement bar for refugees in this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DOJ first defined ``firm resettlement'' in the context of asylum 
applications in 1990. Aliens and Nationality; Asylum and Withholding of 
Deportation Procedures, 55 FR 30674, 30683-84 (July 27, 1990) (adding 8 
CFR 208.15 to part 208 of chapter 1 of 8 CFR). At the time, DOJ did not 
provide an explanation for the chosen definition, although it was 
similar to the existing definition of firm resettlement for refugees. 
Id. at 30678. Aside from technical edits, and minor updates to ensure 
gender neutrality and change references from ``nation'' to ``country,'' 
the definition of firm resettlement has remained the same for nearly 30 
years. See 8 CFR 208.15, 1208.15.
    Due to the increased availability of resettlement opportunities 
\41\ and the interest of those genuinely in fear of persecution in 
attaining safety as soon as possible, the Departments now

[[Page 36286]]

propose to revise the definition of firm resettlement that applies to 
asylum adjudications at 8 CFR 208.15 and 1208.15. Specifically, the 
Departments propose to specify three circumstances under which an alien 
would be considered firmly resettled:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ Forty-three countries have signed the Refugee Convention 
since 1990. See United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 
States Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of 
Refugees and the 1967 Protocol, https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/basic/3b73b0d63/states-parties-1951-convention-its-1967-protocol.html (last visited May 20, 2020).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (1) The alien either resided or could have resided in any permanent 
legal immigration status or any non-permanent but potentially 
indefinitely renewable legal immigration status (including asylee, 
refugee, or similar status, but excluding a status such as a tourist) 
in a country through which the alien transited prior to arriving in or 
entering the United States, regardless of whether the alien applied for 
or was offered such status, cf. Matter of K-S-E-, 27 I&N Dec. 818, 819 
(BIA 2020) (``Permanent resettlement exists where there is an available 
offer that realistically permits an individual's indefinite presence in 
the country.''); Matter of A-G-G-, 25 I&N Dec. 486, 502 (BIA 2011) 
(``The existence of a legal mechanism in the country by which an alien 
can obtain permanent residence may be sufficient to make a prima facie 
showing of an offer of firm resettlement * * *. Moreover, a 
determination of firm resettlement is not contingent on whether the 
alien applies for that status.'' (citations and footnote omitted));
    (2) the alien physically resided voluntarily, and without 
continuing to suffer persecution, in any one country for one year or 
more after departing his country of nationality or last habitual 
residence and prior to arrival in or entry into the United States; or
    (3) (i) the alien is a citizen of a country other than the one 
where the alien alleges a fear of persecution and the alien was present 
in that country prior to arriving in the United States, or (ii) the 
alien was a citizen of a country other than the one where the alien 
alleges a fear of persecution, the alien was present in that country 
prior to arriving in the United States, and the alien renounced that 
citizenship prior to or after arriving in the United States.
    These proposed changes would expand the firm resettlement bar to 
include forms of relief that were available to an alien in a country in 
which he or she resided before traveling to the United States, even if 
the alien did not affirmatively apply for or accept such relief. If an 
alien was legally ``entitled to permanent refuge in another country'' 
in which the alien resided, that entitlement may result in the alien 
being firmly resettled there, even if the alien ``fail[ed] to take 
advantage of [that country's] procedures for obtaining [such] relief.'' 
Matter of A-G-G-, 25 I&N Dec. at 502 (quoting Elzour v. Ashcroft, 378 
F.3d 1143, 1152 (10th Cir. 2004). It follows a fortiori, then, that an 
alien to whom an offer of permanent legal status was actually made may 
be considered to have firmly resettled, Matter of K-S-E-, 27 I&N Dec. 
at 819-20, and that such an offer may not be ``negated by the alien's 
unwillingness or reluctance to satisfy the [reasonable] terms for 
acceptance,'' id. at 821. Not only do these changes recognize that an 
alien fleeing persecution would ordinarily be expected to seek refuge 
at the first available opportunity in another country where they would 
not have a reasonable fear of persecution or torture, but they will 
also ensure that the asylum system is used by those in genuine need of 
immediate protection, not by those who have chosen the United States as 
a destination for other reasons and then rely on the asylum system to 
reach that destination. See Matter of A-G-G-, 25 I&N Dec. at 503 
(clarifying that the purpose of the firm settlement bar is to ``limit 
refugee protection to those with nowhere else to turn'').
    The Departments further propose to specify that the firm 
resettlement bar applies ``when the evidence of record indicates that 
the firm resettlement bar may apply,'' and to specifically allow both 
DHS and the immigration judge to first raise the issue based on the 
record evidence. This proposal would make clear that the alien would 
continue to bear the burden to demonstrate that the firm resettlement 
bar does not apply, consistent with 8 CFR 1240.8(d). Finally, the 
Departments propose that the firm resettlement of a parent or parents 
with whom a child was residing at the time shall be imputed to the 
child. Although the Departments have had no prior settled policy 
necessarily imputing the firm resettlement of parents to a child, 
Holder v. Martinez Gutierrez, 566 U.S. 583, 596 n.4 (2012), the 
imputation proposed in this rule is consistent with both case law and 
recognition of the practical reality that a child generally cannot form 
a legal intent to remain in one place. See, e.g., Matter of Ng, 12 I&N 
Dec. 411 (Reg. Comm'r 1967) (firm resettlement of father is imputed to 
a child who resided with his resettled family); Vang v. INS, 146 F.3d 
1114, 1116-17 (9th Cir. 1998) (``We follow the same principle in 
determining whether a minor has firmly resettled in another country, 
i.e., we look to whether the minor's parents have firmly resettled in a 
foreign country before coming to the United States, and then 
derivatively attribute the parents' status to the minor.'').
    To the extent any BIA decisions relied on prior regulatory language 
and remain inconsistent with the proposed new regulatory language, the 
proposed changes would expressly overrule those BIA decisions.
8. Rogue Officials
    In order to demonstrate eligibility for withholding of removal or 
deferral of removal under the CAT regulations, an alien must 
demonstrate that it is more likely than not that he or she will be 
tortured in the country of removal. See 8 CFR 1208.16(c)(2). Torture is 
defined as causing ``severe pain or suffering, whether physical or 
mental,'' and it must be intentionally inflicted ``by or at the 
instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official 
or other person acting in an official capacity,'' among other 
requirements. 8 CFR 1208.18(a)(1). The regulations do not provide 
further guidance for determining what sorts of officials constitute 
``public officials,'' including whether an official such as a police 
officer is a public official for the purposes of the CAT regulations if 
he or she acts in violation of official policy or his or her official 
status--in other words, a ``rogue'' police official.
    When faced with questions of such ``rogue'' officials, the federal 
courts have generally implied from the lack of further explanation 
regarding the definition of ``public official'' that no exception 
excluding ``rogue'' officials from the definition exists. The Ninth 
Circuit Court of Appeals recently provided a particularly detailed 
explanation of this point:

    The statute and regulations do not establish a ``rogue 
official'' exception to CAT relief. The regulations say that 
torture, for purposes of relief, has to be ``at the instigation of 
or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other 
person acting in an official capacity.'' The four policemen were 
``public officials,'' even though they were local police and state 
or federal authorities might not similarly acquiesce. Since the 
officers were apparently off-duty when they tortured Barajas-Romero, 
they were evidently not acting ``in an official capacity,'' but the 
regulation does not require that the public official be carrying out 
his official duties, so long as he is the actor or knowingly 
acquiesces in the acts. The regulation uses the word ``or'' between 
the phrases ``inflicted by * * * a public official'' and ``acting in 
an official capacity.'' The word ``or'' can only mean that either 
one suffices, so the torture need not be both by a public official 
and also that the official is acting in his official capacity. An 
``and'' construction would require that the conjunction be ``and.'' 
The record leaves no room for doubt that the four policemen were 
public officials who themselves inflicted the torture.


[[Page 36287]]


    Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 362-63 (9th Cir. 2017); see 
also Rodriguez-Molinero v. Lynch, 808 F.3d 1134, 1139 (7th Cir. 2015) 
(``Nor is the issue, as the immigration judge opined, whether the 
police officers who tortured the petitioner `were rogue officers 
individually compensated by Jose to engage in isolated incidents of 
retaliatory brutality, rather than evidence of a broader pattern of 
governmental acquiescence in torture.' It is irrelevant whether the 
police were rogue (in the sense of not serving the interests of the 
Mexican government) or not.''). But see Suarez-Valenzuela v. Holder, 
714 F.3d 241, 248 (4th Cir. 2013) (upholding the BIA's finding that a 
rogue police officer who harmed the respondent ``acted out of fear that 
the government would punish him and not with any form of government 
approval''); Wang v. Ashcroft, 320 F.3d 130, 144 (2d Cir. 2003) 
(``Moreover, although the BIA was bound to consider any past torture 
inflicted upon Wang by Chinese officials, 8 CFR 208.16(c)(3), Wang 
failed to establish that his alleged previous beating was anything more 
than a deviant practice carried out by one rogue military official.'').
    The Departments propose revising 8 CFR 208.18(a)(1), (7) and 
1208.18(a)(1), (7) to clarify (1) that pain or suffering inflicted by, 
or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of, a 
public official is not torture unless it is done while the official is 
acting in his or her official capacity (i.e. under ``color of law'') 
and (2) that pain or suffering inflicted by, or at the instigation of 
or with the consent or acquiescence of, a public official not acting 
under color of law (i.e., a ``rogue official'') does not constitute a 
``pain or suffering inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the 
consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in 
an official capacity,'' even if such actions cause pain and suffering 
that could rise to the severity of torture. Nothing in CAT or the CAT 
regulations issued pursuant to the implementing legislation indicates 
that any violent action of someone who happens to be employed by a 
government entity always constitutes inflicting, instigating, 
consenting to, or acquiescing in severe harm or suffering by a public 
official even when that employee is off-duty or not acting in any 
official governmental capacity. Indeed, the U.S. ratification history 
of the CAT specifically approves of a ``color of law'' analysis. See, 
e.g., S. Exec. Rep. No. 101-30, at 14 (1990) (``Thus, the Convention 
applies only to torture that occurs in the context of governmental 
authority, excluding torture that occurs as a wholly private act or, in 
terms more familiar in U.S. law, it applies to torture inflicted `under 
color of law.'''). Further, the Federal statute partially implementing 
CAT in the criminal law context uses a color of law descriptor as well. 
See 18 U.S.C. 2340(1) (```[T]orture' means an act committed by a person 
acting under the color of law specifically intended to inflict severe 
physical or mental pain or suffering (other than pain or suffering 
incidental to lawful sanctions) upon another person within his custody 
or physical control.''). As the BIA has explained, ``the key 
consideration in determining if a public official was acting under 
color of law is whether he was able to engage in torturous conduct 
because of his government position or if he could have done so without 
any connection to the government. Issues to consider in making this 
determination include whether government connections provided the 
officer access to the victim, or to his whereabouts or other 
identifying information; whether the officer was on duty and in uniform 
at the time of his conduct; and whether the officer threatened to 
retaliate through official channels if the victim reported his conduct 
to authorities.'' Matter of O-F-A-S, 27 I&N Dec. 709, 718 (BIA 2019). 
This proposed amendment to 8 CFR 208.18 and 1208.18 clarifies that the 
requirement that the individual be acting in an official capacity 
applies to both a ``public official,'' such as a police officer, and an 
``other person,'' such as an individual deputized to act on the 
government's behalf.
    The Departments also propose to clarify the definition of 
``acquiescence of a public official'' at 8 CFR 208.18(a)(7) and 
1208.18(a)(7). See Scarlett v. Barr, __F.3d __, 2020 WL 2046544, *13-14 
(2d Cir. April 28, 2020) (discussing the need for further agency 
guidance concerning certain aspects of the ``acquiescence'' standard). 
The current definition provides that the ``official acquiescence'' 
standard ``requires that the public official, prior to the activity 
constituting torture, have awareness of such activity and thereafter 
breach his or her legal responsibility to intervene to prevent such 
activity.'' 8 CFR 208.18(a)(7), 1208.18(a)(7). The Departments propose 
to clarify that, as several courts of appeals and the BIA have 
recognized, ``awareness''--as used in the CAT ``acquiescence'' 
definition--requires a finding of either actual knowledge or willful 
blindness. See, e.g., Silva-Rengifo v. Att'y Gen. of U.S., 473 F.3d 58, 
70 (3d Cir. 2007); Matter of J-G-D-F-, 27 I&N Dec. 82, 90 (BIA 2017); 
see also S. Exec. Rep. No. 101-30, at 9. The Departments further 
propose to clarify in this rule that, for purposes of the CAT 
regulations, ``willful blindness'' means that ``the public official or 
other person acting in an official capacity was aware of a high 
probability of activity constituting torture and deliberately avoided 
learning the truth; it is not enough that such public official acting 
in an official capacity or other person acting in an official capacity 
was mistaken, recklessly disregarded the truth, or negligently failed 
to inquire.'' Proposed 8 CFR 208.18(a)(7), 1208.18(a)(7). This proposed 
definition is drawn from well-established legal principles. See, e.g., 
Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A., 563 U.S. 754, 769-70 (2011); 
United States v. Hansen, 791 F.3d 863, 868 (8th Cir. 2015); United 
States v. Heredia, 483 F.3d 913, 918 n.4, 924 (9th Cir. 2007) (en 
banc); Roye v. Att'y Gen. of U.S., 693 F.3d 333, 343 n.13 (3d Cir. 
2012).
    Additionally, the rule clarifies the second part of the two-part 
test for acquiescence set out in the Senate's understanding in the CAT 
ratification documents. See 136 Cong. Rec. S17486-01, 1990 WL 168442 
(Oct. 27, 1990). In the ratification process, the United States 
government was concerned that the definition of torture needed to be 
clear enough to give officials due process notice of what conduct was 
criminal. See Convention Against Torture: Hearing Before the S. Foreign 
Relations Comm., S. Hrg. No. 101-718, 101st Cong., 2d Sess. 14 (1990) 
(testimony of Mark Richard, Deputy Assistant Att'y Gen., Criminal 
Division, U.S. Department of Justice). The two steps of the 
acquiescence requirement, corresponding to a mens rea and an actus reus 
requirement, were included in the list of understandings to clarify 
that ``to be culpable under the [CAT] * * * the public official must 
have had prior awareness of [the activity constituting torture] and 
must have breached his legal responsibility to intervene to prevent the 
activity.'' Id. The rule clarifies that acquiescence is not established 
by prior awareness of the activity alone, but requires an omission of 
an act that the official had a duty to do and was able to do. Cf. Model 
Penal Code sec. 2.01(1) (``A person is not guilty of an offense unless 
his liability is based on conduct that includes a voluntary act or the 
omission to perform an act of which he is physically capable.''). 
First, the official or other person in question must have been charged 
with preventing the activity as part of his or her duties. So,

[[Page 36288]]

for instance, an official who is not charged with preventing crime or 
who is outside his or her jurisdiction would not have a legal 
responsibility to prevent activity constituting torture, even if that 
person was aware of the activity. See, e.g., Ramirez-Peyro v. Holder, 
574 F.3d 893, 905 (8th Cir. 2009) (remanding for further analysis by 
the Board on whether police officers breached their legal duty to 
intervene when they declined to arrest themselves, their co-workers, 
and other individuals who assaulted the applicant). Second, such a 
person does not breach a legal duty to intervene if the person is 
unable to intervene, or if the person intervenes, but is nevertheless 
unable to prevent the activity. See, e.g., Martinez Manzanares v. Barr, 
925 F.3d 222, 229 (5th Cir. 2019); Zaldana Menijar v. Lynch, 812 F.3d 
491, 502 (6th Cir. 2015); Garcia v. Holder, 746 F.3d 869, 873-74 (8th 
Cir. 2014); Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1034 (9th Cir. 
2014); Ferry v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 1117, 1131 (10th Cir. 2006); Reyes-
Sanchez v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 369 F.3d 1239, 1243 (11th Cir. 2004). This 
aspect of the rule is meant to supersede any judicial decisions that 
could be read to hold that an official actor could acquiesce in 
torturous activities that he or she is unable to prevent. See, e.g., 
Pieschacon-Villegas v. Att'y Gen., 671 F.3d 303, 311-12 (3d Cir. 2011); 
Sarhan v. Holder, 658 F.3d 649, 657-60 (7th Cir. 2011) (holding that 
the government's ineffectiveness at protecting women from honor 
killings showed governmental acquiescence); see generally Nat'l Cable & 
Telecomms. Ass'n v. Brand X internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 982 (2005).

D. Information Disclosure

    The regulations at 8 CFR 208.6 and 1208.6 govern the disclosure of 
information contained in or pertaining to an asylum application, 
credible fear records, and reasonable fear records. The nondisclosure 
provisions in 8 CFR 208.6(a)-(b) and 1208.6(a)-(b) cover 
``[i]nformation contained in or pertaining to any asylum application,'' 
records pertaining to any credible fear or reasonable fear 
determination, and other records kept by the Departments that indicate 
that a specific alien has applied for asylum or received a credible 
fear or reasonable fear interview or review thereof. The ``asylum 
application'' includes information pertaining to statutory withholding 
of removal, 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3), and protection under the CAT 
regulations. See 8 CFR 208.3(b), 1208.3(b). The regulations prohibit 
disclosing protected information to unauthorized ``third parties'' but 
are silent, save by exception, as to who constitutes an unauthorized 
third party. Under the exceptions for nondisclosure contained in 8 CFR 
208.6(c) and 1208.6(c), certain limited categories of persons and 
entities may receive otherwise-confidential asylum-related or other 
pertinent information for certain purposes. This includes a disclosure 
to any U.S. government official or contractor having a need to examine 
information in connection with the adjudication of an asylum 
application or consideration of a credible fear or reasonable fear 
claim. 8 CFR 208.6(c)(1)(i)-(ii) and 1208.6(c)(1)(i)-(ii). Accordingly, 
DHS and EOIR employees, and aliens' representatives of record, are not 
considered unauthorized third parties for purposes of the existing 
regulation.\42\ Further, the Attorney General and Secretary of Homeland 
Security have the discretion to disclose any such information to any 
party. 8 CFR 208.6(a), 1208.6(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ Further, the sharing of information between the Departments 
regarding an alien in immigration proceedings does not constitute a 
disclosure under these regulations and is otherwise excepted 
pursuant to 8 CFR 208.6(c) and 1208.6(c). As DHS is a party to all 
proceedings before EOIR, any records related to an aliens in such 
proceedings possessed by EOIR are also necessarily already possessed 
by DHS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments propose changes to 8 CFR 208.6 and 8 CFR 1208.6 to 
clarify that information may be disclosed in certain circumstances that 
directly relate to the integrity of immigration proceedings, including 
situations in which there is suspected fraud or improper duplication of 
applications or claims. An alien's decision to apply for asylum 
necessarily entails the alien's decision to provide the Government with 
information necessary to determine whether the person deserves refuge 
in the United States. Within the immigration system in the United 
States, such information does not exist in a vacuum, and there is a 
clear need to ensure that the confidentiality provisions are not being 
used to shield fraud and abuse that can only be uncovered by comparing 
applications and information across proceedings. Further, there is need 
to ensure that other types of criminal activity are not shielded from 
investigation and prosecution due to the confidentiality provisions. 
Furthermore, the proposed changes allow the information to be disclosed 
where it is necessary to the Government's defense of any legal action 
relating to the alien's immigration or custody status. Aliens routinely 
file suit in both district courts and courts of appeals raising an 
assortment of challenges to their immigration and custody status. 
Although the current regulation allows disclosure where the suit arises 
from the adjudication of an asylum application or of which the asylum 
application ``is a part,'' there is no clear exception covering 
disclosures in other civil immigration litigation in which it is 
necessary for the Government to disclose this information in order to 
fully defend the Government's position.
    As such, the Department proposes to amend 8 CFR 208.6 and 8 CFR 
1208.6 to specify that to the extent not already specifically 
permitted, and without the necessity of seeking the exercise of the 
Attorney General's or Secretary's discretion under paragraphs 208.6(a) 
and 1208.6(a), respectively, the Government may disclose \43\ all 
relevant and applicable information in or pertaining to the application 
for asylum, statutory withholding of removal, and protection under the 
CAT regulations as part of a federal or state investigation, 
proceeding, or prosecution; as a defense to any legal action relating 
to the alien's immigration or custody status; an adjudication of the 
application itself or an adjudication of any other application or 
proceeding arising under the immigration laws; pursuant to any state or 
federal mandatory reporting requirement; and to deter, prevent, or 
ameliorate the effects of child abuse.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ Nothing in the proposed rule would prohibit agencies from 
placing additional restrictions on the disclosure of information 
consistent with internal policies as long as those policies do not 
conflict with the proposed regulatory language.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Severability

    The Departments are proposing severability provisions in each of 
the new 8 CFR parts. The Departments believe that the provisions of 
each new part function sensibly independent of other provisions. 
However, to protect the goals for which this rule is being proposed, 
the Departments are codifying their intent that the provisions be 
severable so that, if necessary, the regulations can continue to 
function without a stricken provision.

V. Regulatory Requirements

A. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Departments have reviewed this regulation in accordance with 
the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 605(b)) and have determined 
that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. This regulation affects only 
individual aliens and the Federal Government.

[[Page 36289]]

Individuals do not constitute small entities under the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act.

B. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    This rule will not result in the expenditure by state, local, and 
tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 
million or more in any one year, and it will not significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments. Therefore, no actions were deemed 
necessary under the provisions of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 
1995.

C. Congressional Review Act

    This proposed rule is anticipated not to be a major rule as defined 
by section 804 of the Congressional Review Act. This rule will not 
result in an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more; a 
major increase in costs or prices; or significant adverse effects on 
competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or on 
the ability of United States-based enterprises to compete with foreign-
based enterprises in domestic and export markets. 5 U.S.C. 804(2).

D. Executive Order 12866 and Executive Order 13563 (Regulatory Planning 
and Review)

    The proposed rule is considered by the Departments to be a 
``significant regulatory action'' under section 3(f)(4) of Executive 
Order 12866 because it raises novel legal or policy issues. 
Accordingly, the regulation has been submitted to the Office of 
Management and Budget (``OMB'') for review.
    Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 direct agencies to assess all 
costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if 
regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize 
net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public 
health, and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). 
Executive Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of using the best 
available methods to quantify costs and benefits, reducing costs, 
harmonizing rules, and promoting flexibility.
    The proposed rule would change or provide additional clarity for 
adjudicators across many issues commonly raised by asylum applications 
and would potentially streamline the overall adjudicatory process for 
asylum applications. Although the proposed regulation would provide 
clarity to asylum law and operational streamlining to the credible fear 
review process, the proposed regulation does not change the nature of 
the role of an immigration judge or an asylum officer during 
proceedings for consideration of credible fear claims or asylum 
applications. Notably, immigration judges will retain their existing 
authority to review de novo the determinations made by asylum officers 
in a credible fear proceedings, and will continue to control 
immigration court proceedings. In credible fear proceedings, asylum 
officers will continue to evaluate the merits of claims for asylum, 
withholding of removal, and CAT protection for possible referral to the 
immigration judge. While this rule expands the bases on which an asylum 
officer may determine that a claim does not merit referral (and, as a 
consequence, make a negative fear determination), the alien will still 
be able to seek review of that negative fear determination before the 
immigration judge.
    Immigration judges and asylum officers are already trained to 
consider all relevant legal issues in assessing a credible fear claim 
or asylum application, and the proposed rule does not propose any 
changes that would make adjudications more challenging than those that 
are already conducted. For example, immigration judges already consider 
issues of persecution, nexus, particular social group, frivolousness, 
firm resettlement, and discretion in assessing the merit of an asylum 
application, and the provision of clearer standards for considering 
those issues in the proposed regulation does not add any operational 
burden or increase the level of operational analysis required for 
adjudication. Accordingly, the Departments do not expect the proposed 
changes to increase the adjudication time for immigration court 
proceedings involving asylum applications or for reviews of negative 
fear determinations.
    Depending on the manner in which DHS exercises its prosecutorial 
discretion for aliens potentially subject to expedited removal, the 
facts and circumstances of each individual alien's situation, and the 
Departments' interpretation and implementation of the relevant 
regulations by individual adjudicators, the proposed changes may 
decrease the number of cases of aliens subject to expedited removal 
that result in a full hearing on an application for asylum. In all 
cases, however, an alien will retain the opportunity to request 
immigration judge review of DHS's initial fear determination.
    The Departments propose changes that may affect any alien subject 
to expedited removal who makes a fear claim and any alien who applies 
for asylum, statutory withholding of removal, or protection under the 
CAT regulations. The Departments note that the proposed changes are 
likely to result in fewer asylum grants annually due to clarifications 
regarding the significance of discretionary considerations and changes 
to the definition of firm resettlement. However; because asylum 
applications are inherently fact-specific, and because there may be 
multiple bases for denying an asylum application, neither DOJ nor DHS 
can quantify precisely the expected decrease. As of April 24, 2020, 
EOIR had 527,927 cases pending with an asylum application. In FY 2019, 
at the immigration court level, EOIR granted 18,816 asylum applications 
and denied 45,285 asylum applications. An additional 27,112 asylum 
applications were abandoned, withdrawn, or otherwise not adjudicated. 
As of January 1, 2020, USCIS had 338,931 applications for asylum and 
for withholding of removal pending.\44\ In FY 2019, USCIS received 
96,861 asylum applications, and approved 19,945 such applications.\45\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ See USCIS, Number of Service-wide Forms Fiscal Year to 
Date, by Quarter and Form Status, Fiscal Year 2020, https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/Immigration%20Forms%20Data/All%20Form%20Types/Quarterly_All_Forms_FY2020Q1.pdf (last visited 
May 28, 2020).
    \45\ See USCIS, Number of Service-wide Forms Fiscal Year to 
Date, by Quarter, and Form Status, Fiscal Year 2019, https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resources/Reports%20and%20Studies/Immigration%20Forms%20Data/All%20Form%20Types/Quarterly_All_Forms_FY19Q4.pdf (last visited May 
28, 2020).
    The data in this report only include approvals or denials (i.e., 
asylum applicants otherwise in lawful status who were not found 
eligible for asylum by USCIS). Denials do not include out-of-status 
cases that were not found eligible for asylum and then were referred 
by USCIS to immigration court.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments expect that the aliens most likely to be impacted 
by this rule's provisions are those who are already unlikely to receive 
a grant of asylum under existing law. Assuming DHS places those aliens 
into expedited removal proceedings, the Departments assess that it will 
be more likely that they would receive a more prompt adjudication of 
their claims for asylum or withholding of removal than they would under 
the existing regulations. Depending on the individual circumstances of 
each case, this rule would mean that such aliens would likely not 
remain in the United States--for years, potentially--pending resolution 
of their claims.
    An alien who is ineligible for asylum may still be eligible to 
apply for the protection of withholding of removal

[[Page 36290]]

under section 241(b)(3) of the INA or withholding of removal under 
regulations issued pursuant to the legislation implementing U.S. 
obligations under Article 3 of CAT. See INA 241(b)(3), 8 U.S.C. 
1231(b)(3); 8 CFR 208.16, 208.17 through 18, 1208.16, and 1208.17 
through 18. For those aliens barred from asylum under this rule who 
would otherwise be positively adjudicated for asylum, it is possible 
they would qualify for withholding (provided a bar to withholding did 
not apply separate and apart from this rule). To the extent there are 
any direct impacts of this rule, they would almost exclusively fall on 
that population.\46\ Further, the full extent of the impacts on this 
population is unclear and would depend on the specific circumstances 
and personal characteristics of each alien, and neither DHS nor DOJ 
collects such data at such a level of granularity.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ Because statutory withholding of removal has a higher 
burden of proof, an alien granted such protection would necessarily 
also meet the statutory burden of proof for asylum, but would not be 
otherwise eligible for asylum due to a statutory bar or as a matter 
of discretion. Because asylum applications may be denied for 
multiple reasons and because the factual bases relevant for 
application of the proposed changes are not tracked at a granular 
level, there is no precise data on how many otherwise grantable 
asylum applications may be denied under this rule and, thus, there 
is no way to calculate precisely how many aliens will nevertheless 
be granted withholding. Further, because the immigration judge would 
have to adjudicate the application in either case, there is no cost 
to DOJ.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Overall, the Departments assess that operational efficiencies will 
likely result from these proposed changes, which could, inter alia, 
reduce the number of meritless claims before the immigration courts, 
provide the Departments with the ability to more promptly grant relief 
or protection to qualifying aliens, and ensure that those who do not 
qualify for relief or protection are removed more efficiently than they 
are under current rules.

E. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)

    This rule will not have substantial direct effects on the States, 
on the relationship between the National Government and the States, or 
on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various 
levels of government. Therefore, in accordance with section 6 of 
Executive Order 13132, it is determined that this rule does not have 
sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a 
federalism summary impact statement.

F. Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform)

    This rule meets the applicable standards set forth in sections 3(a) 
and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988.

G. Paperwork Reduction Act

    DOJ and DHS invite comment on the impact to the proposed collection 
of information. In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act, the 
information collection notice is published in the Federal Register to 
obtain comments regarding the proposed edits to the information 
collection instrument.
    Comments are encouraged and will be accepted until August 14, 2020. 
All submissions received must include the OMB Control Number 1615-0067 
in the body of the submission. Comments on this information collection 
should address one or more of the following four points:
    (1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for 
the proper performance of the functions of the agency, including 
whether the information will have practical utility;
    (2) Evaluate the accuracy of the agency's estimate of the burden of 
the collection of information, including the validity of the 
methodology and assumptions used;
    (3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to 
be collected; and
    (4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those 
who are to respond, including through the use of appropriate automated, 
electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques or 
other forms of information technology, e.g., permitting electronic 
submission of responses.
Overview of Information Collection
    (1) Type of Information Collection: Revision of a Currently 
Approved Collection.
    (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Application for Asylum and for 
Withholding of Removal.
    (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component of the 
DHS sponsoring the collection: I-589; USCIS.
    (4) Affected public who will be asked or required to respond, as 
well as a brief abstract: Primary: Individuals or households. Form I-
589 is necessary to determine whether an alien applying for asylum or 
withholding of removal in the United States is classified as refugee, 
and is eligible to remain in the United States.
    (5) An estimate of the total number of respondents and the amount 
of time estimated for an average respondent to respond: The estimated 
total number of respondents for the information collection I-589 is 
approximately 114,000, and the estimated hour burden per response is 18 
hours per response. The estimated number of respondents providing 
biometrics is 110,000, and the estimated hour burden per response is 
1.17 hours.
    (6) An estimate of the total public burden (in hours) associated 
with the collection: The total estimated annual hour burden associated 
with this collection of information in hours is 2,180,700.
    (7) An estimate of the total public burden (in cost) associated 
with the collection: The estimated total annual cost burden associated 
with this collection of information is $46,968,000.

H. Signature

    The Acting Secretary of Homeland Security, Chad F. Wolf, having 
reviewed and approved this document, is delegating the authority to 
electronically sign this document to Chad R. Mizelle, who is the Senior 
Official Performing the Duties of the General Counsel for DHS, for 
purposes of publication in the Federal Register.

List of Subjects

8 CFR Part 103

    Administrative practice and procedure, Authority delegations 
(Government agencies), Fees, Freedom of Information, Immigration, 
Privacy, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Surety bonds.

8 CFR Part 208

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

8 CFR Part 235

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

8 CFR Part 1003

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration, Legal 
services, Organization and functions (Government agencies).

8 CFR Part 1208

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

8 CFR Part 1235

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration,

[[Page 36291]]

Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Department of Homeland Security

    Accordingly, for the reasons set forth in the preamble, the 
Department of Homeland Security proposes to amend 8 CFR parts 103, 208, 
and 235 as follows:

PART 103--IMMIGRATION BENEFITS; BIOMETRIC REQUIRMENTS; AVAILABILITY 
OF RECORDS

0
1. The authority citation for part 103 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301, 552, 552a; 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1304, 
1356, 1356b, 1372; 31 U.S.C. 9701; Public Law 107-296, 116 Stat. 
2135 (6 U.S.C. 1 et seq.); E.O. 12356, 47 FR 14874, 15557, 3 CFR, 
1982 Comp., p. 166; 8 CFR part 2; Public Law 112-54, 125 Stat 550.

0
2. Amend Sec.  103.5 by
0
a. Revising paragraph (a) introductory text;
0
b. Revising the first full sentence of paragraph (a)(1)(i); and
0
c. Adding paragraph (d).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  103.5  Reopening or reconsideration.

    (a) Motions to reopen or reconsider proceedings or decisions on 
benefit requests in other than special agricultural worker and 
legalization cases--
    (1) * * *
    (i) General. Except where the Board has jurisdiction and as 
otherwise provided in 8 CFR parts 3, 210, 242, and 245a, when the 
affected party files a motion, the official having jurisdiction may, 
for proper cause shown, reopen the proceeding or reconsider the prior 
decision regarding the benefit request. * * *
* * * * *
    (d) The provisions of this part are separate and severable from one 
another. In the event that any provision in this part is stayed, 
enjoined, not implemented, or otherwise held invalid, the remaining 
provisions shall nevertheless be implemented as an independent rule and 
continue in effect.
* * * * *

PART 208--PROCEDURES FOR ASYLUM AND WITHHOLDING OF REMOVAL

0
3. The authority citation for part 208 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1158, 1226, 1252, 1282; Title 
VII of Public Law 110-229; 8 CFR part 2.

0
4. Amend Sec.  208.1 by adding paragraphs (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g) 
to read as follows:


Sec.  208.1  General.

* * * * *
    (c) Particular social group. For purposes of adjudicating an 
application for asylum under section 208 of the Act or an application 
for withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, a 
particular social group is one that is based on an immutable or 
fundamental characteristic, is defined with particularity, and is 
recognized as socially distinct in the society at question. Such a 
particular social group cannot be defined exclusively by the alleged 
persecutory acts or harms and must also have existed independently of 
the alleged persecutory acts or harms that form the basis of the claim. 
The Secretary, in general, will not favorably adjudicate claims of 
aliens who claim a fear of persecution on account of membership in a 
particular social group consisting of or defined by the following 
circumstances: Past or present criminal activity or association 
(including gang membership); presence in a country with generalized 
violence or a high crime rate; being the subject of a recruitment 
effort by criminal, terrorist, or persecutory groups; the targeting of 
the applicant for criminal activity for financial gain based on 
perceptions of wealth or affluence; interpersonal disputes of which 
governmental authorities were unaware or uninvolved; private criminal 
acts of which governmental authorities were unaware or uninvolved; past 
or present terrorist activity or association; past or present 
persecutory activity or association; or status as an alien returning 
from the United States. This list is nonexhaustive, and the substance 
of the alleged particular social group, rather than the precise form of 
its delineation, shall be considered in determining whether the group 
falls within one of the categories on the list. No alien shall be found 
to be a refugee or have it decided that the alien's life or freedom 
would be threatened based on membership in a particular social group in 
any case unless that person first articulates on the record, or 
provides a basis on the record for determining, the definition and 
boundaries of the alleged particular social group. A failure to define, 
or provide a basis for defining, a formulation of a particular social 
group before an immigration judge shall waive any such claim for all 
purposes under the Act, including on appeal, and any waived claim on 
this basis shall not serve as the basis for any motion to reopen or 
reconsider for any reason, including a claim of ineffective assistance 
of counsel.
    (d) Political opinion. For purposes of adjudicating an application 
for asylum under section 208 of the Act or an application for 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, a political 
opinion is one expressed by or imputed to an applicant in which the 
applicant possesses an ideal or conviction in support of the 
furtherance of a discrete cause related to political control of a state 
or a unit thereof. The Secretary, in general, will not favorably 
adjudicate claims of aliens who claim a fear of persecution on account 
of a political opinion defined solely by generalized disapproval of, 
disagreement with, or opposition to criminal, terrorist, gang, 
guerilla, or other non-state organizations absent expressive behavior 
in furtherance of a cause against such organizations related to efforts 
by the state to control such organizations or behavior that is 
antithetical to or otherwise opposes the ruling legal entity of the 
state or a legal sub-unit of the state. A person who has been forced to 
abort a pregnancy or to undergo involuntary sterilization, or who has 
been persecuted for failure or refusal to undergo such a procedure or 
for other resistance to a coercive population control program, shall be 
deemed to have been persecuted on account of political opinion, and a 
person who has a well-founded fear that he or she will be forced to 
undergo such a procedure or subject to persecution for such failure, 
refusal, or resistance shall be deemed to have a well-founded fear of 
persecution on account of political opinion.
    (e) Persecution. For purposes of screening or adjudicating an 
application for asylum under section 208 of the Act or an application 
for withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, 
persecution requires an intent to target a belief or characteristic, a 
severe level of harm, and the infliction of a severe level of harm by 
the government of a country or by persons or an organization that the 
government was unable or unwilling to control. For purposes of 
evaluating the severity of the level of harm, persecution is an extreme 
concept involving a severe level of harm that includes actions so 
severe that they constitute an exigent threat. Persecution does not 
encompass the generalized harm that arises out of civil, criminal, or 
military strife in a country, nor does it encompass all treatment that 
the United States regards as unfair, offensive, unjust, or even 
unlawful or unconstitutional. It does not include intermittent 
harassment, including brief detentions; threats with no actual effort 
to carry out the threats; or, non-severe

[[Page 36292]]

economic harm or property damage, though this list is nonexhaustive. 
The existence of laws or government policies that are unenforced or 
infrequently enforced do not, by themselves, constitute persecution, 
unless there is credible evidence that those laws or policies have been 
or would be applied to an applicant personally.
    (f) Nexus--(1) General. For purposes of adjudicating an application 
for asylum under section 208 of the Act or an application or 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, the 
Secretary, in general, will not favorably adjudicate the claims of 
aliens who claim persecution based on the following list of 
nonexhaustive circumstances:
    (i) Interpersonal animus or retribution;
    (ii) Interpersonal animus in which the alleged persecutor has not 
targeted, or manifested an animus against, other members of an alleged 
particular social group in addition to the member who has raised the 
claim at issue;
    (iii) Generalized disapproval of, disagreement with, or opposition 
to criminal, terrorist, gang, guerilla, or other non-state 
organizations absent expressive behavior in furtherance of a discrete 
cause against such organizations related to control of a state or 
expressive behavior that is antithetical to the state or a legal unit 
of the state;
    (iv) Resistance to recruitment or coercion by guerilla, criminal, 
gang, terrorist or other non-state organizations;
    (v) The targeting of the applicant for criminal activity for 
financial gain based on wealth or affluence or perceptions of wealth or 
affluence;
    (vi) Criminal activity;
    (vii) Perceived, past or present, gang affiliation; or,
    (viii) Gender.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (g) Evidence based on stereotypes. For purposes of adjudicating an 
application for asylum under section 208 of the Act or an application 
for withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, evidence 
promoting cultural stereotypes about an individual or a country, 
including stereotypes based on race, religion, nationality, or gender, 
and offered to support the basis of an alleged fear of harm from the 
individual or country shall not be admissible in adjudicating that 
application.
0
5. Amend Sec.  208.2 by adding paragraph (c)(1)(ix) to read as follows:


Sec.  208.2  Jurisdiction.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ix) An alien found to have a credible fear of persecution, 
reasonable possibility of persecution, or reasonable possibility of 
torture in accordance with Sec.  208.30, and Sec. Sec.  1003.42 or 
1208.30 of this title.
* * * * *
0
6. Amend Sec.  208.5 by revising the first sentence of paragraph (a) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  208.5  Special duties toward aliens in custody of DHS.

    (a) General. When an alien in the custody of DHS requests asylum or 
withholding of removal, or expresses a fear of persecution or harm upon 
return to his or her country of origin or to agents thereof, DHS shall 
make available the appropriate application forms and shall provide the 
applicant with the information required by section 208(d)(4) of the 
Act, including in the case of an alien who is in custody with a 
positive credible fear or reasonable fear determination under 
Sec. Sec.  208.30 or 208.31, and except in the case of an alien who is 
in custody pending a credible fear determination under Sec.  208.30 or 
a reasonable fear determination pursuant to Sec.  208.31. * * *
* * * * *
0
7. Amend Sec.  208.6 by--
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a) and (b); and
0
b. Adding paragraphs (d), (e), and (f).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  208.6  Disclosure to third parties.

    (a) Information contained in or pertaining to any asylum 
application, records pertaining to any credible fear determination 
conducted pursuant to Sec.  208.30, and records pertaining to any 
reasonable fear determination conducted pursuant to Sec.  208.31, shall 
not be disclosed without the written consent of the applicant, except 
as permitted by this section or at the discretion of the Secretary.
    (b) The confidentiality of other records kept by DHS and the 
Executive Office for Immigration Review that indicate that a specific 
alien has applied for asylum, received a credible fear or reasonable 
fear interview, or received a credible fear or reasonable fear review 
shall also be protected from disclosure, except as permitted in this 
section. DHS will coordinate with the Department of State to ensure 
that the confidentiality of those records is maintained if they are 
transmitted to Department of State offices in other countries.
* * * * *
    (d)(1) Any information contained in an application for asylum, 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, or 
protection under regulations issued pursuant to the Convention Against 
Torture's implementing legislation, any relevant and applicable 
information supporting that application, any information regarding an 
alien who has filed such an application, and any relevant and 
applicable information regarding an alien who has been the subject of a 
reasonable fear or credible fear determination may be disclosed:
    (i) As part of an investigation or adjudication of the merits of 
that application or of any other application under the immigration 
laws,
    (ii) As part of any state or federal criminal investigation, 
proceeding, or prosecution;
    (iii) Pursuant to any state or federal mandatory reporting 
requirement;
    (iv) To deter, prevent, or ameliorate the effects of child abuse;
    (v) As part of any proceeding arising under the immigration laws, 
including proceedings arising under the Act; and
    (vi) As part of the Government's defense of any legal action 
relating to the alien's immigration or custody status including 
petitions for review filed in accordance with 8 U.S.C. 1252.
    (2) If information may be disclosed under paragraph (d)(1) of this 
section, the disclosure provisions in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of 
this section shall not apply.
    (e) Nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the 
disclosure of information contained in an application for asylum, 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3)(B) of the Act, or 
protection under regulations issued pursuant to the Convention Against 
Torture's implementing legislation, information supporting that 
application, information regarding an alien who has filed such an 
application, or information regarding an alien who has been the subject 
of a reasonable fear or credible fear determination:
    (1) Among employees and officers of the Department of Justice, the 
Department of Homeland Security, the Department of State, the 
Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Labor, or a 
U.S. national security agency having a need to examine the information 
for an official purpose; or
    (2) Where a United States Government employee or contractor has a 
good faith and reasonable belief that disclosure is necessary to 
prevent the commission of a crime, the furtherance of an ongoing crime, 
or to ameliorate the effects of a crime.
0
8. Amend Sec.  208.13 by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (b)(3) introductory text;

[[Page 36293]]

0
b. Revising paragraph (b)(3)(ii);
0
c. Adding paragraphs (b)(3)(iii) and (iv), and (d).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  208.13  Establishing asylum eligibility.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) Reasonableness of internal relocation. For purposes of 
determinations under paragraphs (b)(1)(i), (ii), and (2) of this 
section, adjudicators should consider the totality of the relevant 
circumstances regarding an applicant's prospects for relocation, 
including the size of the country of nationality or last habitual 
residence, the geographic locus of the alleged persecution, the size, 
reach, or numerosity of the alleged persecutor, and the applicant's 
demonstrated ability to relocate to the United States in order to apply 
for asylum.
* * * * *
    (ii) In cases in which the persecutor is a government or is 
government-sponsored, it shall be presumed that internal relocation 
would not be reasonable, unless DHS establishes by a preponderance of 
the evidence that, under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable 
for the applicant to relocate.
    (iii) Regardless of whether an applicant has established 
persecution in the past, in cases in which the persecutor is not the 
government or a government-sponsored actor, or otherwise is a private 
actor, there shall be a presumption that internal relocation would be 
reasonable unless the applicant establishes, by a preponderance of the 
evidence, that it would be unreasonable to relocate.
    (iv) For purposes of determinations under paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) and 
(b)(3)(iii) of this section, persecutors who are private actors--
including persecutors who are gang members, rogue officials, family 
members who are not themselves government officials, or neighbors who 
are not themselves government officials--shall not be considered to be 
persecutors who are the government or government-sponsored absent 
evidence that the government sponsored the persecution.
* * * * *
    (d) Discretion. Factors that fall short of grounds of mandatory 
denial of an asylum application may constitute discretionary 
considerations.
    (1) Significant adverse discretionary factors. The following are 
significant adverse discretionary factors that a decision-maker shall 
consider, if applicable, in determining whether an alien merits a grant 
of asylum in the exercise of discretion:
    (i) An alien's unlawful entry or unlawful attempted entry into the 
United States unless such entry or attempted entry was made in 
immediate flight from persecution in a contiguous country;
    (ii) The failure of an alien to apply for protection from 
persecution or torture in at least one country outside the alien's 
country of citizenship, nationality, or last lawful habitual residence 
through which the alien transited before entering the United States 
unless:
    (A) The alien received a final judgment denying the alien 
protection in such country;
    (B) The alien demonstrates that he or she satisfies the definition 
of ``victim of a severe form of trafficking in persons'' provided in 8 
CFR 214.11; or
    (C) Such country or all such countries were, at the time of the 
transit, not parties to the 1951 United Nations Convention relating to 
the Status of Refugees, the 1967 Protocol, or the United Nations 
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading 
Treatment or Punishment; and
    (iii) An alien's use of fraudulent documents to enter the United 
States, unless the alien arrived in the United States by air, sea, or 
land directly from the applicant's home country without transiting 
through any other country.
    (2)(i) The Secretary, except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of 
this section, will not favorably exercise discretion under section 208 
of the Act for an alien who:
    (A) Immediately prior to his arrival in the United States or en 
route to the United States from the alien's country of citizenship, 
nationality, or last lawful habitual residence, spent more than 14 days 
in any one country unless:
    (1) The alien demonstrates that he or she applied for protection 
from persecution or torture in such country and the alien received a 
final judgment denying the alien protection in such country;
    (2) The alien demonstrates that he or she satisfies the definition 
of ``victim of a severe form of trafficking in persons'' provided in 8 
CFR 214.11; or
    (3) Such country was, at the time of the transit, not a party to 
the 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 
the 1967 Protocol, or the United Nations Convention against Torture and 
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;
    (B) Transits through more than one country between his country of 
citizenship, nationality, or last habitual residence and the United 
States unless:
    (1) The alien demonstrates that he or she applied for protection 
from persecution or torture in at least one such country and received a 
final judgment denying the alien protection in that country;
    (2) The alien demonstrates that he or she satisfies the definition 
of ``victim of a severe form of trafficking in persons'' provided in 8 
CFR 214.11; or
    (3) All such countries were, at the time of the transit, not 
parties to the 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of 
Refugees, the 1967 Protocol, or the United Nations Convention against 
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment ;
    (C) Would otherwise be subject to Sec.  208.13(c) but for the 
reversal, vacatur, expungement, or modification of a conviction or 
sentence unless the alien was found not guilty;
    (D) Accrued more than one year of unlawful presence in the United 
States prior to filing an application for asylum;
    (E) At the time the asylum application is filed with DHS has:
    (1) Failed to timely file (or timely file a request for an 
extension of time to file) any required federal, state, or local income 
tax returns;
    (2) Failed to satisfy any outstanding federal, state, or local tax 
obligations; or
    (3) Has income that would result in tax liability under section 1 
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and that was not reported to the 
Internal Revenue Service;
    (F) Has had two or more prior asylum applications denied for any 
reason;
    (G) Has withdrawn a prior asylum application with prejudice or been 
found to have abandoned a prior asylum application;
    (H) Failed to attend an interview regarding his asylum application 
with DHS, unless the alien shows by a preponderance of the evidence 
that:
    (1) Exceptional circumstances prevented the alien from attending 
the interview; or
    (2) The interview notice was not mailed to the last address 
provided by the alien or his or her representative and neither the 
alien nor the alien's representative received notice of the interview; 
or
    (I) Was subject to a final order of removal, deportation, or 
exclusion and did not file a motion to reopen to seek asylum based on 
changed country conditions within one year of those changes in country 
conditions.
    (ii) Where one or more of the adverse discretionary factors set 
forth in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section are present, the 
Secretary, in extraordinary circumstances, such as those involving

[[Page 36294]]

national security or foreign policy considerations, or cases in which 
an alien, by clear and convincing evidence, demonstrates that the 
denial of the application for asylum would result in exceptional and 
extremely unusual hardship to the alien, may favorably exercise 
discretion under section 208 of the Act, notwithstanding the 
applicability of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section. Depending on the 
gravity of the circumstances underlying the application of paragraph 
(d)(2)(i) of this section, a showing of extraordinary circumstances 
might still be insufficient to warrant a favorable exercise of 
discretion under section 208 of the Act.
0
9. Revise Sec.  208.15 to read as follows:


Sec.  208.15  Definition of ``firm resettlement.''

    (a) An alien is considered to be firmly resettled if:
    (1) The alien either resided or could have resided in any permanent 
legal immigration status or any non-permanent, potentially indefinitely 
renewable legal immigration status (including asylee, refugee, or 
similar status but excluding status such as of a tourist) in a country 
through which the alien transited prior to arriving in or entering the 
United States, regardless of whether the alien applied for or was 
offered such status;
    (2) The alien physically resided voluntarily, and without 
continuing to suffer persecution or torture, in any one country for one 
year or more after departing his country of nationality or last 
habitual residence and prior to arrival in or entry into the United 
States; or
    (3)(i) The alien is a citizen of a country other than the one where 
the alien alleges a fear of persecution and the alien was present in 
that country prior to arriving in the United States, or
    (ii) The alien was a citizen of a country other than the one where 
the alien alleges a fear of persecution, the alien was present in that 
country prior to arriving in the United States, and the alien renounced 
that citizenship after arriving in the United States.
    (b) The provisions of 8 CFR 1240.8(d) shall apply when the evidence 
of record indicates that the firm resettlement bar may apply. In such 
cases, the alien shall bear the burden of proving the bar does not 
apply. Either DHS or the immigration judge may raise the issue of the 
application of the firm resettlement bar based on the evidence of 
record. The firm resettlement of an alien's parent(s) shall be imputed 
to the alien if the resettlement occurred before the alien turned 18 
and the alien resided with the alien's parents at the time of the firm 
resettlement unless the alien establishes that he or she could not have 
derived any permanent legal immigration status or any potentially 
indefinitely renewable temporary legal immigration status (including 
asylee, refugee, or similar status but excluding status such as of a 
tourist) from the alien's parent.
0
10. Amend Sec.  208.16 by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (b)(3) introductory text;
0
b. Revising paragraph (b)(3)(ii);
0
c. Adding paragraphs (b)(3)(iii) and (iv).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  208.16  Withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3)(B) of the 
Act and withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture.

* * * * *
    (b)(3) Reasonableness of internal relocation. For purposes of 
determinations under paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section, 
adjudicators should consider the totality of the relevant circumstances 
regarding an applicant's prospects for relocation, including the size 
of the country of nationality or last habitual residence, the 
geographic locus of the alleged persecution, the size, reach, or 
numerosity of the alleged persecutor, and the applicant's demonstrated 
ability to relocate to the United States in order to apply for 
withholding of removal.
* * * * *
    (ii) In cases in which the persecutor is a government or is 
government-sponsored, it shall be presumed that internal relocation 
would not be reasonable, unless DHS establishes by a preponderance of 
the evidence that, under the totality of the circumstances, it would be 
reasonable for the applicant to relocate.
    (iii) Regardless of whether an applicant has established 
persecution in the past, in cases in which the persecutor is not the 
government or a government-sponsored actor, or otherwise is a private 
actor, there shall be a presumption that internal relocation would be 
reasonable unless the applicant establishes, by a preponderance of the 
evidence, that it would be unreasonable to relocate.
    (iv) For purposes of determinations under paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) and 
(iii) of this section, persecutors who are private actors, including 
but not limited to persecutors who are gang members, rogue officials, 
or family members who are not themselves government officials or 
neighbors who are not themselves government officials, shall not be 
considered to be persecutors who are the government or government-
sponsored absent evidence that the government sponsored the 
persecution.
* * * * *
0
11. Amend Sec.  208.18 by revising paragraphs (a)(1) and (7) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  208.18  Implementation of the Convention Against Torture.

    (a) * * *
    (1) Torture is defined as any act by which severe pain or 
suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a 
person for such purposes as obtaining from him or her or a third person 
information or a confession, punishing him or her for an act he or she 
or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or 
intimidating or coercing him or her or a third person, or for any 
reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering 
is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or 
acquiescence of a public official acting in an official capacity or 
other person acting in an official capacity. Pain or suffering 
inflicted by a public official who is not acting under color of law 
(``rogue official'') shall not constitute pain or suffering inflicted 
by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a 
public official acting in an official capacity or other person acting 
in an official capacity, although a different public official acting in 
an official capacity or other person acting in an official capacity 
could instigate, consent to, or acquiesce in the pain or suffering 
inflicted by the rogue official.
* * * * *
    (7) Acquiescence of a public official requires that the public 
official, prior to the activity constituting torture, have awareness of 
such activity and thereafter breach his or her legal responsibility to 
intervene to prevent such activity. Such awareness requires a finding 
of either actual knowledge or willful blindness. Willful blindness 
means that the public official acting in an official capacity or other 
person acting in an official capacity was aware of a high probability 
of activity constituting torture and deliberately avoided learning the 
truth; it is not enough that such public official acting in an official 
capacity or other person acting in an official capacity was mistaken, 
recklessly disregarded the truth, or negligently failed to inquire. In 
order for a public official to breach his or her legal responsibility 
to intervene to prevent activity constituting torture, the official 
must have been charged with preventing the activity as part of his or 
her duties and have failed to intervene. No person will be deemed to 
have

[[Page 36295]]

breached a legal responsibility to intervene if such person is unable 
to intervene, or if the person intervenes but is unable to prevent the 
activity that constitutes torture.
* * * * *
0
12. Revise Sec.  208.20 to read as follows:


Sec.  208.20  Determining if an asylum application is frivolous.

    (a) For applications filed on or after April 1, 1997, an applicant 
is subject to the provisions of section 208(d)(6) of the Act only if 
the alien received the notice required by section 208(d)(4)(A) of the 
Act and a final order by an immigration judge or the Board of 
Immigration Appeals specifically finds that the alien knowingly filed a 
frivolous asylum application. An alien knowingly files a frivolous 
asylum application if:
    (1) The application is described in paragraph (c) of this section; 
and
    (2) The alien filed the application with either actual knowledge, 
or willful blindness, of the fact that the application was described in 
paragraph (c) in this section.
    (b) For applications filed on or after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL 
RULE], an asylum officer may determine that the applicant knowingly 
filed a frivolous asylum application and may refer the applicant to an 
immigration judge on that basis, so long as the applicant has received 
the notice required by section 208(d)(4)(A) of the Act. Such finding 
will be made only if the asylum officer is satisfied that the applicant 
has had sufficient opportunity to account for any discrepancies or 
implausible aspects of the claim. For any application referred to an 
immigration judge, an asylum officer's determination that an 
application is frivolous will not render an applicant permanently 
ineligible for immigration benefits unless an immigration judge or the 
Board makes a finding of frivolousness as described in paragraph 
1208.20(c).
    (c) For purposes of this section, beginning on [effective date of 
final rule], an asylum application is frivolous if it:
    (1) Contains a fabricated essential element;
    (2) Is premised upon false or fabricated evidence unless the 
application would have been granted without the false or fabricated 
evidence;
    (3) Is filed without regard to the merits of the claim; or
    (4) Is clearly foreclosed by applicable law.
    (d) If the alien has been provided the warning required by section 
208(d)(4)(A) of the Act, he or she need not be given any additional or 
further opportunity to account for any issues with his or her claim 
prior to the entry of a frivolousness finding.
    (e) An asylum application may be found frivolous even if it was 
untimely filed.
    (f) A withdrawn asylum application may also be found frivolous 
unless:
    (1) The alien wholly disclaims the application and withdraws it 
with prejudice;
    (2) The alien is eligible for and agrees to accept voluntary 
departure for a period of no more than 30 days pursuant to section 
240B(a) of the Act;
    (3) The alien withdraws any and all other applications for relief 
or protection with prejudice; and
    (4) The alien waives his right to appeal and any rights to file, 
for any reason, a motion to reopen or reconsider.
    (g) For purposes of this section, a finding that an alien knowingly 
filed a frivolous asylum application shall not preclude the alien from 
seeking withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act or 
protection under the regulations issued pursuant to the Convention 
Against Torture's implementing legislation.
0
13. Add Sec.  208.25 to read as follows:


Sec.  208.25  Severability.

    The provisions of this part are separate and severable from one 
another. In the event that any provision in this part is stayed, 
enjoined, not implemented, or otherwise held invalid, the remaining 
provisions shall nevertheless be implemented as an independent rule and 
continue in effect.
0
14. Amend Sec.  208.30 by:
0
a. Revising the section heading;
0
b. Revising paragraphs (a), (b), (c), and (d);
0
c. Revising (e) introductory text, (e)(1) through (5), (e)(6) 
introductory text, (e)(6)(ii), (e)(6)(iii) introductory text, 
(e)(6)(iv), the first sentence of the introductory text of paragraph 
(e)(7), (e)(7)(ii); and
0
d. Revising paragraphs (f) and (g).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  208.30  Credible fear of persecution, reasonable possibility of 
persecution, and reasonable possibility of torture determinations 
involving stowaways and applicants for admission who are found 
inadmissible pursuant to section 212(a)(6)(C) or 212(a)(7) of the Act, 
whose entry is limited or suspended under section 212(f) or 215(a)(1) 
of the Act, or who failed to apply for protection from persecution in a 
third country where potential relief is available while en route to the 
United States.

    (a) Jurisdiction. The provisions of this subpart B apply to aliens 
subject to sections 235(a)(2) and 235(b)(1) of the Act. Pursuant to 
section 235(b)(1)(B) of the Act, DHS has exclusive jurisdiction to make 
the determinations described in this subpart B. Except as otherwise 
provided in this subpart B, paragraphs (b) through (g) of this section 
are the exclusive procedures applicable to stowaways and applicants for 
admission who are found inadmissible pursuant to section 212(a)(6)(C) 
or 212(a)(7) of the Act and who receive fear interviews, 
determinations, and reviews under section 235(b)(1)(B) of the Act. 
Prior to January 1, 2030, an alien physically present in or arriving in 
the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands is ineligible to apply 
for asylum and may only establish eligibility for withholding of 
removal pursuant to section 241(b)(3) of the Act or withholding or 
deferral of removal under the regulations issued pursuant to the 
Convention Against Torture's implementing legislation.
    (b) Process and authority. If an alien subject to section 235(a)(2) 
or 235(b)(1) of the Act indicates an intention to apply for asylum, or 
expresses a fear of persecution or torture, or a fear of return to his 
or her country, the inspecting officer shall not proceed further with 
removal of the alien until the alien has been referred for an interview 
by an asylum officer in accordance with this section. An asylum officer 
shall then screen the alien for a credible fear of persecution, and as 
necessary, a reasonable possibility of persecution and reasonable 
possibility of torture. An asylum officer, as defined in section 
235(b)(1)(E) of the Act, has the authorities described in Sec.  
208.9(c) and must conduct an evaluation and make a determination 
consistent with this section.
    (c) Treatment of dependents. A spouse or child of an alien may be 
included in that alien's fear evaluation and determination, if such 
spouse or child:
    (1) Arrived in the United States concurrently with the principal 
alien; and
    (2) Desires to be included in the principal alien's determination. 
However, any alien may have his or her evaluation and determination 
made separately, if he or she expresses such a desire.
    (d) Interview. The asylum officer will conduct the interview in a 
nonadversarial manner, separate and apart from the general public. The 
purpose of the interview shall be to elicit all relevant and useful 
information bearing on whether the alien can establish a credible fear 
of persecution, reasonable possibility of persecution, or

[[Page 36296]]

reasonable possibility of torture. The asylum officer shall conduct the 
interview as follows:
    (1) If the officer conducting the interview determines that the 
alien is unable to participate effectively in the interview because of 
illness, fatigue, or other impediments, the officer may reschedule the 
interview.
    (2) At the time of the interview, the asylum officer shall verify 
that the alien has received in writing the relevant information 
regarding the fear determination process. The officer shall also 
determine that the alien has an understanding of the fear determination 
process.
    (3) The alien may be required to register his or her identity.
    (4) The alien may consult with a person or persons of the alien's 
choosing prior to the interview or any review thereof, and may present 
other evidence, if available. Such consultation shall be at no expense 
to the Government and shall not unreasonably delay the process. Any 
person or persons with whom the alien chooses to consult may be present 
at the interview and may be permitted, in the discretion of the asylum 
officer, to present a statement at the end of the interview. The asylum 
officer, in his or her discretion, may place reasonable limits on the 
number of persons who may be present at the interview and on the length 
of the statement.
    (5) If the alien is unable to proceed effectively in English, and 
if the asylum officer is unable to proceed competently in a language 
the alien speaks and understands, the asylum officer shall arrange for 
the assistance of an interpreter in conducting the interview. The 
interpreter must be at least 18 years of age and may not be the alien's 
attorney or representative of record, a witness testifying on the 
alien's behalf, a representative or employee of the alien's country of 
nationality, or, if the alien is stateless, the alien's country of last 
habitual residence.
    (6) The asylum officer shall create a summary of the material facts 
as stated by the alien. At the conclusion of the interview, the officer 
shall review the summary with the alien and provide the alien with an 
opportunity to correct any errors therein.
    (e) Procedures for determining credible fear of persecution, 
reasonable possibility of persecution, and reasonable possibility of 
torture.
    (1) An alien establishes a credible fear of persecution if there is 
a significant possibility the alien can establish eligibility for 
asylum under section 208 of the Act. ``Significant possibility'' means 
a substantial and realistic possibility of succeeding. When making such 
a determination, the asylum officer shall take into account:
    (i) The credibility of the statements made by the alien in support 
of the alien's claim;
    (ii) Such other facts as are known to the officer, including 
whether the alien could avoid any future harm by relocating to another 
part of his or her country, if under all the circumstances it would be 
reasonable to expect the alien to do so; and
    (iii) The applicability of any bars to being able to apply for 
asylum or to eligibility for asylum set forth at section 208(a)(2)(B)-
(C) and (b)(2) of the Act, including any bars established by regulation 
under section 208(b)(2)(C) of the Act.
    (2) An alien establishes a reasonable possibility of persecution if 
there is a reasonable possibility that the alien would be persecuted on 
account of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a 
particular social group, or political opinion in the country of 
removal. When making such determination, the officer will take into 
account:
    (i) The credibility of the statements made by the alien in support 
of the alien's claim;
    (ii) Such other facts as are known to the officer, including 
whether the alien could avoid a future threat to his or her life or 
freedom by relocating to another party of the proposed country of 
removal and, under all circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect 
the applicant to do so; and
    (iii) The applicability of any bars at section 241(b)(3)(B) of the 
Act.
    (3) An alien establishes a reasonable possibility of torture if 
there is a reasonable possibility that the alien would be tortured in 
the country of removal, consistent with the criteria in Sec. Sec.  
208.16(c), 208.17, and 208.18. The alien must demonstrate a reasonable 
possibility that he or she will suffer severe pain or suffering in the 
country of removal, and that the feared harm would comport with the 
other requirements of Sec.  208.18(a)(1) through (8). When making such 
a determination, the asylum officer shall take into account:
    (i) The credibility of the statements made by alien in support of 
the alien's claim, and
    (ii) Such other facts as are known to the officer, including 
whether the alien could relocate to a part of the country of removal 
where he or she is not likely to be tortured.
    (4) In all cases, the asylum officer will create a written record 
of his or her determination, including a summary of the material facts 
as stated by the alien, any additional facts relied on by the officer, 
and the officer's determination of whether, in light of such facts, the 
alien has established a credible fear of persecution, reasonable 
possibility of persecution, or reasonable possibility of torture. An 
asylum officer's determination will not become final until reviewed by 
a supervisory asylum officer.
    (5)(i)(A) Except as provided in paragraphs (e)(5)(ii) through(iii), 
(e)(6), or (e)(7) of this section, if an alien would be able to 
establish a credible fear of persecution but for the fact that the 
alien is subject to one or more of the mandatory bars to applying for 
asylum or being eligible for asylum contained in section 208(a)(2)(B)-
(D) and (b)(2) of the Act, including any bars established by regulation 
under section 208(b)(2)(C) of the Act, then the asylum officer will 
enter a negative credible fear of persecution determination with 
respect to the alien's eligibility for asylum.
    (B) If an alien described in paragraph (e)(5)(i)(A) of this section 
is able to establish either a reasonable possibility of persecution 
(including by establishing that he or she is not subject to one or more 
of the mandatory bars to eligibility for withholding of removal 
contained in section 241(b)(3)(B) of the Act) or a reasonable 
possibility of torture, then the asylum officer will enter a positive 
reasonable possibility of persecution or torture determination, as 
applicable. The Department of Homeland Security shall place the alien 
in asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings under Sec.  208.2(c)(1) for 
full consideration of the alien's claim for withholding of removal 
under section 241(b)(3) of the Act or withholding or deferral of 
removal under the regulations issued pursuant to the implementing 
legislation for the Convention Against Torture.
    (C) If an alien described in paragraph (e)(5)(i)(A) of this section 
fails to establish either a reasonable possibility of persecution 
(including by failing to establish that he or she is not subject to one 
or more of the mandatory bars to eligibility for withholding of removal 
contained in section 241(b)(3)(B) of the Act) or a reasonable 
possibility of torture, the asylum officer will provide the alien with 
a written notice of decision, which will be subject to immigration 
judge review consistent with paragraph (g) of this section, except that 
the immigration judge will review the fear findings under the 
reasonable possibility standard instead of the credible fear of 
persecution standard described in paragraph (g) of this section and in 
8 CFR 1208.30(g).

[[Page 36297]]

    (ii) If the alien is found to be an alien described in 8 CFR 
208.13(c)(3), then the asylum officer shall enter a negative credible 
fear determination with respect to the alien's application for asylum. 
The Department shall nonetheless place the alien in asylum-and-
withholding-only proceedings under Sec.  208.2(c)(1) for full 
consideration of the alien's claim for withholding of removal under 
section 241(b)(3) of the Act, or for withholding or deferral of removal 
under the regulations issued pursuant to the implementing legislation 
for the Convention Against Torture, if the alien establishes, 
respectively, a reasonable possibility of persecution or torture. 
However, if an alien fails to establish, during the interview with the 
asylum officer, a reasonable possibility of either persecution or 
torture, the asylum officer will provide the alien with a written 
notice of decision, which will be subject to immigration judge review 
consistent with paragraph (g) of this section, except that the 
immigration judge will review the fear of persecution findings under 
the reasonable possibility standard instead of the credible fear 
standard described in paragraph (g) and in 8 CFR 1208.30(g).
    (iii) If the alien is found to be an alien described in Sec.  
208.13(c)(4), then the asylum officer shall enter a negative credible 
fear determination with respect to the alien's application for asylum. 
The Department shall nonetheless place the alien in asylum-and-
withholding-only proceedings under Sec.  208.2(c)(1) for full 
consideration of the alien's claim for withholding of removal under 
section 241(b)(3) of the Act or withholding of deferral of removal 
under the regulations issued pursuant to the implementing legislation 
for the Convention Against Torture if the alien establishes, 
respectively, a reasonable possibility of persecution or torture. 
However, if an alien fails to establish, during the interview with the 
asylum officer, a reasonable possibility of either persecution or 
torture, the asylum officer will provide the alien with a written 
notice of decision, which will be subject to immigration judge review 
consistent with paragraph (g) of this section, except that the 
immigration judge will review the fear of persecution findings under 
the reasonable possibility standard instead of the credible fear 
standard described in paragraph (g) and in 8 CFR 1208.30(g).
    (6) Prior to any determination concerning whether an alien arriving 
in the United States at a U.S.-Canada land border port-of-entry or in 
transit through the U.S. during removal by Canada has a credible fear 
of persecution, reasonable possibility of persecution, or reasonable 
possibility of torture, the asylum officer shall conduct a threshold 
screening interview to determine whether such an alien is ineligible to 
apply for asylum pursuant to section 208(a)(2)(A) of the Act and 
subject to removal to Canada by operation of the Agreement Between the 
Government of the United States and the Government of Canada For 
Cooperation in the Examination of Refugee Status Claims from Nationals 
of Third Countries (``Agreement''). In conducting this threshold 
screening interview, the asylum officer shall apply all relevant 
interview procedures outlined in paragraph (d) of this section, 
provided, however, that paragraph (d)(2) of this section shall not 
apply to aliens described in this paragraph (e)(6). The asylum officer 
shall advise the alien of the Agreement's exceptions and question the 
alien as to applicability of any of these exceptions to the alien's 
case.
* * * * *
    (ii) If the alien establishes by a preponderance of the evidence 
that he or she qualifies for an exception under the terms of the 
Agreement, the asylum officer shall make a written notation of the 
basis of the exception, and then proceed immediately to a determination 
concerning whether the alien has a credible fear of persecution, 
reasonable possibility of persecution, or reasonable possibility of 
torture under paragraph (d) of this section.
    (iii) An alien qualifies for an exception to the Agreement if the 
alien is not being removed from Canada in transit through the United 
States and:
* * * * *
    (iv) As used in paragraphs (e)(6)(iii)(B), (C) and (D) of this 
section only, ``legal guardian'' means a person currently vested with 
legal custody of such an alien or vested with legal authority to act on 
the alien's behalf, provided that such an alien is both unmarried and 
less than 18 years of age, and provided further that any dispute with 
respect to whether an individual is a legal guardian will be resolved 
on the basis of U.S. law.
    (7) When an immigration officer has made an initial determination 
that an alien, other than an alien described in paragraph (e)(6) of 
this section and regardless of whether the alien is arriving at a port 
of entry, appears to be subject to the terms of an agreement authorized 
by section 208(a)(2)(A) of the Act, and seeks the alien's removal 
consistent with that provision, prior to any determination concerning 
whether the alien has a credible fear of persecution, reasonable 
possibility of persecution, or a reasonable possibility of torture, the 
asylum officer shall conduct a threshold screening interview to 
determine whether the alien is ineligible to apply for asylum in the 
United States and is subject to removal to a country (``receiving 
country'') that is a signatory to the applicable agreement authorized 
by section 208(a)(2)(A) of the Act, other than the U.S.-Canada 
Agreement effectuated in 2004. * * *
* * * * *
    (ii) If the alien establishes by a preponderance of the evidence 
that he or she qualifies for an exception under the terms of the 
applicable agreement, or would more likely than not be persecuted on 
account of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a 
particular social group, or tortured, in the receiving country, the 
asylum officer shall make a written notation to that effect, and may 
then proceed to determine whether any other agreement is applicable to 
the alien under the procedures set forth in this paragraph (e)(7). If 
the alien establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she 
qualifies for an exception under the terms of each of the applicable 
agreements, or would more likely than not be persecuted on account of 
his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular 
social group, or tortured, in each of the prospective receiving 
countries, the asylum officer shall make a written notation to that 
effect, and then proceed immediately to a determination concerning 
whether the alien has a credible fear of persecution, reasonable 
possibility of persecution, or a reasonable possibility of torture, 
under paragraph (d) of this section.
* * * * *
    (f) Procedures for a positive fear determination. If, pursuant to 
paragraph (e) of this section, an alien stowaway or an alien subject to 
expedited removal establishes either a credible fear of persecution, 
reasonable possibility of persecution, or a reasonable possibility of 
torture:
    (1) DHS shall issue a Notice of Referral to Immigration Judge for 
asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings under Sec.  208.2(c)(1).
    (2) Parole of the alien may be considered only in accordance with 
section 212(d)(5) of the Act and 8 CFR 212.5 of this chapter.
    (g) Procedures for a negative fear determination. (1) If, pursuant 
to paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section, an alien stowaway or an 
alien subject to expedited removal does not establish a credible fear 
of persecution, reasonable possibility of persecution, or reasonable

[[Page 36298]]

possibility of torture, DHS shall provide the alien with a written 
notice of decision and inquire whether the alien wishes to have an 
immigration judge review the negative determination, in accordance with 
section 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III) of the Act and this Sec.  208.30. The 
alien must indicate whether he or she desires such review on a Record 
of Negative Fear Finding and Request for Review by Immigration Judge. 
If the alien refuses to make an indication, DHS shall consider such a 
response as a decision to decline review.
    (i) If the alien requests such review, DHS shall arrange for 
detention of the alien and serve him or her with a Notice of Referral 
to Immigration Judge, for review of the negative fear determination in 
accordance with paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
    (ii) If the alien is not a stowaway and does not request a review 
by an immigration judge, DHS shall order the alien removed with a 
Notice and Order of Expedited Removal, after review by a supervisory 
officer.
    (iii) If the alien is a stowaway and the alien does not request a 
review by an immigration judge, DHS shall complete removal proceedings 
in accordance with section 235(a)(2) of the Act.
    (2) Review by immigration judge of a negative fear determination.
    (i) Immigration judges shall review negative fear determinations as 
provided in 8 CFR 1208.30(g).
    (ii) DHS shall provide the record of any negative fear 
determinations being reviewed, including copies of the Notice of 
Referral to Immigration Judge, the asylum officer's notes, the summary 
of the material facts, and other materials upon which the determination 
was based, to the immigration judge with the negative fear 
determination.
0
15. Amend Sec.  208.31 by revising paragraph (f), the introductory text 
of paragraph (g), and paragraphs (g)(1) and (2) to read as follows:


Sec.  208.31  Reasonable fear of persecution or torture determinations 
involving aliens ordered removed under section 238(b) of the Act and 
aliens whose removal is reinstated under section 241(a)(5) of the Act.

* * * * *
    (f) Removal of aliens with no reasonable fear of persecution or 
torture. If the asylum officer determines that the alien has not 
established a reasonable fear of persecution or torture, the asylum 
officer shall inform the alien in writing of the decision and shall 
inquire whether the alien wishes to have an immigration judge review 
the negative decision, using the Record of Negative Reasonable Fear 
Finding and Request for Review by Immigration Judge, on which the alien 
must indicate whether he or she desires such review. If the alien 
refuses to make an indication, DHS shall consider such a response as a 
decision to decline review.
    (g) Review by immigration judge. The asylum officer's negative 
decision regarding reasonable fear shall be subject to review by an 
immigration judge upon the alien's request. If the alien requests such 
review, the asylum officer shall serve him or her with a Notice of 
Referral to Immigration Judge. The record of determination, including 
copies of the Notice of Referral to Immigration Judge, the asylum 
officer's notes, the summary of the material facts, and other materials 
upon which the determination was based shall be provided to the 
immigration judge with the negative determination. In the absence of 
exceptional circumstances, such review shall be conducted by the 
immigration judge within 10 days of the filing of the Notice of 
Referral to Immigration Judge with the immigration court. Upon review 
of the asylum officer's negative reasonable fear determination:
    (1) If the immigration judge concurs with the asylum officer's 
determination that the alien does not have a reasonable fear of 
persecution or torture, the case shall be returned to DHS for removal 
of the alien. No appeal shall lie from the immigration judge's 
decision.
    (2) If the immigration judge finds that the alien has a reasonable 
fear of persecution or torture, the alien may submit an Application for 
Asylum and Withholding of Removal.
    (i) The immigration judge shall consider only the alien's 
application for withholding of removal under 8 CFR 1208.16 and shall 
determine whether the alien's removal to the country of removal must be 
withheld or deferred.
    (ii) Appeal of the immigration judge's decision whether removal 
must be withheld or deferred lies with the Board of Immigration 
Appeals. If the alien or DHS appeals the immigration judge's decision, 
the Board shall review only the immigration judge's decision regarding 
the alien's eligibility for withholding or deferral of removal under 8 
CFR 1208.16.

PART 235--INSPECTION OF PERSONS APPLYING FOR ADMISSION

0
16. The authority citation for part 235 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101 and note, 1103, 1183, 1185 (pursuant to 
E.O. 13323, 69 FR 241, 3 CFR, 2003 Comp., p. 278), 1201, 1224, 1225, 
1226, 1228, 1365a note, 1365b, 1379, 1731-32; Title VII of Public 
Law 110-229; 8 U.S.C. 1185 note (section 7209 of Public Law 108-
458); Public Law 112-54.

0
17. Amend Sec.  235.6 by
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a)(1)(ii), (a)(2)(i), and (iii); and
0
b. Adding paragraph (c).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  235.6  Referral to immigration judge.

    (a) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ii) If an immigration officer verifies that an alien subject to 
expedited removal under section 235(b)(1) of the Act has been admitted 
as a lawful permanent resident or refugee, or granted asylum, or, upon 
review pursuant to Sec.  235.3(b)(5)(iv), an immigration judge 
determines that the alien was once so admitted or granted asylum, 
provided that such status has not been terminated by final 
administrative action, and the Service initiates removal proceedings 
against the alien under section 240 of the Act.
* * * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) If an asylum officer determines that the alien does not have a 
credible fear of persecution, reasonable possibility of persecution, or 
reasonable possibility of torture, and the alien requests a review of 
that determination by an immigration judge; or
* * * * *
    (iii) If an immigration officer refers an applicant in accordance 
with the provisions of 8 CFR 208.30 or 8 CFR 208.31.
* * * * *
    (c) The provisions of this part are separate and severable from one 
another. In the event that any provision in this part is stayed, 
enjoined, not implemented, or otherwise held invalid, the remaining 
provisions shall nevertheless be implemented as an independent rule and 
continue in effect.
* * * * *

Department of Justice

    Accordingly, for the reasons set forth in the preamble, the 
Attorney General proposed to amend 8 CFR parts 1003, 1208 and 1235 as 
follows:

PART 1003--EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW

0
18. The authority citation for part 1003 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 6 U.S.C. 521; 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 
1154, 1155, 1158, 1182, 1226, 1229, 1229a, 1229b, 1229c, 1231, 
1254a, 1255, 1324d, 1330, 1361, 1362; 28 U.S.C. 509, 510, 1746; sec. 
2 Reorg. Plan No.

[[Page 36299]]

2 of 1950; 3 CFR, 1949-1953 Comp., p. 1002; section 203 of Public 
Law 105-100, 111 Stat. 2196-200; sections 1506 and 1510 of Public 
Law 106-386, 114 Stat. 1527-29, 1531-32; section 1505 of Public Law 
106-554, 114 Stat. 2763A-326 to -328.

0
19. Amend Sec.  1003.1 by revising paragraph (b)(9) to read as follows:


Sec.  1003.1  Organization, jurisdiction, and powers of the Board of 
Immigration Appeals.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (9) Decisions of Immigration Judges in asylum proceedings pursuant 
to Sec.  1208.2(b) and (c) of this chapter.
* * * * *
0
20. Amend Sec.  1003.42 by:
0
a. Revising the section heading;
0
b. Revising paragraphs (a), (b), (d) through (g), and (h)(1), and the 
third sentence of pargraph (h)(3); and
0
c. Adding paragraph (i).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  1003.42  Review of credible fear of persecution, reasonable 
possibility of persecution, and reasonable possibility of torture 
determinations.

    (a) Referral. Jurisdiction for an immigration judge to review a 
negative fear determination by an asylum officer pursuant to section 
235(b)(1)(B) of the Act shall commence with the filing by DHS of the 
Notice of Referral to Immigration Judge. DHS shall also file with the 
notice of referral a copy of the written record of determination as 
defined in section 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(II) of the Act, including a copy 
of the alien's written request for review, if any.
    (b) Record of proceeding. The Immigration Court shall create a 
Record of Proceeding for a review of a negative fear determination. 
This record shall not be merged with any later proceeding involving the 
same alien.
* * * * *
    (d) Standard of review. (1) The immigration judge shall make a de 
novo determination as to whether there is a significant possibility, 
taking into account the credibility of the statements made by the alien 
in support of the alien's claim, whether the alien is subject to any 
mandatory bars to applying for asylum or being eligible for asylum 
under section 208(a)(2)(B)-(D) and (b)(2) of the Act, including any 
bars established by regulation under section 208(b)(2)(C) of the Act, 
and such other facts as are known to the immigration judge, that the 
alien could establish his or her ability to apply for or be granted 
asylum under section 208 of the Act. The immigration judge shall make a 
de novo determination as to whether there is a reasonable possibility, 
taking into account the credibility of the statements made by the alien 
in support of the alien's claim, whether the alien is subject to any 
mandatory bars to eligibility for withholding of removal under section 
241(b)(3)(B) of the Act, and such other facts as are known to the 
immigration judge, that the alien would be persecuted on account of his 
or her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social 
group, or political opinion in the country of removal, consistent with 
the criteria in 8 CFR 1208.16(b). The immigration judge shall also make 
a de novo determination as to whether there is a reasonable 
possibility, taking into account the credibility of the statements made 
by the alien in support of the alien's claim and such other facts as 
are known to the immigration judge, that the alien would be tortured in 
the country of removal, consistent with the criteria in 8 CFR 
1208.16(c), 8 CFR 1208.17, and 8 CFR 1208.18.
    (2) If the alien is determined to be an alien described in 8 CFR 
208.13(c)(3) or 8 CFR 1208.13(c)(3) and is determined to lack a 
reasonable possibility of persecution or torture under 8 CFR 
208.30(e)(5)(ii), the Immigration Judge shall first review de novo the 
determination that the alien is described in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(3) or 8 
CFR 1208.13(c)(3) prior to any further review of the asylum officer's 
negative fear determination.
    (3) If the alien is determined to be an alien described in 8 CFR 
208.13(c)(4) or 8 CFR 1208.13(c)(4) and is determined to lack a 
reasonable possibility of persecution or torture under 8 CFR 
208.30(e)(5)(iii), the immigration judge shall first review de novo the 
determination that the alien is described in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(4) or 8 
CFR 1208.13(c)(4) prior to any further review of the asylum officer's 
negative fear determination.
    (e) Timing. The immigration judge shall conclude the review to the 
maximum extent practicable within 24 hours, but in no case later than 7 
days after the date the supervisory asylum officer has approved the 
asylum officer's negative credible fear determination issued on the 
Record of Negative Credible Fear Finding and Request for Review.
    (f) Decision. (1) The decision of the immigration judge shall be 
rendered in accordance with the provisions of 8 CFR 1208.30(g)(2). In 
reviewing the negative fear determination by DHS, the immigration judge 
shall apply relevant precedent issued by the Board of Immigration 
Appeals, the Attorney General, the federal circuit court of appeals 
having jurisdiction over the immigration court where the Request for 
Review is filed, and the Supreme Court.
    (2) No appeal shall lie from a review of a negative fear 
determination made by an Immigration Judge, but the Attorney General, 
in the Attorney General's sole and unreviewable discretion, may direct 
that the Immigration Judge refer a case for the Attorney General's 
review following the Immigration Judge's review of a negative fear 
determination.
    (3) In any case the Attorney General decides, the Attorney 
General's decision shall be stated in writing and shall be transmitted 
to the Board for transmittal and service as provided in Sec.  
1003.1(f). Such decision by the Attorney General may be designated as 
precedent as provided in Sec.  1003.1(g).
    (g) Custody. An immigration judge shall have no authority to review 
an alien's custody status in the course of a review of a negative fear 
determination made by DHS.
    (h) * * *
    (1) Arriving alien. An immigration judge has no jurisdiction to 
review a determination by an asylum officer that an arriving alien is 
not eligible to apply for asylum pursuant to the 2002 U.S.-Canada 
Agreement formed under section 208(a)(2)(A) of the Act and should be 
returned to Canada to pursue his or her claims for asylum or other 
protection under the laws of Canada. See 8 CFR 208.30(e)(6). However, 
in any case where an asylum officer has found that an arriving alien 
qualifies for an exception to that Agreement, an immigration judge does 
have jurisdiction to review a negative fear finding made thereafter by 
the asylum officer as provided in this section.
* * * * *
    (3) * * * However, if the asylum officer has determined that the 
alien may not or should not be removed to a third country under section 
208(a)(2)(A) of the Act and subsequently makes a negative fear 
determination, an immigration judge has jurisdiction to review the 
negative fear finding as provided in this section.
* * * * *
    (i) The provisions of this part are separate and severable from one 
another. In the event that any provision in this part is stayed, 
enjoined, not implemented, or otherwise held invalid, the remaining 
provisions shall nevertheless be implemented as an independent rule and 
continue in effect.
* * * * *

[[Page 36300]]

PART 1208--PROCEDURES FOR ASYLUM AND WITHHOLDING OF REMOVAL

0
21. The authority citation for part 1208 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1158, 1226, 1252, 1282; Title 
VII of Public Law 110-229.

0
22. Amend Sec.  1208.1 by adding paragraphs (c), (d), (e), and (f) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  1208.1  General.

* * * * *
    (c) Particular social group. For purposes of adjudicating an 
application for asylum under section 208 of the Act or an application 
for withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, a 
particular social group is one that is based on an immutable or 
fundamental characteristic, is defined with particularity, and is 
recognized as socially distinct in the society at question. Such a 
particular social group cannot be defined exclusively by the alleged 
persecutory acts or harm and must also have existed independently of 
the alleged persecutory acts or harm that forms the basis of the claim. 
The Attorney General, in general, will not favorably adjudicate claims 
of aliens who claim a fear of persecution on account of membership in a 
particular social group consisting of or defined by the following 
circumstances: Past or present criminal activity or association 
(including gang membership); presence in a country with generalized 
violence or a high crime rate; being the subject of a recruitment 
effort by criminal, terrorist, or persecutory groups; the targeting of 
the applicant for criminal activity for financial gain based on 
perceptions of wealth or affluence; interpersonal disputes of which 
governmental authorities were unaware or uninvolved; private criminal 
acts of which governmental authorities were unaware or uninvolved; past 
or present terrorist activity or association; past or present 
persecutory activity or association; or, status as an alien returning 
from the United States. This list is nonexhaustive, and the substance 
of the alleged particular social group, rather than the precise form of 
its delineation, shall be considered in determining whether the group 
falls within one of the categories on the list. No alien shall be found 
to be a refugee or have it decided that the alien's life or freedom 
would be threatened based on membership in a particular social group in 
any case unless that person first articulates on the record, or 
provides a basis on the record for determining, the definition and 
boundaries of the alleged particular social group. A failure to define, 
or provide a basis for defining, a formulation of a particular social 
group before an immigration judge shall waive any such claim for all 
purposes under the Act, including on appeal, and any waived claim on 
this basis shall not serve as the basis for any motion to reopen or 
reconsider for any reason, including a claim of ineffective assistance 
of counsel.
    (d) Political opinion. For purposes of adjudicating an application 
for asylum under section 208 of the Act or an application for 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, a political 
opinion is one expressed by or imputed to an applicant in which the 
applicant possesses an ideal or conviction in support of the 
furtherance of a discrete cause related to political control of a state 
or a unit thereof. The Attorney General, in general, will not favorably 
adjudicate claims of aliens who claim a fear of persecution on account 
of a political opinion defined solely by generalized disapproval of, 
disagreement with, or opposition to criminal, terrorist, gang, 
guerilla, or other non-state organizations absent expressive behavior 
in furtherance of a cause against such organizations related to efforts 
by the state to control such organizations or behavior that is 
antithetical to or otherwise opposes the ruling legal entity of the 
state or a legal sub-unit of the state. A person who has been forced to 
abort a pregnancy or to undergo involuntary sterilization, or who has 
been persecuted for failure or refusal to undergo such a procedure or 
for other resistance to a coercive population control program, shall be 
deemed to have been persecuted on account of political opinion, and a 
person who has a well-founded fear that he or she will be forced to 
undergo such a procedure or subject to persecution for such failure, 
refusal, or resistance shall be deemed to have a well-founded fear of 
persecution on account of political opinion.
    (e) Persecution. For purposes of adjudicating an application for 
asylum under section 208 of the Act or an application for withholding 
of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, persecution requires an 
intent to target a belief or characteristic, a severe level of harm, 
and the infliction of a severe level of harm by the government of a 
country or by persons or an organization that the government was unable 
or unwilling to control. For purposes of evaluating the severity of the 
level of harm, persecution is an extreme concept involving a severe 
level of harm that includes actions so severe that they constitute an 
exigent threat. Persecution does not encompass the generalized harm 
that arises out of civil, criminal, or military strife in a country, 
nor does it encompass all treatment that the United States regards as 
unfair, offensive, unjust, or even unlawful or unconstitutional. It 
does not include intermittent harassment, including brief detentions; 
threats with no actual effort to carry out the threats; or, non-severe 
economic harm or property damage, though this list is nonexhaustive. 
The existence of government laws or policies that are unenforced or 
infrequently enforced do not, by themselves, constitute persecution, 
unless there is credible evidence that those laws or policies have been 
or would be applied to an applicant personally.
    (f) Nexus--(1) General. For purposes of adjudicating an application 
for asylum under section 208 of the Act or an application for 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, the Attorney 
General, in general, will not favorably adjudicate the claims of aliens 
who claim persecution based on the following list of nonexhaustive 
circumstances:
    (i) Interpersonal animus or retribution;
    (ii) Interpersonal animus in which the alleged persecutor has not 
targeted, or manifested an animus against, other members of an alleged 
particular social group in addition to the member who has raised the 
claim at issue;
    (iii) Generalized disapproval of, disagreement with, or opposition 
to criminal, terrorist, gang, guerilla, or other non-state 
organizations absent expressive behavior in furtherance of a discrete 
cause against such organizations related to control of a state or 
expressive behavior that is antithetical to the state or a legal unit 
of the state;
    (iv) Resistance to recruitment or coercion by guerilla, criminal, 
gang, terrorist or other non-state organizations;
    (v) The targeting of the applicant for criminal activity for 
financial gain based on wealth or affluence or perceptions of wealth or 
affluence;
    (vi) Criminal activity;
    (vii) Perceived, past or present, gang affiliation; or,
    (viii) Gender.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (g) Evidence based on stereotypes. For purposes of adjudicating an 
application for asylum under section 208 of the Act or an application 
for withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, evidence 
promoting cultural stereotypes about an individual or a country, 
including stereotypes based on race, religion, nationality, or gender, 
and offered to support the basis of an

[[Page 36301]]

alleged fear of harm from the individual or country shall not be 
admissible in adjudicating that application.
0
23. Amend Sec.  1208.2 by adding paragraph (c)(1)(ix) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  1208.2  Jurisdiction.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ix) An alien found to have a credible fear of persecution, 
reasonable possibility of persecution, or reasonable possibility of 
torture in accordance with Sec.  208.30 of this title, Sec.  1003.42 of 
this chapter or Sec.  1208.30.
* * * * *
0
24. Amend Sec.  1208.5 by revising the first sentence of paragraph (a) 
to read as follows:


Sec.  1208.5  Special duties toward aliens in custody of DHS.

    (a) General. When an alien in the custody of DHS requests asylum or 
withholding of removal, or expresses a fear of persecution or harm upon 
return to his or her country of origin or to agents thereof, DHS shall 
make available the appropriate application forms and shall provide the 
applicant with the information required by section 208(d)(4) of the 
Act, including in the case of an alien who is in custody with a 
positive credible fear determination under 8 CFR 208.30 or a reasonable 
fear determination pursuant to 8 CFR 208.31, and except in the case of 
an alien who is in custody pending a credible fear determination under 
8 CFR 208.30 or a reasonable fear determination pursuant to 8 CFR 
208.31. * * *
* * * * *
0
25. Amend Sec.  1208.6 by revising paragraph (b) and adding paragraphs 
(d) and (e) to read as follows:


Sec.  1208.6  Disclosure to third parties.

* * * * *
    (b) The confidentiality of other records kept by DHS and the 
Executive Office for Immigration Review that indicate that a specific 
alien has applied for asylum, received a credible fear or reasonable 
fear interview, or received a credible fear or reasonable fear review 
shall also be protected from disclosure, except as permitted in this 
section. DHS will coordinate with the Department of State to ensure 
that the confidentiality of those records is maintained if they are 
transmitted to Department of State offices in other countries.
* * * * *
    (d)(1) Any information contained in an application for asylum, 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) the Act, or protection 
under regulations issued pursuant to the Convention Against Torture's 
implementing legislation, any relevant and applicable information 
supporting that application, any information regarding an alien who has 
filed such an application, and any relevant and applicable information 
regarding an alien who has been the subject of a reasonable fear or 
credible fear determination may be disclosed:
    (i) As part of an investigation or adjudication of the merits of 
that application or of any other application under the immigration 
laws,
    (ii) As part of any state or federal criminal investigation, 
proceeding, or prosecution;
    (iii) Pursuant to any state or federal mandatory reporting 
requirement;
    (iv) To deter, prevent, or ameliorate the effects of child abuse;
    (v) As part of any proceeding arising under the immigration laws, 
including proceedings arising under the Act; and
    (vi) As part of the Government's defense of any legal action 
relating to the alien's immigration or custody status, including 
petitions for review filed in accordance with 8 U.S.C. 1252.
    (2) If information may be disclosed under paragraph (d)(1) of this 
section, the disclosure provisions in paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of 
this section shall not apply.
    (e) Nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the 
disclosure of information contained in an application for asylum, 
withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3)(B) of the Act, or 
protection under the regulations issued pursuant to the Convention 
Against Torture's implementing legislation, any relevant and applicable 
information supporting that application, information regarding an alien 
who has filed such an application, or information regarding an alien 
who has been the subject of a reasonable fear or credible fear 
determination:
    (1) Among employees of the Department of Justice, the Department of 
Homeland Security, the Department of State, the Department of Health 
and Human Services, the Department of Labor, or a U.S. national 
security agency having a need to examine the information for an 
official purpose; or
    (2) Where a United States government employee or contractor has a 
good faith and reasonable belief that disclosure is necessary to 
prevent the commission of a crime, the furtherance of an ongoing crime, 
or to ameliorate the effects of a crime.
0
26. Section 1208.13 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (b)(3) introductory text;
0
b. Revising paragraph (b)(3)(ii);
0
c. Adding paragraphs (b)(3)(iii) and (b)(3)(iv); and
0
d. Adding paragraphs (d) and (e).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1208.13  Establishing asylum eligibility.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) Reasonableness of internal relocation. For purposes of 
determinations under paragraphs (b)(1)(i), (ii), and (b)(2) of this 
section, adjudicators should consider the totality of the relevant 
circumstances regarding an applicant's prospects for relocation, 
including the size of the country of nationality or last habitual 
residence, the geographic locus of the alleged persecution, the size, 
numerosity, and reach of the alleged persecutor, and the applicant's 
demonstrated ability to relocate to the United States in order to apply 
for asylum.
* * * * *
    (ii) In cases in which the persecutor is a government or is 
government-sponsored, it shall be presumed that internal relocation 
would not be reasonable, unless the Department of Homeland Security 
establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that, under all the 
circumstances, it would be reasonable for the applicant to relocate.
    (iii) Regardless of whether an applicant has established 
persecution in the past, in cases in which the persecutor is not the 
government or a government-sponsored actor, or otherwise is a private 
actor, there shall be a presumption that internal relocation would be 
reasonable unless the applicant establishes, by a preponderance of the 
evidence, that it would be unreasonable to relocate.
    (iv) For purposes of determinations under paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) and 
(iii) of this section, persecutors who are private actors--including 
persecutors who are gang members, officials acting outside their 
official capacity, family members who are not themselves government 
officials, or neighbors who are not themselves government officials--
shall not be considered to be persecutors who are the government or 
government-sponsored absent evidence that the government sponsored the 
persecution.
* * * * *
    (d) Discretion. Factors that fall short of grounds of mandatory 
denial of an asylum application may constitute discretionary 
considerations.
    (1) Significant adverse discretionary factors. The following are 
significant adverse discretionary factors that a decision-maker shall 
consider, if applicable, in determining whether an

[[Page 36302]]

alien merits a grant of asylum in the exercise of discretion:
    (i) An alien's unlawful entry or unlawful attempted entry into the 
United States unless such entry or attempted entry was made in 
immediate flight from persecution in a contiguous country;
    (ii) The failure of an alien to apply for protection from 
persecution or torture in at least one country outside the alien's 
country of citizenship, nationality, or last lawful habitual residence 
through which the alien transited before entering the United States 
unless:
    (A) The alien received a final judgment denying the alien 
protection in such country;
    (B) The alien demonstrates that he or she satisfies the definition 
of ``victim of a severe form of trafficking in persons'' provided in 8 
CFR 214.11; or
    (C) Such country or countries were, at the time of the transit, not 
parties to the 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of 
Refugees, the 1967 Protocol, or the United Nations Convention Against 
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; 
and
    (iii) An alien's use of fraudulent documents to enter the United 
States, unless the alien arrived in the United States by air, sea, or 
land directly from the applicant's home country without transiting 
through any other country.
    (2)(i) The Attorney General, except as provided in paragraph 
(d)(2)(ii) of this section, will not favorably exercise discretion 
under section 208 of the Act for an alien who:
    (A) Immediately prior to his arrival in the United States or en 
route to the United States from the alien's country of citizenship, 
nationality, or last lawful habitual residence, spent more than 14 days 
in any one country unless:
    (1) The alien demonstrates that he or she applied for protection 
from persecution or torture in such country and the alien received a 
final judgment denying the alien protection in such country;
    (2) The alien demonstrates that he or she satisfies the definition 
of ``victim of a severe form of trafficking in persons'' provided in 8 
CFR 214.11; or
    (3) Such country was, at the time of the transit, not a party to 
the 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 
the 1967 Protocol, or the United Nations Convention against Torture and 
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;
    (B) Transits through more than one country between his country of 
citizenship, nationality, or last habitual residence and the United 
States unless:
    (1) The alien demonstrates that he or she applied for protection 
from persecution or torture in at least one such country and the alien 
received a final judgment denying the alien protection in such country;
    (2) The alien demonstrates that he or she satisfies the definition 
of ``victim of a severe form of trafficking in persons'' provided in 8 
CFR 214.11; or
    (3) All such countries through which the alien transited en route 
to the United States were, at the time of the transit, not parties to 
the 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 
the 1967 Protocol, or the United Nations Convention against Torture and 
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;
    (C) Would otherwise be subject to paragraph (c) of this section but 
for the reversal, vacatur, expungement, or modification of a conviction 
or sentence unless the alien was found not guilty;
    (D) Accrued more than one year of unlawful presence in the United 
States prior to filing an application for asylum;
    (E) At the time the asylum application is filed with the 
immigration court or is referred from DHS has:
    (1) Failed to timely file (or timely file a request for an 
extension of time to file) any required federal, state, or local income 
tax returns;
    (2) Failed to satisfy any outstanding federal, state, or local tax 
obligations; or
    (3) Has income that would result in tax liability under section 1 
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and that was not reported to the 
Internal Revenue Service;
    (F) Has had two or more prior asylum applications denied for any 
reason;
    (G) Has withdrawn a prior asylum application with prejudice or been 
found to have abandoned a prior asylum application;
    (H) Failed to attend an interview regarding his or her asylum 
application with DHS, unless the alien shows by a preponderance of the 
evidence that:
    (1) Exceptional circumstances prevented the alien from attending 
the interview; or
    (2) The interview notice was not mailed to the last address 
provided by the alien or the alien's representative and neither the 
alien nor the alien's representative received notice of the interview; 
or
    (I) Was subject to a final order of removal, deportation, or 
exclusion and did not file a motion to reopen to seek asylum based on 
changed country conditions within one year of the changes in country 
conditions.
    (ii) Where one or more of the adverse discretionary factors set 
forth in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section are present, the Attorney 
General, in extraordinary circumstances, such as those involving 
national security or foreign policy considerations, or cases in which 
an alien, by clear and convincing evidence, demonstrates that the 
denial of the application for asylum would result in exceptional and 
extremely unusual hardship to the alien, may favorably exercise 
discretion under section 208 of the Act, notwithstanding the 
applicability of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section. Depending on the 
gravity of the circumstances underlying the application of paragraph 
(d)(2)(i) of this section, a showing of extraordinary circumstances 
might still be insufficient to warrant a favorable exercise of 
discretion under section 208 of the Act.
    (e) Prima facie eligibility. (1) Notwithstanding any other 
provision of this part, upon oral or written motion by the Department 
of Homeland Security, an immigration judge shall, if warranted by the 
record, pretermit and deny any application for asylum, withholding of 
removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, or protection under the 
regulations issued pursuant to the Convention Against Torture's 
implementing legislation if the alien has not established a prima facie 
claim for relief or protection under applicable law. An immigration 
judge need not conduct a hearing prior to pretermitting and denying an 
application under this paragraph (e)(1) but must consider any response 
to the motion before making a decision.
    (2) Notwithstanding any other provision of this part, upon his or 
her own authority, an immigration judge shall, if warranted by the 
record, pretermit and deny any application for asylum, withholding of 
removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act, or protection under the 
regulations issued pursuant to the Convention Against Torture's 
implementing legislation if the alien has not established a prima facie 
claim for relief or protection under applicable law, provided that the 
immigration judge shall give the parties at least 10 days' notice prior 
to entering such an order. An immigration judge need not conduct a 
hearing prior to pretermitting and denying an application under this 
paragraph (e)(2) but must consider any filings by the parties within 
the 10-day period before making a decision.
0
27. Amend Sec.  1208.14 by
0
a. In paragraphs (c)(4)(ii) introductory text and (c)(4)(ii)(A), 
removing the words ``Sec.  1235.3(b) of this chapter'' and adding, in 
their place, the words ``Sec.  235.3(b) of this title''; and
0
b. In paragraph (c)(4)(ii)(A), removing the citations ``Sec.  1208.30'' 
and

[[Page 36303]]

``Sec.  1208.30(b)'' and adding, in their place, the words ``Sec.  
208.30 of this title''.
0
28. Section 1208.15 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  1208.15  Definition of ``firm resettlement.''

    (a) An alien is considered to be firmly resettled if:
    (1) The alien either resided or could have resided in any permanent 
legal immigration status or any non-permanent but potentially 
indefinitely renewable legal immigration status (including asylee, 
refugee, or similar status but excluding a status such as a tourist) in 
a country through which the alien transited prior to arriving in or 
entering the United States, regardless of whether the alien applied for 
or was offered such status;
    (2) The alien physically resided voluntarily, and without 
continuing to suffer persecution, in any one country for one year or 
more after departing his country of nationality or last habitual 
residence and prior to arrival in or entry into the United States; or
    (3)(i) The alien is a citizen of a country other than the one where 
the alien alleges a fear of persecution and the alien was present in 
that country prior to arriving in the United States; or
    (ii) The alien was a citizen of a country other than the one where 
the alien alleges a fear of persecution, the alien was present in that 
country prior to arriving in the United States, and the alien renounced 
that citizenship prior to or after arriving in the United States.
    (b) The provisions of 8 CFR 1240.8(d) shall apply when the evidence 
of record indicates that the firm resettlement bar may apply. In such 
cases, the alien shall bear the burden of proving the bar does not 
apply. Either the Department of Homeland Security or the immigration 
judge may raise the issue of the application of the firm resettlement 
bar based on the evidence of record. The firm resettlement of an 
alien's parent(s) shall be imputed to the alien if the resettlement 
occurred before the alien turned 18 and the alien resided with the 
alien's parents at the time of the firm resettlement unless he or she 
could not have derived any permanent legal immigration status or any 
non-permanent legal immigration status potentially indefinitely 
renewable (including asylee, refugee, or similar status but excluding 
status such as of a tourist) from the alien's parent.
0
29. Amend Sec.  1208.16 by;
0
a. Revising paragraph (b)(3) introductory text;
0
b. Revising paragraph (b)(3)(ii); and
0
c. Adding paragraphs (b)(3)(iii) and (b)(3)(iv).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  1208.16  Withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3)(B) of the 
Act and withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) Reasonableness of internal relocation. For purposes of 
determinations under paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of this section, 
adjudicators should consider the totality of the relevant circumstances 
regarding an applicant's prospects for relocation, including the size 
of the country of nationality or last habitual residence, the 
geographic locus of the alleged persecution, the size, reach, or 
numerosity of the alleged persecutor, and the applicant's demonstrated 
ability to relocate to the United States in order to apply for 
withholding of removal.
* * * * *
    (ii) In cases in which the persecutor is a government or is 
government-sponsored, it shall be presumed that internal relocation 
would not be reasonable, unless the DHS establishes by a preponderance 
of the evidence that, under all the circumstances, it would be 
reasonable for the applicant to relocate.
    (iii) Regardless of whether an applicant has established 
persecution in the past, in cases in which the persecutor is not the 
government or a government-sponsored actor, or otherwise is a private 
actor, there shall be a presumption that internal relocation would be 
reasonable unless the applicant establishes, by a preponderance of the 
evidence, that it would be unreasonable to relocate.
    (iv) For purposes of determinations under paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) and 
(b)(3)(iii) of this section, persecutors who are private actors, 
including persecutors who are gang members, officials acting outside 
their official capacity, or family members who are not themselves 
government officials or neighbors who are not themselves government 
officials, shall not be considered to be persecutors who are the 
government or government-sponsored absent evidence that the government 
sponsored the persecution.
* * * * *
0
30. Amend Sec.  1208.18 by revising paragraphs (a)(1) and (7) to read 
as follows:


Sec.  1208.18  Implementation of the Convention Against Torture.

    (a) * * *
    (1) Torture is defined as any act by which severe pain or 
suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a 
person for such purposes as obtaining from him or her or a third person 
information or a confession, punishing him or her for an act he or she 
or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, 
intimidating or coercing him or her or a third person, or for any 
reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering 
is inflicted by, or at the instigation of, or with the consent or 
acquiescence of, a public official acting in an official capacity or 
other person acting in an official capacity. Pain or suffering 
inflicted by a public official who is not acting under color of law 
(``rogue official'') shall not constitute pain or suffering inflicted 
by, or at the instigation of, or with the consent or acquiescence of, a 
public official acting in an official capacity or other person acting 
in an official capacity, although a different public official acting in 
an official capacity or other person acting in an official capacity 
could instigate, consent to, or acquiesce in the pain or suffering 
inflicted by the rogue official.
* * * * *
    (7) Acquiescence of a public official requires that the public 
official, prior to the activity constituting torture, have awareness of 
such activity and thereafter breach his or her legal responsibility to 
intervene to prevent such activity. Such awareness requires a finding 
of either actual knowledge or willful blindness. Willful blindness 
means that the public official acting in an official capacity or other 
person acting in an official capacity was aware of a high probability 
of activity constituting torture and deliberately avoided learning the 
truth; it is not enough that such public official acting in an official 
capacity or other person acting in an official capacity was mistaken, 
recklessly disregarded the truth, or negligently failed to inquire. In 
order for a public official to breach his or her legal responsibility 
to intervene to prevent activity constituting torture, the official 
must have been charged with preventing the activity as part of his or 
her duties and have failed to intervene. No person will be deemed to 
have breached a legal responsibility to intervene if such person is 
unable to intervene, or if the person intervenes but is unable to 
prevent the activity that constitutes torture.
* * * * *
0
31. Revise Sec.  1208.20 to read as follows:


Sec.  1208.20  Determining if an asylum application is frivolous.

    (a) For applications filed on or after April 1, 1997, an applicant 
is subject to

[[Page 36304]]

the provisions of section 208(d)(6) of the Act only if the alien 
received the notice required by section 208(d)(4)(A) of the Act and a 
final order by an immigration judge or the Board of Immigration Appeals 
specifically finds that the alien knowingly filed a frivolous asylum 
application. An alien knowingly files a frivolous asylum application 
if:
    (1) The application is described in paragraph (b) of this section; 
and
    (2) The alien filed the application with either actual knowledge, 
or willful blindness, of the fact that the application was described in 
paragraph (b).
    (b) For applications filed on or after [INSERT EFFECTIVE DATE OF 
FINAL RULE], an asylum officer may determine that the applicant 
knowingly filed a frivolous asylum application and may refer the 
applicant to an immigration judge on that basis, so long as the 
applicant has received the notice required by section 208(d)(4)(A) of 
the Act. Such finding will only be made if the asylum officer is 
satisfied that the applicant has had sufficient opportunity to account 
for any discrepancies or implausible aspects of the claim. For 
applications referred to an immigration judge, an asylum officer's 
determination that an application is frivolous will not render an 
applicant permanently ineligible for immigration benefits unless an 
immigration judge or the Board makes a finding of frivolousness as 
described in paragraph (a) of this section.
    (c) For purposes of this section, beginning on [INSERT EFFECTIVE 
DATE OF FINAL RULE], an asylum application is frivolous if it:
    (1) Contains a fabricated essential element;
    (2) Is premised upon false or fabricated evidence unless the 
application would have been granted without the false or fabricated 
evidence;
    (3) Is filed without regard to the merits of the claim; or
    (4) Is clearly foreclosed by applicable law.
    (d) If the alien has been provided the warning required by section 
208(d)(4)(A) of the Act, he or she need not be given any additional or 
further opportunity to account for any issues with his or her claim 
prior to the entry of a frivolous finding.
    (e) An asylum application may be found frivolous even if it was 
untimely filed.
    (f) A withdrawn asylum application may be found frivolous unless:
    (1) The alien wholly disclaims the application and withdraws it 
with prejudice;
    (2) The alien is eligible for and agrees to accept voluntary 
departure for a period of no more than 30 days pursuant to section 
240B(a) of the Act;
    (3) The alien withdraws any and all other applications for relief 
or protection with prejudice; and
    (4) The alien waives his right to appeal and any rights to file, 
for any reason, a motion to reopen or reconsider.
    (g) For purposes of this section, a finding that an alien filed a 
knowingly frivolous asylum application shall not preclude the alien 
from seeking withholding of removal under section 241(b)(3) of the Act 
or protection under the regulations issued pursuant to the Convention 
Against Torture's implementing legislation.
0
32. Add Sec.  1208.25 to read as follows:


Sec.  1208.25  Severability.

    The provisions of part 1208 are separate and severable from one 
another. In the event that any provision in part 1208 is stayed, 
enjoined, not implemented, or otherwise held invalid, the remaining 
provisions shall nevertheless be implemented as an independent rule and 
continue in effect.
0
33. Amend Sec.  1208.30 by:
0
a. Revising the section heading; and
0
b. Revising paragraphs (a), (b) introductory text, (b)(2), (e), and 
(g).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  1208.30  Credible fear of persecution, reasonable possibility of 
persecution, and reasonable possibility of torture determinations 
involving stowaways and applicants for admission who are found 
inadmissible pursuant to section 212(a)(6)(C) or 212(a)(7) of the Act 
or whose entry is limited or suspended under section 212(f) or 
215(a)(1) of the Act, or who failed to apply for protection from 
persecution in a third country where potential relief is available 
while en route to the United States.

    (a) Jurisdiction. The provisions of this subpart B apply to aliens 
subject to sections 235(a)(2) and 235(b)(1) of the Act. Pursuant to 
section 235(b)(1)(B) and 8 CFR 208.30, DHS has exclusive jurisdiction 
to make fear determinations, and the immigration judges have exclusive 
jurisdiction to review such determinations. Except as otherwise 
provided in this subpart B, paragraphs (b) through (g) of this section 
and 8 CFR 208.30 are the exclusive procedures applicable to stowaways 
and applicants for admission who are found inadmissible pursuant to 
section 212(a)(6)(C) or 212(a)(7) of the Act and who receive fear 
interviews, determinations, and reviews under section 235(b)(1)(B) of 
the Act and 8 CFR 208.30. Prior to January 1, 2030, an alien physically 
present in or arriving in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana 
Islands is ineligible to apply for asylum and may only establish 
eligibility for withholding of removal pursuant to section 241(b)(3) of 
the Act or withholding or deferral of removal under the regulations 
issued pursuant to the Convention Against Torture's implementing 
legislation.
    (b) Treatment of dependents. A spouse or child of an alien may be 
included in that alien's fear evaluation and determination, if such 
spouse or child:
* * * * *
    (2) Desires to be included in the principal alien's determination. 
However, any alien may have his or her evaluation and determination 
made separately, if he or she expresses such a desire.
* * * * *
    (e) Determination. For the standards and procedures for asylum 
officers in conducting credible fear of persecution, reasonable 
possibility of persecution, and reasonable possibility of torture 
interviews and in making positive and negative fear determinations, see 
8 CFR 208.30. The immigration judges will review such determinations as 
provided in paragraph (g) of this section and 8 CFR 1003.42.
* * * * *
    (g) Procedures for negative fear determinations--(1) Review by 
immigration judge of a mandatory bar finding. (i) If the alien is 
determined to be an alien described in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(3) or Sec.  
1208.13(c)(3) and is determined to lack a credible fear of persecution 
or a reasonable possibility of persecution or torture under 8 CFR 
208.30(e)(5)(ii), the immigration judge shall first review de novo the 
determination that the alien is described in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(3) or 
Sec.  1208.13(c)(3). If the immigration judge finds that the alien is 
not described in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(3) or Sec.  1208.13(c)(3), then the 
immigration judge shall vacate the order of the asylum officer, and DHS 
may commence asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings under Sec.  
1208.2(c)(1). If the immigration judge concurs with the determination 
that the alien is an alien described in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(3) or Sec.  
1208.13(c)(3), the immigration judge will then review the asylum 
officer's negative determinations regarding credible fear and regarding 
reasonable possibility made under 8 CFR 208.30(e)(5)(iv) consistent 
with paragraph (g)(2) of this section, except that the immigration 
judge will review the fear of persecution findings under the reasonable 
possibility standard

[[Page 36305]]

instead of the credible fear standard described in paragraph (g)(2) of 
this section.
    (ii) If the alien is determined to be an alien described as 
ineligible for asylum in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(4) or Sec.  1208.13(c)(4) and 
is determined to lack a reasonable possibility of persecution or 
torture under 8 CFR 208.30(e)(5)(v), the immigration judge shall first 
review de novo the determination that the alien is described as 
ineligible for asylum in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(4) or Sec.  1208.13(c)(4). If 
the immigration judge finds that the alien is not described as 
ineligible for asylum in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(4) or Sec.  1208.13(c)(4), 
then the immigration judge shall vacate the order of the asylum 
officer, and DHS may commence asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings 
under Sec.  1208.2(c)(1). If the immigration judge concurs with the 
determination that the alien is an alien described as ineligible for 
asylum in 8 CFR 208.13(c)(4) or Sec.  1208.13(c)(4), the immigration 
judge will then review the asylum officer's negative decision regarding 
reasonable possibility made under 8 CFR 208.30(e)(5)(v) consistent with 
paragraph (g)(2) of this section, except that the immigration judge 
will review the fear of persecution findings under the reasonable 
possibility standard instead of the credible fear of persecution 
standard described in paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
    (2) Review by immigration judge of a negative fear finding. (i) The 
asylum officer's negative decision regarding a credible fear of 
persecution, reasonable possibility of persecution, and reasonable 
possibility of torture shall be subject to review by an immigration 
judge upon the applicant's request, in accordance with section 
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(III) of the Act. If the alien refuses to make an 
indication, DHS will consider such a response as a decision to decline 
review.
    (ii) The record of the negative fear determination, including 
copies of the Notice of Referral to Immigration Judge, the asylum 
officer's notes, the summary of the material facts, and other materials 
upon which the determination was based shall be provided to the 
immigration judge with the negative fear determination.
    (iii) A fear hearing will be closed to the public unless the alien 
states for the record or submits a written statement that the alien is 
waiving that requirement; in that event the hearing shall be open to 
the public, subject to the immigration judge's discretion as provided 
in 8 CFR 1003.27.
    (iv) Upon review of the asylum officer's negative fear 
determinations:
    (A) If the immigration judge concurs with the determination of the 
asylum officer that the alien has not established a credible fear of 
persecution, reasonable possibility of persecution, or reasonable 
possibility of torture, the case shall be returned to DHS for removal 
of the alien. The immigration judge's decision is final and may not be 
appealed.
    (B) If the immigration judge finds that the alien, other than an 
alien stowaway, establishes a credible fear of persecution, reasonable 
possibility of persecution, or reasonable possibility of torture, the 
immigration judge shall vacate the Notice and Order of Expedited 
Removal, and DHS may commence asylum-and-withholding-only proceedings 
under Sec.  1208.2(c)(1), during which time the alien may file an 
application for asylum and withholding of removal in accordance with 
Sec.  1208.4(b)(3)(i). Such application shall be considered de novo in 
all respects by an immigration judge regardless of any determination 
made under this paragraph.
    (C) If the immigration judge finds that an alien stowaway 
establishes a credible fear of persecution, reasonable possibility of 
torture, or reasonable possibility of torture, the alien shall be 
allowed to file an application for asylum and for withholding of 
removal before the immigration judge in accordance with Sec.  
1208.4(b)(3)(iii). The immigration judge shall decide the application 
as provided in that section. Such application shall be considered de 
novo in all respects by an immigration judge regardless of any 
determination made under this paragraph. Such decision on that 
application may be appealed by either the stowaway or DHS to the Board 
of Immigration Appeals. If a denial of the application for asylum and 
for withholding of removal becomes final, and deferral of removal has 
not otherwise been granted pursuant to Sec.  1208.17(a), the alien 
shall be removed from the United States in accordance with section 
235(a)(2) of the Act. If an approval of the application for asylum, 
withholding of removal, or, as pertinent, deferral of removal becomes 
final, DHS shall terminate removal proceedings under section 235(a)(2) 
of the Act.
0
34. Amend Sec.  1208.31 by revising paragraph (f), (g) introductory 
text, (g)(1) and (2) to read as follows:


Sec.  1208.31  Reasonable fear of persecution or torture determinations 
involving aliens ordered removed under section 238(b) of the Act and 
aliens whose removal is reinstated under section 241(a)(5) of the Act.

* * * * *
    (f) Removal of aliens with no reasonable fear of persecution or 
torture. If the asylum officer determines that the alien has not 
established a reasonable fear of persecution or torture, the asylum 
officer shall inform the alien in writing of the decision and shall 
inquire whether the alien wishes to have an immigration judge review 
the negative decision, using the Record of Negative Reasonable Fear 
Finding and Request for Review by Immigration Judge, on which the alien 
must indicate whether he or she desires such review. If the alien 
refuses to make an indication, DHS shall consider such a response as a 
decision to decline review.
    (g) Review by Immigration Judge. The asylum officer's negative 
decision regarding reasonable fear shall be subject to review by an 
immigration judge upon the alien's request. If the alien requests such 
review, the asylum officer shall serve him or her with a Notice of 
Referral to the Immigration Judge. The record of determination, 
including copies of the Notice of Referral to the Immigration Judge, 
the asylum officer's notes, the summary of the material facts, and 
other materials upon which the determination was based shall be 
provided to the immigration judge with the negative determination. In 
the absence of exceptional circumstances, such review shall be 
conducted by the immigration judge within 10 days of the filing of the 
Notice of Referral to the Immigration Judge with the immigration court. 
Upon review of the asylum officer's negative reasonable fear 
determination:
    (1) If the immigration judge concurs with the asylum officer's 
determination that the alien does not have a reasonable fear of 
persecution or torture, the case shall be returned to DHS for removal 
of the alien. No appeal shall lie from the immigration judge's 
decision.
    (2) If the immigration judge finds that the alien has a reasonable 
fear of persecution or torture, the alien may submit an Application for 
Asylum and Withholding of Removal. Such application shall be considered 
de novo in all respects by an immigration judge regardless of any 
determination made under this paragraph.
    (i) The immigration judge shall consider only the alien's 
application for withholding of removal under Sec.  1208.16 and shall 
determine whether the alien's removal to the country of removal must be 
withheld or deferred.
    (ii) Appeal of the immigration judge's decision whether removal 
must be withheld or deferred lies with the Board of Immigration 
Appeals. If the alien or DHS appeals the immigration judge's

[[Page 36306]]

decision, the Board shall review only the immigration judge's decision 
regarding the alien's eligibility for withholding or deferral of 
removal under Sec.  1208.16.

PART 1212--DOCUMENTARY REQUIREMENTS: NONIMMIGRANTS; WAIVERS; 
ADMISSION OF CERTAIN INADMISSIBLE ALIENS; PAROLE

0
35. The authority citation for part 1212 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101 and note, 1102, 1103, 1182 and note, 
1184, 1187, 1223, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1255; 8 U.S.C. 1185 note 
(section 7209 of Public Law 108-458); Title VII of Public Law 110-
229.

0
36. Add Sec.  1212.13 to read as follows:


Sec.  1212.13  Severability.

    The provisions of this part are separate and severable from one 
another. In the event that any provision in this part is stayed, 
enjoined, not implemented, or otherwise held invalid, the remaining 
provisions shall nevertheless be implemented as an independent rule and 
continue in effect.
0
37. Amend Sec.  1212.14(a)(1)(vii), by removing the words ``Sec.  
1235.3 of this chapter'' and adding, in their place, the words ``Sec.  
235.3 of this title''.

PART 1235--INSPECTION OF PERSONS APPLYING FOR ADMISSION

0
38. The authority citation for part 1235 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101 and note, 1103, 1183, 1185 (pursuant to 
E.O. 13323, 69 FR 241, 3 CFR, 2003 Comp., p. 278), 1201, 1224, 1225, 
1226, 1228, 1365a note, 1379, 1731-32; Title VII of Public Law 110-
229; 8 U.S.C. 1185 note (section 7209 of Public Law 108-458).


Sec.  Sec.  1235.1, 1235.2, 1235.3 and 1235.5  [Removed]

0
39. Remove and reserve Sec. Sec.  1235.1, 1235.2, 1235.3, and 1235.5.
0
40. Amend Sec.  1235.6 by:
0
a. Removing paragraphs (a)(1)(ii) and (iii);
0
b. Redesignating paragraph (a)(1)(iv) as paragraph (a)(1)(ii);
0
c. Revising newly redesignated paragraph (a)(1)(ii), and paragraphs 
(a)(2)(i), and (iii); and
0
d. Adding paragraph (c).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  1235.6  Referral to immigration judge.

    (a) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ii) If an immigration officer verifies that an alien subject to 
expedited removal under section 235(b)(1) of the Act has been admitted 
as a lawful permanent resident or refugee, or granted asylum, or, upon 
review pursuant to Sec.  235.3(b)(5)(iv) of this title, an immigration 
judge determines that the alien was once so admitted or granted asylum, 
provided that such status has not been terminated by final 
administrative action, and the Service initiates removal proceedings 
against the alien under section 240 of the Act.
* * * * *
    (2) * * *
    (i) If an asylum officer determines that an alien does not have a 
credible fear of persecution, reasonable possibility of persecution, or 
reasonable possibility of torture, and the alien requests a review of 
that determination by an immigration judge; or
* * * * *
    (iii) If an immigration officer refers an applicant in accordance 
with the provisions of Sec.  208.30 or Sec.  208.31.
* * * * *
    (c) The provisions of this part are separate and severable from one 
another. In the event that any provision in this part is stayed, 
enjoined, not implemented, or otherwise held invalid, the remaining 
provisions shall nevertheless be implemented as an independent rule and 
continue in effect.
* * * * *

Chad R. Mizelle,
Senior Official Performing the Duties of the General Counsel, U.S. 
Department of Homeland Security.

    Dated: June 4, 2020.
William P. Barr,
Attorney General.
[FR Doc. 2020-12575 Filed 6-10-20; 4:15 pm]
BILLING CODE 4410-30-P; 9111-97-P