[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 74 (Thursday, April 16, 2020)] [Rules and Regulations] [Pages 21282-21305] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 2020-06779] [[Page 21281]] Vol. 85 Thursday, No. 74 April 16, 2020 Part II Department of the Interior ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Fish and Wildlife Service ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 CFR Part 10 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Final Rule Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 74 / Thursday, April 16, 2020 / Rules and Regulations [[Page 21282]] ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 10 [Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2018-0047; FXMB 12320900000//201//FF09M29000] RIN 1018-BC67 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Final rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), revise the List of Migratory Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) by both adding and removing species. Reasons for the changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories, and changing names to conform to accepted use. The net increase of 67 species (75 added and 8 removed) will bring the total number of species protected by the MBTA to 1,093. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to- date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public notification and regulatory purposes. DATES: This rule is effective May 18, 2020. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Eric L. Kershner, Chief of the Branch of Conservation, Permits, and Regulations; Division of Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: MB; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803; (703) 358-2376. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: What statutory authority does the service have for this rulemaking? We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows: (1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended by Protocol between the Government of the United States and the Government of Canada Amending the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of America for the Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. Treaty Doc. 104-28 (December 14, 1995); (2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended by Protocol with Mexico amending Convention for Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105-26 (May 5, 1997); (3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and (4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073). What is the purpose of this rulemaking? Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for notifying the public of regulatory protections. Why is the amendment of the List of Migratory Birds necessary? The amendments we are adopting in this final rule are needed to: (1) Add 16 species that qualify for protection under the MBTA; (2) Correct the spelling of 3 species names on the alphabetized list; (3) Correct the spelling of 3 species names on the taxonomic list; (4) Add 30 species based on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories since 2010; (5) Add one species moved from a family that was not protected to a family protected under the MBTA as a result of taxonomic changes; (6) Add 28 species newly recognized as a result of recent taxonomic changes; (7) Remove 8 species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or U.S. territories as a result of recent taxonomic changes; (8) Change the common (English) names of 43 species to conform to accepted use; and (9) Change the scientific names of 135 species to conform to accepted use. The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on November 1, 2013 (78 FR 65844). The amendments in this rule were necessitated by nine published supplements to the 7th (1998) edition of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU, now recognized as the American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Check-list of North American Birds (AOU 2011, AOU 2012, AOU 2013, AOU 2014, AOU 2015, AOU 2016, AOS 2017, AOS 2018, and AOS 2019) and the 2017 publication of the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2017). What scientific authorities are used to amend the List of Migratory Birds? Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually (AOU 1999 through 2016, AOS 2017 through 2019), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (Orders, Families, Subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOU (now AOS) Checklist of North American Birds (Checklist), developed by the AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, has been the recognized taxonomic authority for North American birds since publication of the first edition of the Checklist in 1886. The committee compiles the taxonomic foundation for ornithology in North America; evaluating and codifying the latest scientific developments in the systematics, classification, nomenclature, and distribution of North American birds. Thus, the AOS's Checklist represents the best information available for developing the North American component of this List of Migratory Birds. In keeping with the increasing numbers of study areas on which taxonomy relies, the committee incorporates expertise in phylogenetics, genomics, vocalizations, morphology, behavior, and geographical distribution, as well as general ornithological knowledge. The AOS Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands, and includes [[Page 21283]] distributional information for each species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the United States. The committee also keeps and updates a list of species known to occur in the United States. For the species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the AOS Checklist, we relied primarily on the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements Checklist) (Clements et al. 2007), the Clements Checklist 2017 installment of updates and corrections (Clements et al. 2017), and other peer-reviewed literature where appropriate. The Clements Checklist is a list of all known bird species in the world and is maintained and updated annually by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology (CLO). The CLO relies on different regional ornithological authorities to compile the list, using the AOS for the western hemisphere. Taxonomy and nomenclature are the primary focus of the Clements Checklist, but range descriptions are maintained and updated based on the best available information and do not include records of vagrancy. Although the Service primarily relies on the above sources, when informed taxonomic opinion or documented natural distribution is inconsistent or controversial, the Service evaluates available published and unpublished information and comes to its own conclusions regarding the validity of taxa and records of distribution. What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA? A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following criteria: (1) It occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes and is currently, or was previously listed as, a species or part of a family protected by one of the four international treaties or their amendments. Any species that occurs in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction does not qualify for the MBTA list, regardless of whether the family the species belongs to is listed in any of the treaties, unless:It was native to the United States or its territories and extant in 1918; It was extirpated after 1918 throughout its range in the United States and its territories; and After such extirpation, it was reintroduced in the United States or its territories as part of a program carried out by a Federal agency. (2) Revised taxonomy results in it being newly split from a species that was previously on the list, and the new species occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes. If a newly recognized native species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS) or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature), that species will still be included if either of the following criteria apply: The species resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by trade if the species is not included; or Not including the species may create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. (3) New evidence exists for its natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories resulting from natural distributional changes and the species occurs in a protected family. Records must be documented, accepted, and published by the AOS committee. For the U.S. Pacific territories that fall outside the geographic scope of the AOS and for which there is no identified ornithological authority, new evidence of a species' natural occurrence will be based on the Clements Checklist and then published peer-reviewed literature, in that order. In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), we only include migratory bird species that are native to the United States or U.S. territories. A native migratory bird species is one that is present as a result of natural biological or ecological processes. The list at 50 CFR 10.13 does not include nonnative species that occur in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). Elsewhere in today's Federal Register, we publish a list of nonnative bird species that are not protected under the MBTA. How do the changes affect the List of Migratory Birds? Several taxonomic changes were made at the Order and Family level by the AOS since our 2013 publication of the list (78 FR 65844; November 1, 2013). These changes affect the inclusion and taxonomic order of species on this list. Specifically, the Order Cathartiformes (New World vultures) was split from the Accipitriformes (diurnal birds of prey). Cathartiformes now includes the Family Cathartidae (vultures and California Condor, Gymnogyps californianus). At the Family level, the Oceanitidae (southern storm-petrels) was split from the Hydrobatidae (northern storm-petrels), the Tityridae (becards and tityras) was split from the Tyrannidae (tyrant flycatchers), the Passerellidae (towhees, sparrows, and juncos) was split from the Emberizidae (buntings), and the Megaluridae (Locustella warblers) was renamed to Locustellidae. The Ptilogonatidae (silky-flycatchers) was renamed to the Ptiliogonatidae. The Nesospingidae (Puerto Rican Tanager) and the Spindalidae (Spindalis genus) were split from the Thraupidae (tanagers). The yellow-breasted chat was split from the Parulidae (wood-warblers) and placed into Icteriidae (chats). Within the Scolopacidae (sandpipers, phalaropes, and allies), new Subfamilies were created: The curlews were moved to Numeniinae; the godwits to Limosinae; and small sandpipers to Arenariinae and larger sandpipers to Tringinae, including phalaropes whose previous Subfamily Phalaropodinae was removed. Within the Accipitridae (hawks, eagles, and kites), new Subfamilies were created: The White-tailed Kite was move to Elaninae, Hook-billed and Swallow-tailed Kite were moved to Gypaetinae, and all other members of the family were moved to Accipitrinae. Within the Icteridae (blackbirds), new Subfamilies were created: Yellow-headed blackbird was moved to Xanthocephalinae; bobolink was moved to Dolichonychinae; meadowlarks were moved to Sturnellinae; orioles were moved to Icterinae; and blackbirds, cowbirds, and grackles were moved to Agelaiinae. In the Falconidae (caracaras and falcons), collared forest-falcon was moved into the new Subfamily Herpetotherinae, and the Subfamily Caracarinae was removed, with crested caracara moved to the Subfamily Falconinae. In the Fringillidae (finches and allies), the Hawaiian fringillids were moved from the Subfamily Drepanidinae to Carduelinae. The Old World flycatchers in the Turdidae (thrushes) were moved to the Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers). Bananaquit was moved from the Coerebidae (a family not protected by MBTA) to the Thraupidae (tanagers and allies), which is a family protected by the MBTA. All other tanagers were also moved from the Emberizidae (sparrows) to the Thraupidae. Within Thraupidae, the seedeaters were moved into the Subfamily Sporophilinae, and bananaquit, grassquits, and bullfinches were moved into the Subfamily Coerebinae. All species previously receiving protection under the MBTA that have [[Page 21284]] been moved to newly created Families continue to be protected under the MBTA. The amendments affect a total of 252 species; 75 additions, 8 removals, and 178 name changes covering 169 species (9 species had both scientific and common name changes). The result is a net addition of 67 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the number of species on the list from 1,026 to 1,093. Of the 75 species that we add to the list, 28 were previously covered under the MBTA as members of the same species (conspecific) of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following nine categories: (1) Add 16 species that qualify for protection by the MBTA but have not been added previously. The addition of these species is the result of either accepting AOS taxonomic updates that were previously excluded or determinations of documented natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. The species and relevant publication(s) are: Pink-footed Goose, Anser brachyrhynchus (AOS 2019); Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii (AOU 2004); Long-tailed Koel, Urodynamis taitensis (Wiles 2005); White-tailed Nightjar, Hydropsalis cayennensis (AOU 1983); Vervain Hummingbird, Mellisuga minima (AOU 1983); Kentish Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus (Enbring and Owen 1981); Common Redshank, Tringa totanus (Wiles 2005); Nazca Booby, Sula granti (AOS 2019); Abbott's Booby, Papasula abbotti (Pratt et al. 2009); Rufous Night-Heron, Nycticorax caledonicus (Glass et al. 1990); Gray-faced Buzzard, Butastur indicus (Stinson et al. 1997); Eastern Marsh-Harrier, Circus spilonotus (Wiles et al. 2000); Amur Falcon, Falco amurensis (Stinson et al. 1991); Eurasian Jackdaw, Corvus monedula (AOU 1998); Redwing, Turdus iliacus (AOU 1998); Common Kingfisher, Alcedo atthis (Wiles et al. 1993). (2) Correct the spelling of three common or scientific names on the alphabetized list: Eared Quetzel, Euptilotis neoxenus, becomes Eared Quetzal Red-footed falcon, Flaco vespertinus, becomes Falco vespertinus Piratic Flycatcher, Legatus leucophalus becomes Legatus leucophaius (3) Correct the spelling of three common or scientific names on the taxonomic list: Eared Quetzel, Euptilotis neoxenus, becomes Eared Quetzal White-crested Eleania, Elaenia albiceps becomes White-crested Elaenia Piratic Flycatcher, Legatus leucophalus becomes Legatus leucophaius (4) Add 30 species based on review and acceptance by the AOS (since 2010) or by other appropriate ornithological authorities of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. These species belong to families covered by at least one of the four international conventions, and all are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State in which it has been recorded plus the relevant publication: Common Scoter, Melanitta nigra--California and Oregon (AOS 2017); Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem, Lampornis amethystinus--Texas (AOS 2018, AOS 2019); Rufous-necked Wood-Rail, Aramides axillaris--New Mexico (AOU 2016); Solitary Snipe, Gallinago solitaria--Alaska (AOU 2011); Chatham Albatross, Thalassarche eremita--California (AOS 2017); European Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus--North Carolina and Florida (AOS 2019); Providence Petrel, Pterodroma solandri--Alaska (AOU 2013); Fea's Petrel, Pterodroma feae--North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia (AOU 2013); Zino's Petrel, Pterodroma madeira--North Carolina, (AOU 2015); White-chinned Petrel, Procellaria aequinoctialis--Texas, California, Maine (AOU 2011); Bryan's Shearwater, Puffinus bryani--Hawaii (AOU 2012); Bare-throated Tiger-Heron, Tigrisoma mexicanum--Texas (AOU 2011); Double-toothed Kite, Harpagus bidentatus--Texas (AOU 2013); Great Black Hawk, Buteogallus urubitinga--Texas and Maine (AOS 2019); Amazon Kingfisher, Chloroceryle amazona--Texas (AOU 2011); Gray-collared Becard, Pachyramphus major--Arizona (AOU 2011); Pine Flycatcher, Empidonax affinis--Arizona (AOS 2018); Cuban Vireo, Vireo gundlachii--Florida (AOS 2018); Common Chiffchaff, Phylloscopus collybita--Alaska (AOU 2014); Thick-billed Warbler, Arundinax aedon--Alaska (AOS 2019); Blyth's Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus dumetorum--Alaska (AOU 2017); River Warbler, Locustella fluviatilis--Alaska (AOS 2019); European Robin, Erithacus rubecula--Pennsylvania (AOS 2019); Common Redstart, Phoenicurus phoenicurus--Alaska (AOU 2015); Pied Wheatear, Oenanthe pleschanka--Alaska (AOS 2019); Brown-backed Solitaire, Myadestes occidentalis--Arizona (AOU 2011); Pallas's Rosefinch, Carpodacus roseus--Alaska (AOS 2019); Asian Rosy-Finch, Leucosticte arctoa--Alaska (AOU 2013); Black-backed Oriole, Icterus abeillei--Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Connecticut (AOS 2019); Red-legged Honeycreeper, Cyanerpes cyaneus--Texas (AOS 2017). (5) Add one species because of recent taxonomic changes transferring a species in a Family formerly not protected by the MBTA (Coerebidae) into a Family protected under the MBTA (Thraupidae). We reference the AOS publication supporting the change: Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola (AOU 2015). (6) Add 28 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as conspecific have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as conspecific with a listed species, these additions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOS or relevant publication supporting the change: Stejneger's Scoter, Melanitta stejnegeri--formerly considered conspecific with Velvet Scoter, Melanitta fusca (AOS 2019); Ridgway's Rail, Rallus obsoletus--formerly considered conspecific with Clapper Rail, Rallus longirostris (AOU 2014); Common Gallinule, Gallinula galeata--formerly considered conspecific with Common Moorhen, Gallinula chloropus (AOU 2011); Scripps's Murrelet, Synthliboramphus scrippsi--formerly considered conspecific with Xantus's Murrelet, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (AOU 2012); Salvin's Albatross, Thalassarche salvini--formerly considered conspecific with Shy Albatross, Thalassarche cauta (AOU 2014); Gray-faced Petrel, Pterodroma gouldi--formerly considered conspecific with Great-winged Petrel, Pterodroma macroptera (AOS 2019); Trindade Petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana --formerly considered conspecific with Herald Petrel, Pterodroma heraldica (AOU 2015); [[Page 21285]] Newell's Shearwater, Puffinus newelli--formerly considered conspecific with Townsend's Shearwater, Puffinus auricularis (AOU 2015); Barolo Shearwater, Puffinus baroli--formerly considered conspecific with Little Shearwater, Puffinus assimilis (AOU 2013); Townsend's Storm-Petrel, Hydrobates socorroensis--formerly considered conspecific with Leach's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhous (AOU 2016, AOS 2019); Northern Boobook, Ninox japonica--formerly considered conspecific with Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata (AOU 2014); Pacific Kingfisher, Todiramphus sacer--formerly considered conspecific with Collared Kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris (Clements et al. 2015); Mariana Kingfisher, Todiramphus albicilla--formerly considered conspecific with Collared Kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris (Clements et al. 2015); Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma woodhouseii--formerly considered conspecific with Western Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma californica (AOU 2016); Kamchatka Leaf Warbler, Phylloscopus examinandus--formerly considered conspecific with Arctic Warbler, Phylloscopus borealis (AOU 2014); Saipan Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus hiwae--formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius (Clements et al. 2013); Aguiguan Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus nijoi--formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius (Clements et al. 2013); Pagan Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus yamashinae--formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, Acrocephalus luscinius (Clements et al. 2013); Laysan Honeycreeper, Himatione fraithii-- formerly considered conspecific with Apapane, Himatione sanguinea (AOU 2015) Kauai Nukupu`u, Hemignathus hanapepe--formerly considered conspecific with Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus (AOU 2015); Maui Nukupu`u, Hemignathus affins--formerly considered conspecific with Nukupuu, Hemignathus lucidus (AOU 2015); Kauai `Akialoa, Akialoa stejnegeri--formerly considered conspecific with Greater Akialoa, Hemignathus ellisianus (AOU 2015); Maui Nui `Akialoa, Akialoa lanaiensis--formerly considered conspecific with Greater Akialoa, Hemignathus ellisianus (AOU 2015); O`ahu `Akepa, Loxops wolstenholmei--formerly considered conspecific with Akepa, Loxops coccineus (AOU 2015); Maui `Akepa, Loxops ochraceus--formerly considered conspecific with Akepa, Loxops coccineus (AOU 2015); Cassia Crossbill, Loxia sinesciuris--formerly considered conspecific with Red Crossbill, Loxia curvirostra (AOS 2017); Sagebrush Sparrow, Artemisiospiza nevadensis--formerly considered conspecific with Sage Sparrow, Amphispiza belli (AOU 2013); Morelet's Seedeater, Sporophila morelleti--formerly considered conspecific with White-collared Seedeater, Sporophila torqueola (AOS 2018). (7) Remove eight species based on revised taxonomic treatments, either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer- reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. In each case, we reference the publication supporting these changes: Thayer's Gull, Larus thayeri, now a subspecies of Iceland Gull, Larus glaucoides (AOS 2017); Great-winged Petrel, Pterodroma macroptera (AOS 2019); Townsend's Shearwater, Puffinus auricularis (AOU 2015); Little Shearwater, Puffinus assimilis (AOU 2015); Brown Hawk-Owl, Ninox scutulata (AOU 2014); Caribbean Coot, Fulica caribaea (AOU 2016); Collared Kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris (Clements et al. 2015); White-collared Seedeater, Sporophila torqueola (AOS 2018). (8) Revise the common (English) names of 43 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOU publications 2011 through 2017, AOS 2018 and 2019 and Clements et al. (2017). Hawaiian species names are modified to official Hawaiian spelling, following the Pukui-Elbert Hawaiian Dictionary, adding the diacritical marks to the common names where applicable. The Government Publishing Office Style Manual requires the words Hawaii and Kauai to be spelled without the diacritical mark. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below. (9) Revise the scientific names of 135 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOU publications 2011 through 2017, AOS 2018 and 2019 and Clements et al. (2017). These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below. Table of name changes, as described in categories 8 and 9, above, follows. Table is organized following AOS (2019) taxonomic order. The relevant AOS publication is provided. Hawaiian common name changes are indicated with a (--). ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Publication source and year Previous common name Current common name ------------------------------------------------------------------------ AOU 2004.................. Canada Goose Canada Goose, Branta (including Branta canadensis. hutchinsii), Branta canadensis. AOS 2019.................. Common Ground-Dove, Common Ground Dove, Columbina passerina. Columbina passerina. AOS 2019.................. Ruddy Ground-Dove, Ruddy Ground Dove, Columbina talpacoti. Columbina talpacoti. AOU 2016.................. Green Violetear, Mexican Violetear, Colibri thalassinus. Colibri thalassinus. AOS 2017.................. Magnificent Rivoli's Hummingbird, hummingbird, Eugenes Eugenes fulgens. fulgens. AOS 2019.................. Blue-throated Blue-throated Hummingbird, Mountain-gem, Lampornis clemenciae. Lampornis clemenciae. AOU 2012.................. Xantus's Murrelet, Guadalupe Murrelet, Synthliboramphus Synthliboramphus hypoleucus. hypoleucus. [[Page 21286]] AOU 2014.................. Shy Albatross, White-capped Thalassarche cauta. Albatross, Thalassarche cauta. AOU 2015.................. Herald Petrel, Trindade Petrel, Pterodroma Pterodroma arminjoniana. arminjoniana. Clements et al. 2000...... Pacific Reef-Egret, Pacific Reef-Heron, Egretta sacra. Egretta sacra. AOU 2012.................. Gray Frog-Hawk, Chinese Sparrowhawk, Accipiter soloensis. Accipiter soloensis. AOU 2014.................. Common Black-Hawk, Common Black Hawk, Buteogallus Buteogallus anthracinus. anthracinus. AOS 2018.................. Gray Jay, Perisoreus Canada Jay, canadensis. Perisoreus canadensis. AOU 2016.................. Western Scrub-Jay, California Scrub-Jay, Aphelocoma Aphelocoma californica. californica. AOU 2016.................. Eurasian Sky Lark, Eurasian Skylark, Alauda arvensis. Alauda arvensis. AOU 2014.................. Pallas's Leaf- Pallas's Leaf Warbler, Warbler, Phylloscopus Phylloscopus proregulus. proregulus. --........................ Kamao, Myadestes K[amacr]ma[revaps]o, myadestinus. Myadestes myadestinus. --........................ Olomao, Myadestes Oloma[revaps]o, lanaiensis. Myadestes lanaiensis. --........................ Omao, Myadestes [revaps][Omacr]mar[re obscurus. vaps]o, Myadestes obscurus. AOS 2017.................. Le Conte's Thrasher, LeConte's Thrasher, Toxostoma lecontei. Toxostoma lecontei. AOU 2015.................. Nukupuu, Hemignathus O[revaps]ahu lucidus. Nukupu[revaps]u, Hemignathus lucidus. --........................ Poo-uli, Melamprosops Po[revaps]ouli, phaeosoma. Melamprosops phaeosoma. --........................ Akikiki, Oreomystis [revaps]Akikiki, bairdi. Oreomystis bairdi. --........................ Oahu Alauahio, O[revaps]ahu Paroreomyza maculata. [revaps]Alauahio, Paroreomyza maculata. --........................ Kakawahie, K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie Paroreomyza flammea. , Paroreomyza flammea. --........................ Maui Alauahio, Maui Paroreomyza montana. [revaps]Alauahio, Paroreomyza montana. --........................ Akohekohe, Palmeria [revaps]Akohekohe, dolei. Palmeria dolei. --........................ Apapane, Himatione [revaps]Apapane, sanguinea. Himatione sanguinea. --........................ Iiwi, Drepanis [revaps]I[revaps]iwi, coccinea. Drepanis coccinea. --........................ Ou, Psittirostra [revaps][Omacr][revap psittacea. s][umacr], Psittirostra psittacea. --........................ Anianiau, Magumma [revaps]Anianiau, parva. Magumma parva. --........................ Akekee, Loxops [revaps]Akeke[revaps] caeruleirostris. e, Loxops caeruleirostris. AOU 2015.................. Akepa, Loxops Hawaii [revaps]Akepa, coccineus. Loxops coccineus. AOS 2017.................. Le Conte's Sparrow, LeConte's Sparrow, Ammodramus leconteii. Ammodramus leconteii. AOS 2017.................. Emperor Goose, Chen Emperor Goose, Anser canagica. canagicus. AOS 2017.................. Snow Goose, Chen Snow Goose, Anser caerulescens. caerulescens. AOS 2017.................. Ross's Goose, Chen Ross's Goose, Anser rossii. rossii. AOS 2017.................. Baikal Teal, Anas Baikal Teal, formosa. Sibirionetta formosa. AOS 2017.................. Garganey, Anas Garganey, Spatula querquedula. querquedula. AOS 2017.................. Blue-winged Teal, Blue-winged Teal, Anas discors. Spatula discors. AOS 2017.................. Cinnamon Teal, Anas Cinnamon Teal, cyanoptera. Spatula cyanoptera. AOS 2017.................. Northern Shoveler, Northern Shoveler, Anas clypeata. Spatula clypeata. AOS 2017.................. Gadwall, Anas Gadwall, Mareca strepera. strepera. AOS 2017.................. Falcated Duck, Anas Falcated Duck, Mareca falcata. falcata. AOS 2017.................. Eurasian Wigeon, Anas Eurasian Wigeon, penelope. Mareca penelope. AOS 2017.................. American Wigeon, Anas American Wigeon, americana. Mareca americana. AOS 2019.................. White-winged Scoter, White-winged Scoter, Melanitta fusca. Melanitta deglandi. Clements et al. 2017...... White-throated Ground- White-throated Ground- Dove, Gallicolumba Dove, Alopecoenas xanthonura. xanthonurus. Clements et al. 2010...... Hodgson's Hawk- Hodgson's Hawk- Cuckoo, Cuculus Cuckoo, Hierococcyx fugax. nisicolor. AOU 2012.................. Chuck-will's-widow, Chuck-will's-widow, Caprimulgus Antrostomus carolinensis. carolinensis. AOU 2012.................. Buff-collared Buff-collared Nightjar, Nightjar, Caprimulgus ridgwayi. Antrostomus ridgwayi. AOU 2012.................. Eastern Whip-poor- Eastern Whip-poor- will, Caprimulgus will, Antrostomus vociferus. vociferus. AOU 2012.................. Mexican Whip-poor- Mexican Whip-poor- will, Caprimulgus will, Antrostomus arizonae. arizonae. AOU 2012.................. Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Nightjar, Nightjar, Caprimulgus Antrostomus noctitherus. noctitherus. AOS 2018.................. Gray Nightjar, Gray Nightjar, Caprimulgus indicus. Caprimulgus jotaka. AOS 2019.................. Bahama Woodstar, Bahama Woodstar, Calliphlox evelynae. Nesophlox evelynae. AOU 2012.................. Calliope Hummingbird, Calliope Hummingbird, Stellula calliope. Selasphorus calliope. AOU 2014.................. Clapper Rail, Rallus Clapper Rail, Rallus longirostris. crepitans. AOU 2016.................. Yellow-breasted Yellow-breasted Crake, Porzana Crake, Hapalocrex flaviventer. flaviventer. AOU 2012.................. Purple Gallinule, Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio martinica. Porphyrio martinicus. AOU 2016.................. Sandhill Crane, Grus Sandhill Crane, canadensis. Antigone canadensis. AOU 2011.................. Snowy Plover, Snowy Plover, Charadrius Charadrius nivosus. alexandrinus. AOU 2013.................. Surfbird, Aphriza Surfbird, Calidris virgata. virgata. AOU 2013.................. Ruff, Philomachus Ruff, Calidris pugnax. pugnax. AOU 2013.................. Broad-billed Broad-billed Sandpiper, Limicola Sandpiper, Calidris falcinellus. falcinellus. AOU 2013.................. Spoon-billed Spoon-billed Sandpiper, Sandpiper, Calidris Eurynorhynchus pygmea. pygmeus. AOU 2013.................. Buff-breasted Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Tryngites Sandpiper, Calidris subruficollis. subruficollis. AOS 2017.................. Blue-gray Noddy, Blue-gray Noddy, Procelsterna cerulea. Anous ceruleus. AOU 2003.................. Whiskered Tern, Whiskered Tern, Chlidonias hybridus. Chlidonias hybrida. AOS 2019.................. Fork-tailed Storm- Fork-tailed Storm- Petrel, Oceanodroma Petrel, Hydrobates furcata. furcatus. AOS 2019.................. Ringed Storm-Petrel, Ringed Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma hornbyi. Hydrobates hornbyi. AOS 2019.................. Swinhoe's Storm- Swinhoe's Storm- Petrel, Oceanodroma Petrel, Hydrobates monorhis. monorhis. AOS 2019.................. Leach's Storm-Petrel, Leach's Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma Hydrobates leucorhoa. leucorhous. AOS 2019.................. Townsend's Storm- Townsend's Storm- Petrel, Oceanodroma Petrel, Hydrobates socorroensis. socorroensis. AOS 2019.................. Ashy Storm-Petrel, Ashy Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma Hydrobates homochroa. homochroa. AOS 2019.................. Band-rumped Storm- Band-rumped Storm- Petrel, Oceanodroma Petrel, Hydrobates castro. castro. AOS 2019.................. Wedge-rumped Storm- Wedge-rumped Storm- Petrel, Oceanodroma Petrel, Hydrobates tethys. tethys. AOS 2019.................. Black Storm-Petrel, Black Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma melania. Hydrobates melania. AOS 2019.................. Tristram's Storm- Tristram's Storm- Petrel, Oceanodroma Petrel, Hydrobates tristrami. tristrami. AOS 2019.................. Least Storm-Petrel, Least Storm-Petrel, Oceanodroma Hydrobates microsoma. microsoma. [[Page 21287]] AOS 2018.................. Tahiti Petrel, Tahiti Petrel, Pterodroma rostrata. Pseudobulweria rostrata. AOU 2016.................. Wedge-tailed Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Puffinus Shearwater, Ardenna pacificus. pacifica. AOU 2016.................. Buller's Shearwater, Buller's Shearwater, Puffinus bulleri. Ardenna bulleri. AOU 2016.................. Short-tailed Short-tailed Shearwater, Puffinus Shearwater, Ardenna tenuirostris. tenuirostris. AOU 2016.................. Sooty Shearwater, Sooty Shearwater, Puffinus griseus. Ardenna grisea. AOU 2016.................. Great Shearwater, Great Shearwater, Puffinus gravis. Ardenna gravis. AOU 2016.................. Pink-footed Pink-footed Shearwater, Puffinus Shearwater, Ardenna creatopus. creatopus. AOU 2016.................. Flesh-footed Flesh-footed Shearwater, Puffinus Shearwater, Ardenna carneipes. carneipes. AOS 2017.................. Intermediate Egret, Intermediate Egret, Mesophoyx intermedia. Ardea intermedia. AOS 2017.................. Northern Harrier, Northern Harrier, Circus cyaneus. Circus hudsonius. AOU 2015.................. Roadside Hawk, Buteo Roadside Hawk, magnirostris. Rupornis magnirostris. AOU 2015.................. White-tailed Hawk, White-tailed Hawk, Buteo albicaudatus. Geranoaetus albicaudatus. AOS 2018.................. Downy Woodpecker, Downy Woodpecker, Picoides pubescens. Dryobates pubescens. AOS 2018.................. Nuttall's Woodpecker, Nuttall's Woodpecker, Picoides nuttallii. Dryobates nuttallii. AOS 2018.................. Ladder-backed Ladder-backed Woodpecker, Picoides Woodpecker, scalaris. Dryobates scalaris. AOS 2018.................. Red-cockaded Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Picoides Woodpecker, borealis. Dryobates borealis. AOS 2018.................. Hairy Woodpecker, Hairy Woodpecker, Picoides villosus. Dryobates villosus. AOS 2018.................. White-headed White-headed Woodpecker, Picoides Woodpecker, albolarvatus. Dryobates albolarvatus. AOS 2018.................. Arizona Woodpecker, Arizona Woodpecker, Picoides arizonae. Dryobates arizonae. AOU 2013.................. Flammulated Owl, Otus Flammulated Owl, flammeolus. Psiloscops flammeolus. AOS 2017.................. Northern Shrike, Northern Shrike, Lanius excubitor. Lanius borealis. AOU 2011.................. Mexican Jay, Mexican Jay, Aphelocoma Aphelocoma ultramarina. wollweberi. AOU 2012.................. Sinaloa Wren, Sinaloa Wren, Thryothorus sinaloa. Thryophilus sinaloa. AOS 2018.................. Siberian Blue Robin, Siberian Blue Robin, Luscinia cyane. Larvivora cyane. AOS 2018.................. Rufous-tailed Robin, Rufous-tailed Robin, Luscinia sibilans. Larvivora sibilans. AOS 2018.................. Bluethroat, Luscinia Bluethroat, Cyanecula svecica. svecica. AOS 2018.................. Siberian Rubythroat, Siberian Rubythroat, Luscinia calliope. Calliope calliope. Clements et al. 2015...... Chestnut-cheeked Chestnut-cheeked Starling, Sturnus Starling, Agropsar phillippensis. philippensis. Clements et al. 2015...... White-cheeked White-cheeked Starling, Sturnus Starling, Spodiopsar cineraceus. cineraceus. AOU 2013.................. Gray Silky- Gray Silky- flycatcher, flycatcher, Ptilogonys cinereus. Ptiliogonys cinereus. AOU 2012.................. House Finch, House Finch, Carpodacus mexicanus. Haemorhous mexicanus. AOU 2012.................. Purple Finch, Purple Finch, Carpodacus purpureus. Haemorhous purpureus. AOU 2012.................. Cassin's Finch, Cassin's Finch, Carpodacus cassinii. Haemorhous cassinii. AOU 2015.................. American Tree American Tree Sparrow, Spizella Sparrow, arborea. Spizelloides arborea. AOS 2018.................. LeConte's Sparrow, LeConte's Sparrow, Ammodramus leconteii. Ammospiza leconteii. AOS 2018.................. Seaside Sparrow, Seaside Sparrow, Ammodramus maritima. Ammospiza maritima. AOS 2018.................. Nelson's Sparrow, Nelson's Sparrow, Ammodramus nelsoni. Ammospiza nelsoni. AOS 2018.................. Saltmarsh Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sparrow, Ammodramus caudacuta. Ammospiza caudacuta. AOS 2018.................. Baird's Sparrow, Baird's Sparrow, Ammodramus bairdii. Centronyx bairdii. AOS 2018.................. Henslow's Sparrow, Henslow's Sparrow, Ammodramus henslowii. Centronyx henslowii. AOS 2019.................. Tennessee Warbler, Tennessee Warbler, Oreothlypis Leiothlypis peregrina. peregrina. AOS 2019.................. Orange-crowned Orange-crowned Warbler, Oreothlypis Warbler, Leiothlypis celata. celata. AOS 2019.................. Colima Warbler, Colima Warbler, Oreothlypis Leiothlypis crissalis. crissalis. AOS 2019.................. Lucy's Warbler, Lucy's Warbler, Oreothlypis luciae. Leiothlypis luciae. AOS 2019.................. Nashville Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Oreothlypis Leiothlypis ruficapilla. ruficapilla. AOS 2019.................. Virginia's Warbler, Virginia's Warbler, Oreothlypis Leiothlypis virginiae. virginiae. AOU 2011.................. MacGillivray's MacGillivray's Warbler, Oporornis Warbler, Geothlypis tolmiei. tolmiei. AOU 2011.................. Mourning Warbler, Mourning Warbler, Oporornis Geothlypis philadelphia. philadelphia. AOU 2011.................. Kentucky Warbler, Kentucky Warbler, Oporornis formosus. Geothlypis formosa. AOU 2011.................. Elfin-woods Warbler, Elfin-woods Warbler, Dendroica angelae. Setophaga angelae. AOU 2011.................. Hooded Warbler, Hooded Warbler, Wilsonia citrina. Setophaga citrina. AOU 2011.................. Kirtland's Warbler, Kirtland's Warbler, Dendroica kirtlandii. Setophaga kirtlandii. AOU 2011.................. Cape May Warbler, Cape May Warbler, Dendroica tigrina. Setophaga tigrina. AOU 2011.................. Cerulean Warbler, Cerulean Warbler, Dendroica cerulea. Setophaga cerulea. AOU 2011.................. Northern Parula, Northern Parula, Parula americana. Setophaga americana. AOU 2011.................. Tropical Parula, Tropical Parula, Parula pitiayumi. Setophaga pitiayumi. AOU 2011.................. Magnolia Warbler, Magnolia Warbler, Dendroica magnolia. Setophaga magnolia. AOU 2011.................. Bay-breasted Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, Dendroica castanea. Setophaga castanea. AOU 2011.................. Blackburnian Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Dendroica fusca. Setophaga fusca. AOU 2011.................. Yellow Warbler, Yellow Warbler, Dendroica petechia. Setophaga petechia. AOU 2011.................. Chestnut-sided Chestnut-sided Warbler, Dendroica Warbler, Setophaga pensylvanica. pensylvanica. AOU 2011.................. Blackpoll Warbler, Blackpoll Warbler, Dendroica striata. Setophaga striata. AOU 2011.................. Black-throated Blue Black-throated Blue Warbler, Dendroica Warbler, Setophaga caerulescens. caerulescens. AOU 2011.................. Palm Warbler, Palm Warbler, Dendroica palmarum. Setophaga palmarum. AOU 2011.................. Pine Warbler, Pine Warbler, Dendroica pinus. Setophaga pinus. AOU 2011.................. Yellow-rumped Yellow-rumped Warbler, Dendroica Warbler, Setophaga coronata. coronata. AOU 2011.................. Yellow-throated Yellow-throated Warbler, Dendroica Warbler, Setophaga dominica. dominica. AOU 2011.................. Prairie Warbler, Prairie Warbler, Dendroica discolor. Setophaga discolor. AOU 2011.................. Adelaide's Warbler, Adelaide's Warbler, Dendroica adelaidae. Setophaga adelaidae. AOU 2011.................. Grace's Warbler, Grace's Warbler, Dendroica graciae. Setophaga graciae. AOU 2011.................. Black-throated Gray Black-throated Gray Warbler, Dendroica Warbler, Setophaga nigrescens. nigrescens. AOU 2011.................. Townsend's Warbler, Townsend's Warbler, Dendroica townsendi. Setophaga townsendi. AOU 2011.................. Hermit Warbler, Hermit Warbler, Dendroica Setophaga occidentalis. occidentalis. [[Page 21288]] AOU 2011.................. Golden-cheeked Golden-cheeked Warbler, Dendroica Warbler, Setophaga chrysoparia. chrysoparia. AOU 2011.................. Black-throated Green Black-throated Green Warbler, Dendroica Warbler, Setophaga virens. virens. AOU 2011.................. Fan-tailed Warbler, Fan-tailed Warbler, Euthlypis lachrymosa. Basileuterus lachrymosus. AOU 2011.................. Canada Warbler, Canada Warbler, Wilsonia canadensis. Cardellina canadensis. AOU 2011.................. Wilson's Warbler, Wilson's Warbler, Wilsonia pusilla. Cardellina pusilla. AOS 2019.................. Black-faced Black-faced Grassquit, Tiaris Grassquit, bicolor. Melanospiza bicolor. AOS 2018.................. Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Bullfinch, Loxigilla Bullfinch, portoricensis. Melopyrrha portoricensis. Clements et al. 2017...... Friendly Ground-Dove, Shy Ground-Dove, Gallicolumba stairi. Alopecoenas stairi. Clements et al. 2006...... Micronesian Guam Kingfisher, Kingfisher, Todiramphus Todirhamphus cinnamominus. cinnamominus. Clements et al. 2006, 2017 Nightingale Reed- Nightingale Reed Warbler, Warbler, Acrocephalus Acrocephalus luscinia. luscinius. AOU 2015.................. Akiapolaau, [revaps]Akiapola[reva Hemignathus munroi. ps]au, Hemignathus wilsoni. AOU 2015.................. Greater Akialoa, O[revaps]ahu Hemignathus [revaps]Akialoa, ellisianus. Akialoa ellisiana. AOU 2015.................. Hawaii Amakihi, Hawaii Hemignathus virens. [revaps]Amakihi, Chlorodrepanis virens. AOU 2015.................. Oahu Amakihi, O[revaps]ahu Hemignathus flavus. [revaps]Amakihi, Chlorodrepanis flava. AOU 2015.................. Kauai Amakihi, Kauai Hemignathus [revaps]Amakihi, kauaiensis. Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri. AOU 2012, 2013............ Sage Sparrow, Bell's Sparrow, Amphispiza belli. Artemisiospiza belli. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ How do the changes adopted in this rule differ from those described in the proposed rule? On November 28, 2018, we published in the Federal Register (83 FR 61288) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending January 28, 2019. Subsequently, on November 12, 2019, we published in the Federal Register (84 FR 60998) a revised proposed rule, and we accepted comments on our proposed revisions for 30 days, ending December 12, 2019. Taken together, our publications, the November 28, 2018, proposed rule, as revised by the November 12, 2019, revised proposed rule, include all the changes adopted in this rule with one exception: On the taxonomic list, we are correcting the scientific name of the Puerto Rican bullfinch from Loxigilla portoricensis to Melopyrrha portoricensis. How is the List of Migratory Birds organized? The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: Alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, similar to that used in modern telephone directories, is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOS (1998, 2019) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists. What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? The MBTA does not apply to: (1) Nonnative species introduced into the United States or U.S. territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions. Elsewhere in today's Federal Register, we publish the revised list of nonnative bird species that are not protected under the MBTA. Note, though, that native species introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the United States or U.S. territories (e.g., cattle egrets in Hawaii). (2) Species native or nonnative to the United States or U.S. territories that either belong to families or groups not referred to in the Canada, Mexico, and Russia Conventions or are not included by species name in the Japan Convention. This includes the Tinamidae (tinamous), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Cracidae (chachalacas), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Heliornithidae (finfoots), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Todidae (todies), Psittacidae (parrots), Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Dicruridae (drongos), Monarchidae (monarchs), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings, except as listed in Japanese treaty), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and Passeridae (Old World sparrows, including house or English sparrow), as well as numerous other families not represented in the United States or U.S. territories. Summary of Comments and Responses On November 28, 2018, we published in the Federal Register (83 FR 61288) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending January 28, 2019. We received eight comments in response to the proposed rule; seven were from private individuals, one was from an organization. Subsequently, on November 12, 2019, we published in the Federal Register (84 FR 60998) a revised proposed rule, and we accepted comments on our proposed revisions for 30 days, ending December 12, 2019. We received two comments in response to the revised proposed rule; one was from a private individual, one was from an organization. The following text discusses the substantive comments we received and provides our responses. Comment (1): One individual requested that the list be available in a more user-friendly format. Response: As noted above, in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the list is provided in two formats for different needs. One format is ordered alphabetically by group (English) name and the other is in taxonomic order. For informational purposes only, we also provide a downloadable list online at https://www.fws.gov/birds/management/managed-species/migratory-bird-treaty-act-protected-species.php, in a spreadsheet format that includes multiple fields to allow for easy sorting and searching for users comfortable working with this format. Comment (2): One individual requested that we clarify why we are adding to the List the 16 species that we [[Page 21289]] say qualify for protection by the MBTA but have not been added previously. Response: For this update, the Service reviewed previously excluded AOS taxonomic updates using contemporary scientific literature to make its determinations. For species that we are adding based on evidence of natural distribution in the United States or U.S. territories, the Service reviewed historical scientific literature prompted by recommendations made by Service staff with ornithological expertise and knowledge of species' natural distribution. Comment (3): One individual commented on the importance of updating the List of Migratory Birds for the public to be informed of what species are protected and to provide clarification about the taxonomy of species. Response: The Service agrees that it is important to maintain a current List of Migratory Birds that reflects the best available science and can inform the American public of the species that are protected by the MBTA. Comment (4): One commenter made the following comments: [ssquf] The proposed action of the Service implicates the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment; as a result, the action is not in compliance with Executive Order 12630 as it has significant takings implications. [ssquf] The Service has provided the public with no meaningful opportunity to comment due to incorrect citations. [ssquf] The Service has provided the public with no meaningful opportunity to comment because the correct citations are conclusory summations without details relating to the factual determinations. [ssquf] The Service has unlawfully delegated its decision-making authority to a private organization. [ssquf] The Service is unlawfully applying the MBTA by misinterpreting the plain language meaning of the term ``occurring.'' Response: Regarding the first bullet, there are no takings implications stemming from this rulemaking. Under 50 CFR 21.2, migratory birds that are lawfully acquired prior to the effective date of Federal protection under the MBTA (in this case, their addition to the List of Migratory Birds at 50 CFR 10.13) may continue to be possessed or transported without a permit. However, 50 CFR 21.2 prohibits import, export, purchase, sale, barter, or offer for purchase, sale, or barter of those species. The Supreme Court held in Andrus v. Allard, 444 U.S. 51, 65-68 (1979), that the prohibitions in 50 CFR 21.2 do not amount to a regulatory taking that requires compensation under the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Regarding the second bullet, we apologize for the incorrect citations in the November 28, 2018, proposed rule; they were corrected and described individually in the November 12, 2019, revised proposed rule, for which we accepted public comment for 30 days, and they are correct in this final rule. Regarding the third and fourth bullets, which we combine because they are interrelated with regard to the process the Service follows for determining species protected by the MBTA, the Service must rely on accepted scientific authorities and best available science when feasible. The Service has determined that the checklist published by the AOS is the best available science and a primary resource from which to reference updates in taxonomy and natural distribution for the reasons outlined above under What Scientific Authorities Are Used to Amend the List of Migratory Birds? The Service reviews and makes its own determinations for inclusion and updates to the list of protected migratory bird species, as evidenced by the Service not recognizing ackling Gogose, Branta hutchinsii, as a distinct species for protection until this update when the AOU made this determination in its 2004 supplement (see our response to comments in 78 FR 65844, November 1, 2013, at p. 78 FR 65849). Copies of the AOS checklist and supplements are publicly available, and these publications cite published resources used in the committee deliberations that are also considered by the Service for this rulemaking. Persons wishing to obtain more information about deliberations and evidence used by the AOS in their determinations should contact AOS directly. The Service also solicits public comments through a proposed rule when we make revisions to the list of protected species to obtain any additional information the public wishes to provide to aid us in our decision-making. Regarding the fifth bullet, the use of the word ``occurring'' is ambiguous in the legislative history, and there is no evidence that Congress was concerned with the number of records documenting a species' natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. Territories. There is also no established or accepted scientific process to determine a species is occurring in the United States or U.S. Territories based on an undefined threshold number of documented records. A single documented, reviewed, and accepted record of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. Territories is thus the threshold to qualify a species for protection by the MBTA. Required Determinations Regulatory Planning and Review Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is not significant. E.O. 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866, while calling for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends. E.O. 13563 directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and consistent with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that regulations must be based on the best available science and that the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent with these requirements. Executive Order 13771--Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs This rule is not an Executive Order (E.O.) 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 3, 2017) regulatory action because this rule is not significant under E.O. 12866. Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 804(2)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic [[Page 21290]] impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions. Consequently, we certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities; therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required. This rule is not a major rule under SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. a. This rule will not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more. b. This rule will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions. c. This rule will not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), we have determined the following: a. This rule will not ``significantly or uniquely'' affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions; it will not affect small government activities in any significant way. b. This rule will not produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. Takings Under Executive Order 12630, this rule does not have significant takings implications. While certain activities that were previously unregulated will now be regulated, possession and transport of migratory bird species acquired prior to being added to the List of Migratory Birds in this rulemaking will remain unregulated under Federal law. Therefore, a takings implication assessment is not required. Federalism This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a federalism summary impact statement under Executive Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird species. Civil Justice Reform In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that this rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. Paperwork Reduction Act This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and a submission to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) is not required. We may not conduct or sponsor and you are not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and will have no or minor environmental effects, it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements (43 CFR 46.210(i)). Endangered Species Act (ESA) Of the species on the List of Migratory Birds, 102 species, subspecies, or distinct population segments are also listed as endangered or threatened under section 4 of the ESA of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). No legal complications arise from the dual listing as the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because this rule is strictly administrative in nature, it has no effect on endangered or threatened species. Thus, it does not require consultation under section 7 of the ESA. Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, ``Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal Governments'' (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we have evaluated potential effects on federally recognized Indian tribes and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions to existing regulations in this rule are purely administrative in nature and do not interfere with the tribes' ability to manage themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird activities on tribal lands. Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211) On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, or use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule will only affect the listing of protected species in the United States, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is required. References Cited A complete list of all references cited is available on http://www.regulations.gov under Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2018-0047, and upon request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, above). List of Subjects in Part 10 Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Wildlife. Regulation Promulgation For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: PART 10--GENERAL PROVISIONS 0 1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows: Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a-d, 703-712, 742a-j-l, 1361-1384, 1401- 1407, 1531-1543, 3371-3378; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202. 0 2. Amend Sec. [thinsp]10.13 by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows: Sec. 10.13 List of Migratory Birds. * * * * * (c) What species are protected as migratory birds? Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American Ornithological [[Page 21291]] Society (AOS)) Check-list of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2019). For species not treated by the AOS Check-list, we generally follow Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2017). (1) Alphabetical listing. Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella [revaps]AKEKE[revaps]E, Loxops caeruleirostris [revaps]AKEPA, Hawaii, Loxops coccineus Maui, Loxops ochraceus O[revaps]ahu, Loxops wolstenholmei [revaps]AKIALOA, Kauai, Akialoa stejnegeri Maui Nui, Akialoa lanaiensis O[revaps]ahu, Akialoa ellisiana [revaps]AKIAPOLA[revaps]AU, Hemignathus wilsoni [revaps]AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi [revaps]AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei [revaps]ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza montana O[revaps]ahu, Paroreomyza maculata ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes Chatham, Thalassarche eremita Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata Salvin's, Thalassarche salvini Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus Wandering, Diomedea exulans White-capped, Thalassarche cauta Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos [revaps]AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Chlorodrepanis virens Kauai, Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri O[revaps]ahu, Chlorodrepanis flava ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani [revaps]ANIANIAU, Magumma parva [revaps]APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus Crested, Aethia cristatella Least, Aethia pusilla Parakeet, Aethia psittacula Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana BANANAQUIT, Coereba flaveola BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis Tundra, Anser serrirostris BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe BECARD, Gray-collared, Pachyramphus major Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis Least, Ixobrychus exilis Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus Rusty, Euphagus carolinus Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis Mountain, Sialia currucoides Western, Sialia mexicana BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus BLUETHROAT, Cyanecula svecica BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus BOOBOOK, Northern, Ninox japonica BOOBY, Abbott's, Papasula abbotti Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii Brown, Sula leucogaster Masked, Sula dactylatra Nazca, Sula granti Red-footed, Sula sula BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla BRANT, Branta bernicla BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula Puerto Rican, Melopyrrha portoricensis BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina Gray, Emberiza variabilis Indigo, Passerina cyanea Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys Lazuli, Passerina amoena Little, Emberiza pusilla McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus Painted, Passerina ciris Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus Rustic, Emberiza rustica Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis Varied, Passerina versicolor Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola Yellow-browed, Emberiza chrysophrys Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus BUZZARD, Gray-faced, Butastur indicus CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris Gray, Dumetella carolinensis CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus Boreal, Poecile hudsonicus Carolina, Poecile carolinensis Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens Gray-headed, Poecile cinctus Mexican, Poecile sclateri Mountain, Poecile gambeli CHIFFCHAFF, Common, Phylloscopus collybita CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Antrostomus carolinensis CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus COOT, American, Fulica americana Eurasian, Fulica atra Hawaiian, Fulica alai CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus Great, Phalacrocorax carbo Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus Brown-headed, Molothrus ater Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops Spotless, Porzana tabuensis Yellow-breasted, Hapalocrex flaviventer CRANE, Common, Grus grus Sandhill, Antigone canadensis Whooping, Grus americana CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana Hawaii, Loxops mana CROSSBILL, Cassia, Loxia sinesciuris Red, Loxia curvirostra White-winged, Loxia leucoptera CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos Fish, Corvus ossifragus Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis Mariana, Corvus kubaryi Northwestern, Corvus caurinus Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus Common, Cuculus canorus Mangrove, Coccyzus minor Oriental, Cuculus optatus Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis Eskimo, Numenius borealis Eurasian, Numenius arquata Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis Little, Numenius minutus Long-billed, Numenius americanus DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus [[Page 21292]] DOVE, Common Ground, Columbina passerina Inca, Columbina inca Mourning, Zenaida macroura Ruddy Ground, Columbina talpacoti White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi White-winged, Zenaida asiatica Zenaida, Zenaida aurita DOVEKIE, Alle alle DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes Eastern Spot-billed, Anas zonorhyncha Falcated, Mareca falcata Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana Laysan, Anas laysanensis Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis Masked, Nomonyx dominicus Mottled, Anas fulvigula Muscovy, Cairina moschata Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa Ring-necked, Aythya collaris Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis Tufted, Aythya fuligula Wood, Aix sponsa DUNLIN, Calidris alpina EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus Golden, Aquila chrysaetos White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis Chinese, Egretta eulophotes Great, Ardea alba Intermediate, Ardea intermedia Little, Egretta garzetta Reddish, Egretta rufescens Snowy, Egretta thula EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima King, Somateria spectabilis Spectacled, Somateria fischeri Steller's, Polysticta stelleri ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata White-crested, Elaenia albiceps EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica FALCON, Amur, Falco amurensis Aplomado, Falco femoralis Peregrine, Falco peregrinus Prairie, Falco mexicanus Red-footed, Falco vespertinus FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris FINCH, Cassin's, Haemorhous cassinii House, Haemorhous mexicanus Laysan, Telespiza cantans Nihoa, Telespiza ultima Purple, Haemorhous purpureus FLAMINGO, American, Phoenicopterus ruber FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides Northern, Colaptes auratus FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens Alder, Empidonax alnorum Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens Asian Brown, Muscicapa dauurica Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis Crowned Slaty, Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus Dark-sided, Muscicapa sibirica Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana Gray, Empidonax wrightii Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae Least, Empidonax minimus Mugimaki, Ficedula mugimaki Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis Pine, Empidonax affinis Piratic, Legatus leucophaius Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus Social, Myiozetetes similis Spotted, Muscicapa striata Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris Taiga, Ficedula albicilla Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus Variegated, Empidonomus varius Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus Willow, Empidonax traillii Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor Lesser, Fregata ariel Magnificent, Fregata magnificens FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis GADWALL, Mareca strepera GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris Common, Gallinula galeata Purple, Porphyrio martinicus GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus GARGANEY, Spatula querquedula GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura Blue-Gray, Polioptila caerulea California, Polioptila californica GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica Black-tailed, Limosa limosa Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica Marbled, Limosa fedoa GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica Common, Bucephala clangula GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica European, Pluvialis apricaria Pacific, Pluvialis fulva GOLDFINCH, American, Spinus tristis Lawrence's, Spinus lawrencei Lesser, Spinus psaltria GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis Cackling, Branta hutchinsii Canada, Branta canadensis Emperor, Anser canagicus Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus Pink-footed, Anser brachyrhynchus Ross's, Anser rossii Snow, Anser caerulescens GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major Common, Quiscalus quiscula Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Melanospiza bicolor Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii Eared, Podiceps nigricollis Horned, Podiceps auritus Least, Tachybaptus dominicus Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis GREENFINCH, Oriental, Chloris sinica GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus Blue, Passerina caerulea Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus Pine, Pinicola enucleator Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus GROUND-DOVE, Shy, Alopecoenas stairi White-throated, Alopecoenas xanthonurus GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle Pigeon, Cepphus columba GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri Black-headed, Chroicocephalus ridibundus Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris Bonaparte's, Chroicocephalus philadelphia California, Larus californicus Franklin's, Leucophaeus pipixcan Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens Gray-hooded, Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus Great Black-backed, Larus marinus Heermann's, Larus heermanni Herring, Larus argentatus Iceland, Larus glaucoides Ivory, Pagophila eburnea [[Page 21293]] Kelp, Larus dominicanus Laughing, Leucophaeus atricilla Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus Little, Hydrocoloeus minutus Mew, Larus canus Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea Sabine's, Xema sabini Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus Swallow-tailed, Creagrus furcatus Western, Larus occidentalis Yellow-footed, Larus livens Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus HARRIER, Northern, Circus hudsonius HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes HAWK, Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus Common Black, Buteogallus anthracinus Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens Ferruginous, Buteo regalis Gray, Buteo plagiatus Great Black, Buteogallus urubitinga Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis Roadside, Rupornis magnirostris Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni White-tailed, Geranoaetus albicaudatus Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Hierococcyx nisicolor HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea Great Blue, Ardea herodias Green, Butorides virescens Little Blue, Egretta caerulea Tricolored, Egretta tricolor HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo HONEYCREEPER, Laysan, Himatione fraithii Red-legged, Cyanerpes cyaneus HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin Anna's, Calypte anna Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus Berylline, Amazilia beryllina Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa Calliope, Selasphorus calliope Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila Costa's, Calypte costae Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer Rivoli's, Eugenes fulgens Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris Rufous, Selasphorus rufus Vervain, Mellisuga minima Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber White, Eudocimus albus White-faced, Plegadis chihi [revaps]I[revaps]IWI, Drepanis coccinea IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa JACKDAW, Eurasian, Corvus monedula JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata Brown, Psilorhinus morio Canada, Perisoreus canadensis Green, Cyanocorax yncas Mexican, Aphelocoma wollweberi Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus K[Amacr]K[Amacr]WAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea K[Amacr]MA`O, Myadestes myadestinus KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans Couch's, Tyrannus couchii Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus Western, Tyrannus verticalis KINGFISHER, Amazon, Chloroceryle amazona Belted, Megaceryle alcyon Common, Alcedo atthis Green, Chloroceryle americana Guam, Todiramphus cinnamominus Mariana, Todiramphus albicilla Pacific, Todiramphus sacer Ringed, Megaceryle torquata KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus KITE, Black, Milvus migrans Double-toothed, Harpagus bidentatus Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus White-tailed, Elanus leucurus KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris Red, Calidris canutus KOEL, Long-tailed, Urodynamis taitensis LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus McCown's, Rhynchophanes mccownii Smith's, Calcarius pictus LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica Common, Gavia immer Pacific, Gavia pacifica Red-throated, Gavia stellata Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus Green, Anthracothorax viridis Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii MARSH-HARRIER, Eastern, Circus spilonotus MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera Caribbean, Progne dominicensis Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea Purple, Progne subis Southern, Progne elegans MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna Western, Sturnella neglecta MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus Red-breasted, Mergus serrator MERLIN, Falco columbarius MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii Blue, Melanotis caerulescens Northern, Mimus polyglottos MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus MOUNTAIN-GEM, Amethyst-throated, Lampornis amethystinus Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae MURRE, Common, Uria aalge Thick-billed, Uria lomvia MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri Guadalupe, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus Scripps's, Synthliboramphus scrippsi NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii Common, Chordeiles minor Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi [[Page 21294]] Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus Rufous, Nycticorax caledonicus Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Antrostomus ridgwayi Gray, Caprimulgus jotaka Puerto Rican, Antrostomus noctitherus White-tailed, Hydropsalis cayennensis NODDY, Black, Anous minutus Blue-gray, Anous ceruleus Brown, Anous stolidus NUKUPU[revaps]U, Kauai, Hemignathus hanapepe Maui, Hemignathus affinis O[revaps]ahu, Hemignathus lucidus NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis OLOMA[revaps]O, Myadestes lanaiensis [revaps][Omacr]MA[revaps]O, Myadestes obscurus ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda Baltimore, Icterus galbula Black-backed, Icterus abeillei Black-vented, Icterus wagleri Bullock's, Icterus bullockii Hooded, Icterus cucullatus Orchard, Icterus spurius Puerto Rican, Icterus portoricensis Scott's, Icterus parisorum Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus [revaps][Omacr][revaps][Umacr], Psittirostra psittacea OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla OWL, Barn, Tyto alba Barred, Strix varia Boreal, Aegolius funereus Burrowing, Athene cunicularia Elf, Micrathene whitneyi Flammulated, Psiloscops flammeolus Great Gray, Strix nebulosa Great Horned, Bubo virginianus Long-eared, Asio otus Mottled, Ciccaba virgata Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus Short-eared, Asio flammeus Snowy, Bubo scandiacus Spotted, Strix occidentalis Stygian, Asio stygius OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus Black, Haematopus bachmani Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus PALILA, Loxioides bailleui PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys PARULA, Northern, Setophaga americana Tropical, Setophaga pitiayumi PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus albicollis PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca Bulwer's, Bulweria bulwerii Cook's, Pterodroma cookii Fea's, Pterodroma feae Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera Gray-faced, Pterodroma gouldi Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis Herald, Pterodroma heraldica Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata Murphy's, Pterodroma ultima Parkinson's, Procellaria parkinsoni Phoenix, Pterodroma alba Providence, Pterodroma solandri Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris Tahiti, Pseudobulweria rostrata Trindade, Pterodroma arminjoniana White-chinned, Procellaria aequinoctialis White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis Zino's, Pterodroma madeira PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus Greater, Contopus pertinax Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus fulicarius Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus Wilson's, Phalaropus tricolor PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans Eastern, Sayornis phoebe Say's, Sayornis saya PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata Plain, Patagioenas inornata Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni Pechora, Anthus gustavi Red-throated, Anthus cervinus Sprague's, Anthus spragueii Tree, Anthus trivialis PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis squatarola Collared, Charadrius collaris Common Ringed, Charadrius hiaticula Kentish, Charadrius alexandrinus Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius Mountain, Charadrius montanus Piping, Charadrius melodus Semipalmated, Charadrius semipalmatus Snowy, Charadrius nivosus Wilson's, Charadrius wilsonia POCHARD, Baer's, Aythya baeri Common, Aythya ferina POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii PO[revaps]OULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica Horned, Fratercula corniculata Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium brasilianum Northern, Glaucidium gnoma PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea Key West, Geotrygon chrysia Ruddy, Geotrygon montana QUETZAL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis Clapper, Rallus crepitans Guam, Gallirallus owstoni King, Rallus elegans Ridgway's, Rallus obsoletus Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus Virginia, Rallus limicola Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus cryptoleucus Common, Corvus corax RAZORBILL, Alca torda REDHEAD, Aythya americana REDPOLL, Common, Acanthis flammea Hoary, Acanthis hornemanni REDSHANK, Common, Tringa totanus Spotted, Tringa erythropus REDSTART, American, Setophaga ruticilla Common, Phoenicurus phoenicurus Painted, Myioborus pictus Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus REDWING, Turdus iliacus REEF-HERON, Pacific, Egretta sacra Western, Egretta gularis ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx californianus ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius European, Erithacus rubecula Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus Rufous-tailed, Larvivora sibilans Siberian Blue, Larvivora cyane ROCK-THRUSH, Blue, Monticola solitarius ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus erythrinus Pallas's, Carpodacus roseus ROSY-FINCH, Asian, Leucosticte arctoa Black, Leucosticte atrata Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Calliope calliope [[Page 21295]] RUFF, Calidris pugnax SANDERLING, Calidris alba SANDPIPER, Baird's, Calidris bairdii Broad-billed, Calidris falcinellus Buff-breasted, Calidris subruficollis Common, Actitis hypoleucos Curlew, Calidris ferruginea Green, Tringa ochropus Least, Calidris minutilla Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis Pectoral, Calidris melanotos Purple, Calidris maritima Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata Solitary, Tringa solitaria Spoon-billed, Calidris pygmea Spotted, Actitis macularius Stilt, Calidris himantopus Terek, Xenus cinereus Upland, Bartramia longicauda Western, Calidris mauri White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis Wood, Tringa glareola SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii Lesser, Charadrius mongolus SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Sphyrapicus ruber Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis Williamson's, Sphyrapicus thyroideus Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila Lesser, Aythya affinis SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia SCOTER, Black, Melanitta americana Common, Melanitta nigra Stejneger's, Melanitta stejnegeri Surf, Melanitta perspicillata White-winged, Melanitta deglandi SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops asio Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes Western, Megascops kennicottii Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis SCRUB-JAY, California, Aphelocoma californica Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens Island, Aphelocoma insularis Woodhouse's, Aphelocoma woodhouseii SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, Haliaeetus pelagicus SEEDEATER, Morelet's, Sporophila morelleti SHEARWATER, Audubon's, Puffinus lherminieri Barolo, Puffinus baroli Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas Bryan's, Puffinus bryani Buller's, Ardenna bulleri Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis Cory's, Calonectris diomedea Flesh-footed, Ardenna carneipes Great, Ardenna gravis Manx, Puffinus puffinus Newell's, Puffinus newelli Pink-footed, Ardenna creatopus Short-tailed, Ardenna tenuirostris Sooty, Ardenna grisea Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas Wedge-tailed, Ardenna pacifica SHOVELER, Northern, Spatula clypeata SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus Northern, Lanius borealis SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptiliogonys cinereus SISKIN, Eurasian, Spinus spinus Pine, Spinus pinus SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki SKYLARK, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis SMEW, Mergellus albellus SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura Solitary, Gallinago solitaria Swinhoe's, Gallinago megala Wilson's, Gallinago delicata SOLITAIRE, Brown-backed, Myadestes occidentalis Townsend's, Myadestes townsendi SORA, Porzana carolina SPARROW, American Tree, Spizelloides arborea Bachman's, Peucaea aestivalis Baird's, Centronyx bairdii Bell's, Artemisiospiza belli Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata Botteri's, Peucaea botterii Brewer's, Spizella breweri Cassin's, Peucaea cassinii Chipping, Spizella passerina Clay-colored, Spizella pallida Field, Spizella pusilla Five-striped, Amphispiza quinquestriata Fox, Passerella iliaca Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia atricapilla Grasshopper, Ammodramus savannarum Harris's, Zonotrichia querula Henslow's, Centronyx henslowii Lark, Chondestes grammacus LeConte's, Ammospiza leconteii Lincoln's, Melospiza lincolnii Nelson's, Ammospiza nelsoni Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps Rufous-winged, Peucaea carpalis Sagebrush, Artemisiospiza nevadensis Saltmarsh, Ammospiza caudacuta Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis Seaside, Ammospiza maritima Song, Melospiza melodia Swamp, Melospiza georgiana Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus White-crowned, Zonotrichia leucophrys White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis Worthen's, Spizella wortheni SPARROWHAWK, Chinese, Accipiter soloensis Japanese, Accipiter gularis SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis Western, Spindalis zena SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja STARLING, Chestnut-cheeked, Agropsar philippensis White-cheeked, Spodiopsar cineraceus STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Heliomaster constantii STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus mexicanus Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus STINT, Little, Calidris minuta Long-toed, Calidris subminuta Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis Temminck's, Calidris temminckii STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Hydrobates homochroa Band-rumped, Hydrobates castro Black, Hydrobates melania Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica European, Hydrobates pelagicus Fork-tailed, Hydrobates furcatus Leach's, Hydrobates leucorhous Least, Hydrobates microsoma Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae Polynesian, Nesofregetta fuliginosa Ringed, Hydrobates hornbyi Swinhoe's, Hydrobates monorhis Townsend's, Hydrobates socorroensis Tristram's, Hydrobates tristrami Wedge-rumped, Hydrobates tethys White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria White-faced, Pelagodroma marina Wilson's, Oceanites oceanicus SURFBIRD, Calidris virgata SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta cyaneoviridis Bank, Riparia riparia Barn, Hirundo rustica Cave, Petrochelidon fulva Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea Northern Rough-winged, Stelgidopteryx serripennis Tree, Tachycineta bicolor Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator Tundra, Cygnus columbianus Whooper, Cygnus cygnus SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba Black, Cypseloides niger Chimney, Chaetura pelagica Common, Apus apus Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura Vaux's, Chaetura vauxi White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi [[Page 21296]] White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata Hepatic, Piranga flava Puerto Rican, Nesospingus speculiferus Scarlet, Piranga olivacea Summer, Piranga rubra Western, Piranga ludoviciana TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes Wandering, Tringa incana TEAL, Baikal, Sibirionetta formosa Blue-winged, Spatula discors Cinnamon, Spatula cyanoptera Green-winged, Anas crecca TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus Arctic, Sterna paradisaea Black, Chlidonias niger Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia Common, Sterna hirundo Elegant, Thalasseus elegans Forster's, Sterna forsteri Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex Least, Sternula antillarum Little, Sternula albifrons Roseate, Sterna dougallii Royal, Thalasseus maximus Sandwich, Thalasseus sandvicensis Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida White, Gygis alba White-winged, Chlidonias leucopterus THRASHER, Bendire's, Toxostoma bendirei Brown, Toxostoma rufum California, Toxostoma redivivum Crissal, Toxostoma crissale Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre LeConte's, Toxostoma lecontei Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli Clay-colored, Turdus grayi Dusky, Turdus naumanni Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus Hermit, Catharus guttatus Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus Swainson's, Catharus ustulatus Varied, Ixoreus naevius White-throated, Turdus assimilis Wood, Hylocichla mustelina TIGER-HERON, Bare-throated, Tigrisoma mexicanum TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi Oak, Baeolophus inornatus Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata TOWHEE, Abert's, Melozone aberti California, Melozone crissalis Canyon, Melozone fusca Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus Spotted, Pipilo maculatus TROGON, Elegant, Trogon elegans TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon aethereus Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria melanocephala Ruddy, Arenaria interpres TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis VEERY, Catharus fuscescens VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps VIOLETEAR, Mexican, Colibri thalassinus VIREO, Bell's, Vireo bellii Black-capped, Vireo atricapilla Black-whiskered, Vireo altiloquus Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius Cassin's, Vireo cassinii Cuban, Vireo gundlachii Gray, Vireo vicinior Hutton's, Vireo huttoni Philadelphia, Vireo philadelphicus Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus Puerto Rican, Vireo latimeri Red-eyed, Vireo olivaceus Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris Warbling, Vireo gilvus White-eyed, Vireo griseus Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis Yellow-throated, Vireo flavifrons Yucatan, Vireo magister VULTURE, Black, Coragyps atratus Turkey, Cathartes aura WAGTAIL, Citrine, Motacilla citreola Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis Gray, Motacilla cinerea White, Motacilla alba WARBLER, Adelaide's, Setophaga adelaidae Aguiguan Reed, Acrocephalus nijoi Arctic, Phylloscopus borealis Bachman's, Vermivora bachmanii Bay-breasted, Setophaga castanea Black-and-white, Mniotilta varia Blackburnian, Setophaga fusca Blackpoll, Setophaga striata Black-throated Blue, Setophaga caerulescens Black-throated Gray, Setophaga nigrescens Black-throated Green, Setophaga virens Blue-winged, Vermivora cyanoptera Blyth's Reed, Acrocephalus dumetorum Canada, Cardellina canadensis Cape May, Setophaga tigrina Cerulean, Setophaga cerulea Chestnut-sided, Setophaga pensylvanica Colima, Leiothlypis crissalis Connecticut, Oporornis agilis Crescent-chested, Oreothlypis superciliosa Dusky, Phylloscopus fuscatus Elfin-woods, Setophaga angelae Fan-tailed, Basileuterus lachrymosus Golden-cheeked, Setophaga chrysoparia Golden-crowned, Basileuterus culicivorus Golden-winged, Vermivora chrysoptera Grace's, Setophaga graciae Hermit, Setophaga occidentalis Hooded, Setophaga citrina Kamchatka Leaf, Phylloscopus examinandus Kentucky, Geothlypis formosa Kirtland's, Setophaga kirtlandii Lanceolated, Locustella lanceolata Lucy's, Leiothlypis luciae MacGillivray's, Geothlypis tolmiei Magnolia, Setophaga magnolia Mourning, Geothlypis philadelphia Nashville, Leiothlypis ruficapilla Nightingale Reed, Acrocephalus luscinius Olive, Peucedramus taeniatus Orange-crowned, Leiothlypis celata Pagan Reed, Acrocephalus yamashinae Pallas's Leaf, Phylloscopus proregulus Palm, Setophaga palmarum Pine, Setophaga pinus Prairie, Setophaga discolor Prothonotary, Protonotaria citrea Red-faced, Cardellina rubrifrons River, Locustella fluviatilis Rufous-capped, Basileuterus rufifrons Saipan Reed, Acrocephalus hiwae Sedge, Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Swainson's, Limnothlypis swainsonii Tennessee, Leiothlypis peregrina Thick-billed, Arundinax aedon Townsend's, Setophaga townsendi Virginia's, Leiothlypis virginiae Willow, Phylloscopus trochilus Wilson's, Cardellina pusilla Wood, Phylloscopus sibilatrix Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorum Yellow, Setophaga petechia Yellow-browed, Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-rumped, Setophaga coronata Yellow-throated, Setophaga dominica WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, Parkesia motacilla Northern, Parkesia noveboracensis WAXWING, Bohemian, Bombycilla garrulus Cedar, Bombycilla cedrorum WHEATEAR, Northern, Oenanthe oenanthe Pied, Oenanthe pleschanka WHIMBREL, Numenius phaeopus WHIP-POOR-WILL, Eastern, Antrostomus vociferus [[Page 21297]] Mexican, Antrostomus arizonae WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, Dendrocygna autumnalis Fulvous, Dendrocygna bicolor West Indian, Dendrocygna arborea WHITETHROAT, Lesser, Sylvia curruca WIGEON, American, Mareca americana Eurasian, Mareca penelope WILLET, Tringa semipalmata WOODCOCK, American, Scolopax minor Eurasian, Scolopax rusticola WOODPECKER, Acorn, Melanerpes formicivorus American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis Arizona, Dryobates arizonae Black-backed, Picoides arcticus Downy, Dryobates pubescens Gila, Melanerpes uropygialis Golden-fronted, Melanerpes aurifrons Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major Hairy, Dryobates villosus Ivory-billed, Campephilus principalis Ladder-backed, Dryobates scalaris Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis Nuttall's, Dryobates nuttallii Pileated, Dryocopus pileatus Puerto Rican, Melanerpes portoricensis Red-bellied, Melanerpes carolinus Red-cockaded, Dryobates borealis Red-headed, Melanerpes erythrocephalus White-headed, Dryobates albolarvatus WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, Contopus virens Western, Contopus sordidulus WOOD-RAIL, Rufous-necked, Aramides axillaris WOODSTAR, Bahama, Nesophlox evelynae WREN, Bewick's, Thryomanes bewickii Cactus, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus Canyon, Catherpes mexicanus Carolina, Thryothorus ludovicianus House, Troglodytes aedon Marsh, Cistothorus palustris Pacific, Troglodytes pacificus Rock, Salpinctes obsoletus Sedge, Cistothorus platensis Sinaloa, Thryophilus sinaloa Winter, Troglodytes hiemalis WRENTIT, Chamaea fasciata WRYNECK, Eurasian, Jynx torquilla YELLOWLEGS, Greater, Tringa melanoleuca Lesser, Tringa flavipes YELLOWTHROAT, Common, Geothlypis trichas Gray-crowned, Geothlypis poliocephala (2) Taxonomic listing. Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE Dendrocygna autumnalis, Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna arborea, West Indian Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna bicolor, Fulvous Whistling-Duck Subfamily ANSERINAE Anser canagicus, Emperor Goose Anser caerulescens, Snow Goose Anser rossii, Ross's Goose Anser albifrons, Greater White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus, Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser fabalis, Taiga Bean-Goose Anser serrirostris, Tundra Bean-Goose Anser brachyrhynchus, Pink-footed Goose Branta bernicla, Brant Branta leucopsis, Barnacle Goose Branta hutchinsii, Cackling Goose Branta canadensis, Canada Goose Branta sandvicensis, Hawaiian Goose Cygnus buccinator, Trumpeter Swan Cygnus columbianus, Tundra Swan Cygnus cygnus, Whooper Swan Subfamily ANATINAE Cairina moschata, Muscovy Duck Aix sponsa, Wood Duck Sibirionetta formosa, Baikal Teal Spatula querquedula, Garganey Spatula discors, Blue-winged Teal Spatula cyanoptera, Cinnamon Teal Spatula clypeata, Northern Shoveler Mareca strepera, Gadwall Mareca falcata, Falcated Duck Mareca penelope, Eurasian Wigeon Mareca americana, American Wigeon Anas laysanensis, Laysan Duck Anas wyvilliana, Hawaiian Duck Anas zonorhyncha, Eastern Spot-billed Duck Anas platyrhynchos, Mallard Anas rubripes, American Black Duck Anas fulvigula, Mottled Duck Anas superciliosa, Pacific Black Duck Anas bahamensis, White-cheeked Pintail Anas acuta, Northern Pintail Anas crecca, Green-winged Teal Aythya valisineria, Canvasback Aythya americana, Redhead Aythya ferina, Common Pochard Aythya baeri, Baer's Pochard Aythya collaris, Ring-necked Duck Aythya fuligula, Tufted Duck Aythya marila, Greater Scaup Aythya affinis, Lesser Scaup Polysticta stelleri, Steller's Eider Somateria fischeri, Spectacled Eider Somateria spectabilis, King Eider Somateria mollissima, Common Eider Histrionicus histrionicus, Harlequin Duck Melanitta perspicillata, Surf Scoter Melanitta deglandi, White-winged Scoter Melanitta stejnegeri, Stejneger's Scoter Melanitta nigra, Common Scoter Melanitta americana, Black Scoter Clangula hyemalis, Long-tailed Duck Bucephala albeola, Bufflehead Bucephala clangula, Common Goldeneye Bucephala islandica, Barrow's Goldeneye Mergellus albellus, Smew Lophodytes cucullatus, Hooded Merganser Mergus merganser, Common Merganser Mergus serrator, Red-breasted Merganser Nomonyx dominicus, Masked Duck Oxyura jamaicensis, Ruddy Duck Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE Phoenicopterus ruber, American Flamingo Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptus dominicus, Least Grebe Podilymbus podiceps, Pied-billed Grebe Podiceps auritus, Horned Grebe Podiceps grisegena, Red-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis, Eared Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe Aechmophorus clarkii, Clark's Grebe Order COLUMBIFORMES Family COLUMBIDAE Patagioenas squamosa, Scaly-naped Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala, White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas flavirostris, Red-billed Pigeon Patagioenas inornata, Plain Pigeon Patagioenas fasciata, Band-tailed Pigeon Streptopelia orientalis, Oriental Turtle-Dove Alopecoenas xanthonurus, White-throated Ground-Dove Alopecoenas stairi, Shy Ground-Dove Columbina inca, Inca Dove Columbina passerina, Common Ground Dove Columbina talpacoti, Ruddy Ground Dove Geotrygon montana, Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon chrysia, Key West Quail-Dove Geotrygon mystacea, Bridled Quail-Dove Leptotila verreauxi, White-tipped Dove Zenaida asiatica, White-winged Dove [[Page 21298]] Zenaida aurita, Zenaida Dove Zenaida macroura, Mourning Dove Ptilinopus perousii, Many-colored Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus porphyraceus, Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus roseicapilla, Mariana Fruit-Dove Ducula pacifica, Pacific Imperial-Pigeon Order CUCULIFORMES Family CUCULIDAE Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE Crotophaga ani, Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga sulcirostris, Groove-billed Ani Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE Geococcyx californianus, Greater Roadrunner Subfamily CUCULINAE Urodynamis taitensis, Long-tailed Koel Hierococcyx nisicolor, Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus canorus, Common Cuckoo Cuculus optatus, Oriental Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus, Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus minor, Mangrove Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus, Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus vieilloti, Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Subfamily CHORDEILINAE Chordeiles acutipennis, Lesser Nighthawk Chordeiles minor, Common Nighthawk Chordeiles gundlachii, Antillean Nighthawk Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE Nyctidromus albicollis, Common Pauraque Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Common Poorwill Antrostomus carolinensis, Chuck-will's-widow Antrostomus ridgwayi, Buff-collared Nightjar Antrostomus vociferus, Eastern Whip-poor-will Antrostomus arizonae, Mexican Whip-poor-will Antrostomus noctitherus, Puerto Rican Nightjar Hydropsalis cayennensis, White-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus jotaka, Gray Nightjar Order APODIFORMES Family APODIDAE Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE Cypseloides niger, Black Swift Streptoprocne zonaris, White-collared Swift Subfamily CHAETURINAE Chaetura pelagica, Chimney Swift Chaetura vauxi, Vaux's Swift Chaetura brachyura, Short-tailed Swift Hirundapus caudacutus, White-throated Needletail Aerodramus spodiopygius, White-rumped Swiftlet Aerodramus bartschi, Mariana Swiftlet Subfamily APODINAE Apus apus, Common Swift Apus pacificus, Fork-tailed Swift Apus melba, Alpine Swift Aeronautes saxatalis, White-throated Swift Tachornis phoenicobia, Antillean Palm-Swift Family TROCHILIDAE Subfamily TROCHILINAE Colibri thalassinus, Mexican Violetear Anthracothorax prevostii, Green-breasted Mango Anthracothorax dominicus, Antillean Mango Anthracothorax viridis, Green Mango Eulampis jugularis, Purple-throated Carib Eulampis holosericeus, Green-throated Carib Eugenes fulgens, Rivoli's Hummingbird Heliomaster constantii, Plain-capped Starthroat Lampornis amethystinus, Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem Lampornis clemenciae, Blue-throated Mountain-gem Calothorax lucifer, Lucifer Hummingbird Archilochus colubris, Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri, Black-chinned Hummingbird Mellisuga minima, Vervain Hummingbird Nesophlox evelynae, Bahama Woodstar Calypte anna, Anna's Hummingbird Calypte costae, Costa's Hummingbird Atthis heloisa, Bumblebee Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus, Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus, Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin, Allen's Hummingbird Selasphorus calliope, Calliope Hummingbird Chlorostilbon maugaeus, Puerto Rican Emerald Cynanthus latirostris, Broad-billed Hummingbird Orthorhyncus cristatus, Antillean Crested Hummingbird Amazilia beryllina, Berylline Hummingbird Amazilia yucatanensis, Buff-bellied Hummingbird Amazilia rutila, Cinnamon Hummingbird Amazilia violiceps, Violet-crowned Hummingbird Hylocharis leucotis, White-eared Hummingbird Hylocharis xantusii, Xantus's Hummingbird Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE Coturnicops noveboracensis, Yellow Rail Laterallus jamaicensis, Black Rail Gallirallus philippensis, Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus owstoni, Guam Rail Crex crex, Corn Crake Rallus obsoletus, Ridgway's Rail Rallus crepitans, Clapper Rail Rallus elegans, King Rail Rallus limicola, Virginia Rail Aramides axillaris, Rufous-necked Wood-Rail Porzana carolina, Sora Porzana tabuensis, Spotless Crake Hapalocrex flaviventer, Yellow-breasted Crake Neocrex erythrops, Paint-billed Crake Pardirallus maculatus, Spotted Rail Porphyrio martinicus, Purple Gallinule Porphyrio flavirostris, Azure Gallinule Porphyrio porphyrio, Purple Swamphen Gallinula galeata, Common Gallinule Gallinula chloropus, Common Moorhen Fulica atra, Eurasian Coot Fulica alai, Hawaiian Coot Fulica americana, American Coot Family ARAMIDAE Aramus guarauna, Limpkin Family GRUIDAE Subfamily GRUINAE Antigone canadensis, Sandhill Crane Grus grus, Common Crane Grus americana, Whooping Crane Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE Himantopus himantopus, Black-winged Stilt Himantopus mexicanus, Black-necked Stilt Recurvirostra americana, American Avocet Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus, American Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani, Black Oystercatcher Family CHARADRIIDAE Subfamily VANELLINAE Vanellus vanellus, Northern Lapwing Subfamily CHARADRIINAE Pluvialis squatarola, Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis apricaria, European Golden-Plover [[Page 21299]] Pluvialis dominica, American Golden-Plover Pluvialis fulva, Pacific Golden-Plover Charadrius morinellus, Eurasian Dotterel Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer Charadrius hiaticula, Common Ringed Plover Charadrius semipalmatus, Semipalmated Plover Charadrius melodus, Piping Plover Charadrius dubius, Little Ringed Plover Charadrius mongolus, Lesser Sand-Plover Charadrius leschenaultii, Greater Sand-Plover Charadrius wilsonia, Wilson's Plover Charadrius collaris, Collared Plover Charadrius montanus, Mountain Plover Charadrius alexandrinus, Kentish Plover Charadrius nivosus, Snowy Plover Family JACANIDAE Jacana spinosa, Northern Jacana Family SCOLOPACIDAE Subfamily NUMENIINAE Bartramia longicauda, Upland Sandpiper Numenius tahitiensis, Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius phaeopus, Whimbrel Numenius minutus, Little Curlew Numenius borealis, Eskimo Curlew Numenius americanus, Long-billed Curlew Numenius madagascariensis, Far Eastern Curlew Numenius arquata, Eurasian Curlew Subfamily LIMOSINAE Limosa lapponica, Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa haemastica, Hudsonian Godwit Limosa fedoa, Marbled Godwit Subfamily ARENARIINAE Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria melanocephala, Black Turnstone Calidris tenuirostris, Great Knot Calidris canutus, Red Knot Calidris virgata, Surfbird Calidris pugnax, Ruff Calidris falcinellus, Broad-billed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata, Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris himantopus, Stilt Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea, Curlew Sandpiper Calidris temminckii, Temminck's Stint Calidris subminuta, Long-toed Stint Calidris pygmea, Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris ruficollis, Red-necked Stint Calidris alba, Sanderling Calidris alpina, Dunlin Calidris ptilocnemis, Rock Sandpiper Calidris maritima, Purple Sandpiper Calidris bairdii, Baird's Sandpiper Calidris minuta, Little Stint Calidris minutilla, Least Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis, White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris subruficollis, Buff-breasted Sandpiper Calidris melanotos, Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris pusilla, Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris mauri, Western Sandpiper Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE Limnodromus griseus, Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus, Long-billed Dowitcher Lymnocryptes minimus, Jack Snipe Scolopax rusticola, Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax minor, American Woodcock Gallinago solitaria, Solitary Snipe Gallinago stenura, Pin-tailed Snipe Gallinago megala, Swinhoe's Snipe Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe Gallinago delicata, Wilson's Snipe Subfamily TRINGINAE Xenus cinereus, Terek Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, Common Sandpiper Actitis macularius, Spotted Sandpiper Tringa ochropus, Green Sandpiper Tringa solitaria, Solitary Sandpiper Tringa brevipes, Gray-tailed Tattler Tringa incana, Wandering Tattler Tringa flavipes, Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa semipalmata, Willet Tringa erythropus, Spotted Redshank Tringa nebularia, Common Greenshank Tringa guttifer, Nordmann's Greenshank Tringa melanoleuca, Greater Yellowlegs Tringa totanus, Common Redshank Tringa glareola, Wood Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis, Marsh Sandpiper Phalaropus tricolor, Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus, Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope Family STERCORARIIDAE Stercorarius skua, Great Skua Stercorarius maccormicki, South Polar Skua Stercorarius pomarinus, Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus, Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus, Long-tailed Jaeger Family ALCIDAE Alle alle, Dovekie Uria aalge, Common Murre Uria lomvia, Thick-billed Murre Alca torda, Razorbill Cepphus grylle, Black Guillemot Cepphus columba, Pigeon Guillemot Brachyramphus perdix, Long-billed Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus, Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris, Kittlitz's Murrelet Synthliboramphus scrippsi, Scripps's Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, Guadalupe Murrelet Synthliboramphus craveri, Craveri's Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus, Ancient Murrelet Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Cassin's Auklet Aethia psittacula, Parakeet Auklet Aethia pusilla, Least Auklet Aethia pygmaea, Whiskered Auklet Aethia cristatella, Crested Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata, Rhinoceros Auklet Fratercula arctica, Atlantic Puffin Fratercula corniculata, Horned Puffin Fratercula cirrhata, Tufted Puffin Family LARIDAE Subfamily LARINAE Creagrus furcatus, Swallow-tailed Gull Rissa tridactyla, Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris, Red-legged Kittiwake Pagophila eburnea, Ivory Gull Xema sabini, Sabine's Gull Chroicocephalus philadelphia, Bonaparte's Gull Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus, Gray-hooded Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Black-headed Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus, Little Gull Rhodostethia rosea, Ross's Gull Leucophaeus atricilla, Laughing Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan, Franklin's Gull Larus belcheri, Belcher's Gull Larus crassirostris, Black-tailed Gull Larus heermanni, Heermann's Gull Larus canus, Mew Gull Larus delawarensis, Ring-billed Gull Larus occidentalis, Western Gull Larus livens, Yellow-footed Gull Larus californicus, California Gull Larus argentatus, Herring Gull Larus michahellis, Yellow-legged Gull Larus glaucoides, Iceland Gull Larus fuscus, Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus schistisagus, Slaty-backed Gull Larus glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull Larus hyperboreus, Glaucous Gull Larus marinus, Great Black-backed Gull Larus dominicanus, Kelp Gull Subfamily STERNINAE Anous stolidus, Brown Noddy [[Page 21300]] Anous minutus, Black Noddy Anous ceruleus, Blue-gray Noddy Gygis alba, White Tern Onychoprion fuscatus, Sooty Tern Onychoprion lunatus, Gray-backed Tern Onychoprion anaethetus, Bridled Tern Onychoprion aleuticus, Aleutian Tern Sternula albifrons, Little Tern Sternula antillarum, Least Tern Phaetusa simplex, Large-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica, Gull-billed Tern Hydroprogne caspia, Caspian Tern Chlidonias niger, Black Tern Chlidonias leucopterus, White-winged Tern Chlidonias hybrida, Whiskered Tern Sterna dougallii, Roseate Tern Sterna sumatrana, Black-naped Tern Sterna hirundo, Common Tern Sterna paradisaea, Arctic Tern Sterna forsteri, Forster's Tern Thalasseus maximus, Royal Tern Thalasseus bergii, Great Crested Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis, Sandwich Tern Thalasseus elegans, Elegant Tern Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE Rynchops niger, Black Skimmer Order PHAETHONTIFORMES Family PHAETHONTIDAE Phaethon lepturus, White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus, Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda, Red-tailed Tropicbird Order GAVIIFORMES Family GAVIIDAE Gavia stellata, Red-throated Loon Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon Gavia pacifica, Pacific Loon Gavia immer, Common Loon Gavia adamsii, Yellow-billed Loon Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE Thalassarche chlororhynchos, Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche cauta, White-capped Albatross Thalassarche eremita, Chatham Albatross Thalassarche salvini, Salvin's Albatross Thalassarche melanophris, Black-browed Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata, Light-mantled Albatross Diomedea exulans, Wandering Albatross Phoebastria immutabilis, Laysan Albatross Phoebastria nigripes, Black-footed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus, Short-tailed Albatross Family OCEANITIDAE Oceanites oceanicus, Wilson's Storm-Petrel Pelagodroma marina, White-faced Storm-Petrel Fregetta tropica, Black-bellied Storm-Petrel Family HYDROBATIDAE Hydrobates pelagicus, European Storm-Petrel Fregetta grallaria, White-bellied Storm-Petrel Nesofregetta fuliginosa, Polynesian Storm-Petrel Hydrobates furcatus, Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Hydrobates hornbyi, Ringed Storm-Petrel Hydrobates monorhis, Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel Hydrobates leucorhous, Leach's Storm-Petrel Hydrobates socorroensis, Townsend's Storm-Petrel Hydrobates homochroa, Ashy Storm-Petrel Hydrobates castro, Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Hydrobates tethys, Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma matsudairae, Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel Hydrobates melania, Black Storm-Petrel Hydrobates tristrami, Tristram's Storm-Petrel Hydrobates microsoma, Least Storm-Petrel Family PROCELLARIIDAE Fulmarus glacialis, Northern Fulmar Pterodroma gouldi, Gray-faced Petrel Pterodroma solandri, Providence Petrel Pterodroma neglecta, Kermadec Petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana, Trindade Petrel Pterodroma heraldica, Herald Petrel Pterodroma ultima, Murphy's Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata, Mottled Petrel Pterodroma cahow, Bermuda Petrel Pterodroma hasitata, Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma externa, Juan Fernandez Petrel Pterodroma sandwichensis, Hawaiian Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis, White-necked Petrel Pterodroma hypoleuca, Bonin Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis, Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma feae, Fea's Petrel Pterodroma madeira, Zino's Petrel Pterodroma cookii, Cook's Petrel Pterodroma longirostris, Stejneger's Petrel Pterodroma alba, Phoenix Petrel Pterodroma leucoptera, Gould's Petrel Pseudobulweria rostrata, Tahiti Petrel Bulweria bulwerii, Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria fallax, Jouanin's Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis, White-chinned Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni, Parkinson's Petrel Calonectris leucomelas, Streaked Shearwater Calonectris diomedea, Cory's Shearwater Calonectris edwardsii, Cape Verde Shearwater Ardenna pacifica, Wedge-tailed Shearwater Ardenna bulleri, Buller's Shearwater Ardenna tenuirostris, Short-tailed Shearwater Ardenna grisea, Sooty Shearwater Ardenna gravis, Great Shearwater Ardenna creatopus, Pink-footed Shearwater Ardenna carneipes, Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus nativitatis, Christmas Shearwater Puffinus puffinus, Manx Shearwater Puffinus newelli, Newell's Shearwater Puffinus bryani, Bryan's Shearwater Puffinus opisthomelas, Black-vented Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri, Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus baroli, Barolo Shearwater Order CICONIIFORMES Family CICONIIDAE Jabiru mycteria, Jabiru Mycteria americana, Wood Stork Order SULIFORMES Family FREGATIDAE Fregata ariel, Lesser Frigatebird Fregata magnificens, Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata minor, Great Frigatebird Family SULIDAE Sula dactylatra, Masked Booby Sula granti, Nazca Booby Sula nebouxii, Blue-footed Booby Sula leucogaster, Brown Booby Sula sula, Red-footed Booby Papasula abbotti, Abbott's Booby Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet Family PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax melanoleucos, Little Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus, Brandt's Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus, Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax urile, Red-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus, Pelagic Cormorant Family ANHINGIDAE Anhinga anhinga, Anhinga Order PELECANIFORMES Family PELECANIDAE [[Page 21301]] Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, American White Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis, Brown Pelican Family ARDEIDAE Botaurus lentiginosus, American Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis, Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus exilis, Least Bittern Ixobrychus eurhythmus, Schrenck's Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis, Black Bittern Tigrisoma mexicanum, Bare-throated Tiger-Heron Ardea herodias, Great Blue Heron Ardea cinerea, Gray Heron Ardea alba, Great Egret Ardea intermedia, Intermediate Egret Egretta eulophotes, Chinese Egret Egretta garzetta, Little Egret Egretta sacra, Pacific Reef-Heron Egretta gularis, Western Reef-Heron Egretta thula, Snowy Egret Egretta caerulea, Little Blue Heron Egretta tricolor, Tricolored Heron Egretta rufescens, Reddish Egret Bubulcus ibis, Cattle Egret Ardeola bacchus, Chinese Pond-Heron Butorides virescens, Green Heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax caledonicus, Rufous Night-Heron Nyctanassa violacea, Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Gorsachius goisagi, Japanese Night-Heron Gorsachius melanolophus, Malayan Night-Heron Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE Eudocimus albus, White Ibis Eudocimus ruber, Scarlet Ibis Plegadis falcinellus, Glossy Ibis Plegadis chihi, White-faced Ibis Subfamily PLATALEINAE Platalea ajaja, Roseate Spoonbill Order CARTHARTIFORMES Family CATHARTIDAE Coragyps atratus, Black Vulture Cathartes aura, Turkey Vulture Gymnogyps californianus, California Condor Order ACCIPITRIFORMES Family PANDIONIDAE Pandion haliaetus, Osprey Family ACCIPITRIDAE Subfamily ELANINAE Elanus leucurus, White-tailed Kite Subfamily GYPAETINAE Chondrohierax uncinatus, Hook-billed Kite Elanoides forficatus, Swallow-tailed Kite Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE Aquila chrysaetos, Golden Eagle Harpagus bidentatus, Double-toothed Kite Circus spilonotus, Eastern Marsh-Harrier Circus hudsonius, Northern Harrier Accipiter soloensis, Chinese Sparrowhawk Accipiter gularis, Japanese Sparrowhawk Accipiter striatus, Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter cooperii, Cooper's Hawk Accipiter gentilis, Northern Goshawk Milvus migrans, Black Kite Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Bald Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla, White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus, Steller's Sea-Eagle Ictinia mississippiensis, Mississippi Kite Butastur indicus, Gray-faced Buzzard Geranospiza caerulescens, Crane Hawk Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail Kite Buteogallus anthracinus, Common Black Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga, Great Black Hawk Rupornis magnirostris, Roadside Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus, Harris's Hawk Geranoaetus albicaudatus, White-tailed Hawk Buteo plagiatus, Gray Hawk Buteo lineatus, Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo platypterus, Broad-winged Hawk Buteo solitarius, Hawaiian Hawk Buteo brachyurus, Short-tailed Hawk Buteo swainsoni, Swainson's Hawk Buteo albonotatus, Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis, Red-tailed Hawk Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Hawk Buteo regalis, Ferruginous Hawk Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE Tyto alba, Barn Owl Family STRIGIDAE Otus sunia, Oriental Scops-Owl Psiloscops flammeolus, Flammulated Owl Megascops kennicottii, Western Screech-Owl Megascops asio, Eastern Screech-Owl Megascops trichopsis, Whiskered Screech-Owl Megascops nudipes, Puerto Rican Screech-Owl Bubo virginianus, Great Horned Owl Bubo scandiacus, Snowy Owl Surnia ulula, Northern Hawk Owl Glaucidium gnoma, Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium brasilianum, Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl Micrathene whitneyi, Elf Owl Athene cunicularia, Burrowing Owl Ciccaba virgata, Mottled Owl Strix occidentalis, Spotted Owl Strix varia, Barred Owl Strix nebulosa, Great Gray Owl Asio otus, Long-eared Owl Asio stygius, Stygian Owl Asio flammeus, Short-eared Owl Aegolius funereus, Boreal Owl Aegolius acadicus, Northern Saw-whet Owl Ninox japonica, Northern Boobook Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE Subfamily TROGONINAE Trogon elegans, Elegant Trogon Euptilotis neoxenus, Eared Quetzal Order UPUPIFORMES Family UPUPIDAE Upupa epops, Eurasian Hoopoe Order CORACIIFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE Subfamily ALCEDININAE Alcedo atthis, Common Kingfisher Subfamily HALCYONINAE Todiramphus sacer, Pacific Kingfisher Todiramphus cinnamominus, Guam Kingfisher Todiramphus albicilla, Mariana Kingfisher Subfamily CERYLINAE Megaceryle torquata, Ringed Kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon, Belted Kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona, Amazon Kingfisher Chloroceryle americana, Green Kingfisher Order PICIFORMES Family PICIDAE Subfamily JYNGINAE Jynx torquilla, Eurasian Wryneck Subfamily PICINAE Melanerpes lewis, Lewis's Woodpecker Melanerpes portoricensis, Puerto Rican Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Woodpecker Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Woodpecker Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson's Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis, Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Sapsucker Picoides dorsalis, American Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus, Black-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos major, Great Spotted Woodpecker Dryobates pubescens, Downy Woodpecker [[Page 21302]] Dryobates nuttallii, Nuttall's Woodpecker Dryobates scalaris, Ladder-backed Woodpecker Dryobates borealis, Red-cockaded Woodpecker Dryobates villosus, Hairy Woodpecker Dryobates albolarvatus, White-headed Woodpecker Dryobates arizonae, Arizona Woodpecker Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker Dryocopus pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker Campephilus principalis, Ivory-billed Woodpecker Order FALCONIFORMES Family FALCONIDAE Subfamily HERPETOTHERINAE Micrastur semitorquatus, Collared Forest-Falcon Subfamily FALCONINAE Caracara cheriway, Crested Caracara Falco tinnunculus, Eurasian Kestrel Falco sparverius, American Kestrel Falco vespertinus, Red-footed Falcon Falco amurensis, Amur Falcon Falco columbarius, Merlin Falco subbuteo, Eurasian Hobby Falco femoralis, Aplomado Falcon Falco rusticolus, Gyrfalcon Falco peregrinus, Peregrine Falcon Falco mexicanus, Prairie Falcon Order PASSERIFORMES Family TITYRIDAE Tityra semifasciata, Masked Tityra Pachyramphus major, Gray-collared Becard Pachyramphus aglaiae, Rose-throated Becard Family TYRANNIDAE Subfamily ELAENIINAE Camptostoma imberbe, Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet Myiopagis viridicata, Greenish Elaenia Elaenia martinica, Caribbean Elaenia Elaenia albiceps, White-crested Elaenia Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE Mitrephanes phaeocercus, Tufted Flycatcher Contopus cooperi, Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus pertinax, Greater Pewee Contopus sordidulus, Western Wood-Pewee Contopus virens, Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus caribaeus, Cuban Pewee Contopus hispaniolensis, Hispaniolan Pewee Contopus latirostris, Lesser Antillean Pewee Empidonax flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax virescens, Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum, Alder Flycatcher Empidonax traillii, Willow Flycatcher Empidonax minimus, Least Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii, Hammond's Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii, Gray Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri, Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax affinis, Pine Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis, Pacific-slope Flycatcher Empidonax occidentalis, Cordilleran Flycatcher Empidonax fulvifrons, Buff-breasted Flycatcher Sayornis nigricans, Black Phoebe Sayornis phoebe, Eastern Phoebe Sayornis saya, Say's Phoebe Pyrocephalus rubinus, Vermilion Flycatcher Subfamily TYRANNINAE Myiarchus tuberculifer, Dusky-capped Flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens, Ash-throated Flycatcher Myiarchus nuttingi, Nutting's Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus, Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus tyrannulus, Brown-crested Flycatcher Myiarchus sagrae, La Sagra's Flycatcher Myiarchus antillarum, Puerto Rican Flycatcher Pitangus sulphuratus, Great Kiskadee Myiozetetes similis, Social Flycatcher Myiodynastes luteiventris, Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius, Piratic Flycatcher Empidonomus varius, Variegated Flycatcher Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus, Crowned Slaty Flycatcher Tyrannus melancholicus, Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus couchii, Couch's Kingbird Tyrannus vociferans, Cassin's Kingbird Tyrannus crassirostris, Thick-billed Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis, Western Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus, Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus dominicensis, Gray Kingbird Tyrannus caudifasciatus, Loggerhead Kingbird Tyrannus forficatus, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana, Fork-tailed Flycatcher Family LANIIDAE Lanius cristatus, Brown Shrike Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Shrike Lanius borealis, Northern Shrike Family VIREONIDAE Vireo atricapilla, Black-capped Vireo Vireo griseus, White-eyed Vireo Vireo crassirostris, Thick-billed Vireo Vireo latimeri, Puerto Rican Vireo Vireo gundlachii, Cuban Vireo Vireo bellii, Bell's Vireo Vireo vicinior, Gray Vireo Vireo huttoni, Hutton's Vireo Vireo flavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo cassinii, Cassin's Vireo Vireo solitarius, Blue-headed Vireo Vireo plumbeus, Plumbeous Vireo Vireo philadelphicus, Philadelphia Vireo Vireo gilvus, Warbling Vireo Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo Vireo flavoviridis, Yellow-green Vireo Vireo altiloquus, Black-whiskered Vireo Vireo magister, Yucatan Vireo Family CORVIDAE Perisoreus canadensis, Canada Jay Psilorhinus morio, Brown Jay Cyanocorax yncas, Green Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus, Pinyon Jay Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller's Jay Cyanocitta cristata, Blue Jay Aphelocoma coerulescens, Florida Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma insularis, Island Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma californica, California Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma woodhouseii, Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma wollweberi, Mexican Jay Nucifraga columbiana, Clark's Nutcracker Pica hudsonia, Black-billed Magpie Pica nuttalli, Yellow-billed Magpie Corvus monedula, Eurasian Jackdaw Corvus kubaryi, Mariana Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos, American Crow Corvus caurinus, Northwestern Crow Corvus leucognaphalus, White-necked Crow Corvus imparatus, Tamaulipas Crow Corvus ossifragus, Fish Crow Corvus hawaiiensis, Hawaiian Crow Corvus cryptoleucus, Chihuahuan Raven Corvus corax, Common Raven Family ALAUDIDAE Alauda arvensis, Eurasian Skylark Eremophila alpestris, Horned Lark Family HIRUNDINIDAE Subfamily HIRUNDININAE Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow Tachycineta cyaneoviridis, Bahama Swallow Tachycineta thalassina, Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta albilinea, Mangrove Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Northern [[Page 21303]] Rough-winged Swallow Progne tapera, Brown-chested Martin Progne dominicensis, Caribbean Martin Progne subis, Purple Martin Progne cryptoleuca, Cuban Martin Progne chalybea, Gray-breasted Martin Progne elegans, Southern Martin Hirundo rustica, Barn Swallow Delichon urbicum, Common House-Martin Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon fulva, Cave Swallow Family PARIDAE Poecile carolinensis, Carolina Chickadee Poecile atricapillus, Black-capped Chickadee Poecile gambeli, Mountain Chickadee Poecile sclateri, Mexican Chickadee Poecile rufescens, Chestnut-backed Chickadee Poecile hudsonicus, Boreal Chickadee Poecile cinctus, Gray-headed Chickadee Baeolophus wollweberi, Bridled Titmouse Baeolophus inornatus, Oak Titmouse Baeolophus ridgwayi, Juniper Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor, Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus atricristatus, Black-crested Titmouse Family REMIZIDAE Auriparus flaviceps, Verdin Family AEGITHALIDAE Psaltriparus minimus, Bushtit Family SITTIDAE Subfamily SITTINAE Sitta canadensis, Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis, White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta pygmaea, Pygmy Nuthatch Sitta pusilla, Brown-headed Nuthatch Family CERTHIIDAE Subfamily CERTHIINAE Certhia americana, Brown Creeper Family TROGLODYTIDAE Salpinctes obsoletus, Rock Wren Catherpes mexicanus, Canyon Wren Troglodytes aedon, House Wren Troglodytes pacificus, Pacific Wren Troglodytes hiemalis, Winter Wren Cistothorus platensis, Sedge Wren Cistothorus palustris, Marsh Wren Thryothorus ludovicianus, Carolina Wren Thryomanes bewickii, Bewick's Wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Cactus Wren Thryophilus sinaloa, Sinaloa Wren Family POLIOPTILIDAE Polioptila caerulea, Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila californica, California Gnatcatcher Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher Polioptila nigriceps, Black-capped Gnatcatcher Family CINCLIDAE Cinclus mexicanus, American Dipper Family REGULIDAE Regulus satrapa, Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula, Ruby-crowned Kinglet Family PHYLLOSCOPIDAE Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Warbler Phylloscopus collybita, Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Wood Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus, Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus proregulus, Pallas's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus, Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus borealis, Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus examinandus, Kamchatka Leaf Warbler Family SYLVIIDAE Sylvia curruca, Lesser Whitethroat Chamaea fasciata, Wrentit Family ACROCEPHALIDAE Arundinax aedon, Thick-billed Warbler Acrocephalus luscinius, Nightingale Reed Warbler Acrocephalus hiwae, Saipan Reed Warbler Acrocephalus nijoi, Aguiguan Reed Warbler Acrocephalus yamashinae, Pagan Reed Warbler Acrocephalus familiaris, Millerbird Acrocephalus schoenobaenus, Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum, Blyth's Reed Warbler Family LOCUSTELLIDAE Locustella ochotensis, Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler Locustella fluviatilis, River Warbler Locustella lanceolata, Lanceolated Warbler Family MUSCICAPIDAE Muscicapa griseisticta, Gray-streaked Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica, Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa striata, Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa sibirica, Dark-sided Flycatcher Erithacus rubecula, European Robin Larvivora cyane, Siberian Blue Robin Larvivora sibilans, Rufous-tailed Robin Cyanecula svecica, Bluethroat Calliope calliope, Siberian Rubythroat Tarsiger cyanurus, Red-flanked Bluetail Ficedula narcissina, Narcissus Flycatcher Ficedula mugimaki, Mugimaki Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla, Taiga Flycatcher Phoenicurus phoenicurus, Common Redstart Saxicola torquatus, Stonechat Oenanthe oenanthe, Northern Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka, Pied Wheatear Family TURDIDAE Monticola solitarius, Blue Rock-Thrush Sialia sialis, Eastern Bluebird Sialia mexicana, Western Bluebird Sialia currucoides, Mountain Bluebird Myadestes townsendi, Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes occidentalis, Brown-backed Solitaire Myadestes myadestinus, K[amacr]ma[revaps]o Myadestes lanaiensis, Olomao Myadestes obscurus, [Omacr]ma[revaps]o Myadestes palmeri, Puaiohi Catharus aurantiirostris, Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus mexicanus, Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush Catharus fuscescens, Veery Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus bicknelli, Bicknell's Thrush Catharus ustulatus, Swainson's Thrush Catharus guttatus, Hermit Thrush Hylocichla mustelina, Wood Thrush Turdus obscurus, Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus naumanni, Dusky Thrush Turdus pilaris, Fieldfare Turdus iliacus, Redwing Turdus grayi, Clay-colored Thrush Turdus assimilis, White-throated Thrush Turdus rufopalliatus, Rufous-backed Robin Turdus migratorius, American Robin Turdus plumbeus, Red-legged Thrush Ixoreus naevius, Varied Thrush Ridgwayia pinicola, Aztec Thrush Family MIMIDAE Melanotis caerulescens, Blue Mockingbird Melanoptila glabrirostris, Black Catbird Dumetella carolinensis, Gray Catbird Margarops fuscatus, Pearly-eyed Thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre, Curve-billed Thrasher Toxostoma rufum, Brown Thrasher Toxostoma longirostre, Long-billed Thrasher Toxostoma bendirei, Bendire's Thrasher Toxostoma redivivum, California Thrasher Toxostoma lecontei, LeConte's Thrasher Toxostoma crissale, Crissal Thrasher [[Page 21304]] Oreoscoptes montanus, Sage Thrasher Mimus gundlachii, Bahama Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos, Northern Mockingbird Family STURNIDAE Agropsar philippensis, Chestnut-cheeked Starling Spodiopsar cineraceus, White-cheeked Starling Family BOMBYCILLIDAE Bombycilla garrulus, Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum, Cedar Waxwing Family PTILIOGONATIDAE Ptiliogonys cinereus, Gray Silky-flycatcher Phainopepla nitens, Phainopepla Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE Peucedramus taeniatus, Olive Warbler Family PRUNELLIDAE Prunella montanella, Siberian Accentor Family MOTACILLIDAE Motacilla tschutschensis, Eastern Yellow Wagtail Motacilla citreola, Citrine Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, Gray Wagtail Motacilla alba, White Wagtail Anthus trivialis, Tree Pipit Anthus hodgsoni, Olive-backed Pipit Anthus gustavi, Pechora Pipit Anthus cervinus, Red-throated Pipit Anthus rubescens, American Pipit Anthus spragueii, Sprague's Pipit Family FRINGILLIDAE Subfamily FRINGILLINAE Fringilla coelebs, Common Chaffinch Fringilla montifringilla, Brambling Subfamily EUPHONIINAE Euphonia musica, Antillean Euphonia Subfamily CARDUELINAE Coccothraustes vespertinus, Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Hawfinch Carpodacus erythrinus, Common Rosefinch Carpodacus roseus, Pallas's Rosefinch Melamprosops phaeosoma, Po[revaps]ouli Oreomystis bairdi, [revaps]Akikiki Paroreomyza maculata, O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Alauahio Paroreomyza flammea,K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie Paroreomyza montana, Maui [revaps]Alauahio Loxioides bailleui, Palila Telespiza cantans, Laysan Finch Telespiza ultima, Nihoa Finch Palmeria dolei, [revaps]Akohekohe Himatione fraithii, Laysan Honeycreeper Himatione sanguinea, [revaps]Apapane Drepanis coccinea, [revaps]I[revaps]iwi Psittirostra psittacea, [revaps][Omacr][revaps][umacr] Pseudonestor xanthophrys, Maui Parrotbill Hemignathus hanapepe, Kauai Nukupu[revaps]u Hemignathus lucidus, O[revaps]ahu Nukupu[revaps]u Hemignathus affinis, Maui Nukupu[revaps]u Hemignathus wilsoni, [revaps]Akiapola[revaps]au Akialoa stejnegeri, Kauai [revaps]Akialoa Akialoa ellisiana, O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Akialoa Akialoa lanaiensis, Maui Nui [revaps]Akialoa Magumma parva, [revaps]Anianiau Chlorodrepanis virens, Hawaii [revaps]Amakihi Chlorodrepanis flava, O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Amakihi Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri, Kauai [revaps]Amakihi Loxops mana, Hawaii Creeper Loxops caeruleirostris, [revaps]Akeke[revaps]e Loxops wolstenholmei, O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Akepa Loxops ochraceus, Maui [revaps]Akepa Loxops coccineus, Hawaii [revaps]Akepa Pinicola enucleator, Pine Grosbeak Pyrrhula pyrrhula, Eurasian Bullfinch Leucosticte arctoa, Asian Rosy-Finch Leucosticte tephrocotis, Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch Leucosticte atrata, Black Rosy-Finch Leucosticte australis, Brown-capped Rosy-Finch Haemorhous mexicanus, House Finch Haemorhous purpureus, Purple Finch Haemorhous cassinii, Cassin's Finch Chloris sinica, Oriental Greenfinch Acanthis flammea, Common Redpoll Acanthis hornemanni, Hoary Redpoll Loxia curvirostra, Red Crossbill Loxia sinesciuris, Cassia Crossbill Loxia leucoptera, White-winged Crossbill Spinus spinus, Eurasian Siskin Spinus pinus, Pine Siskin Spinus psaltria, Lesser Goldfinch Spinus lawrencei, Lawrence's Goldfinch Spinus tristis, American Goldfinch Family CALCARIIDAE Calcarius lapponicus, Lapland Longspur Calcarius ornatus, Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius pictus, Smith's Longspur Rhynchophanes mccownii, McCown's Longspur Plectrophenax nivalis, Snow Bunting Plectrophenax hyperboreus, McKay's Bunting Family EMBERIZIDAE Emberiza leucocephalos, Pine Bunting Emberiza chrysophrys, Yellow-browed Bunting Emberiza pusilla, Little Bunting Emberiza rustica, Rustic Bunting Emberiza elegans, Yellow-throated Bunting Emberiza aureola, Yellow-breasted Bunting Emberiza variabilis, Gray Bunting Emberiza pallasi, Pallas's Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus, Reed Bunting Family PASSERELLIDAE Peucaea carpalis, Rufous-winged Sparrow Peucaea botterii, Botteri's Sparrow Peucaea cassinii, Cassin's Sparrow Peucaea aestivalis, Bachman's Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum, Grasshopper Sparrow Arremonops rufivirgatus, Olive Sparrow Amphispiza quinquestriata, Five-striped Sparrow Amphispiza bilineata, Black-throated Sparrow Chondestes grammacus, Lark Sparrow Calamospiza melanocorys, Lark Bunting Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow Spizella pallida, Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella atrogularis, Black-chinned Sparrow Spizella pusilla, Field Sparrow Spizella breweri, Brewer's Sparrow Spizella wortheni, Worthen's Sparrow Passerella iliaca, Fox Sparrow Spizelloides arborea, American Tree Sparrow Junco hyemalis, Dark-eyed Junco Junco phaeonotus, Yellow-eyed Junco Zonotrichia leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia atricapilla, Golden-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia querula, Harris's Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis, White-throated Sparrow Artemisiospiza nevadensis, Sagebrush Sparrow Artemisiospiza belli, Bell's Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus, Vesper Sparrow Ammospiza leconteii, LeConte's Sparrow Ammospiza maritima, Seaside Sparrow Ammospiza nelsoni, Nelson's Sparrow Ammospiza caudacuta, Saltmarsh Sparrow Centronyx bairdii, Baird's Sparrow Centronyx henslowii, Henslow's Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis, Savannah Sparrow Melospiza melodia, Song Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii, Lincoln's Sparrow Melospiza georgiana, Swamp Sparrow Melozone fusca, Canyon Towhee Melozone aberti, Abert's Towhee Melozone crissalis, California Towhee Aimophila ruficeps, Rufous-crowned Sparrow Pipilo chlorurus, Green-tailed Towhee Pipilo maculatus, Spotted Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Eastern Towhee Family NESOSPINGIDAE [[Page 21305]] Nesospingus speculiferus, Puerto Rican Tanager Family SPINDALIDAE Spindalis zena, Western Spindalis Spindalis portoricensis, Puerto Rican Spindalis Family ICTERIIDAE Icteria virens, Yellow-breasted Chat Family ICTERIDAE Subfamily XANTHOCEPHALINAE Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus, Yellow-headed Blackbird Subfamily DOLICHONYCHINAE Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Bobolink Subfamily STURNELLINAE Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta, Western Meadowlark Subfamily ICTERINAE Icterus portoricensis, Puerto Rican Oriole Icterus wagleri, Black-vented Oriole Icterus spurius, Orchard Oriole Icterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole Icterus pustulatus, Streak-backed Oriole Icterus bullockii, Bullock's Oriole Icterus gularis, Altamira Oriole Icterus graduacauda, Audubon's Oriole Icterus galbula, Baltimore Oriole Icterus abeillei, Black-backed Oriole Icterus parisorum, Scott's Oriole Subfamily AGELAIINAE Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius tricolor, Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius humeralis, Tawny-shouldered Blackbird Agelaius xanthomus, Yellow-shouldered Blackbird Molothrus bonariensis, Shiny Cowbird Molothrus aeneus, Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus ater, Brown-headed Cowbird Euphagus carolinus, Rusty Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus, Brewer's Blackbird Quiscalus quiscula, Common Grackle Quiscalus major, Boat-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus, Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus niger, Greater Antillean Grackle Family PARULIDAE Seiurus aurocapilla, Ovenbird Helmitheros vermivorum, Worm-eating Warbler Parkesia motacilla, Louisiana Waterthrush Parkesia noveboracensis, Northern Waterthrush Vermivora bachmanii, Bachman's Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera, Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora cyanoptera, Blue-winged Warbler Mniotilta varia, Black-and-white Warbler Protonotaria citrea, Prothonotary Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii, Swainson's Warbler Oreothlypis superciliosa, Crescent-chested Warbler Leiothlypis peregrina, Tennessee Warbler Leiothlypis celata, Orange-crowned Warbler Leiothlypis crissalis, Colima Warbler Leiothlypis luciae, Lucy's Warbler Leiothlypis ruficapilla, Nashville Warbler Leiothlypis virginiae, Virginia's Warbler Oporornis agilis, Connecticut Warbler Geothlypis poliocephala, Gray-crowned Yellowthroat Geothlypis tolmiei, MacGillivray's Warbler Geothlypis philadelphia, Mourning Warbler Geothlypis formosa, Kentucky Warbler Geothlypis trichas, Common Yellowthroat Setophaga angelae, Elfin-woods Warbler Setophaga citrina, Hooded Warbler Setophaga ruticilla, American Redstart Setophaga kirtlandii, Kirtland's Warbler Setophaga tigrina, Cape May Warbler Setophaga cerulea, Cerulean Warbler Setophaga americana, Northern Parula Setophaga pitiayumi, Tropical Parula Setophaga magnolia, Magnolia Warbler Setophaga castanea, Bay-breasted Warbler Setophaga fusca, Blackburnian Warbler Setophaga petechia, Yellow Warbler Setophaga pensylvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler Setophaga striata, Blackpoll Warbler Setophaga caerulescens, Black-throated Blue Warbler Setophaga palmarum, Palm Warbler Setophaga pinus, Pine Warbler Setophaga coronata, Yellow-rumped Warbler Setophaga dominica, Yellow-throated Warbler Setophaga discolor, Prairie Warbler Setophaga adelaidae, Adelaide's Warbler Setophaga graciae, Grace's Warbler Setophaga nigrescens, Black-throated Gray Warbler Setophaga townsendi, Townsend's Warbler Setophaga occidentalis, Hermit Warbler Setophaga chrysoparia, Golden-cheeked Warbler Setophaga virens, Black-throated Green Warbler Basileuterus lachrymosus, Fan-tailed Warbler Basileuterus rufifrons, Rufous-capped Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus, Golden-crowned Warbler Cardellina canadensis, Canada Warbler Cardellina pusilla, Wilson's Warbler Cardellina rubrifrons, Red-faced Warbler Myioborus pictus, Painted Redstart Myioborus miniatus, Slate-throated Redstart Family CARDINALIDAE Piranga flava, Hepatic Tanager Piranga rubra, Summer Tanager Piranga olivacea, Scarlet Tanager Piranga ludoviciana, Western Tanager Piranga bidentata, Flame-colored Tanager Rhodothraupis celaeno, Crimson-collared Grosbeak Cardinalis cardinalis, Northern Cardinal Cardinalis sinuatus, Pyrrhuloxia Pheucticus chrysopeplus, Yellow Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus, Black-headed Grosbeak Cyanocompsa parellina, Blue Bunting Passerina caerulea, Blue Grosbeak Passerina amoena, Lazuli Bunting Passerina cyanea, Indigo Bunting Passerina versicolor, Varied Bunting Passerina ciris, Painted Bunting Spiza americana, Dickcissel Family THRAUPIDAE Subfamily DACNINAE Cyanerpes cyaneus, Red-legged Honeycreeper Subfamily COEREBINAE Coereba flaveola, Bananaquit Tiaris olivaceus, Yellow-faced Grassquit Melanospiza bicolor, Black-faced Grassquit Melopyrrha portoricensis, Puerto Rican Bullfinch Subfamily SPOROPHILINAE Sporophila morelleti, Morelet's Seedeater * * * * * George Wallace, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks. [FR Doc. 2020-06779 Filed 4-15-20; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4333-15-P