[Federal Register Volume 85, Number 7 (Friday, January 10, 2020)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 1684-1730]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-28106]



[[Page 1683]]

Vol. 85

Friday,

No. 7

January 10, 2020

Part III





Council on Environmental Quality





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40 CFR Parts 1500, 1501, 1502, et al.





Update to the Regulations Implementing the Procedural Provisions of the 
National Environmental Policy Act; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 7 / Friday, January 10, 2020 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 1684]]


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COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

40 CFR Parts 1500, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504, 1505, 1507, and 1508

[CEQ-2019-0003]
RIN 0331-AA03


Update to the Regulations Implementing the Procedural Provisions 
of the National Environmental Policy Act

AGENCY: Council on Environmental Quality.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: In this action, the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) is 
proposing to update its regulations for implementing the procedural 
provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). CEQ has not 
comprehensively updated its regulations since their promulgation in 
1978, more than four decades ago. This proposed rule would modernize 
and clarify the regulations to facilitate more efficient, effective, 
and timely NEPA reviews by Federal agencies in connection with 
proposals for agency action. The proposed amendments would advance the 
original goals of the CEQ regulations to reduce paperwork and delays, 
and promote better decisions consistent with the national environmental 
policy set forth in section 101 of NEPA. If finalized, the proposed 
rule would comprehensively update and substantially revise the 1978 
regulations. CEQ invites comments on the proposed revisions.

DATES: CEQ must receive comments by March 10, 2020. CEQ will hold 
public hearings on the following dates:
    1. February 11, 2020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 
8, 1595 Wynkoop Street, Denver, CO.
    2. February 25, 2020, U.S. Department of the Interior, Yates 
Auditorium, 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC.
    All attendees or speakers must register in advance. Details 
concerning the hearings and information on additional outreach may be 
found at www.nepa.gov and www.whitehouse.gov/ceq.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by docket number CEQ-
2019-0003, by any of the following methods:
    [ssquf] Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
    [ssquf] Fax: 202-456-6546.
    [ssquf] Mail: Council on Environmental Quality, 730 Jackson Place 
NW, Washington, DC 20503.
    Instructions: All submissions received must include the agency name 
and docket number for this rulemaking. All comments received will be 
posted without change to https://www.regulations.gov, including any 
personal information provided. Do not submit electronically any 
information you consider to be private, Confidential Business 
Information (CBI), or other information whose disclosure is restricted 
by statute.
    Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or 
comments received, go to https://www.regulations.gov.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Edward A. Boling, Associate Director 
for the National Environmental Policy Act, or Viktoria Z. Seale, Chief 
of Staff and General Counsel, 202-395-5750, [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Background
    A. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
    B. Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) Regulations, Guidance, 
and Reports
    1. Regulatory History
    2. CEQ Guidance and Reports
    3. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Timelines and Page Count 
Reports
    C. Judicial Review of Agency NEPA Compliance
    D. Statutory Developments
    E. Presidential Directives
    F. 2018 Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Requesting Public 
Comment on CEQ's NEPA Regulations
II. Summary of Proposed Rule
    A. Proposed Changes Throughout Parts 1500-1508
    B. Proposed Revisions To Update the Purpose, Policy, and Mandate 
(Part 1500)
    C. Proposed Revisions to NEPA and Agency Planning (Part 1501)
    1. NEPA Threshold Applicability Analysis (Sec.  1501.1)
    2. Apply NEPA Early in the Process (Sec.  1501.2)
    3. Determine the Appropriate Level of NEPA Review (Sec.  1501.3)
    4. Categorical Exclusions (CEs) (Sec.  1501.4)
    5. Environmental Assessments (EAs) (Sec.  1501.5)
    6. Findings of No Significant Impact (FONSIs) (Sec.  1501.6)
    7. Lead and Cooperating Agencies (Sec. Sec.  1501.7 and 1501.8)
    8. Scoping (Sec.  1501.9)
    9. Time Limits (Sec.  1501.10)
    10. Tiering and Incorporation by Reference (Sec. Sec.  1501.11 
and 1501.12)
    D. Proposed Revisions to Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) 
(Part 1502)
    1. Page Limits (Sec.  1502.7)
    2. Draft, Final and Supplemental Statements (Sec.  1502.9)
    3. EIS Format (Sec. Sec.  1502.10 and 1502.11)
    4. Purpose and Need (Sec.  1502.13)
    5. Alternatives (Sec.  1502.14)
    6. Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 
(Sec. Sec.  1502.15 and 1502.16)
    7. Submitted Alternatives, Information, and Analyses (Sec. Sec.  
1502.17 and 1502.18)
    8. Other Proposed Changes to Part 1502
    E. Proposed Revisions To Commenting on Environmental Impact 
Statements (Part 1503)
    F. Proposed Revisions to Pre-Decisional Referrals to the Council 
of Proposed Federal Actions Determined To Be Environmentally 
Unsatisfactory (Part 1504)
    G. Proposed Revisions to NEPA and Agency Decision Making (Part 
1505)
    H. Proposed Revisions to Other Requirements of NEPA (Part 1506)
    I. Proposed Revisions to Agency Compliance (Part 1507)
    J. Proposed Revisions to Definitions (Part 1508)
    K. CEQ Guidance Documents
    L. Additional Issues on Which CEQ Invites Comment
III. Rulemaking Analyses and Notices
    A. Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review; 
Executive Order 13563, Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review; 
and Executive Order 13771, Reducing Regulation and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs
    B. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 13272, Proper 
Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking
    C. National Environmental Policy Act
    D. Executive Order 13132, Federalism
    E. Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments
    F. Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions To Address 
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
Populations
    G. Executive Order 13211, Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    H. Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform
    I. Unfunded Mandate Reform Act
    J. Paperwork Reduction Act

I. Background

    The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 U.S.C. 4321 et 
seq., (NEPA) was signed into law by President Nixon on January 1, 1970. 
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) initially issued guidelines 
for implementing NEPA in 1970, revised those guidelines in 1973, and 
subsequently promulgated its NEPA implementing regulations in 1978. The 
original goals of those regulations were to reduce paperwork and 
delays, and promote better decisions consistent with the national 
environmental policy established by the Act.
    Since their promulgation, however, there has been a need for 
clarification of the regulations, and CEQ has issued over 30 guidance 
documents to assist

[[Page 1685]]

Federal agencies in complying with NEPA and the CEQ regulations. Courts 
also have issued numerous decisions addressing appropriate 
implementation and interpretation of NEPA and the CEQ regulations, 
resulting in a large body of case law. Additionally, Presidential 
directives have been issued and legislation has been enacted to reduce 
delays and expedite the implementation of NEPA and the CEQ regulations, 
including for certain types of infrastructure projects. Notwithstanding 
the issuance of guidance, Presidential directives, and legislation, 
implementation of NEPA and the CEQ regulations can be challenging, and 
the process can be lengthy, costly, and complex. In some cases, the 
NEPA process and related litigation has slowed or prevented the 
development of new infrastructure and other projects that required 
Federal permits or approvals.
    The background section below summarizes NEPA, the CEQ regulations, 
and developments since CEQ issued those regulations. Specifically, 
section I.A provides a brief summary of the NEPA statute. Section I.B 
describes the history of CEQ's regulations implementing NEPA and 
provides an overview of CEQ's numerous guidance documents and reports 
issued subsequent to the regulations. Section I.C discusses the role of 
the courts in interpreting NEPA. Section I.D provides a brief overview 
of Congress's efforts, and section I.E describes the initiatives of 
multiple administrations to reduce delays and improve implementation of 
NEPA. Finally, section I.F provides the background on this rulemaking, 
including the advance notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM).
    In section II, CEQ provides a summary of the proposed rule, which, 
if finalized, would comprehensively update and substantially revise 
CEQ's current regulations. This proposed rule would modernize and 
clarify the CEQ regulations to facilitate more efficient, effective, 
and timely NEPA reviews by Federal agencies by simplifying regulatory 
requirements, codifying certain guidance and case law relevant to these 
proposed regulations, revising the regulations to reflect current 
technologies and agency practices, eliminating obsolete provisions, and 
improving the format and readability of the regulations. CEQ's proposed 
revisions include provisions intended to promote timely submission of 
relevant information to ensure consideration of such information by 
agencies. CEQ's proposed revisions also are intended to provide greater 
clarity for Federal agencies, States, Tribes, localities, and the 
public, and to advance the original goals of the CEQ regulations to 
reduce paperwork and delays and to promote better decisions consistent 
with the national environmental policy set forth in section 101 of 
NEPA.

A. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    Congress enacted NEPA to establish a national policy for the 
environment, provide for the establishment of CEQ, and for other 
purposes. Section 101 of NEPA sets forth a national policy ``to use all 
practicable means and measures, including financial and technical 
assistance, in a manner calculated to foster and promote the general 
welfare, to create and maintain conditions under which man and nature 
can exist in productive harmony, and fulfill the social, economic, and 
other requirements of present and future generations of Americans.'' 42 
U.S.C. 4331(a). Section 102 of NEPA establishes procedural 
requirements, applying that national policy to proposals for major 
Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human 
environment by requiring Federal agencies to prepare a detailed 
statement on: (1) The environmental impact of the proposed action; (2) 
any adverse effects that cannot be avoided; (3) alternatives to the 
proposed action; (4) the relationship between local short-term uses of 
man's environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term 
productivity; and (5) any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of 
resources that would be involved in the proposed action. 42 U.S.C. 
4332(2)(C). NEPA also established CEQ as an agency within the Executive 
Office of the President to administer Federal agency implementation of 
NEPA. 42 U.S.C. 4342, 4344; see also Dep't of Transp. v. Pub. Citizen, 
541 U.S. 752, 757 (2004).
    NEPA does not mandate particular results or substantive outcomes. 
Rather, NEPA requires Federal agencies to consider environmental 
impacts of proposed actions as part of agencies' decision-making 
processes. Additionally, NEPA does not include a private right of 
action and specifies no remedies. Challenges to agency action alleging 
non-compliance with NEPA procedures are brought under the 
Administrative Procedure Act (APA). 5 U.S.C. 551 et seq. Accordingly, 
NEPA cases proceed as APA cases.

B. Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) Regulations, Guidance, and 
Reports

1. Regulatory History
    In 1970, President Nixon issued Executive Order (E.O.) 11514, 
titled ``Protection and Enhancement of Environmental Quality,'' which 
directed CEQ to ``[i]ssue guidelines to Federal agencies for the 
preparation of detailed statements on proposals for legislation and 
other Federal actions affecting the environment, as required by section 
102(2)(C) of the Act.'' \1\ CEQ issued these guidelines in April of 
1970 and revised them in 1973.\2\
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    \1\ 35 FR 4247 (Mar. 7, 1970), Sec.  3(h).
    \2\ See 35 FR 7391 (May 12, 1970) (interim guidelines); 36 FR 
7724 (Apr. 23, 1971) (final guidelines); 38 FR 10856 (May 2, 1973) 
(proposed revisions to guidelines); 38 FR 20550 (Aug. 1, 1973) 
(revised guidelines).
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    In 1977, President Carter issued E.O. 11991, titled ``Relating to 
Protection and Enhancement of Environmental Quality.'' \3\ E.O. 11991 
amended section 3(h) of E.O. 11514, directing CEQ to ``[i]ssue 
regulations to Federal agencies for the implementation of the 
procedural provisions of [NEPA] . . . to make the environmental impact 
statement process more useful to decision[ ]makers and the public; and 
to reduce paperwork and the accumulation of extraneous background data, 
in order to emphasize the need to focus on real environmental issues 
and alternatives,'' and to ``require [environmental] impact statements 
to be concise, clear, and to the point, and supported by evidence that 
agencies have made the necessary environmental analyses.'' E.O. 11991 
also amended section 2 of E.O. 11514, requiring agency compliance with 
the regulations issued by CEQ.
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    \3\ 42 FR 26967 (May 25, 1977).
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    In 1978, CEQ promulgated its ``Regulations for Implementing the 
Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act,'' 40 
CFR parts 1500-1508 (``CEQ regulations'' or ``NEPA regulations''), 
``[t]o reduce paperwork, to reduce delays, and at the same time to 
produce better decisions [that] further the national policy to protect 
and enhance the quality of the human environment.'' \4\ The Supreme 
Court has afforded the CEQ regulations ``substantial deference.'' 
Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council, 490 U.S. 332, 374 (1989) 
(citing Andrus v. Sierra Club, 442 U.S. 347, 358 (1979)); see also Pub. 
Citizen, 541 U.S. at 757 (``The [CEQ], established by NEPA with 
authority to issue regulations

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interpreting it, has promulgated regulations to guide [F]ederal 
agencies in determining what actions are subject to that statutory 
requirement.'' (citing 40 CFR 1500.3)); United States v. Mead Corp., 
533 U.S. 218, 227-30 (2001) (properly promulgated agency interpretative 
regulations addressing ambiguities or gaps in a statute qualify for 
Chevron deference); Nat'l Cable & Telecomm. Ass'n v. Brand X Internet 
Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 980-81 (2005) (applying Chevron deference to 
Federal Communications Commission regulations).
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    \4\ 43 FR 55978 (Nov. 29, 1978); see also 44 FR 873 (Jan. 3, 
1979) (technical corrections), and 43 FR 25230 (June 9, 1978) 
(proposed rule).
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    The Supreme Court has held that NEPA is a procedural statute that 
serves the twin aims of ensuring that agencies consider the significant 
environmental consequences of their proposed actions and inform the 
public about their decision making. Balt. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Nat. Res. 
Def. Council, Inc., 462 U.S. 87, 97 (1983) (citing Vt. Yankee Nuclear 
Power Corp. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 435 U.S. 519, 553 (1978); 
Weinberger v. Catholic Action of Haw./Peace Educ. Project, 454 U.S. 
139, 143 (1981)). Furthermore, in describing the role of NEPA in 
agencies' decision-making processes, the Supreme Court has stated, 
``Congress in enacting NEPA, however, did not require agencies to 
elevate environmental concerns over other appropriate considerations.'' 
\5\ Balt. Gas & Elec. Co., 462 U.S. at 97 (citing Strycker's Bay 
Neighborhood Council v. Karlen, 444 U.S. 223, 227 (1980) (per curiam)). 
Instead, NEPA requires agencies to analyze the environmental 
consequences before taking a major Federal action. Id. (citing Kleppe 
v. Sierra Club, 427 U.S. 390, 410 n.21 (1976)). The Supreme Court has 
recognized that agencies have limited time and resources and that 
``[t]he scope of the agency's inquiries must remain manageable if 
NEPA's goal of `[insuring] a fully informed and well-considered 
decision,' . . . is to be accomplished.'' Metro. Edison Co. v. People 
Against Nuclear Energy, 460 U.S. 766, 776 (1983) (quoting Vt. Yankee, 
435 U.S. at 558).
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    \5\ Section 101 of NEPA provides that it is the Federal 
Government's policy ``to use all practicable means and measures . . 
. to create and maintain conditions under which man and natures can 
exist in productive harmony, and fulfill the social, economic, and 
other requirements of present and future generations of Americans.'' 
42 U.S.C. 4331(a) (emphasis added).
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    CEQ has substantively amended its NEPA regulations only once, at 40 
CFR 1502.22, to replace the ``worst case'' analysis requirement with a 
provision for the consideration of incomplete or unavailable 
information regarding reasonably foreseeable significant adverse 
effects.\6\ CEQ found that the new 40 CFR 1502.22 ``will generate 
information and discussion on those consequences of greatest concern to 
the public and of greatest relevance to the agency's decision,'' \7\ 
rather than distorting the decision-making process by overemphasizing 
highly speculative harms.\8\ The Supreme Court found this reasoning to 
be a well-considered basis for the change, and that the new regulation 
was entitled to substantial deference. Methow Valley, 490 U.S. at 356.
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    \6\ 51 FR 15618 (Apr. 25, 1986).
    \7\ 50 FR 32234, 32237 (Aug. 9, 1985).
    \8\ 51 FR 15618, 15620 (Apr. 25, 1986).
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    The CEQ regulations direct Federal agencies to adopt their own 
implementing procedures to supplement the NEPA regulations. 40 CFR 
1507.3. Under this regulation, agencies across the Federal Government 
have developed such procedures.\9\
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    \9\ A list of agency NEPA procedures is available at https://ceq.doe.gov/laws-regulations/agency_implementing_procedures.html.
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2. CEQ Guidance and Reports
    Over the past four decades, numerous questions have been raised 
regarding appropriate implementation of NEPA and the CEQ regulations. 
Soon after the issuance of the CEQ regulations and in response to CEQ's 
review of NEPA implementation and feedback from Federal, State, and 
local officials, including NEPA practitioners, CEQ issued the ``Forty 
Most Asked Questions Concerning CEQ's National Environmental Policy Act 
Regulations'' \10\ in 1981 (``Forty Questions''). This guidance covered 
a wide range of topics including alternatives, coordination among 
applicants, lead and cooperating agencies, and integration of NEPA 
documents with analysis for other environmental statutes. In addition, 
CEQ has periodically examined the effectiveness of the NEPA process and 
issued a number of reports on NEPA implementation. In some instances, 
these reports led to additional guidance. These documents have been 
intended to provide guidance and clarifications with respect to various 
aspects of the implementation of NEPA and the definitions in the CEQ 
regulations, and to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the 
environmental review process.\11\
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    \10\ 46 FR 18026 (Mar. 23, 1981), https://www.energy.gov/nepa/downloads/forty-most-asked-questions-concerning-ceqs-national-environmental-policy-act.
    \11\ See https://ceq.doe.gov/guidance/guidance.html.
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    In January 1997, CEQ issued ``The National Environmental Policy 
Act: A Study of Its Effectiveness After Twenty-five Years.'' \12\ In 
that report, CEQ acknowledged that NEPA has ensured that agencies 
adequately analyze the potential environmental consequences of their 
actions and bring the public into the decision-making processes of 
Federal agencies. However, CEQ also identified matters of concern to 
participants in the study, including concerns with overly lengthy 
documents that may not enhance or improve decision making,\13\ and 
concerns that agencies may seek to `` `litigation-proof' documents, 
increasing costs and time but not necessarily quality.'' \14\ The 
report further stated that ``[o]ther matters of concern to participants 
in the Study were the length of NEPA processes, the extensive detail of 
NEPA analyses, and the sometimes confusing overlay of other laws and 
regulations.'' \15\ The participants in the study identified five 
elements of the NEPA process' collaborative framework (strategic 
planning, public information and input, interagency coordination, 
interdisciplinary place-based decision making, and science-based 
flexible management) as critical to effective and efficient NEPA 
implementation.
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    \12\ https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-publications/nepa25fn.pdf.
    \13\ Id. at iii.
    \14\ Id.
    \15\ Id. In the 50 years since the passage of NEPA, Congress has 
amended or enacted a number of other environmental laws that may 
also apply to proposed Federal agency actions, such as the 
Endangered Species Act, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and 
other substantive statutes. See discussion infra section I.D. 
Consistent with 40 CFR 1502.25, longstanding agency practice has 
been to use the NEPA process as the umbrella procedural statute, 
integrating compliance with these laws into the NEPA review and 
discussing them in the NEPA document. However, this practice 
sometimes leads to confusion as to whether analysis is done to 
comply with NEPA or another, potentially substantive, environmental 
law.
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    In 2002, the Chairman of CEQ established a NEPA task force, 
composed of Federal agency officials, to examine NEPA implementation by 
focusing on (1) technology and information management and security; (2) 
Federal and intergovernmental collaboration; (3) programmatic analyses 
and tiering; (4) adaptive management and monitoring; (5) categorical 
exclusions (CEs); and (6) environmental assessments (EAs). In 2003, the 
task force issued a report \16\ recommending actions to improve and 
modernize the

[[Page 1687]]

NEPA process, leading to additional guidance documents and handbooks.
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    \16\ See The NEPA Task Force Report to the Council on 
Environmental Quality, Modernizing NEPA Implementation (Sept. 2003) 
(``NEPA Task Force Report''), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-publications/report/finalreport.pdf.
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    Over the past 4 decades, CEQ has issued over 30 documents to 
provide guidance and clarifications to assist Federal agencies to more 
efficiently and effectively implement NEPA. CEQ has issued guidance on 
such topics as CEs,\17\ EAs, mitigation, and findings of no significant 
impact (FONSIs),\18\ emergencies,\19\ programmatic NEPA reviews,\20\ 
timely environmental reviews,\21\ collaboration and conflict 
resolution,\22\ purpose and need,\23\ effects,\24\ lead and cooperating 
agencies, environmental justice,\25\ and other topics.\26\
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    \17\ See Council on Environmental Quality, Final Guidance for 
Federal Departments and Agencies on Establishing, Applying, and 
Revising Categorical Exclusions under the National Environmental 
Policy Act, 75 FR 75628 (Dec. 6, 2010) (``CE Guidance''), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-regulations-and-guidance/NEPA_CE_Guidance_Nov232010.pdf (clarifies the rules for 
establishing, applying, and revising CEs, including methods for 
substantiating CEs and the process to establish new CEs in agency 
NEPA procedures).
    \18\ See Final Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies on 
the Appropriate Use of Mitigation and Monitoring and Clarifying 
Appropriate Use of Mitigated Findings of No Significant Impact, 76 
FR 3843 (Jan. 21, 2011) (``Mitigation Guidance''), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-regulations-and-guidance/Mitigation_and_Monitoring_Guidance_14Jan2011.pdf (explains the 
requirements of NEPA and the NEPA regulations on establishing, 
implementing, and monitoring mitigation commitments identified and 
analyzed in EAs, environmental impact statements (EISs), and adopted 
in decision documents).
    \19\ See Emergencies and the National Environmental Policy Act 
(``Emergencies Guidance''), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/nepa-practice/Emergencies_and_NEPA.pdf.
    \20\ See Effective Use of Programmatic NEPA Reviews (Dec. 18, 
2014) (``Programmatics Guidance''), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-regulations-and-guidance/Effective_Use_of_Programmatic_NEPA_Reviews_Final_Dec2014_searchable.pdf.
    \21\ See Final Guidance on Improving the Process for Preparing 
Efficient and Timely Environmental Reviews Under the National 
Environmental Policy Act, 77 FR 14473 (Mar. 12, 2012) (``Timely 
Environmental Reviews Guidance''), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-regulations-and-guidance/Improving_NEPA_Efficiencies_06Mar2012.pdf 
(clarifies and emphasizes tools in the NEPA regulations for 
preparing efficient and timely environmental reviews for both EAs 
and EISs).
    \22\ See Memorandum on Environmental Conflict Resolution (Nov. 
28, 2005), as expanded by Memorandum on Environmental Collaboration 
and Conflict Resolution (Sept. 7, 2012), https://ceq.doe.gov/nepa-practice/environmental-collaboration-and-conflict-resolution.html 
(supports constructive and timely approaches to resolve conflicts 
over the use, conservation, and restoration of the environment, 
natural resources, and public lands, including under NEPA).
    \23\ See Letter from the Hon. James L. Connaughton, Chairman, 
Council on Environmental Quality, to the Hon. Norman Y. Mineta, 
Secretary, Department of Transportation (May 12, 2003) 
(``Connaughton Letter''), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-regulations-and-guidance/CEQ-DOT_PurposeNeed_May-2013.pdf.
    \24\ See Considering Cumulative Effects Under the National 
Environmental Policy Act (Jan. 1997), https://ceq.doe.gov/publications/cumulative_effects.html.
    \25\ See Environmental Justice: Guidance under the National 
Environmental Policy Act (Dec. 10, 1997), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-regulations-and-guidance/regs/ej/justice.pdf.
    \26\ See, e.g., Forty Questions, supra note 10; NEPA and NHPA: 
Handbook for Integrating NEPA and Section 106 Reviews, https://ceq.doe.gov/publications/nepa-handbooks.html (clarifies and 
emphasizes tools in the NEPA regulations for preparing efficient and 
timely environmental reviews for both EAs and EISs); A Citizen's 
Guide to the NEPA: Having Your Voice Heard, https://ceq.doe.gov/get-involved/citizens_guide_to_nepa.html.
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    Despite CEQ guidance and regulations providing for concise, timely 
documents, the documentation and timelines for completing environmental 
reviews can be very lengthy, and the process can be complex and costly. 
In 2018, CEQ and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued a 
memorandum titled ``One Federal Decision Framework for the 
Environmental Review and Authorization Process for Major Infrastructure 
Projects under E.O. 13807'' (``OFD Framework Guidance'').\27\ CEQ and 
OMB issued this guidance pursuant to E.O. 13807, titled ``Establishing 
Discipline and Accountability in the Environmental Review and 
Permitting Process for Infrastructure Projects,'' \28\ to improve 
agency coordination for infrastructure projects requiring an 
environmental impact statement (EIS) and permits or other 
authorizations from multiple agencies and to improve the timeliness of 
the environmental review process. See E.O. 13807, infra I.D. Consistent 
with the OFD Framework Guidance, supra note 27, Federal agencies signed 
a memorandum of understanding committing to implement the One Federal 
Decision (OFD) policy for major infrastructure projects, including by 
committing to establishing a joint schedule for such projects, 
preparation of a single EIS and joint record of decision (ROD), 
elevation of delays and dispute resolution, and setting a goal of 
completing environmental reviews for such projects within 2 years.\29\ 
Subsequently, CEQ and OMB issued guidance for the Secretary of 
Transportation regarding the applicability of the OFD policy to States 
under the Surface Transportation Project Delivery Program,\30\ and for 
the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) regarding the 
applicability of the OFD policy to entities assuming HUD environmental 
review responsibilities.\31\
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    \27\ M-18-13 (Mar. 20, 2018), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/M-18-13.pdf.
    \28\ 82 FR 40463 (Aug. 24, 2017).
    \29\ See Memorandum of Understanding Implementing One Federal 
Decision under Executive Order 13807 (2018), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/MOU-One-Federal-Decision-m-18-13-Part-2-1.pdf.
    \30\ Guidance on the Applicability of E.O. 13807 to States with 
NEPA Assignment Authority Under the Surface Transportation Project 
Delivery Program (Feb. 26, 2019), https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/20190226OMB-CEQ327.pdf.
    \31\ Guidance on the Applicability of E.O. 13807 to Responsible 
Entities Assuming Department of Housing and Urban Development 
Environmental Review Responsibilities, M-19-20 (June 28, 2019), 
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/M-19-20.pdf.
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3. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Timelines and Page Count 
Reports
    CEQ also has conducted reviews and prepared reports on the length 
of time it takes for agencies to prepare EISs and the length of these 
documents. These reviews found that the process for preparing EISs is 
taking much longer than CEQ advised, and that the documents are far 
longer than the CEQ regulations and guidance recommended. In December 
2018, CEQ issued a report compiling information relating to the 
timelines for preparing EISs during the period of 2010-2017. While 
CEQ's Forty Questions states that the time for an EIS, even for a 
complex project, should not exceed 1 year,\32\ CEQ found that, across 
the Federal Government, the average time for completion of an EIS and 
issuance of a ROD was over 4.5 years and the median was 3.6 years.\33\ 
One quarter of the EISs took less than 2.2 years, and one quarter of 
the EISs took more than 6 years.
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    \32\ Question 35, Forty Questions, supra note 10.
    \33\ See Council on Environmental Quality, Environmental Impact 
Statement Timelines (2010-2017), (Dec. 14, 2018), https://ceq.doe.gov/nepa-practice/eis-timelines.html.
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    As reflected in that report, the period from publication of a 
notice of intent (NOI) to prepare an EIS to the notice of availability 
of the draft EIS took, on average, 58 percent of the total time, while 
preparing the final EIS, including addressing comments received on the 
draft EIS, took, on average, 32 percent of the total time. The period 
from the final EIS to publication of the ROD took, on average, 10 
percent of the total time. This report recognized that EIS timelines 
vary widely, and many factors may influence the timing of the document, 
including variations in the scope and complexity of the actions, 
variations in the extent of work done prior to issuance of the NOI, and 
suspension of EIS activities due to external factors.
    Additionally, in July 2019, CEQ issued a report on the length, by 
page

[[Page 1688]]

count, of EISs (excluding appendices) finalized during the period of 
2013-2017. While the CEQ regulations include recommended page limits 
for the text of final EISs of normally less than 150 pages, or normally 
less than 300 pages for proposals of ``unusual scope or complexity,'' 
40 CFR 1502.7, CEQ found that many EISs are significantly longer. In 
particular, CEQ found that across all Federal agencies, draft EISs 
averaged 586 pages in total, with a median document length of 403 
pages.\34\ One quarter of the draft EISs were 288 pages or shorter, and 
one quarter were 630 pages or longer. For final EISs, the mean document 
length was 669 pages, and the median document length was 445 pages. One 
quarter of the final EISs were 299 pages or shorter, and one quarter 
were 729 pages or longer. On average, the change in document length 
from draft EIS to final EIS was an additional 83 pages or a 14 percent 
increase.
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    \34\ See Council on Environmental Quality, Length of 
Environmental Impact Statements (2013-2017), (July 22, 2019), 
https://ceq.doe.gov/nepa-practice/eis-length.html.
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    With respect to final EISs, CEQ found that approximately 7 percent 
were 150 pages or shorter, and 25 percent were 300 pages or shorter. 
Similar to the conclusions of its EIS timelines study, CEQ noted that a 
number of factors may influence the length of EISs, including variation 
in scope and complexity of the decisions that the EIS is designed to 
inform, the degree to which NEPA documentation is used to document 
compliance with other statutes, and considerations relating to 
potential legal challenges. Moreover, variation in EIS length may 
reflect differences in management, oversight, and contracting practices 
among agencies that could result in longer documents.
    While there can be many factors affecting the timelines and length 
of EISs, CEQ has concluded that revisions to the CEQ regulations to 
advance more timely reviews and reduce unnecessary paperwork are 
warranted. CEQ has determined that improvements to agency processes, 
such as improved coordination in the development of EISs, can achieve 
more useful and timely documents to support agency decision making.

C. Judicial Review of Agency NEPA Compliance

    Over the past 50 years, Federal courts have issued an extensive 
body of case law interpreting NEPA and the CEQ regulations. The Supreme 
Court has directly addressed NEPA in 17 decisions, and the U.S. 
district and appellate courts issue approximately 100 to 140 decisions 
each year interpreting NEPA. The Supreme Court has construed NEPA and 
the CEQ regulations in light of a ``rule of reason,'' which ensures 
that agencies determine whether and to what extent to prepare an EIS 
based on the usefulness of information to the decision-making process. 
See Marsh v. Or. Nat. Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 373-74 (1989). 
``Although [NEPA] procedures are almost certain to affect the agency's 
substantive decision, it is now well settled that NEPA itself does not 
mandate particular results, but simply prescribes the necessary 
process.'' Methow Valley, 490 U.S. at 350; Pub. Citizen, 541 U.S. at 
756-57 (``NEPA imposes only procedural requirements on [F]ederal 
agencies with a particular focus on requiring agencies to undertake 
analyses of the environmental impact of their proposals and actions.'' 
(citing Methow Valley, 490 U.S. at 349-50)). The extensive body of case 
law interpreting NEPA and the current CEQ regulations drives much of 
agencies' modern day practice. A challenge for agencies is that courts 
have interpreted key terms and requirements differently, adding to the 
complexity of environmental reviews. As discussed below, the proposed 
regulations would codify longstanding case law in some instances, and, 
in other instances, clarify the meaning of the regulations where there 
is a lack of uniformity in judicial interpretation of NEPA and the CEQ 
regulations.

D. Statutory Developments

    Following enactment of NEPA in 1970 and over the past four decades, 
Congress has amended or enacted a large number of substantive 
environmental statutes. These have included significant amendments to 
the Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act, establishment of new Federal 
land management standards and planning processes for National forests, 
public lands, and coastal zones, and statutory requirements to conserve 
fish, wildlife, and plant species.\35\ Additionally, the consideration 
of the effects on historic properties under the National Historic 
Preservation Act is typically integrated into the NEPA review.\36\ NEPA 
has served as the umbrella procedural statute, integrating these laws 
into NEPA reviews and discussing them in NEPA documents.
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    \35\ See, e.g., the Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q; Clean 
Water Act, 33 U.S.C. 1251-1388; Coastal Zone Management Act, 16 
U.S.C. 1451-1466; Federal Land Policy and Management Act, 43 U.S.C. 
1701-1787; Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 
1974, 16 U.S.C. 1600-1614; Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and 
Management Act, 16 U.S.C. 1801-1884; Endangered Species Act, 16 
U.S.C. 1531-1544; Oil Pollution Act of 1990, 33 U.S.C. 2701-2762; 
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, 30 U.S.C. 1201, 
1202, and 1211; and Comprehensive Environmental Response, 
Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. 9601-9675.
    \36\ Similar to NEPA, section 106 (54 U.S.C. 306108) of the 
National Historic Preservation Act is a procedural statute.
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    Over the past two decades and multiple administrations, Congress 
has also undertaken efforts to facilitate more efficient environmental 
reviews by Federal agencies, and has enacted a number of statutes aimed 
at improving the implementation of NEPA, including in the context of 
infrastructure projects. In particular, Congress enacted legislation to 
improve coordination among agencies, integrate NEPA with other 
environmental reviews, and bring more transparency to the NEPA process.
    In 2005, Congress enacted 23 U.S.C. 139, ``Efficient environmental 
reviews for project decisionmaking,'' a streamlined environmental 
review process for highway, transit, and multimodal transportation 
projects (the ``section 139 process''), in the Safe, Accountable, 
Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users 
(SAFETEA-LU), Public Law 109-59, section 6002(a), 119 Stat. 1144, 1857. 
Congress amended section 139 with additional provisions designed to 
improve the NEPA process in the 2012 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 
21st Century Act (MAP-21), Public Law 112-141, sections 1305-1309, 126 
Stat. 405, and the 2015 Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) 
Act, Public Law 114-94, section 1304, 129 Stat. 1312, 1378. Section 139 
provides for an environmental review process that is based on the NEPA 
regulations and codifies many aspects of the regulations, including 
provisions relating to lead and cooperating agencies, concurrent 
environmental reviews in a single NEPA document, coordination on the 
development of the purpose and need statement and reasonable 
alternatives, and adoption of environmental documents. Further, section 
139 provides for referral to CEQ for issue resolution, similar to part 
1504 of the NEPA regulations, and allows for the use of errata sheets, 
consistent with 40 CFR 1503.4(c).\37\
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    \37\ To facilitate the NEPA process for transportation projects 
subject to section 139, the statute specifically calls for 
development of a coordination plan, including development of a 
schedule, and publicly tracking the implementation of that schedule 
through use of the Permitting Dashboard. In addition, the section 
139 process provides for ``participating'' agencies, which are any 
agencies invited to participate in the environmental review process. 
Section 139 also requires, to the maximum extent practicable, 
issuance of a combined final EIS and ROD.

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[[Page 1689]]

    When Congress enacted section 2045 of the Water Resources 
Development Act of 2007, Public Law 110-114, 121 Stat. 1041, 1103, it 
created a similar environmental review provision for water resources 
development projects by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 33 U.S.C. 
2348.\38\ This project acceleration provision also requires a 
coordinated environmental review process, provides for dispute 
resolution, and codifies aspects of the NEPA regulations such as lead 
and cooperating agencies, concurrent environmental reviews, and the 
establishment of CEs. Section 2348(o) also directs the Corps to consult 
with CEQ on the development of guidance for implementing this 
provision.
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    \38\ Congress significantly revised this provision in the Water 
Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014, Public Law 113-121, 
1005(a)(1), 128 Stat. 1193, 1199.
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    Most recently, in 2015 Congress enacted Title 41 of the FAST Act 
(FAST-41), to provide for a more efficient environmental review and 
permitting process for ``covered projects.'' See Public Law 114-94, 
Sec.  41001-41014, 129 Stat. 1312, 1741 (42 U.S.C. 4370m--4370m-12). 
These are projects that require Federal environmental review under 
NEPA, are expected to exceed $200 million, and involve the construction 
of infrastructure for certain energy production, electricity 
transmission, water resource projects, broadband, pipelines, 
manufacturing, and other sectors. Id. FAST-41 codified certain roles 
and responsibilities required by the NEPA regulations. In particular, 
FAST-41 imports the concepts of lead and cooperating agencies, and the 
different levels of NEPA analysis--EISs, EAs, and CEs. Consistent with 
40 CFR 1501.5(e) through (f), CEQ is required to resolve any dispute 
over designation of a facilitating or lead agency for a covered 
project. 42 U.S.C. 4370m-2(a)(6)(B). Section 4370m-4 codified several 
requirements from the CEQ regulations, including the requirement for 
concurrent environmental reviews, which is consistent with 40 CFR 
1500.2(c), 1501.7(a)(6) and 1502.25(a), and the tools of adoption, 
incorporation by reference, supplementation, and use of State 
documents, consistent with 40 CFR 1506.3, 1502.21, 1502.9(c) and 
1506.2.\39\ Finally, 42 U.S.C. 4370m-4 addresses interagency 
coordination on key aspects of the NEPA process including scoping (40 
CFR 1501.7), identification of the range of reasonable alternatives for 
study in an EIS (40 CFR 1502.14), and the public comment process (40 
CFR part 1503).
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    \39\ For covered projects, section 4370m-4 authorizes lead 
agencies to adopt or incorporate by reference existing environmental 
analyses and documentation prepared under State laws and procedures 
if the analyses and documentation meet certain requirements. 42 
U.S.C. 4370m-4(b)(1)(A)(i). This provision also requires that the 
lead agency, in consultation with CEQ, determine that the analyses 
and documentation were prepared using a process that permitted 
public participation and consideration of environmental 
consequences, alternatives, and other required analyses that are 
substantially equivalent to what a Federal agency would have 
prepared pursuant to NEPA. Id.
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    To ensure a timely NEPA process so that important infrastructure 
projects can move forward, Congress has also established shorter 
statutes of limitations for challenges to certain types of projects. 
SAFETEA-LU created a 180-day statute of limitations for highway or 
public transportation capital projects, which MAP-21 later reduced to 
150 days. 23 U.S.C. 139(l). The Water Resources Reform and Development 
Act of 2014 established a three-year statute of limitations for 
judicial review of any permits, licenses, or other approvals for water 
resources development project studies. 33 U.S.C. 2348(k). Most recently 
in FAST-41, Congress established a two-year statute of limitations for 
covered projects. 42 U.S.C. 4370m-6.
    There are a number of additional instances where Congress has 
enacted legislation to facilitate more timely environmental reviews. 
For example, similar to the provisions described above, there are other 
statutes where Congress has called for a coordinated and concurrent 
environmental review. See, e.g., 33 U.S.C. 408(b) (concurrent review 
for river and harbor permits); 49 U.S.C. 40128 (coordination on 
environmental reviews for air tour management plans for national 
parks); 49 U.S.C. 47171 (expedited and coordinated environmental review 
process for airport capacity enhancement projects).
    Additionally, Congress has established or directed agencies to 
establish CEs to facilitate NEPA compliance. See, e.g., 16 U.S.C. 
6554(d) (applied silvicultural assessment and research treatments); 16 
U.S.C. 6591d (hazardous fuels reduction projects to carry out forest 
restoration treatments); 16 U.S.C. 6591e (vegetation management 
activity in greater sage-grouse or mule deer habitat); 33 U.S.C. 2349 
(actions to repair, reconstruct, or rehabilitate water resources 
projects in response to emergencies); 42 U.S.C. 15942 (certain 
activities for the purpose of exploration or development of oil or 
gas); 43 U.S.C. 1772(c)(5) (development and approval of vegetation 
management, facility inspection, and operation and maintenance plans); 
MAP-21, Public Law 112-141, Sec.  1315 (actions to repair or 
reconstruct roads, highways, or bridges damaged by emergencies), 1316 
(projects within the operational right-of-way), and 1317 (projects with 
limited Federal assistance); FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, 
Public Law 112-95, 213(c), 126 Stat. 11, 46 (navigation performance and 
area navigation procedures); and Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009, 
Public Law 111-8, 423, 123 Stat. 524, 748 (Lake Tahoe Basin Management 
Unit hazardous fuel reduction projects).
    Further, in the context of emergency response, Congress has 
directed the use or development of alternative arrangements in 
accordance with 40 CFR 1506.11 for reconstruction of transportation 
facilities damaged in an emergency (FAST Act, Pub. L. 114-94, 1432, 129 
Stat. 1429) and for projects by the Departments of the Interior and 
Commerce to address invasive species (Water Infrastructure Improvements 
for the Nation Act, Pub. L. 114-322, 4010(e)(3), 130 Stat. 1628, 1877). 
In 2013, Congress also enacted section 429 of the Robert T. Stafford 
Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (``Stafford Act''), 42 
U.S.C. 5189g, which directed the President, in consultation with CEQ 
and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, to ``establish an 
expedited and unified interagency review process to ensure compliance 
with environmental and historic requirements under Federal law relating 
to disaster recovery projects, in order to expedite the recovery 
process, consistent with applicable law.'' Sandy Recovery Improvement 
Act of 2013, Public Law 113-2, 1106, 127 Stat. 4, 45. This unified 
Federal environmental and historic preservation review (UFR) process is 
a framework for coordinating Federal agency environmental and historic 
preservation reviews for disaster recovery projects associated with 
Presidentially declared disasters under the Stafford Act. The goal of 
the UFR process is to enhance the ability of the Federal environmental 
review and authorization processes to inform and expedite disaster 
recovery decisions for grant applicants and other potential 
beneficiaries of disaster assistance by improving coordination and 
consistency across Federal agencies, and assisting agencies in better 
leveraging their resources and tools.\40\
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    \40\ See generally Memorandum of Understanding Establishing the 
Unified Federal Environmental and Historic Preservation Review 
Process for Disaster Recovery Projects (July 29, 2014), https://www.fema.gov/unified-federal-environmental-and-historic-preservation-review-presidentially-declared-disasters.
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    These statutes demonstrate that Congress has recognized that the

[[Page 1690]]

environmental review process can be made more efficient and effective, 
including for infrastructure projects. Congress also has identified 
specific process improvements that can accelerate environmental 
reviews, including improved interagency coordination, concurrent 
reviews, and increased transparency.

E. Presidential Directives

    Over the past two decades and multiple administrations, Presidents 
also have recognized the need to improve the environmental review 
process to make it more timely and efficient, and have directed 
agencies, through Executive Orders and Presidential memoranda, to 
undertake various initiatives to address these issues. In 2002, 
President Bush issued E.O. 13274, titled ``Environmental Stewardship 
and Transportation Infrastructure Project Reviews,'' \41\ which stated 
that the development and implementation of transportation 
infrastructure projects in an efficient and environmentally sound 
manner is essential, and directed agencies to conduct environmental 
reviews for transportation projects in a timely manner.
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    \41\ 67 FR 59449 (Sept. 23, 2002).
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    In 2011, President Obama's memorandum titled ``Speeding 
Infrastructure Development through More Efficient and Effective 
Permitting and Environmental Review'' \42\ directed certain agencies to 
identify up to three high-priority infrastructure projects for 
expedited environmental review and permitting decisions to be tracked 
publicly on a ``centralized, online tool.'' This requirement led to the 
creation of what is now the Permitting Dashboard, 
www.permits.performance.gov.
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    \42\ https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201100601/pdf/DCPD-201100601.pdf.
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    In 2012, E.O. 13604, titled ``Improving Performance of Federal 
Permitting and Review of Infrastructure Projects,'' \43\ established an 
interagency Steering Committee on Federal Infrastructure Permitting and 
Review Process Improvement (``Steering Committee'') to facilitate 
improvements in Federal permitting and review processes for 
infrastructure projects. The E.O. directed the Steering Committee to 
develop a plan ``to significantly reduce the aggregate time required to 
make Federal permitting and review decisions on infrastructure projects 
while improving outcomes for communities and the environment.'' 
Similarly, E.O. 13616, titled ``Accelerating Broadband Infrastructure 
Deployment,'' \44\ established an interagency working group to, among 
other things, avoid duplicative reviews and coordinate review processes 
to advance broadband deployment.
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    \43\ 77 FR 18887 (Mar. 28, 2012).
    \44\ 77 FR 36903 (June 20, 2012).
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    A 2013 Presidential Memorandum titled ``Modernizing Federal 
Infrastructure Review and Permitting Regulations, Policies, and 
Procedures'' \45\ directed the Steering Committee established by E.O. 
13604 to work with agencies, OMB, and CEQ to ``modernize Federal 
infrastructure review and permitting regulations, policies, and 
procedures to significantly reduce the aggregate time required by the 
Federal Government to make decisions in the review and permitting of 
infrastructure projects, while improving environmental and community 
outcomes'' and develop a plan to achieve this goal. Among other things, 
the memorandum directed that the plan create process efficiencies, 
including additional use of concurrent and integrated reviews; expand 
coordination with State, Tribal, and local governments; and expand the 
use of information technology tools. CEQ and OMB led the effort to 
develop a comprehensive plan to modernize the environmental review and 
permitting process while improving environmental and community 
outcomes, including budget proposals for funding and new authorities. 
Following the development of the plan, CEQ continued to work with 
agencies to improve the permitting process, including through expanded 
collection of timeframe metrics on the Permitting Dashboard. In late 
2015, these ongoing efforts were superseded by the enactment of FAST-
41, which codified the use of the Permitting Dashboard, established the 
Federal Permitting Improvement Steering Council (Permitting Council), 
and established other requirements for managing the environmental 
review and permitting process for covered infrastructure projects.
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    \45\ 78 FR 30733 (May 22, 2013).
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    On August 15, 2017, President Trump issued E.O. 13807 titled, 
``Establishing Discipline and Accountability in the Environmental 
Review and Permitting Process for Infrastructure.'' \46\ Section 
5(e)(i) directed CEQ to develop an initial list of actions to enhance 
and modernize the Federal environmental review and authorization 
process, including issuing such regulations as CEQ deems necessary to: 
(1) Ensure optimal interagency coordination of environmental review and 
authorization decisions; (2) ensure that multi-agency environmental 
reviews and authorization decisions are conducted in a manner that is 
concurrent, synchronized, timely, and efficient; (3) provide for use of 
prior Federal, State, Tribal, and local environmental studies, 
analysis, and decisions; and (4) ensure that agencies apply NEPA in a 
manner that reduces unnecessary burdens and delays, including by using 
CEQ's authority to interpret NEPA to simplify and accelerate the NEPA 
review process. In response to E.O. 13807, CEQ published an initial 
list of actions and stated its intent to review its existing NEPA 
regulations in order to identify potential revisions to update and 
clarify these regulations.\47\
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    \46\ 82 FR 40463 (Aug. 24, 2017).
    \47\ 82 FR 43226 (Sept. 14, 2017).
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F. 2018 Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Requesting Public Comment 
on CEQ's NEPA Regulations

    Consistent with E.O. 13807 and CEQ's initial list of actions, and 
given the length of time since CEQ issued its regulations, on June 20, 
2018, CEQ published an advance notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) 
titled ``Update to the Regulations for Implementing the Procedural 
Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act.'' \48\ The ANPRM 
requested public comments on how CEQ could ensure a more efficient, 
timely, and effective NEPA process consistent with the Act's national 
environmental policy and provided for a 30-day comment period. In 
response to comments, CEQ extended the comment period 31 additional 
days to August 20, 2018.\49\
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    \48\ 83 FR 28591 (June 20, 2018).
    \49\ 83 FR 32071 (July 11, 2018).
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    The ANPRM requested comment on potential revisions to update and 
clarify the NEPA regulations, and included a list of questions on 
specific aspects of the regulations. For example, with respect to the 
NEPA process, the ANPRM asked whether there are provisions that CEQ 
could revise to ensure more efficient environmental reviews and 
authorization decisions, such as facilitating agency use of existing 
environmental studies, analyses and decisions, as well as improving 
interagency coordination. The ANPRM also requested comments on the 
scope of NEPA reviews, including whether CEQ should revise, clarify, or 
add definitions. The ANPRM also asked whether additional revisions 
relating to environmental documentation issued pursuant to NEPA, 
including CEs, EAs, EISs, and other documents, would be appropriate. 
Finally, the ANPRM requested general comments, including

[[Page 1691]]

whether there were obsolete provisions that CEQ could update to reflect 
new technologies or make the process more efficient, or that CEQ could 
revise to reduce unnecessary burdens or delays.
    In response to the ANPRM, CEQ received over 12,500 comments, which 
are available for public review.\50\ These included comments from a 
wide range of stakeholders, including States, Tribes, localities, 
environmental organizations, trade associations, NEPA practitioners, 
and interested members of the public. While some commenters opposed any 
updates to the current regulations, other commenters urged CEQ to 
consider potential revisions. While the approaches to the update of the 
NEPA regulations varied, most of the substantive comments supported 
some degree of updating of the current regulations. Many noted that 
overly lengthy documents and the time required for the NEPA process 
remain real and legitimate concerns despite the NEPA regulations' 
explicit direction with respect to reducing paperwork and delays. In 
general, numerous commenters requested that CEQ consider revisions to 
modernize its regulations, reduce unnecessary burdens and costs, and 
make the NEPA process more efficient, effective, and timely. Discussion 
of comments is provided in more detail in section II below.
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    \50\ See https://www.regulations.gov, docket no. CEQ-2018-0001.
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II. Summary of Proposed Rule

    In this proposed rule, CEQ would revise and modernize its NEPA 
regulations to facilitate more efficient, effective, and timely NEPA 
reviews by Federal agencies. The proposed updates and clarifications to 
its regulations are based on CEQ's record evaluating the implementation 
of its NEPA regulations and on comments provided in response to the 
ANPRM. The proposed updates and clarifications seek to advance the 
stated objectives of the current regulations, as adopted in 1978, 
``[t]o reduce paperwork, to reduce delays, and at the same time to 
produce better decisions [that] further the national policy to protect 
and enhance the quality of the human environment.'' \51\
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    \51\ 43 FR 55978 (Nov. 29, 1978).
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    CEQ specifically proposes various revisions to align the 
regulations with the text of the NEPA statute, including revisions to 
reflect the procedural nature of section 102(2) of NEPA. CEQ also 
proposes revisions to ensure that environmental documents prepared 
pursuant to NEPA are concise and serve their purpose of informing 
decision makers regarding the significant potential environmental 
effects of proposed major Federal actions and the public of the 
environmental issues in the pending decision-making process. CEQ also 
proposes revisions to ensure that the regulations reflect changes in 
technology, increase public participation in the process, and 
facilitate the use of existing studies, analyses and environmental 
documents prepared by States, Tribes, and local governments.
    CEQ also proposes revisions to its regulations consistent with the 
One Federal Decision policy (``OFD policy'') established by E.O. 13807 
for multi-agency review and related permitting and other authorization 
decisions. The E.O. specifically instructed CEQ to take steps to ensure 
optimal interagency coordination, including through a concurrent, 
synchronized, timely, and efficient process for environmental reviews 
and authorization decisions. In response to the ANPRM, CEQ received 
many suggestions to codify key aspects of the OFD policy in the NEPA 
regulations, including by providing greater specificity on the roles 
and responsibilities of lead and cooperating agencies. Commenters also 
suggested that the regulations require agencies to establish and adhere 
to timetables for the completion of reviews, another key element of the 
OFD policy. In response to these comments and to promote interagency 
coordination and more timely and efficient reviews, CEQ proposes to 
codify and make generally applicable a number of key elements from 
expedited procedures and the OFD policy, including development by the 
lead agency of a joint schedule, procedures to elevate delays or 
disputes, preparation of a single EIS and joint ROD to the extent 
practicable, and a two-year goal for completion of environmental 
reviews. Consistent with section 104 of NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4334), 
codification of these policies will not limit or affect the authority 
or legal responsibilities of agencies under other statutory mandates 
that may be covered by joint schedules, and CEQ proposes language to 
that effect in Sec.  1500.6.\52\
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    \52\ In the preamble, CEQ uses the section symbol (Sec.  ) to 
refer to the proposed regulations as set forth in this NPRM and 40 
CFR to refer to the current CEQ regulations as set forth in 40 CFR 
parts 1500-1508.
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    CEQ also proposes revisions to clarify the process and 
documentation required for complying with NEPA by amending part 1501 to 
add sections on threshold considerations and determining the 
appropriate level of review; add a section on CEs; and revise sections 
on EAs, FONSIs, and EISs in part 1502. CEQ further proposes a number of 
revisions to promote more efficient and timely environmental reviews, 
including revisions to promote interagency coordination by amending 
sections of parts 1501, 1506, and 1507 relating to lead, cooperating 
agencies, timing of agency action, scoping, and agency NEPA procedures. 
CEQ proposes additional revisions to promote a more efficient and 
timely NEPA process by amending parts 1501, 1506, and 1507 relating to 
applying NEPA early in the process, scoping, tiering, adoption, use of 
current technologies, and avoiding duplication of State, Tribal, and 
local environmental reviews; revisions to parts 1501 and 1502 to 
provide for presumptive time and page limits; and revisions to clarify 
the definitions by amending part 1508.
    CEQ also includes provisions to promote informed decision making 
and to inform the public about the decision-making process. In parts 
1500, 1501, 1502, and 1503, CEQ proposes amendments to ensure agencies 
solicit and consider relevant information early in the development of 
the draft EIS. In particular, CEQ proposes to direct agencies in the 
notice of intent (NOI) to request public comment on potential 
alternatives and impacts, and identification of any relevant 
information and analyses concerning impacts affecting the quality of 
the human environment. Additionally, CEQ proposes to direct agencies to 
include a new section in the draft and final EIS summarizing all 
alternatives, information, and analyses submitted by the public and to 
request comment on the completeness of the summary included in the 
draft EIS.
    CEQ further proposes to make revisions to part 1503 to ensure that 
comments are timely submitted on the draft EIS and on the completeness 
of the summary of information submitted by the public, and that 
comments are as specific as possible. Additionally, CEQ proposes a 
provision in Sec.  1502.18 to require that, based on the summary of the 
alternatives, information, and analyses section, the decision maker for 
the lead agency certify that the agency has considered such 
information. This will advance the purposes of the directive in E.O. 
11991 to ensure that EISs are supported by evidence that agencies have 
made the necessary environmental analyses. See E.O. 11991, Sec.  1 
amending E.O. 11514, Sec.  3(h). Upon certification, the proposed 
provisions in Sec. Sec.  1500.3 and 1502.18 would establish a 
conclusive presumption that the agency has considered such information. 
In conjunction with the certification requirement, this presumption is

[[Page 1692]]

consistent with the longstanding presumption of regularity that 
government officials have properly discharged their official duties. 
See U.S. Postal Serv. v. Gregory, 534 U.S. 1, 10 (2001) (``[W]e note 
that a presumption of regularity attaches to the actions of government 
agencies.'' (citing United States v. Chem. Found., Inc., 272 U.S. 1, 
14-15 (1926)). This is also consistent with case law upholding 
regulatory presumptions. See, e.g., Allentown Mack Sales & Serv. v. 
Nat'l Labor Relations Bd., 522 U.S. 359 (1998); Fed. Commc'ns Comm'n v. 
Schreiber, 381 U.S. 279 (1965).
    Finally, CEQ proposes changes to make the regulations easier to 
understand and apply. This includes proposed revisions to simplify and 
clarify key definitions in Sec.  1508.1. CEQ also proposes certain 
changes to move and consolidate operative language from the definitions 
to the relevant regulatory provisions, while leaving the definitional 
language in the definitions section. In the existing regulations, 
provisions on certain topics are scattered throughout, making it 
unnecessarily difficult to navigate the requirements. In some cases, 
the NEPA regulations address topics in multiple sections and sometimes 
multiple parts. CEQ proposes to revise the regulations to consolidate 
provisions and reduce duplication. Such consolidation, reordering, or 
reorganizing also would promote greater clarity and ease of use.

A. Proposed Changes Throughout Parts 1500-1508

    CEQ proposes several revisions throughout parts 1500-1508 to 
provide consistency, improve clarity, and correct grammatical errors. 
CEQ proposes to make certain grammatical corrections in the regulations 
where it proposes other changes to the regulations to achieve the goals 
of this rulemaking, or where CEQ determined the changes are necessary 
for the reader to understand fully the meaning of the sentence. CEQ 
proposes to revise sentences from passive voice to active voice where 
it is helpful to identify the responsible parties. CEQ also proposes to 
replace the word ``insure'' with ``ensure,'' consistent with modern 
usage. Finally, CEQ proposes to add paragraph letters or numbers to 
certain introductory paragraphs where it would improve clarity. CEQ 
invites comment on whether it should make these types of changes 
throughout the rule or if there are additional specific instances where 
CEQ should make these types of changes.
    CEQ proposes to add ``Tribal'' to the phrase ``State and local'' 
throughout the rule to ensure consultation with Tribal entities and to 
reflect existing NEPA practice to coordinate or consult with affected 
Tribal governments and agencies, as necessary and appropriate for a 
proposed action. This proposed change is also in response to comments 
on the ANPRM supporting expansion of the recognition of the sovereign 
rights, interests, and expertise of Tribes. CEQ proposes to eliminate 
the provisions in the current regulations that limit Tribal interest to 
reservations. See proposed Sec. Sec.  1501.8(a), 1502.16(a)(5), 
1503.1(a)(2)(ii), and 1506.6(b)(3)(ii). The proposed changes are 
consistent with and in support of government-to-government consultation 
pursuant to E.O. 13175, titled ``Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments.'' \53\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ 65 FR 67249 (Nov. 9, 2000).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    CEQ proposes several changes for consistent use of certain terms. 
In particular, CEQ proposes to change ``entitlements'' to the defined 
term ``authorizations'' throughout the proposed regulation and added 
``authorizations'' where appropriate to reflect the mandate in E.O. 
13807 for better integration and coordination of authorization 
decisions and related environmental reviews. CEQ proposes conforming 
edits to add or change ``entitlements'' to ``authorizations'' in 
proposed Sec. Sec.  1501.2(a), 1501.7(i), 1501.9(d)(4) and (f)(4), 
1502.13, 1502.25(b), 1503.3(d), 1506.2, and the definitions of 
authorization and participating agency in Sec.  1508.1(c) and (w).
    CEQ proposes to use the term ``decision maker'' to refer to an 
individual responsible for making decisions on agency actions and to 
define the term ``senior agency official'' to refer to an individual 
with responsibilities for NEPA compliance. Under the proposed rule, the 
senior agency official would be an official of assistant secretary rank 
or higher who is responsible for agency compliance. The 
responsibilities of this position in the proposed regulations would be 
consistent with the responsibilities of senior agency officials in E.O. 
13807 to whom anticipated missed or extended permitting timetable 
milestones are elevated. The proposed regulations would set forth a 
variety of responsibilities for senior agency officials, such as 
approval to exceed page or time limits. See proposed Sec. Sec.  
1501.5(e), 1501.7(d), 1501.8(b)(6) and (c), 1501.10, 1502.7, and 
1507.2.
    CEQ proposes to replace ``circulate'' or ``circulation'' with 
``publish'' or ``publication'' throughout the rule and make ``publish'' 
a defined term that provides agencies with the flexibility to make 
environmental review and information available to the public by 
electronic means not available at the time of promulgation of the CEQ 
regulations in 1978. Historically, the practice of circulation included 
mailing of hard copies or providing electronic copies on disks or CDs. 
While it may be necessary to provide a hard copy or copy on physical 
media in limited circumstances, agencies now provide most documents in 
an electronic format by posting them online and using email or other 
electronic forms of communication to notify interested or affected 
parties. This change would help reduce paperwork and delays, and 
modernize the NEPA process to be more accessible to the public. CEQ 
proposes these changes in proposed Sec. Sec.  1500.4(o), 1501.2(b)(2), 
1502.9, 1502.20, 1502.21, 1503.4(c), 1506.3, and 1506.8(c)(2).
    CEQ proposes to change the term ``possible'' to ``practicable'' in 
proposed Sec. Sec.  1501.7(h)(1) and (2), 1501.9(b)(1), 1502.5, 
1502.9(b), 1504.2, and 1506.2(b) and (c). ``Practicable'' is the more 
commonly used term in regulations to convey the ability for something 
to be done, considering the cost, including time required, technical 
and economic feasibility, and the purpose and need for agency action. 
Similarly, CEQ proposes to change ``no later than immediately'' to ``as 
soon as practicable'' in Sec.  1502.5(b). Finally, CEQ proposes to 
refer to the procedures required in Sec.  1507.3 using the term 
``agency NEPA procedures'' throughout.
    CEQ proposes to eliminate obsolete references and provisions in 
several sections of the CEQ regulations. In particular, CEQ proposes to 
remove references to the 102 Monitor in 40 CFR 1506.6(b)(2) and 
1506.7(c) because the publication no longer exists, and OMB Circular A-
95, which was revoked pursuant to section 7 of E.O. 12372 (47 FR 30959, 
July 16, 1982), including the requirement to use State and area-wide 
clearinghouses in 40 CFR 1501.4(e)(2), 1503.1(a)(2)(iii), 1505.2, and 
1506.6(b)(3)(i).
    Finally, CEQ proposes changes to citations and authorities. CEQ 
would update the authorities sections for each part to correct the 
format. CEQ also proposes to remove cross-references to the sections of 
part 1508, ``Definitions,'' and to update or insert new cross-
references throughout the rule to reflect revised or new sections.

[[Page 1693]]

B. Proposed Revisions To Update the Purpose, Policy, and Mandate (Part 
1500)

    In part 1500, CEQ proposes several revisions to update the policy 
and mandate sections of the regulations to reflect statutory, judicial, 
policy, and other developments since the CEQ regulations were issued in 
1978.
    CEQ specifically proposes to retitle and revise Sec.  1500.1, 
``Purpose and Policy'' to align this section with the statutory text of 
NEPA and certain case law and reflect the procedural requirements of 
section 102(2) (42 U.S.C. 4332(2)). In particular, the proposed 
revisions would provide that NEPA is a procedural statute intended to 
ensure Federal agencies consider the environmental impacts of their 
actions in the decision-making process. The Supreme Court has made 
clear that NEPA is a procedural statute that does not mandate 
particular results; ``[r]ather, NEPA imposes only procedural 
requirements on [F]ederal agencies with a particular focus on requiring 
agencies to undertake analyses of the environmental impact of their 
proposals and actions.'' Pub. Citizen, 541 U.S. at 756-57 (citing 
Methow Valley, 490 U.S. at 349-50); see also Vt. Yankee, 435 U.S. at 
558 (``NEPA does set forth significant substantive goals for the 
Nation, but its mandate to the agencies is essentially procedural.'').
    CEQ proposes to revise Sec.  1500.1(a) to summarize section 101 of 
the Act (42 U.S.C. 4331). CEQ further proposes to revise Sec.  
1500.1(a) to reflect that section 102(2) establishes the procedural 
requirements to carry out the policy stated in section 101. 
Additionally, CEQ proposes to revise Sec.  1500.1(a) to reflect, 
consistent with the case law, that the purpose and function of NEPA is 
satisfied if Federal agencies have considered relevant environmental 
information, that the public has been informed regarding the decision-
making process, and that NEPA does not mandate particular results or 
substantive outcomes. These proposed revisions would revise paragraph 
(a) in Sec.  1500.1 to replace the vague reference to ``action-
forcing'' provisions ensuring that Federal agencies act ``according to 
the letter and spirit of the Act'' with a more specific reference to 
the consideration of environmental impacts of their actions in agency 
decisions. These changes would codify the Supreme Court's 
interpretation of section 102 as serving NEPA's ``action-forcing'' 
purpose in two important respects: Section 102 ``ensures that the 
agency, in reaching its decision, will have available, and will 
carefully consider, detailed information concerning significant 
environmental impacts; it also guarantees that the relevant information 
will be made available to the larger audience that may also play a role 
in both the decision[-]making process and the implementation of that 
decision.'' Methow Valley, 490 U.S. at 349 (citing Balt. Gas & Elec. 
Co., 462 U.S. at 97; Weinberger, 454 U.S. at 143); see also Winter v. 
Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 23 (2008); Pub. Citizen, 541 
U.S. at 756-58.
    CEQ proposes to revise Sec.  1500.1(b) to describe the regulations 
that follow consistent with the proposed revisions. In particular, CEQ 
proposes to revise this paragraph to reflect that the regulations 
include direction to Federal agencies to determine what actions are 
subject to NEPA's procedural requirements and the level of NEPA review, 
where applicable. The proposed revisions also reflect that the 
regulations are intended to ensure that relevant environmental 
information is identified and considered early in the process in order 
to ensure informed decision making by Federal agencies. The proposed 
revisions reflect that, consistent with E.O. 13807 and the purposes of 
the regulations as originally promulgated in 1978, the regulations are 
intended to reduce unnecessary burdens and delays. These proposed 
revisions are supported by many comments submitted in response to the 
ANPRM requesting revisions to promote more efficient and timely reviews 
under NEPA. These proposed amendments emphasize that the policy of 
integrating NEPA with other environmental reviews is to promote 
concurrent and timely reviews and decision making consistent with 
statutes, Executive Orders, and CEQ guidance. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. 
5189g; 23 U.S.C. 139; 42 U.S.C. 4370m et seq.; E.O. 13604; E.O. 13807; 
Mitigation Guidance, supra note 18, and Timely Environmental Reviews 
Guidance, supra note 21. Finally, CEQ proposes to strike Sec.  1500.2, 
``Policy,'' which is duplicative of subsequent sections of the 
regulations, in order to simplify the regulations and eliminate 
redundancy and repetition.
    CEQ proposes to make a number of revisions and additions, to Sec.  
1500.3, ``NEPA compliance,'' and to provide paragraph headings to 
improve readability. CEQ proposes to amend the discussion of paragraph 
(a), ``Mandate,'' to clarify that agency NEPA procedures to implement 
the CEQ regulations, as provided for in Sec.  1507.3, shall not impose 
additional procedures or requirements beyond those set forth in the CEQ 
regulations except as otherwise provided by law or for agency 
efficiency. CEQ intends that this provision will prevent agencies from 
designing additional procedures that will result in increased costs or 
delays.
    CEQ proposes to add a new Sec.  1500.3(b), ``Exhaustion,'' which 
would provide that agencies must request comments on potential 
alternatives and impacts and identification of any relevant 
information, studies, or analyses of any kind concerning impacts 
affecting the quality of the human environment in the notice of intent 
to prepare an EIS. It would provide that comments on draft EISs and any 
information on environmental impacts or alternatives to a proposed 
action must be timely submitted to ensure informed decision making by 
Federal agencies. CEQ further proposes to provide that comments not 
timely raised and information not provided shall be deemed unexhausted 
and forfeited. This reinforces that parties may not raise claims based 
on issues they did not raise during the public comment period.
    It also would provide that agencies must include in the EIS a 
summary of comments received, and any objections to that summary must 
be submitted within 30 days of the publication of the notice of 
availability of the final EIS. Based on the summary, the decision maker 
must certify in the record of decision that the agency has considered 
all of the alternatives, information, and analyses submitted by public 
commenters.
    In addition, CEQ proposes to add a new Sec.  1500.3(c), ``Actions 
regarding NEPA compliance,'' to reflect the development of case law 
since the promulgation of the CEQ regulations. Specifically, CEQ 
proposes to revise the sentence regarding timing of judicial review to 
strike references to the filing of an EIS or FONSI and replace it with 
the issuance of a signed ROD or the taking of another final agency 
action. Under the APA, judicial review does not occur until an agency 
has taken final agency action. Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 177-78 
(1997) (the action must mark the consummation of the agency's decision-
making process--it must not be of a merely tentative or interlocutory 
nature--and the action must be one by which rights or obligations have 
been determined or from which legal consequences will flow (citations 
omitted)). Because NEPA's procedural requirements apply to proposals 
for agency action, judicial review should not occur until the agency 
has completed its decision-making process. Final agency action for 
judicial review purposes is not necessarily when the agency publishes 
the final EIS, issues a

[[Page 1694]]

FONSI, or makes the determination to categorically exclude an action; 
however, an agency may designate any of these as its final agency 
action. CEQ also proposes to strike vague language and to clarify that 
an agency can remedy harm from the failure to comply with NEPA by 
complying with the Act as interpreted in these regulations.
    The CEQ regulations create no presumption that violation of NEPA is 
a basis for injunctive relief or for a finding of irreparable harm. As 
the Supreme Court has held, the irreparable harm requirement, as a 
prerequisite to the issuance of preliminary or permanent injunctive 
relief, is neither eliminated nor diminished in NEPA cases. A showing 
of a NEPA violation alone does not warrant injunctive relief and does 
not satisfy the irreparable harm requirement. See Monsanto Co. v. 
Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U.S. 139, 157 (2010) (``[T]he statements 
quoted above [from prior Ninth Circuit cases] appear to presume that an 
injunction is the proper remedy for a NEPA violation except in unusual 
circumstances. No such thumb on the scales is warranted.''); Winter, 
555 U.S. at 21-22, 31-33; see also Amoco Prod. Co. v. Vill. of Gambell, 
480 U.S. 531, 544-545 (1987) (rejecting proposition that irreparable 
damage is presumed when an agency fails to evaluate thoroughly the 
environmental impact of a proposed action). Moreover, a showing of 
irreparable harm in a NEPA case does not entitle a litigant to an 
injunction or a stay. See Winter, 555 U.S. at 20 (``A plaintiff seeking 
a preliminary injunction must establish that he is likely to succeed on 
the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence 
of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, 
and that an injunction is in the public interest.'') (emphasis added); 
Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U.S. at 157 (``The traditional four-factor 
test applies when a plaintiff seeks a permanent injunction to remedy a 
NEPA violation. . . . An injunction should issue only if the 
traditional four-factor test is satisfied.'').
    CEQ proposes to clarify that NEPA and the APA allow agencies the 
flexibility to structure their decision-making processes to allow 
opportunities for affected parties to seek a stay of an agency's final 
decision from the agency pending judicial review of the decision. Such 
stays are authorized by the APA, are expressly contemplated by Fed. R. 
App. P. 18, and are analogous in key respects to stays of district 
court judgments available under Fed. R. Civ. P. 62(b) and (d). See 5 
U.S.C. 705; see also Fed. R. App. P. 18(a)(1) and 18(a)(2)(A). In 
appropriate circumstances, agencies may impose bond and security 
requirements or other conditions. See, e.g., 5 U.S.C. 301,\54\ as a 
prerequisite to staying their decisions, as courts do under Fed. R. 
App. P. 18 and other rules.\55\ See Fed. R. App. P. 18(b); Fed. R. App. 
P. 8(a)(2)(E); Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(c); Fed. R. Civ. P. 62(b); Fed. R. 
Civ. P. 62(d). CEQ invites comment on whether there are disclosure or 
other transparency requirements that should be required when agencies 
establish bond or security requirements or other conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ 5 U.S.C. 301, titled ``Department regulations,'' is known 
as the housekeeping statute and permits the head of a Department to 
promulgate regulations ``for the government of his department, the 
conduct of its employees, the distribution and performance of its 
business, and the custody, use, and preservation of its records, 
papers, and property.'' The purpose of this statute is ``simply a 
grant of authority to [an] agency to regulate its own affairs'' 
through ``what the APA terms `rules of agency organization, 
procedure or practice' as opposed to `substantive rules.' '' 
Chrysler Corp. v. Brown, 441 U.S. 281, 309-10 (1979).
    \55\ CEQ notes that there is no ``NEPA exception'' that exempts 
litigants bringing NEPA claims from otherwise applicable bond or 
security requirements or other appropriate conditions, and that some 
courts have imposed substantial bond requirements in NEPA cases.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to the authority provided by 5 U.S.C. 705 and by 
agencies' various organic statutes, agency stays of their decisions and 
appropriate conditions on such stays may further the purposes of NEPA, 
which provides that all Federal agencies shall identify and develop 
methods and procedures, in consultation with CEQ, to ensure that 
environmental amenities and values are given appropriate consideration 
in decision making along with economic and technical considerations. 42 
U.S.C. 4332(B). Agency procedures that allow for agencies to stay their 
decisions, including appropriate conditions on stays, can contribute to 
an orderly process whereby judicial review of agency decisions may 
occur, furthering NEPA's mandate to agencies to develop methods and 
procedures to ensure the appropriate consideration of environmental, 
economic, and technical factors in agency decision making. CEQ invites 
comment on how agencies can structure their processes to ensure 
appropriate consideration of these factors.
    CEQ proposes to add a new Sec.  1500.3(d), ``Remedies.'' CEQ 
proposes to state explicitly that harm from the failure to comply with 
NEPA can be remedied by compliance with NEPA's procedural requirements, 
and that CEQ's regulations do not create a cause of action for 
violation of NEPA. The statute does not create any such cause of 
action, and agencies may not create private rights of action by 
regulation; ``[l]ike substantive [F]ederal law itself, private rights 
of action to enforce [F]ederal law must be created by Congress.'' 
Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 286 (2001). CEQ also proposes to 
state that any actions to review, enjoin, stay, or alter an agency 
decision on the basis of an alleged NEPA violation be raised as soon as 
practicable to avoid or minimize any costs to agencies, applicants, or 
any affected third parties. As reflected in comments received in 
response to the ANPRM, delays have the potential to result in 
substantial costs.
    CEQ also proposes to state that minor, non-substantive errors that 
have no effect on agency decision making shall be considered harmless 
and shall not invalidate an agency action. This would replace and 
update 40 CFR 1500.3, which provides that trivial violations should not 
give rise to an independent cause of action. Invalidating actions due 
to minor errors does not advance the goals of the statute and adds 
delays and costs.
    Finally, CEQ proposes to add a new Sec.  1500.3(e), 
``Severability,'' to address the possibility that this rule, or 
portions of this rule, may be challenged in litigation. It is CEQ's 
intent that the individual sections of this rule be severable from each 
other, and that if any sections or portions of the regulations are 
stayed or invalidated, the validity of the remainder of the sections 
shall not be affected and shall continue to be operative.
    CEQ proposes to reorder the paragraphs in Sec.  1500.4, ``Reducing 
paperwork,'' and Sec.  1500.5, ``Reducing delay,'' for a more logical 
ordering, consistent with the three levels of NEPA review. Finally, CEQ 
proposes edits to Sec.  1500.4 and Sec.  1500.5 for consistency with 
proposed edits to the cross-referenced sections.
    Finally, as noted above, CEQ proposes to add a savings clause to 
Sec.  1500.6, ``Agency authority,'' to clarify that the CEQ regulations 
do not limit an agency's other authorities or legal responsibilities. 
This clarification is consistent with section 104 of NEPA (42 U.S.C. 
4334) and the current regulations, but acknowledges the possibility of 
different statutory authorities that may set forth different 
requirements, such as timeframes.
    CEQ invites comment on the proposed changes to part 1500, 
particularly proposed Sec.  1500.3 and whether CEQ should include any 
additional changes or provisions to advance timely resolution of 
disputes related to NEPA compliance to ensure a

[[Page 1695]]

timely and predictable process, and avoidance of litigation.

C. Proposed Revisions to NEPA and Agency Planning (Part 1501)

    CEQ proposes significant changes to part 1501. CEQ proposes to 
replace the current 40 CFR 1501.1, ``Purpose,'' because it is 
unnecessary and duplicative, with a new section to address threshold 
considerations. CEQ proposes to add additional sections to address the 
level of NEPA review and CEs. CEQ further proposes to consolidate and 
clarify provisions on EAs and FONSIs, and relocate from part 1502 the 
provisions on tiering and incorporation by reference. CEQ also proposes 
to set presumptive time limits for the completion of NEPA reviews, and 
clarify the roles of lead and cooperating agencies to further the OFD 
policy and encourage more efficient and timely NEPA reviews.
1. NEPA Threshold Applicability Analysis (Sec.  1501.1)
    Since the enactment of NEPA, courts have examined the applicability 
of NEPA based on a variety of considerations. For example, courts have 
found that NEPA is inapplicable where an agency is carrying out a non-
discretionary duty or obligation, where an agency's statutory 
obligations clearly or fundamentally conflict with NEPA compliance, 
where Congress has established requirements under another statute that 
displaces NEPA compliance, and where environmental review and public 
participation procedures under another statute are functionally 
equivalent to those required by NEPA.
    CEQ proposes a new Sec.  1501.1, ``NEPA threshold applicability 
analysis,'' to provide a series of considerations to assist agencies in 
a threshold analysis for determining whether NEPA applies. CEQ also 
proposes related changes in Sec.  1507.3(c) to provide that agencies 
may identify actions that are not subject to NEPA in their agency NEPA 
procedures. Paragraph (b) of Sec.  1501.1 would clarify that agencies 
can also make this determination on a case-by-case basis.
2. Apply NEPA Early in the Process (Sec.  1501.2)
    CEQ proposes to amend the introductory paragraph of Sec.  1501.2, 
``Apply NEPA early in the process,'' to change ``shall'' to ``should'' 
and ``possible'' to ``reasonable.'' Agencies need the discretion to 
structure the timing of their NEPA processes to align with their 
decision-making processes, consistent with their statutory authorities. 
Agencies need flexibility to determine the appropriate time to start 
the NEPA process, based on the context of the particular proposed 
action and governed by the rule of reason, so that the NEPA analysis 
meaningfully informs the agency's decision. The appropriate time to 
begin the NEPA process is dependent on when the agency has sufficient 
information and how it can most effectively integrate the NEPA review 
into the agency's decision-making process. Further, some have viewed 
this provision as a legally enforceable standard, rather than an 
opportunity for agencies to integrate NEPA into their decision-making 
programs and processes. CEQ's view is that agencies should have 
discretion with respect to timing, consistent with its regulatory 
provisions for deferring NEPA analysis to appropriate points in the 
decision-making process. See 40 CFR 1508.28. This proposed amendment is 
consistent with CEQ guidance that agencies should ``concentrate on 
relevant environmental analysis'' in their EISs rather than 
``produc[ing] an encyclopedia of all applicable information.'' Timely 
Environmental Reviews Guidance, supra note 21; see also 40 CFR 
1500.4(b) and 1502.2(a). Therefore, CEQ proposes these changes to 
clarify that agencies have discretion to structure their NEPA processes 
in accordance with the rule of reason. CEQ also proposes to change 
``possible'' to ``reasonable'' in paragraph (b)(4)(iii) and ``shall'' 
to ``should'' in the introductory paragraph of Sec.  1502.5 for 
consistency.
    CEQ also proposes to amend Sec.  1501.2(b)(2) to clarify that 
agencies should consider economic and technical analyses along with 
environmental effects. Finally, CEQ proposes to amend paragraph 
(b)(4)(ii) to change ``agencies'' to ``governments'' consistent with 
and in support of government-to-government consultation pursuant to 
E.O. 13175 \56\ and E.O. 13132, ``Federalism.'' \57\ For consistency, 
CEQ also proposes revisions to Sec. Sec.  1501.9(b) and 
1503.1(a)(2)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ Supra note 53.
    \57\ 64 FR 43255 (Aug. 10, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Determine the Appropriate Level of NEPA Review (Sec.  1501.3)
    NEPA requires a ``detailed statement'' for ``major Federal actions 
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.'' 42 
U.S.C. 4332(2)(C). To determine whether an action requires such a 
detailed statement, the CEQ regulations provide three levels of review 
for Federal agencies to assess proposals for agency action. 
Specifically, the CEQ regulations allow agencies to review 
expeditiously those actions that normally do not have significant 
effects by using CEs or, for actions that are not likely to have 
significant effects, by preparing an EA. Through the use of CEs and 
EAs, agencies then can focus their limited resources on those actions 
that are likely to have significant effects and require the ``detailed 
statement,'' or EIS, required by NEPA.
    While the existing CEQ regulations provide for these three levels 
of NEPA review, they do not clearly set out the decisional framework by 
which agencies should assess their proposed actions and select the 
appropriate level of review. To provide this direction and clarity, the 
proposed rule would add two additional sections to part 1501, renumber 
the remaining sections, and retitle two sections. The proposed Sec.  
1501.3, ``Determine the appropriate level of NEPA review,'' would 
describe the three levels of NEPA review and the basis upon which an 
agency makes a determination regarding the appropriate level of review 
for a proposed action. While this section would supplement the existing 
regulations, these concepts exist in the current 40 CFR 1501.4 (whether 
to prepare an EIS), 1508.4 (CEs), and 1508.9 (EAs).
    Additionally, paragraph (b) would address the consideration of 
significance, which is central to determining the appropriate level of 
review. CEQ proposes to move and simplify the operative language from 
40 CFR 1508.27, ``Significantly.'' CEQ proposes to change ``context'' 
to ``potentially affected environment'' and ``intensity'' to ``degree'' 
to provide greater clarity as to what agencies should consider in 
assessing potential significant effects. CEQ did not include a 
consideration regarding controversy (40 CFR 1508.27(b)(4)) because this 
has been interpreted to mean scientific controversy. Additionally, CEQ 
did not include a consideration regarding the reference in 40 CFR 
1508.27(b)(7) to ``[s]ignificance cannot be avoided by terming an 
action temporary or by breaking it down into small component parts'' 
because this is addressed in the criteria for scope in Sec.  1501.9(e) 
and Sec.  1502.4(a), which would provide that agencies evaluate in a 
single EIS proposals or parts of proposals that are related closely 
enough to be, in effect, a single course of action.
4. Categorical Exclusions (CEs) (Sec.  1501.4)
    Under the CEQ regulations, agencies can categorically exclude 
actions from detailed review where the agency has found in its agency 
NEPA procedures that the action normally would not have

[[Page 1696]]

significant effects. Over the past 4 decades, Federal agencies have 
developed and documented more than 2,000 CEs.\58\ CEQ estimates that 
each year, Federal agencies apply CEs to approximately 100,000 Federal 
agency actions that typically require little or no documentation.\59\ 
While CEs are the most common level of NEPA review, CEQ has only 
addressed CE development and implementation in one comprehensive 
guidance document, see CE Guidance, supra note 17, and does not address 
CEs in detail in its current regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ See Council on Environmental Quality, List of Federal 
Agency Categorical Exclusions (Dec. 14, 2018), https://ceq.doe.gov/nepa-practice/categorical-exclusions.html.
    \59\ See, e.g., Council on Environmental Quality, The Eleventh 
and Final Report on the National Environmental Policy Act Status and 
Progress for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 
Activities and Projects (Nov. 2, 2011), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-reports/nov2011/CEQ_ARRA_NEPA_Report_Nov_2011.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to the ANPRM, many commenters requested that CEQ update 
the NEPA regulations to provide more detailed direction on the 
application of CEs. To provide greater clarity, CEQ proposes to add a 
new section on CEs. The proposed Sec.  1501.4, ``Categorical 
exclusions,'' would address in more detail the process by which an 
agency considers whether a proposed action is categorically excluded 
under NEPA. This proposed provision is consistent with the definition 
of categorical exclusion in 40 CFR 1508.4, which is a category of 
actions that the agency has found normally do not have a significant 
effect and listed in its agency NEPA procedures.
    The proposed CE section would provide additional clarity on the 
process that agencies follow in applying a CE. In particular, paragraph 
(a) would provide that agencies identify CEs in their NEPA procedures, 
consistent with the requirement to establish CEs in agency NEPA 
procedures currently set forth in 40 CFR 1507.3(b)(2)(ii). The proposed 
regulations would move the requirement that agency NEPA procedures 
provide for extraordinary circumstances from the current 40 CFR 1508.4 
to the proposed Sec.  1507.3(d)(2)(ii) to consolidate all the 
requirements for establishing CEs in that regulation, while providing 
in the proposed Sec.  1501.4 the procedure for evaluation of a proposed 
action for extraordinary circumstances. The definition of categorical 
exclusion only applies to those CEs created by an administrative 
determination in its agency NEPA procedures and does not apply to 
``legislative categorical exclusions'' created by Congress, which are 
governed by the terms of the specific statute and statutory 
interpretation of the agency charged with the implementation of the 
statute.
    Paragraph (b) of proposed Sec.  1501.4 would set forth the 
requirement for consideration of extraordinary circumstances once an 
agency determines that a CE covers a proposed action, consistent with 
the current requirement in 40 CFR 1508.4. Finally, paragraph (b)(1) 
would provide that, when extraordinary circumstances are present, 
agencies may consider whether mitigating circumstances, such as the 
design of the proposed action to avoid effects that create 
extraordinary circumstances, are sufficient to allow the proposed 
action to be categorically excluded. The change would clarify that the 
mere presence of extraordinary circumstances does not preclude the 
application of a CE. Rather, the agency may consider whether there is a 
close causal relationship between a proposed action and the potential 
effect on the conditions identified as extraordinary circumstances, and 
if such a relationship exists, the potential effect of a proposed 
action on these conditions. Accordingly, the agency could modify the 
proposed action to avoid the extraordinary circumstances so that the 
action fits in the categorical exclusion. While this reflects current 
practice for some agencies,\60\ this revision would assist agencies as 
they consider whether to categorically exclude an action that would 
otherwise be considered in an EA and FONSI.
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    \60\ See, e.g., Forest Service categorical exclusions, 36 CFR 
220.6(b)(2) and surface transportation categorical exclusions, 23 
CFR 771.116-771.118.
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    CEQ invites comment on these proposed revisions and on whether 
there are any other aspects of CEs that CEQ should address in its 
regulations. Specifically, CEQ invites comment on whether it should 
establish government-wide CEs in its regulations to address routine 
administrative activities, for example, internal orders or directives 
regarding agency operations, procurement of office supplies and travel, 
and rulemakings to establish administrative processes such as those 
established under the Freedom of Information Act or Privacy Act. 
Alternatively, CEQ invites comment on whether and how CEQ should revise 
the definition of major Federal action to exclude these categories from 
the definition, and if so, suggestions on how it should be addressed.
5. Environmental Assessments (EAs) (Sec.  1501.5)
    Under the current CEQ regulations, when an agency has not 
categorically excluded a proposed action, the agency can prepare an EA 
to document its effects analysis. If the analysis in the EA 
demonstrates that the action's effects would not be significant, the 
agency documents its reasoning in a FONSI, which completes the NEPA 
process; otherwise, the agency uses the EA to help prepare an EIS. See 
40 CFR 1508.9 and 1508.13. CEQ estimates that Federal agencies prepare 
approximately 10,000 EAs each year.\61\
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    \61\ See, e.g., Council on Environmental Quality, Fourth Report 
on Cooperating Agencies in Implementing the Procedural Requirements 
of the National Environmental Policy Act, Attachment A (Oct. 4, 
2016), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-reports/Attachment-A-Fourth-Cooperating-Agency-Report_Oct2016.pdf.
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    The current CEQ regulations address the requirements for EAs in a 
few provisions, and, in response to the ANPRM, some commenters 
requested that the regulations provide more detailed direction related 
to EAs. Currently, 40 CFR 1508.9 defines an EA as a ``concise public 
document'' that agencies may use to comply with NEPA and determine 
whether to prepare an EIS or a FONSI. This section also sets forth the 
basic requirements for an EA's contents. Current 40 CFR 1501.4(b) 
provides the public involvement requirements for EAs. These essential 
requirements of an EA would remain under the proposed regulations, but 
CEQ proposes to consolidate them into a single section to improve 
readability.
    Under the current regulations, the format for an EA is flexible and 
responsive to agency decision-making needs and the circumstances of the 
particular proposal for agency action. The proposed CEQ regulations 
would continue to provide that an EA may be prepared by and with other 
agencies, applicants, and the public. Modern information technology can 
help facilitate this collaborative EA preparation, allowing the agency 
to make a coordinated but independent evaluation of the environmental 
issues and assume responsibility for the scope and content of the EA.
    CEQ proposes to revise paragraph (a) of proposed Sec.  1501.5 
(current 40 CFR 1501.3) to clarify that an agency must prepare an EA 
when necessary to determine whether a proposed action would have a 
significant effect or the significance of the effects is unknown, 
unless a CE applies to the proposed action or the agency decides to 
prepare an EIS. CEQ proposes to move the operative language relating to 
an EA

[[Page 1697]]

from the definition of EAs currently in 40 CFR 1508.9 to a new 
paragraph (c).
    Under the proposed CEQ regulations, requirements for documenting 
the proposed action and alternatives in an EA would continue to be more 
limited than EIS requirements. Under the existing and proposed 
regulations, an agency must briefly describe the need for the proposed 
action. Agencies can do this by briefly describing the existing 
conditions, projected future conditions, and statutory obligations and 
authorities that may relate to the proposed agency action with cross-
references to supporting documents. The proposed CEQ regulations would 
continue to require agencies to describe briefly the proposed action 
and any alternatives it is considering that would meet the need of the 
proposed agency action. For actions to protect or restore the 
environment, without unresolved conflicts concerning alternative uses 
of available resources, CEQ expects agencies to examine a narrower 
range of alternatives to the proposed action. When the project may have 
significant impacts, the agency should consider reasonable alternatives 
that would avoid those impacts or otherwise mitigate those impacts to 
less than significant levels.
    An agency does not need to include a detailed discussion of each 
alternative in an EA, nor does it need to include any detailed 
discussion of alternatives that it eliminated from study. While 
agencies have discretion to include more information in their EAs than 
is required to determine whether to prepare an EIS or a FONSI, they 
should carefully consider their reasons and have a clear rationale for 
doing so. Agencies should focus on analyzing material effects and 
alternatives, rather than marginal details that may unnecessarily delay 
the environmental review process.
    Under both the current and proposed regulations, an agency must 
describe the environmental impacts of its proposed action and 
alternatives, providing enough information to support a determination 
to prepare either a FONSI or an EIS. The EA should focus on whether the 
proposed action (including mitigation) would ``significantly'' affect 
the quality of the human environment and tailor the length of the 
discussion to the relevant effects. The agency may contrast the impacts 
of the proposed action and alternatives with the current and expected 
future conditions of the affected environment in the absence of the 
action, which constitutes consideration of a no-action alternative.
    Under both the current and proposed regulations, an agency should 
list the ``agencies, applicants, and the public'' involved in preparing 
the EA to document agency compliance with the requirement to ``involve 
environmental agencies, applicants, and the public, to the extent 
practicable, in preparing assessments.'' 40 CFR 1501.4(b); see also 
1508.9(b). This may include incorporation by reference to the records 
related to compliance with other environmental laws such as the 
National Historic Preservation Act, Clean Water Act, Endangered Species 
Act, or Clean Air Act.
    CEQ proposes to move the public involvement requirements for EAs 
from the current 40 CFR 1501.4(b) to proposed Sec.  1501.5(d) and 
change ``environmental'' to ``relevant'' agencies to include all 
agencies that may contribute information that is relevant to the 
development of an EA. Consistent with the current CEQ regulations, the 
proposed rule would not specifically require publication of a draft EA 
for public review and comment. The proposed CEQ regulations would 
continue to require that agencies reasonably involve relevant agencies, 
the applicant, and the public prior to completion of the EA, so that 
they may provide meaningful input on those subject areas that the 
agency must consider in preparing the EA. See also 40 CFR 1506.6(b) and 
1508.9(a). Depending on the circumstances, the agency could provide 
adequate information through public meetings or by a detailed scoping 
notice, for example. There is no single correct approach for public 
involvement. Rather, agencies should consider the circumstances and 
have discretion to conduct public involvement tailored to the 
interested public, to available means of communications to reach the 
interested and affected parties, and to the particular circumstances of 
each proposed action.
    Paragraph (e) would establish a presumptive 75-page limit for EAs, 
but allow a senior agency official to approve a longer length and 
establish a new page limit in writing. While CEQ has stated in Question 
36a of the Forty Questions, supra note 10, that EAs should be 
approximately 10 to 15 pages, in practice, such assessments are often 
longer to address compliance with other applicable laws, and to 
document the effects of mitigation to support a FONSI. To achieve the 
presumptive 75-page limit, agencies should write all NEPA environmental 
documents in plain language, follow a clear format, and emphasize 
important impact analyses and relevant information necessary for those 
analyses, rather than providing extensive background material. An EA 
should have clear and concise conclusions and may incorporate by 
reference data, survey results, inventories, and other information that 
support these conclusions, so long as this information is reasonably 
available to the public.
    The proposed presumptive page limit for EAs will promote more 
readable documents, but also provide agencies flexibility to prepare 
longer documents, where necessary, to support the agency's analysis. 
The proposed presumptive page limit is consistent with CEQ's guidance 
on EAs, which advises agencies to avoid preparing lengthy EAs except in 
unusual cases where a proposal is so complex that a concise document 
cannot meet the goals of an EA and where it is extremely difficult to 
determine whether the proposal could cause significant effects. 
Question 36a and 36b, Forty Questions, supra note 10.
    CEQ believes that page limits will encourage agencies to identify 
the relevant issues, focus on significant environmental impacts, and 
prepare concise readable documents that will inform decision makers as 
well as the public. Voluminous, unfocused environmental documents do 
not advance the goals of informed decision making or protection of the 
environment.
    CEQ proposes conforming edits to Sec.  1500.4(c) to broaden the 
paragraph to include EAs by changing ``environmental impact 
statements'' to ``environmental documents'' and changing ``setting'' to 
``meeting'' since page limits would be required for both EAs and EISs. 
CEQ invites comment on the appropriate presumptive page limit for EAs, 
the means of managing their level of detail, and their role in agency 
decision making.
    CEQ proposes a new paragraph (f) to clarify that agencies may also 
apply certain provisions in part 1502 regarding incomplete or 
unavailable information, methodology and scientific accuracy, and 
coordination of environmental review and consultation requirements to 
EAs. CEQ also proposes to add EAs to Sec.  1501.11, ``Tiering,'' to 
codify current agency practice of using EAs where the effects of a 
proposed agency action are not likely to be significant. These include 
program decisions that may facilitate later site-specific EISs as well 
as the typical use of EAs as a second-tier document tiered from an EIS.
    In addition to the new Sec.  1501.5, CEQ proposes to add EAs to 
other sections of the regulations to codify existing agency practice 
where it would make the NEPA process more efficient and effective. As

[[Page 1698]]

discussed in section II.C.9, CEQ also proposes to make a presumptive 
time limit applicable to EAs in Sec.  1501.10. Further, for some 
agencies, it is a common practice to have lead and cooperating agencies 
coordinate in the preparation of EAs where more than one agency may 
have an action on a proposal; therefore, CEQ also proposes to add EAs 
to Sec. Sec.  1501.7 and 1501.8.
    CEQ invites comment on these proposed revisions and on whether 
there are any other aspects of EAs that CEQ should address in its 
regulations.
6. Findings of No Significant Impact (FONSIs) (Sec.  1501.6)
    When an agency determines in its EA that an EIS is not required, it 
typically prepares a FONSI. The FONSI reflects that the agency has 
engaged in the necessary review of environmental impacts under NEPA. 
The FONSI shows that the agency examined the relevant data and 
explained the agency findings by providing a rational connection 
between the facts presented in the EA and the conclusions drawn in the 
finding. Any finding should clearly identify the facts found and the 
conclusions drawn by the agency based on those facts.
    In response to the ANPRM, CEQ received comments requesting that CEQ 
update its regulations to consolidate and provide more detailed 
direction relating to FONSIs. CEQ proposes to consolidate the operative 
language of 40 CFR 1508.13, ``Finding of no significant impact,'' with 
40 CFR 1501.4, ``Whether to prepare an environmental impact 
statement,'' in the proposed Sec.  1501.6, ``Findings of no significant 
impact.'' CEQ proposes to strike paragraph (a) as these requirements 
are addressed in Sec.  1507.3(d)(2). As noted above, paragraph (b) 
would move to the proposed Sec.  1501.5, ``Environmental assessments.'' 
This proposed EA section also addresses paragraph (c), so CEQ proposes 
to strike it from the proposed FONSI section. Similarly, CEQ proposes 
to strike paragraph (d) because this requirement is addressed in Sec.  
1501.9, ``Scoping'' (current 40 CFR 1501.7).
    CEQ proposes to make the current 40 CFR 1501.4(e) the new Sec.  
1501.6(a), and revise the language to clarify that an agency must 
prepare a FONSI when it determines that a proposed action will not have 
significant effects based on the analysis in the EA. CEQ would revise 
proposed paragraph (a)(2) to clarify that the circumstances listed in 
paragraph (i) and (ii) are the situations where the agency must make a 
FONSI available for public review.
    CEQ proposes to move the substantive requirement that a FONSI 
include the EA or a summary from the definition of FONSI (currently 40 
CFR 1508.13) to a new paragraph (b). Additionally, CEQ proposes the 
addition of a new paragraph (c) to address mitigation. Specifically, 
where mitigation is required under another statute or where an agency 
is issuing a mitigated FONSI, it would require the agency to include 
the legal basis for any mitigation adopted.\62\ Additionally, it would 
codify the practice of mitigated FONSIs, consistent with CEQ's 
Mitigation Guidance, by requiring agencies to document mitigation, 
including enforceable mitigation requirements or commitments that will 
be undertaken to avoid significant impacts.\63\ When preparing an EA, 
many agencies develop, consider, and commit to mitigation measures to 
avoid, minimize, rectify, reduce, or compensate for potentially 
significant adverse environmental impacts that would otherwise require 
preparation of an EIS. An agency can commit to mitigation measures for 
a mitigated FONSI when it can ensure that the mitigation will be 
performed, when the agency expects that resources will be available, 
and when the agency has sufficient legal authorities to ensure 
implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. This codification 
of CEQ guidance is not intended to create a different standard for 
analysis of mitigation for a ``mitigated FONSI,'' but to provide 
clarity regarding the use of FONSIs.
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    \62\ As discussed in sections I.B.1 and II.B, NEPA is a 
procedural statute and does not require adoption of mitigation. 
However, agencies may consider mitigation measures that would avoid, 
minimize, rectify, reduce, or compensate for potentially significant 
adverse environmental impacts and may require mitigation pursuant to 
substantive statutes.
    \63\ The Mitigation Guidance, supra note 18, amended and 
supplemented the Forty Questions, supra note 10, specifically 
withdrawing Question 39 insofar as it suggests that mitigation 
measures developed during scoping or in an EA ``[do] not obviate the 
need for an EIS.''
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7. Lead and Cooperating Agencies (Sec. Sec.  1501.7 and 1501.8)
    In response to the ANPRM, CEQ received comments requesting that CEQ 
update its regulations to clarify the roles of lead and cooperating 
agencies. The 1978 CEQ regulations created the roles of lead agency and 
cooperating agencies for NEPA reviews, which are critical for actions, 
such as non-Federal projects, requiring the approval or authorization 
of multiple agencies. Agencies need to coordinate and synchronize their 
NEPA processes to ensure an efficient environmental review that does 
not cause delays. In recent years, Congress and several administrations 
have worked to establish a more synchronized procedure for multi-agency 
NEPA reviews and related authorizations, including through the 
development of expedited procedures such as the section 139 process and 
FAST-41.
    CEQ proposes a number of modifications to Sec.  1501.7, ``Lead 
agencies,'' (current 40 CFR 1501.5), and Sec.  1501.8, ``Cooperating 
agencies,'' (current 40 CFR 1501.6), to improve interagency 
coordination, make development of NEPA documents more efficient, and 
facilitate implementation of the OFD policy. CEQ intends these 
modifications to improve the efficiency and outcomes of the NEPA 
process--including cost reduction, improved relationships, and better 
outcomes that avoid litigation--by promoting environmental 
collaboration.\64\ These modifications are consistent with Questions 
14a and 14c of the Forty Questions, supra note 10. CEQ proposes to 
apply Sec. Sec.  1501.7 and 1501.8 to EAs as well as EISs consistent 
with agency practice. Consistent with the OFD policy to ensure 
coordinated and timely reviews, CEQ also proposes to add a Sec.  
1501.7(g) to require that Federal agencies evaluate proposals involving 
multiple Federal agencies in a single EIS and issue a joint ROD \65\ or 
single EA and joint FONSI when practicable. CEQ further proposes to 
move language from the current cooperating agency provision, 40 CFR 
1501.6(a), that addresses the lead agency's responsibilities with 
respect to cooperating agencies to proposed paragraph (h) in Sec.  
1501.7 so that all of the lead agency's responsibilities are in a 
single section. CEQ also proposes to clarify in paragraph (h)(4) that 
the lead agency is responsible for determining the purpose and need and 
alternatives in consultation with any cooperating agencies.\66\
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    \64\ See, e.g., Federal Forum on Environmental Collaboration and 
Conflict Resolution, Environmental Collaboration and Conflict 
Resolution (ECCR): Enhancing Agency Efficiency and Making Government 
Accountable to the People (May 2, 2018), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/nepa-practice/ECCR_Benefits_Recommendations_Report_%205-02-018.pdf.
    \65\ A ``single ROD,'' as used in E.O. 13807, is the same as a 
``joint ROD,'' which is a ROD addressing all Federal agency actions 
covered in the single EIS and necessary for a proposed project. 40 
CFR 1508.25(a)(3). The regulations would provide flexibility for 
circumstances where a joint ROD is impracticable. Examples include 
the statutory directive to issue a combined final EIS and ROD for 
transportation actions and the Federal Energy Regulatory 
Commission's adjudicatory process.
    \66\ See OFD Framework Guidance, supra note 27, Sec.  VIII.A.5 
(``The lead agency is responsible for developing the Purpose and 
Need, identifying the range of alternatives to be analyzed, 
identifying the preferred alternative and determining whether to 
develop the preferred alternative to a higher level of detail.''); 
Connaughton Letter, supra note 23 (``[J]oint lead or cooperating 
agencies should afford substantial deference to the [ ] agency's 
articulation of purpose and need.'')

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[[Page 1699]]

    Proposed Sec.  1501.7(i) and (j) and Sec.  1501.8(b)(6) and (7) 
also would require development and adherence to a schedule for the 
environmental review and any authorizations required for a proposed 
action, and resolution of disputes and other issues that may cause 
delays in the schedule. These proposed provisions are consistent with 
current practices at agencies that have adopted elevation procedures 
pursuant to various statutes and guidance, including 23 U.S.C. 139, 
FAST-41, and E.O. 13807.
    Proposed paragraph (a) of Sec.  1501.8 would clarify that lead 
agencies may invite State, Tribal, and local agencies to serve as 
cooperating agencies by changing ``Federal agency'' to ``agency,'' and 
moving the operative language from the definition of cooperating agency 
(40 CFR 1508.5). Non-Federal agencies should participate in the 
environmental review process to ensure early collaboration on proposed 
actions where such entities have jurisdiction by law or special 
expertise. Paragraph (a) would also codify current practice to allow a 
Federal agency to appeal to CEQ a lead agency's denial of a request to 
serve as cooperating agency. Resolving disputes among agencies early in 
the process furthers the OFD policy and the goal of more efficient and 
timely NEPA reviews. Finally, CEQ proposes edits throughout Sec.  
1501.8 to provide further clarity.
8. Scoping (Sec.  1501.9)
    In response to the ANPRM, CEQ received comments requesting that CEQ 
update its regulations related to scoping, including comments 
requesting that agencies have greater flexibility in how to conduct 
scoping. Rather than requiring publication of a NOI as a precondition 
to the scoping process, CEQ proposes to modify the current 40 CFR 
1501.7, ``Scoping,'' in the proposed Sec.  1501.9 so that agencies can 
begin the scoping process as soon as the proposed action is 
sufficiently developed for meaningful agency consideration. Some 
agencies refer to this as pre-scoping under the existing regulations to 
capture scoping work done before publication of the NOI. Rather than 
tying the start of scoping to the agency's decision to publish an NOI 
to prepare an EIS, the timing and content of the NOI would instead 
become an important step in the scoping process itself, thereby 
obviating the artificial distinction between scoping and pre-scoping. 
However, agencies should not unduly delay publication of the NOI.
    CEQ also proposes to consolidate all the requirements for the NOI 
and the scoping process into the same section, reorganize it to discuss 
the scoping process in chronological order, and add paragraph headings 
to improve clarity. CEQ proposes to add ``likely'' to proposed 
paragraph (b) to capture the reality that at the scoping stage, 
agencies may not know the identities of all affected parties and that 
one of the purposes of scoping is to identify affected parties. 
Paragraph (c) would provide agencies additional flexibility in how to 
reach interested or affected parties in the scoping process. Paragraph 
(d) would provide a list of what agencies must include in an NOI to 
standardize NOI format and achieve greater consistency across agencies. 
This will provide the public with more transparency and ensure that 
agencies conduct the scoping process in a manner that facilitates 
implementation of the OFD policy for multi-agency actions, including by 
proactively soliciting comments on alternatives, impacts, and relevant 
information to better inform agency decision making. CEQ proposes to 
move the criteria for determining scope from the definition of scope, 
40 CFR 1508.25, to paragraph (e) and to strike the paragraph on 
``cumulative actions'' for consistency with the proposed revisions to 
the definition of ``effects'' discussed below. CEQ also proposes to use 
the term ``most effective'' rather than ``best'' in Sec.  
1501.9(e)(1)(ii) for clarity.
9. Time Limits (Sec.  1501.10)
    In response to the ANPRM, CEQ received many comments on the lengthy 
timelines and costs of environmental reviews, and many suggestions for 
more meaningful time limits for the completion of the NEPA process. 
Accordingly, and to promote timely reviews, CEQ proposes to establish 
presumptive time limits for EAs and EISs consistent with E.O. 13807 and 
prior CEQ guidance. In Question 35 of the Forty Questions, supra note 
10, CEQ stated its expectation that ``even large complex energy 
projects would require only about 12 months for the completion of the 
entire EIS process'' and that, for most major actions, ``this period is 
well within the planning time that is needed in any event, apart from 
NEPA.'' CEQ also recognized that ``some projects will entail difficult 
long-term planning and/or the acquisition of certain data which of 
necessity will require more time for the preparation of the EIS.'' Id. 
Finally, Question 35 stated that an EA ``should take no more than 3 
months, and in many cases substantially less as part of the normal 
analysis and approval process for the action.''
    Based on agency experience with the implementation of the 
regulations, CEQ is proposing in Sec.  1501.10, ``Time limits,'' 
(current 40 CFR 1501.8) to add a new paragraph (b) to establish a 
presumptive time limit for EAs of 1 year and a presumptive time limit 
for EISs of 2 years. CEQ further proposes to provide that a senior 
agency official may approve in writing a longer time period. These 
paragraphs would also define the start and end dates of the time period 
consistent with E.O. 13807. Consistent with CEQ and OMB guidance, 
agencies should begin scoping and development of a schedule for timely 
completion of an EIS prior to issuing an NOI and commit to cooperate, 
communicate, share information, and resolve conflicts that could 
prevent meeting milestones.\67\ CEQ recognizes that agency capacity, 
including those of cooperating and participating agencies, may affect 
timing, and that agencies should schedule and prioritize their 
resources accordingly to ensure effective environmental analyses and 
public involvement. Further, agencies have flexibility in the 
management of their internal processes to set shorter time limits and 
to define the precise start and end times for measuring the completion 
time of an EA. Therefore, CEQ proposes to retain paragraph (c) 
regarding factors in determining time limits, but revise paragraph 
(c)(6) for clarity and strike paragraph (c)(7) because it overlaps with 
numerous other factors.
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    \67\ See OFD Framework Guidance, supra note 27 (``[w]hile the 
actual schedule for any given project may vary based upon the 
circumstances of the project and applicable law, agencies should 
endeavor to meet the two-year goal . . . .'').
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    CEQ also proposes conforming edits to Sec.  1500.5(g) to change 
``setting'' to ``meeting'' time limits and add ``environmental 
assessment.'' CEQ invites comment on these sections, including on the 
proposed presumptive timeframes for EAs and EISs, the provisions for 
management of time limits, and whether the regulations should specify 
shorter timeframes.
10. Tiering and Incorporation by Reference (Sec. Sec.  1501.11 and 
1501.12)
    CEQ proposes to move 40 CFR 1502.21, ``Tiering,'' and 40 CFR 
1502.22, ``Incorporation by reference,'' to proposed new Sec. Sec.  
1501.11 and 1501.12, respectively, because these provisions are 
generally applicable. Specifically, CEQ proposes a number of revisions 
in Sec.  1501.11 and other paragraphs to clarify when agencies can use 
existing

[[Page 1700]]

studies and environmental analyses in the NEPA process and when 
agencies would need to supplement such studies and analyses. These 
revisions include updates to the provisions on programmatic reviews 
(Sec.  1502.4(d)) and tiering (Sec.  1501.11) to make clear, among 
other things, that site-specific analyses need not be conducted prior 
to an irretrievable commitment of resources, which in most cases will 
not be until the decision at the site-specific stage. CEQ also proposes 
to move the operative language from the definition of tiering in 40 CFR 
1508.28 to Sec.  1501.11(b).
    In addition, CEQ proposes consistency edits to change ``broad'' and 
``program'' to ``programmatic'' in Sec. Sec.  1500.4(k), 1502.4(b), 
(c), and (d), and 1506.1(c). Further revisions to Sec.  1502.4(b), 
including eliminating reference to programmatic EISs that ``are 
sometimes required,'' are intended to focus the provision on the 
discretionary use of programmatic EISs in support of clearly defined 
decision-making purposes. As CEQ stated in its 2014 guidance, 
programmatic NEPA reviews ``should result in clearer and more 
transparent decision[ ]making, as well as provide a better defined and 
more expeditious path toward decisions on proposed actions.'' \68\ 
Other statutes or regulations define circumstances under which a 
programmatic EIS is required. See, e.g., National Forest Management 
Act, 16 U.S.C. 1604(g). Finally, CEQ proposes a consistency edit in 
Sec.  1502.4(c)(3) to revise the mandatory language to be discretionary 
since the regulations do not require programmatic EISs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ Programmatics Guidance, supra note 20, at 7.
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D. Proposed Revisions to Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) (Part 
1502)

    The most extensive level of NEPA analysis is an EIS, which is the 
``detailed statement'' required under section 102(2)(C) of NEPA. When 
an agency prepares an EIS, it typically issues a ROD at the conclusion 
of the NEPA review. 40 CFR 1505.2. Based on the Environmental 
Protection Agency (EPA) weekly Notices of Availability published in the 
Federal Register between 2010 and 2018, Federal agencies published 
approximately 170 final EISs per year. CEQ proposes to update the 
format, page length, and timeline to complete EISs to better achieve 
the purposes of NEPA. CEQ also proposes several changes to streamline, 
provide flexibility, and improve the preparation of EISs. CEQ includes 
provisions in part 1502 to promote informed decision making by agencies 
and to inform the public about the decision-making process. The 
proposed regulations continue to encourage application of NEPA early in 
the process and early engagement with applicants for non-Federal 
projects (proposed Sec.  1502.5(b)).
1. Page Limits (Sec.  1502.7)
    In response to the ANPRM, CEQ received many comments on the length, 
complexity, and readability of environmental documents, and many 
suggestions for more meaningful page limits. The core purpose of page 
limits from the original regulations remains--documents must be a 
reasonable length in a readable format so that it is practicable for 
the decision maker to read and understand the document in a reasonable 
period of time. Therefore, CEQ proposes to reinforce the page limits 
for EISs set forth in Sec.  1502.7, while allowing a senior agency 
official to approve a statement exceeding 300 pages when it is useful 
to the decision-making process. As captured in CEQ's report on the 
length of final EISs, these documents average over 600 pages. See 
Length of Environmental Impact Statements, supra note 34. While the 
length of an EIS will vary based on the complexity and significance of 
the proposed action and environmental effects the EIS considers, every 
EIS must be bounded by the practical limits of the decision maker's 
ability to consider detailed information. CEQ proposes this change to 
ensure that agencies develop EISs focused on significant effects and on 
the information useful to the decision makers and the public to more 
successfully implement NEPA.
    CEQ intends for senior agency officials to take responsibility for 
the quantity, quality, and timelines of environmental analyses 
developed in support of the decisions of their agencies. Therefore, the 
senior agency official approving an EA or EIS in excess of the page 
limits should ensure that the final environmental document meets the 
informational needs of the agency's decision maker. For example, the 
agency decision makers may have varying levels of capacity to consider 
the information presented in the environmental document. In ensuring 
that the agency provides the resources necessary to implement NEPA, in 
accordance with 40 CFR 1507.2, senior agency officials should ensure 
that agency staff have the resources and competencies necessary to 
produce timely, concise, and effective environmental documents.
2. Draft, Final and Supplemental Statements (Sec.  1502.9)
    CEQ proposes to include sub-headings in Sec.  1502.9, ``Draft, 
final, and supplemental statements,'' to improve readability. CEQ 
proposes edits to paragraph (b) for clarity, replacing ``revised 
draft'' with ``supplemental draft.''
    CEQ also received many comments requesting clarification regarding 
when supplemental statements are required. CEQ proposes revisions to 
Sec.  1502.9(d)(1) to clarify that agencies need to update 
environmental documents when there is new information or a change in 
the proposed action only if a major Federal action remains to occur and 
other requirements are met. This proposed revision is consistent with 
Supreme Court case law holding that a supplemental EIS is required only 
``[i]f there remains `major Federal actio[n]' to occur, and if the new 
information is sufficient to show that the remaining action will 
`affec[t] the quality of the human environment' in a significant manner 
or to a significant extent not already considered . . . .'' Marsh, 490 
U.S. at 374 (quoting 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(C)); see also Norton v. S. Utah 
Wilderness All., 542 U.S. 55, 73 (2004). For example, supplementation 
might be triggered after an agency executes a grant agreement but 
before construction is complete because the agency has yet to provide 
all of the funds under that grant agreement. On the other hand, when an 
agency issues a final rule establishing a regulatory scheme, there is 
no remaining action to occur, and therefore supplementation is not 
required. If there is no further agency action after the agency's 
decision, supplementation does not apply because the Federal agency 
action is complete. S. Utah Wilderness All., 542 U.S. at 73 (``although 
the `[a]pproval of a [land use plan]' is a `major Federal action' 
requiring an EIS . . . that action is completed when the plan is 
approved. . . . There is no ongoing `major Federal action' that could 
require supplementation (though BLM is required to perform additional 
NEPA analyses if a plan is amended or revised . . . .)'') (emphasis in 
original).
    In order to determine whether a supplemental analysis is required, 
a new paragraph (c)(4) would provide that an agency may document its 
determination of whether a supplemental analysis is required consistent 
with its agency NEPA procedures or may, although it is not required, do 
so in an EA. This provision would codify the existing practice of 
several Federal agencies, such as the

[[Page 1701]]

Department of Transportation's reevaluation provided for highway, 
transit, and railroad projects (23 CFR 771.129); the Bureau of Land 
Management's Determination of NEPA Adequacy (Department of the Interior 
Departmental Manual, Part 516, Chapter 11, Sec.  11.6); and the U.S. 
Army Corps of Engineers' Supplemental Information Report (section 13(d) 
of Engineering Regulation 200-2-2).
3. EIS Format (Sec. Sec.  1502.10 and 1502.11)
    CEQ proposes to revise Sec.  1502.10, ``Recommended format,'' to 
provide agencies with more flexibility in formatting an EIS given that 
most EISs are prepared and distributed electronically. Specifically, 
CEQ proposes to eliminate the requirement to have a list of agencies, 
organizations and persons to whom copies of the EIS are sent since EISs 
are published online, and an index, as this is no longer necessary when 
most documents are produced in an electronically searchable format. 
This section would also allow agencies to use a different format so 
that they may customize EISs to address the particular proposed action 
and better integrate environmental considerations into agency decision-
making processes.
    CEQ proposes to amend Sec.  1502.11, ``Cover,'' to remove the 
reference to a ``sheet'' since agencies prepare EISs electronically. 
CEQ also proposes to add a requirement to include the estimated cost of 
preparing the EIS to the cover in new paragraph (g) to provide 
transparency to the public on the costs of EIS-level NEPA reviews. To 
track costs, agencies must prepare an estimate of environmental review 
costs, including costs of the agency's full-time equivalent (FTE) 
personnel hours, contractor costs, and other direct costs related to 
the environmental review of the proposed action.\69\ For integrated 
documents where an agency is preparing a document pursuant to multiple 
environmental statutory requirements, it may indicate that the estimate 
reflects costs associated with NEPA compliance as well as compliance 
with other environmental review and authorization requirements. 
Agencies can develop methodologies for preparing these cost estimates 
in their implementing procedures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ See, e.g., U.S. Department of the Interior, Reporting Costs 
Associated with Developing Environmental Impact Statements (July 23, 
2018), https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/dep_sec_memo_07232018_-_reporting_costs_associated_w_developing_environmental_impact_statements.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This amendment will address the concerns raised by the U.S. 
Government Accountability Office that agencies are not tracking the 
costs of NEPA analyses, as well as the many comments CEQ received from 
stakeholders regarding the costs associated with development of NEPA 
analyses.\70\ Including such costs on the cover sheet would also be 
consistent with current OMB direction to Federal agencies to track 
costs of environmental reviews and authorizations for major 
infrastructure projects pursuant to E.O. 13807 and would provide the 
public with additional information regarding EIS-level NEPA documents.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ In a 2014 report, the U.S. Government Accountability Office 
found that Federal agencies do not routinely track data on the cost 
of completing NEPA analyses, and that the cost can vary 
considerably, depending on the complexity and scope of the project. 
U.S. Gov't Accountability Office, GAO-14-370, NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL 
POLICY ACT: Little Information Exists on NEPA Analyses (Apr. 15, 
2014), https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-370. The report 
referenced the 2003 CEQ task force analysis referenced above which 
estimated that a typical EIS costs from $250,000 to $2 million. See 
NEPA Task Force Report, supra note 16, at p. 65.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Purpose and Need (Sec.  1502.13)
    CEQ received a number of comments in response to the ANPRM 
recommending that CEQ better define the requirements for purpose and 
need statements. The current CEQ regulations require that an EIS 
``briefly specify the underlying purpose and need to which the agency 
is responding in proposing the alternatives including the proposed 
action.'' 40 CFR 1502.13.
    The focus of the purpose and need statement is the purpose and need 
for the proposed action, and agencies should develop it based on 
consideration of the relevant statutory authority for the proposed 
action. The purpose and need statement also provides the framework in 
which ``reasonable alternatives'' to the proposed action will be 
identified. CEQ has advised that this discussion of purpose and need 
should be concise (typically one or two paragraphs long) and that the 
lead agency is responsible for its definition. See Connaughton Letter, 
supra note 23 (``Thoughtful resolution of the purpose and need 
statement at the beginning of the process will contribute to a rational 
environmental review process and save considerable delay and 
frustration later in the decision[-]making process.''). ``In situations 
involving two or more agencies that have a decision to make for the 
same proposed action and responsibility to comply with NEPA or a 
similar statute, it is prudent to jointly develop a purpose and need 
statement that can be utilized by both agencies. An agreed-upon purpose 
and need statement at this stage can prevent problems later that may 
delay completion of the NEPA process.'' Id. The lead agency is 
responsible for developing the purpose and need, and cooperating 
agencies should give deference to the lead agency and identify any 
substantive concerns early in the process to ensure swift resolution. 
See OFD Framework Guidance, Sec.  VIII.A.5 and XII, supra note 27, and 
Connaughton Letter, supra note 23.
    Consistent with CEQ guidance and in response to comments, CEQ 
proposes to revise Sec.  1502.13, ``Purpose and need,'' to clarify that 
the statement should focus on the purpose and need for the proposed 
action. In particular, CEQ proposes to strike ``to which the agency is 
responding in proposing the alternatives including'' to focus on the 
proposed action. CEQ further proposes, as discussed below, to address 
the relationship between the proposed action and alternatives in the 
definition of reasonable alternatives and other sections that refer to 
alternatives. Additionally, CEQ proposes to add a sentence to clarify 
that when an agency is responsible for reviewing applications for 
authorizations, the agency shall base the purpose and need on the 
applicant's goals and the agency's statutory authority. This addition 
is consistent with the proposed definition of reasonable alternatives, 
which must meet the goals of the applicant, where applicable.
5. Alternatives (Sec.  1502.14)
    CEQ also received many comments requesting clarification regarding 
``alternatives'' under the regulations. This section of an EIS should 
describe the proposed action and alternatives in comparative form, 
including their environmental impacts, such that the decision maker and 
the public can understand the basis for choice. However, as explained 
in Sec.  1502.16 and reinforced by Question 7 of the Forty Questions, 
supra note 10, this section of the EIS should not duplicate the 
affected environment and environmental consequences sections, and 
agencies have flexibility to combine these three sections in a manner 
that clearly sets forth the basis for decision making. CEQ proposes a 
few changes to Sec.  1502.14, ``Alternatives including the proposed 
action,'' to provide further clarity on the scope of the alternatives 
analysis in an EIS. CEQ proposes changes to Sec.  1502.14 to simplify 
and clarify the language, and align it with the format of the related 
provisions of part 1502.
    In paragraph (a), CEQ proposes to delete ``all'' before 
``reasonable

[[Page 1702]]

alternatives'' and insert afterward ``to the proposed action.'' NEPA 
itself provides no specific guidance concerning the range of 
alternatives an agency must consider for each proposal. Section 
102(2)(C), provides only that an agency should prepare a detailed 
statement addressing, among other things, ``alternatives to the 
proposed action.'' 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(C). Section 102(2)(E) requires 
only that agencies ``study, develop, and describe appropriate 
alternatives to recommended courses of action.'' 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(E) 
Implementing this limited statutory direction, CEQ has advised that 
``[w]hen there are potentially a very large number of alternatives, 
only a reasonable number of examples, covering the full spectrum of 
alternatives, must be analyzed and compared in the EIS.'' Question 1b, 
Forty Questions, supra note 10.
    It is CEQ's view that NEPA's policy goals are satisfied when an 
agency analyzes reasonable alternatives, and that an EIS need not 
include every available alternative where the consideration of a 
spectrum of alternatives allows for the selection of any alternative 
within that spectrum. The reasonableness of the analysis of 
alternatives in a final EIS is resolved not by any particular number of 
alternatives considered, but by the nature of the underlying agency 
action. The discussion of environmental effects of alternatives need 
not be exhaustive, but must provide information sufficient to permit a 
reasoned choice of alternatives for the agency to evaluate available 
reasonable alternatives, 40 CFR 1502.14(a), including significant 
alternatives that are called to its attention by other agencies, 
organizations, communities, or a member of the public. Analysis of 
alternatives also may serve purposes other than NEPA compliance, such 
as evaluation of the least environmentally damaging practicable 
alternative for the discharge of dredged or fill material under section 
404(b)(1) of the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. 1344(b)(1).
    The number of alternatives that is appropriate for an agency to 
consider will vary. For some actions, such as where the Federal 
agency's authority to consider alternatives is limited by statute, the 
range of alternatives may be limited to the proposed action and the no 
action alternative. For actions where the Federal authority to consider 
a range of alternatives is broad, the final EIS itself should consider 
a broader range of reasonable alternatives. However, a process of 
narrowing alternatives is in accord with NEPA's ``rule of reason'' and 
common sense--agencies need not reanalyze alternatives previously 
rejected, particularly when an earlier analysis of numerous reasonable 
alternatives was incorporated into the final analysis and the agency 
has considered and responded to public comment favoring other 
alternatives.
    For consistency with this change, CEQ proposes to strike ``the'' 
before ``reasonable alternatives'' in Sec.  1502.1, and amend Sec.  
1502.16, ``Environmental consequences,'' to clarify in proposed 
paragraph (a)(1) that the discussion must include the environmental 
impacts of the ``proposed action and reasonable alternatives.''
    In response to CEQ's ANPRM, some commenters urged that the 
regulations should not require agencies to account for impacts over 
which the agency has no control, including those resulting from 
alternatives outside its jurisdiction. CEQ proposes to strike paragraph 
(c) of 40 CFR 1502.14 as a requirement for all EISs because it is not 
efficient or reasonable to require agencies to develop detailed 
analyses relating to alternatives outside the jurisdiction of the lead 
agency. This change is consistent with proposed Sec.  1501.1(a)(2). 
Further, the proposed definition of ``reasonable alternatives'' would 
preclude alternatives outside the agency's jurisdiction because they 
would not be technically feasible due to the agency's lack of statutory 
authority to implement that alternative. However, an agency may discuss 
reasonable alternatives not within their jurisdiction when necessary 
for the agency's decision-making process such as when preparing an EIS 
to address legislative EIS requirements pursuant to Sec.  1506.8 and to 
specific Congressional directives. See section II.H, infra, for further 
discussion.
    A concern raised by many commenters is that agencies have limited 
resources and that it is important that agencies use those resources 
effectively. Analyzing a large number of alternatives, particularly 
where it is clear that only a few alternatives would be economically 
and technically feasible and realistically implemented by the 
applicant, can divert limited agency resources. CEQ invites comment on 
whether the regulations should establish a presumptive maximum number 
of alternatives for evaluation of a proposed action, or alternatively 
for certain categories of proposed actions. CEQ seeks comment on (1) 
specific categories of actions, if any, that should be identified for 
the presumption or for exceptions to the presumption; and (2) what the 
presumptive number of alternatives should be (e.g., a maximum of three 
alternatives including the no action alternative).
6. Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences (Sec. Sec.  
1502.15 and 1502.16)
    CEQ proposes in Sec.  1502.15, ``Affected environment,'' to 
explicitly allow for combining of affected environment and 
environmental consequences sections to adopt what has become a common 
practice in some agencies. This revision would ensure that the 
description of the affected environment is focused on those aspects of 
the environment that are affected by the proposed action. In proposed 
paragraph (a)(1) of Sec.  1502.16, ``Environmental consequences,'' CEQ 
proposes to consolidate into one paragraph the requirement to include a 
discussion of the effects of the proposed action and reasonable 
alternatives. The combined discussion should focus on those effects 
that are reasonably foreseeable and have a close causal relationship to 
the proposed action, consistent with the proposed revised definition of 
effects addressed in Sec.  1508.1(g). To align with the statute, CEQ 
also proposes to add a new Sec.  1502.16(a)(10) to provide that 
discussion of environmental consequences should include, where 
applicable, economic and technical considerations consistent with 
section 102(2)(B) of NEPA.
    Further, CEQ proposes to move the operative language that addresses 
when agencies need to consider economic and social effects in EISs from 
the definition of human environment in 40 CFR 1508.14 to proposed Sec.  
1502.16(b). CEQ also proposes to amend the language for clarity, 
explain that the agency makes the determination of when consideration 
of economic and social effects are interrelated with natural or 
physical environmental effects at which point the agency should give 
appropriate consideration to those effects, and strike ``all of'' as 
unnecessary.
7. Submitted Alternatives, Information, and Analyses (Sec. Sec.  
1502.17 and 1502.18)
    To ensure agencies have considered all alternatives, information, 
and analyses submitted by the public, including State, Tribal, and 
local governments as well as individuals and organizations, CEQ is 
proposing to add a requirement in Sec.  1502.17 to include a new 
section in draft and final EISs. This section, called the ``Submitted 
alternatives, information and analyses'' section, would include a 
summary of all alternatives, information, and analyses submitted by the 
public for consideration by the lead and

[[Page 1703]]

cooperating agencies in both the draft and final EISs. In developing 
the summary, agencies may refer to other relevant sections of the draft 
or final EIS, or to appendices.
    To improve the scoping process, CEQ proposes revisions to ensure 
agencies solicit and consider relevant information early in the 
development of the draft EIS. As discussed above, CEQ proposes to 
direct agencies to include a request for identification of 
alternatives, information, and analyses in the notice of intent (Sec.  
1501.9(d)(7)) and require agencies to summarize all relevant 
alternatives, information, and analyses submitted by public commenters 
in the draft and final EIS. CEQ also proposes in Sec.  1502.18, 
``Certification of alternatives, information, and analyses section,'' 
that, based on the alternatives, information, and analyses section 
required under Sec.  1502.17, the decision maker for the lead agency 
certify that the agency has considered such information and include the 
certification in the ROD under Sec.  1505.2(d). In addition, CEQ 
proposes a conclusive presumption that the agency has considered 
information summarized in that section because, where agencies have 
followed the process outlined above, and identified and described 
information submitted by the public, it is reasonable to presume the 
agency has considered such information.
8. Other Proposed Changes to Part 1502
    CEQ proposes to eliminate the option to circulate the summary of an 
EIS in Sec.  1502.21, ``Publication of the environmental impact 
statement,'' given the change from circulation to publication and the 
reality that most EISs are produced electronically. CEQ proposes to 
strike the word ``always'' from Sec.  1502.22(a) as unnecessarily 
limiting and eliminate 40 CFR 1502.22(c) addressing the applicability 
of the 1986 amendments to 40 CFR 1502.22, ``Incomplete or unavailable 
information,'' because this paragraph is obsolete. CEQ reiterates, as 
it stated in the promulgation of this regulation, that the term 
``overall cost'' as used in Sec.  1502.22 includes ``financial costs 
and other costs such as costs in terms of time (delay) and personnel.'' 
\71\ CEQ also proposes in paragraphs (b) and (c) to replace the term 
``exorbitant'' with ``unreasonable'' because ``unreasonable'' is more 
consistent with CEQ's original description of ``overall cost'' 
considerations, the common understanding of the term, and how the 
terminology has been interpreted in practice. CEQ invites comment on 
whether the ``overall costs'' of obtaining incomplete of unavailable 
information warrants further definition to address whether certain 
costs are or are not ``unreasonable.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ 51 FR at 15622 (Apr. 25, 1986).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A proposed revision to Sec.  1502.24, ``Methodology and scientific 
accuracy,'' would clarify that agencies should use reliable existing 
information and resources and are not required to undertake new 
scientific and technical research to inform their analyses. The phrase 
``new scientific and technical research'' is intended to distinguish 
separate and additional research that extends beyond existing 
scientific and technical information available in the public record or 
in publicly available academic or professional sources. This phrase is 
consistent with the requirement in Sec.  1502.22 to obtain incomplete 
or unavailable information regarding significant adverse effects if the 
means of obtaining the information is known and the cost to the 
decision-making process is not unreasonable. Agencies should use their 
experience and expertise to determine what scientific and technical 
information is needed to inform their analyses and decision making. CEQ 
also proposes to revise Sec.  1502.24 to allow agencies to draw on any 
source of information (such as remote sensing and statistical modeling) 
that the agency finds reliable and useful to the decision-making 
process. These changes would promote the use of reliable data, 
including information gathered using current technologies. Finally, CEQ 
proposes to revise Sec.  1502.25, ``Environmental review and 
consultation requirements,'' to clarify that agencies must, to the 
fullest extent possible, integrate their NEPA analysis with all other 
applicable Federal environmental review laws and Executive Orders in 
furtherance of the OFD policy and to make the environmental review 
process more efficient.\72\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ The Permitting Council has compiled a list of environmental 
laws and Executive Orders that may apply to a proposed action. See 
Federal Environmental Review and Authorization Inventory, https://www.permits.performance.gov/tools/federal-environmental-review-and-authorization-inventory.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Proposed Revisions To Commenting on Environmental Impact Statements 
(Part 1503)

    CEQ proposes to modernize part 1503 given the existence of current 
technologies not available at the time of the 1978 regulations. In 
particular, the proposed regulations would encourage agencies to use 
the current methods of electronic communication both to publish 
important environmental information and to structure public 
participation for greater efficiency and inclusion of interested 
persons. CEQ proposes to revise Sec.  1503.1, ``Inviting comments and 
requesting information and analyses,'' in proposed paragraph (a)(2)(v) 
to give agencies flexibility in the public involvement process to 
solicit comments ``in a manner designed to inform'' parties interested 
or affected ``by the proposed action.'' CEQ also proposes a new 
paragraph (a)(3) that requires agencies to specifically invite comment 
on the completeness of the submitted alternatives, information and 
analyses section (Sec.  1502.17). Because interested parties have an 
affirmative duty to comment during the public review period in order 
for the agency to consider their positions, see Vt. Yankee, 435 U.S. at 
553, proposed paragraph (c) would require agencies to provide for 
commenting using electronic means while ensuring accessibility to those 
who may not have such access to ensure adequate notice and opportunity 
to comment.
    CEQ also proposes a revision to Sec.  1503.2, ``Duty to comment,'' 
to clarify that when a cooperating agency with jurisdiction by law 
specifies measures it considers necessary for a regulatory approval, it 
should cite its applicable statutory authority to ensure this 
information is made known to the lead agency.
    Further, CEQ proposes to revise paragraph (a) of Sec.  1503.3, 
``Specificity of comments and information,'' to explain that the 
purposes of comments is to promote informed decision making and further 
clarify that comments should provide sufficient detail for the agency 
to consider the comment in its decision-making process. See Pub. 
Citizen, 541 U.S. at 764; Vt. Yankee, 435 U.S. at 553 (while ``NEPA 
places upon an agency the obligation to consider every significant 
aspect of the environmental impact of a proposed action, it is still 
incumbent upon [parties] who wish to participate to structure their 
participation so that it is meaningful, so that it alerts the agency to 
the [parties'] position . . . .''). CEQ also proposes that comments 
should explain why the issue raised is significant to the consideration 
of potential environmental impacts and alternatives to the proposed 
action, as well as economic and employment impacts, and other impacts 
affecting the quality of the environment. See Vt. Yankee, 435 U.S. at 
553 (``[Comments] must be significant enough to step over a threshold 
requirement of materiality before any lack of agency response or 
consideration becomes a concern. The comment cannot merely state that a 
particular

[[Page 1704]]

mistake was made . . . ; it must show why the mistake was of possible 
significance in the results . . . .'' (quoting Portland Cement Assn. v. 
Ruckelshaus, 486 F.2d 375, 394 (1973), cert. denied sub nom. Portland 
Cement Corp. v. Administrator, EPA, 417 U.S. 921 (1974))). CEQ also 
proposes a new Sec.  1503.3(b) to emphasize that comments on the 
submitted alternatives, information and analyses section should 
identify any additional alternatives, information or analyses not 
included in the draft EIS, and should be as specific as possible.
    Finally, section 102(2)(C) of NEPA requires that agencies obtain 
views of Federal agencies with jurisdiction by law or expertise with 
respect to any environmental impact, and also directs that agencies 
make copies of the environmental impact statement and the comments and 
views of appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies available to 
the President, CEQ and the public. 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(C). Part 1503 of 
the CEQ regulations include provisions relating to inviting and 
responding to comments. In practice, the processing of comments can 
require substantial time and resources. CEQ proposes to amend Sec.  
1503.4, ``Response to comments,'' to simplify and clarify in paragraph 
(a) that agencies are required to consider substantive comments timely 
submitted during the public comment period. CEQ also proposes to 
clarify that an agency may respond to comments individually or 
collectively. Consistent with this revision, CEQ proposes additionally 
to clarify that in the final EIS, agencies may respond by a variety of 
means, and to strike the detailed language in paragraph (a)(5) relating 
to comments that do not warrant further agency response.
    CEQ also proposes to clarify in paragraph (b) that agencies must 
append comment responses to EISs rather than including them in the body 
of the EIS, or otherwise publish them. Under current practice, some 
agencies include these comment responses in the EISs themselves, which 
can contribute to excessive length. See Length of Environmental Impact 
Statements, supra note 34. These changes would not preclude an agency 
from summarizing or discussing specific comments in the EIS as well.

F. Proposed Revisions to Pre-Decisional Referrals to the Council of 
Proposed Federal Actions Determined To Be Environmentally 
Unsatisfactory (Part 1504)

    Section 309 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7609) requires the 
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to review and comment on certain 
proposed actions of other Federal agencies and to make those comments 
public. Where appropriate, EPA may exercise its authority under section 
309(b) of the Clean Air Act and refer the matter to CEQ. CEQ's 
regulations addressing this referral process are set forth in part 
1504.
    CEQ proposes edits to part 1504, ``Pre-decisional Referrals to the 
Council of Proposed Federal Actions Determined to be Environmentally 
Unsatisfactory,'' to improve clarity and to add EAs. Though infrequent, 
CEQ has received referrals on EAs and proposes to capture this practice 
in the regulations.
    CEQ proposes additional revisions to ensure a more timely and 
efficient process. Consistent with the statute, CEQ proposes to add 
economic and technical considerations to paragraph (g) of Sec.  1504.2, 
``Criteria for referrals.'' In Sec.  1504.3, ``Procedure for referrals 
and response,'' CEQ proposes changes to simplify and modernize the 
process. CEQ also proposes a minor revision to the title of part 1504, 
striking ``Predecision'' and inserting ``Pre-decisional.''

G. Proposed Revisions to NEPA and Agency Decision Making (Part 1505)

    CEQ proposes minor edits to part 1505 for clarity. CEQ proposes to 
move 40 CFR 1505.1, ``Agency decisionmaking procedures,'' to Sec.  
1507.3(b), as discussed further below. CEQ proposes to clarify in the 
introductory paragraph of Sec.  1505.2, ``Record of decision in cases 
requiring environmental impact statements,'' in cases requiring EISs, 
that agencies must ``timely publish'' their RODs. This paragraph also 
would clarify that ``joint'' RODs by two or more Federal agencies are 
permitted; this change is also consistent with the OFD policy and E.O. 
13807. Finally, CEQ proposes edits in paragraph (c) to change from 
passive to active voice for clarity.

H. Proposed Revisions to Other Requirements of NEPA (Part 1506)

    CEQ proposes a number of edits to part 1506 to improve the NEPA 
process to make it more efficient and flexible, especially where 
actions involve third-party applicants. CEQ also proposes several edits 
for clarity.
    In particular, CEQ proposes to add FONSIs to paragraph (a) of Sec.  
1506.1, ``Limitations on actions during NEPA process,'' to clarify 
existing practice and judicial determinations that the limitation on 
actions applies when an agency is preparing an EA as well as an EIS. 
CEQ proposes to consolidate paragraph (d) with paragraph (b) and revise 
the language to provide additional clarity on what activities are 
allowable during the NEPA process. Specifically, CEQ proposes to 
eliminate reference to a specific agency in paragraph (d), and provide 
in paragraph (b) that this section does not preclude certain activities 
by an applicant to support an application of Federal, State, Tribal or 
local permits or assistance. As an example of activities an applicant 
may undertake, CEQ proposes to add ``acquisition of interests in 
land,'' which would include acquisitions of rights-of-way and 
conservation easements. CEQ invites comment on whether it should make 
any additional changes to Sec.  1506.1, including whether there are 
circumstances under which an agency may authorize irreversible and 
irretrievable commitments of resources.
    A revision to Sec.  1506.2, ``Elimination of duplication with 
State, Tribal, and local procedures,'' would acknowledge the increasing 
number of State, Tribal, and local governments conducting NEPA reviews 
pursuant to assignment from Federal agencies. See, e.g., 23 U.S.C. 327, 
25 U.S.C. 4115 and 5389(a). The revision in paragraph (a) would clarify 
that Federal agencies are authorized to cooperate with such State, 
Tribal, and local agencies and must do so to reduce duplication under 
paragraph (b). CEQ proposes to add examples to paragraph (b) to 
encourage use of prior reviews and decisions. CEQ proposes to modify 
paragraph (c) to give agencies flexibility to determine whether to 
cooperate in fulfilling State, Tribal, or local EIS or similar 
requirements. Finally, CEQ proposes to clarify in paragraph (d) that 
NEPA does not require reconciliation of inconsistencies between the 
proposed action and State, Tribal or local plans or laws, although the 
EIS should discuss the inconsistencies. These revisions would promote 
efficiency and reduce duplication between Federal and State, Tribal, 
and local requirements. Other commenters noted that this provision 
continues to serve an important role given the increased numbers of 
non-Federal agencies assuming NEPA responsibilities from a Federal 
agency.
    Consistent with current practice by many agencies, the proposed 
regulations would expand Sec.  1506.3, ``Adoption,'' to expressly cover 
EAs as well as EISs. CEQ also proposes edits throughout to clarify the 
process for documenting adoption and the subsequent decision. Finally, 
paragraph (f) would allow an agency to adopt another agency's 
determination to apply a CE to a proposed action if the adopting 
agency's proposed action is substantially the same action. To allow 
agencies to use

[[Page 1705]]

one another's CEs more generally, CEQ also proposes revisions to Sec.  
1507.3(e)(5), which would allow agencies to establish a process in 
their NEPA procedures to adopt another agency's CE.
    CEQ also proposes to amend Sec.  1506.4, ``Combining documents,'' 
to encourage agencies ``to the fullest extent practicable'' to combine 
their environmental documents with other agency documents to reduce 
duplication and paperwork. For example, the U.S. Forest Service 
routinely combines EISs with forest management plans, and agencies may 
use their NEPA documents to satisfy compliance with section 106 of the 
National Historic Preservation Act under 36 CFR 800.8.
    In response to the ANPRM, commenters urged CEQ to allow greater 
flexibility for the project sponsor (including private entities) to 
participate in the preparation of the NEPA documents under the 
supervision of the lead agency. An update to Sec.  1506.5, ``Agency 
responsibility for environmental documents,'' would give agencies more 
flexibility with respect to the preparation of environmental documents 
while continuing to require agencies to independently evaluate and take 
responsibility for those documents. Applicants and contractors would be 
able to assume a greater role in contributing information and material 
to the preparation of environmental documents, subject to the 
supervision of the agency. However, agencies would remain responsible 
for taking reasonable steps to ensure the accuracy of information 
prepared by applicants and contractors. If a contractor or applicant 
prepares the document, paragraph (c)(1) would require the decision-
making agency official to provide guidance, participate in the 
preparation, independently evaluate the statement, and take 
responsibility for its content. These changes are intended to improve 
communication between proponents of a proposal for agency action and 
the officials tasked with evaluating the effects of the action and 
reasonable alternatives, to improve the quality of NEPA documents and 
efficiency of the NEPA process.
    CEQ also proposes to update Sec.  1506.6, ``Public involvement,'' 
to give agencies greater flexibility to design and customize public 
involvement to best meet the specific circumstances of their proposed 
actions. Proposed revisions to paragraph (b)(2) would clarify that 
agencies may notify any organizations that have requested regular 
notice. Proposed paragraph (b)(3)(x) would provide for notice through 
electronic media, but clarify that agencies may not limit public 
notification to solely electronic methods for actions occurring in 
whole or in part in areas without high-speed internet access, such as 
rural locations. CEQ also proposes to amend paragraph (f), which 
requires that EISs, comments received, and any underlying documents be 
made available to the public pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act 
(FOIA) by updating the reference to FOIA, which has been amended 
numerous times since the enactment of NEPA, mostly recently by the FOIA 
Improvement Act of 2016, Public Law 114-185. Further, CEQ proposes to 
strike the remaining text to align paragraph (f) with the text of 
section 102(2)(C) of NEPA, including with regard to fees. CEQ also 
proposes to update and modernize Sec.  1506.7, ``Further guidance,'' to 
state that CEQ may provide further guidance concerning NEPA and its 
procedures consistent with applicable Executive Orders.
    CEQ proposes to consolidate the legislative EIS requirements from 
the definition of legislation in the current 40 CFR 1508.17 into Sec.  
1506.8, ``Proposals for legislation,'' and revise the provision for 
clarity. Agencies prepare legislative EISs for Congress when they are 
proposing specific actions such as a legislative proposal for the 
withdrawal of public lands for military use. See, e.g., Nevada Test and 
Training Range Military Land Withdrawal Legislative Environmental 
Impact Statement, Environmental Impact Statements; Notice of 
Availability, 83 FR 54105 (Oct. 26, 2018).
    CEQ also invites comment on whether the legislative EIS requirement 
should be eliminated or modified because the President proposes 
legislation, and therefore it is inconsistent with the Recommendations 
Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which provides the President shall 
recommend for Congress' consideration ``such [m]easures as he shall 
judge necessary and expedient . . . .'' U.S. Constitution, Art. II, 
Sec.  3. The President is not a Federal agency, 40 CFR 1508.12, and the 
proposal of legislation by the President is not an agency action. 
Franklin v. Mass., 505 U.S. 788, 800-01 (1992).
    CEQ also proposes to add a new Sec.  1506.9, ``Proposals for 
regulations,'' to address the analyses required for rulemakings. This 
section would clarify that analyses prepared pursuant to other 
statutory or Executive Order requirements may serve as the functional 
equivalent of the EIS and be sufficient to comply with NEPA. CEQ 
proposes in Sec.  1507.3(b)(6) to allow agencies to identify in their 
agency NEPA procedures documents prepared pursuant to other statutory 
requirements or Executive Orders that meet the requirements of NEPA.
    For some rulemakings, agencies conduct a regulatory impact analysis 
(RIA), pursuant to E.O. 12866, ``Regulatory Planning and Review,'' \73\ 
that assesses regulatory impacts to air and water quality, ecosystems, 
and animal habitat, among other environmental factors. E.O. 12866, 
Sec.  6(a)(3)(C)(i)-(ii). An RIA, alone or in combination with other 
documents, may serve the purposes of the EIS if (1) there are 
substantive and procedural standards that ensure full and adequate 
consideration of environmental issues; (2) there is public 
participation before a final alternative is selected; and (3) a purpose 
of the review that the agency is conducting is to examine environmental 
issues. CEQ proposes Sec.  1506.9 to promote efficiency and reduce 
duplication in the assessment of regulatory proposals.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ 58 FR 51735 (Oct. 4, 1993).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The analyses must address the detailed statement requirements 
specified in section 102(2)(C) of NEPA. More specifically, when those 
analyses address environmental effects, alternatives, the relationship 
between short-term uses and long-term productivity, and any 
irreversible commitments of resources, these analyses may serve as 
functional equivalents for an EIS. Further, these analyses must balance 
a clear and express environmental protection purpose with any other 
variables under consideration, such as economic needs. Finally, that 
balance must anticipate the advantages and disadvantages of the 
preparation of a separate EIS.
    CEQ invites comments on additional analyses agencies are already 
conducting that, in whole or when aggregated, can serve as the 
functional equivalent of the EIS. Aspects of the E.O. 12866 cost 
benefit analysis may naturally overlap with aspects of the EIS.
    CEQ also proposes to update Sec.  1506.10, ``Filing requirements,'' 
to remove the obsolete process for filing paper copies of EISs with EPA 
and EPA's delivery of a copy to CEQ, and instead provide for electronic 
filing, consistent with EPA's procedures. This proposed change would 
provide flexibility to adapt as EPA changes its processes.
    A proposed clause in paragraph (b) would acknowledge the statutory 
requirement of some agencies to issue a combined final EIS and ROD. See 
23 U.S.C. 139(n)(2) and 49 U.S.C. 304a(b). Proposed paragraph (c) 
addresses when

[[Page 1706]]

agencies may make an exception to the current rules set forth in 
paragraph (b) on timing for issuing a ROD.
    Over the last 40 years, CEQ has developed significant experience 
with NEPA in the context of emergencies and disaster recoveries. 
Actions following Hurricanes Katrina, Harvey, and Michael, as well as 
catastrophic wildfires, have given CEQ the opportunity to explore a 
variety of circumstances where alternative arrangements for complying 
with NEPA are necessary. CEQ proposes to amend Sec.  1506.12, 
``Emergencies,'' to clarify that alternative arrangements are still 
meant to comply with section 102(2)(C)'s requirement for a ``detailed 
statement.'' This amendment is consistent with CEQ's longstanding 
position that it has no authority to exempt Federal agencies from 
compliance with NEPA, but that CEQ can appropriately provide for 
exceptions to specific requirements of CEQ's regulations implementing 
the procedural provisions of NEPA to address extraordinary 
circumstances that are not addressed by agency implementing procedures 
previously approved by CEQ. See Emergencies Guidance, supra note 19. 
CEQ maintains a public description of all pending and completed 
alternative arrangements on its website.\74\
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    \74\ https://ceq.doe.gov/nepa-practice/alternative_arrangements.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, CEQ proposes to modify Sec.  1506.13, ``Effective date,'' 
to clarify that this regulation would apply to all NEPA processes begun 
after the effective date, but agencies have the discretion to apply it 
to ongoing reviews. CEQ also proposes to remove the 1979 effective date 
of the current regulations and the reference to the 1973 guidance in 
the current paragraph (a) and strike the current paragraph (b) 
regarding actions begun before January 1, 1970 because they are 
obsolete.

I. Proposed Revisions to Agency Compliance (Part 1507)

    CEQ proposes modifications to part 1507, which addresses agency 
compliance with NEPA. The proposed changes would consolidate provisions 
relating to agency procedures from elsewhere in the CEQ regulations, 
and add a new section to address the dissemination of information about 
agency NEPA programs. A proposed change to Sec.  1507.1, 
``Compliance,'' would strike the second sentence for consistency with 
changes to the provisions for agency NEPA procedures at Sec.  1507.3. A 
proposed change to paragraph (a) of Sec.  1507.2, ``Agency capability 
to comply,'' would make the senior agency official responsible for 
coordination, communication, and compliance with NEPA, including 
resolving implementation issues and representing the agency analysis of 
the effects of agency actions on the human environment in agency 
decision-making processes. The proposed Sec.  1507.2(a) would make the 
senior agency official responsible for addressing disputes among lead 
and cooperating agencies and enforcing page and time limits. The senior 
agency official would be responsible for ensuring all environmental 
documents--even exceptionally lengthy ones--are provided to Federal 
agency decision makers in a timely, readable, and useful format. CEQ 
also proposes to clarify in the introductory paragraph that in NEPA 
compliance an agency may use the ``the resources of other agencies, 
applicants, and other participants in the NEPA process,'' for which the 
agency should account. CEQ proposes to amend paragraph (c) to emphasize 
agency cooperation, which would include commenting. Finally, CEQ 
proposes to add references to E.O. 11991, which amended E.O. 11514, and 
E.O. 13807 in paragraph (f) to codify agencies' responsibility to 
comply with the Order.
    In developing their procedures, agencies should strive to identify 
and apply efficiencies, such as use of applicable CEs, adoption of 
prior NEPA analyses, and incorporation by reference to prior relevant 
Federal, State, Tribal, and local analyses, wherever practicable. To 
facilitate effective and efficient procedures, CEQ proposes to 
consolidate all of the requirements for agency NEPA procedures in Sec.  
1507.3 and add a new Sec.  1507.4 to provide the means of publishing 
information on ongoing NEPA reviews and agency records relating to NEPA 
reviews. This includes moving the provisions in Sec.  1505.1, ``Agency 
decision making procedures,'' to proposed Sec.  1507.3(b); moving the 
requirement to provide for extraordinary circumstances currently in 40 
CFR 1508.4 to proposed Sec.  1507.3(d)(2)(ii); moving the requirement 
to adopt procedures for introducing a supplement into the agency's 
administrative record from 40 CFR 1502.9(d)(3) to proposed Sec.  
1507.3(d)(3); and moving the allowance to combine the agency's EA 
process with its scoping process from 40 CFR 1501.7(b)(3) to proposed 
Sec.  1507.3(e)(4).
    CEQ also proposes several revisions to Sec.  1507.3. Revised 
paragraph (a) would provide agencies the later of 1 year after 
publication of the final rule or 9 months after the establishment of an 
agency to develop or revise proposed agency NEPA procedures, as 
necessary, to implement the CEQ regulations. CEQ also proposes to 
eliminate the limitations on paraphrasing the CEQ regulations. Agency 
NEPA procedures should set forth the process by which agencies will 
comply with NEPA and the CEQ regulations in the context of their 
particular programs and processes. In addition, CEQ proposes to clarify 
that except as otherwise provided by law or for agency efficiency, 
agency NEPA procedures shall not impose additional procedures or 
requirements beyond those set forth in the CEQ regulations.
    CEQ proposes to subdivide paragraph (a) into subparagraphs (1) and 
(2) for additional clarity because each of these is an independent 
requirement. CEQ proposes to eliminate the recommendation to agencies 
to issue explanatory guidance and the requirement to review their 
policies and procedures because the responsibility to revise procedures 
would be addressed in paragraph (a).
    Consistent with the proposed edits to Sec.  1500.1, CEQ proposes to 
revise paragraph (b) to clarify that agencies should ensure decisions 
are made in accordance with the Act's procedural requirements and 
policy of integrating NEPA with other environmental reviews to promote 
efficient and timely decision making. CEQ proposes a new paragraph 
(b)(6) to encourage agencies to set forth in their NEPA procedures 
requirements to combine their NEPA documents with other agency 
documents, especially where the same or similar analyses are required 
for compliance with other requirements. Many agencies implement 
statutes that call for consideration of alternatives to the agency 
proposal, including the no action alternative, the effects of the 
agencies' proposal and alternatives, and public involvement. Agencies 
can use their NEPA procedures to align compliance with NEPA and these 
other statutory authorities, including provisions for page and time 
limits that integrate NEPA's goals for informed decision making with 
agencies' specific statutory requirements. This approach is consistent 
with some agency practice, but more agencies could use it to achieve 
greater efficiency and reduce unnecessary duplication. See, e.g., 36 
CFR part 220 (U.S. Forest Service NEPA procedures).
    Under the proposed Sec.  1507.3(b)(6), agencies may document any 
agency determination that compliance with the environmental review 
requirements of other statutes or Executive Orders serves as the 
functional equivalent of NEPA compliance by identifying that (1) there 
are substantive and procedural

[[Page 1707]]

standards that ensure full and adequate consideration of environmental 
issues; (2) there is public participation before a final alternative is 
selected; and (3) a purpose of the review that the agency is conducting 
is to examine environmental issues. While the courts have found that 
EPA need not conduct NEPA analyses under a number of statutes that are 
``functionally equivalent,'' including the Clean Air Act, the Ocean 
Dumping Act, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Comprehensive 
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, CEQ proposes 
that the concept of functional equivalency be extended to other 
agencies that conduct analyses to examine environmental issues.
    Furthermore, CEQ proposes to add a new paragraph (c), which would 
provide that agencies may identify actions that are not subject to NEPA 
in their agency NEPA procedures, including (1) non-major Federal 
actions; (2) non-discretionary actions, in whole or in part; (3) 
actions expressly exempt from NEPA under another statute; (4) actions 
for which compliance with NEPA would clearly and fundamentally conflict 
with the requirements of another statute; and (5) actions for which 
compliance with NEPA would be inconsistent with Congressional intent 
due to the requirements of another statute. These changes would conform 
to the new Sec.  1501.1, ``NEPA threshold applicability analysis,'' 
section, which provides five considerations in determining whether NEPA 
applies to a proposed action.
    CEQ proposes to amend paragraph (d)(2)(ii) to require agencies to 
identify in their procedures when documentation of a CE determination 
is required. CEQ proposes to add language to paragraph (e)(3) to codify 
existing agency practice to publish notices when it pauses an EIS or 
withdraws an NOI. Finally, CEQ proposes to add a new paragraph (e)(5) 
that would allow agencies to establish a process in their agency NEPA 
procedures whereby the agency may apply a CE listed in another agency's 
NEPA procedures. Such procedure would set forth the process by which 
the agency would consult with the agency that listed the CE in its NEPA 
procedures to ensure that the application of the CE is consistent with 
the originating agency's intent and practice.
    CEQ invites comment on whether it should specifically allow an 
agency to apply a categorical exclusion established in another agency's 
NEPA procedures to its proposed action. CEQ invites comment on any 
process its regulations should include to ensure the appropriate 
application of an agency's CE to another agency's action.
    Finally, the proposed Sec.  1507.4, ``Agency NEPA program 
information,'' would require agencies in their NEPA implementing 
procedures to provide for a website or other means of publishing 
certain information on ongoing NEPA reviews and maintaining and 
permitting public access to agency records relating to NEPA reviews. 
This provision would promote transparency and efficiency in the NEPA 
process, and improve interagency coordination by ensuring that 
information is more readily available to other agencies and the public.
    Opportunities exist for agencies to combine existing geospatial 
data, including remotely sensed images, and analyses to streamline 
environmental review and better coordinate development of environmental 
documents for multi-agency projects, consistent with the OFD policy. 
One option involves creating a single NEPA application that facilitates 
consolidation of existing datasets and can run several relevant 
geographic information system (GIS) analyses to help standardize the 
production of robust analytical results. This application could have a 
public-facing component modeled along the lines of EPA's NEPAssist,\75\ 
which would aid prospective project sponsors with site selection and 
project design and increase public transparency. The application could 
link to the Permitting Dashboard to help facilitate project tracking 
and flexibilities under Sec. Sec.  1506.5 and 1506.6. CEQ invites 
comment on this proposal, including comment on whether additional 
regulatory changes could help facilitate streamlined GIS analysis to 
help agencies comply with NEPA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ https://nepassisttool.epa.gov/nepassist/nepamap.aspx. See 
also the Marine Cadastre, which provides consolidated GIS 
information for offshore actions, https://marinecadastre.gov/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

J. Proposed Revisions to Definitions (Part 1508)

    CEQ proposes significant revisions to part 1508. CEQ proposes to 
clarify the definitions of a number of key NEPA terms in order to 
reduce ambiguity, both through modification of existing definitions and 
the addition of new definitions. CEQ also proposes to eliminate 
individual section numbers for each term in favor of an alphabetical 
list of defined terms in the revised Sec.  1508.1. CEQ proposes 
conforming edits to remove citations to the specific definition 
sections throughout the proposed rule. Finally, CEQ proposes to move 
the operative language included throughout the definitions sections to 
the relevant substantive sections of the regulations.
    New definition of ``authorization.'' CEQ proposes to define the 
term ``authorization'' to refer to the types of activities that might 
be required for permitting a proposed action, in particular 
infrastructure projects. This definition is consistent with the 
definition included in FAST-41 and E.O. 13807.
    Clarifying the meaning of ``categorical exclusion.'' CEQ proposes 
to revise the definition of categorical exclusion by inserting 
``normally'' to clarify that there may be situations where an action 
may have significant effects on account of extraordinary circumstances. 
CEQ also proposes to strike ``individually or cumulatively'' for 
consistency with the proposed revisions to the definition of 
``effects'' discussed below. CEQ proposes conforming edits in 
Sec. Sec.  1500.4(a) and 1500.5(a). As noted in section II.I, CEQ 
proposes to move the requirement to provide for extraordinary 
circumstances in agency procedures to Sec.  1507.3(d)(2)(ii).
    Clarifying the meaning of ``cooperating agency.'' CEQ proposes to 
amend the definition of cooperating agency to make clear that a State, 
Tribal, or local agency may be a cooperating agency when the lead 
agency agrees, and to move the corresponding operative language to 
proposed Sec.  1501.8(a).
    Clarifying the meaning of ``effects.'' Many commenters have urged 
CEQ to refine the definition of effects. Commenters raised concerns 
that the current definition creates confusion, and that the terms 
``indirect'' and ``cumulative'' have been interpreted expansively 
resulting in excessive documentation about speculative effects and 
leading to frequent litigation. Commenters also have raised concerns 
that this has expanded the scope of NEPA analysis without serving 
NEPA's purpose of informed decision making. Commenters stressed that 
the focus of the effects analysis should be on those effects that are 
reasonably foreseeable, related to the proposed action under 
consideration, and subject to the agency's jurisdiction and control. 
Commenters also noted that NEPA practitioners often struggle with 
describing cumulative impacts despite numerous publications on the 
topic.
    While NEPA refers to environmental impacts and environmental 
effects, it does not subdivide the terms into direct, indirect, or 
cumulative. To address commenters' concerns and reduce confusion and 
unnecessary litigation,

[[Page 1708]]

CEQ proposes to make amendments to simplify the definition of effects 
by consolidating the definition into a single paragraph and striking 
the specific references to direct, indirect, and cumulative effects.
    In particular, CEQ proposes to amend the definition of effects to 
provide clarity on the bounds of effects consistent with the Supreme 
Court's holding in Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen, 541 
U.S. at 767-68. Under the proposed definition, effects must be 
reasonably foreseeable and have a reasonably close causal relationship 
to the proposed action or alternatives; a ``but for'' causal 
relationship is insufficient to make an agency responsible for a 
particular effect under NEPA. This close causal relationship is 
analogous to proximate cause in tort law. Id. at 767; see also Metro. 
Edison Co., 460 U.S. at 774 (interpreting section 102 of NEPA to 
require ``a reasonably close causal relationship between a change in 
the physical environment and the effect at issue'' and stating that 
``[t]his requirement is like the familiar doctrine of proximate cause 
from tort law.''). CEQ seeks comment on whether to include in the 
definition of effects the concept that the close causal relationship is 
``analogous to proximate cause in tort law,'' and if so, how CEQ could 
provide additional clarity regarding the meaning of this phrase.
    CEQ proposes to strike the definition of cumulative impacts and 
strike the terms ``direct'' and ``indirect'' in order to focus agency 
time and resources on considering whether an effect is caused by the 
proposed action rather than on categorizing the type of effect. CEQ's 
proposed revisions to simplify the definition are intended to focus 
agencies on consideration of effects that are reasonably foreseeable 
and have a reasonably close causal relationship to the proposed action. 
In practice, substantial resources have been devoted to categorizing 
effects as direct, indirect, and cumulative, which, as noted above, are 
not terms referenced in the NEPA statute.
    In addition, CEQ proposes a change in position to state that 
analysis of cumulative effects, as defined in CEQ's current 
regulations, is not required under NEPA. While CEQ has issued detailed 
guidance on considering cumulative effects, categorizing and 
determining the geographic and temporal scope of such effects has been 
difficult and can divert agencies from focusing their time and 
resources on the most significant effects. Excessively lengthy 
documentation that does not focus on the most meaningful issues for the 
decision maker's consideration can lead to encyclopedic documents that 
include information that is irrelevant or inconsequential to the 
decision-making process. Instead, agencies should focus their efforts 
on analyzing effects that are most likely to be potentially significant 
and be effects that would occur as a result of the agency's decision. 
Agencies are not expected to conduct exhaustive research on identifying 
and categorizing actions beyond the agency's control. With this 
proposed change and the proposed elimination of the definition of 
cumulative impacts, it is CEQ's intent to focus agencies on analysis of 
effects that are reasonably foreseeable and have a reasonably close 
causal relationship to the proposed action.
    To further assist agencies in their assessment of significant 
effects, CEQ also proposes to clarify that effects should not be 
considered significant if they are remote in time, geographically 
remote, or the result of a lengthy causal chain. See, e.g., Pub. 
Citizen, 541 U.S. at 767-68 (``In particular, `courts must look to the 
underlying policies or legislative intent in order to draw a manageable 
line between those causal changes that may make an actor responsible 
for an effect and those that do not.' '' (quoting Metro. Edison Co., 
460 U.S. at 774 n.7)); Metro. Edison Co., 460 U.S. at 774 (noting 
effects may not fall within section 102 of NEPA because ``the causal 
chain is too attenuated''). To reinforce CEQ's proposed simplified 
definition of effects, CEQ proposes to consolidate paragraphs (a), (b), 
and (d) of 40 CFR 1502.16, ``Environmental consequences,'' into a new 
Sec.  1502.16(a)(1).
    Further, CEQ proposes to codify a key holding of Public Citizen 
relating to the definition of effects to make clear that effects do not 
include effects that the agency has no authority to prevent or would 
happen even without the agency action, because they would not have a 
sufficiently close causal connection to the proposed action. This 
clarification will help agencies better understand what effects they 
need to analyze and discuss, helping to reduce delays and paperwork 
with unnecessary analyses.
    CEQ invites comment on the proposed revisions to the definition of 
effects, including whether CEQ should affirmatively state that 
consideration of indirect effects is not required.
    Clarifying the meaning of ``environmental assessment.'' CEQ 
proposes to revise the definition of environmental assessment, 
describing the purpose for the document and moving all of the operative 
language from the definition to proposed Sec.  1501.5.
    Clarifying the meaning of ``Federal agency.'' CEQ proposes to amend 
the definition of ``Federal agency'' to broaden it to include States, 
Tribes, and units of local government to the extent that they have 
assumed NEPA responsibilities from a Federal agency pursuant to 
statute. Since the issuance of the CEQ regulations, Congress has 
authorized assumption of NEPA responsibilities in other contexts 
besides the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974. See, e.g., 
Surface Transportation Project Delivery Program, 23 U.S.C. 327. This 
change would acknowledge these programs and help clarify roles and 
responsibilities.
    Clarifying the meaning of ``human environment.'' CEQ proposes to 
change ``people'' to ``present and future generations of Americans'' 
consistent with section 101(a) of NEPA.
    Clarifying the meaning of ``lead agency.'' CEQ proposes to amend 
the definition of lead agency to clarify that this term includes joint 
lead agencies, which are an acceptable practice.
    Clarifying the meaning of ``legislation.'' CEQ proposes to move the 
operative language to Sec.  1506.8 and strike the example of treaties, 
because, as noted in section II.H, the President is not a Federal 
agency, and therefore a request for ratification of a treaty would not 
be subject to NEPA.
    Clarifying the meaning of ``major Federal action.'' CEQ received 
many comments requesting clarification of the definition of major 
Federal action. For example, CEQ received comments proposing that non-
Federal projects should not be considered major Federal actions based 
on a very minor Federal role. Commenters also recommended that CEQ 
clarify the definition to exclude decisions where agencies do not have 
discretion to consider and potentially modify their actions based on 
the environmental review.
    CEQ proposes to amend the first sentence of the definition to 
clarify that an action meets the definition if it is subject to Federal 
control and responsibility, and it has effects that may be significant. 
CEQ proposes to replace ``major'' effects with ``significant'' in this 
sentence to align with the NEPA statute.
    CEQ proposes to strike the second sentence of the definition, which 
provides ``Major reinforces but does not have a meaning independent of 
significantly.'' This is a change in position as compared to CEQ's 
earlier interpretation of NEPA. In the statute, Congress refers to 
``major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the 
human environment.'' 42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(C). Under the current

[[Page 1709]]

interpretation, however, the word ``major'' is rendered virtually 
meaningless.
    CEQ proposes to strike the sentence because all words of a statute 
must be given meaning consistent with longstanding principles of 
statutory interpretation. See, e.g., Bennett, 520 U.S. at 173 (``It is 
the ` ``cardinal principle of statutory construction'' . . . [that] it 
is our duty ``to give effect, if possible, to every clause and word of 
a statute'' . . . rather than to emasculate an entire section.' '' 
(quoting United States v. Menasche, 348 U.S. 528, 538 (1955))). The 
legislative history of NEPA also reflects that Congress used the term 
``major'' independently of ``significantly,'' and provided that, for 
major actions, agencies should make a determination as to whether the 
proposal would have a significant environmental impact. Specifically, 
the Senate Report for the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 
states, ``Each agency which proposes any major actions, such as project 
proposals, proposals for new legislation, regulations, policy 
statements, or expansion or revision of ongoing programs, shall make a 
determination as to whether the proposal would have a significant 
effect upon the quality of the human environment.'' S. Rep. No. 91-296, 
at 20 (1969) (emphasis added).\76\ Moreover, over the past four 
decades, in a number of cases, courts have determined that NEPA does 
not require the preparation of an EIS for actions with minimal Federal 
involvement or funding. Under this proposed definition, these would be 
non-major Federal actions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/laws-regulations/Senate-Report-on-NEPA.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To clarify that these activities are non-major Federal actions, CEQ 
proposes to add two sentences to the definition to make clear that this 
term does not include non-Federal projects with minimal Federal funding 
or minimal Federal involvement such that the agency cannot control the 
outcome on the project. In such circumstances, there is no practical 
reason for an agency to conduct a NEPA analysis because the agency 
could not influence the outcome of its action to address the effects of 
the project. For example, this might include a very small percentage of 
Federal funding provided only to help design an infrastructure project 
that is otherwise funded through private or local funds. This change 
would help to reduce costs and delays by more clearly defining the 
kinds of actions that are appropriately within the scope of NEPA.
    CEQ also proposes to strike the third sentence of the definition, 
which includes a failure to act in the definition of a major Federal 
action, and exclude activities that do not result in final agency 
action under the APA. NEPA applies when agencies are considering a 
proposal for decision. In the circumstance described in this sentence, 
there is no proposed action and therefore no alternatives that the 
agency may consider. S. Utah Wilderness All., 542 U.S. at 70-73.
    CEQ also proposes to strike the specific reference to the State and 
Local Fiscal Assistance Act of 1972 from paragraph (a). The proposed 
revisions to the definition clarify that general revenue sharing funds 
would not meet the definition of major Federal action. In particular, 
CEQ proposes to exclude as non-major Federal actions the farm ownership 
and operating loan guarantees provided by the Farm Service Agency (FSA) 
of the U.S. Department of Agriculture pursuant to 7 U.S.C. 1925 and 
1941 through 1949, and the business loan guarantee programs of the 
Small Business Administration (SBA), 15 U.S.C. 636(a), 636(m), and 695 
through 697f. Under the farm ownership and operating loan programs, FSA 
does not control the bank, or the borrower; the agency does not control 
the subsequent use of such funds and does not operate any facilities. 
In the event of a default, properties are sold, and FSA never takes 
physical possession of, operates, or manages any facility. SBA's 
business loan programs operate in similar fashion. Further, under those 
programs no Federal funds are expended unless there is a default by the 
borrower paying the loan.
    CEQ invites comment on whether it should make any further changes 
to this paragraph, including changing ``partly'' to ``predominantly'' 
for consistency with the edits to the introductory paragraph regarding 
``minimal Federal funding.'' CEQ also invites comment whether there 
should be a threshold (percentage or dollar figure) for ``minimal 
Federal funding,'' and if so, what would be an appropriate threshold 
and the basis for such a threshold. CEQ also invites comment on whether 
any types of financial instruments, including loans and loan 
guarantees, should be considered non-major Federal actions and the 
basis for such exclusion.
    Additionally, as a general matter, CEQ invites comment on whether 
the definition of ``major Federal action'' should be further revised to 
exclude other per se categories of activities or to further address 
what NEPA analysts have called ``the small handle problem.'' \77\ 
Commenters should provide any relevant data that may assist in 
identifying such categories of activities. Finally, as noted in the 
discussion of Sec.  1501.4, CEQ invites comment on whether and how to 
exclude certain categories of actions common to all Federal agencies 
from the definition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ See Daniel R. Mandelker et al., NEPA Law and Litigation, 
Sec.  8:20 (2d ed. 2019) (``This problem is sometimes called the 
`small handle' problem because [F]ederal action may be only be a 
`small handle' on a non[-F]ederal project.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    CEQ also proposes to insert ``implementation of'' before 
``treaties'' in paragraph (b)(1) to clarify that the major Federal 
action is not the treaty itself, but rather an agency's action to 
implement that treaty. Further, CEQ proposes to strike ``guide'' from 
paragraph (b)(2) because guidance is non-binding.
    CEQ also invites comment on whether the regulations should clarify 
that NEPA does not apply extraterritorially, consistent with Kiobel v. 
Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 569 U.S. 108, 115-16 (2013), in light of the 
ordinary presumption against extraterritorial application when a 
statute does not clearly indicate that extraterritorial application is 
intended by Congress.
    Clarifying the meaning of ``mitigation.'' CEQ proposes to amend the 
definition of ``mitigation'' to define the term and clarify that NEPA 
does not require adoption of any particular mitigation measure, 
consistent with Methow Valley, 490 U.S. at 352-53. In Methow Valley, 
the Supreme Court held that NEPA and the CEQ regulations require ``that 
mitigation be discussed in sufficient detail to ensure that 
environmental consequences have been fairly evaluated,'' but do not 
establish ``a substantive requirement that a complete mitigation plan 
be actually formulated and adopted'' before the agency can make its 
decision. Id. at 352.
    CEQ also proposes to amend the definition of ``mitigation'' to make 
clear that mitigation must have a nexus to the effects of the proposed 
action, is limited to those actions that have an effect on the 
environment, and does not include actions that do not have an effect on 
the environment. This would make the NEPA process more effective by 
clarifying that mitigation measures must actually be designed to 
mitigate the effects of the proposed action. This amended definition is 
consistent with CEQ's Mitigation Guidance, supra note 18.
    Under that guidance, if an agency believes that the proposed action 
will provide net environmental benefits through use of compensatory 
mitigation, the agency should incorporate by

[[Page 1710]]

reference the documents that demonstrate that the proposed mitigation 
will be new or in addition to actions that would occur under the no-
action alternative, and the financial, legal, and management 
commitments for the mitigation. Use of well-established mitigation 
banks and similar compensatory mitigation legal structures should 
provide the necessary substantiation for the agency's findings on the 
effectiveness (nexus to effects of the action, proportionality, and 
durability) of the mitigation. Other actions may be effectively 
mitigated through use of environmental management systems that provide 
a structure of procedures and policies to systematically identify, 
evaluate, and manage environmental impacts of an action during its 
implementation.\78\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ See Council on Environmental Quality, Aligning National 
Environmental Policy Act Processes with Environmental Management 
Systems (April 2007), https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-publications/NEPA_EMS_Guide_final_Apr2007.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Clarifying the meaning of ``notice of intent.'' CEQ proposes to 
revise the definition of ``notice of intent'' to remove the operative 
requirements for the NOI and add the word ``public'' to clarify that 
the NOI is a public notice.
    New definition of ``page.'' A new definition of ``page'' would 
provide a word count (500 words) for a more standard functional 
definition of ``page'' for page count and other NEPA purposes. This 
would update NEPA for modern electronic publishing and internet 
formatting, in which the number of words per page can vary widely 
depending on format. It would also ensure some uniformity in document 
length while allowing unrestricted use of the graphic display of 
quantitative information, tables, photos, maps, and other geographic 
information that can provide a much more effective means of conveying 
information about environmental effects. This change supports the 
original CEQ page limits as a means of ensuring that environmental 
documents are readable and useful to decision makers.
    New definition of ``participating agency.'' As discussed above, CEQ 
proposes to add the concept of a participating agency to the CEQ 
regulations. CEQ proposes to define participating agency consistent 
with the definition in FAST-41 and 23 U.S.C. 139. CEQ proposes to add 
participating agencies to Sec.  1501.7(i) regarding the schedule and 
replace the term ``commenting'' agencies with ``participating'' 
agencies throughout.
    Clarifying the meaning of ``proposal.'' CEQ proposes clarifying 
edits and to strike the operative language regarding timing of an EIS 
because it is already addressed in Sec.  1502.5.
    New definition of ``publish/publication.'' CEQ proposes to define 
this term to provide agencies with the flexibility to make 
environmental reviews and information available to the public by 
electronic means. The 1978 regulations predate personal computers and a 
wide range of technologies now used by agencies such as GIS mapping 
tools and social media. To address environmental justice concerns and 
ensure that the affected public is not excluded from the NEPA process 
due to a lack of resources (often referred to as the ``digital 
divide''), the definition retains a provision for printed environmental 
documents where necessary for effective public participation.
    New definition of ``reasonable alternative.'' Several commenters 
asked CEQ to include a new definition of ``reasonable alternatives'' in 
the regulations with emphasis on how technical and economic feasibility 
should be evaluated. CEQ proposes a new definition of ``reasonable 
alternative'' that would provide that reasonable alternatives must be 
technically and economically feasible and meet the purpose and need of 
the proposed action. See, e.g., Vt. Yankee, 435 U.S. at 551 
(``alternatives must be bounded by some notion of feasibility''). CEQ 
also proposes to define reasonable alternatives as ``a reasonable range 
of alternatives'' to codify Questions 1a and 1b in the Forty Questions, 
supra note 10. Agencies are not required to give detailed consideration 
to alternatives that are unlikely to be implemented because they are 
infeasible, ineffective, or inconsistent with the purpose and need for 
agency action.
    Finally, CEQ proposes to clarify that a reasonable alternative must 
also consider the goals of the applicant when the agency's action 
involves a non-Federal entity. These changes would help reduce 
paperwork and delays by helping to clarify the range of alternatives 
that agencies must consider. Where the agency action is in response to 
an application for permit or other authorization, the agency should 
consider the applicant's goals based on the agency's statutory 
authorization to act, as well as in other congressional directives, in 
defining the proposed action's purpose and need.
    New definition of ``reasonably foreseeable.'' CEQ received comment 
requesting that the regulations provide a definition of ``reasonably 
foreseeable.'' CEQ proposes to define ``reasonably foreseeable'' 
consistent with the ordinary person standard--that is what a person of 
ordinary prudence would consider in reaching a decision.
    New definition of ``senior agency official.'' As discussed in 
section II.A, the proposed definition of ``senior agency official'' 
would provide for agency officials that are responsible for the 
agency's NEPA compliance.
    Striking the definition of ``significantly.'' Because the entire 
definition of significantly is operative language, CEQ proposes to 
strike this definition and discuss significance in Sec.  1501.4(b), as 
described above.
    Clarifying the meaning of ``tiering.'' CEQ would amend the 
definition of ``tiering'' to make clear that agencies may use EAs at 
the programmatic stage as well as the subsequent stages. This would 
clarify that agencies have flexibility in structuring programmatic NEPA 
reviews and associated tiering. CEQ would move the operative language 
regarding tiering from 40 CFR 1508.28 to proposed Sec.  1501.11(b).

K. CEQ Guidance Documents

    This proposed rule, if adopted as a final rule, would supersede any 
previous CEQ NEPA guidance. If CEQ finalizes the proposed rule, CEQ 
anticipates withdrawing all of the CEQ NEPA guidance that is currently 
in effect and issuing new guidance as consistent with Presidential 
directives.

L. Additional Issues on Which CEQ Invites Comment

    Based on comments received and CEQ's experience in implementing 
NEPA, the final rule may include amendments to any provisions in parts 
1500 to 1508 of the CEQ regulations. CEQ invites comments recommending, 
opposing, or providing feedback on specific changes to any provisions 
in parts 1500 to 1508 of the CEQ regulations, including revising or 
adopting as regulations existing CEQ guidance or handbooks.
    Further, CEQ received comments requesting that the regulations 
address analysis of greenhouse gas emissions and potential climate 
change impacts. CEQ has proposed guidance titled ``Draft National 
Environmental Policy Act Guidance on Consideration of Greenhouse Gas 
Emissions'' \79\ to address how NEPA analyses should address greenhouse 
gas (GHG) emissions. CEQ does not consider it appropriate to address a 
single category of impacts in the regulations. If CEQ finalizes this 
proposal, CEQ would review the draft GHG guidance for potential 
revisions consistent with the

[[Page 1711]]

regulations. However, CEQ invites comments on whether it should codify 
any aspects of its proposed GHG guidance in the regulation, and if so, 
how CEQ should address them in the regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ 84 FR 30097 (June 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If proposed changes to the CEQ regulations provided in comments on 
the ANPRM, or on the proposed GHG guidance, are not reflected in this 
proposal, and the commenter would like to advance those proposals in 
comments to the NPRM, CEQ requests that the commenter specifically 
identify and reference to the prior comment.
    Finally, CEQ invites comment on whether to update references to 
``Council'' in the regulation to ``CEQ'' throughout the rule.

III. Rulemaking Analyses and Notices

A. Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review; Executive 
Order 13563, Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review; and Executive 
Order 13771, Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs

    This proposed rule is a significant regulatory action that was 
submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review. The 
docket for this rulemaking documents any changes made in response to 
OMB recommendations as required by section 6 of E.O. 12866.

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 13272, Proper 
Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act, as amended, (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 601 et 
seq., and E.O. 13272 \80\ require agencies to assess the impacts of 
proposed and final rules on small entities. Under the RFA, small 
entities include small businesses, small organizations, and small 
governmental jurisdictions. An agency must prepare an Initial 
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) unless it determines and 
certifies that a proposed rule, if promulgated, would not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
The proposed rule would not directly regulate small entities. Rather, 
the proposed rule applies to Federal agencies and sets forth the 
process for their compliance with NEPA. Accordingly, CEQ hereby 
certifies that the proposed rule, if promulgated, will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \80\ 67 FR 53461 (Aug. 16, 2002).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. National Environmental Policy Act

    This proposed rule, if finalized, would assist agencies in 
fulfilling their responsibilities under NEPA, but would not make any 
final determination of what level of NEPA analysis is required for 
particular actions. The CEQ regulations do not require agencies to 
prepare a NEPA analysis before establishing or updating agency 
procedures for implementing NEPA. While CEQ prepared environmental 
assessments for its promulgation of the CEQ regulations in 1978 and its 
amendments to 40 CFR 1502.22 in 1986, in the development of this 
proposed rule, CEQ has determined that the proposed rule would not have 
a significant effect on the environment because it would not authorize 
any activity or commit resources to a project that may affect the 
environment. Therefore, CEQ does not intend to conduct a NEPA analysis 
of this proposed rule for the same reason that CEQ does not require any 
Federal agency to conduct NEPA analysis for the development of agency 
procedures for the implementation of NEPA and the CEQ regulations.

D. Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    E.O. 13132 requires agencies to develop an accountable process to 
ensure meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the 
development of regulatory policies that have federalism 
implications.\81\ Policies that have federalism implications include 
regulations that have substantial direct effects on the States, on the 
relationship between the national government and the States, or on the 
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government. CEQ does not anticipate that this proposed rule has 
federalism implications because it applies to Federal agencies, not 
States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ 64 FR 43255 (Aug. 10, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    E.O. 13175 requires agencies to have a process to ensure meaningful 
and timely input by Tribal officials in the development of policies 
that have Tribal implications.\82\ Such policies include regulations 
that have substantial direct effects on one or more Indian Tribes, on 
the relationship between the Federal Government and Indian Tribes, or 
on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal 
Government and Indian Tribes. While the proposed rule is not a 
regulatory policy that has Tribal implications, the proposal does, in 
part, respond to Tribal government comments supporting expansion of the 
recognition of the sovereign rights, interests, and expertise of Tribes 
in the NEPA process and CEQ regulations implementing NEPA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ 65 FR 67249 (Nov. 9, 2000).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In its ANPRM, CEQ included a specific question regarding the 
representation of Tribal governments in the NEPA process. See ANPRM 
Question 18 (``Are there ways in which the role of [T]ribal governments 
in the NEPA process should be clarified in CEQ's NEPA regulations, and 
if so, how?''). More generally, CEQ's ANPRM sought the views of Tribal 
governments and others on regulatory revisions that CEQ could propose 
to improve Tribal participation in Federal NEPA processes. See ANPRM 
Question 2 (``Should CEQ's NEPA regulations be revised to make the NEPA 
process more efficient by better facilitating agency use of 
environmental studies, analysis, and decisions conducted in earlier 
Federal, State, Tribal or local environmental reviews or authorization 
decisions, and if so, how?''). As discussed section II.A, CEQ now 
proposes to amend its regulations to further support coordination with 
Tribal governments and agencies and analysis of a proposed action's 
potential effects on Tribal lands, resources, or areas of historic 
significance as an important part of Federal agency decision making. In 
addition to these proposed revisions of the CEQ Regulations, CEQ is 
inviting comment on other CEQ guidance that warrants codification. See, 
e.g., CEQ Memorandum titled ``Designation of Non-Federal Agencies to be 
Cooperating Agencies in Implementing the Procedural Requirements of the 
National Environmental Policy Act'' \83\ (July 28, 1999) encouraging 
more active solicitation of Tribal entities for participation as 
cooperating agencies in NEPA documents.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ https://ceq.doe.gov/docs/ceq-regulations-and-guidance/regs/ceqcoop.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

F. Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    E.O. 12898 requires agencies to make achieving environmental 
justice part of its mission by identifying and addressing, as 
appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human health or 
environmental effects of its programs, policies, and activities on 
minority populations and low-income populations.\84\ CEQ has

[[Page 1712]]

analyzed this proposed rule and determined that it would not cause 
disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental 
effects on minority populations and low-income populations. This rule 
would set forth implementing regulations for NEPA; it is in the agency 
implementation of NEPA when conducting reviews of proposed agency 
actions where consideration of environmental justice effects typically 
occurs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \84\ 59 FR 7629 (Feb. 16, 1994).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Executive Order 13211, Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use

    Agencies must prepare a Statement of Energy Effects for significant 
energy actions under E.O. 13211.\85\ This proposed rule is not a 
``significant energy action'' because it is not likely to have a 
significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of 
energy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ 66 FR 28355 (May 22, 2001).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

H. Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform

    Under section 3(a) E.O. 12988,\86\ agencies must review their 
proposed regulations to eliminate drafting errors and ambiguities, 
draft them to minimize litigation, and provide a clear legal standard 
for affected conduct. Section 3(b) provides a list of specific issues 
for review to conduct the reviews required by section 3(a). CEQ has 
conducted this review and determined that this proposed rule complies 
with the requirements of E.O. 12988.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ 61 FR 4729 (Feb. 7, 1996).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. Unfunded Mandate Reform Act

    Section 201 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 
1531) requires Federal agencies to assess the effects of their 
regulatory actions on State, local, and Tribal governments, and the 
private sector to the extent that such regulations incorporate 
requirements specifically set forth in law. Before promulgating a rule 
that may result in the expenditure by a State, local, or Tribal 
government, in the aggregate, or by the private sector of $100 million, 
adjusted annually for inflation, in any 1 year, an agency must prepare 
a written statement that assesses the effects on State, local, and 
Tribal governments and the private sector. 2 U.S.C. 1532. This proposed 
rule applies to Federal agencies and would not result in expenditures 
of $100 million or more for State, local, and Tribal governments, in 
the aggregate, or the private sector in any 1 year. This action also 
does not impose any enforceable duty, contain any unfunded mandate, or 
otherwise have any effect on small governments subject to the 
requirements of 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538.

J. Paperwork Reduction Act

    This proposed rule does not impose any new information collection 
burden that would require additional review or approval by OMB under 
the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Parts 1500 Through 1508

    Administrative practice and procedure; Environmental impact 
statements; Environmental protection; Natural resources.

    Dated: December 23, 2019.
Mary B. Neumayr,
Chairman.

    For the reasons discussed in the preamble, the Council on 
Environmental Quality proposes to amend parts 1500 through 1508 in 
title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations to read as follows:

0
1. Revise part 1500 to read as follows:

PART 1500--PURPOSE AND POLICY

Sec.
1500.1 Purpose and policy.
1500.2 [Reserved]
1500.3 NEPA compliance.
1500.4 Reducing paperwork.
1500.5 Reducing delay.
1500.6 Agency authority.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347; 42 U.S.C. 4371-4375; 42 U.S.C. 
7609; E.O. 11514, 35 FR 4247, Mar. 7, 1970, as amended by E.O. 
11991, 42 FR 26967, May 25, 1977; and E.O. 13807, 82 FR 40463, Aug. 
24, 2017.


Sec.  1500.1   Purpose and policy.

    (a) The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a procedural 
statute intended to ensure Federal agencies consider the environmental 
impacts of their actions in the decision-making process. Section 101 of 
NEPA establishes the national environmental policy of the Federal 
Government to use all practicable means and measures to foster and 
promote the general welfare, create and maintain conditions under which 
man and nature can exist in productive harmony, and fulfill the social, 
economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of 
Americans. Section 102(2) of NEPA establishes the procedural 
requirements to carry out the policy stated in section 101 of NEPA. In 
particular, it requires Federal agencies to provide a detailed 
statement on proposals for major Federal actions significantly 
affecting the quality of the human environment. The purpose and 
function of NEPA is satisfied if Federal agencies have considered 
relevant environmental information and the public has been informed 
regarding the decision making process. NEPA does not mandate particular 
results or substantive outcomes. NEPA's purpose is not to generate 
paperwork or litigation, but to provide for informed decision making 
and foster excellent action.
    (b) The regulations in parts 1500 through 1508 implement section 
102(2) of NEPA. They provide direction to Federal agencies to determine 
what actions are subject to NEPA's procedural requirements and the 
level of NEPA review where applicable. These regulations are intended 
to ensure that relevant environmental information is identified and 
considered early in the process in order to ensure informed decision 
making by Federal agencies. The regulations are also intended to ensure 
that Federal agencies conduct environmental reviews in a coordinated, 
consistent, predictable and timely manner, and to reduce unnecessary 
burdens and delays. Finally, the regulations promote concurrent 
environmental reviews to ensure timely and efficient decision making.


Sec.  1500.2   [Reserved]


Sec.  1500.3  NEPA compliance.

    (a) Mandate. Parts 1500 through 1508 of this title are applicable 
to and binding on all Federal agencies for implementing the procedural 
provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended 
(Pub. L. 91-190, 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) (NEPA or the Act), except 
where compliance would be inconsistent with other statutory 
requirements. These regulations are issued pursuant to NEPA; the 
Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970, as amended (Pub. L. 91-
224, 42 U.S.C. 4371 et seq.); section 309 of the Clean Air Act, as 
amended (42 U.S.C. 7609); Executive Order 11514, Protection and 
Enhancement of Environmental Quality (March 5, 1970), as amended by 
Executive Order 11991, Relating to the Protection and Enhancement of 
Environmental Quality (May 24, 1977); and Executive Order 13807, 
Establishing Discipline and Accountability in the Environmental Review 
and Permitting Process for Infrastructure Projects (August 15, 2017). 
These regulations apply to the whole of section 102(2) of NEPA. The 
provisions of the Act and of these regulations must be read together as 
a whole to comply with the law. Agency NEPA procedures to implement

[[Page 1713]]

these regulations shall not impose additional procedures or 
requirements beyond those set forth in these regulations, except as 
otherwise provided by law or for agency efficiency.
    (b) Exhaustion. (1) To ensure informed decision making and reduce 
delays, agencies shall include a request for comments on potential 
alternatives and impacts, and identification of any relevant 
information, studies, or analyses of any kind concerning impacts 
affecting the quality of the human environment in the notice of intent 
to prepare an environmental impact statement (Sec.  1501.9).
    (2) The environmental impact statement shall include a summary of 
the comments received, including all alternatives, information, and 
analyses submitted by public commenters for consideration by the lead 
and cooperating agencies in developing the environmental impact 
statement (Sec.  1502.17).
    (3) For consideration by the lead and cooperating agencies, 
comments must be submitted within the comment periods provided and 
shall be as specific as possible (Sec. Sec.  1503.1 and 1503.3). 
Comments or objections not submitted shall be deemed unexhausted and 
forfeited. Any objections to the submitted alternatives, information, 
and analyses section (Sec.  1502.17) shall be submitted within 30 days 
of the notice of availability of the final environmental impact 
statement.
    (4) Based on the summary of the submitted alternatives, 
information, and analyses section, the decision maker for the lead 
agency shall certify in the record of decision that the agency 
considered all of the alternatives, information, and analyses submitted 
by public commenters for consideration by the lead and cooperating 
agencies in developing the environmental impact statement (Sec.  
1502.18).
    (c) Actions regarding NEPA compliance. It is the Council's 
intention that judicial review of agency compliance with the 
regulations in parts 1500 through 1508 not occur before an agency has 
issued the record of decision or taken other final agency action. Any 
allegation of noncompliance with NEPA and these regulations should be 
resolved as expeditiously as possible. Agencies may structure their 
decision making to allow private parties to seek agency stays of final 
agency decisions pending administrative or judicial review of those 
decisions. Consistent with their organic statutes, agencies may 
structure their procedures to provide for efficient mechanisms for 
seeking, granting and imposing conditions on such stays, consistent 
with 5 U.S.C. 705. Such mechanisms may include the imposition of an 
appropriate bond requirement or other security requirement as a 
condition for a stay.
    (d) Remedies. Harm from the failure to comply with NEPA can be 
remedied by compliance with NEPA's procedural requirements as 
interpreted in the regulations in parts 1500 through 1508. These 
regulations create no presumption that violation of NEPA is a basis for 
injunctive relief or for a finding of irreparable harm. These 
regulations do not create a cause of action or right of action for 
violation of NEPA, which contains no such cause of action or right of 
action. It is the Council's intention that any actions to review, 
enjoin, stay, or alter an agency decision on the basis of an alleged 
NEPA violation be raised as soon as practicable to avoid or minimize 
any costs to agencies, applicants, or any affected third parties. It is 
also the Council's intention that minor, non-substantive errors that 
have no effect on agency decision making shall be considered harmless 
and shall not invalidate an agency action.
    (e) Severability. The sections of parts 1501 through 1508 are 
separate and severable from one another. If any section or portion 
therein is stayed or determined to be invalid, or the applicability of 
any section to any person or entity is held invalid, it is the 
Council's intention that the validity of the remainder of those parts 
shall not be affected, with the remaining sections to continue in 
effect.


Sec.  1500.4   Reducing paperwork.

    Agencies shall reduce excessive paperwork by:
    (a) Using categorical exclusions to define categories of actions 
which do not have a significant effect on the human environment and 
which are therefore exempt from requirements to prepare an 
environmental impact statement (Sec.  1501.4).
    (b) Using a finding of no significant impact when an action not 
otherwise excluded will not have a significant effect on the human 
environment and is therefore exempt from requirements to prepare an 
environmental impact statement (Sec.  1501.6).
    (c) Reducing the length of environmental documents by means such as 
meeting appropriate page limits (Sec. Sec.  1501.5(e) and 1502.7).
    (d) Preparing analytic and concise environmental impact statements 
(Sec.  1502.2).
    (e) Discussing only briefly issues other than significant ones 
(Sec.  1502.2(b)).
    (f) Writing environmental impact statements in plain language 
(Sec.  1502.8).
    (g) Following a clear format for environmental impact statements 
(Sec.  1502.10).
    (h) Emphasizing the portions of the environmental impact statement 
that are useful to decision makers and the public (Sec. Sec.  1502.14 
and 1502.15) and reducing emphasis on background material (Sec.  
1502.16).
    (i) Using the scoping process, not only to identify significant 
environmental issues deserving of study, but also to deemphasize 
insignificant issues, narrowing the scope of the environmental impact 
statement process accordingly (Sec.  1501.9).
    (j) Summarizing the environmental impact statement (Sec.  1502.12).
    (k) Using programmatic, policy, or plan environmental impact 
statements and tiering from statements of broad scope to those of 
narrower scope, to eliminate repetitive discussions of the same issues 
(Sec. Sec.  1502.4 and 1501.11).
    (l) Incorporating by reference (Sec.  1501.12).
    (m) Integrating NEPA requirements with other environmental review 
and consultation requirements (Sec.  1502.25).
    (n) Requiring comments to be as specific as possible (Sec.  
1503.3).
    (o) Attaching and publishing only changes to the draft 
environmental impact statement, rather than rewriting and publishing 
the entire statement when changes are minor (Sec.  1503.4(c)).
    (p) Eliminating duplication with State, Tribal, and local 
procedures, by providing for joint preparation of environmental 
documents where practicable (Sec.  1506.2), and with other Federal 
procedures, by providing that an agency may adopt appropriate 
environmental documents prepared by another agency (Sec.  1506.3).
    (q) Combining environmental documents with other documents (Sec.  
1506.4).


Sec.  1500.5   Reducing delay.

    Agencies shall reduce delay by:
    (a) Using categorical exclusions to define categories of actions 
which do not have a significant effect on the human environment (Sec.  
1501.4) and which are therefore exempt from requirements to prepare an 
environmental impact statement.
    (b) Using a finding of no significant impact when an action not 
otherwise excluded will not have a significant effect on the human 
environment (Sec.  1501.6) and is therefore exempt from requirements to 
prepare an environmental impact statement.
    (c) Integrating the NEPA process into early planning (Sec.  
1501.2).

[[Page 1714]]

    (d) Engaging in interagency cooperation before the environmental 
assessment or environmental impact statement is prepared, rather than 
submission of comments on a completed document (Sec.  1501.8).
    (e) Ensuring the swift and fair resolution of lead agency disputes 
(Sec.  1501.7).
    (f) Using the scoping process for an early identification of what 
are and what are not the real issues (Sec.  1501.9).
    (g) Meeting appropriate time limits for the environmental 
assessment and environmental impact statement processes (Sec.  
1501.10).
    (h) Preparing environmental impact statements early in the process 
(Sec.  1502.5).
    (i) Integrating NEPA requirements with other environmental review 
and consultation requirements (Sec.  1502.25).
    (j) Eliminating duplication with State, Tribal, and local 
procedures by providing for joint preparation of environmental 
documents where practicable (Sec.  1506.2) and with other Federal 
procedures by providing that agencies may jointly prepare or adopt 
appropriate environmental documents prepared by another agency (Sec.  
1506.3).
    (k) Combining environmental documents with other documents (Sec.  
1506.4).
    (l) Using accelerated procedures for proposals for legislation 
(Sec.  1506.8).


Sec.  1500.6   Agency authority.

    Each agency shall interpret the provisions of the Act as a 
supplement to its existing authority and as a mandate to view policies 
and missions in the light of the Act's national environmental 
objectives. Agencies shall review their policies, procedures, and 
regulations accordingly and revise them as necessary to ensure full 
compliance with the purposes and provisions of the Act as interpreted 
by the regulations in parts 1500 through 1508. The phrase ``to the 
fullest extent possible'' in section 102 of NEPA means that each agency 
of the Federal Government shall comply with that section unless 
existing law applicable to the agency's operations expressly prohibits 
or makes compliance impossible. Nothing contained in the regulations in 
parts 1500 through 1508 is intended or should be construed to limit an 
agency's other authorities or legal responsibilities.
0
2. Revise part 1501 to read as follows:

PART 1501--NEPA AND AGENCY PLANNING

Sec.
1501.1 NEPA threshold applicability analysis.
1501.2 Apply NEPA early in the process.
1501.3 Determine the appropriate level of NEPA review.
1501.4 Categorical exclusions.
1501.5 Environmental assessments.
1501.6 Findings of no significant impact.
1501.7 Lead agencies.
1501.8 Cooperating agencies.
1501.9 Scoping.
1501.10 Time limits.
1501.11 Tiering.
1501.12 Incorporation by reference.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347; 42 U.S.C. 4371-4375; 42 U.S.C. 
7609; E.O. 11514, 35 FR 4247, Mar. 7, 1970, as amended by E.O. 
11991, 42 FR 26967, May 25, 1977; and E.O. 13807, 82 FR 40463, Aug. 
24, 2017.


Sec.  1501.1   NEPA threshold applicability analysis.

    (a) In assessing whether NEPA applies, Federal agencies should 
determine:
    (1) Whether the proposed action is a major Federal action.
    (2) Whether the proposed action, in whole or in part, is a non-
discretionary action for which the agency lacks authority to consider 
environmental effects as part of its decision-making process.
    (3) Whether the proposed action is an action for which compliance 
with NEPA would clearly and fundamentally conflict with the 
requirements of another statute.
    (4) Whether the proposed action is an action for which compliance 
with NEPA would be inconsistent with Congressional intent due to the 
requirements of another statute.
    (5) Whether the proposed action is an action for which the agency 
has determined that other analyses or processes under other statutes 
serve the function of agency compliance with NEPA.
    (b) Federal agencies may make these determinations in their agency 
NEPA procedures (Sec.  1507.3(c)) or on an individual basis.


Sec.  1501.2   Apply NEPA early in the process.

    (a) Agencies should integrate the NEPA process with other planning 
and authorization processes at the earliest reasonable time to ensure 
that agencies consider environmental impacts in their planning and 
decisions, to avoid delays later in the process, and to head off 
potential conflicts.
    (b) Each agency shall:
    (1) Comply with the mandate of section 102(2)(A) of NEPA to 
``utilize a systematic, interdisciplinary approach which will [e]nsure 
the integrated use of the natural and social sciences and the 
environmental design arts in planning and in decision making which may 
have an impact on man's environment,'' as specified by Sec.  1507.2.
    (2) Identify environmental effects and values in adequate detail so 
they can be appropriately considered along with economic and technical 
analyses. Agencies shall review and publish environmental documents and 
appropriate analyses at the same time as other planning documents.
    (3) Study, develop, and describe appropriate alternatives to 
recommended courses of action in any proposal which involves unresolved 
conflicts concerning alternative uses of available resources as 
provided by section 102(2)(E) of NEPA.
    (4) Provide for cases where actions that are subject to NEPA are 
planned by private applicants or other non-Federal entities before 
Federal involvement so that:
    (i) Policies or designated staff are available to advise potential 
applicants of studies or other information foreseeably required for 
later Federal action.
    (ii) The Federal agency consults early with appropriate State, 
Tribal, and local governments and with interested private persons and 
organizations when its own involvement is reasonably foreseeable.
    (iii) The Federal agency commences its NEPA process at the earliest 
reasonable time.


Sec.  1501.3   Determine the appropriate level of NEPA review.

    (a) In assessing the appropriate level of NEPA review, Federal 
agencies should determine whether the proposed action:
    (1) Normally does not have significant effects and is categorically 
excluded (Sec.  1501.4);
    (2) Is not likely to have significant effects or the significance 
of the effects is unknown and is therefore appropriate for an 
environmental assessment (Sec.  1501.5); or
    (3) Is likely to have significant effects and is therefore 
appropriate for an environmental impact statement (part 1502).
    (b) In considering whether the effects of the proposed action are 
significant, agencies shall analyze the potentially affected 
environment and degree of the effects of the action.
    (1) In considering the potentially affected environment, agencies 
may consider, as appropriate, the affected area (national, regional, or 
local). Significance varies with the setting of the proposed action. 
For instance, in the case of a site-specific action, significance would 
usually depend upon the effects in the locale rather than in the Nation 
as a whole. Both short- and long-term effects are relevant.
    (2) In considering the degree of the effects, agencies should 
consider the

[[Page 1715]]

following, as appropriate to the specific action:
    (i) Effects may be both beneficial and adverse.
    (ii) Effects on public health and safety.
    (iii) Effects that would violate Federal, State, Tribal, or local 
law protecting the environment.


Sec.  1501.4   Categorical exclusions.

    (a) For efficiency, agencies identify in their agency NEPA 
procedures (Sec.  1507.3(d)(2)(ii)) categories of actions that normally 
do not have a significant effect on the human environment, and 
therefore do not require preparation of an environmental assessment or 
environmental impact statement.
    (b) If an agency determines that a proposed action is covered by a 
categorical exclusion identified in its agency NEPA procedures, the 
agency shall evaluate the action for extraordinary circumstances in 
which a normally excluded action may have a significant effect.
    (1) If extraordinary circumstances are present for a proposed 
action, the agency should consider whether mitigating circumstances or 
other conditions are sufficient to avoid significant effects and 
therefore categorically exclude the proposed action.
    (2) If the proposed action cannot be categorically excluded, the 
agency shall prepare an environmental assessment or environmental 
impact statement.


Sec.  1501.5   Environmental assessments.

    (a) An agency shall prepare an environmental assessment for a 
proposed action that is not likely to have significant effects or when 
the significance of the effects is unknown unless the agency finds that 
a categorical exclusion (Sec.  1501.4) is applicable or has decided to 
prepare an environmental impact statement.
    (b) An agency may prepare an environmental assessment on any action 
in order to assist agency planning and decision making.
    (c) An environmental assessment shall:
    (1) Briefly provide sufficient evidence and analysis for 
determining whether to prepare an environmental impact statement or a 
finding of no significant impact; and
    (2) Briefly discuss the purpose and need for the proposed action, 
alternatives as required by section 102(2)(E) of NEPA, the 
environmental impacts of the proposed action and alternatives, and a 
listing of agencies and persons consulted.
    (d) Agencies shall involve relevant agencies, applicants, and the 
public, to the extent practicable in preparing environmental 
assessments.
    (e) The text of an environmental assessment shall be no more than 
75 pages, not including appendices, unless a senior agency official 
approves in writing an assessment to exceed 75 pages and establishes a 
new page limit.
    (f) Agencies may apply the following provisions to environmental 
assessments:
    (1) Section 1502.22 Incomplete or unavailable information;
    (2) Section 1502.24 Methodology and scientific accuracy; and
    (3) Section 1502.25 Environmental review and consultation 
requirements.


Sec.  1501.6   Findings of no significant impact.

    (a) An agency shall prepare a finding of no significant impact if 
the agency determines, based on the environmental assessment, not to 
prepare an environmental impact statement because the proposed action 
is not likely to have significant effects.
    (1) The agency shall make the finding of no significant impact 
available to the affected public as specified in Sec.  1506.6.
    (2) In the following circumstances, the agency shall make the 
finding of no significant impact available for public review for 30 
days before the agency makes its final determination whether to prepare 
an environmental impact statement and before the action may begin:
    (i) The proposed action is, or is closely similar to, one which 
normally requires the preparation of an environmental impact statement 
under the procedures adopted by the agency pursuant to Sec.  1507.3, or
    (ii) The nature of the proposed action is one without precedent.
    (b) The finding of no significant impact shall include the 
environmental assessment or incorporate it by reference and shall note 
any other environmental documents related to it (Sec.  1501.9(f)(3)). 
If the assessment is included, the finding need not repeat any of the 
discussion in the assessment but may incorporate it by reference.
    (c) The finding of no significant impact shall state the means of 
and authority for any mitigation that the agency has adopted, and any 
applicable monitoring or enforcement provisions. If the agency finds no 
significant impacts based on mitigation, the mitigated finding of no 
significant impact shall state any enforceable mitigation requirements 
or commitments that will be undertaken to avoid significant impacts.


Sec.  1501.7   Lead agencies.

    (a) A lead agency shall supervise the preparation of an 
environmental impact statement or environmental assessment if more than 
one Federal agency either:
    (1) Proposes or is involved in the same action; or
    (2) Is involved in a group of actions directly related to each 
other because of their functional interdependence or geographical 
proximity.
    (b) Federal, State, Tribal, or local agencies, including at least 
one Federal agency, may act as joint lead agencies to prepare an 
environmental impact statement or environmental assessment (Sec.  
1506.2).
    (c) If an action falls within the provisions of paragraph (a) of 
this section, the potential lead agencies shall determine, by letter or 
memorandum, which agency shall be the lead agency and which shall be 
cooperating agencies. The agencies shall resolve the lead agency 
question so as not to cause delay. If there is disagreement among the 
agencies, the following factors (which are listed in order of 
descending importance) shall determine lead agency designation:
    (1) Magnitude of agency's involvement.
    (2) Project approval/disapproval authority.
    (3) Expertise concerning the action's environmental effects.
    (4) Duration of agency's involvement.
    (5) Sequence of agency's involvement.
    (d) Any Federal agency, or any State, Tribal, or local agency or 
private person substantially affected by the absence of lead agency 
designation, may make a written request to the senior agency officials 
of the potential lead agencies that a lead agency be designated.
    (e) If Federal agencies are unable to agree on which agency will be 
the lead agency or if the procedure described in paragraph (c) of this 
section has not resulted within 45 days in a lead agency designation, 
any of the agencies or persons concerned may file a request with the 
Council asking it to determine which Federal agency shall be the lead 
agency. A copy of the request shall be transmitted to each potential 
lead agency. The request shall consist of:
    (1) A precise description of the nature and extent of the proposed 
action.
    (2) A detailed statement of why each potential lead agency should 
or should not be the lead agency under the criteria specified in 
paragraph (c) of this section.
    (f) A response may be filed by any potential lead agency concerned 
within 20 days after a request is filed with the Council. The Council 
shall determine as soon as possible but not later than 20 days after 
receiving the request and all responses to it which Federal agency 
shall be the lead agency and which

[[Page 1716]]

other Federal agencies shall be cooperating agencies.
    (g) To the extent practicable, if a proposal will require action by 
more than one Federal agency and the lead agency determines that it 
requires preparation of an environmental impact statement, the lead and 
cooperating agencies shall evaluate the proposal in a single 
environmental impact statement and issue a joint record of decision. To 
the extent practicable, if the lead agency determines that the proposed 
action should be evaluated in an environmental assessment, the lead and 
cooperating agencies should evaluate the proposal in a single 
environmental assessment and, where appropriate, issue a joint finding 
of no significant impact.
    (h) With respect to cooperating agencies, the lead agency shall:
    (1) Request the participation of each cooperating agency in the 
NEPA process at the earliest practicable time.
    (2) Use the environmental analysis and proposals of cooperating 
agencies with jurisdiction by law or special expertise, to the maximum 
extent practicable, consistent with its responsibility as lead agency.
    (3) Meet with a cooperating agency at the latter's request.
    (4) Determine the purpose and need, and alternatives in 
consultation with any cooperating agency.
    (i) The lead agency shall develop a schedule, setting milestones 
for all environmental reviews and authorizations required for 
implementation of the action, in consultation with any applicant and 
all joint lead, cooperating, and participating agencies, as soon as 
practicable.
    (j) If the lead agency anticipates that a milestone will be missed, 
it shall notify appropriate officials at the responsible agencies. The 
responsible agencies shall elevate, as soon as practicable, to the 
appropriate officials of the responsible agencies, the issue for timely 
resolution.


Sec.  1501.8   Cooperating agencies.

    (a) The purpose of this section is to emphasize agency cooperation 
early in the NEPA process. Any Federal agency with jurisdiction by law 
shall be a cooperating agency upon request of the lead agency. In 
addition, any other Federal agency with special expertise with respect 
to any environmental issue may be a cooperating agency upon request of 
the lead agency. A State, Tribal, or local agency of similar 
qualifications may, by agreement with the lead agency, become a 
cooperating agency. An agency may request the lead agency to designate 
it a cooperating agency, and a Federal agency may appeal a denial of 
its request to the Council, in accordance with Sec.  1501.7(e).
    (b) Each cooperating agency shall:
    (1) Participate in the NEPA process at the earliest practicable 
time.
    (2) Participate in the scoping process (described in Sec.  1501.9).
    (3) Assume, on request of the lead agency, responsibility for 
developing information and preparing environmental analyses, including 
portions of the environmental impact statement or environmental 
assessment concerning which the cooperating agency has special 
expertise.
    (4) Make available staff support at the lead agency's request to 
enhance the latter's interdisciplinary capability.
    (5) Normally use its own funds. To the extent available funds 
permit, the lead agency shall fund those major activities or analyses 
it requests from cooperating agencies. Potential lead agencies shall 
include such funding requirements in their budget requests.
    (6) Consult with the lead agency in developing the schedule (Sec.  
1501.7(i)), meet the schedule, and elevate, as soon as practicable, to 
the senior agency official of the lead agency relating to purpose and 
need, alternatives or any other issues any issues that may affect that 
agency's ability to meet the schedule.
    (7) Meet the lead agency's schedule for providing comments and 
limit its comments to those matters for which it has jurisdiction by 
law or special expertise with respect to any environmental issue 
consistent with Sec.  1503.2.
    (c) In response to a lead agency's request for assistance in 
preparing the environmental documents (described in paragraph (b)(3), 
(4), or (5) of this section), a cooperating agency may reply that other 
program commitments preclude any involvement or the degree of 
involvement requested in the action that is the subject of the 
environmental impact statement or environmental assessment. The 
cooperating agency shall submit a copy of this reply to the Council and 
the senior agency official of the lead agency.


Sec.  1501.9   Scoping.

    (a) Generally. Agencies shall use an early and open process to 
determine the scope of issues for analysis in an environmental impact 
statement, including identifying the significant issues and eliminating 
from further study non-significant issues. Scoping may begin as soon as 
practicable after the proposal for action is sufficiently developed for 
agency consideration. Scoping may include appropriate pre-application 
procedures or work conducted prior to publication of the notice of 
intent.
    (b) Invite cooperating and participating agencies. As part of the 
scoping process, the lead agency shall invite the participation of 
likely affected Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies and 
governments, the proponent of the action, and other likely affected or 
interested persons (including those who might not be in accord with the 
action on environmental grounds), unless there is a limited exception 
under Sec.  1507.3(e).
    (c) Scoping outreach. As part of the scoping process the lead 
agency may hold a scoping meeting or meetings, publish scoping 
information, or use other means to communicate with those persons or 
agencies who may be interested or affected, which the agency may 
integrate with any other early planning meeting. Such a scoping meeting 
will often be appropriate when the impacts of a particular action are 
confined to specific sites.
    (d) Notice of intent. As soon as practicable after determining that 
a proposal is sufficiently developed to allow for meaningful public 
comment and requires an environmental impact statement, the lead agency 
shall publish a notice of intent to prepare an environmental impact 
statement in the Federal Register, except as provided in Sec.  
1507.3(e)(3). An agency may publish notice in accordance with Sec.  
1506.6. The notice shall include, as appropriate:
    (1) The purpose and need for the proposed action;
    (2) A preliminary description of the proposed action and 
alternatives to be considered;
    (3) A brief summary of expected impacts;
    (4) Anticipated permits and other authorizations;
    (5) A schedule for the decision-making process;
    (6) A description of the public scoping process, including any 
scoping meeting(s);
    (7) A request for comments on potential alternatives and impacts, 
and identification of any relevant information, studies, or analyses of 
any kind concerning impacts affecting the quality of the human 
environment (Sec. Sec.  1503.1 and 1503.3); and
    (8) Contact information for a person within the agency who can 
answer questions about the proposed action and the environmental impact 
statement.
    (e) Determination of scope. As part of the scoping process, the 
lead agency shall determine the scope and the significant issues to be 
analyzed in depth in the environmental impact

[[Page 1717]]

statement. To determine the scope of environmental impact statements, 
agencies shall consider:
    (1) Actions (other than unconnected single actions) that may be:
    (i) Connected actions, which means that they are closely related 
and therefore should be discussed in the same impact statement. Actions 
are connected if they:
    (A) Automatically trigger other actions that may require 
environmental impact statements;
    (B) Cannot or will not proceed unless other actions are taken 
previously or simultaneously; or
    (C) Are interdependent parts of a larger action and depend on the 
larger action for their justification.
    (ii) Similar actions, which when viewed with other reasonably 
foreseeable or proposed agency actions, have similarities that provide 
a basis for evaluating their environmental consequences together, such 
as common timing or geography. An agency may wish to analyze these 
actions in the same impact statement. It should do so when the most 
effective way to assess adequately the combined impacts of similar 
actions or reasonable alternatives to such actions is to treat them in 
a single impact statement.
    (2) Alternatives, which include the no action alternative; other 
reasonable courses of action; and mitigation measures (not in the 
proposed action).
    (3) Impacts.
    (f) Additional scoping responsibilities. As part of the scoping 
process, the lead agency shall:
    (1) Identify and eliminate from detailed study the issues which are 
not significant or which have been covered by prior environmental 
review (Sec.  1506.3), narrowing the discussion of these issues in the 
statement to a brief presentation of why they will not have a 
significant effect on the human environment or providing a reference to 
their coverage elsewhere.
    (2) Allocate assignments for preparation of the environmental 
impact statement among the lead and cooperating agencies, with the lead 
agency retaining responsibility for the statement.
    (3) Indicate any public environmental assessments and other 
environmental impact statements which are being or will be prepared 
that are related to but are not part of the scope of the impact 
statement under consideration.
    (4) Identify other environmental review, authorization, and 
consultation requirements so the lead and cooperating agencies may 
prepare other required analyses and studies concurrently with, and 
integrated with, the environmental impact statement as provided in 
Sec.  1502.25.
    (5) Indicate the relationship between the timing of the preparation 
of environmental analyses and the agencies' tentative planning and 
decision-making schedule.
    (g) Revisions. An agency shall revise the determinations made under 
paragraphs (b), (c), (e), and (f) of this section if substantial 
changes are made later in the proposed action, or if significant new 
circumstances or information arise which bear on the proposal or its 
impacts.


Sec.  1501.10   Time limits.

    (a) To ensure that agencies conduct NEPA reviews as efficiently and 
expeditiously as practicable, Federal agencies should set time limits 
appropriate to individual actions or types of actions (consistent with 
the time intervals required by Sec.  1506.11). When multiple agencies 
are involved the reference to agency below means lead agency.
    (b) To ensure timely decision making, agencies shall complete:
    (1) Environmental assessments within 1 year unless a senior agency 
official of the lead agency approves a longer period in writing and 
establishes a new time limit. One year is measured from the date of 
decision to prepare an environmental assessment to the publication of a 
final environmental assessment.
    (2) Environmental impact statements within 2 years unless a senior 
agency official of the lead agency approves a longer period in writing 
and establishes a new time limit. Two years is measured from the date 
of the issuance of the notice of intent to the date a record of 
decision is signed.
    (c) The senior agency official may consider the following factors 
in determining time limits:
    (1) Potential for environmental harm.
    (2) Size of the proposed action.
    (3) State of the art of analytic techniques.
    (4) Degree of public need for the proposed action, including the 
consequences of delay.
    (5) Number of persons and agencies affected.
    (6) Availability of relevant information.
    (7) Other time limits imposed on the agency by law, regulations, or 
Executive order.
    (d) The senior agency official may set overall time limits or 
limits for each constituent part of the NEPA process, which may 
include:
    (1) Decision on whether to prepare an environmental impact 
statement (if not already decided).
    (2) Determination of the scope of the environmental impact 
statement.
    (3) Preparation of the draft environmental impact statement.
    (4) Review of any comments on the draft environmental impact 
statement from the public and agencies.
    (5) Preparation of the final environmental impact statement.
    (6) Review of any comments on the final environmental impact 
statement.
    (7) Decision on the action based in part on the environmental 
impact statement.
    (e) The agency may designate a person (such as the project manager 
or a person in the agency's office with NEPA responsibilities) to 
expedite the NEPA process.
    (f) State, Tribal, or local agencies or members of the public may 
request a Federal agency to set time limits.


Sec.  1501.11   Tiering.

    (a) Agencies are encouraged to tier their environmental impact 
statements and environmental assessments where it would eliminate 
repetitive discussions of the same issues, focus on the actual issues 
ripe for decision, and exclude from consideration issues already 
decided or not yet ripe at each level of environmental review. Whenever 
an agency has prepared an environmental impact statement or 
environmental assessment for a program or policy and then prepares a 
subsequent statement or environmental assessment on an action included 
within the entire program or policy (such as a project- or site-
specific action), the subsequent statement or environmental assessment 
need only summarize the issues discussed in the broader statement and 
incorporate discussions from the broader statement by reference and 
shall concentrate on the issues specific to the subsequent action. The 
subsequent document shall state where the earlier document is 
available. Tiering may also be appropriate for different stages of 
actions.
    (b) Tiering is appropriate when the sequence from an environmental 
impact statement or environmental assessment is:
    (1) From a programmatic, plan, or policy environmental impact 
statement or environmental assessment to a program, plan, or policy 
statement or assessment of lesser or narrower scope or to a site-
specific statement or assessment.
    (2) From an environmental impact statement or environmental 
assessment on a specific action at an early stage (such as need and 
site selection) to a supplement (which is preferred) or a subsequent 
statement or assessment at a

[[Page 1718]]

later stage (such as environmental mitigation). Tiering in such cases 
is appropriate when it helps the lead agency to focus on the issues 
that are ripe for decision and exclude from consideration issues 
already decided or not yet ripe.


Sec.  1501.12   Incorporation by reference.

    Agencies shall incorporate material into environmental documents by 
reference when the effect will be to cut down on bulk without impeding 
agency and public review of the action. The incorporated material shall 
be cited in the document and its content briefly described. No material 
may be incorporated by reference unless it is reasonably available for 
inspection by potentially interested persons within the time allowed 
for comment. Material based on proprietary data which is itself not 
available for review and comment shall not be incorporated by 
reference.
0
3. Revise part 1502 to read as follows:

PART 1502--ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

Sec.
1502.1 Environmental impact statement purpose.
1502.2 Implementation.
1502.3 Statutory requirements for statements.
1502.4 Major Federal actions requiring the preparation of 
environmental impact statements.
1502.5 Timing.
1502.6 Interdisciplinary preparation.
1502.7 Page limits.
1502.8 Writing.
1502.9 Draft, final, and supplemental statements.
1502.10 Recommended format.
1502.11 Cover.
1502.12 Summary.
1502.13 Purpose and need.
1502.14 Alternatives including the proposed action.
1502.15 Affected environment.
1502.16 Environmental consequences.
1502.17 Summary of submitted alternatives, information, and 
analyses.
1502.18 Certification of submitted alternatives, information, and 
analyses section.
1502.19 List of preparers.
1502.20 Appendix.
1502.21 Publication of the environmental impact statement.
1502.22 Incomplete or unavailable information.
1502.23 Cost-benefit analysis.
1502.24 Methodology and scientific accuracy.
1502.25 Environmental review and consultation requirements.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347; 42 U.S.C. 4371-4375; 42 U.S.C. 
7609; E.O. 11514, 35 FR 4247, Mar. 7, 1970, as amended by E.O. 
11991, 42 FR 26967, May 25, 1977; and E.O. 13807, 82 FR 40463, Aug. 
24, 2017.


Sec.  1502.1   Environmental impact statement purpose.

    The primary purpose of an environmental impact statement prepared 
pursuant to 102(2)(c) is to ensure agencies consider the environmental 
impacts of their actions in decision making. It shall provide full and 
fair discussion of significant environmental impacts and shall inform 
decision makers and the public of reasonable alternatives which would 
avoid or minimize adverse impacts or enhance the quality of the human 
environment. Agencies shall focus on significant environmental issues 
and alternatives and shall reduce paperwork and the accumulation of 
extraneous background data. Statements shall be concise, clear, and to 
the point, and shall be supported by evidence that the agency has made 
the necessary environmental analyses. An environmental impact statement 
is a document that informs. Federal agency decision making.


Sec.  1502.2   Implementation.

    (a) Environmental impact statements shall not be encyclopedic.
    (b) Impacts shall be discussed in proportion to their significance. 
There shall be only brief discussion of other than significant issues. 
As in a finding of no significant impact, there should be only enough 
discussion to show why more study is not warranted.
    (c) Environmental impact statements shall be analytic, concise, and 
no longer than necessary to comply with NEPA and with the regulations 
in parts 1500 through 1508. Length should be proportional to potential 
environmental effects and project size.
    (d) Environmental impact statements shall state how alternatives 
considered in it and decisions based on it will or will not achieve the 
requirements of sections 101 and 102(1) of NEPA and other environmental 
laws and policies.
    (e) The range of alternatives discussed in environmental impact 
statements shall encompass those to be considered by the ultimate 
agency decision maker.
    (f) Agencies shall not commit resources prejudicing selection of 
alternatives before making a final decision (Sec.  1506.1).
    (g) Environmental impact statements shall serve as the means of 
assessing the environmental impact of proposed agency actions, rather 
than justifying decisions already made.


Sec.  1502.3   Statutory requirements for statements.

    As required by section 102(2)(C) of NEPA, environmental impact 
statements are to be included in every Federal agency recommendation or 
report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions 
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.


Sec.  1502.4   Major Federal actions requiring the preparation of 
environmental impact statements.

    (a) Agencies shall define the proposal that is the subject of an 
environmental impact statement based on the statutory authorities for 
the proposed action. Agencies shall use the criteria for scope (Sec.  
1501.9) to determine which proposal(s) shall be the subject of a 
particular statement. Agencies shall evaluate in a single environmental 
impact statement proposals or parts of proposals that are related to 
each other closely enough to be, in effect, a single course of action.
    (b) Environmental impact statements may be prepared for 
programmatic Federal actions such as the adoption of new agency 
programs. Agencies shall prepare statements on programmatic actions so 
that they are relevant to the program decision and time them to 
coincide with meaningful points in agency planning and decision making.
    (c) When preparing statements on programmatic actions (including 
proposals by more than one agency), agencies may find it useful to 
evaluate the proposal(s) in one of the following ways:
    (1) Geographically, including actions occurring in the same general 
location, such as body of water, region, or metropolitan area.
    (2) Generically, including actions which have relevant 
similarities, such as common timing, impacts, alternatives, methods of 
implementation, media, or subject matter.
    (3) By stage of technological development including Federal or 
federally assisted research, development or demonstration programs for 
new technologies which, if applied, could significantly affect the 
quality of the human environment. Statements on such programs should be 
available before the program has reached a stage of investment or 
commitment to implementation likely to determine subsequent development 
or restrict later alternatives.
    (d) Agencies shall as appropriate employ scoping (Sec.  1501.9), 
tiering (Sec.  1501.11), and other methods listed in Sec. Sec.  1500.4 
and 1500.5 to relate programmatic and narrow actions and to avoid 
duplication and delay. Agencies may tier their environmental analyses 
to defer detailed analysis of environmental impacts of specific program 
elements until such program elements are ripe for

[[Page 1719]]

decisions that would involve an irreversible or irretrievable 
commitment of resources.


Sec.  1502.5   Timing.

    An agency should commence preparation of an environmental impact 
statement as close as practicable to the time the agency is developing 
or is presented with a proposal so that preparation can be completed in 
time for the final statement to be included in any recommendation or 
report on the proposal. The statement shall be prepared early enough so 
that it can serve practically as an important contribution to the 
decision-making process and will not be used to rationalize or justify 
decisions already made (Sec. Sec.  1501.2 and 1502.2). For instance:
    (a) For projects directly undertaken by Federal agencies the 
environmental impact statement shall be prepared at the feasibility 
analysis (go-no go) stage and may be supplemented at a later stage if 
necessary.
    (b) For applications to the agency, appropriate environmental 
assessments or statements shall be commenced as soon as practicable 
after the application is received. Federal agencies should work with 
potential applicants and applicable State, Tribal, and local agencies 
prior to receipt of the application.
    (c) For adjudication, the final environmental impact statement 
shall normally precede the final staff recommendation and that portion 
of the public hearing related to the impact study. In appropriate 
circumstances the statement may follow preliminary hearings designed to 
gather information for use in the statements.
    (d) For informal rulemaking the draft environmental impact 
statement shall normally accompany the proposed rule.


Sec.  1502.6   Interdisciplinary preparation.

    Environmental impact statements shall be prepared using an 
interdisciplinary approach which will ensure the integrated use of the 
natural and social sciences and the environmental design arts (section 
102(2)(A) of NEPA). The disciplines of the preparers shall be 
appropriate to the scope and issues identified in the scoping process 
(Sec.  1501.9).


Sec.  1502.7   Page limits.

    The text of final environmental impact statements (e.g., paragraphs 
(a)(4) through (6) of Sec.  1502.10) shall be 150 pages or fewer and, 
for proposals of unusual scope or complexity, shall be 300 pages or 
fewer unless a senior agency official of the lead agency approves in 
writing a statement to exceed 300 pages and establishes a new page 
limit.


Sec.  1502.8   Writing.

    Environmental impact statements shall be written in plain language 
and may use appropriate graphics so that decision makers and the public 
can readily understand them. Agencies should employ writers of clear 
prose or editors to write, review, or edit statements, which will be 
based upon the analysis and supporting data from the natural and social 
sciences and the environmental design arts.


Sec.  1502.9   Draft, final, and supplemental statements.

    (a) Generally. Except for proposals for legislation as provided in 
Sec.  1506.8 environmental impact statements shall be prepared in two 
stages and, where necessary, shall be supplemented as provided in 
paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
    (b) Draft environmental impact statements. Draft environmental 
impact statements shall be prepared in accordance with the scope 
decided upon in the scoping process. The lead agency shall work with 
the cooperating agencies and shall obtain comments as required in part 
1503 of this chapter. The draft statement must meet, to the fullest 
extent practicable, the requirements established for final statements 
in section 102(2)(C) of NEPA. If a draft statement is so inadequate as 
to preclude meaningful analysis, the agency shall prepare and publish a 
supplemental draft of the appropriate portion. The agency shall discuss 
at appropriate points in the draft statement all major points of view 
on the environmental impacts of the alternatives including the proposed 
action.
    (c) Final environmental impact statements. Final environmental 
impact statements shall address comments as required in part 1503 of 
this chapter. The agency shall discuss at appropriate points in the 
final statement any responsible opposing view which was not adequately 
discussed in the draft statement and shall indicate the agency's 
response to the issues raised.
    (d) Supplemental environmental impact statements. Agencies:
    (1) Shall prepare supplements to either draft or final 
environmental impact statements if a major Federal action remains to 
occur, and:
    (i) The agency makes substantial changes in the proposed action 
that are relevant to environmental concerns; or
    (ii) There are significant new circumstances or information 
relevant to environmental concerns and bearing on the proposed action 
or its impacts.
    (2) May also prepare supplements when the agency determines that 
the purposes of the Act will be furthered by doing so.
    (3) Shall prepare, publish, and file a supplement to a statement in 
the same fashion (exclusive of scoping) as a draft and final statement 
unless alternative procedures are approved by the Council.
    (4) May find that changes to the proposed action or new 
circumstances or information relevant to environmental concerns are not 
significant and therefore do not require a supplement. The agency 
should document the finding consistent with its agency NEPA procedures 
(Sec.  1507.3), or, if necessary, in a finding of no significant impact 
supported by an environmental assessment.


Sec.  1502.10   Recommended format.

    (a) Agencies shall use a format for environmental impact statements 
which will encourage good analysis and clear presentation of the 
alternatives including the proposed action. Agencies should use the 
following standard format for environmental impact statements unless 
the agency determines that there is a more effective format for 
communication:
    (1) Cover.
    (2) Summary.
    (3) Table of contents.
    (4) Purpose of and need for action.
    (5) Alternatives including proposed action (sections 102(2)(C)(iii) 
and 102(2)(E) of NEPA).
    (6) Affected environment and environmental consequences (especially 
sections 102(2)(C)(i), (ii), (iv), and (v) of NEPA).
    (7) Submitted, alternatives, information, and analyses.
    (8) List of preparers.
    (9) Appendices (if any).
    (b) If an agency uses a different format, it shall include 
paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g) and (h) of this section, 
as further described in Sec. Sec.  1502.11 through 1502.20, in any 
appropriate format.


Sec.  1502.11   Cover.

    The cover shall not exceed one page and include:
    (a) A list of the responsible agencies, including the lead agency 
and any cooperating agencies.
    (b) The title of the proposed action that is the subject of the 
statement (and, if appropriate, the titles of related cooperating 
agency actions), together with the State(s) and county(ies) (or other 
jurisdiction, if applicable) where the action is located.

[[Page 1720]]

    (c) The name, address, and telephone number of the person at the 
agency who can supply further information.
    (d) A designation of the statement as a draft, final, or draft or 
final supplement.
    (e) A one-paragraph abstract of the statement.
    (f) The date by which comments must be received (computed in 
cooperation with EPA under Sec.  1506.11).
    (g) The estimated total cost of preparing the environmental impact 
statement, including the costs of agency full-time equivalent (FTE) 
personnel hours, contractor costs, and other direct costs.


Sec.  1502.12   Summary.

    Each environmental impact statement shall contain a summary which 
adequately and accurately summarizes the statement. The summary shall 
stress the major conclusions, areas of disputed issues raised by 
agencies and the public), and the issues to be resolved (including the 
choice among alternatives). The summary will normally not exceed 15 
pages.


Sec.  1502.13   Purpose and need.

    The statement shall briefly specify the underlying purpose and need 
for the proposed action. When an agency's statutory duty is to review 
an application for authorization, the agency shall base the purpose and 
need on the goals of the applicant and the agency's authority.


Sec.  1502.14   Alternatives including the proposed action.

    This section should present the environmental impacts of the 
proposed action and the alternatives in comparative form based on the 
information and analysis presented in the sections on the Affected 
Environment (Sec.  1502.15) and the Environmental Consequences (Sec.  
1502.16). In this section, agencies shall:
    (a) Evaluate reasonable alternatives to the proposed action, and 
for alternatives which were eliminated from detailed study, briefly 
discuss the reasons for their having been eliminated.
    (b) Discuss each alternative considered in detail including the 
proposed action so that reviewers may evaluate their comparative 
merits.
    (c) Include the no action alternative.
    (d) Identify the agency's preferred alternative or alternatives, if 
one or more exists, in the draft statement and identify such 
alternative in the final statement unless another law prohibits the 
expression of such a preference.
    (e) Include appropriate mitigation measures not already included in 
the proposed action or alternatives.


Sec.  1502.15   Affected environment.

    The environmental impact statement shall succinctly describe the 
environment of the area(s) to be affected or created by the 
alternatives under consideration. The description may be combined with 
evaluation of the environmental consequences (Sec.  1502.16) and shall 
be no longer than is necessary to understand the effects of the 
alternatives. Data and analyses in a statement shall be commensurate 
with the importance of the impact, with less important material 
summarized, consolidated, or simply referenced. Agencies shall avoid 
useless bulk in statements and shall concentrate effort and attention 
on important issues. Verbose descriptions of the affected environment 
are themselves no measure of the adequacy of an environmental impact 
statement.


Sec.  1502.16   Environmental consequences.

    (a) This section forms the scientific and analytic basis for the 
comparisons under Sec.  1502.14. It shall consolidate the discussions 
of those elements required by sections 102(2)(C)(i), (ii), (iv), and 
(v) of NEPA which are within the scope of the statement and as much of 
section 102(2)(C)(iii) of NEPA as is necessary to support the 
comparisons. This section should not duplicate discussions in Sec.  
1502.14. The discussion shall include:
    (1) The environmental impacts of the proposed action and reasonable 
alternatives to the proposed action and their significance. The 
comparison of the proposed action and reasonable alternatives shall be 
based on this discussion of the impacts.
    (2) Any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided 
should the proposal be implemented.
    (3) The relationship between short-term uses of man's environment 
and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity.
    (4) Any irreversible or irretrievable commitments of resources 
which would be involved in the proposal should it be implemented.
    (5) Possible conflicts between the proposed action and the 
objectives of Federal, regional, State, Tribal, and local land use 
plans, policies and controls for the area concerned. (Sec.  1506.2(d))
    (6) Energy requirements and conservation potential of various 
alternatives and mitigation measures.
    (7) Natural or depletable resource requirements and conservation 
potential of various alternatives and mitigation measures.
    (8) Urban quality, historic and cultural resources, and the design 
of the built environment, including the reuse and conservation 
potential of various alternatives and mitigation measures.
    (9) Means to mitigate adverse environmental impacts (if not fully 
covered under Sec.  1502.14(e)).
    (10) Where applicable, economic and technical considerations, 
including the economic benefits of the proposed action.
    (b) Economic or social effects by themselves do not require 
preparation of an environmental impact statement. However, when the 
agency determines that economic or social and natural or physical 
environmental effects are interrelated, then the environmental impact 
statement will discuss and give appropriate consideration to these 
effects on the human environment.


Sec.  1502.17   Summary of submitted alternatives, information, and 
analyses.

    The environmental impact statement shall include a summary of all 
alternatives, information, and analyses submitted by public commenters 
for consideration by the lead and cooperating agencies in developing 
the environmental impact statement. Consistent with Sec.  1503.1(a)(3), 
the lead agency shall invite comment on the completeness of the summary 
in the draft environmental impact statement.


Sec.  1502.18   Certification of submitted alternatives, information, 
and analyses section.

    Based on the summary of the submitted alternatives, information, 
and analyses section, the decision maker for the lead agency shall 
certify in the record of decision that the agency has considered all of 
the alternatives, information, and analyses submitted by public 
commenters for consideration by the lead and cooperating agencies in 
developing the environmental impact statement. Agency environmental 
impact statements certified in accordance with this section are 
entitled to a conclusive presumption that the agency has considered the 
information included in the submitted alternatives, information, and 
analyses section.


Sec.  1502.19   List of preparers.

    The environmental impact statement shall list the names, together 
with their qualifications (expertise, experience, professional 
disciplines), of the persons who were primarily responsible for 
preparing the environmental impact statement or significant background 
papers, including basic components of the statement (Sec. Sec.  1502.6 
and 1502.8). Where possible the persons who are responsible for a 
particular analysis,

[[Page 1721]]

including analyses in background papers, shall be identified. Normally 
the list will not exceed two pages.


Sec.  1502.20   Appendix.

    If an agency prepares an appendix, it shall be published with the 
environmental impact statement and shall consist of material:
    (a) Prepared in connection with an environmental impact statement 
(as distinct from material which is not so prepared and which is 
incorporated by reference (Sec.  1501.12)).
    (b) Substantiating any analysis fundamental to the impact 
statement.
    (c) Relevant to the decision to be made.


Sec.  1502.21   Publication of the environmental impact statement.

    Agencies shall publish the entire draft and final environmental 
impact statements and unchanged statements as provided in Sec.  
1503.4(c). The agency shall transmit the entire statement 
electronically (or in paper copy, if so requested due to economic or 
other hardship) to:
    (a) Any Federal agency which has jurisdiction by law or special 
expertise with respect to any environmental impact involved and any 
appropriate Federal, State, Tribal, or local agency authorized to 
develop and enforce environmental standards.
    (b) The applicant, if any.
    (c) Any person, organization, or agency requesting the entire 
environmental impact statement.
    (d) In the case of a final environmental impact statement any 
person, organization, or agency which submitted substantive comments on 
the draft.


Sec.  1502.22   Incomplete or unavailable information.

    (a) When an agency is evaluating reasonably foreseeable significant 
adverse effects on the human environment in an environmental impact 
statement and there is incomplete or unavailable information, the 
agency shall make clear that such information is lacking.
    (b) If the incomplete information relevant to reasonably 
foreseeable significant adverse impacts is essential to a reasoned 
choice among alternatives and the overall costs of obtaining it are not 
unreasonable, the agency shall include the information in the 
environmental impact statement.
    (c) If the information relevant to reasonably foreseeable 
significant adverse impacts cannot be obtained because the overall 
costs of obtaining it are unreasonable or the means to obtain it are 
not known, the agency shall include within the environmental impact 
statement:
    (1) A statement that such information is incomplete or unavailable;
    (2) A statement of the relevance of the incomplete or unavailable 
information to evaluating reasonably foreseeable significant adverse 
impacts on the human environment;
    (3) A summary of existing credible scientific evidence which is 
relevant to evaluating the reasonably foreseeable significant adverse 
impacts on the human environment; and
    (4) The agency's evaluation of such impacts based upon theoretical 
approaches or research methods generally accepted in the scientific 
community.
    (d) For the purposes of this section, ``reasonably foreseeable'' 
includes impacts which have catastrophic consequences, even if their 
probability of occurrence is low, provided that the analysis of the 
impacts is supported by credible scientific evidence, is not based on 
pure conjecture, and is within the rule of reason.


Sec.  1502.23   Cost-benefit analysis.

    If a cost-benefit analysis relevant to the choice among 
environmentally different alternatives is being considered for the 
proposed action, it shall be incorporated by reference or appended to 
the statement as an aid in evaluating the environmental consequences. 
To assess the adequacy of compliance with section 102(2)(B) of NEPA the 
statement shall, when a cost-benefit analysis is prepared, discuss the 
relationship between that analysis and any analyses of unquantified 
environmental impacts, values, and amenities. For purposes of complying 
with the Act, the weighing of the merits and drawbacks of the various 
alternatives need not be displayed in a monetary cost-benefit analysis 
and should not be when there are important qualitative considerations. 
In any event, an environmental impact statement should at least 
indicate those considerations, including factors not related to 
environmental quality, which are likely to be relevant and important to 
a decision.


Sec.  1502.24   Methodology and scientific accuracy.

    Agencies shall ensure the professional integrity, including 
scientific integrity, of the discussions and analyses in environmental 
documents. Agencies shall make use of reliable existing data and 
resources and are not required to undertake new scientific and 
technical research to inform their analyses. Agencies may make use of 
any reliable data sources, such as remotely gathered information or 
statistical models. They shall identify any methodologies used and 
shall make explicit reference to the scientific and other sources 
relied upon for conclusions in the statement. An agency may place 
discussion of methodology in an appendix.


Sec.  1502.25   Environmental review and consultation requirements.

    (a) To the fullest extent possible, agencies shall prepare draft 
environmental impact statements concurrent and integrated with 
environmental impact analyses and related surveys and studies required 
by all other Federal environmental review laws and Executive orders 
applicable to the proposed action, including the Fish and Wildlife 
Coordination Act (16 U.S.C. 661 et seq.), the National Historic 
Preservation Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.), and the Endangered 
Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).
    (b) The draft environmental impact statement shall list all Federal 
permits, licenses, and other authorizations which must be obtained in 
implementing the proposal. If it is uncertain whether a Federal permit, 
license, or other authorization is necessary, the draft environmental 
impact statement shall so indicate.
0
4. Revise part 1503 to read as follows:

PART 1503--COMMENTING ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS

Sec.
1503.1 Inviting comments and requesting information and analyses.
1503.2 Duty to comment.
1503.3 Specificity of comments and information.
1503.4 Response to comments.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347; 42 U.S.C. 4371-4375; 42 U.S.C. 
7609; and E.O. 11514, 35 FR 4247, Mar. 7, 1970, as amended by E.O. 
11991, 42 FR 26967, May 25, 1977.


Sec.  1503.1   Inviting comments and requesting information and 
analyses.

    (a) After preparing a draft environmental impact statement and 
before preparing a final environmental impact statement the agency 
shall:
    (1) Obtain the comments of any Federal agency which has 
jurisdiction by law or special expertise with respect to any 
environmental impact involved or which is authorized to develop and 
enforce environmental standards.
    (2) Request the comments of:
    (i) Appropriate State, Tribal, and local agencies which are 
authorized to develop and enforce environmental standards;

[[Page 1722]]

    (ii) State, Tribal, or local governments that may be affected by 
the proposed action;
    (iii) Any agency which has requested that it receive statements on 
actions of the kind proposed;
    (iv) The applicant, if any; and
    (v) The public, affirmatively soliciting comments in a manner 
designed to inform those persons or organizations who may be interested 
in or affected by the proposed action.
    (3) Invite comment specifically on the completeness of the 
submitted alternatives, information, and analyses section (Sec.  
1502.17).
    (b) An agency may request comments on a final environmental impact 
statement before the final decision. An agency shall request comments 
and provide a 30-day comment period on the final environmental impact 
statement's submitted alternatives, information, and analyses section 
(Sec.  1502.17). Other agencies or persons may make comments consistent 
with the time periods provided for under Sec.  1506.11.
    (c) An agency shall provide for electronic submission of public 
comments, with reasonable measures to ensure the comment process is 
accessible to affected persons.


Sec.  1503.2   Duty to comment.

    Cooperating agencies and agencies that are authorized to develop 
and enforce environmental standards shall comment on statements within 
their jurisdiction, expertise, or authority within the time period 
specified for comment in Sec.  1506.11. A Federal agency may reply that 
it has no comment. If a cooperating agency is satisfied that its views 
are adequately reflected in the environmental impact statement, it 
should reply that it has no comment.


Sec.  1503.3   Specificity of comments and information.

    (a) To promote informed decision making, comments on an 
environmental impact statement or on a proposed action shall be as 
specific as possible, may address either the adequacy of the statement 
or the merits of the alternatives discussed or both, and shall provide 
as much detail as necessary to meaningfully participate and fully 
inform the agency of the commenter's position. Comments should explain 
why the issue raised is significant to the consideration of potential 
environmental impacts and alternatives to the proposed action, as well 
as economic and employment impacts, and other impacts affecting the 
quality of the human environment. Comments should reference the 
corresponding section or page number of the draft environmental impact 
statement, propose specific changes to those parts of the statement, 
where possible, and include or describe the data sources and 
methodologies supporting the proposed changes.
    (b) Comments on the submitted alternatives, information, and 
analyses section (Sec.  1502.17) should identify any additional 
alternatives, information, or analyses not included in the draft 
environmental impact statement, and shall be as specific as possible. 
Comments on and objections to this section shall be raised within 30 
days of the publication of the notice of availability of the final 
environmental impact statement. Comments not provided within 30 days 
shall be considered exhausted and forfeited, consistent with Sec.  
1500.3(b).
    (c) When a participating agency criticizes a lead agency's 
predictive methodology, the participating agency should describe the 
alternative methodology which it prefers and why.
    (d) A cooperating agency shall specify in its comments whether it 
needs additional information to fulfill other applicable environmental 
reviews or consultation requirements and what information it needs. In 
particular, it shall specify any additional information it needs to 
comment adequately on the draft statement's analysis of significant 
site-specific effects associated with the granting or approving by that 
cooperating agency of necessary Federal permits, licenses, or 
authorizations.
    (e) When a cooperating agency with jurisdiction by law specifies 
mitigation measures it considers necessary to allow the agency to grant 
or approve applicable permit, license, or related requirements or 
concurrences, the cooperating agency shall cite to its applicable 
statutory authority.


Sec.  1503.4   Response to comments.

    (a) An agency preparing a final environmental impact statement 
shall consider substantive comments timely submitted during the public 
comment period and may respond individually and collectively. In the 
final environmental impact statement, the agency may:
    (1) Modify alternatives including the proposed action.
    (2) Develop and evaluate alternatives not previously given serious 
consideration by the agency.
    (3) Supplement, improve, or modify its analyses.
    (4) Make factual corrections.
    (5) Explain why the comments do not warrant further agency 
response.
    (b) All substantive comments received on the draft statement (or 
summaries thereof where the response has been exceptionally 
voluminous), shall be appended to the final statement or otherwise 
published.
    (c) If changes in response to comments are minor and are confined 
to the responses described in paragraphs (a)(4) and (5) of this 
section, agencies may write the changes on errata sheets and attach the 
responses to the statement instead of rewriting the draft statement. In 
such cases only the comments, the responses, and the changes and not 
the final statement need be published (Sec.  1502.20). The entire 
document with a new cover sheet shall be filed with the Environmental 
Protection Agency as the final statement (Sec.  1506.10).
0
5. Revise part 1504 to read as follows:

PART 1504--PRE-DECISIONAL REFERRALS TO THE COUNCIL OF PROPOSED 
FEDERAL ACTIONS DETERMINED TO BE ENVIRONMENTALLY UNSATISFACTORY

Sec.
1504.1 Purpose.
1504.2 Criteria for referral.
1504.3 Procedure for referrals and response.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347; 42 U.S.C. 4371-4375; 42 U.S.C. 
7609; and E.O. 11514, 35 FR 4247, Mar. 7, 1970, as amended by E.O. 
11991, 42 FR 26967, May 25, 1977.


Sec.  1504.1   Purpose.

    (a) This part establishes procedures for referring to the Council 
Federal interagency disagreements concerning proposed major Federal 
actions that might cause unsatisfactory environmental effects. It 
provides means for early resolution of such disagreements.
    (b) Under section 309 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7609), the 
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency is directed to 
review and comment publicly on the environmental impacts of Federal 
activities, including actions for which environmental impact statements 
are prepared. If after this review the Administrator determines that 
the matter is ``unsatisfactory from the standpoint of public health or 
welfare or environmental quality,'' section 309 directs that the matter 
be referred to the Council (hereafter ``environmental referrals'').
    (c) Under section 102(2)(C) of NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4332(2)(C)), other 
Federal agencies may produce similar reviews of environmental impact 
statements, including judgments on the acceptability of anticipated 
environmental impacts. These reviews must be made available to the 
President, the Council and the public.

[[Page 1723]]

Sec.  1504.2   Criteria for referral.

    Environmental referrals should be made to the Council only after 
concerted, timely (as early as practicable in the process), but 
unsuccessful attempts to resolve differences with the lead agency. In 
determining what environmental objections to the matter are appropriate 
to refer to the Council, an agency should weigh potential adverse 
environmental impacts, considering:
    (a) Possible violation of national environmental standards or 
policies.
    (b) Severity.
    (c) Geographical scope.
    (d) Duration.
    (e) Importance as precedents.
    (f) Availability of environmentally preferable alternatives.
    (g) Economic and technical considerations, including the economic 
costs of delaying or impeding the decision making of the agencies 
involved in the action.


Sec.  1504.3   Procedure for referrals and response.

    (a) A Federal agency making the referral to the Council shall:
    (1) Advise the lead agency at the earliest possible time that it 
intends to refer a matter to the Council unless a satisfactory 
agreement is reached.
    (2) Include such advice whenever practicable in the referring 
agency's comments on the environmental assessment or draft 
environmental impact statement.
    (3) Identify any essential information that is lacking and request 
that the lead agency make it available at the earliest possible time.
    (4) Send copies of such advice to the Council.
    (b) The referring agency shall deliver its referral to the Council 
no later than 25 days after the lead agency has made the final 
environmental impact statement available to the Environmental 
Protection Agency, participating agencies, and the public, and in the 
case of an environmental assessment, no later than 25 days after the 
lead agency makes it available. Except when the lead agency grants an 
extension of this period, the Council will not accept a referral after 
that date.
    (c) The referral shall consist of:
    (1) A copy of the letter signed by the head of the referring agency 
and delivered to the lead agency informing the lead agency of the 
referral and the reasons for it.
    (2) A statement supported by factual evidence leading to the 
conclusion that the matter is unsatisfactory from the standpoint of 
public health or welfare or environmental quality. The statement shall:
    (i) Identify any disputed material facts and incorporate (by 
reference if appropriate) agreed upon facts;
    (ii) Identify any existing environmental requirements or policies 
which would be violated by the matter;
    (iii) Present the reasons for the referral;
    (ii) Contain a finding by the agency whether the issue raised is of 
national importance because of the threat to national environmental 
resources or policies or for some other reason;
    (iii) Review the steps taken by the referring agency to bring its 
concerns to the attention of the lead agency at the earliest possible 
time; and
    (iv) Give the referring agency's recommendations as to what 
mitigation alternative, further study, or other course of action 
(including abandonment of the matter) are necessary to remedy the 
situation.
    (d) No later than 25 days after the referral to the Council, the 
lead agency may deliver a response to the Council and the referring 
agency. If the lead agency requests more time and gives assurance that 
the matter will not go forward in the interim, the Council may grant an 
extension. The response shall:
    (1) Address fully the issues raised in the referral.
    (2) Be supported by evidence and explanations, as appropriate.
    (3) Give the lead agency's response to the referring agency's 
recommendations.
    (e) Applicants may provide views in writing to the Council no later 
than the response.
    (f) No later than 25 days after receipt of both the referral and 
any response or upon being informed that there will be no response 
(unless the lead agency agrees to a longer time), the Council may take 
one or more of the following actions:
    (1) Conclude that the process of referral and response has 
successfully resolved the problem.
    (2) Initiate discussions with the agencies with the objective of 
mediation with referring and lead agencies.
    (3) Obtain additional views and information.
    (4) Determine that the issue is not one of national importance and 
request the referring and lead agencies to pursue their decision 
process.
    (5) Determine that the issue should be further negotiated by the 
referring and lead agencies and is not appropriate for Council 
consideration until one or more heads of agencies report to the Council 
that the agencies' disagreements are irreconcilable.
    (6) Publish its findings and recommendations (including where 
appropriate a finding that the submitted evidence does not support the 
position of an agency).
    (7) When appropriate, submit the referral and the response together 
with the Council's recommendation to the President for action.
    (g) The Council shall take no longer than 60 days to complete the 
actions specified in paragraph (f)(2), (3), or (5) of this section.
    (h) The referral process is not intended to create any private 
rights of action or to be judicially reviewable because any voluntary 
resolutions by the agency parties do not represent final agency action 
and instead are only provisional and dependent on later consistent 
action by the action agencies.
0
6. Revise part 1505 to read as follows:

PART 1505--NEPA AND AGENCY DECISION MAKING

Sec.
1505.1 [Reserved]
1505.2 Record of decision in cases requiring environmental impact 
statements.
1505.3 Implementing the decision.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347; 42 U.S.C. 4371-4375; 42 U.S.C. 
7609; E.O. 11514, 35 FR 4247, Mar. 7, 1970, as amended by E.O. 
11991, 42 FR 26967, May 25, 1977; and E.O. 13807, 82 FR 40463, Aug. 
24, 2017.


Sec.  1505.1   [Reserved]


Sec.  1505.2   Record of decision in cases requiring environmental 
impact statements.

    At the time of its decision (Sec.  1506.11) or, if appropriate, its 
recommendation to Congress, each agency shall prepare and timely 
publish a concise public record of decision or joint record of 
decision. The record, which each agency may integrate into any other 
record it prepares, shall:
    (a) State the decision.
    (b) Identify all alternatives considered by the agency in reaching 
its decision, specifying the alternative or alternatives which were 
considered to be environmentally preferable. An agency may discuss 
preferences among alternatives based on relevant factors including 
economic and technical considerations and agency statutory missions. An 
agency shall identify and discuss all such factors, including any 
essential considerations of national policy which were balanced by the 
agency in making its decision and state how those considerations 
entered into its decision.
    (c) State whether the agency has adopted all practicable means to 
avoid or minimize environmental harm from the alternative selected, and 
if not, why the agency did not. The agency shall adopt and summarize, 
where applicable, a monitoring and enforcement program

[[Page 1724]]

for any enforceable mitigation requirements or commitments.
    (d) Address any comments or objections received on the final 
environmental impact statement's submitted alternatives, information, 
and analyses section.
    (e) Include the decision maker's certification regarding the 
agency's consideration of the submitted alternatives, information, and 
analyses submitted by public commenters (Sec. Sec.  1502.17 and 
1502.18).


Sec.  1505.3   Implementing the decision.

    Agencies may provide for monitoring to assure that their decisions 
are carried out and should do so in important cases. Mitigation (Sec.  
1505.2(c)) and other conditions established in the environmental impact 
statement or during its review and committed as part of the decision 
shall be implemented by the lead agency or other appropriate consenting 
agency. The lead agency shall:
    (a) Include appropriate conditions in grants, permits or other 
approvals.
    (b) Condition funding of actions on mitigation.
    (c) Upon request, inform cooperating or participating agencies on 
progress in carrying out mitigation measures which they have proposed 
and which were adopted by the agency making the decision.
    (d) Upon request, publish the results of relevant monitoring.
0
7. Revise part 1506 to read as follows:

PART 1506--OTHER REQUIREMENTS OF NEPA

Sec.
1506.1 Limitations on actions during NEPA process.
1506.2 Elimination of duplication with State, Tribal, and local 
procedures.
1506.3 Adoption.
1506.4 Combining documents.
1506.5 Agency responsibility for environmental documents.
1506.6 Public involvement.
1506.7 Further guidance.
1506.8 Proposals for legislation.
1506.9 Proposals for regulations.
1506.10 Filing requirements.
1506.11 Timing of agency action.
1506.12 Emergencies.
1506.13 Effective date.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347; 42 U.S.C. 4371-4375; 42 U.S.C. 
7609; E.O. 11514, 35 FR 4247, Mar. 7, 1970, as amended by E.O. 
11991, 42 FR 26967, May 25, 1977; and E.O. 13807, 82 FR 40463, Aug. 
24, 2017.


Sec.  1506.1   Limitations on actions during NEPA process.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, 
until an agency issues a finding of no significant impact, as provided 
in Sec.  1501.6, or record of decision, as provided in Sec.  1505.2, no 
action concerning the proposal may be taken which would:
    (1) Have an adverse environmental impact; or
    (2) Limit the choice of reasonable alternatives.
    (b) If any agency is considering an application from a non-Federal 
entity, and is aware that the applicant is about to take an action 
within the agency's jurisdiction that would meet either of the criteria 
in paragraph (a) of this section, then the agency shall promptly notify 
the applicant that the agency will take appropriate action to ensure 
that the objectives and procedures of NEPA are achieved. This section 
does not preclude development by applicants of plans or designs or 
performance of other activities necessary to support an application for 
Federal, State, Tribal, or local permits or assistance. An agency 
considering a proposed action for Federal funding may authorize such 
activities, including, but not limited to, acquisition of interests in 
land (e.g., fee simple, rights-of-way, and conservation easements), 
purchase of long lead-time equipment, and purchase options made by 
applicants.
    (c) While work on a required programmatic environmental impact 
statement or environmental assessment is in progress and the action is 
not covered by an existing programmatic statement, agencies shall not 
undertake in the interim any major Federal action covered by the 
program which may significantly affect the quality of the human 
environment unless such action:
    (1) Is justified independently of the program;
    (2) Is itself accompanied by an adequate environmental impact 
statement; and
    (3) Will not prejudice the ultimate decision on the program. 
Interim action prejudices the ultimate decision on the program when it 
tends to determine subsequent development or limit alternatives.


Sec.  1506.2   Elimination of duplication with State, Tribal, and local 
procedures.

    (a) Federal agencies are authorized to cooperate with State, 
Tribal, and local agencies that are responsible for preparing 
environmental documents, including those prepared pursuant to section 
102(2)(D) of NEPA.
    (b) Agencies shall cooperate with State, Tribal, and local agencies 
to the fullest extent practicable to reduce duplication between NEPA 
and State, Tribal, and local requirements, including through use of 
environmental studies, analysis, and decisions conducted in support of 
Federal, State, Tribal, or local environmental reviews or authorization 
decisions, unless the agencies are specifically barred from doing so by 
some other law. Except for cases covered by paragraph (a) of this 
section, such cooperation shall to the fullest extent practicable 
include:
    (1) Joint planning processes.
    (2) Joint environmental research and studies.
    (3) Joint public hearings (except where otherwise provided by 
statute).
    (4) Joint environmental assessments.
    (c) Agencies shall cooperate with State, Tribal, and local agencies 
to the fullest extent practicable to reduce duplication between NEPA 
and comparable State, Tribal, and local requirements, unless the 
agencies are specifically barred from doing so by some other law. 
Except for cases covered by paragraph (a) of this section, such 
cooperation shall include, to the fullest extent practicable, joint 
environmental impact statements. In such cases one or more Federal 
agencies and one or more State, Tribal, or local agencies shall be 
joint lead agencies. Where State or Tribal laws or local ordinances 
have environmental impact statement or similar requirements in addition 
to but not in conflict with those in NEPA, Federal agencies may 
cooperate in fulfilling these requirements, as well as those of Federal 
laws, so that one document will comply with all applicable laws.
    (d) To better integrate environmental impact statements into State, 
Tribal, or local planning processes, environmental impact statements 
shall discuss any inconsistency of a proposed action with any approved 
State, Tribal, or local plan or law (whether or not federally 
sanctioned). Where an inconsistency exists, the statement should 
describe the extent to which the agency would reconcile its proposed 
action with the plan or law. While the statement should discuss any 
inconsistencies, NEPA does not require reconciliation.


Sec.  1506.3   Adoption.

    (a) An agency may adopt a Federal environmental assessment, draft 
or final environmental impact statement, or portion thereof, provided 
that the assessment, statement, or portion thereof meets the standards 
for an adequate assessment or statement under the regulations in parts 
1500 through 1508.
    (b) If the actions covered by the original environmental impact 
statement and the proposed action are substantially the same, the 
agency adopting another agency's statement shall republish it as a 
final statement.

[[Page 1725]]

Otherwise, the adopting agency shall treat the statement as a draft and 
republish it (except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section), 
consistent with Sec.  1506.10.
    (c) A cooperating agency may adopt in its record of decision 
without republishing the environmental impact statement of a lead 
agency when, after an independent review of the statement, the 
cooperating agency concludes that its comments and suggestions have 
been satisfied.
    (d) If the actions covered by the original environmental assessment 
and the proposed action are substantially the same, an agency may adopt 
another agency's environmental assessment in its finding of no 
significant impact and provide notice consistent with Sec.  1501.6.
    (e) The adopting agency shall specify if one of the following 
circumstances are present:
    (1) The agency is adopting an assessment or statement that is not 
final within the agency that prepared it.
    (2) The action assessed in the assessment or statement is the 
subject of a referral under part 1504.
    (3) The assessment or statement's adequacy is the subject of a 
judicial action that is not final.
    (f) An agency may adopt another agency's determination that a 
categorical exclusion applies to a proposed action if the adopting 
agency's proposed action is substantially the same.


Sec.  1506.4   Combining documents.

    Agencies should combine, to the fullest extent practicable, any 
environmental document with any other agency document to reduce 
duplication and paperwork.


Sec.  1506.5   Agency responsibility for environmental documents.

    (a) Information. If an agency requires an applicant to submit 
environmental information for possible use by the agency in preparing 
an environmental document, then the agency should assist the applicant 
by outlining the types of information required. The agency shall 
independently evaluate the information submitted and shall be 
responsible for its accuracy. If the agency chooses to use the 
information submitted by the applicant in the environmental document, 
either directly or by reference, then the names of the persons 
responsible for the independent evaluation shall be included in the 
list of preparers (Sec.  1502.19). It is the intent of this paragraph 
that acceptable work not be redone, but that it be verified by the 
agency.
    (b) Environmental assessments. If an agency permits an applicant to 
prepare an environmental assessment, the agency, besides fulfilling the 
requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, shall make its own 
evaluation of the environmental issues and take responsibility for the 
scope and content of the environmental assessment.
    (c) Environmental impact statements. Except as provided in 
Sec. Sec.  1506.2 and 1506.3, the lead agency, a contractor or 
applicant under the direction of the lead agency, or a cooperating 
agency, where appropriate (Sec.  1501.8(b)), may prepare an 
environmental impact statement pursuant to the requirements of NEPA.
    (1) If a contractor or applicant prepares the document, the 
responsible Federal official shall provide guidance, participate in its 
preparation, independently evaluate it prior to its approval, and take 
responsibility for its scope and contents.
    (2) Nothing in this section is intended to prohibit any agency from 
requesting any person, including the applicant, to submit information 
to it or to prohibit any person from submitting information to any 
agency for use in preparing environmental documents.


Sec.  1506.6   Public involvement.

    Agencies shall:
    (a) Make diligent efforts to involve the public in preparing and 
implementing their NEPA procedures (Sec.  1507.3).
    (b) Provide public notice of NEPA-related hearings, public 
meetings, and other opportunities for public engagement, and the 
availability of environmental documents so as to inform those persons 
and agencies who may be interested or affected by their proposed 
actions.
    (1) In all cases, the agency shall notify those who have requested 
notice on an individual action.
    (2) In the case of an action with effects of national concern, 
notice shall include publication in the Federal Register. An agency may 
notify organizations that have requested regular notice. Agencies shall 
maintain a list of such organizations.
    (3) In the case of an action with effects primarily of local 
concern, the notice may include:
    (i) Notice to State and local agencies that may be interested or 
affected by the proposed action.
    (ii) Notice to affected Tribal governments.
    (iii) Following the affected State or Tribe's public notice 
procedures for comparable actions.
    (iv) Publication in local newspapers (in papers of general 
circulation rather than legal papers).
    (v) Notice through other local media.
    (vi) Notice to potentially interested community organizations 
including small business associations.
    (vii) Publication in newsletters that may be expected to reach 
potentially interested persons.
    (viii) Direct mailing to owners and occupants of nearby or affected 
property.
    (ix) Posting of notice on and off site in the area where the action 
is to be located.
    (x) Notice through electronic media (e.g., a project or agency 
website, email, or social media). For actions occurring in whole or 
part in an area with limited access to high-speed internet, public 
notification may not be limited to solely electronic methods.
    (c) Hold or sponsor public hearings, public meetings, or other 
opportunities for public engagement whenever appropriate or in 
accordance with statutory requirements applicable to the agency. 
Agencies may conduct public hearings and public meetings by means of 
electronic communication except where another format is required by 
law.
    (d) Solicit appropriate information from the public.
    (e) Explain in its procedures where interested persons can get 
information or status reports on environmental impact statements and 
other elements of the NEPA process.
    (f) Make environmental impact statements, the comments received, 
and any underlying documents available to the public pursuant to the 
provisions of the Freedom of Information Act, as amended (5 U.S.C. 
552).


Sec.  1506.7   Further guidance.

    The Council may provide further guidance concerning NEPA and its 
procedures consistent with Executive Order 13807, Establishing 
Discipline and Accountability in the Environmental Review and 
Permitting Process for Infrastructure Projects (August 5, 2017), 
Executive Order 13891, Promoting the Rule of Law Through Improved 
Agency Guidance Documents (October 9, 2019), and any other applicable 
Executive orders.


Sec.  1506.8   Proposals for legislation.

    (a) When developing or providing significant cooperation and 
support in the development of legislation, agencies shall integrate the 
NEPA process for proposals for legislation significantly affecting the 
quality of the human environment with the legislative process of the 
Congress. The test for significant cooperation is whether the proposal 
is in fact predominantly that of the agency rather than another source. 
Drafting

[[Page 1726]]

does not by itself constitute significant cooperation. Only the agency 
which has primary responsibility for the subject matter involved will 
prepare a legislative environmental impact statement.
    (b) A legislative environmental impact statement is the detailed 
statement required by law to be included in a recommendation or report 
on a legislative proposal to Congress. A legislative environmental 
impact statement shall be considered part of the formal transmittal of 
a legislative proposal to Congress; however, it may be transmitted to 
Congress up to 30 days later in order to allow time for completion of 
an accurate statement that can serve as the basis for public and 
Congressional debate. The statement must be available in time for 
Congressional hearings and deliberations.
    (c) Preparation of a legislative environmental impact statement 
shall conform to the requirements of the regulations in parts 1500 
through 1508, except as follows:
    (1) There need not be a scoping process.
    (2) Agencies shall prepare the legislative statement in the same 
manner as a draft environmental impact statement and need not prepare a 
final statement unless any of the following conditions exist. In such 
cases, the agency shall prepare and publish the statements consistent 
with Sec. Sec.  1503.1 and 1506.11:
    (i) A Congressional committee with jurisdiction over the proposal 
has a rule requiring both draft and final environmental impact 
statements.
    (ii) The proposal results from a study process required by statute 
(such as those required by the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 U.S.C. 
1271 et seq.) and the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.)).
    (iii) Legislative approval is sought for Federal or federally 
assisted construction or other projects which the agency recommends be 
located at specific geographic locations. For proposals requiring an 
environmental impact statement for the acquisition of space by the 
General Services Administration, a draft statement shall accompany the 
Prospectus or the 11(b) Report of Building Project Surveys to the 
Congress, and a final statement shall be completed before site 
acquisition.
    (iv) The agency decides to prepare draft and final statements.
    (d) Comments on the legislative statement shall be given to the 
lead agency which shall forward them along with its own responses to 
the Congressional committees with jurisdiction.


Sec.  1506.9   Proposals for regulations.

    (a) Where the proposal for major Federal action is the promulgation 
of a rule or regulation, analyses prepared pursuant to other statutory 
or Executive order requirements may serve as the functional equivalent 
of the EIS and be sufficient to comply with NEPA.
    (b) To determine that an analysis serves as the functional 
equivalent of an EIS, an agency shall find that:
    (1) There are substantive and procedural standards that ensure full 
and adequate consideration of environmental issues;
    (2) There is public participation before a final alternative is 
selected; and
    (3) A purpose of the analysis that the agency is conducting is to 
examine environmental issues.


Sec.  1506.10   Filing requirements.

    (a) Environmental impact statements together with comments and 
responses shall be filed with the Environmental Protection Agency, 
Office of Federal Activities, consistent with EPA's procedures.
    (b) Statements shall be filed with the EPA no earlier than they are 
also transmitted to participating agencies and made available to the 
public. EPA may issue guidelines to agencies to implement its 
responsibilities under this section and Sec.  1506.11.


Sec.  1506.11   Timing of agency action.

    (a) The Environmental Protection Agency shall publish a notice in 
the Federal Register each week of the environmental impact statements 
filed since its prior notice. The minimum time periods set forth in 
this section shall be calculated from the date of publication of this 
notice.
    (b) Unless otherwise provided by law, including statutory 
provisions for combining a final environmental impact statement and 
record of decision, Federal agencies may not make or issue a record of 
decision under Sec.  1505.2 for the proposed action until the later of 
the following dates:
    (1) 90 days after publication of the notice described above in 
paragraph (a) of this section for a draft environmental impact 
statement.
    (2) 30 days after publication of the notice described above in 
paragraph (a) of this section for a final environmental impact 
statement.
    (c) An agency may make an exception to the rule on timing set forth 
in paragraph (b) of this section for a proposed action in the following 
circumstances.
    (1) Some agencies have a formally established appeal process which 
allows other agencies or the public to take appeals on a decision and 
make their views known, after publication of the final environmental 
impact statement. In such cases, where a real opportunity exists to 
alter the decision, the decision may be made and recorded at the same 
time the environmental impact statement is published. This means that 
the period for appeal of the decision and the 30-day period set forth 
in paragraph (b)(2) of this section may run concurrently. In such 
cases, the environmental impact statement shall explain the timing and 
the public's right of appeal and provide notification consistent with 
Sec.  1506.10.
    (2) An agency engaged in rulemaking under the Administrative 
Procedure Act or other statute for the purpose of protecting the public 
health or safety may waive the time period in paragraph (b)(2) of this 
section, publish a decision on the final rule simultaneously with 
publication of the notice of the availability of the final 
environmental impact statement and provide notification consistent with 
Sec.  1506.10, as described in paragraph (a) of this section.
    (d) If an agency files the final environmental impact statement 
within 90 days of the filing of the draft environmental impact 
statement with the Environmental Protection Agency, the decision-making 
period and the 90-day period may run concurrently. However, subject to 
paragraph (e) of this section, agencies shall allow at least 45 days 
for comments on draft statements.
    (e) The lead agency may extend the minimum periods in paragraph (b) 
of this section and provide notification consistent with Sec.  1506.10. 
The Environmental Protection Agency may upon a showing by the lead 
agency of compelling reasons of national policy reduce the minimum 
periods and may upon a showing by any other Federal agency of 
compelling reasons of national policy also extend the minimum periods, 
but only after consultation with the lead agency. The lead agency may 
modify the minimum periods when necessary to comply with other specific 
statutory requirements. (Sec.  1507.3(e)(2)) Failure to file timely 
comments shall not be a sufficient reason for extending a period. If 
the lead agency does not concur with the extension of time, EPA may not 
extend it for more than 30 days. When the Environmental Protection 
Agency reduces or extends any period of time it shall notify the 
Council.

[[Page 1727]]

Sec.  1506.12   Emergencies.

    Where emergency circumstances make it necessary to take an action 
with significant environmental impact without observing the provisions 
of the regulations in parts 1500 through 1508, the Federal agency 
taking the action should consult with the Council about alternative 
arrangements for compliance with section 102(2)(C) of NEPA. Agencies 
and the Council will limit such arrangements to actions necessary to 
control the immediate impacts of the emergency. Other actions remain 
subject to NEPA review.


Sec.  1506.13   Effective date.

    The regulations in parts 1500 through 1508 apply to any NEPA 
process begun after [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE]. An agency may apply 
these regulations to ongoing activities and environmental documents 
begun before [EFFECTIVE DATE OF FINAL RULE].
0
8. Revise part 1507 to read as follows:

PART 1507--AGENCY COMPLIANCE

Sec.
1507.1 Compliance.
1507.2 Agency capability to comply.
1507.3 Agency NEPA procedures.
1507.4 Agency NEPA program information.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347; 42 U.S.C. 4371-4375; 42 U.S.C. 
7609; E.O. 11514, 35 FR 4247, Mar. 7, 1970, as amended by E.O. 
11991, 42 FR 26967, May 25, 1977; and E.O. 13807, 82 FR 40463, Aug. 
24, 2017.


Sec.  1507.1   Compliance.

    All agencies of the Federal Government shall comply with the 
regulations in parts 1500 through 1508.


Sec.  1507.2   Agency capability to comply.

    Each agency shall be capable (in terms of personnel and other 
resources) of complying with the requirements of NEPA and the 
regulations in parts 1500 through 1508. Such compliance may include use 
of the resources of other agencies, applicants, and other participants 
in the NEPA process, but the using agency shall itself have sufficient 
capability to evaluate what others do for it and account for the 
contributions of others. Agencies shall:
    (a) Fulfill the requirements of section 102(2)(A) of NEPA to 
utilize a systematic, interdisciplinary approach which will ensure the 
integrated use of the natural and social sciences and the environmental 
design arts in planning and in decision making which may have an impact 
on the human environment. Agencies shall designate a senior agency 
official to be responsible for overall review of agency NEPA 
compliance.
    (b) Identify methods and procedures required by section 102(2)(B) 
of NEPA to ensure that presently unquantified environmental amenities 
and values may be given appropriate consideration.
    (c) Prepare adequate environmental impact statements pursuant to 
section 102(2)(C) of NEPA and cooperate on the development of 
statements in the areas where the agency has jurisdiction by law or 
special expertise or is authorized to develop and enforce environmental 
standards.
    (d) Study, develop, and describe alternatives to recommended 
courses of action in any proposal which involves unresolved conflicts 
concerning alternative uses of available resources. This requirement of 
section 102(2)(E) of NEPA extends to all such proposals, not just the 
more limited scope of section 102(2)(C)(iii) of NEPA where the 
discussion of alternatives is confined to impact statements.
    (e) Comply with the requirements of section 102(2)(H) of NEPA that 
the agency initiate and utilize ecological information in the planning 
and development of resource-oriented projects.
    (f) Fulfill the requirements of sections 102(2)(F), 102(2)(G), and 
102(2)(I), of NEPA, Executive Order 11514, Protection and Enhancement 
of Environmental Quality, section 2, as amended by Executive Order 
11991, Relating to Protection and Enhancement of Environmental Quality, 
and Executive Order 13807, Establishing Discipline and Accountability 
in the Environmental Review and Permitting for Infrastructure Projects.


Sec.  1507.3   Agency NEPA procedures.

    (a) No more than 12 months after [PUBLICATION DATE OF FINAL RULE] 
in the Federal Register, or 9 months after the establishment of an 
agency, whichever comes later, each agency shall develop or revise, as 
necessary, proposed procedures to implement the regulations in parts 
1500 through 1508, including to eliminate any inconsistencies with 
these regulations. When the agency is a department, major subunits are 
encouraged (with the consent of the department) to adopt their own 
procedures. Except as otherwise provided by law or for agency 
efficiency, agency NEPA procedures shall not impose additional 
procedures or requirements beyond those set forth in these regulations.
    (1) Each agency shall consult with the Council while developing or 
revising its proposed procedures and before publishing them in the 
Federal Register for comment. Agencies with similar programs should 
consult with each other and the Council to coordinate their procedures, 
especially for programs requesting similar information from applicants.
    (2) Agencies shall provide an opportunity for public review and 
review by the Council for conformity with the Act and the regulations 
in parts 1500 through 1508 before adopting their final procedures. The 
Council shall complete its review within 30 days of the receipt of the 
proposed final procedures. Once in effect, the agency shall publish its 
NEPA procedures and ensure that they are readily available to the 
public.
    (b) Agencies shall adopt, as necessary, agency NEPA procedures to 
improve agency efficiency and ensure that decisions are made in 
accordance with the Act's procedural requirements. Such procedures 
shall include, but not be limited to:
    (1) Implementing procedures under section 102(2) of NEPA to achieve 
the requirements of sections 101 and 102(1).
    (2) Designating the major decision points for the agency's 
principal programs likely to have a significant effect on the human 
environment and assuring that the NEPA process corresponds with them.
    (3) Requiring that relevant environmental documents, comments, and 
responses be part of the record in formal rulemaking or adjudicatory 
proceedings.
    (4) Requiring that relevant environmental documents, comments, and 
responses accompany the proposal through existing agency review 
processes so that decision makers use the statement in making 
decisions.
    (5) Requiring that the alternatives considered by the decision 
maker are encompassed by the range of alternatives discussed in the 
relevant environmental documents and that the decision maker consider 
the alternatives described in the environmental impact statement. If 
another decision document accompanies the relevant environmental 
documents to the decision maker, agencies are encouraged to make 
available to the public before the decision is made any part of that 
document that relates to the comparison of alternatives.
    (6) Requiring the combination of environmental documents with other 
agency documents, and may include designation of analyses or processes 
that shall serve the function of agency compliance with NEPA and the 
regulations in parts 1500 through 1508. To determine that an analysis 
individually or analyses in the aggregate serve as the functional 
equivalent of an EIS, an agency shall find that:

[[Page 1728]]

    (i) There are substantive and procedural standards that ensure full 
and adequate consideration of environmental issues;
    (ii) There is public participation before a final alternative is 
selected; and
    (iii) A purpose of the analysis that the agency is conducting is to 
examine environmental issues.
    (c) Agency procedures may include identification of actions that 
are not subject to NEPA, including:
    (1) Non-major Federal actions;
    (2) Actions that are non-discretionary actions, in whole or in 
part;
    (3) Actions expressly exempt from NEPA under another statute;
    (4) Actions for which compliance with NEPA would clearly and 
fundamentally conflict with the requirements of another statute; and
    (5) Actions for which compliance with NEPA would be inconsistent 
with Congressional intent due to the requirements of another statute.
    (d) Agency procedures shall comply with the regulations in parts 
1500 through 1508 except where compliance would be inconsistent with 
statutory requirements and shall include:
    (1) Those procedures required by Sec. Sec.  1501.2(b)(4) 
(assistance to applicants), and 1506.6(e) (status information).
    (2) Specific criteria for and identification of those typical 
classes of action:
    (i) Which normally do require environmental impact statements.
    (ii) Which normally do not require either an environmental impact 
statement or an environmental assessment and do not have a significant 
effect on the human environment (categorical exclusions (Sec.  
1501.4)). Any procedures under this section shall provide for 
extraordinary circumstances in which a normally excluded action may 
have a significant environmental effect. Agency NEPA procedures shall 
identify where documentation of a categorical exclusion determination 
is required.
    (iii) Which normally require environmental assessments but not 
necessarily environmental impact statements.
    (3) Procedures for introducing a supplement to an environmental 
assessment or environmental impact statement into its formal 
administrative record, if such a record exists.
    (e) Agency procedures may:
    (1) Include specific criteria for providing limited exceptions to 
the provisions of the regulations in parts 1500 through 1508 for 
classified proposals. These are proposed actions that are specifically 
authorized under criteria established by an Executive Order or statute 
to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy 
and are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive Order or 
statute. Agencies may safeguard and restrict from public dissemination 
environmental assessments and environmental impact statements that 
address classified proposals in accordance with agencies' own 
regulations applicable to classified information. Agencies should 
organize these documents so that classified portions are included as 
annexes, so that the agencies can make the unclassified portions 
available to the public.
    (2) Provide for periods of time other than those presented in Sec.  
1506.11 when necessary to comply with other specific statutory 
requirements.
    (3) Provide that where there is a lengthy period between the 
agency's decision to prepare an environmental impact statement and the 
time of actual preparation, the agency may publish the notice of intent 
required by Sec.  1501.9 at a reasonable time in advance of preparation 
of the draft statement. Agency procedures shall provide for publication 
of supplemental notices to inform the public of a pause in its 
preparation of an environmental impact statement and for any agency 
decision to withdraw its notice of intent to prepare an environmental 
impact statement.
    (4) Adopt procedures to combine its environmental assessment 
process with its scoping process.
    (5) Provide for a process where the agency may consult with and 
apply a categorical exclusion listed in another agency's NEPA 
procedures to its proposed action by establishing a process that 
ensures application of the categorical exclusion is appropriate.


Sec.  1507.4   Agency NEPA program information.

    (a) To allow agencies and the public to efficiently and effectively 
access information about NEPA reviews, agencies shall provide for 
agency websites or other means to make available environmental 
documents, relevant notices, and other relevant information for use by 
agencies, applicants, and interested persons. Such means of publication 
may include:
    (1) Agency planning and environmental documents that guide agency 
management and provide for public involvement in agency planning 
processes;
    (2) A directory of pending and final environmental documents;
    (3) Agency policy documents, orders, terminology, and explanatory 
materials regarding agency decision-making processes;
    (4) Agency planning program information, plans, and planning tools; 
and
    (5) A database searchable by geographic information, document 
status, document type, and project type.
    (b) Agencies shall provide for efficient and effective interagency 
coordination of their environmental program websites, including use of 
shared databases or application programming interface, in their 
implementation of NEPA and related authorities.
0
9. Revise part 1508 to read as follows:

PART 1508--DEFINITIONS

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347; 42 U.S.C. 4371-4375; 42 U.S.C. 
7609; E.O. 11514, 35 FR 4247, Mar. 7, 1970, as amended by E.O. 
11991, 42 FR 26967, May 25, 1977; and E.O. 13807, 82 FR 40463, Aug. 
24, 2017.


Sec.  1508.1   Definitions.

    The following definitions apply to the regulations in parts 1500 
through 1508. Federal agencies shall use these terms uniformly 
throughout the Federal Government.
    (a) Act or NEPA means the National Environmental Policy Act, as 
amended (42 U.S.C. 4321, et seq.).
    (b) Affecting means will or may have an effect on.
    (c) Authorization means any license, permit, approval, finding, 
determination, or other administrative decision issued by an agency 
that is required or authorized under Federal law in order to implement 
a proposed action.
    (d) Categorical exclusion means a category of actions which the 
agency has determined in its agency NEPA procedures (Sec.  1507.3) 
normally do not have a significant effect on the human environment.
    (e) Cooperating agency means any Federal agency (and a State, 
Tribal, or local agency with agreement of the lead agency) other than a 
lead agency which has jurisdiction by law or special expertise with 
respect to any environmental impact involved in a proposal (or a 
reasonable alternative) for legislation or other major Federal action 
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.
    (f) Council means the Council on Environmental Quality established 
by title II of the Act.
    (g) Effects or impacts means effects of the proposed action or 
alternatives that are reasonably foreseeable and have a reasonably 
close causal relationship to

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the proposed action or alternatives. Effects include reasonably 
foreseeable effects that occur at the same time and place and may 
include reasonably foreseeable effects that are later in time or 
farther removed in distance.
    (1) Effects include ecological (such as the effects on natural 
resources and on the components, structures, and functioning of 
affected ecosystems), aesthetic, historic, cultural, economic (such as 
the effects on employment), social, or health effects. Effects may also 
include those resulting from actions that may have both beneficial and 
detrimental effects, even if on balance the agency believes that the 
effect will be beneficial.
    (2) A ``but for'' causal relationship is insufficient to make an 
agency responsible for a particular effect under NEPA. Effects should 
not be considered significant if they are remote in time, 
geographically remote, or the product of a lengthy causal chain. 
Effects do not include effects that the agency has no ability to 
prevent due to its limited statutory authority or would occur 
regardless of the proposed action. Analysis of cumulative effects is 
not required.
    (h) Environmental assessment means a concise public document 
prepared by a Federal agency to aid an agency's compliance with the Act 
and support its determination of whether to prepare an environmental 
impact statement or finding of no significant impact, as provided in 
Sec.  1501.6.
    (i) Environmental document means an environmental assessment, 
environmental impact statement, finding of no significant impact, or 
notice of intent.
    (j) Environmental impact statement means a detailed written 
statement as required by section 102(2)(C) of NEPA.
    (k) Federal agency means all agencies of the Federal Government. It 
does not mean the Congress, the Judiciary, or the President, including 
the performance of staff functions for the President in his Executive 
Office. It also includes, for purposes of the regulations in parts 1500 
through 1508, States, units of general local government, and Tribal 
governments assuming NEPA responsibilities from a Federal agency 
pursuant to statute.
    (l) Finding of no significant impact means a document by a Federal 
agency briefly presenting the reasons why an action, not otherwise 
categorically excluded (Sec.  1501.4), will not have a significant 
effect on the human environment and for which an environmental impact 
statement therefore will not be prepared.
    (m) Human environment means comprehensively the natural and 
physical environment and the relationship of present and future 
generations of Americans with that environment. (See the definition of 
``effects.'')
    (n) Jurisdiction by law means agency authority to approve, veto, or 
finance all or part of the proposal.
    (o) Lead agency means the agency or agencies, in the case of joint 
lead agencies, preparing or having taken primary responsibility for 
preparing the environmental impact statement.
    (p) Legislation means a bill or legislative proposal to Congress 
developed by or with the significant cooperation and support of a 
Federal agency, but does not include requests for appropriations or 
legislation recommended by the President.
    (q) Major Federal action or action means an action subject to 
Federal control and responsibility with effects that may be 
significant. Major Federal action does not include non-discretionary 
decisions made in accordance with the agency's statutory authority or 
activities that do not result in final agency action under the 
Administrative Procedure Act. Major Federal action also does not 
include non-Federal projects with minimal Federal funding or minimal 
Federal involvement where the agency cannot control the outcome of the 
project.
    (1) Major Federal actions may include new and continuing 
activities, including projects and programs entirely or partly 
financed, assisted, conducted, regulated, or approved by Federal 
agencies; new or revised agency rules, regulations, plans, policies, or 
procedures; and legislative proposals (Sec.  1506.8). Actions do not 
include funding assistance solely in the form of general revenue 
sharing funds with no Federal agency control over the subsequent use of 
such funds. Actions do not include loans, loan guarantees, or other 
forms of financial assistance where the Federal agency does not 
exercise sufficient control and responsibility over the effects of the 
action. Actions do not include farm ownership and operating loan 
guarantees by the Farm Service Agency pursuant to 7 U.S.C. 1925 and 
1941 through 1949 and business loan guarantees by the Small Business 
Administration pursuant to 15 U.S.C. 636(a), 636(m), and 695 through 
697f. Actions do not include bringing judicial or administrative civil 
or criminal enforcement actions.
    (2) Major Federal actions tend to fall within one of the following 
categories:
    (i) Adoption of official policy, such as rules, regulations, and 
interpretations adopted pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 
U.S.C. 551 et seq.; implementation of treaties and international 
conventions or agreements; formal documents establishing an agency's 
policies which will result in or substantially alter agency programs.
    (ii) Adoption of formal plans, such as official documents prepared 
or approved by Federal agencies which prescribe alternative uses of 
Federal resources, upon which future agency actions will be based.
    (iii) Adoption of programs, such as a group of concerted actions to 
implement a specific policy or plan; systematic and connected agency 
decisions allocating agency resources to implement a specific statutory 
program or executive directive.
    (iv) Approval of specific projects, such as construction or 
management activities located in a defined geographic area. Projects 
include actions approved by permit or other regulatory decision as well 
as Federal and federally assisted activities.
    (r) Matter includes for purposes of part 1504:
    (1) With respect to the Environmental Protection Agency, any 
proposed legislation, project, action or regulation as those terms are 
used in section 309(a) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7609).
    (2) With respect to all other agencies, any proposed major Federal 
action to which section 102(2)(C) of NEPA applies.
    (s) Mitigation means measures that avoid, minimize, or compensate 
for reasonably foreseeable impacts to the human environment caused by a 
proposed action as described in an environmental document or record of 
decision and that have a nexus to the effects of a proposed action. 
While NEPA requires consideration of mitigation, it does not mandate 
the form or adoption of any mitigation. Mitigation includes:
    (1) Avoiding the impact altogether by not taking a certain action 
or parts of an action.
    (2) Minimizing impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the 
action and its implementation.
    (3) Rectifying the impact by repairing, rehabilitating, or 
restoring the affected environment.
    (4) Reducing or eliminating the impact over time by preservation 
and maintenance operations during the life of the action.
    (5) Compensating for the impact by replacing or providing 
substitute resources or environments.
    (t) NEPA process means all measures necessary for compliance with 
the

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requirements of section 2 and title I of NEPA.
    (u) Notice of intent means a public notice that an agency will 
prepare and consider an environmental impact statement.
    (v) Page means 500 words and does not include explanatory maps, 
diagrams, graphs, tables, and other means of graphically displaying 
quantitative or geospatial information.
    (w) Participating agency means a Federal, State, Tribal, or local 
agency participating in an environmental review or authorization of an 
action.
    (x) Proposal means a proposed action at a stage when an agency has 
a goal, is actively preparing to make a decision on one or more 
alternative means of accomplishing that goal, and can meaningfully 
evaluate its effects. A proposal may exist in fact as well as by agency 
declaration that one exists.
    (y) Publish and publication mean methods found by the agency to 
efficiently and effectively make environmental documents and 
information available for review by interested persons, including 
electronic publication, and adopted by agency NEPA procedures pursuant 
to Sec.  1507.3.
    (z) Reasonable alternatives means a reasonable range of 
alternatives that are technically and economically feasible, meet the 
purpose and need for the proposed action, and, where applicable, meet 
the goals of the applicant.
    (aa) Reasonably foreseeable means sufficiently likely to occur such 
that a person of ordinary prudence would take it into account in 
reaching a decision.
    (bb) Referring agency means the Federal agency that has referred 
any matter to the Council after a determination that the matter is 
unsatisfactory from the standpoint of public health or welfare or 
environmental quality.
    (cc) Scope consists of the range of actions, alternatives, and 
impacts to be considered in an environmental impact statement. The 
scope of an individual statement may depend on its relationships to 
other statements (Sec.  1501.11).
    (dd) Senior agency official means an official of assistant 
secretary rank or higher, or equivalent, that is designated for agency 
NEPA compliance, including resolving implementation issues and 
representing the agency analysis of the effects of agency actions on 
the human environment in agency decision-making processes.
    (ee) Special expertise means statutory responsibility, agency 
mission, or related program experience.
    (ff) Tiering refers to the coverage of general matters in broader 
environmental impact statements or environmental assessments (such as 
national program or policy statements) with subsequent narrower 
statements or environmental analyses (such as regional or basin-wide 
program statements or ultimately site-specific statements) 
incorporating by reference the general discussions and concentrating 
solely on the issues specific to the statement subsequently prepared.

[FR Doc. 2019-28106 Filed 1-9-20; 4:15 pm]
 BILLING CODE 3225-F0-P