[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 50 (Friday, March 13, 2020)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 14567-14572]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2020-05115]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Part 300

[TD 9894]
RIN 1545-BN38


User Fees for Offers in Compromise

AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.

ACTION: Final regulation.

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SUMMARY: This document contains the final regulations that provide user 
fees for offers in compromise. The final regulations affect taxpayers 
who wish to pay their Federal tax liabilities through offers in 
compromise.

DATES: 
    Effective date: These regulations are effective on April 27, 2020.
    Applicability date: These regulations apply to offers in compromise 
submitted on or after April 27, 2020.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Concerning the regulations, Jordan L. 
Thomas at (202) 317-5437; concerning cost methodology, Michael Weber, 
at (202) 803-9738 (not toll-free numbers).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background

    This document contains amendments to the User Fee Regulations under 
26 CFR part 300 regarding user fees charged for processing offers in 
compromise submitted in accordance with section 7122 of the Internal 
Revenue Code (Code) and Sec.  301.7122-1 of the Procedure and 
Administration Regulations.

I. Authority To Charge User Fees

    The Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952 (IOAA), which is 
codified at 31 U.S.C. 9701, authorizes Federal agencies, including the 
IRS, to prescribe regulations establishing user fees for services 
provided by the agency. Regulations prescribing user fees are subject 
to the policies of the President, which are currently set forth in the 
Office of Management and Budget Circular A-25 (OMB Circular), 58 FR 
38142 (July 15, 1993). The OMB Circular allows agencies to impose user 
fees for services that confer a special benefit to identifiable 
recipients beyond those accruing to the general public. The agency must 
calculate the full cost of providing those benefits, and, in general, 
the amount of a user fee should recover the full cost of providing the 
service, unless the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) grants an 
exception under the OMB Circular.

II. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

    On October 13, 2016, the Treasury Department and the IRS published 
in the Federal Register (81 FR 70654) a notice of proposed rulemaking 
(REG-108934-16) relating to the user fees charged for processing offers 
in compromise under section 7122 and Sec.  301.7122-1. The notice of 
proposed rulemaking proposed to increase the fee under 26 CFR 300.3 for 
processing an offer in compromise from $186 to $300, effective for 
offers in compromise submitted on or after February 27, 2017. Under the 
notice of proposed rulemaking, offers based on doubt as to liability 
and offers from low-income taxpayers, as defined in Sec.  
300.3(b)(1)(ii), would continue to be excepted from a user fee. As 
explained in the notice of proposed rulemaking, the proposed user fee 
(even after the increase) was substantially less than the full cost to 
the IRS of providing this service and the OMB has granted an exception 
to the full-cost requirement.

III. The Taxpayer First Act

    Section 1102 of the Taxpayer First Act, Public Law 116-25, 133 
Stat. 981, 986 (2019), which was enacted on July 1, 2019, added 
paragraph (3) to section 7122(c). Section 7122(c)(3) exempts certain 
low-income taxpayers from payment of the offer in compromise user fee 
otherwise required in connection with the submission of an offer in 
compromise. These low-income taxpayers are individuals with adjusted 
gross income, as determined for the most recent taxable year for which 
such information is available, which does not exceed 250 percent of the 
applicable poverty level (as determined by the Secretary of the 
Treasury or his delegate). Section 1102(b) of the Taxpayer First Act 
provides that section 7122(c)(3) ``shall apply to offers-in-compromise 
submitted after the date of the enactment of this Act,'' that is, 
offers in compromise submitted after July 1, 2019.

Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions

I. Overview

    In response to the notice of proposed rulemaking, four comments 
were received. One comment requested a public hearing, which was held 
on December 16, 2016. At the hearing, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS received testimony from two speakers from one organization who 
shared the allotted speaking time.
    After careful consideration of the comments and hearing testimony, 
the Treasury Department and the IRS have made some modifications to the 
proposed regulations, including nonsubstantive editorial changes to the 
text of Sec.  300.3(b)(2)(ii).
    Specifically, in response to the comments and testimony received, 
the final regulations provide a more limited increase of the user fee 
under Sec.  300.3 for processing an offer in compromise from $186 to 
$205, a 10 percent increase. This more limited increase is effective 
for offers in compromise submitted on or after April 27, 2020. The $205 
user fee remains substantially less than the full cost to the IRS of 
providing this service. As required by the IOAA and the OMB Circular, 
the IRS will continue to biennially review the user fee, and the 
Treasury Department and the IRS will adjust and increase the fee as 
appropriate.
    The final regulations also continue to except offers based on doubt 
as to liability from a user fee, and expand the definition of low-
income taxpayer consistent with section 7122(c)(3) to help reduce the 
burden on taxpayers.
    This Treasury Decision adopts the proposed regulations, as 
modified.

II. First Comment

    The first comment suggested that the user fee for processing an 
offer in compromise should either remain at $186 or be lowered. In 
support of this recommendation, the comment stated that ``[t]he service 
that the IRS provides does not make a large enough financial dent to 
justify hurting those who need this service with larger fees.'' As 
noted more fully in the notice of proposed rulemaking, the full cost to 
the IRS for an offer in compromise in 2016 was $2,450. As required by 
the IOAA and the OMB Circular, the IRS recently completed its 2019 
biennial review of the offer in compromise program and determined that 
the full cost of an offer in compromise was $2,374.
    When an offer in compromise is accepted, the user fee is either 
applied against the amount to be paid under the offer or refunded to 
the taxpayer if the

[[Page 14568]]

taxpayer requests a refund pursuant to Sec.  300.3(b)(2). Therefore, 
except for the timing of the payment, a taxpayer that can afford to pay 
the fee who has an accepted offer in compromise under effective tax 
administration pursuant to Sec.  301.7122-1(b)(3), or doubt as to 
collectibility with a determination that collection of an amount 
greater than the amount offered would create economic hardship within 
the meaning of Sec.  301.6343-1, is no worse off having paid the user 
fee because the amount of the user fee reduces the amount of the offer 
accepted to compromise the taxpayer's existing tax obligation owed to 
the IRS or is refunded to the taxpayer. In other cases, a taxpayer with 
an accepted offer in compromise is no worse off having paid the user 
fee because the fees paid to request an offer in compromise are 
generally applied to offset existing tax obligations so no amounts are 
kept in excess of amounts owed to the IRS. Under the OMB Circular, the 
user fee for a special benefit generally should recoup the full cost to 
the government for providing that special benefit. As explained in the 
notice of proposed rulemaking, an agency should set the user fee at an 
amount that recovers the full cost of providing the service unless the 
agency requests, and the OMB grants, an exception to the full cost 
requirement. The IRS has requested, and the OMB has granted, an 
exception to the full cost requirement for low-income taxpayers and 
offers based on doubt as to liability from the user fee because the 
Commissioner of Internal Revenue has determined that there is a 
compelling tax administration reason for doing so. The increased user 
fee for offers in compromise balances the need to recover more of the 
costs with the goal of encouraging offers in compromise.

III. Second Comment

    The second comment had seven main concerns and additional concerns 
with respect to each of these main concerns.
A. Justification for Charging Fee
    The second comment's first main concern was that offers in 
compromise should not be subject to fees because in the commenter's 
opinion the IRS generally does not charge for fundamental government 
services that primarily benefit the general public. The comment stated 
that the offer in compromise program provides at least an incidental 
benefit to taxpayers seeking offers in compromise; however, the offer 
in compromise program is a fundamental government service that 
primarily and independently benefits the government and the public 
fisc. The comment suggested that because the IRS is prohibited from 
taking collection action against a taxpayer when an offer is pending, 
for 30 days after an offer has been rejected, and for the duration of 
time that a taxpayer appeals a rejected offer, these were not 
discretionary activities that the IRS could choose to discontinue. 
Rather, the comment asserted that these are fundamental government 
services available to all taxpayers, not just those taxpayers choosing 
to conduct a particular business. The comment suggested that these 
purported fundamental services independently benefit all taxpayers 
rather than providing special benefits to special interests. The 
comment stated that it was not clear the OMB Circular authorized the 
IRS to charge a fee for processing offers in compromise as any specific 
beneficiary of an offer in compromise is arguably obscured by the fact 
that the IRS and the public fisc are the primary and direct 
beneficiaries of the offer in compromise program. The comment noted 
that any benefit accruing to the taxpayer seeking an offer in 
compromise was designed as an incentive to encourage tax debtors to 
seek an offer in compromise, which is a benefit to the government. The 
comment identified entering into a closing agreement, visiting a 
taxpayer assistance center, calling the IRS, using the electronic 
payment or filing systems, receiving a communication, making quarterly 
payments or deposits, processing a Form 2848, or using the ``where's my 
refund'' website as services the IRS provides without charging a user 
fee. The comment concluded that charging a user fee for processing an 
offer in compromise appears inconsistent and arbitrary when compared to 
the previously identified services provided without a user fee.
    As described in the preamble to the proposed regulations, the offer 
in compromise program confers a special benefit on identifiable 
recipients beyond those accruing to the general public. A taxpayer with 
an accepted offer in compromise receives the special benefit of 
resolving his or her tax liabilities for a compromised amount, provided 
the taxpayer complies with the terms of the offer, and the benefit of 
paying the compromised amount over a period not to exceed 24 months. 
The comment addresses this specific benefit as incidental, however, it 
is the core benefit of an offer in compromise. The comment was accurate 
in stating that section 6331(k)(1) of the Code generally prohibits the 
IRS from levying to collect taxes while a request to enter into an 
offer in compromise is pending, for 30 days after a rejection, and, if 
a timely appeal of a rejection is filed, for the duration of the 
appeal. However, while the IRS is required by statute to cease levying 
to collect taxes during this period, the IRS may still charge a fee for 
providing that service. In fact, under the OMB Circular, there are 
several examples of special benefits (e.g., passport, visa, patent) for 
which the issuing agency may charge a fee even though the agency is 
required to issue such benefit if the individual meets certain 
statutory or regulatory requirements. Because of these special 
benefits, the IOAA and the OMB Circular authorize the IRS to charge a 
user fee for the offer in compromise that reflects the full cost of 
providing the service of the offer in compromise program to the 
taxpayer. This special benefit does not accrue to the general public 
because taxpayers are otherwise obligated to pay the entire amount of 
outstanding taxes immediately when due and are otherwise subject to all 
authorized IRS collection actions.
    Even if it is argued that the government derives some general 
benefit from collecting outstanding tax liabilities, it is still 
appropriate under the OMB Circular to charge a user fee for processing 
an offer in compromise because offers in compromise provide ``specific 
services to specific individuals.'' Seafarers Int'l Union of N. Am. v. 
U.S. Coast Guard, 81 F.3d 179, 183 (D.C. Cir. 1996). The specific 
individual is the identifiable taxpayer who requests an offer in 
compromise and receives the specific benefits previously described and 
more fully described in the notice of proposed rulemaking. The benefit 
to the government of collecting on outstanding tax liabilities is a 
benefit that accrues to the public generally and does not diminish the 
special benefit provided to the specific, identifiable taxpayer 
requesting an offer in compromise. As noted in the notice of proposed 
rulemaking, the IOAA permits the IRS to charge a user fee for providing 
a ``service or thing of value.'' 31 U.S.C. 9701(b). A government 
activity constitutes a ``service or thing of value'' when it provides 
``special benefits to an identifiable recipient beyond those that 
accrue to the general public.'' See OMB Circular section 6(a)(1). Among 
other things, a ``special benefit'' exists when a government service is 
performed at the request of a taxpayer and is beyond the services 
regularly received by other members of the same group or the general 
public. See OMB Circular section 6(a)(1)(c). In connection with an 
offer in compromise, the special benefit

[[Page 14569]]

is only provided in response to a request by a taxpayer for the 
consideration of an offer in compromise.
    By the very nature of government action, the general public will 
almost always experience some benefit from an activity that is subject 
to a user fee. See, e.g., Seafarers, 81 F.3d at 184-85 (D.C. Cir. 
1996). However, as long as the activity confers a specific benefit upon 
an identifiable beneficiary, it is permissible for the agency to charge 
the beneficiary a fee even though the public will also experience an 
incidental benefit. See Engine Mfrs. Ass'n v. EPA, 20 F.3d 1177, 1180 
(D.C. Cir. 1994) (``If the agency does confer a specific benefit upon 
an identifiable beneficiary . . . then it is of no moment that the 
service may incidentally confer a benefit upon the general public as 
well.'') citing Nat'l Cable Television Ass'n v. FCC, 554 F.2d 1094, at 
1103 (D.C. Cir. 1976). Furthermore, the benefit to the public fisc of 
collecting outstanding taxes is not an additional benefit to the 
government because the IRS would collect those amounts through other 
means absent the offer in compromise. Even so, an agency is still 
entitled to charge for services that assist a person in complying with 
his or her statutory duties. See Elec. Indus Ass'n v. FCC, 554 F.2d 
1109, 1115 (D.C. Cir. 1976).
    For purposes of these regulations, the IRS has considered comments 
relating to the offer in compromise user fees and comments relating to 
other services for which no fee is charged are outside the scope of 
this rulemaking. With respect to offer in compromise user fees, the IRS 
has charged fees since 2003 in accordance with the OMB Circular that 
requires full cost unless an exception is granted. The OMB Circular 
requires the IRS to review the user fees it charges for special 
services biennially to ensure that the fees are adjusted for cost. See 
OMB Circular section 8(e). As explained in detail in the notice of 
proposed rulemaking, the reduced offer in compromise user fee is 
consistent with these requirements.
B. Justification for Increasing Fee
    The second comment's second main concern was that Congress's 
decision to impose ``constraints on IRS resources'' is an inadequate 
justification for increasing the offer in compromise fee.
    Section 6(a)(2)(a) of the OMB Circular provides that user fees will 
be sufficient to recover the full cost to the government of providing 
the service except as provided in section 6(c) of the OMB Circular. The 
exceptions in section 6(c)(2) of the OMB Circular provide that agency 
heads may recommend to the OMB that exceptions to the full cost 
requirement be made when either (1) the cost of collecting the user fee 
would represent an unduly large part of the fee or (2) any other 
condition exists that, in the opinion of the agency head, justifies an 
exception. The cost of collecting the proposed user fees for offers in 
compromise will not represent an unduly large part of the fee for the 
activity because the IRS returns offers in compromise submitted without 
a user fee without consideration. See Internal Revenue Manual (IRM) 
5.8.2 and 5.8.3.
    The OMB Circular requires the IRS to review the user fees it 
charges for special services biennially to ensure that the fees are 
adjusted to reflect the full cost to the IRS. As discussed in the 
notice of proposed rulemaking, the IRS completed its 2015 biennial 
review of the offer in compromise program and determined that the full 
cost to the IRS of providing the special service of an offer in 
compromise was $2,450. As required by the IOAA and the OMB Circular, 
the IRS recently completed its 2019 biennial review of the offer in 
compromise program and determined that the full cost of an offer in 
compromise was $2,374. As noted above, section 6(a)(2)(a) of the OMB 
Circular requires that user fees recover the full cost to the 
government of providing the service and nothing in the OMB Circular 
mandates agency heads to seek an exception to the full cost 
requirement. Nonetheless, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue 
determined that there is a compelling tax administration reason for 
seeking an exception to the full cost requirement and made the decision 
to seek such an exception from the OMB. The OMB granted the exception. 
After consideration of the comments received, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS determined the proposed fee should be lowered to $205, 
which is substantially less than the full cost incurred by the IRS to 
provide this special benefit to taxpayers seeking it. The $205 user fee 
balances the need to recover more of the costs with the goal of 
encouraging offers in compromise. Furthermore, the IRS has continued to 
request, and the OMB has continued to grant, an exception to the full 
cost requirement for offers in compromise submitted by low-income 
taxpayers and offers in compromise based on doubt as to liability.
C. Public Policy Goal of Fee
    The second comment's third main concern was that public policy 
weighs in favor of eliminating the offer in compromise fee. The comment 
stated that section 7803(a)(3) provides that the Commissioner of 
Internal Revenue shall execute his duties in accord with taxpayer 
rights and shall ensure that all employees are familiar with and act in 
accord with taxpayer rights, including the right to privacy, which 
includes the right to expect that enforcement ``will be no more 
intrusive than necessary.'' The comment stated that the user fee was 
inconsistent with the right to privacy because charging an increased 
user fee would dissuade taxpayers from seeking offers in compromise, 
thus triggering enforcement action that would otherwise be unnecessary. 
The comment stated that increasing the fee creates an obstacle for many 
taxpayers who would otherwise consider an offer in compromise to 
resolve their tax liability, and the IRS would thereby undermine public 
policy goals expressed by Congress.
    The comment's reliance on section 7803(a)(3) is misplaced because 
the amount of the offer in compromise user fee is governed by section 
7122 and the IOAA. The IOAA states that the services provided by an 
agency should be self-sustaining to the extent possible. 31 U.S.C. 
9701(a).
D. Revenue Impact of Charging a Fee
    The second comment's fourth main concern was that the offer in 
compromise fee was likely to cost more, in terms of lost tax revenue 
and increased enforcement costs, than it will generate in user fees. 
The comment claimed that the proposed user fee increase was likely to 
dissuade taxpayers in every income category from submitting offers in 
compromise. The comment cites to the Treasury Department's General 
Explanations of the Administration's Fiscal Year 2017 Revenue 
Proposals, which included a proposal to repeal the section 7122(c)(1) 
requirement for a down payment to accompany submitted offers in 
compromise, for its conclusion that eliminating such a requirement 
would raise revenue by improving access to the offer in compromise 
program.
    The prior Administration's legislative proposal, which was not 
adopted, addressed the statutory requirement for a down payment to 
accompany submitted offers in compromise. The down payment requirement 
is a separate issue, mandated by section 7122(c)(1). Section 7122(c)(1) 
does not address user fees, but instead requires submissions of offers 
in compromise to be accompanied by down payments, which is unrelated to 
the determination of the appropriate user fee to charge for the offer 
in compromise program. By statute, each service or thing of value 
provided by an agency to a person is to be self-sustaining to the 
extent possible. 31

[[Page 14570]]

U.S.C. 9701(a). The user fee associated with the service must be fair 
and based on the costs to the government, the value of the service to 
the recipient, and public policy or interest served. 31 U.S.C. 9701(b). 
The updated user fee balances the need for the service to be self-
sustaining with the goal of encouraging offers in compromise.
E. Conflict of Interest
    The second comment's fifth main concern was that the offer in 
compromise fee is an accounting ``device'' that the IRS is pursuing due 
to a conflict of interest. The comment stated that an offer in 
compromise fee will reduce tax revenue by converting what would 
otherwise be tax collections that benefit the public fisc into user fee 
collections that only benefit the IRS. According to the comment, the 
conversion occurs because the offer in compromise user fee reduces 
funds that the taxpayer can use to settle the liability and the amount 
that the IRS will accept as a compromise. The comment alleged that the 
IRS pursues this accounting ``device'' because of a claimed conflict of 
interest, which is claimed to be the IRS's authority to retain certain 
user fee collections.
    As noted above, the full cost to the IRS for an offer in compromise 
was $2,374. The IRS, however, is increasing the user fee for providing 
this special benefit from $186 to $205. When considering whether the 
taxpayer has offered an acceptable amount for an offer in compromise, 
the IRS reduces the taxpayer's reasonable collection potential (RCP) by 
the amount of the user fee paid because those funds are no longer part 
of the taxpayer's assets. When an offer in compromise is accepted under 
effective tax administration pursuant to Sec.  301.7122-1(b)(3), or 
doubt as to collectibility with a determination that collection of an 
amount greater than the amount offered would create economic hardship 
within the meaning of Sec.  301.6343-1, the user fee is either applied 
against the amount to be paid under the offer or refunded to the 
taxpayer if the taxpayer requests a refund pursuant to Sec.  
300.3(b)(2). In other cases, a taxpayer with an accepted offer in 
compromise is no worse off having paid the user fee because the fees 
paid to request an offer in compromise are generally applied to offset 
existing tax obligations so no amounts are kept in excess of amounts 
owed to the IRS. Thus, the taxpayer receives the benefit of the 
specific services provided by the IRS in processing the offer in 
compromise and a reduction in the taxpayer's tax liability. A taxpayer 
paying $205 for a special service the provision of which costs the IRS 
more than $205 creates no conflict of interest for the IRS.
F. Cost Benefit Analysis
    The second comment's sixth main concern was that to help mitigate 
the IRS's conflict of interest, the IRS should conduct a cost benefit 
analysis before moving forward with an increase to the offer in 
compromise user fee as the IRS has agreed to do for future user fee 
proposals and that may also be required by Executive Order 13563. The 
comment asked the IRS to mitigate its conflict of interest by 
quantifying and considering the following factors before adopting or 
increasing any offer in compromise user fee: (1) Indirect costs that 
are likely to result from the proposed user fee(s), (2) effect of user 
fees on taxpayer rights or burdens, (3) any resulting reductions in 
voluntary compliance, or (4) any impairment of the IRS mission. The 
comment stated that even though the IRS agreed to update the Internal 
Revenue Manual to require IRS business units to consider these factors, 
because the offer in compromise fee increase was proposed before that 
agreement was made, the IRS should not move forward with these 
regulations before it conducts this analysis and discloses it to the 
public.
    As discussed in the notice of proposed rulemaking and the Special 
Analyses in the Treasury Decision, certain IRS regulations, including 
this one, are exempt from the requirements of Executive Order 12866, as 
supplemented and reaffirmed by Executive Order 13563. Further, the 
notice of proposed rulemaking contained detailed accounting of the 
costs of the offer in compromise program. As discussed more fully in 
the previous response to the comment's second main concern and in the 
notice of proposed rulemaking, the OMB Circular requires the IRS to 
review the user fees it charges for special services biennially to 
ensure that the fees are adjusted for cost. As noted more fully in the 
notice of proposed rulemaking, the IRS determined after its 2015 
biennial review that the full cost to the IRS for providing the special 
service of an offer in compromise was $2,450. The Commissioner of 
Internal Revenue then determined that there is a compelling tax 
administration reason for seeking an exception to the full cost 
requirement from the OMB and sought such an exception from the OMB, 
which the OMB granted. After completing its 2019 biennial review, the 
IRS determined that the full cost to the IRS for providing the special 
service of an offer in compromise was $2,374. The $205 fee balances the 
need to recover more of the costs with the goal of encouraging offers 
in compromise. Furthermore, the IRS has continued to request, and the 
OMB has continued to grant, an exception to the full cost requirement 
for offers in compromise submitted by low-income taxpayers and offers 
in compromise based on doubt as to liability. In deciding to seek the 
exception to the full cost requirement for all taxpayers, low-income 
taxpayers, and taxpayers seeking an offer in compromise based on doubt 
as to liability, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue considered the 
four factors identified in the comment: The indirect costs that are 
likely to result from the proposed fee(s); the effect of fees on 
taxpayer rights or burden; any resulting reductions in voluntary 
compliance; and any impairment of the IRS mission, and carefully 
weighed them against the goal of recovering costs. Rather than charging 
the full cost, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue sought and received 
an exception from the OMB to charge all taxpayers a user fee of $300, 
and low-income taxpayers and taxpayers seeking offers in compromise 
based on doubt as to liability a user fee of $0. These fee amounts are 
substantially less than the full cost to the IRS of providing this 
service. The Treasury Department and the IRS have now determined that 
the user fee should only be increased to $205. The further lowering of 
the user fee from $300 to $205 and the exceptions to the fee strike a 
balance between the goal of recovering costs and the concerns 
identified in the factors in the IRM regarding the impact of the offer 
in compromise program.
G. Taxpayer Burden
    The second comment's seventh main concern was that if the IRS 
charges a user fee for processing an offer in compromise, it should 
minimize the burden for taxpayers. The comment suggested this be done 
by collecting the user fee from the amount paid on the offer in 
compromise, such as is done with the collection of the installment 
agreement user fee.
    As discussed earlier, the IRS already collects the offer in 
compromise user fee in a taxpayer-friendly manner in that the 
taxpayer's RCP is reduced by the amount of the user fee and the user 
fee is generally directly offset against the taxpayer's outstanding tax 
liability. The taxpayer thus receives a double benefit of the user fee 
amount.

IV. Third Comment

    The third comment in response to the notice of proposed rulemaking 
acknowledged and agreed with the IRS's

[[Page 14571]]

findings regarding costs per offer and the need to raise the user fee 
to $300 based on those findings. However, the third comment had two 
main concerns and suggestions. The comment's first main concern was 
regarding taxpayers who fall outside the parameters of the low-income 
threshold of 250 percent of the poverty guidelines, as established and 
updated annually by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 
According to the comment, taxpayers whose income falls between 250 
percent and 400 percent of the HHS poverty guidelines will be most 
negatively affected by the user fee increase. The comment stated that 
taxpayers between 250 percent and 400 percent of the HHS poverty 
guidelines face similar hardships as those whose incomes fall at or 
below 250 percent of the HHS poverty guidelines. The comment suggested 
that the IRS maintain the current $186 user fee for taxpayers whose 
income falls between 250 percent and 400 percent of the HHS poverty 
guidelines, noting that such taxpayers qualify for premium tax credits 
on the Health Insurance Marketplace.
    Requesting an exception to the full cost requirement of the OMB 
Circular is within the discretion of the agency head and must be 
approved by the OMB. The Commissioner of Internal Revenue requested and 
the OMB approved excepting from the user fee taxpayers whose income 
falls at or below the dollar criteria established by the poverty 
guidelines as established and updated annually by HHS. The regulations 
maintain this exception as a floor. As a policy decision, the IRS has 
not charged the offer in compromise user fee if the taxpayer's income 
falls at or below 250 percent of the HHS poverty guidelines. This 
policy balances the need to recover more of the costs with the goal of 
encouraging offers in compromise. Creating an additional exception for 
taxpayers whose income falls between 250 percent and 400 percent of the 
HHS poverty guidelines would not properly address the need to recover 
more of the costs for processing offers in compromise.
    The comment's second main concern was regarding taxpayers whose RCP 
is less than the user fee. The comment explained that the RCP equals 
the total of the future income potential plus the equity in all assets 
and that future income is excess income over allowable expenses times a 
multiplier. The comment suggested waiving the user fee in its entirety 
for taxpayers whose RCP is less than the user fee. The comment then set 
out the following example, based on a real case, and on which the two 
speakers elaborated at the public hearing: A taxpayer with an RCP of $9 
submitted an offer in compromise and checked the low-income taxpayer 
certification box. The taxpayer's income stemmed from a seasonal job 
and monthly disability payments from the Department of Veterans 
Affairs, as exigent circumstances prevented him from maintaining a 
steady job. When the offer was submitted, the taxpayer's income was 
higher than in previous months when he was not working the seasonal 
job, but the taxpayer's annual average income fell below 250 percent of 
the HHS poverty guidelines. The taxpayer's offer was accepted for 
processing but the IRS required the payment of the user fee. After 
obtaining outside assistance, the taxpayer was able to demonstrate that 
the taxpayer qualified for the low-income exception and the offer was 
accepted without requiring the payment of a user fee.
    Pursuant to the written procedures in IRM 5.8.4.7, the IRS should 
determine whether the taxpayer qualifies for the low-income exception 
to the user fee by reviewing the household income at the time the offer 
was submitted as compared to the household income at the time the offer 
is processed and using the lower of the two. If the taxpayer's 
household income was below 250 percent of the HHS poverty guidelines 
when the offer was processed, then the IRS should not have required a 
user fee. To the extent the taxpayer had difficulty demonstrating to 
the IRS offer examiner that the taxpayer qualified for low-income 
status, that difficulty is independent of the amount of the user fee. 
If the taxpayer had not requested low-income taxpayer status and paid 
the user fee at the time of submission, the IRS would have reduced the 
taxpayer's RCP by the amount of the user fee paid because those funds 
are no longer part of the taxpayer's assets. Taxpayers may request a 
refund of the user fee pursuant to Sec.  300.3(b)(2) in two situations: 
(1) If the offer is accepted to promote effective tax administration 
pursuant to Sec.  301.7122-1(b)(3), and (2) if the offer is accepted 
based on doubt as to collectibility and the IRS determines that 
collecting an amount greater than the amount offered would create 
economic hardship within the meaning of Sec.  301.6343-1. This current 
system balances the need to collect a fee with the need to accommodate 
taxpayers who may have exigent circumstances.

V. Fourth Comment

    The fourth comment stated that the increased user fee is too 
onerous and will result in the IRS collecting less on past due 
liabilities than it could otherwise collect. According to the comment, 
recent statistics show that 47 percent of Americans cannot come up with 
$400 to cover an unexpected emergency. The comment, however, does not 
cite to the source of these statistics. The comment states that 
taxpayers who cannot afford the increased user fee will enter into 
currently not collectible (CNC) status. The comment states then that 
the increased user fee will result in the IRS collecting less revenue.
    Offers in compromise are a collection alternative for taxpayers who 
are unable to pay their tax liability in full. As discussed above, the 
IRS has options for those taxpayers who, in addition to being unable to 
pay their tax liability in full, would struggle to pay the user fee for 
the offer in compromise. For low-income taxpayers, the IRS waives the 
user fee in its entirety. For taxpayers who do not qualify as low-
income taxpayers but for whom the user fee would cause them an economic 
hardship, the IRS refunds the user fee. The comment states that CNC 
status is available for certain taxpayers. However, it is not the case 
that the availability of CNC status as an option to some taxpayers will 
necessarily cause the IRS to collect less revenue. The comment does not 
take into account that taxpayers who are eligible for CNC status may 
also be eligible for a refund of the user fee or waiver of the fee 
because of their income level.

VI. Final Regulations

    As noted previously, in response to the comments and testimony 
received, the final regulations provide a more limited increase of the 
user fee and an expanded definition of low-income taxpayer to help 
reduce the burden on taxpayers.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have now determined that the 
user fee should only be increased to $205, a 10 percent increase. 
Additionally, pursuant to the Taxpayer First Act, the final regulations 
incorporate the definition of low-income taxpayer provided in section 
7122(c)(3), thereby providing an additional means of receiving the low-
income taxpayer waiver. Section 7122(c)(3) excepts low-income taxpayers 
from any user fee otherwise required in connection with the submission 
of an offer in compromise and defines a low-income taxpayer as an 
individual with an adjusted gross income, as determined for the most 
recent taxable year for which such information is available, which does 
not exceed 250 percent of the applicable poverty guidelines. Thus, the 
final regulations provide that low-income

[[Page 14572]]

taxpayers, as defined in section 7122(c)(3), are also exempt from 
payment of the offer in compromise user fee with respect to offers 
submitted after July 1, 2019.

Special Analyses

    Certain IRS regulations, including this one, are exempt from the 
requirements of Executive Order 12866, as supplemented and reaffirmed 
by Executive Order 13563. These regulations do not have a significant 
effect on the economy as the fees paid to request an offer in 
compromise are generally applied to offset existing tax obligations so 
no amounts are kept in excess of amounts owed to the IRS. In addition, 
the IRS estimates that approximately 31 percent of the offer in 
compromise cases closed annually are from low-income taxpayers and 
taxpayers making offers in compromise based on doubt as to liability. 
As taxpayers making these offers in compromise are not charged a fee, 
there is no effect on the economy. Therefore, a regulatory impact 
assessment is not required.
    It is hereby certified that these regulations will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
This certification is based on the information that follows. There is 
no significant economic impact from these regulations on any small 
entity required to pay a fee prescribed by these regulations to request 
an offer in compromise because generally the fee is applied to offset 
an existing tax obligation that the small entity owes the IRS. As such, 
the fee does not represent a payment of any amount greater than what a 
small entity already owes the IRS. In addition, as small entities 
making offers in compromise based on doubt as to liability will 
continue not to be charged a fee, these small entities will not be 
impacted economically by these regulations. Further, the economic 
impact of these regulations will not be on a substantial number of 
small entities because few small entities submit offers in compromise. 
In FY 2017, the IRS received a total of 52,016 processable offers, of 
which 3,851, or 7.4 percent, were from taxpayers with a business 
liability. In FY 2018, the IRS received 49,901 processable offers, of 
which 3,325 or 6.6 percent were from taxpayers with a business 
liability. Taxpayers with a business liability include all businesses, 
thus the number of businesses that could be classified as small 
businesses would be even less significant than the 7.4 percent and 6.6 
percent requesting offers in compromise in FY 2017 and FY 2018, 
respectively. Accordingly, this rule will not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Code, the notice of proposed 
rulemaking preceding these final regulations was submitted to the Chief 
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment 
on its impact on small business. No comments were received.

Statement of Availability of IRS Documents

    IRS Revenue Procedures, Revenue Rulings notices, and other guidance 
cited in this document are published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin 
(or Cumulative Bulletin) and are available from the Superintendent of 
Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC 20402, or 
by visiting the IRS website at http://www.irs.gov.

Drafting Information

    The principal author of these regulations is Jordan L. Thomas of 
the Office of the Associate Chief Counsel (Procedure and 
Administration). Other personnel from the Treasury Department and the 
IRS participated in their development.

List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 300

    Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, User fees.

Adoption of Amendments to the Regulations

    Accordingly, 26 CFR part 300 is amended as follows:

PART 300--USER FEES


0
Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 300 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 31 U.S.C. 9701.


0
Par. 2. Section 300.3 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(1) and (d) 
to read as follows:


Sec.  300.3  Offer to compromise fee.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) The fee for processing an offer to compromise submitted before 
April 27, 2020, is $186. The fee for processing an offer to compromise 
submitted on or after April 27, 2020, is $205. No fee will be charged 
if an offer is--
    (i) Based solely on doubt as to liability as defined in Sec.  
301.7122-1(b)(1) of this chapter;
    (ii) Made by a low-income taxpayer, that is, an individual whose 
income falls at or below the dollar criteria established by the poverty 
guidelines updated annually in the Federal Register by the U.S. 
Department of Health and Human Services under authority of section 
673(2) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (95 Stat. 357, 
511) or such other measure that is adopted by the Secretary; or
    (iii) Made by a low-income taxpayer, as described in section 
7122(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, and submitted after July 1, 
2019.
* * * * *
    (d) Applicability date. This section is applicable beginning April 
27, 2020.

 Sonita Lough,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.

    Approved: February 24, 2020.
David J. Kautter,
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy).
[FR Doc. 2020-05115 Filed 3-12-20; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-P