[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 219 (Wednesday, November 13, 2019)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 61684-61774]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-22705]



[[Page 61683]]

Vol. 84

Wednesday,

No. 219

November 13, 2019

Part II





 Environmental Protection Agency





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40 CFR Parts 141 and 142





 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Proposed Lead and Copper 
Rule Revisions; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 84 , No. 219 / Wednesday, November 13, 2019 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 61684]]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Parts 141 and 142

[EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300; FRL-10001-16-OW]
RIN 2040-AF15


National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Proposed Lead and 
Copper Rule Revisions

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule, request for public comment.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposes regulatory 
revisions to the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) for 
lead and copper under the authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act 
(SDWA). This proposed rule provides more effective protection of public 
health by reducing exposure to lead and copper in drinking water. This 
proposed rule also strengthens procedures and requirements related to 
health protection and the implementation of the existing Lead and 
Copper Rule (LCR) in the following areas: Lead tap sampling; corrosion 
control treatment; lead service line replacement; consumer awareness; 
and public education. This proposal does not include revisions to the 
copper requirements of the existing LCR. In addition, this proposal 
includes new requirements for community water systems to conduct lead 
in drinking water testing and public education in schools and child 
care facilities.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before January 13, 2020. Under 
the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), comments on the information 
collection provisions are best assured of consideration if the Office 
of Management and Budget (OMB) receives a copy of your comments on or 
before December 13, 2019.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments identified by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OW-
2017-0300, at http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online 
instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot 
be edited or removed from http://www.regulations.gov. The EPA may 
publish any comment received to its public docket. Do not submit 
electronically any information you consider to be Confidential Business 
Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted 
by statute. Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be 
accompanied by a written comment. The written comment is considered the 
official comment and should include discussion of all points you wish 
to make. The EPA will generally not consider comments or comment 
contents located outside of the primary submission (i.e., on the web, 
cloud, or other file sharing system). For additional submission 
methods, the full EPA public comment policy, information about CBI or 
multimedia submissions, and general guidance on making effective 
comments, please visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets. All submissions received must include the Docket ID No. for 
this rulemaking. Comments received may be posted without change to 
https://www.regulations.gov/, including any personal information 
provided.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Erik Helm, Standards and Risk 
Management Division, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Mail Code 
4607M, Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: (202) 566-1049 (TTY 800-
877-8339); email address: [email protected]. For more information visit 
https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/lead-and-copper-rule.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. General Information
    A. What is the EPA proposing?
    B. Does this action apply to me?
II. Background
    A. Health Effects of Lead and Copper
    B. Statutory Authority
    C. Regulatory History
III. Proposed Revisions to 40 CFR Subpart I Control of Lead and 
Copper
    A. Lead Trigger Level
    B. Corrosion Control Treatment
    1. Corrosion Control Evaluation During Sanitary Surveys
    2. Corrosion Control Treatment Requirements Based on Lead 90th 
Percentile
    3. Calcium Carbonate Stabilization
    C. Lead Service Line Inventory
    D. Lead Service Line Replacement
    1. Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
    2. Partial Lead Service Line Replacement
    3. Lead Service Line Replacement After a Lead Trigger Level 
Exceedance
    4. Lead Service Line Replacement After a Lead Action Level 
Exceedance
    E. Compliance Alternatives for a Lead Action Level Exceedance 
for Small Community Water Systems and Non-Transient, Non-Community 
Water Systems
    1. Lead Service Line Replacement
    2. Corrosion Control Treatment
    3. Point-of-Use Devices
    4. Replacement of Lead Bearing Plumbing Materials
    F. Public Education
    1. Notification for Customers With a Lead Service Line
    2. Outreach Activities After Failing To Meet a Lead Service Line 
Replacement Goal
    3. Notification of Tap Sample Results and Other Outreach
    G. Monitoring Requirements for Lead and Copper in Tap Water 
Sampling
    1. Tiering of Tap Sample Collection Sites
    2. Number of Tap Samples and Frequency of Sampling
    3. Sample Collection Methods
    H. Water Quality Parameter Monitoring
    1. Calcium Carbonate Stabilization
    2. Find-and-Fix Water Quality Parameter Monitoring
    3. Review of Water Quality Parameters During Sanitary Surveys
    4. Additional Water Quality Parameter Requirements
    I. Source Water Monitoring
    J. Public Education and Sampling at Schools and Child Care 
Facilities
    K. Find-and-Fix
    L. Reporting
    1. Reporting Requirements for Tap Sampling for Lead and Copper 
and for Water Quality Parameter Monitoring
    2. Lead Service Line Inventory and Replacement Reporting 
Requirements
    3. Lead Trigger Level Notification Requirements
    4. Reporting Requirements for School and Child Care Public 
Education and Sampling
IV. Other Proposed Revisions to 40 CFR Part 141
    A. Consumer Confidence Report
    B. Public Notification
    C. Definitions
V. Rule Implementation and Enforcement
    A. What are the requirements for primacy?
    B. What are the State record keeping requirements?
    C. What are the State reporting requirements?
    D. What are the special primacy requirements?
VI. Economic Analysis
    A. Affected Entities and Major Data Sources Used To Characterize 
the Sample Universe
    B. Overview of the Cost-Benefit Model
    C. Cost Analysis
    1. Sampling Costs
    2. Corrosion Control Treatment Costs
    3. Lead Service Line Inventory and Replacement Costs
    4. Point-of-Use Costs
    5. Public Education and Outreach Costs
    6. Drinking Water System Implementation and Administrative Costs
    7. Annualized per Household Costs
    8. Primacy Agency Costs
    9. Costs and Ecological Impacts Associated With Additional 
Phosphate Usage
    10. Summary of Rule Costs
    D. Benefits Analysis
    1. Modeled Drinking Water Lead Concentrations
    2. Impacts on Childhood IQ
    3. Impacts on Adult Blood Lead Levels
    4. Total Monetized Benefits
    E. Cost-Benefit Comparison
    1. Non-Monetized Costs
    2. Non-Quantified Non-Monetized Benefits
    F. Other Regulatory Options Considered

[[Page 61685]]

    1. Lead Public Education and Sampling at Schools and Child Care 
Facilities Option
    2. Lead Tap Sampling Requirements for Water Systems With Lead 
Service Lines
    3. Reporting of Lead Service Line Related Information
    G. Cost-Benefit Determination
VII. Request for Comment
VIII. Administrative Requirements
    A. Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review) and 
Executive Order 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review)
    B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulations and Controlling 
Regulatory Cost
    C. Paperwork Reduction Act
    D. Regulatory Flexibility Act as Amended by the Small Business 
Regulatory Fairness Act
    E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
    F. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)
    G. Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments)
    H. Executive Order 13045 (Protection of Children From 
Environmental Health and Safety Risks)
    I. Executive Order 13211 (Actions That Significantly Affect 
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use)
    J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995
    K. Executive Order 12898 (Federal Actions To Address 
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
Populations)
    L. Consultations With the Science Advisory Board and the 
National Drinking Water Advisory Council
    M. Consultation With Health and Human Services
IX. References

I. General Information

    The United States has made tremendous progress in lowering 
children's blood lead levels. As a result of multiple Federal laws and 
regulations, including the 1973 phase-out of lead in automobile 
gasoline (40 CFR part 80, subpart B), the 1978 Federal regulation 
banning lead paint for residential and consumer use (16 CFR part 1303), 
the 1991 LCR (40 CFR part 141, subpart I), and the 1995 ban on lead in 
solder in food cans (21 CFR 189.240), the median concentration of lead 
in the blood of children aged 1 to 5 years dropped from 15 micrograms 
per deciliter in 1976-1980 to 0.7 micrograms per deciliter in 2013-
2014, a decrease of 95 percent.
    Although childhood blood lead levels have been substantially 
reduced as a result of these actions, data evaluated by the National 
Toxicology Program (NTP), 2012 demonstrates that there is sufficient 
evidence to conclude that there are adverse health effects associated 
with low-level lead exposure. Sources of lead include lead-based paint, 
drinking water, and soil contaminated by historical sources. The 
Federal Action Plan (Action Plan) to Reduce Childhood Lead Exposures 
and Associated Health Impacts, issued in December 2018, provides a 
blueprint for reducing further lead exposure and associated harm 
through collaboration among Federal agencies and with a range of 
stakeholders, including States, tribes, and local communities, along 
with businesses, property owners, and parents. The Action Plan is the 
product of the President's Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and 
Safety Risks to Children (Task Force). The Task Force is comprised of 
17 Federal departments and offices including the Department of Health 
and Human Services (HHS) and the Department of Housing and Urban 
Development, which co-chaired the development of the Action Plan with 
EPA.
    Through this plan, the EPA committed to reducing lead exposures 
from multiple sources including: Paint, ambient air, and soil and dust 
contamination, especially children who are among the most vulnerable to 
the effects of lead. To reduce exposure to lead in paint, the EPA 
published new, tighter standards for lead in dust on floors and 
windowsills to protect children from the harmful effects of lead 
exposure (84 FR 32632). These revised, strengthened standards will 
reduce the amount of lead in dust that causes adverse health effects 
and that may warrant measures to reduce risks. To address lead in soil, 
the EPA will continue to remove, remediate, and take corrective actions 
at contaminated sites, expand the use of Soil Screening, Health, 
Outreach and Partnership (SoilSHOP) health education events, and manage 
lead contamination at Superfund, a Resource Conservation and Recovery 
Act (RCRA) Corrective Action, and other sites. The EPA will also 
continue to work with State and tribal air agencies to implement the 
National Ambient Air Quality Standards and evaluate the impacts of lead 
emissions from aviation fuel. The EPA is also focused on conducting 
critical research and improving public awareness by consolidating and 
streamlining Federal messaging.
    Lead and copper enter drinking water mainly from corrosion of lead 
and copper containing plumbing materials. Lead was widely used in 
plumbing materials until Congress banned its use in 1986, and there are 
an estimated 6.3 to 9.3 million homes served by lead service lines 
(LSLs) in thousands of communities nationwide, in addition to millions 
of older buildings with lead solder, and brass/bronze fittings and 
faucets across the U.S. To reduce exposure to lead through drinking 
water, the Action Plan highlights several key actions, including the 
EPA's commitment to making regulatory changes to the definition of 
lead-free plumbing products and assisting schools and childcare centers 
with the 3Ts approach (Training, Testing and Taking Action) for lead in 
drinking water. The Action Plan also highlights the EPA's continued 
support to States and communities by providing funding opportunities 
through the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund and the Water 
Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act loan program for updating and 
replacing drinking water infrastructure. In addition, the Action Plan 
highlights three newly authorized grant programs under the Water 
Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act, for which Congress 
appropriated $50 million in FY2018, to fund grants to small and 
disadvantaged communities for developing and maintaining 
infrastructure, for lead reduction projects, and to support the 
voluntary testing of drinking water in schools and child care centers. 
The Action Plan also highlights the importance of preventing lead 
exposure from drinking water by working with States, tribes, and local 
stakeholders to share best practices and tools to better implement the 
NPDWR for Lead and Copper. For more information about the Federal Lead 
Action Plan see https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-12/documents/fedactionplan_lead_final.pdf.
    Since the implementation of the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR), 
drinking water exposures have declined significantly, resulting in 
major improvements in public health. For example, the number of the 
nation's large drinking water systems that have exceeded the LCR action 
level of 15 parts per billion has decreased by over 90 percent and over 
95 percent of the all water systems have not reported an action level 
exceedance in the last three years (EPA-815-F-19-007). Despite this 
progress, there is a compelling need to modernize and improve the rule 
by strengthening its public health protections and clarifying its 
implementation requirements to make it more effective and more readily 
enforceable. Also, due to the financial and practical challenges of 
wide-spread replacement of lead pipes around the country, it is 
important to use our nation's resources wisely, and thus target actions 
where they are most needed and can provide the most good.
    The LCR is a more complicated drinking water treatment technique 
regulation due to the need to control corrosivity of treated drinking 
water as

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it travels through often antiquated distribution and plumbing systems 
on the way to the consumer's tap. States and public water systems 
require expertise and resources to identify the sampling locations and 
to work with customers to collect samples for analysis. Even greater 
expertise is needed for systems and states to identify the optimal 
corrosion control treatment and water quality parameter monitoring to 
assure that lead and copper levels are reduced to the extent feasible. 
The current structure of the rule compels additional protective actions 
on the part of a water system only after a potential problem has been 
identified (i.e., the lead action level is exceeded), which may result 
in periods where the public is exposed to elevated levels of lead while 
the system evaluates and implements the actions required.
    Water systems cannot unilaterally implement the actions that are 
needed to reduce levels of lead in drinking water. Homeowners must be 
engaged to assure successful lead service line replacement because in 
most communities, LSLs are partially owned by the water system and 
partially owned by the homeowner. Water systems must also engage with 
consumers to encourage actions such as flushing that reduce their 
exposure to lead in drinking water. The ability of water systems to 
successfully engage with consumers to reduce lead exposure can pose 
challenges to achieving the goals of the LCR.
    The EPA has sought input over an extended period on ways in which 
the Agency could address the challenges to achieving the goals for the 
LCR. Section VIII of this notice describes the engagements the Agency 
has had with small water systems, state and local officials, the 
Science Advisory Board and the National Drinking Water Advisory Council 
(NDWAC). The Science Advisory Board provided their recommendations in 
2012 (SAB, 2012). The NDWAC provided extensive recommendations on 
potential LCR revisions to the EPA in December 2015 (NDWAC, 2015).
    This notice's proposal includes a suite of actions that approach 
the problem of lead contamination in drinking water from different 
perspectives but that taken together can further reduce lead exposure 
in drinking water. This approach focuses on six key areas:
    1. Identifying areas most impacted. To help identify areas most in 
need of remediation, the EPA is proposing that all water systems 
complete and maintain a lead service line (LSL) inventory and collect 
tap samples from homes with LSLs if present in the distribution system. 
To reduce elevated levels of lead in certain locations, the EPA 
proposes to require water systems to ``find-and-fix'' the causes of 
these elevated levels (see Section III.K. of this notice).
    2. Strengthening treatment requirements. The EPA is proposing to 
revise requirements for corrosion control treatment (CCT) based on the 
tap sampling results. The EPA's proposal also establishes a new trigger 
level of 10 [mu]g/L. At this trigger level, systems that currently 
treat for corrosion would be required to re-optimize their existing 
treatment. Systems that do not currently treat for corrosion would be 
required to conduct a corrosion control study.
    3. Replacing Lead Service Lines. The EPA is proposing to require 
water systems to replace the water system-owned portion of an LSL when 
a customer chooses to replace their customer-owned portion of the line. 
The EPA is also proposing to require water systems to initiate full 
lead service line replacement programs where tap sampling shows that 
lead levels in tap water exceed the existing action level and the 
proposed trigger level. The proposal requires systems that are above 
the trigger level but at or below the lead action level to set an 
annual goal for conducting replacements and for systems that are above 
the action level to annually replace a minimum of three percent of the 
number of known or potential LSLs in the inventory at the time the 
action level exceedance occurs. The proposal also prevents systems from 
avoiding LSLR by ``testing out'' with an LSL sample as is allowed in 
the current LCR.
    4. Increasing sampling reliability. The EPA is proposing to 
prohibit tap sampling instructions that call for pre-stagnation 
flushing, the cleaning or removing of faucet aerators, and a 
requirement that tap samples be collected in bottles with a wide-mouth 
configuration. The EPA is also changing the criteria for selecting 
homes with LSLs when collecting tap samples. For example, the EPA is 
proposing tap sample site selection focus on sites with LSLs rather 
than copper pipe with lead solder.
    5. Improving risk communication. The EPA is proposing to require 
systems to notify customers of an action level exceedance within 24 
hours. It also requires systems to conduct regular outreach to the 
homeowners with LSLs. The EPA is also proposing to require that the LSL 
inventory, which would include location identifiers, be made publicly 
available.
    6. Protecting children in schools. Since children risk the most 
significant harm from lead exposure, the EPA is proposing that 
community water systems (CWS) sample drinking water outlets at each 
school and each child care facility served by the system. The system 
would be required to provide the results to the school or child care 
facility and to provide information about the actions the school or 
child care facility can take to reduce lead in drinking water.
    Through strengthened treatment procedures, expanded sampling, and 
improved protocols for identifying lead, the EPA's proposed revisions 
will require more water systems to progressively take more actions to 
reduce lead levels at the tap. Additionally, by improving transparency 
and communication, the proposed rule is expected to increase community 
awareness and further reduce sources of lead through enhanced LSLR. By 
taking the collective actions discussed throughout the proposal, the 
EPA, States, and water systems will be implementing a proactive 
holistic approach to more aggressively manage lead in drinking water.

A. What is the EPA proposing?

    The EPA is proposing revisions to the LCR that strengthen public 
health protection and improve implementation of the regulation in the 
following areas: Lead tap sampling; CCT; LSLR; consumer awareness; and 
public education (PE). This proposal adopts a regulatory framework 
recommended in part by State co-regulators through the Association of 
State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) and incorporates many 
recommendations provided to the EPA by the National Drinking Water 
Advisory Council (NDWAC). NDWAC is a Federal Advisory Committee that 
provides EPA with advice and recommendations related to the national 
drinking water program. The Council was established under the Safe 
Drinking Water Act of 1974. The EPA is proposing revisions to the LCR 
that would require water systems to take actions at lower lead tap 
water levels than currently required to reduce lead in drinking water 
and better protect public health. The agency is proposing to establish 
a new lead ``trigger level'' of 10 [mu]g/L in addition to the 15 [mu]g/
L lead action level in the current LCR. Public health improvements 
would be achieved by requiring more water systems to take a progressive 
set of actions to reduce lead levels at the tap. These proposed actions 
are designed to reduce lead and copper exposure by ensuring effective 
CCT and re-optimization of CCT when water

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quality declines; enhanced water quality parameter WQP) monitoring; 
establishment of a ``find-and-fix'' provision to evaluate and remediate 
elevated lead at a site where the individual tap sample exceeds the 
lead action level requiring water systems to create an LSL inventory to 
ensure tap sampling pools are targeted to the sites with elevated lead, 
and making consumers aware of the presence of a LSL, if applicable, and 
to facilitate replacement of LSLs. The LCR proposed revisions are 
expected to improve tap sampling by better targeting higher risk sites 
for lead contamination, i.e., sites with lead service lines or lead 
containing plumbing materials and improving the sampling protocol. The 
EPA also proposes revisions to the LCR PE and Consumer Confidence 
Report (CCR) requirements to improve communication with consumers. In 
addition, this proposal includes requirements for community water 
systems (CWSs) to conduct lead in drinking water testing and PE in 
schools and child care facilities.
    Together, these proposed revisions to the framework and specific 
requirements of the current LCR would result in greater public health 
protection at all sizes CWSs and non-transient non-community water 
systems (NTNCWSs). Implementation of the proposed revisions would 
better identify when and where lead contamination occurs, or has the 
potential to occur, and require systems to take actions to address it 
more effectively and sooner than required under the current rule.
    The following table compares the major differences between the 
current Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) and proposed Lead and Copper Rule 
revisions (LCRR). In general, requirements that are unchanged are not 
listed. Comparison of current LCR and proposed LCR revisions (LCRR).

------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Current LCR                         Proposed LCRR
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Action Level (AL) and Trigger Level (TL)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 90th percentile (P90) level      90th percentile (P90)
 above lead AL of 15 [micro]g/L or        level above lead AL of 15
 copper AL of 1.3 mg/L requires           [mu]g/L or copper AL of 1.3 mg/
 additional actions.                      L requires more actions than
                                          the current rule.
                                          Defines trigger level
                                          (TL) of P90 >10 and <=15 [mu]g/
                                          L that triggers additional
                                          planning, monitoring, and
                                          treatment requirements.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     Lead and Copper Tap Monitoring
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sample Site Selection:                   Sample Site Selection:
     Prioritizes collection of       Changes priorities
     samples from sites with sources of      for collection of samples
     lead in contact with drinking           with a greater focus on
     water.                                  lead service lines.
     Highest priority given to       Prioritizes
     sites served by copper pipes with       collecting samples from
     lead solder installed after 1982        sites served by LSLs.
     but before the State ban on lead     No distinction in
     pipes and/or lead service lines      prioritization of copper pipes
     (LSLs).                              with lead solder by
     Systems must collect 50%     installation date.
     of samples from LSLs, if             Systems must collect
     available..                          all samples from sites served
                                          by LSLs, if available.
Collection Procedure:                    Collection Procedure:
     Requires collection of a        Adds requirement
     one liter sample after water has        that samples must be
     sat stagnant for a minimum of 6         collected in wide-mouth
     hours.                                  bottles.
                                             Prohibits sampling
                                             instructions that include
                                             recommendations for aerator
                                             cleaning/removal and pre-
                                             stagnation flushing prior
                                             to sample collection.
Monitoring Frequency:                    Monitoring Frequency:
     Samples are analyzed for        Some samples may be
     both lead and copper.                   analyzed for lead only when
     Systems must collect            lead monitoring is
     standard number of samples, based       conducted more frequently
     on population; semi-annually            than copper.
     unless they qualify for reduced      Copper follows the
     monitoring.                          same criteria as the current
     Systems can qualify for      rule.
     annual or triennial monitoring at    Lead monitoring
     reduced number of sites. Schedule    schedule is based on P90 level
     based on number of consecutive       for all systems as follows:
     years meeting the following         [cir] P90 15 [mu]g/
     criteria:.                           L: Semi-annually at the
    [cir] Serves <=50,000 people and <=   standard number of sites.
     lead & copper ALs..                 [cir] P90 10 to 15
    [cir] Serves any population size,     [mu]g/L: Annually at the
     meets State-specified optimal        standard number of sites.
     water quality parameters (OWQPs),   [cir] P90 <=10 [mu]g/L:
     and <= lead AL..                    [ssquf] Annually and
     Triennial monitoring also    triennially at reduced number
     applies to any system with lead      of sites using same criteria
     and copper 90th percentile levels    as current rule except copper
     <=0.005 mg/L and <=0.65 mg/L,        90th percentile level is not
     respectively, for 2 consecutive 6-   considered.
     month monitoring periods..          [ssquf] Every 9 years based on
     9-year monitoring waiver     current rule requirements for
     available to systems serving         a 9-year monitoring waiver.
     <=3,300..
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Corrosion Control Treatment (CCT) and Water Quality Parameters (WQPs)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CCT:                                     CCT:
     Systems serving >50,000         Specifies CCT
     people were required to install         requirements for systems
     treatment by January 1, 1997 with       with P90 level >10 to <=15
     limited exception.                      [mu]g/L:
     Systems serving <=50,000    [cir] No CCT: Must conduct a
     that exceed lead and/or copper AL    CCT study if required by
     are subject to CCT requirements      Primacy Agency.
     (e.g., CCT recommendation, study    [cir] With CCT: Must follow the
     if required by Primacy Agency, CCT   steps for re-optimizing CCT,
     installation). They can              as specified in the rule.
     discontinue CCT steps if no longer   Systems with P90 level
     exceed both ALs for two              >15 [mu]g/L:
     consecutive 6-month monitoring      [cir] No CCT: Must complete CCT
     periods..                            installation regardless of
     Systems must operate CCT     their subsequent P90 levels.
     to meet any Primacy Agency-         [cir] With CCT: Must re-
     designated OWQPs that define         optimize CCT.
     optimal CCT..
     There is no requirement
     for systems to re-optimize..

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                                             Community water
                                             systems (CWSs) serving
                                             <=10,000 people and non-
                                             transient water systems
                                             (NTNCWSs) can select an
                                             option other than CCT to
                                             address lead. See Small
                                             System Flexibility.
CCT Options: Includes alkalinity and pH  CCT Options: Removes calcium
 adjustment, calcium hardness             hardness as an option and
 adjustment, and phosphate or silicate-   specifies any phosphate
 based corrosion inhibitor.               inhibitor must be
                                          orthophosphate.
Regulated WQPs:                          Regulated WQPs:
     No CCT: pH, alkalinity,         Eliminates WQPs
     calcium, conductivity,                  related to calcium hardness
     temperature, orthophosphate (if         (i.e., calcium,
     phosphate-based inhibitor is            conductivity, and
     used), silica (if silica-based          temperature).
     inhibitor is used).
     With CCT: pH, alkalinity,
     and based on type of CCT either
     orthophosphate, silica, or calcium.
WQP Monitoring:                          WQP Monitoring:
     Systems serving >=50,000        Systems serving
     people must conduct regular WQP         >=50,000 people must
     monitoring at entry points and          conduct regular WQP
     within the distribution system.         monitoring at entry points
     Systems serving <=50,000        and within the distribution
     people conduct monitoring only in       system.
     those periods > lead or copper AL..  Systems serving
     Contains provisions to       <=50,000 people must continue
     sample at reduced number of sites    WQP monitoring until they no
     in distribution system less          longer > lead and/or copper AL
     frequency for all systems meeting    for two consecutive 6-month
     their OWQPs..                        monitoring periods.
                                          To qualify for reduced
                                          WQP distribution monitoring,
                                          P90 must be <=10 [mu]g/L and
                                          the system must meet its
                                          OWQPs.
Sanitary Survey Review:                  Sanitary Survey Review:
     Treatment must be reviewed      CCT and WQP data
     during sanitary surveys; no             must be reviewed during
     specific requirement to assess CCT      sanitary surveys against
     or WQPs.                                most recent CCT guidance
                                             issued by EPA.
Find and Fix:                            Find and Fix:
    No required follow-up samples or     If individual tap sample >15
     additional actions if an             [mu]g/L, systems must:
     individual sample exceeds 15 [mu]g/  Collect a follow-up
     L.                                   sample at each location >15
                                          [mu]g/L.
                                          Conduct WQP monitoring
                                          at or near the site >15 [mu]g/
                                          L.
                                          Perform needed
                                          corrective action.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       LSL Inventory and LSLR Plan
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Initial LSL Program Activities:          Initial LSL Program Activities:
     Systems were required to        All systems must
     complete a materials evaluation by      develop an LSL inventory or
     the time of initial sampling. No        demonstrate absence of LSLs
     requirement to update materials         within first 3 years of
     evaluation.                             final rule publication.
     No LSLR plan is required..   LSL inventory must be
                                          updated annually.
                                          All systems with known
                                          or possible LSLs must develop
                                          an LSLR plan.
LSLR:                                    LSLR:
     Systems with LSLs with P90      Rule specifies
     >15 [mu]g/L after CCT installation      replacement programs based
     must annually replace >=7% of           on P90 level for CWSs
     number of LSLs in their                 serving >10,000 people:
     distribution system when the lead   [cir] If P90 15
     action level is first exceeded.      [mu]g/L: Must fully replace 3%
     Systems must replace the     of LSLs per year (mandatory
     LSL portion they own and offer to    replacement) for 4 consecutive
     replace the private portion at the   6-month monitoring periods.
     owner's expense..                   [cir] If P90 10 to
     Full LSLR, partial LSLR,     15 [mu]g/L: Implement an LSLR
     and LSLs with lead sample results    program with replacement goals
     <=15 [mu]g/L (``test-outs'') count   in consultation with the
     toward the 7% replacement rate..     Primacy Agency for 2
     Systems can discontinue      consecutive 1-year monitoring
     LSLR after 2 consecutive 6-month     periods.
     monitoring periods <= lead AL..      Small CWSs and NTNCWSs
                                          that select LSLR as their
                                          compliance option must
                                          complete LSLR within 15 years
                                          if
                                          P90 >15 [mu]g/L See Small
                                          System Flexibility.
                                          Annual LSLR rate is
                                          based on number of LSLs when
                                          the system first exceeds the
                                          action level plus the current
                                          number of service lines of
                                          unknown materials.
                                          Only full LSLR (both
                                          customer-owned and system-
                                          owned portion) count toward
                                          mandatory rate or goal-based
                                          rate.
                                          All systems must
                                          replace their portion of an
                                          LSL if notified by consumer of
                                          private side replacement
                                          within 3 months of the private
                                          replacement.
                                          Following each LSLR,
                                          systems must:
                                         [cir] Provide pitcher filters/
                                          cartridges to each customer
                                          for 3 months after
                                          replacement. Must be provided
                                          within 24 hours for full and
                                          partial LSLRs.
                                         [cir] Collect a lead tap sample
                                          at locations served by
                                          replaced line within 3 to 6
                                          months after replacement.
LSL-Related Outreach:                    LSL-Related Outreach:
     When water system plans to      Inform consumers
     replace the portion it owns, it         annually that they are
     must offer to replace customer-         served by LSL or service
     owned portion at owner's expense.       line of unknown material.
     If system replaces its       Systems subject to
     portion only:.                       goal-based program must:
    [cir] Provide notification to        [cir] Conduct targeted outreach
     affected residences within 45 days   that encourages consumers with
     prior to replacement on possible     LSLs to participate in the
     elevated short-term lead levels      LSLR program.
     and measures to minimize exposure.. [cir] Conduct an additional
    [cir] Include offer to collect lead   outreach activity if they fail
     tap sample within 72 hours of        to meet their goal.
     replacement..                        Systems subject to
    [cir] Provide test results within 3   mandatory LSLR include
     business days after receiving        information on LSLR program in
     results..                            public education (PE)
                                          materials that are provided in
                                          response to P90 > AL.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 61689]]

 
                        Small System Flexibility
------------------------------------------------------------------------
No provisions for systems to elect an    Allows CWSs serving <=10,000
 alternative treatment approach but       people and all NTNCWSs with
 sets specific requirements for CCT and   P90 >10 [mu]g/L to elect their
 LSLR.                                    approach to address lead with
                                          Primacy Agency approval:
                                          Systems can choose
                                          CCT, LSLR, or provision and
                                          maintenance of point-of-use
                                          devices.
                                          NTNCWSs can also elect
                                          to replace all lead-bearing
                                          materials.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Public Education and Outreach
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 All CWSs must provide            CWSs must provide
 education material in the annual         updated health effects
 Consumer Confidence Report (CCR).        language and information
 Systems with P90 > AL must       regarding LSLR program in the
 provide PE to customers about lead       CCR.
 sources, health effects, measures to     If P90 > AL:
 reduce lead exposure, and additional    [cir] Current PE requirements
 information sources.                     apply.
 Systems must provide lead       [cir] Systems must notify
 consumer notice to individuals served    customers of P90 > AL within
 at tested taps within 30 days of         24 hours.
 learning results..                       In addition, CWSs
                                          must:
                                         [cir] Improve public access to
                                          lead information including LSL
                                          locations and respond to
                                          requests for LSL information.
                                            [cir] Deliver notice and
                                             educational materials to
                                             customers during water-
                                             related work that could
                                             disturb LSLs.
                                            [cir] Provide increased
                                             information to healthcare
                                             providers.
                                            [cir] Provide lead consumer
                                             notice to customers whose
                                             individual tap sample is
                                             >15 [mu]g/L within 24
                                             hours.
                                          Also see LSL-Related
                                          Outreach in LSLR section of
                                          table.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Change in Source or Treatment
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Systems on a reduced tap monitoring      Systems on any tap monitoring
 schedule must obtain prior Primacy       schedule must obtain prior
 Agency approval before changing their    Primacy Agency approval before
 source or treatment.                     changing their source or
                                          treatment.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Source Water Monitoring and Treatment
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Periodic source water            Primacy Agencies can
 monitoring is required for systems       waive continued source water
 with:                                    monitoring if the:
[cir] Source water treatment; or.......  [cir] System has already
[cir] P90 > AL and no source water        conducted source water
 treatment..                              monitoring for a previous P90
                                          > AL;
                                         [cir] Primacy Agency has
                                          determined that source water
                                          treatment is not required; and
                                         [cir] System has not added any
                                          new water sources.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Lead in Drinking Water at Schools and Child Care Facilities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Does not include separate        CWSs must conduct lead
 testing and education program for CWSs   in drinking water testing and
 at schools and child care facilities.    PE at 20% of K-12 schools and
 Schools and child cares that     licensed child cares in
 are classified as NTNCWSs must sample    service area every year.
 for lead and copper..                    Sample results and PE
                                          must be provided to each
                                          sampled school/child care,
                                          Primacy Agency and local or
                                          State health department.
                                          Excludes facilities
                                          built after January 1, 2014.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        Primacy Agency Reporting
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primacy Agencies must report             Expands current requirements to
 information to EPA that includes but     include:
 is not limited to:                       All P90 values for all
 All P90 levels for systems       system sizes.
 serving >3,300 people, and only levels   The current number of
 >15 [mu]g/L for smaller systems..        LSLs and service lines of
 Systems that are required to     unknown material for every
 initiate LSLR and the date replacement   water system.
 must begin..                             OCCT status of all
 Systems for which optimal        systems including Primacy
 corrosion control treatment (OCCT) has   Agency-specified OWQPs.
 been designated..
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Does this action apply to me?

    Entities that could potentially be affected include the following:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Category                                 Examples of potentially affected entities
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public water systems......................................  Community water systems (CWSs) (a public water
                                                             system that (A) serves at least 15 service
                                                             connections used by year-round residents of the
                                                             area served by the system; or (B) regularly serves
                                                             at least 25 year-round residents).

[[Page 61690]]

 
                                                            Non-transient, non-community water systems (NTNCWSs)
                                                             (a public water system that is not a community
                                                             water system and that regularly serves at least 25
                                                             of the same persons over 6 months per year).
State and tribal agencies.................................  Agencies responsible for drinking water regulatory
                                                             development and enforcement.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This table is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a 
guide for readers regarding entities that could be affected by this 
action. To determine whether your facility or activities could be 
affected by this action, you should carefully examine this proposed 
rule.
    As part of this notice for the proposed rule, ``State'' refers to 
the agency of the State or tribal government which has jurisdiction 
over public water systems consistent with the definition of ``State'' 
in 40 CFR 141.2. During any period when a State or tribal government 
does not have primary enforcement responsibility pursuant to section 
1413 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the term ``State'' means 
the Regional Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. If 
you have questions regarding the applicability of this action to a 
particular entity, consult the person listed in the FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT section.

II. Background

A. Health Effects of Lead and Copper

    Exposure to lead is known to present serious health risks to the 
brain and nervous system of children. Lead exposure causes damage to 
the brain and kidneys and can interfere with the production of red 
blood cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Lead has acute 
and chronic impacts on the body. The most robustly studied and most 
susceptible subpopulations are the developing fetus, infants, and young 
children. Even low level lead exposure is of particular concern to 
children because their growing bodies absorb more lead than adults do, 
and their brains and nervous systems are more sensitive to the damaging 
effects of lead. The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20 
percent or more of a person's total exposure to lead (56 FR 26548, June 
7, 1991). Infants who consume mostly mixed formula made from tap water 
can, depending on the level of lead in the system and other sources of 
lead in the home, receive 40 percent to 60 percent of their exposure to 
lead from drinking water used in the formula. Scientists have linked 
lead's effects on the brain with lowered IQ and attention disorders in 
children. During pregnancy, lead exposure may affect prenatal brain 
development. Lead is stored in the bones and it can be released later 
in life. Even at low levels of lead in blood, there is an increased 
risk of health effects in children (e.g., <5 micrograms per deciliter) 
and adults (e.g., <10 micrograms per deciliter).
    The 2013 Integrated Science Assessment for Lead (USEPA, 2013) and 
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' National Toxicology 
Program Monograph on Health Effects of Low-Level Lead (National 
Toxicology Program, 2012) have both documented the association between 
lead and adverse cardiovascular effects, renal effects, reproductive 
effects, immunological effects, neurological effects, and cancer. The 
EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Chemical Assessment 
Summary provides additional health effects information on lead (USEPA, 
2004a). For a more detailed explanation of the health effects 
associated with lead for children and adults see Appendix D of the 
Economic Analysis (reference EA).
    Acute copper exposure causes gastrointestinal distress. Chronic 
exposure to copper is particularly a concern for people with Wilson's 
disease because they are prone to copper accumulation in body tissue, 
which can lead to liver damage, neurological, and/or psychiatric 
symptoms.

B. Statutory Authority

    The EPA is publishing these proposed revisions to the LCR under the 
authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), including sections 
1412, 1413, 1414, 1417, 1445, and 1450 of the SDWA. 42 U.S.C. 300f et 
seq.
    Section 1412(b)(7)(A) of the SDWA authorizes the EPA to promulgate 
a treatment technique ``which in the Administrator's judgment, would 
prevent known or anticipated adverse effects on the health of persons 
to the extent feasible.'' 42 U.S.C. 300g-1(b)(7)(A). Section 1412(b)(9) 
provides that ``[T]he Administrator shall, not less often than every 
six years, review and revise, as appropriate, each national primary 
drinking water regulation promulgated under this subchapter. Any 
revision of a national primary drinking water regulation shall be 
promulgated in accordance with this section, except that each revision 
shall maintain, or provide for greater, protection of the health of 
persons.'' 42 U.S.C. 300g-1(b)(9). In promulgating a revised NPDWR, the 
EPA follows the applicable procedures and requirements described in 
section 1412 of the SDWA, including those related to (1) the use of the 
best available, peer-reviewed science and supporting studies; (2) 
presentation of information on public health effects; and (3) a health 
risk reduction and cost analysis of the rule in 1412(b)((3)(A), B), (C) 
of the SDWA, 42 U.S.C. 300g-1(b)(3)(A)-(C).
    Section 1414(c) of the SDWA, as amended by the Water Infrastructure 
Improvements for the Nation Act, requires public water systems to 
provide notice to the public if the water system exceeds the lead 
action level. 42 U.S.C. 300g-3(c). The SDWA section 1414(c)(2) provides 
that the Administrator ``shall, by regulation . . . prescribe the 
manner, frequency, form, and content for giving notice'' under section 
1414(c). 42 U.S.C. 300g-3(c)(2). The SDWA section 1414(c)(2)(C) 
specifies additional requirements for those regulations related to 
public notification of a lead action level exceedance ``that has the 
potential to have serious adverse effects on human health as a result 
of short-term exposure,'' including requirements for providing 
notification to the EPA.
    Section 1417(a)(2) of the SDWA provides that public water systems 
``shall identify and provide notice to persons that may be affected by 
lead contamination of their drinking water where such contamination 
results from the lead content of the construction materials of the 
public water distribution system and/or corrosivity of the water supply 
sufficient to cause leaching of lead. 42 U.S.C. 300g-6(a)(2).
    Section 1445(a) of the SDWA authorizes the Administrator to 
establish monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting regulations, to 
assist the Administrator in establishing regulations under the SDWA, 
determining compliance with the SDWA, and in advising the public of the 
risks of unregulated contaminants. 42 U.S.C. 300j-4(a). In requiring a 
public water system to monitor under section 1445(a) of the SDWA, the 
Administrator may take into consideration the water system size and the 
contaminants likely to be found in the system's drinking water. 42 
U.S.C. 300j-4(a). The SDWA section 1445(a)(1)(C) of the SDWA provides 
that ``every person who is subject to a national primary drinking water 
regulation'' under the SDWA, section 1412 must provide such

[[Page 61691]]

information as the Administrator may reasonably require to assist the 
Administrator in establishing regulations under section 1412. 42 U.S.C. 
300j-4(a)(1)(C).
    Under section 1413(a)(1) of the SDWA a State may exercise primary 
enforcement responsibility (``primacy'') for NPDWRs when the EPA has 
determined that the State has adopted regulations that are no less 
stringent than the EPA's. 42 U.S.C. 300g-2(a)(1). To obtain primacy for 
this rule, States must adopt comparable regulations within two years of 
the EPA's promulgation of the final rule, unless the EPA grants the 
State a two-year extension. State primacy requires, among other things, 
adequate enforcement (including monitoring and inspections) and 
reporting. The EPA must approve or deny State primacy applications 
within 90 days of submission to the EPA. 42 U.S.C. 300g-2(b)(2). In 
some cases, a State submitting revisions to adopt an NPDWR has primary 
enforcement authority for the new regulation while the EPA's decision 
on the revision is pending. 42 U.S.C. 300g-2(c).
    Section 1450 of the SDWA authorizes the Administrator to prescribe 
such regulations as are necessary or appropriate to carry out his or 
her functions under the Act. 42 U.S.C. 300j-9.

C. Regulatory History

    The EPA published the LCR on June 7, 1991, to control lead and 
copper in drinking water at the consumer's tap. The rule established a 
NPDWR for lead and copper consisting of treatment technique 
requirements that include CCT, source water treatment, LSLR, and PE. 
The rule established an action level of 0.015 mg/L or 15 [micro]g/L for 
lead and 1.3 mg/L or 1,300 [micro]g/L for copper. The action level is a 
concentration of lead or copper in the water that determines, in some 
cases, whether a water system must install CCT, monitor source water, 
replace LSLs, and undertake a PE program. The action level is exceeded 
if the concentration in more than 10 percent of tap water samples 
collected during any monitoring period is greater than the action level 
(i.e., if the 90th percentile level is greater than the action level). 
If the 90th percentile value for tap water samples is above the action 
level, it is not a violation, but rather compels actions, such as WQP 
monitoring, CCT, source water monitoring/treatment, PE, and LSLR. 
Failure to take these actions results in the water system being in 
violation of the treatment technique or monitoring and reporting 
requirements.
    In 2000, the EPA promulgated the Lead and Copper Rule Minor 
Revisions or LCRMR, which streamlined requirements, promoted consistent 
national implementation, and in many cases, reduced burden for water 
systems. One of the provisions of the LCRMR required States to report 
the lead 90th percentile to the EPA's Safe Drinking Water Information 
System (SDWIS) database for all water systems serving greater than 
3,300 persons. States must report the lead 90th percentile value for 
water systems serving 3,300 or fewer persons only if the water system 
exceeds the action level. The new reporting requirements became 
effective in 2002. In 2004, the EPA published minor corrections to the 
LCR to reinstate text that was inadvertently dropped from the rule 
during the previous revision.
    In 2004, the EPA undertook a national review of the LCR and 
performed a number of activities to help identify needed actions to 
improve implementation of the LCR. The EPA collected and analyzed lead 
concentration data and other information required by the LCR, carried 
out review of implementation by States, held four expert workshops to 
further discuss elements of the LCR, and worked to better understand 
local and State efforts to test for lead in school drinking water, 
including a national meeting to discuss challenges and needs. The EPA 
used the information collected during the national review to identify 
needed short-term and long-term regulatory revisions to the LCR.
    In 2007, the EPA promulgated a set of short-term regulatory 
revisions and clarifications to strengthen implementation of the LCR in 
the areas of monitoring, treatment, customer awareness, LSLR, and 
improve compliance with the PE requirements to ensure drinking water 
consumers receive meaningful, timely, and useful information needed to 
help them limit their exposure to lead in drinking water. Long-term 
issues, requiring additional research and input, were identified for a 
subsequent set of rule revisions. In this proposed rule, the EPA is 
addressing those longer-term revisions to further improve public health 
protection.

III. Proposed Revisions to 40 CFR Subpart I Control of Lead and Copper

A. Lead Trigger Level

    The EPA is proposing to establish a new lead ``trigger level'' of 
10 [micro]g/L and retain the 15 [micro]g/L lead action level in the 
current LCR. The EPA established the lead action level in the 1991 
based on feasibility and not based on impact on public health. The 
proposed trigger level is also not a health based standard. The EPA is 
not revising the 1991 determination that achieving the action level of 
15 [micro]g/L is feasible. The EPA is proposing the lead trigger level 
because the Agency has determined that meaningful reductions in 
drinking water lead exposure could be achieved by requiring water 
systems to take a progressive set of certain actions to reduce lead 
levels at the tap. The EPA proposes that 10 [micro]g/L is a reasonable 
threshold to require water system to undertake actions. The concept of 
including additional thresholds to compel actions before an action 
level exceedance was suggested by the ASDWA during the federalism 
consultation process (USEPA, 2018). This regulatory framework is 
similar to other national primary drinking water regulations (NPDWRs), 
such as the Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule 
(LT2ESWTR), which requires increasing levels of remedial action based 
on the concentration of the contaminant. The proposed LCRR sets the 
fewest requirements for systems at or below the TL and the most 
stringent requirements for systems above the lead AL. The Agency is 
requesting comment on the appropriate level and other aspects relating 
to the trigger level in Section VII.
    In the event of a trigger level exceedance, the actions water 
systems would be required to take vary based on characteristics of the 
system. For example, small CWSs serving populations of 10,000 or fewer 
persons and all sizes of NTNCWS that exceed the lead trigger level, but 
not the lead action level, would evaluate the small system 
flexibilities described in Section III.E. of this notice. Under this 
proposal, medium and large CWSs that exceed the trigger level, but do 
not exceed the action level, would be required to implement 
requirements based on their CCT and LSL status as described below.
    Water systems with CCT in place and with no LSLs or service lines 
of unknown materials would be required to: Re-optimize CCT (see Section 
III.B.2); and conduct annual tap sampling (no reduced monitoring (see 
Section III.G.2)).
    Water systems without CCT in place and with no LSLs or service 
lines of unknown materials would be required to: Conduct a CCT study 
and obtain State approval for designated CCT (see Section III.B.2); and 
conduct annual tap sampling (no reduced monitoring (see Section 
III.G.2)).
    Water systems with CCT in place and with LSLs or service lines of 
unknown

[[Page 61692]]

materials would be required to: Re-optimize CCT (see Section III.B.2); 
notify customers with LSLs or unknowns (see Section III.F.1); implement 
goal based LSLR program (see Section III.D.3); and conduct annual tap 
sampling (no reduced monitoring (see Section III.G.2)).
    Water systems without CCT in place and with LSLs or service lines 
of unknown materials would be required to: Conduct a CCT study and 
obtain State approval for designated CCT (see Section III.B.2. of this 
notice) notify customers with an LSL or unknowns (see Section III.F.1); 
implement goal based LSLR program (see Section III.D.3. of this 
notice); and conduct annual tap sampling (no reduced monitoring (see 
Section III.G.2 of this notice)).

B. Corrosion Control Treatment

    Corrosion in water systems is defined as the electrochemical 
interaction between a metal surface such as pipe wall or solder and 
water. During this interaction, metal is oxidized and transferred to 
the water. Metal release is a function of the reactions that occur 
between the metal ions released due to corrosion, and the physical, 
chemical, and biological characteristics of the water and the metal 
surface (USEPA, 2016c). Corrosion control treatment involves changing 
water quality characteristics including alkalinity, pH, and dissolved 
inorganic carbon or addition of a corrosion inhibitor such as 
orthophosphate to reduce the rate of metal release into the water.
    Under the current LCR, all water systems serving more than 50,000 
people were required to install corrosion control treatment (CCT) soon 
after the LCR went into effect, unless they were deemed to have 
optimized corrosion control. Water systems serving fewer than 50,000 
people are not required to install CCT under the current rule unless 
the water system exceeds the lead or copper action level. Water systems 
serving 50,000 or fewer people that exceed the action level and have 
not yet installed CCT must begin working with their State to monitor 
water quality parameters (WQPs) and install and maintain CCT. Those 
systems may stop the process of identifying and installing CCT if they 
meet both the lead and copper action levels during each of two 
consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. Given the critical role of CCT 
in reducing lead in drinking water and protecting the health of all 
water system consumers, the EPA is proposing several revisions to the 
LCR to reflect current understanding of the efficacy of various 
corrosion control treatments and to assure robust evaluation of 
corrosion control treatment effectiveness at each system.
1. Corrosion Control Evaluation During Sanitary Surveys
    The EPA is proposing changes to the current sanitary survey to 
include requirements for states to include an evaluation of CCT as part 
of the survey. States are required to regularly perform sanitary 
surveys of public water systems in accordance with the Interim Enhanced 
Surface Water Treatment Rule (Sec.  141.723) and the Ground Water Rule 
(Sec.  141.401). The requirements for the sanitary survey may include 
an evaluation of the drinking water source, operation and maintenance 
of water system equipment, and compliance with local and national 
drinking water standards. There are eight elements addressed during a 
sanitary survey. These elements include: Source; treatment; 
distribution system; finished water storage; pumps, pump facilities and 
controls; monitoring, reporting, data verification; system management 
and operation; and operator compliance with State requirements. These 
sanitary surveys do not currently contain requirements specific to the 
LCR.
    EPA believes that the sanitary survey is a fitting opportunity for 
states to review the system's implementation of OCCT and to assure 
there are not deficiencies that could interfere with the capability of 
the drinking water system to consistently and reliably deliver an 
adequate quality and quantity of safe drinking water to the consumer. 
The NDWAC (NDWAC, 2015) and ASDWA (USEPA, 2018) recommended a periodic 
evaluation of CCT as a part of the sanitary survey.
    States would be required to review CCT and to assess WQPs during 
sanitary surveys for water systems that have installed CCT. The review 
must consider any updated EPA guidance on CCT during the sanitary 
survey. Reviewing updated EPA CCT guidance is consistent with the 
National Drinking Water Advisory Council's (NDWAC, 2015) 
recommendations to reevaluate CCT and WQP based upon updated EPA 
guidance and as best practices continue to evolve as new information 
and science emerges. This proposed revision will promote regular review 
of CCT and WQPs by states and will enhance consistency and efficacy by 
allowing states to consider new information and CCT guidance, as 
appropriate, during sanitary surveys. By combining the review of the 
CCT with the existing sanitary survey requirement of the Public Water 
System Supervision program, states and water systems can cost 
effectively assure regular review of the treatment technique.
2. Corrosion Control Treatment Requirements Based on Lead 90th 
Percentile
    The EPA is proposing revisions to the LCR provisions by requiring 
the installation of CCT or optimization of CCT based on the lead 90th 
percentile level. The current rule provisions for CCT are based 
primarily on the water system size, and only require small and medium-
sized water systems (serving 50,000 or fewer people) to meet CCT 
requirements if they exceed the lead or copper action level. Before 
installing CCT, water systems must make an optimized CCT recommendation 
to the state or conduct a CCT study, if required to do so. However, 
these water systems can discontinue CCT steps if their 90th percentile 
levels are at or below the lead and copper action levels for two 
consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. The CCT steps are only 
commenced after a subsequent lead action level exceedance. Under the 
current rule, once a water system has optimized CCT, there are no 
requirements for water systems to adjust or re-evaluate CCT, even after 
an action level exceedance or a failure to meet optimal water quality 
parameters (OWQPs), unless directed to do so by the State. Under the 
current LCR, States may, but are not required to, modify the designated 
CCT on its own initiative or in response to a request by a water system 
or other interested party, when it concludes that a change is necessary 
to ensure the system continues to optimize corrosion control treatment.
    The EPA is proposing to mandate additional CCT requirements based 
on the water system's lead 90th percentile level and CCT status. All 
water systems with CCT that have a lead trigger level exceedance (>10 
[mu]g/L but <=15 [mu]g/L) or a lead action level exceedance (>=15 
[mu]g/L) will be required to re-optimize their CCT. Water systems would 
be required to make a re-optimization recommendation and receive state 
approval following the procedures described in proposed Sec.  
141.82(a). The state may require the water system to conduct a CCT 
study.
    This proposal would require water systems without CCT that exceed 
the lead trigger level (10 [micro]g/L) to conduct a CCT study and make 
a CCT recommendation in accordance with proposed revisions in Sec.  
141.82(a). The CCT recommendation would be implemented if the water 
system exceeds the lead action level in subsequent tap sampling. Water 
systems without CCT that have previously

[[Page 61693]]

conducted a CCT study and made CCT recommendations would not be 
required to prepare a new CCT study if they exceed the trigger level 
again unless the state determines that a new study is required due to 
changed circumstances, such as addition of a new water source or 
changes in treatment or if revised CCT guidance has been issued by the 
EPA since the study was conducted. The state may also determine that a 
new CCT study is needed due to other significant information becoming 
available.
    The EPA is proposing changes to the CCT options that water systems 
must consider and the methods by which water systems would evaluate 
those options. As described later in this section, the EPA is proposing 
to remove calcium carbonate stabilization as a CCT option. The EPA is 
also proposing to require water systems to evaluate two additional 
options for orthophosphate-based corrosion control. The current 
requirement for evaluating orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor 
specifies that systems must evaluate maintaining an ``effective 
residual concentration in all test tap samples.'' The EPA has 
determined, based upon experience in implementing these requirements, 
that systems may not be evaluating a full range of orthophosphate 
residual concentrations to achieve optimal corrosion control. 
Therefore, the EPA is proposing to add two new treatment options for 
evaluation as a part of corrosion control studies: Maintaining a 1 mg/L 
orthophosphate residual concentration and maintaining a 3 mg/L 
orthophosphate residual concentration.
    The EPA is also proposing changes to the methodologies by which 
systems evaluate CCT options. The EPA is proposing to clarify that 
metal coupon tests can only be used as a screen to reduce the number of 
options that are evaluated using pipe rig/loops. Metal coupon tests 
would no longer be able to be used as the basis for determining the 
optimal corrosion control treatment (OCCT). The EPA is proposing this 
change based upon experience with implementing the rule and the concern 
that metal coupons are not representative of the existing condition of 
the lead service lines (LSLs) or leaded plumbing materials that are 
present in the distribution system and which have scales that have 
formed as a result of being exposed to the drinking water over a number 
of years (Ministry of Ontario, 2009).
    The EPA is also clarifying cases when systems choose to conduct 
coupon studies to screen potential options and/or pipe rig/loop 
studies; these systems cannot exclude a treatment option from the study 
based upon potential effects on other water quality treatment 
processes. Systems that are conducting coupon screening studies and/or 
pipe loop/rig studies should identify potential constraints, such as 
the impact of CCT options or treatment chemicals may have on other 
water quality treatment processes. Those impacts should be noted and 
considered as part of the CCT study design. For example, water systems 
conducting a corrosion control study would be required to consider pH 
and alkalinity adjustment but must also consider how adjustment of pH 
could affect compliance with other NPDWRs. Increased pH may result in 
increased formation of total trihalomethanes and result in an 
exceedance of the maximum contaminant level for those contaminants. 
Conversely, decreases in pH may result in increased formation of 
haloacetic acids and result in an exceedance of the maximum contaminant 
level for those contaminants. Rather than rule out pH and alkalinity 
adjustment as a CCT strategy because of simultaneous compliance 
concerns, systems should determine an upper bound pH, where the 
increase in pH would create increased trihalomethanes and incorporate 
that into the corrosion control study design.
    Similarly, the use of orthophosphate for corrosion control can 
increase the phosphorus loading to wastewater treatment facilities. 
Increased phosphorus loading may be a concern for wastewater systems 
with phosphorus discharge limits or for systems that discharge into 
water bodies where phosphorus is a limiting nutrient. However, the EPA 
is proposing that water systems conducting corrosion control studies 
would not be able to rule out orthophosphate simply based on the 
increase in loading to wastewater treatment facilities. In designing 
the CCT studies, water systems would evaluate the orthophosphate 
treatment options in the coupon screening and/or pipe loop/rig studies. 
When selecting the optimal CCT, States and water systems would consider 
phosphorus removal treatment that may be needed by the receiving 
wastewater treatment system to meet any phosphorus discharge limits or 
otherwise prevent impacts to water quality. The EPA has examined the 
potential costs of additional phosphorus usage on wastewater treatment 
systems as described in section VI.C.9 of this notice. The EPA is 
proposing that a water system that exceeds the lead action level (15 
[micro]g/L), that has previously not exceeded the lead trigger level 
and does not have CCT installed, would be required to conduct a CCT 
study, make a treatment recommendation, and obtain State approval for 
the treatment recommendation. The EPA proposes that systems be required 
to complete these steps even if the system meets the lead action level 
in two subsequent, consecutive 6-month monitoring periods over the 
course of this process. Water systems that meet the action level for 
two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods before installing the State-
approved treatment would be required to install that CCT upon any 
subsequent action level exceedance. The EPA proposes to retain the 
current LCR provision that allows a State to waive the requirement for 
a CCT study. This proposal includes flexibilities for small systems 
related to CCT (see section III.E. of this notice).
3. Calcium Carbonate Stabilization
    The EPA is proposing to remove calcium carbonate stabilization as a 
potential CCT technique and thus calcium as a regulated WQP. The EPA is 
proposing to eliminate the option of calcium carbonate stabilization as 
a CCT because literature indicates that calcium carbonate does not form 
a film on lead and copper pipes to a level that makes it effective as a 
CCT option (AwwaRF and DVGW--Technologiezentrum Wasser, 1996; Schock 
and Lytle, 2011; Hill and Cantor, 2011). The EPA proposes the removal 
of WQP monitoring related to calcium hardness in the current rule, 
which includes monitoring for calcium, conductivity, and water 
temperature. Under this proposal, water systems would also not be 
required to analyze effects of calcium hardness adjustments during 
their CCT evaluations. All other CCT options, including alkalinity and 
pH adjustment and the addition of a phosphate- or silicate-based 
corrosion inhibitor, will be maintained from the current rule. The best 
available science has identified these as the most effective treatment 
options at this time (USEPA, 2003; Wilczak et al., 2010; Schock and 
Lytle, 2011). These changes are being proposed to assure the efficacy 
of CCT, to the extent feasible, based upon best available peer-reviewed 
science.

C. Lead Service Line Inventory

    The EPA is proposing revisions to the current lead service line 
inventory requirements of the LCR because the Agency believes that 
better information regarding the number and locations of lead service 
lines is critical to a water

[[Page 61694]]

system's ability to inform the public about the potential risks of lead 
in drinking water and to assure reductions in drinking water lead 
exposure. Numerous studies have evaluated the contribution of lead in 
drinking water from different sources (e.g., service lines, faucets, 
meters). A study published by American Water Works Association (AWWA) 
Water Research Foundation (2008) ``Contributions of Service Line and 
Plumbing Fixtures to Lead and Copper Rule Compliance Issues'' (Sandvig 
et al., 2008) estimates that 50 percent-75 percent of lead in drinking 
water comes from LSLs, while the remainder comes from leaded solder, 
brass/bronze fittings, galvanized piping, faucets, and water meters. 
Given that LSLs are the greatest contributor of lead in drinking water, 
identifying the locations and, where necessary, removing this source of 
lead from drinking water, is a critical component of this proposed 
rule.
    Under the current regulations, water systems are required to 
identify construction materials of their drinking water distribution 
system including lead and galvanized piping and to conduct a materials 
evaluation to locate the requisite number of sampling sites, and to 
seek to collect information on service line materials, where possible, 
during normal operation such as reading water meters or performing 
maintenance activities. In practice, many water systems have only 
identified service line materials to fulfill the tap sampling tiering 
requirement and have not done a full accounting of service line 
materials throughout their entire distribution system. This has led to 
uncertainty regarding local and national estimates of locations and 
numbers of LSL. This uncertainty creates compliance challenges for 
water systems that exceed the lead action level after installing CCT 
because water systems are forced to concurrently determine the total 
number of LSLs in the distribution system while replacing seven percent 
of their LSLs, all within one year. Without an LSL inventory, water 
systems also face challenges communicating the risk of lead in drinking 
water to the public at large as well as to individual customers, who 
may seek information about their own service line so they can take 
measures to protect themselves and their family. Lack of an LSL 
inventory also results in a lost opportunity to improve the cost 
efficiency of LSLR by conducting replacements in tandem with main 
replacement activities or in neighborhoods where LSLs are most 
prevalent, or in accordance to policy goals, such as prioritizing LSLR 
at schools, childcare facilities, and homes with children. For example, 
the city of Galesburg, IL prioritizes LSLR at homes of low- to 
moderate-income with children under the age of six (Galesburg, 2016).
    In addition, even those systems that have made efforts to identify 
their LSLs do not always make the information publicly available. 
Informed customers are better able to take actions to limit exposure to 
lead in drinking water and make decisions regarding replacement of 
their portion of an LSL. For water systems publicly available 
information is ``. . . important for successful, proactive outreach to 
customers who are most likely to have a LSL'' (NDWAC, 2015). Making the 
LSL inventories publicly available, including the total number of LSLs 
in the distribution system and their general locations, would increase 
water system transparency so customers can better understand the 
prevalence of lead sources in drinking water.
    Incomplete or non-existent LSL inventories also lead to uncertainty 
in developing a national estimate, which could range from 6.3 million 
(Cornwell et. al., 2016) to 9.3 million (USEPA, 1991) LSLs in place. 
Information about the numbers of LSLs in public water systems is 
critical to supporting various actions focused on reducing exposure to 
lead in drinking water. For example, the EPA is targeting funding and 
financing programs such as the Water Infrastructure Improvements for 
the Nation Act (United States, 2016) grant programs, the Drinking Water 
State Revolving Fund (DWSRF), and the Water Infrastructure Finance and 
Innovation Act (WIFIA) program to reduce lead exposure through 
infrastructure projects that include full LSLR. Water systems that have 
prepared an LSL inventory will be better able to demonstrate their 
priority for infrastructure financing assistance. In America's Water 
Infrastructure Act (United States, 2018), Congress recognized the 
importance of increasing the understanding about the extent of LSLs in 
the nation by mandating the EPA include an assessment of costs to 
replace all LSLs, including the customer-owned portion of the LSL to 
the extent practicable, in the Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs 
Survey and Assessment (DWINSA). Moreover, an LSL inventory will lead to 
increased awareness of consumers regarding whether they are served by 
an LSL, which could improve public health protection if affected 
consumers take action to reduce their exposure to lead in drinking 
water.
    Other organizations have recognized the benefits of LSL inventories 
and expressed support for a requirement that water systems create a LSL 
inventory. The Association of Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) 
published a white paper titled ``Developing Lead Service Line 
Inventories Presented by the Association of State Drinking Water 
Administrators'' with recommendations for developing LSL inventories 
and examples of States that already have implemented mandatory and 
voluntary LSL inventory programs (Association of State Drinking Water 
Administrators, 2019). The Government Accountability Office (GAO) 
recommended that EPA ``require states to report available information 
about lead pipes to EPA's SDWIS/Fed (or a future redesign such as SDWIS 
Prime)'', in its revision of the LCR (GAO-18-620, 2018). The National 
Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC) recommended that water systems 
create and update LSL inventories and ``establish a clear mechanism for 
customers to access information on LSL locations (at a minimum)'' 
(NDWAC, 2015).
    The EPA is proposing that all water systems create an inventory of 
all water system-owned and customer-owned LSLs in its distribution 
system. The inventory could be submitted in one of a variety of 
formats, for example a list, table, or map with a corresponding LSL 
status (i.e., LSL, non-LSL, unknown) with a location identifier of the 
LSL (e.g., street, intersection, landmark). The EPA is not proposing 
that addresses be used in making the LSL inventory publicly available 
however, the Agency is requesting comment on this issue in Section VII. 
A water system would not be precluded by the proposed regulation, from 
choosing to include specific addresses served by LSLs in their 
inventory. An example of this is DC Water's LSL map (DC Water, 2016). 
Large systems, serving greater than 100,000 persons, would be required 
to post the inventory to a publicly-accessible site on the internet to 
facilitate easier access for their customers. This is consistent with 
requirements for community water systems related to their annual 
Consumer Confidence Report (40 CFR 141.155(f)). All other systems (i.e. 
those serving 100,000 persons or fewer), would simply be required to 
make the inventory available to the public (e.g., available for review 
at the water system's headquarters).
    Under this proposal, a water system would submit an initial 
inventory to their Primacy Agency by three years after the final rule 
publication date. To create the initial LSL inventory water

[[Page 61695]]

systems would review plumbing codes, permits, and records in the files 
of the building department(s) that indicate the plumbing materials that 
are installed within publicly and privately-owned structures. In 
addition, inspections and records of the distribution system that 
indicate the material composition of the service connections that 
connect a structure to the distribution system would be utilized. 
Because water systems may not have complete records to enable them to 
identify the material for every service line, the EPA is proposing that 
systems identify the service lines of unknown material and update the 
inventory on an annual basis to reflect LSLRs that have occurred, or 
verifications of service lines of unknown material through the course 
of normal operations or targeted inventorying efforts. In addition to 
updating the inventory on an annual basis, EPA recommends, but does not 
require, that water systems update the inventory as new information 
becomes available. Improving the inventory over time in tandem with 
other infrastructure work will minimize the cost of inventory 
completion, since projects like main replacement require excavation of 
the street and exposure of service lines underneath. The water system 
could choose to speed inventory development by devoting resources to 
determine service line materials independent of other water system 
work. The EPA recommends, but does not require, that the material of 
non-LSLs be identified, such as plastic or copper. While not required, 
water systems could benefit from recording the material of all service 
lines to improve its accounting of water system assets and help plan 
for capital improvement activities.
    These proposed requirements are consistent with the ASDWA white 
paper on LSL inventories. ASDWA recommends that a ``one-time, 
preliminary inventory report [be] followed by a comprehensive inventory 
report a few years later''. ``The preliminary report would be completed 
in three years, and the water system would update its inventory each 
year to work towards a comprehensive inventory by verifying service 
lines of unknown material.'' ASDWA also recommends that reports should 
be made publicly available through a user-friendly, online portal, with 
the option to download all inventory reports in a single file. The EPA 
is proposing this requirement while allowing additional flexibilities 
to smaller systems who wish to submit the inventory in paper format. 
Water systems using a paper format would still be required to make the 
inventory available to the public. The EPA is proposing the initial 
inventory be completed by the rule compliance date, three years after 
promulgation, so that other proposed rule requirements, such as tap 
sample site selection, PE delivery, and LSLR requirements, can be 
implemented on the final rule compliance date.
    The EPA has determined it is feasible for water systems to prepare 
LSL inventories because the current regulations required water systems 
to identify these construction materials in their distribution system 
to identify tap sampling sites, and to collect information on service 
line materials where possible in the course of normal operation, such 
as reading water meters or performing maintenance activities. In 
addition, any water system that was required to begin LSLR under the 
current rule would also have been required to identify the initial 
number of LSLs in its distribution system at the time the replacement 
program begins pursuant to Sec.  141.84(b)(1). However, the Agency 
requests comment in Section VII of this notice on the proposed 
inventory.
    ASDWA's white paper lists several examples of states that have 
mandatory or voluntary LSL inventory programs, and notes that even 
voluntary LSL inventory programs have had response rates that cover 
over 90% of service lines (Association of State Drinking Water 
Administrators, 2019). Many states have already begun requiring water 
systems to create and maintain LSL inventories. In particular, 
Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan have such requirements and are estimated 
to rank first, second, and third, respectively, of States with the 
highest number of LSLs in the nation (Cornwell et. al., 2016).
    Illinois CWSs were required to create their LSL inventory in one 
year and report a count of all known water system-owned and customer-
owned LSLs. Water systems in Illinois are required by the State of 
Illinois to update their inventory annually until it is complete (State 
of Illinois, 2017). Ohio CWSs and NTNCWSs with LSLs had six months to 
map their LSLs and are required to update it every five years. If a 
water system in Ohio certifies it has no LSLs, it is not required to 
create a map (State of Ohio, 2016). Michigan's updated LCR promulgated 
in June 2018 requires water systems to create an inventory of all 
materials in their distribution system by January 1, 2020, based on 
existing information. The inventory includes both the water system-
owned and customer-owned portions of the LSL and requires service lines 
of unknown material to be designated as such. The inventory must also 
identify lead materials present in ``piping, storage structure, pumps, 
and controls used to deliver water to the public, including service 
lines'' (State of Michigan, 2017), the scope of which could cover 
goosenecks and several other sources of lead. By January 1, 2025, water 
systems must submit a complete inventory, along with material 
verification methodology, including any instances of customer denial to 
access private property to inspect the customer-owned service line. The 
inventory must be updated every five years (State of Michigan, 2017). 
Other States with LSL inventory requirements include Wisconsin and 
California. Since 2004, Wisconsin has required annual reporting of the 
number of service lines of each material (grouped by pipe diameter) 
owned by the water system. In 2018, the requirement was changed to 
include the customer-owned portion of the service line (Association of 
State Drinking Water Administrators, 2019). California water systems 
were required to inventory known LSLs and areas that may contain LSLs 
in their distribution systems (State of California, 2016).
    As recommended by the Government Accountability Office (GAO-18-620, 
2018), the EPA has identified several techniques that can be used to 
identify lead and galvanized service lines. The current rule lists 
several sources of information that may indicate or confirm the 
presence of an LSL, including plumbing codes; permits and records; 
inspections and records of distribution system materials; existing 
water quality information to indicate locations that are most likely to 
have higher lead levels; and relevant legal authorities (i.e., 
contracts and local ordinances). Under this proposal, the EPA expects 
water systems to create their initial inventory using these available 
information sources and to update LSL inventories with information on 
service line materials discovered in the course of normal operation, 
such as maintaining water meters.
    Under this proposal, a State could establish additional inventory 
development methods, such as allowing consumers to self-identify and 
report their service line material, using sequential tap sampling to 
identify LSLs, or using other techniques such as physical inspection or 
scratch tests, hydrovacing, or trenching (ANSI C810-17 Replacement and 
Flushing of Lead Service Lines, 2017).
    The EPA is proposing that water systems designate any service line 
whose material cannot be confirmed by

[[Page 61696]]

the rule compliance date as unknown. The EPA believes that water 
systems need accurate information about the number and locations of 
lead service lines in order to effectively implement actions to reduce 
drinking water lead exposure. The Agency also recognizes that many 
systems do not have complete records and that excavating test pits can 
be expensive and may disturb lines, resulting in lead release. The 
Agency believes that treating unknown lines as lead will provide an 
incentive for water systems to collect information on the composition 
of service lines through their normal maintenance activities such as 
meter calibration, because doing so would reduce the burden associated 
with other aspects of the rule, such as LSLR and notification to LSL 
customers. If a service line of unknown material is determined to be 
non-lead, it would reduce the number of LSLs required to be replaced 
each year should the water system exceed the action level. Fewer 
service lines of unknown material would also result in reduced burden 
associated with delivery of customer LSL notification and fewer goal-
based or mandatory LSLR should the water system exceed the lead trigger 
level or action level, if the unknowns are identified as non-lead. If 
any service lines originally inventoried as non-lead are later 
discovered to be LSLs, these service lines would be included for 
establishing replacement rates and for conducting outreach to customers 
with LSLs. This requirement follows the recommendation provided to the 
EPA by the NDWAC, to grant water systems the flexibility to create an 
inventory that allows for the uncertainty of service line materials 
that cannot be verified by records or other means within three years, 
while at the same time ensuring that consumers potentially served by an 
LSL are provided adequate protections. For example, water systems would 
provide targeted public education to consumers served by a service line 
of unknown material, informing them that their service line may be an 
LSL and advising them about actions they can take to reduce their 
exposure to lead in drinking water. Without this public education, 
consumers drinking water delivered by a service line of unknown 
material may not have any awareness of the potential risk of lead 
exposure from their drinking water or how to reduce their risk.
    Under this proposal, while water systems would assume unknown 
service lines are LSLs for purposes of establishing replacement rates 
and for conducting outreach to customers with LSLs, they would not 
include these sites in their Tier 1 tap sampling pool. The proposed tap 
sample tiering requirements designate sites served by an LSL as Tier 1 
to assure prioritization of sites that are the most likely to yield 
elevated lead levels in drinking water, therefore the EPA is proposing 
to exclude service lines of unknown material from Tier 1 classification 
to prevent the dilution of the Tier 1 sample pool with potential non-
LSL sites. ASDWA's white paper on LSL inventories summarizes how 
service lines of unknown material are treated in inventories around the 
country. Illinois, California, and Michigan allow water systems to 
designate service lines as ``unknown'' in their inventories. In 
California, water systems must include service lines of unknown 
material in their LSLR plan ``to encourage water systems to investigate 
their unknown lines.'' (Association of State Drinking Water 
Administrators, 2019). Michigan water systems can include service lines 
of unknown material in their initial inventory due January 1, 2020, 
however by January 1, 2025, they must have verified all service line 
materials, with the option to document any instances of customer denial 
to access private property to inspect the customer-owned service line 
(State of Michigan, 2017). The EPA requests comment in Section VII of 
this notice on the appropriate treatment of unknown lines in an 
inventory.
    Galvanized service lines can contribute to lead in drinking water 
due to lead in the zinc coating, or absorption of lead particles in 
corrosion scales if they are or have ever been downstream of an LSL 
(McFadden et. al., 2011; HDR, 2009). The proposed rule would define 
galvanized service lines that are currently or were formerly downstream 
of an LSL, as an LSL. Therefore, these lines would be listed in the LSL 
inventory, counted in the replacement rate calculation, and included in 
the notifications delivered to consumers of LSLs. Michigan's updated 
LCR takes a similar approach, requiring replacement of galvanized 
service lines ``if the service line is or was downstream of lead 
piping'' (State of Michigan, 2017). The proposed tap sample tiering 
requirements would not allow these galvanized service lines to be 
considered LSLs for purposes of collecting tap samples to assure 
prioritization of sites that are the most likely to yield elevated lead 
levels in drinking water, such as those made of one hundred percent 
lead.

D. Lead Service Line Replacement

    The current rule requires water systems with optimized corrosion 
control treatment (OCCT) to replace LSLs after exceeding the lead 
action level. Although the water system must meet an annual LSLR rate 
of seven percent, the current rule allows for water systems to meet the 
requirement without conducting any full LSLRs because a water system 
can count an LSL as replaced if the service line is ``tested out'' or 
partially replaced. LSLs are ``tested out'' when sampling shows lead 
concentrations at or below 15 [micro]g/L throughout the entire profile 
of the service line. Additionally, many communities around the country 
split ownership of the service line between the water system and the 
customer, which can often result in a partial LSLR being conducted when 
the customer does not agree to have his or her portion removed. ``Test 
outs'' and partial LSLR both count as replacements under the current 
rule, but neither are as effective at reducing lead in drinking water 
as full LSLR.
    Additionally, the current rule does not require the water system to 
plan for its LSLR program before it is required to conduct mandatory 
LSLR. Water systems must work out the technical, financial, customer 
coordination, and other logistics of starting a LSLR program in the 
same period they must begin replacement of LSLs. This approach can 
create challenges for the water system because planning for LSLR takes 
time, which jeopardizes the system's ability to meet the seven percent 
replacement rate. It could also render LSLR more expensive if the water 
system has not evaluated and optimized the operational and financial 
aspects of LSLR.
1. Lead Service Line Replacement Plan
    The EPA is proposing that all water systems with LSLs or service 
lines of unknown material, and regardless of their 90th percentile lead 
level, must prepare an LSLR plan. Under this proposal, a water system 
would submit the plan by three years after the final rule publication 
date. Developing an LSLR plan while creating an LSL inventory provides 
efficiencies in the planning process and will prepare water systems to 
quickly commence a goal-based, or mandatory full LSLR program should 
they exceed the lead trigger or action level, or to coordinate a 
replacement with an emergency repair or a customer initiating a 
replacement of their line.
    Under this proposal, the plan would include procedures to conduct 
full LSLR and to alert and inform consumers before a full or partial 
lead service line replacement. It must also include a lead service line 
replacement goal rate,

[[Page 61697]]

developed in coordination with the State, should the water system 
exceed the lead trigger level. To address short term increases in lead 
levels following LSLR, the plan must include a pitcher filter tracking 
and maintenance system and flushing procedures for the service line and 
premise plumbing inside the home. Water system organizations, such as 
AWWA, have developed guidance and procedures for LSLR and flushing that 
a water system could use or reference in its LSLR plan. The plan must 
also include a funding strategy for conducting lead service line 
replacements.
    In the plan's funding strategy, the water system would identify how 
it will pay for the replacement of the water system-owned portion of 
the LSL, such as through its capital improvement fund or the use of a 
low-interest rate loan from the DWSRF. Although water systems are not 
required to pay for replacement of customer owned lead service lines, 
the EPA encourages water systems to develop programs to financially 
assist these customers in replacing their lead service lines. The EPA 
has identified several types of assistance, such as loans and grants 
from the federal government or funded by rate revenue, as well as 
private funding partnerships (Strategies for Achieving Full LSLR, 
docket EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300).
    The LSLR plan would include a procedure for customers to flush 
service lines and premise plumbing of particulate lead. Flushing 
reduces particulate lead that may have been released into drinking 
water after LSL disturbance or replacement. For purposes of the 
flushing requirements in the proposed rule, the EPA considers a service 
line disturbance as planned work or an emergency repair that requires 
water service to the consumer be shut off. Water shutoffs can disturb 
lead pipes due to hydraulic scouring as the water is turned back on, 
and if shut off for an extended period of time, can cause the lead 
scales on the pipe interior to dry and flake off. Under this proposed 
rule, these disturbances would require consumer flushing instructions 
to be delivered to the consumer before their water is turned back on. 
Although other types of pipe disturbances may occur, such as vibration 
from the work of other utilities (for example, gas and electric 
utilities), the water system may not always be aware of the other 
utilities' activities. Defining pipe disturbance based on when water 
service is temporarily shut off ensures the water system is aware of 
the disturbance and can execute the proposed flushing requirement. For 
disturbances caused by other utilities, the EPA encourages water 
systems to inform other utilities of the potential for LSL disturbance 
to cause elevated lead levels in drinking water and attempt to 
coordinate with them on development and implementation of measures to 
reduce disturbances and mitigate impacts.
    The replacement of a meter, gooseneck, pigtail, or connector 
entails disconnecting and reconnecting the LSL, it is expected to be a 
more significant disturbance of the LSL than when the water service is 
temporarily shut off. Therefore, the EPA is proposing additional risk 
mitigation measures for these disturbances. Under this proposal the 
water system would be required to provide flushing instructions, as 
well as deliver the consumer a pitcher filter certified to remove lead 
along with three months of replacement cartridges for risk mitigation.
    The EPA is proposing that regardless of their 90th percentile lead 
level, water systems must replace lead goosenecks, pigtails, and 
connectors owned by the water system as they are encountered in the 
course of planned or emergency infrastructure work, such as main 
replacement. This proposed requirement was recommended by the National 
Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC, 2015). Water systems that 
replace lead goosenecks, pigtails and connectors would be required 
within 24 hours to notify consumers of the replacement and provide 
flushing instructions and a pitcher filter and replacement cartridges 
to last for three months. Water systems would be required to collect a 
follow up tap sample after three months but no later than six months 
after the gooseneck, pigtails, or connector is replaced. In many cases, 
routine infrastructure work involves the excavation of the water main 
under the street and exposure of the goosenecks, which then undergo 
reconnection to the new main. The EPA expects that mandatory 
replacement of these connectors as they are encountered would provide a 
beneficial and lower burden opportunity for the water system to remove 
a lead source from its distribution system. The water system is 
encouraged but not required to engage with the customer to coordinate 
replacement of a customer-owned lead gooseneck, pigtail, or connector; 
however, the water system would not be required to bear the cost of 
replacement of the customer-owned materials under this proposal. 
Replacement of a lead gooseneck, pigtail, or connector regardless of 
ownership would not count towards goal-based or mandatory LSLR rates.
2. Partial Lead Service Line Replacement
    The EPA sought an evaluation by the Science Advisory Board (SAB) of 
current scientific data to assess the effectiveness of partial LSLRs in 
reducing water lead levels. The SAB determined that the quality and 
quantity of data was inadequate to fully evaluate the effectiveness of 
partial LSLR in reducing drinking water lead concentrations. However, 
the SAB concluded that partial LSLRs have not been shown to reliably 
reduce drinking water lead levels and may even increase lead exposure 
in the short-term of days to months, and potentially even longer. The 
NDWAC recommended requiring full LSLR except during emergency repairs 
or infrastructure improvement projects when a customer is unable or 
unwilling to replace their portion of the LSL (NDWAC, 2015).
    Based upon the SAB's and the NDWAC's recommendations, the EPA is 
proposing to eliminate current requirements for water systems to only 
replace the portion of the LSL that is owned by the water system, if 
any, in situations where customers do not choose to replace the portion 
of the line that is owned by the customer. Typically, if a water system 
owns a portion of the service line, it is the portion that connects the 
water main under the street to the customer-owned portion of the 
service line, which often begins at the curb-box or water meter. The 
proposed changes to the LSLR requirements would remove the compliance 
incentive to conduct partial LSLR that is inherent in the current rule. 
The EPA recognizes that certain activities, such as emergency repairs 
(i.e., a water main break that must quickly be repaired) or planned 
infrastructure improvements (i.e., a water main replacement program) 
may still need to proceed regardless of customer participation and may 
result in unavoidable pipe disturbances and at times, partial LSLR. For 
example, a water system replacing a water main as part of its capital 
improvement program may encounter LSLs on both the water system- and 
customer-owned portions of the service line. If a single customer 
served by an LSL does not accept the water system's offer to replace 
the customer-owned portion (the water system is not required to bear 
the cost of replacement), the water system may proceed to conduct a 
partial LSLR at that location in order to complete the main replacement 
project. In another scenario, a water system-owned portion

[[Page 61698]]

of an LSL could fail, requiring emergency replacement. In this case, 
the water system would be allowed to replace just the water system-
owned portion should the customer refuse or is unable to have his or 
her portion replaced.
    Whenever a water system conducts partial LSLR, it would be required 
to notify the affected consumers and follow the risk mitigation 
procedures in their LSLR plan to ensure that customers are promptly 
alerted and informed of the actions they can take to reduce their 
exposure to lead following the partial LSLR, when concentrations of 
lead in drinking water are expected to be the highest. These proposed 
risk mitigation steps required after partial LSLR include customer 
notification, delivering flushing guidance to remove particulate lead, 
providing a pitcher filter certified to remove lead in accordance with 
applicable standards established by the American National Standards 
Institute, as well as replacement cartridges to last no less than three 
months, and taking a tap sample after three months, but no more than 
six months after the partial LSLR. Tap sample results would be provided 
to the consumer within 30 days, unless the tap sample exceeds the lead 
action level, in which case the EPA proposes notifying the customer 
within 24 hours. The same mitigation steps would also be required if a 
water system undertook a full lead service line replacement (see 
section III.D.3 of this notice).
    The EPA is proposing that all water systems with LSLs, regardless 
of their 90th percentile level, must replace the water system-owned 
portion of the LSL when a customer replaces their portion of the LSL. 
Water systems would have to include information about this requirement 
in their annual notification to LSL customers. In those cases where a 
customer notifies the system in advance of replacing the customer 
portion of an LSL, the EPA is proposing that the water system make a 
good faith effort to coordinate replacement with the customer to 
minimize disturbances that may result in particulate lead release and 
to prevent a partially replaced LSL from being left in place. The water 
system would also have 45 days from learning of the customer's 
replacement or intention to replace his or her-owned portion of the LSL 
to replace the portion owned by the water system. Given that water 
systems routinely perform construction involving installation and 
replacement of water mains and service lines, and that the logistics of 
LSLR have been established in its LSLR plan, the EPA believes that it 
is feasible for water systems to replace their portion of a lead 
service line within 45 days of notification of the customer-initiated 
replacement, however the Agency requests comment in Section VII of this 
notices on whether a longer or shorter time frame is appropriate. In 
cases where the water system learns that a customer has replaced the 
customer-owned portion of LSL and the replacement has occurred more 
than three months in the past, the water system is not required to 
complete the lead service line replacement.
    After a LSLR, the EPA proposes that water systems deliver flushing 
instructions to the customer, provide a pitcher filter certified to 
remove lead with replacement cartridges to last three months (the 
expected timeframe for lead levels to decrease following a lead service 
line replacement), and collect a follow-up tap sample after three 
months, but no later than six months after the LSLR.
    The EPA is proposing that any water system that becomes aware that 
a customer has already replaced his or her portion of the LSL in the 
last three months be required to provide a filter to the home within 24 
hours to mitigate the elevated lead levels associated with customer-
initiated partial LSLR. Additionally, the water system would have 45 
days after learning of the customer-owned LSLR to replace its portion 
of the LSL. If a water system is conducting goal-based or mandatory 
LSLR in the period which these replacements occur, the water system 
would count these replacements towards its goal or mandatory 
replacement rate. If the water system is notified of the customer-
initiated replacement more than three months after the replacement 
occurred, it would not be required to replace its portion or provide a 
pitcher filter and replacement cartridges because the elevated lead 
levels associated with partial LSLR would be expected to have subdued.
3. Lead Service Line Replacement After a Lead Trigger Level Exceedance
    The EPA is proposing that, in addition to any requirements relating 
to CCT under 141.82(d) or 141.81(e) discussed above, CWSs serving more 
than 10,000 persons that exceed the trigger level for lead (10 
[micro]g/L) but do not exceed the action level for lead (15 [micro]g/L) 
would be required to implement a full LSLR program with an annual 
replacement goal rate approved by the State, as stated in its LSLR 
plan. The goal rate would be established to require actions that will 
promote the elimination of a significant source of lead in those water 
systems with 90th percentile concentrations that are approaching the 
action level. This provision is designed to require water systems with 
higher lead levels to take steps to reduce lead exposure and upgrade 
their infrastructure.
    There is widespread support at all levels for upgrading American's 
water infrastructure, including lead service line replacement. 
President Trump's 2020 budget proposes significant investment in 
infrastructure, directing $200 billion for priorities such as water 
infrastructure (The White House, 2019a). Lead service line replacement 
represents an opportunity to replace water infrastructure which can be 
over one hundred years old, constructed with material specifications 
not lawful for use in new plumbing products today, which can create 
risk of lead exposure to Americans. EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler 
signaled the Agency support of water infrastructure projects and their 
ability to create jobs, noting that since 2017 the EPA water 
infrastructure loans have totaled over $2 billion and will create 6,000 
jobs (The White House, 2019b). In a policy statement, the American 
Water Works Association encouraged communities to ``develop a lead 
reduction strategy that includes identifying and removing all lead 
service lines over time'' and supported the NDWAC's recommendations for 
the ``complete removal of lead service lines while ensuring optimal 
corrosion control measures'' (AWWA, 2017). The EPA is also aware of 
many communities and water systems across the country that are choosing 
to conduct LSLR proactively. The proposed LCR incorporates actions that 
water systems can take to encourage full LSLR irrespective of the lead 
action level, helping to spur removal of lead sources rather than 
waiting to act only after consumers have already been exposed to 
greater levels of lead.
    The flexibility of the goal based LSLR provision allows water 
systems with higher lead levels make manageable progress in reducing 
lead exposure and upgrading their infrastructure. The State could take 
multiple factors into account when setting the goal rate, such as the 
number of LSLs in the distribution system, planned infrastructure 
improvement programs, as well as the financial circumstances of the 
water system and its customers. The EPA believes that as communities 
conduct projects to replace aging infrastructure, they can replace lead 
service lines as part of these projects. This will reduce costs and 
minimize the disruption to their customers. Madison, WI stated in its 
Federalism letter to the EPA that it

[[Page 61699]]

``achieved cost-saving efficiencies through effective planning that 
concentrated capital improvement projects in the lead service area. 
Lead service replacement costs never exceeded 20% of our annual capital 
budget. In addition, the compressed schedule and coordination with 
local plumbing contractors led to reduced mobilization costs.'' The EPA 
expects that systems that exceed the trigger level will consider 
integrating lead service line replacements into their planned 
infrastructure replacement activities.
    The EPA is proposing that a water system may discontinue its goal-
based LSLR program after two consecutive annual monitoring periods at 
or below the lead trigger level, which equates to two years where the 
lead 90th percentile is consistently at or below the trigger level. The 
EPA is also proposing that a water system that does not meet its annual 
LSLR goal must conduct proposed outreach activities as described in 
141.85(g). (See Section III.F.2. of this notice). The proposed rule 
also provides the EPA authority to determine a different goal-based 
replacement rate, if appropriate.
4. Lead Service Line Replacement After a Lead Action Level Exceedance
    The EPA is proposing that CWSs serving more than 10,000 persons 
that exceed the lead action level would be required to conduct 
mandatory full LSLR at a minimum rate of three percent annually. Small 
CWSs serving 10,000 persons or fewer people as well as Non-Transient, 
Non-Community Water Systems (NTNCWSs) of all sizes have compliance 
alternatives, outlined in Section C below. The mandatory replacement 
rate would be applied to the number of inventoried LSLs at the time the 
action level is first exceeded plus the number of service lines of 
unknown material.
    The EPA is proposing to reduce the mandatory minimum LSLR rate from 
seven percent to three percent, but to allow only full LSLRs to count 
towards the replacement rate. This differs from the current rule, which 
allows for ``test-outs'' and partial LSLR to count as ``replaced.'' 
Partial LSLR removes only a portion of the LSL, usually the water 
system-owned portion and may, in the short-term, increase lead 
concentrations at the tap (USEPA, 2011). Test-outs allow an individual 
LSL to remain in place but be counted as ``replaced'' if the lead 
concentration in all service line samples from that line are less than 
or equal to 15 [micro]g/L. Studies have shown that LSLs which have been 
``tested-out'' may contribute to lead release in drinking water at a 
later date (Del Toral et. al., 2013). Due to concerns that the 
practices of both ``test-outs'' and partial LSLR contribute to lead 
exposure, the EPA is proposing to eliminate these practices. While the 
current rule requires seven percent LSLR after a lead ALE, the EPA is 
aware that compliance is not necessarily achieved by conducting full 
LSLR. A Black and Veach survey of water systems found that LSLR was 
comprised of 72 percent partial replacements (USEPA, 2004b). The EPA 
best professional judgement used in the proposed rule's economic 
analysis assumes that due to the cost-savings of test-outs over LSLR, 
that 25 percent of CWSs serving more than 10,000 people would take an 
LSL sample before replacing the LSL, and that 80 percent of LSLs would 
meet the test-out criteria. Given these assumptions, the proposed rule 
requirement of three percent full replacement would likely result in a 
greater number of full LSLR in comparison to the current rule's seven 
percent replacement. Similar to the current rule, the State would be 
required to set a shorter LSLR schedule, taking into account the number 
of LSLs in the system, where such a shorter replacement schedule is 
feasible. For example, if the water system has a very low number of 
LSLs compared to its total number of service lines, the State would 
determine it is feasible for the water system to replace greater than 
three percent of full LSLs per year and require the water system to do 
so.
    The mandatory LSLR rate would be applied to the number of 
inventoried LSLs when the water system first exceeds the action level, 
plus the number of service lines of unknown material. Should the water 
system subsequently exceed the lead action level again, the water 
system would continue to use the original number of LSLs and unknowns, 
used following the first exceedance of the lead action level, for the 
LSLR rate calculation. In other words, the water system would not 
revise the LSLR rate using the number of LSLs at the time of the 
subsequent lead action level exceedance. The minimum mandatory three 
percent LSLR rate is intended to eliminate LSLs within approximately 33 
years of exceeding the action level. If the water system updated the 
LSLR rate based on its current number of LSLs whenever it exceeded the 
lead action level, the replacement timeframe would reset to an 
additional 33 years each time, significantly delaying LSLR. Service 
lines of unknown material discovered to be non-lead would not be 
considered replaced nor contribute to the LSLR rate. Verifying that a 
service line of unknown material is non-lead would, however, reduce the 
total number of replacements required per year by adjusting the initial 
number of LSLs in the distribution system. If verifying a service line 
of unknown material as non-lead was counted as a LSLR, the water system 
could effectively remove less than three percent of its actual number 
of LSLs per year. It could also incentivize water systems against 
creating a thorough LSL inventory upfront, because should they exceed 
the lead action level, they could achieve compliance with the less 
costly service line verification as opposed to full LSLR. For these 
reasons, the proposed rule would not count verifying service lines of 
unknown material as non-lead as a LSLR. The proposed rule allows 
flexibility for water systems to include service lines of unknown 
materials in their inventory and verify them at their own pace, while 
avoiding disincentivizing or discouraging full LSLR.
    The EPA is aware of several full LSLR programs throughout the 
nation that have been largely successful (EDF, 2019), sometimes 
achieving a significant number of full LSLR at replacement rates well 
above three percent. Even when LSLR is coupled with the pace of a water 
system's capital improvement work, communities are conducting LSLR 
rates between 1 and 17 percent annually (USEPA, 2019a).The State of 
Michigan's revised LCR requires all water systems to fully remove LSLs 
proactively at the rate of five percent, and at the rate of seven 
percent when the lead action level is exceeded (State of Michigan, 
2017).
    Under this proposal, a water system that has exceeded the action 
level may cease its mandatory LSLR program after four consecutive six-
month monitoring periods below the lead action level. This equates to 
two years of six-month monitoring with 90th percentile values 
consistently at or below the lead action level, which provides the 
water system assurance that distribution system chemistry has 
stabilized, especially if CCT was installed or re-optimized after the 
exceedance. The water system would be in violation of the LCR treatment 
technique if it fails to meet the annual three percent full replacement 
rate unless the water system obtains documented refusals from all 
customers served by an LSL to participate in the replacement program. 
This mechanism is intended to be used towards the end of a LSLR 
program, where a small number of customers remain who do not consent to 
have the customer-owned portion of the LSL

[[Page 61700]]

replaced. The EPA is proposing this provision to allow for situations 
where customers' decisions are outside of the system's control but is 
not meant as a substitute for the water system making a meaningful 
effort to engage with customers to meet the three percent full 
replacement rate.
    Although this proposal lowers the required LSLR rate from seven 
percent to three percent, the elimination of ``test-outs'' and partial 
LSLRs and the requirement for full LSLR will result in greater 
reductions in exposure to lead in drinking water. The EPA estimates 
that the proposed mandatory three percent and the goal-based LSLR 
requirements of the rule would result in an incremental increase of 
205,452 to 261,701 full LSLRs over a 35-year period compared to the 
current rule (see Appendix C, Exhibit C.1 of the Economic Analysis for 
the Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (USEPA, 2019)). The EPA is also 
requesting comment in Section VII of this notice on an alternative 
sampling technique for sampling locations with lead service lines. As 
indicated in section VI.F.2 of this notice, this alternative would 
increase the numbers of systems that would be required to take actions 
including LSLR. The EPA has estimated that other proposed rule 
provisions may also influence LSLR. For example, consumers will learn 
from their water system if they are served by an LSL, about the risks 
of lead in drinking water, and about the actions they can take to 
reduce lead in drinking water and remove their LSL. Some of these 
customers are expected to voluntarily initiate LSLR, regardless of the 
water system's 90th percentile lead level. These provisions are 
expected to result in approximately 214,000 to 350,000 LSLRs over the 
next 35 years. The EPA has not evaluated to what extent these 
anticipated voluntary LSLRs may be additional to the LSLRs undertaken 
in systems with 3% or goal-based LSLR requirements. The EPA also 
estimates that the availability of DWSRF program loans and subsidies to 
fund customer-side LSLRs is expected to result in an estimated 149,200 
full LSLRs over 35 years with approximately 91% of the funds used for 
proactive LSLR as opposed to mandatory LSLR that is required after 
exceeding the lead action level (USEPA, 2019d). As the proposed 
requirements in this section require the water system to complete any 
consumer-initiated LSLR, these replacements are expected to result in 
full replacements.

E. Compliance Alternatives for a Lead Action Level Exceedance for Small 
Community Water Systems and Non-Transient, Non-Community Water Systems

    Under the current LCR, small and medium water systems (i.e., 
systems serving 50,000 or fewer people) are not required to implement 
CCT unless the water system exceeds the lead action level. The EPA has 
determined that greater flexibility is needed for small Community Water 
Systems (CWSs) and all Non-Transient, Non-Community Water Systems 
(NTNCWSs) because they tend to have more limited technical, financial, 
and managerial capacity to implement complex treatment techniques. Many 
small public water systems face challenges in reliably providing safe 
drinking water to their customers and consistently meeting the 
requirements of the SDWA and the National Primary Drinking Water 
Regulations (NPDWRs). These challenges include, but are not limited to: 
(1) Lack of adequate revenue or access to financing; (2) aging 
infrastructure; (3) retirement of experienced system operators and the 
inability to recruit new operators to replace them; (4) managers and 
operators who lack the requisite financial, technical or managerial 
skills; (5) lack of planning for infrastructure upgrades or the ability 
to respond to and recover from natural disasters (e.g., floods or 
tornadoes); and (6) lack of understanding of existing or new regulatory 
requirements and treatment technologies. As a result, some small 
systems may experience frequent or long-term compliance challenges in 
reliably providing safe water to their customers while others may be in 
compliance now but lack the technical capacity to maintain compliance 
(OIG, 2006).
    The EPA is proposing three compliance alternatives for a lead 
action level exceedance to allow increased flexibility for small CWS 
that serve 10,000 or fewer people and four compliance alternatives for 
NTNCWS of any size. The proposed rule would allow these water systems 
to choose among options, which would allow them to select the most 
financially and technologically viable strategy that is effective in 
reducing lead in drinking water. The EPA is proposing the following 
compliance alternatives for small CWSs: (1) Full LSLR, (2) installation 
and maintenance of OCCT, or (3) installation and maintenance of point-
of-use (POU) devices. The EPA is proposing the above three 
flexibilities for NTNCWS and an additional option of replacement of all 
lead bearing plumbing fixtures at every tap where water could be used 
for human consumption. The NTNCWS must have control of all plumbing 
materials to select this option.
    Under this proposal, small CWSs and any NTNCWS that exceeds the 
lead trigger level but do not exceed the lead and copper action levels 
would need to evaluate the compliance alternatives and make a 
recommendation to the State within six months on which compliance 
alternative the water system would implement if the water system 
exceeds the lead action level. The State would need to approve the 
recommendation within six months of submittal. In the event these water 
systems exceed the lead action level, they must implement the State-
approved compliance option.
    Small CWSs and NTNCWSs that select and are approved for 
implementation of optimized CCT and subsequently exceed the lead action 
level would be required to implement the State-approved option for CCT 
in accordance with proposed requirements in Sec.  141.81(e). Small CWSs 
and NTNCWSs that select and are approved for the POU option and 
subsequently exceed the lead action level, would be required to 
implement a POU program on a schedule specified by the State, but not-
to-exceed three months. Small water systems that select and are 
approved for LSLR and subsequently exceed the lead action level would 
be required to replace all LSLs on a schedule specified by the State, 
not-to-exceed 15 years.
    Any small CWSs and any NTNCWS that exceeds the lead action level 
but not the copper action level, had not previously exceeded the 
trigger level, would need to evaluate the compliance alternatives and 
make a recommendation to the State within six months. The State must 
approve the system's recommendations within six months; these water 
systems would then implement the State-approved compliance option on a 
schedule specified by the State.
1. Lead Service Line Replacement
    The EPA is proposing that NTNCWSs and small CWSs with LSLs that 
exceed the lead action level of 15 [micro]g/L may choose to fully 
replace all of their LSLs until none remain. Those that choose this 
compliance alternative would need to ensure they have the authority or 
consent to remove the customer-owned portion of every LSL in its 
distribution system. If the water system's 90th percentile drops below 
the lead action level, the water system must continue to replace LSLs 
until none remain. This

[[Page 61701]]

option is projected to be a practical choice for small systems that 
have few LSLs that could be removed within a few years, thus 
potentially avoiding the need to add a CCT process that would need to 
be continually operated and maintained. Rather than split resources 
between installing CCT and conducting LSLR, this proposal allows 
resources to be focused on LSLR to accelerate completion of the program 
and permanently remove a significant potential source of lead in 
drinking water. Water systems would have to replace LSLs on a schedule 
approved by the State not to exceed 15 years. The EPA has determined in 
its analysis that water systems with a small number of LSLs may find 
that removing relatively few LSLs is more cost effective than 
installing and maintaining optimized CCT indefinitely, and logistically 
less burdensome than installing and maintaining POU devices (see 
section VI.C.4 of this notice).
2. Corrosion Control Treatment
    The EPA is proposing to allow NTNCWSs and small CWSs to install and 
maintain optimized CCT as a compliance alternative after exceeding the 
lead action level. The EPA has determined in its analysis that some 
water systems may choose this alternative as the most effective and 
viable strategy for reducing lead in drinking water (e.g., small water 
systems with many LSLs to replace or a large number of households that 
would make installation and maintenance of POU devices logistically 
challenging) (see section VI.C.4 of this notice). The EPA is proposing 
to require water systems, including small water systems, that have 
already installed CCT and subsequently exceed the lead action level to 
re-optimize CCT.
3. Point-of-Use Devices
    The EPA is proposing to allow NTNCWSs and small CWSs to install and 
maintain POU devices certified to remove lead as a compliance 
alternative to a lead action level exceedance in lieu of CCT and LSLR. 
The EPA proposes to require small CWSs to provide a minimum of one POU 
device per household, regardless of whether that household is served by 
an LSL, to ensure the residents can access filtered water from at least 
one tap. Since system-wide CCT is not being provided under this option, 
even homes without LSLs would need to be provided with a POU device to 
address lead leaching from old lead solder or brass plumbing fittings 
and fixtures. The EPA proposes to require NTNCWSs to provide a POU 
device for every tap intended for drinking or cooking to ensure all 
building users can easily access filtered water. The water system would 
be responsible for maintenance of the device, including changing filter 
cartridges and resolving operational issues experienced by the 
customer. Small CWSs that serve relatively few households, or NTNCWSs 
that are responsible for the facility's plumbing, may find this to be 
the most effective and viable compliance alternative (see section 
VI.C.4 of this notice). Small CWSs would need to ensure water system 
personnel have access to the homes of the residents to install and 
maintain the POU devices, including changing the filters.
4. Replacement of Lead Bearing Plumbing Materials
    The EPA is proposing to provide an additional compliance 
alternative for NTNCWS. Under this proposal, a NTNCWS that has control 
over all plumbing in its buildings may choose to replace all lead 
bearing plumbing in response to a lead action level exceedance. 
Research has shown that corrosion of lead bearing premise plumbing has 
the potential to leach higher levels of lead in drinking water (Elfland 
et. al., 2010). Lead from premise plumbing contributes on average 20-35 
percent of lead in drinking water where an LSL is present (AwwaRF, 
2008), and could potentially represent an even greater percentage where 
no LSL is present. The EPA proposes that the replacement of all lead 
bearing plumbing occur on a schedule set by the State which must not 
exceed one year. The EPA is proposing this compliance alternative only 
apply to NTNCWS, because it is highly unlikely that a small CWS has 
access to every residence and building it serves or that the CWS has 
the authority to inspect and require replacement of all lead-bearing 
plumbing materials in these locations.

F. Public Education

    Under the current LCR, water systems that exceed the lead action 
level must initiate a public education program within 60 days of the 
end of the monitoring period in which the action level exceedance 
occurred. The purpose of public education is to inform consumers that 
the water system has exceeded the action level, provide information 
about the health effects of lead, the sources of lead in drinking 
water, actions consumers can take to reduce exposure, and explain why 
there are elevated levels of lead and actions the water system is 
taking. Targeted public education for customers with an LSL or a 
service line of unknown material is intended to raise awareness of 
people in a household that may have higher lead exposures so that 
consumers may take actions to reduce exposure to lead and participate 
in LSLR programs.
    The EPA is proposing to revise the mandatory health effects 
language required for public education materials as follows.
    Exposure to lead can cause serious health effects in all age 
groups. Infants and children who drink water containing lead could have 
decreases in IQ and attention span and increases in learning and 
behavior problems. Lead exposure among women who are pregnant increases 
prenatal risks. Lead exposure among women who later become pregnant has 
similar risks if lead stored in the mother's bones is released during 
pregnancy. Recent science suggests that adults who drink water 
containing lead have increased risks of heart disease, high blood 
pressure, kidney or nervous system problems.
    The EPA is also proposing enhancements to improve consumer 
awareness and collaboration efforts with community organizations to 
communicate lead risks. Proposed enhancements include a requirement for 
systems to update public education materials with revised mandatory 
health effects language and for systems with lead service lines to 
include information about lead service line replacement programs and 
opportunities available to customers for replacement. In addition, the 
EPA is proposing to modify requirements to provide customers with their 
tap sample results within 24 hours if the sample is greater than the 
action level of 15 [mu]g/L, while maintaining the current rule 
requirement to provide tap sample results within 30 days for samples 
less than or equal to the action level. The EPA is proposing these 
additional actions while retaining the current rule requirements for 
public education following a lead action level exceedance.
1. Notification for Customers With a Lead Service Line
    The EPA is proposing to require water systems to conduct an LSL 
inventory and provide public access to the inventory information (see 
section III.C.1 of this notice). The EPA is proposing a new requirement 
for water systems with LSLs to provide notification to households 
served by an LSL and with unknown service line material, to include 
information on: The health effects and sources of lead in drinking 
water (including LSLs), how to have water tested for lead, actions

[[Page 61702]]

customers can take to reduce exposure to lead, and information about 
the opportunities for LSLR, including the water system's requirement to 
replace its portion of an LSL when notified by a customer that they 
intend to replace the customer-owned portion of the LSL. The EPA is 
proposing that a water system provide this notification to existing 
customers served by an LSL and service lines of unknown material within 
30 days of completing its LSL inventory and for new customers that 
initiate new water service from a home or building with an LSL or a 
service line of unknown material at the time service (i.e., billing) is 
initiated. This proposal would require CWSs to send a notification on 
an annual basis to customers until the LSL is replaced or the unknown 
service line is determined not be an LSL. This notification must 
include a section describing programs that provide innovative financing 
solutions for customers seeking to replace their portion of a lead 
service line. Small systems may wish to refer to a national information 
source, such as one provided by EPA; large systems may wish to tailor 
such information to their circumstances. This section must also include 
a clear explanation of how the water system defines ownerships of lead 
service lines, who has financial responsibility for the replacement, 
and the legal basis for that determination. Additionally, the EPA 
proposes that CWSs provide notification to LSL and unknowns service 
line customers informing them of actions consumers can take to reduce 
their exposure including replacing their lead service line when they 
exceed the lead trigger level of 10 [micro]g/L but do not exceed the 
lead action level of 15 [micro]g/L. The EPA believes that these 
proposed notification requirements have value for both occupants of 
rental properties as well as homeowners. Information regarding the 
existence of an LSL will provide important information for renters on 
potential lead exposure in their home and could prompt a communication 
with their landlord regarding lead service line replacement. Occupants 
of rental properties will also benefit from the information on other 
actions they can take to reduce lead exposure in drinking water. The 
CWS must provide the same information noted above and include an 
invitation to participate in the LSLR program and repeat the notice 
annually until it is at or below the lead trigger level.
2. Outreach Activities After Failing To Meet a Lead Service Line 
Replacement Goal
    The EPA is proposing to require CWSs serving more than 10,000 
persons that fail to meet their annual LSLR goal to conduct public 
outreach activities. Failure to meet the LSLR goal would not be a 
violation, however, failure to conduct public outreach activities would 
result in a treatment technique violation. To increase customer 
awareness of the potential higher exposure to lead from a LSLR and 
advance customer interest in participating in the goal based LSLR 
program, the EPA proposes that water systems conduct annual public 
outreach activities until the water system meets its replacement goal. 
Water systems can stop their goal LSLR program when tap sampling shows 
that the 90th percentile of lead is at or below the trigger level for 
two consecutive monitoring periods. To enhance community engagement and 
allow water system flexibility as suggested by the NDWAC, the EPA is 
proposing to provide options to meet this requirement, so water systems 
can conduct effective community engagement. A water system that does 
not meet its LSLR goal rate would select one of the proposed outreach 
activities that would be most appropriate for that community. Outreach 
activities include one or more of the following activities: (1) A 
social media campaign (e.g., face book, twitter), (2) outreach to 
organizations representing plumbers and contractors to discuss 
identification of LSLs during home repair, (3) certified mail to LSL 
customers inviting them to participate in the LSLR program, (4) conduct 
a town hall meeting or participate in a community event to provide 
information on the LSLR program, (5) direct contact (by phone or in 
person) to customers to discuss LSLR program and opportunities for 
LSLR, or (6) obtain written refusal from all LSL customers to 
participate in the LSLR program. Water systems would be required to 
complete at least one activity in the year following failure to meet 
the replacement goal. If the water system continues to fail to meet the 
annual replacement goal in the following year, the EPA is proposing 
that the number of efforts be increased to two per year to promote 
participation in the LSLR program. The NDWAC recommended this approach 
to enhance engagement with homeowners and promote their participation 
in LSLR programs. Water systems would provide written certification to 
the State that they have conducted the required outreach activities 
under this proposal.
3. Notification of Tap Sample Results and Other Outreach
    The EPA proposes for any individual tap sample that exceeds the 
lead action level of 15 [micro]g/L, the water system would notify 
consumers at the site within 24 hours of learning of the lead tap 
sampling result. This is in addition to the current LCR requirement to 
provide a notice of the individual tap sample results from lead testing 
to persons served at the sampling site, which must be sent within 30 
days of receiving results. For tap samples that do not exceed the lead 
action level, the 30-day notice will remain in effect. Under this 
proposal, water systems that have individual tap samples greater than 
15 [micro]g/L would also be required to implement the ``find-and-fix'' 
provisions as described in section III.K. of this notice.
    In addition, the EPA is proposing that community water systems 
conduct annual outreach to State and local health agencies to explain 
the sources of lead in drinking water, discuss health effects of lead, 
and explore collaborative efforts. This annual outreach would help to 
ensure that caregivers and health providers hear and respond 
appropriately to information about lead in drinking water and for water 
utilities to participate in joint communication efforts, led by state 
health departments, state lead poisoning prevention agencies, and/or 
state drinking water primacy agencies (NDWAC, 2015).

G. Monitoring Requirements for Lead and Copper in Tap Water Sampling

    Unlike most contaminants that are found in sources of drinking 
water, lead and copper enter drinking water as it moves through the 
distribution system and comes into contact with leaded materials, such 
as lead service lines, leaded solder, brass/bronze fittings, galvanized 
piping, faucets, and water meters. Therefore, measurements of lead and 
copper are taken at the consumers tap. Tap sampling is a fundamental 
part of the LCR designed to target sites expected to have the highest 
lead levels and is used to assess the effectiveness of corrosion 
control treatment and/or source water treatment in the water system. 
This is done through targeted site selection (i.e., sampling locations 
with lead service lines) and the use of a tap sample collection 
protocol.
    All CWSs and NTNCWSs must collect lead and copper tap samples. The 
water system may choose to have staff collect the samples if feasible, 
or have residents collect the samples. Due to the required six hour 
stagnation period prior to sample collection, it is often less

[[Page 61703]]

disruptive for the customer to collect the tap sample themselves. The 
frequency of monitoring and number of samples to be collected and 
analyzed is based primarily on how many people the water system serves 
and previous tap water monitoring results. If residents are collecting 
tap samples, the water system must recruit volunteers at the sites that 
are most likely to have elevated lead based on the tiering criteria 
described in the section below.
    To the extent feasible, water systems should use the same tap 
sample sites each monitoring period. If a resident decides to 
discontinue participation in tap sampling, the water system must select 
a similarly ``tiered'' site. Due to potential non response from 
resident volunteers, the EPA recommends including more sampling sites 
in the pool of targeted sampling sites than the minimum number of tap 
samples required be identified. Under the proposed rule, water systems 
would be required to provide resident volunteers must be provided with 
a wide-mouth collection bottle each time and a tap sample collection 
protocol, including instructions on how the water system will pick up 
samples for laboratory analysis, which must be done within two weeks 
after the tap sample is drawn. The water system would then be required 
to calculate a 90th percentile separately for lead and copper at the 
end of each monitoring period. This 90th percentile value would be 
reported to the State and is used to determine whether the system must 
comply with other requirements of the rule, such as corrosion control 
treatment, public education and LSLR.
    This proposal describes several revisions to the current LCR to 
improve tap sampling requirements in the areas of site selection 
tiering criteria, sample collection, and frequency provisions based on 
the lead 90th percentile level. The current LCR requires water systems 
to obtain samples from consumer's taps and use these samples to 
calculate their 90th percentile value. The EPA is proposing revisions 
to tap sampling procedures to increase the likelihood of capturing 
elevated lead levels by revising tap sample site selection criteria, 
i.e., tiering, and ensuring tap sample protocols contain accurate 
instructions that will capture elevated lead levels at the tap. In 
addition, to improve transparency and raise consumer awareness, the EPA 
proposes to require water systems to make the results of all tap 
samples collected in accordance with 141.86(b) publicly available 
within 60 days of the end of the monitoring period.
1. Tiering of Tap Sample Collection Sites
    The LCR requires water systems to select sites for tap sampling 
based on certain characteristics (i.e., single family home, multi-
family residence) and material of the service line (i.e., lead, copper 
pipes with lead solder). Tiers establish the priority of sites selected 
for tap sampling, with tier 1 being the highest priority, or highest 
potential for elevated lead and tier 3 being the lowest priority. The 
EPA is proposing to revise the tiering criteria for selection of tap 
sampling sites to better target locations most likely to have higher 
levels of lead in drinking water.
    The EPA is proposing that Tier 1 sampling sites for CWSs consist of 
single-family structures (SFS) that are served by an LSL. When 
multiple-family residences (MFRs) comprise at least 20 percent of the 
structures served by a water system, the water system may include these 
types of structures in its sampling pool as Tier 1 sampling sites, as 
provided in the current LCR. The EPA is proposing that Tier 2 sampling 
sites for CWSs are buildings, including MFRs that are served by an LSL. 
The EPA also proposes that Tier 3 sampling sites for CWSs consist of 
single SFSs that contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 
the effective date of the applicable State's lead ban. The EPA is 
proposing that NTNCWS Tier 1 sampling sites consist of buildings that 
are served by an LSL and the remaining tap samples be taken at 
buildings with copper pipe and lead solder installed before the 
effective date of the applicable State's lead ban (Tier 3 sites). The 
EPA is not modifying the definition of a ``representative site'' but is 
referring to it as a ``Tier 4'' site. The revised tiering structure is 
outlined below.

       Exhibit 1--Revised Lead and Copper Site Selection Criteria
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Tier                     CWSs                   NTNCWSs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 1.................  Collect samples from     Collect samples from
                          SFSs served by LSLs.     building.
                          Tier 1 samples can be
                          collected from MFRs if
                          they represent at
                          least 20 percent of
                          structures served by
                          the water system.
Tier 2.................  Collect samples from     N/A.
                          buildings and MFRs
                          served by LSLs.
Tier 3.................  Collect samples from     Collect samples from
                          SFSs with copper pipes   buildings with copper
                          with lead solder         pipe and lead solder
                          installed before the     installed before the
                          effective date of the    effective date of the
                          State's lead ban.        State's lead ban.
Tier 4.................  Representative sample    Representative sample
                          where the plumbing is    where the plumbing is
                          similar to that used     similar to that used
                          at other sites served.   at other sites
                                                   served.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acronyms: CWS = community water system; LSL = lead service line; MFR =
  multi-family residence; N/A = not applicable; NTNCWS = non-transient
  non-community water system; SFS = single family structure.

    The 1991 LCR made a clear distinction between the copper pipes with 
lead solder installed after 1982, but before the effective date of 
applicable state lead ban and designated these sites as Tier 1. 
However, copper pipe with lead solder installed before 1983 are 
designated as Tier 3 sites. In the 1991 LCR, the EPA based this 
distinction on studies in which lead leaching from solder was found to 
decrease with age (USEPA, 1990; Oliphant, 1982) and, as a result, 
samples from copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983 were 
expected to have lower lead levels.
    The EPA is basing its current proposal to revise the tiering 
criteria for lead solder on the increased understanding of corrosion 
mechanisms and sources of lead, in particular, lead from solder, as a 
result of the studies conducted since the 1991 rulemaking (for example, 
De Rosa and Williams, 1992; Edwards and Triantafyllidou, 2007; Nguyen 
et al., 2010). Additionally, given that it has been over 30 years since 
lead solder was banned in all jurisdictions, and considering lead 
solder's ability to leach lead is reduced by age (USEPA, 1990), lead 
levels in samples collected from sites containing copper pipe with lead 
solder installed between 1983 and 1988 no longer present as significant 
a source of lead as assumed in 1991. Based on the most recent science, 
the EPA is proposing the above revisions to the tap sample site 
selection tiering criteria to assure prioritization of sites that are

[[Page 61704]]

currently the most likely to yield elevated lead levels in drinking 
water.
2. Number of Tap Samples and Frequency of Sampling
    The EPA is proposing additional requirements for LSL water systems 
to enable prioritization of LSL sites in tap sampling. All water 
systems with LSLs or potential LSLs must re-evaluate their lead 
sampling sites based on their LSL inventory, prepared in accordance 
with this proposal. These water systems would also be required to 
update their inventory annually and ensure tap sampling sites are 
served by an LSL. Under the current LCR, water systems with LSLs must 
collect at least half of their tap samples from sites with known LSLs. 
However, in this proposal, water systems with LSLs must collect all tap 
samples from sites with known LSLs if possible, increasing the 
likelihood of detecting elevated lead levels in the water system. The 
EPA is proposing that water systems use the most up-to-date information 
to select their tap sampling sites and prioritize sites with a higher 
likelihood of elevated lead. Under this proposal, water systems with an 
adequate number of LSL sites to meet the required minimum number of tap 
sampling sites outlined in exhibit 2 below, must calculate their lead 
90th percentile using only tap samples from LSL sites (100 percent 
LSLs), as opposed to the current rule which allows water systems to use 
samples from at least half LSL sites.

Exhibit 2--Minimum Number of Lead and Copper Tap Samples by Water System
                         Size, 40 CFR 141.86(c)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Number of     Number of
                                                  sites         sites
    System size (number of people served)       (standard     (reduced
                                               monitoring)   monitoring)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
>100,000....................................           100            50
10,001 to 100,000...........................            60            30
3,301 to 10,000.............................            40            20
501 to 3,300................................            20            10
101 to 500..................................            10             5
<=100.......................................             5             5
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The EPA is proposing that if a water system does not have an 
adequate number of LSL sites to meet the minimum number of tap samples 
to calculate the 90th percentile level, outlined in Sec.  141.86(c), it 
may collect the remainder of the samples from non-LSL sites after all 
the LSL tap sampling sites are utilized. If the water system conducts 
tap sampling at non-LSL sites beyond what is required under Sec.  
141.86(c), the water system must include only the tap samples with the 
highest lead concentrations to meet the number of sites required for 
the 90th percentile calculation. This provision would ensure that 
additional tap samples collected above the minimum required, at sites 
that are less likely to detect lead at similar levels as LSL sites, 
cannot be used to ``dilute'' the lead 90th percentile level. Studies 
demonstrate that when present, LSLs represents the largest source of 
lead in tap water (Sandvig et al., 2008). Requiring use of only the 
highest lead levels from non-LSL sites for the 90th percentile 
calculation would increase the likelihood that sites with other major 
sources of lead, such as lead-bearing brass or bronze fixtures and 
galvanized service lines formerly downstream of an LSL, are captured in 
the calculation. Using non-LSL sites as part of the 90th percentile 
calculation is proposed to be utilized solely by water systems with 
fewer LSL tap sample sites than the number required under Sec.  
141.86(c). The EPA proposes that tap samples collected that are not 
used in the lead 90th percentile calculation must still be reported to 
the State.
    The EPA is proposing to permit the use of grandfathered data to 
meet initial lead monitoring requirements if the data are from sites 
that meet the proposed tiering requirements. Water systems that collect 
lead tap samples after the publication date of the final rule, but 
before the rule compliance date (three years after final rule 
publication), in accordance with the proposed revised tap sample site 
selection criteria, may use these data to satisfy the initial 
monitoring requirement. Initial tap sampling establishes the water 
system's sampling schedule and the number of tap samples it is required 
to collect. The EPA is proposing to permit grandfathered data for an 
LSL water system only if the data are from sites that meet the proposed 
tiering requirements (i.e., all samples collected from LSL sites, if 
available). Any water system that is conducting tap monitoring every 
six months and intends to use these data for purposes of 
grandfathering, must use the higher lead 90th percentile level to 
establish the monitoring frequency and number of tap samples. The EPA 
is proposing that water systems that do not have qualifying 
grandfathered data must use the lead 90th percentile results from the 
first tap sampling period after the compliance date of the final rule. 
Following the establishment of the initial sampling schedule and number 
of tap samples (based on either grandfathered data or data collected 
during the first tap sampling period after the rule compliance date), 
the system would be required to commence the appropriate tap sampling 
schedule. The proposed criteria for using grandfathered data would 
ensure that historical data are used only if they are from samples with 
the highest potential lead concentrations.
    No changes are being proposed to the copper sampling requirements 
in the current LCR. However, due to proposed increased tap sampling 
requirements for lead, each tap sample collected may not be required to 
be analyzed for both lead and copper. This is a result of the lead and 
copper tap sampling schedules diverging for some water systems. Under 
the current rule, any water system that exceeds either the lead or 
copper action level (15 [micro]g/L or 1.3 mg/L, respectively), would 
conduct tap monitoring every six months for both lead and copper. Once 
a water system measures 90th percentile tap concentrations at or below 
the lead and copper action levels for two consecutive rounds of 
monitoring, the water system may reduce to annual monitoring for lead 
and copper. Water systems that meet the lead and copper action levels 
for three consecutive rounds of annual monitoring may reduce to 
triennial sampling at a reduced number of sites.
    As discussed above, the EPA is proposing to establish a lead 
trigger level of 10 [micro]g/L that would affect the tap sampling 
frequency. Under this proposal, water systems that exceed the lead 
trigger level of 10 [micro]g/L but do not exceed the copper and lead 
action levels and that are conducting tap sampling on a triennial 
basis, would be required to begin annual tap sampling at the standard 
number of sites for lead but may remain on triennial sampling for 
copper at the reduced number of sites. Water systems that meet the lead 
trigger level for three consecutive years of annual monitoring and have 
also met the copper action level, may reduce their lead and copper tap 
sampling to a triennial basis at the reduced number of sites. Water 
systems that exceed the lead trigger level and are on annual monitoring 
would not be eligible for triennial monitoring for lead at a reduced 
number of sites until the lead 90th percentile result is at or below 
the lead trigger level for three consecutive years.
    In this proposal, changes to reduced monitoring are contingent upon 
several factors, including but not limited to: Results of lead and 
copper tap sampling, the size of the water system (i.e., small water 
system flexibilities), and maintaining water quality parameters (WQPs) 
if CCT is installed. The schedule for tap sampling may be affected when 
these factors change.

[[Page 61705]]

Opportunities for reduction in tap sampling frequency and number of 
sites are more stringent under this proposal compared to the current 
rule. A water system must not exceed the trigger level of 10 [micro]g/L 
to move into a triennial monitoring schedule at the reduced number of 
tap sample sites for lead. The proposed revisions to tap sampling 
frequency and locations are meant to ensure more frequent tap sampling 
is occurring at the most representative sites to identify elevated lead 
levels.
3. Sample Collection Methods
    The EPA is proposing several changes to the tap sampling protocol, 
consistent with the Agency's February 2016 memorandum (USEPA, 2016d). 
Under the current LCR, a one-liter sample is collected from the tap 
after the water has stood motionless in the plumbing system for at 
least six hours (i.e., stagnation). This is a called a first-draw 
sample. Water systems provide residents with a protocol for carrying 
out tap sampling in accordance with the LCR, if the water system itself 
is not collecting the tap samples. The EPA is aware that some water 
systems have provided sampling procedures to residents that included 
recommendations that may inadvertently reduce the lead levels detected, 
including a recommendation to run water from the tap, called flushing, 
prior to initiating the required minimum 6-hour stagnation time. This 
practice is referred to as pre-stagnation flushing. With pre-stagnation 
flushing, the water from the tap is run until water from the LSL is 
flushed out, then the water is turned off for at least six hours prior 
to sample collection. Based on historical data and more recent studies 
(e.g., Katner, et al. 2018; Del Toral et al., 2013), it is evident that 
pre-stagnation flushing may reduce measured lead levels at the tap 
compared to when it is not practiced. Flushing, or running taps, has 
long been understood to decrease water lead levels overall, and thus 
has been a recommendation by Federal, State and local authorities as a 
way to reduce lead exposure prior to water use, especially in 
residences of higher risk (e.g., houses containing LSLs). In addition, 
flushing removes water that may be in contact with LSLs for extended 
periods of time, which is when lead typically leaches into drinking 
water (USEPA, 2016). As a general matter, the EPA recommends consumers 
flush taps as a regular public health protective practice to reduce 
household exposure to lead in drinking water. However, in the case of 
collecting samples to determine water system compliance with the LCR, 
this practice may mask potential higher lead exposure that may be 
representative of exposure in households that do not regularly flush 
taps before use. Therefore, EPA is proposing to prohibit pre-stagnation 
flushing in tap sampling protocols.
    The EPA is also aware that some tap sampling protocols contain a 
recommendation to remove or clean the faucet aerator prior to sampling. 
The taps used for monitoring likely contain an aerator as part of the 
faucet assembly, and particulate matter, including lead, may accumulate 
within these aerators. Thus, removing and/or cleaning these aerators 
prior to or during sample collection could mask the contribution of 
particulate lead. It is advisable to regularly remove and clean faucet 
aerators to avoid particulate matter build-up. However, if customers 
only remove and clean the aerators prior to or during sample 
collection, the sample results will not be representative of household 
use, given residents are not cleaning or removing their aerators before 
every use. The EPA proposes to prohibit the recommendation to remove 
and/or clean the faucet aerator prior to or during the collection of 
lead and copper tap samples.
    Based on current information, the EPA endorses best practices to 
optimize the tap sampling protocol, so that sample results represent 
the highest lead levels occurring at high risk locations. The EPA is 
proposing to require tap samples be collected in wide-mouth bottles. 
Wide-mouth bottles are advantageous for lead and copper tap samples 
because they allow for a higher water flow rate compared to a narrow-
necked bottle. Collection of tap samples using a wide-mouth bottle is 
more characteristic of faucet water flow when filling a glass of water, 
therefore, water systems will be responsible for providing those 
conducting sampling with wide-mouth, one-liter sample bottles.
    In summary, the EPA is proposing to prohibit the inclusion of pre-
stagnation flushing in all tap sampling protocols, thereby preventing 
the systematic running of water from taps or faucets prior to beginning 
the minimum 6-hour stagnation time needed for sample collection. The 
EPA also proposes the prohibition of cleaning or removing of the faucet 
aerator in the tap sampling protocol, and a requirement that tap 
samples be collected in bottles with a wide-mouth configuration. The 
inclusion of a pre-stagnation flushing step, cleaning or removal of the 
faucet aerator, and/or using a narrow-necked bottle for collection, is 
inconsistent with the purpose of lead tap sampling, which is to target 
sites and collect tap samples in a manner the is likely to capture the 
highest lead levels. The EPA is also proposing that all water systems 
submit their sampling protocol to the State for approval prior to the 
compliance date. In addition, the EPA is also requesting comment on 
alternative changes to the sampling technique for sampling locations 
with lead service lines in section VII of this notice.

H. Water Quality Parameter Monitoring

    Under the current LCR, water systems that have CCT must monitor 
water quality parameters (WQPs) to ensure effective CCT. WQP samples 
must be collected at taps every six months and at entry points to the 
distribution system every six months prior to CCT installation and 
every two weeks thereafter.
1. Calcium Carbonate Stabilization
    The EPA is proposing several revisions to the WQP monitoring 
requirements of the current rule. Because the EPA is proposing to 
eliminate calcium carbonate stabilization as a potential option for CCT 
(see section III.B.3. of this notice), the WQPs associated directly 
with this CCT option will also be removed. These include all parameters 
related to calcium hardness (calcium, conductivity, and water 
temperature). The remaining WQP monitoring requirements from the 
current rule will be maintained. This change is due to recent evidence 
demonstrating that calcium carbonate stabilization is ineffective at 
preventing corrosion in lead and copper pipes (see section III.B.3.). 
The EPA is proposing to remove the three WQPs related to calcium 
hardness (calcium, conductivity, and water temperature) because the EPA 
is proposing to no longer allow calcium carbonate stabilization as a 
potential CCT option. In the current rule, after the water system 
selects their CCT choice, the State designates OWQPs and the water 
system must maintain these levels in the ranges determined by the 
State. In this proposal, the EPA is prioritizing the most effective CCT 
options and the associated WQPs. Thus, the less effective CCT option 
currently available, calcium carbonate stabilization, is proposed to be 
eliminated, together with the associated WQPs.
2. Find-and-Fix Water Quality Parameter Monitoring
    The EPA is proposing that additional WQP monitoring samples be 
collected by water systems that have CCT and that have any individual 
tap sample(s) with

[[Page 61706]]

lead results exceeding 15 [mu]g/L. The additional WQP monitoring is a 
part of proposed revisions described under ``find-and-fix'' (see 
section III.K. of this notice) and would require water systems to 
collect follow-up lead tap samples at every sampling site that has an 
individual lead sample greater than 15 [mu]g/L. This is proposed to be 
completed within 30 days of obtaining results of the individual sample 
greater than 15 [mu]g/L. The EPA is also proposing a WQP sample be 
collected at a location on the same size water main located within a 
half mile of the residence with the lead result greater than 15 [mu]g/
L. This WQP monitoring is proposed to be completed within five days of 
receiving results of the individual lead sample greater than 15 [mu]g/
L. Water systems with existing distribution system WQP monitoring sites 
that meet the main size/proximity requirements can conduct the sampling 
at that location.
    The EPA is proposing that any water system which adds sites for the 
purposes of WQP monitoring specified in this paragraph includes those 
additional sites in future WQP monitoring. The follow-up WQP samples 
will aid in determining whether OWQPs set by the State are being met by 
the water system. If any of the WQPs are off-target, such as pH or 
indicators of CCT, then the water system may be able to determine how 
large the problem is, and if it includes the whole water system, a 
specific area, or the sole residence with the lead action level 
exceedance. The additional WQP sample taken will aid in the 
determination of the potential cause of elevated levels of lead so that 
appropriate actions can be carried out.
3. Review of Water Quality Parameters During Sanitary Surveys
    The EPA is proposing that both CCT and WQPs be assessed during 
sanitary surveys for water systems with CCT. The EPA proposes that 
States conduct a periodic review of WQP results and tap sampling 
results to ensure the water system is maintaining the optimal CCT and 
to assess if there should be modifications to the CCT to further reduce 
lead and copper levels in tap samples.
4. Additional Water Quality Parameter Requirements
    In addition to the updates for WQP requirements previously 
specified, the EPA is proposing several supplementary changes to the 
current rule. First, water systems with CCT would continue collecting 
one sample for each applicable WQP at each entry point in the 
distribution system as required in the current rule with the added 
requirement to do so no less frequently than once every two weeks. 
Water systems with CCT need to continue bi-weekly monitoring to ensure 
their treatment techniques are optimal for reducing lead and copper 
corrosion.
    The EPA is also proposing revisions to the prerequisites that are 
required for water systems to reduce the number of sites sampled and 
the frequency of WQP sampling. In order to reduce the number of sites 
used in water quality parameter monitoring, the current rule requires 
the water system to maintain the range of water quality parameters for 
two 6-month monitoring periods. The EPA is proposing that water systems 
would also need to meet the lead 90th percentile trigger level for 
those two 6-month monitoring periods to be eligible for a reduction in 
the number of sites for WQP sampling. In order for the water system to 
reduce the frequency of monitoring for water quality parameters, under 
the current rule, the water system must maintain the range of WQP 
values for three consecutive years to reduce to annual monitoring. 
Under the proposal, the water system would need to also meet the lead 
90th percentile trigger level for those three consecutive years in 
order to be eligible for yearly monitoring. Under the current rule, if 
the water system meets the WQP requirements determined by the State and 
the lead 90th percentile trigger level for three additional annual 
monitoring periods, it may reduce its WQP monitoring frequency to once 
every three years. The EPA is proposing that for every phase of 
potential reduced WQP monitoring, the water system would also be 
required to meet the lead 90th percentile trigger level in addition to 
the current requirements. This would ensure that the required WQP 
monitoring sites and frequency continue when water systems have a high 
lead 90th percentile level. For a water system on reduced monitoring, 
the use of grandfathered data may be used if collected in accordance 
with the proposed revisions and its 90th percentile in either 
grandfathered data or initial tap sampling is at or below the trigger 
level.

I. Source Water Monitoring

    The current rule requires water systems to conduct source water 
monitoring following an action level exceedance. Based on the results 
of the source water monitoring, the State must decide whether it is 
necessary for the water system to install source water treatment to 
reduce lead and/or copper tap levels. Regardless of whether a State 
decides that treatment is needed or not, the water system is still 
required to conduct source water monitoring following the State 
decision. The EPA is proposing to discontinue additional source water 
monitoring requirements if (a) a water system has conducted source 
water monitoring for prior lead and/or copper action level exceedance, 
(b) the State has determined that source water treatment is not 
required, and (c) a water system has not added any new water source(s).
    The EPA is proposing these changes to eliminate monitoring 
requirements that are not necessary to protect public health. Lead and 
copper are rarely found in the source water in significant quantities 
(USEPA, 1988b), thus, where the State has decided that source water 
treatment is not needed, the EPA is proposing to allow the State to 
waive source water monitoring for any subsequent action level 
exceedance under the conditions listed above and to eliminate the 
regular monitoring currently required for source water lead and copper.

J. Public Education and Sampling at Schools and Child Care Facilities

    The EPA is proposing to require all CWSs to conduct targeted 
sampling and public education at schools and child care facilities that 
they serve. Currently the EPA does not require public water systems to 
conduct sampling in schools and child care facilities because the 
Agency established the voluntary 3T's program--Training, Testing and 
Taking Action (3Ts) that was designed to assist states, schools, and 
child care facilities with conducting their own testing program, 
conducting outreach, and taking action to address elevated levels of 
lead. The EPA is proposing these requirements because the Agency sees 
an opportunity for water systems to assist schools and child care 
facilities with sampling and testing for lead. Large buildings such as 
schools can have a higher potential for elevated lead levels because, 
even when served by a water system with well operated OCCT, may have 
longer periods of stagnation due to complex premise plumbing systems 
and inconsistent water use patterns. In such situations, there may not 
be technical improvements that can be made to the OCCT, but risk can be 
mitigated through public education and voluntary actions such as 
replacement of premise plumbing. Water systems have developed the 
technical capacity to do this work in operating their system and 
complying with current drinking water standards.
    In addition, the EPA is proposing to expand the LCR sampling and 
education requirements because students and

[[Page 61707]]

young children spend a large portion of their day in schools and child 
care facilities. Lead in drinking water can be a significant 
contributor to overall exposure to lead, particularly for infants whose 
diet consists of liquids made with water, such as baby food, juice, or 
formula. Young children and infants are particularly vulnerable to lead 
because the physical and behavioral effects of lead occur at lower 
exposure levels in children than in adults. In children, low levels of 
exposure have been linked to damage to the central and peripheral 
nervous system, learning disabilities, shorter stature, impaired 
hearing, and impaired formation and function of blood cells.
    Children spend on average over six hours per day at school (USDA 
National Center for Education Statistics), with many spending more time 
at on-site before- or after-school care or activities. Across the 
country, about 100,000 schools participate in the national school lunch 
program, serving daily lunch to 30 million students. Ninety thousand 
schools serve breakfast to 14.6 million students every day (USDA). The 
Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, which authorizes funding and 
sets policy for USDA's child nutrition programs, requires schools 
participating in federally funded meal programs to make water available 
during meal periods at no cost to students (section 202 of HHFKA (42 
U.S.C. 1758(a)(2)(A)). The Act also mandates that child care facilities 
provide free drinking water throughout the day (section 221 of HHFKA 
(42 U.S.C. 1766(u)(2)). The EPA is proposing a new requirement for all 
CWSs to provide public education on lead in drinking water and sample 
for lead at schools and child care facilities within its distribution 
system every five years. The intent of the requirement is to inform and 
educate targeted CWS customers and users about risks from lead in 
premise plumbing at schools and childcare facilities.
    The EPA is proposing new public education requirements for all CWSs 
that provide water to schools and child care facilities. The CWS would 
be required to provide information about the health risks and sources 
of lead in drinking water, collect samples for lead at schools and 
child care facilities within its distribution system, and share that 
data with the facilities and health departments to raise awareness and 
increase knowledge about the risks and likelihood of the presence of 
lead in drinking water. Prior to conducting sampling in schools 
(discussed in further detail in this section), the CWS would compile a 
list of schools and child care facilities served by the water system. 
The list would contain both customers and other users to ensure 
inclusion of non-billed users. The CWS would then use that list to 
communicate with the schools and child care facilities about the health 
risks of lead and the specifics of the sampling program.
    Prior to conducting sampling, the CWS would send information to the 
school and child care facilities to notify them of their plans to 
perform sampling and to provide them with the 3Ts for Reducing Lead in 
Drinking Water Toolkit (EPA 815-B-18-007), or a subsequent guidance 
issued by the EPA. A CWS's distribution of the 3Ts document would 
initiate or contribute to active communication with child care 
facilities and schools, who are critical customers that serve a 
vulnerable population. The information in the 3Ts document provides 
tools for the facility to consider using, including expanded sampling, 
stakeholder communication, and remediation options.
    Under the proposal, a CWS would then be required to collect samples 
from five drinking water outlets at each school and two drinking water 
outlets at each child care facility served by the CWS. The CWS would be 
expected to complete sampling at all schools and child care facilities 
in its distribution system every five years. The samples would be first 
draw after at least 8 hours but not more than 18 hours stagnation of 
the building and be 250 ml in volume. The EPA is proposing this 
sampling protocol to be consistent with recommended sampling protocols 
under the EPA's 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water Toolkit 
(EPA815-B-18-007). These sampling protocols enable school and child 
care facility officials to identify the outlets that may be sources of 
lead (e.g., the fixture, interior plumbing). The smaller sample size is 
more representative of the amount of water consumed per serving. The 
results of the samples would not be used as part of the CWS's 
calculation of the 90th percentile value in Sec.  141.80(c)(4) because 
these samples are being collected in a manner to inform whether action 
is needed at a specific school or child care facility and whether 
corrosion control is effective system-wide. The CWS would be required 
to provide each school and child care facility with the results of the 
samples taken in that facility. The CWS would be required to provide 
the sampling results as soon as practicable but no less than 30 days 
after receipt of the results. The CWS would also be required to provide 
the results for all samples collected in schools and child care 
facilities to the drinking water primacy agency and local health 
department where the school or child care facility is located.
    CWS sampling in schools and child care facilities would be part of 
a targeted public education effort to educate CWS customers about risks 
from lead in premise plumbing and the actions customers can take to 
address sources of lead in their plumbing. Individual outlets, such as 
water fountains, can leach lead even when a water system has optimized 
corrosion control and/or has lead levels at or below the action level 
in its tap sampling. School and child care facility sampling 
contributes to increased public awareness of the potential for elevated 
levels of lead in premise plumbing independent of a water system's 90th 
percentile value.
    The CWS would not be required under this proposed rule for taking 
any remedial action at the school or child care facility following the 
sampling and notification requirements of this proposal. The managers 
of these facilities have the established lines of communication with 
the occupants of these buildings (and their parents or guardians) and 
have control over the plumbing materials that may need to be addressed. 
The school or child care facility would be able to use the 3T's 
guidance and make decisions about communication of the sampling results 
to the parents and occupants of the facility and as well as any follow-
up remedial actions.
    Some State and local agencies have drinking water testing 
requirements for lead in schools and child care facilities. In this 
proposal, the EPA is including an opportunity for a State or primacy 
agency to waive school and child care facility sampling for individual 
CWSs to avoid duplication of effort. If a State has in place a program 
that requires CWSs to sample at all schools and child care facilities, 
or a program requiring schools and child care facilities to collect 
samples themselves, that is at least as stringent as the proposed LCR 
requirements, the State may use that program in lieu of the proposed 
requirement. If a State or other program is limited to a subset of 
schools and child care facilities as defined in this proposal, then the 
State may consider the requirement for individual CWSs whose customers 
or users are already included in the State or other program as being 
met. For example, if a State has a required program for testing lead in 
drinking water in public schools but not in other types of schools or 
in child care facilities, then a CWS serving only public schools can 
receive a waiver. If that CWS serves public and non-public schools, 
then the CWS would be required to notify and conduct testing at

[[Page 61708]]

the non-public schools and child care facilities and could receive a 
partial waiver to acknowledge that the CWS is not responsible for 
notifying and testing public schools. With a partial waiver, the CWS 
would be required to test at schools or child care facilities that are 
not otherwise covered by a program that requires testing and is at 
least as stringent as this proposal.
    In section VII of this notice, the EPA is requesting comment on an 
alternative to the proposed requirements for public education and 
sampling at schools and child care facilities described in this 
section.

K. Find-and-Fix

    The EPA is proposing an additional requirement to the current LCR, 
known as ``find-and-fix'' when an individual tap sample exceeds 15 
[mu]g/L. Under the current rule, up to 10 percent of lead tap samples 
used to calculate the 90th percentile may exceed the lead action level. 
However, if the water system's 90th percentile does not exceed the lead 
action level, the only action required by a water system is to provide 
the tap sample results to the consumer within 30 days of receiving the 
result. A ``find-and-fix'' approach requires water systems to perform 
additional actions (as described in this section); when an individual 
tap sample exceeds 15 [mu]g/L, water systems are required to identify 
and remediate the source of the elevated lead at the tap sample site. 
Also, as part of the proposed public education requirements (described 
in section III.F of this notice), water systems would be required to 
provide notification to affected consumers within 24 hours. This 
proposed change will improve consumer awareness and provide information 
necessary to take actions to limit exposure to lead in drinking water.
    Under this proposal, the ``find-and-fix'' approach would require 
the water systems to collect a follow-up sample for each tap sample 
site that exceeded 15 [mu]g/L. The follow-up tap sample must be 
collected within 30 days of receiving the tap sample result. These 
follow-up samples may use different sample volumes or different sample 
collection procedures to assess the source of elevated lead levels 
based on the characteristics of the site. The results of the ``find-
and-fix'' follow-up samples would be submitted to the State but would 
not be included in the 90th percentile calculation. If the water system 
is unable to collect a follow-up sample at a site, the water system 
would have to provide documentation to the State for why it was unable 
to collect a follow-up sample. The water system must provide the 
follow-up tap sample results to consumers within 30 days of receiving 
the result (consistent with the current rule), unless that follow-up 
sample also exceeds 15 [mu]g/L, in which case, the EPA proposes the 
water system must notify the consumer within 24 hours of learning of 
the result. Water systems should anticipate the requirement that 
customers must be notified within 24-hours of results for many of the 
``find-and-fix'' follow-up samples. Any water system that is unable to 
regain access to the same site to collect a follow-up tap sample may 
decide to sample at another site within close proximity of the original 
site and with similar structural characteristics.
    As described in section III.H of this notice, the EPA is proposing 
that water systems with CCT that have an individual tap sample that 
exceeds the lead action level, would be required to collect an 
additional WQP sample within five days of obtaining the lead tap sample 
result. For a CWS, this WQP sample must be collected from a site in the 
same water pressure zone, on the same size or smaller water main within 
0.5 miles of the residence with the tap sample exceeding the lead 
action level. Water systems with an existing WQP site that meets these 
criteria would be able to sample at that location. Since WQP sites are 
more accessible sites and do not require coordination with customers, 
this sample can be collected in a shorter timeframe. It is also 
important to try to sample close to when the lead tap sample with the 
high results was collected so that the water quality will more closely 
match the conditions at the site that exceeded 15 [micro]g/L. The 
follow-up tap sample collected for lead can help the water system 
determine the potential source of lead contamination (e.g., premise 
plumbing, LSL) and the WQP sample required for water systems with CCT 
will help determine if CCT is optimized, if additional WQP sites are 
needed, and/or WQPs set by the State are being met. Such steps will 
help identify the source of the elevated lead to initiate appropriate 
mitigation. Where the water system is unable to identify and/or 
mitigate the risk, it must submit a justification to the State.
    Under this proposal, the water system would be required to 
determine if problems with the CCT are leading to elevated levels of 
lead in the tap samples and then implement a mitigation strategy if 
necessary. In addition to the follow-up tap sample and the WQP 
sampling, the water system can review distribution system operations or 
other factors to determine the cause of elevated lead level. CCT 
adjustment may not be necessary to address every exceedance. Water 
systems shall note the cause of the elevated lead level if known in 
their recommendation to the State.
    Mitigation strategies could include a water system-wide adjustment 
to CCT, flushing portions of the distribution system, or other 
strategies to improve water quality management to reduce lead levels. 
Under this proposal, water systems would be required to recommend a 
solution to the State for approval within six months of the end of the 
monitoring period in which the site(s) first exceeded 15 [mu]g/L and 
the State would have six months to approve the recommendation. If the 
water system does not have CCT and recommends installation of it, the 
system would be required to follow the proposed schedule in Sec.  
141.81(e). A water system with CCT that recommends re-optimization of 
CCT would be required to follow the steps in accordance with Sec.  
141.81(d).
    A water system may identify a fix that is out of its control. For 
example, if the source of lead in drinking water was an old faucet 
owned by the customer, and the customer did not wish to replace the 
faucet, the water system would provide documentation to the State under 
this proposal. All other fixes recommended by a water system would be 
implemented on a schedule specified by the State.

L. Reporting and Recordkeeping

    The EPA is proposing changes to water system reporting requirements 
in conjunction with corresponding changes to the regulatory 
requirements being proposed by the EPA in this rulemaking. These 
changes in reporting requirements will help inform State decision-
making and improve implementation and oversight.
1. Reporting Requirements for Tap Sampling for Lead and Copper and for 
Water Quality Parameter Monitoring
    In addition to the proposed tap sample revisions, as described in 
section III.G.3 of this notice, a water system would also be required 
to submit for State approval its tap sampling protocol that is provided 
to residents or other individuals who are conducting the tap sampling, 
to ensure that the sampling protocol does not include pre-stagnation 
flushing, instructions to clean or remove the aerator, or use narrow-
mouth sample collection bottles. Under this proposal, water systems 
would also need to provide annual certification to the State that the 
approved sampling protocol has not been modified.

[[Page 61709]]

    Additionally, calcium results would no longer be subject to 
reporting requirements because under the proposed rule, calcium would 
no longer be a CCT option or regulated WQP.
2. Lead Service Line Inventory and Replacement Reporting Requirements
    The EPA is proposing to incorporate new reporting requirements in 
conjunction with the proposed revisions to the LSLR requirements in 
Sec.  141.84. Under this proposal, by the rule's compliance date, the 
water system would have to submit an inventory of LSLs and service 
lines of unknown material to the State and would have to annually 
thereafter submit an updated inventory that reflects LSLs replaced and 
service lines of unknown material that have been evaluated in the 
distribution system.
3. Lead Trigger Level Notification Requirements
    The EPA proposes that any water system that has LSLs with 90th 
percentile tap sampling data that exceed the lead trigger level would 
annually certify to the State that it conducted notification in 
accordance with proposed LSL customer notification provisions. The 
notification would ensure that these consumers were properly alerted 
about the trigger level exceedance, potential risks of lead in drinking 
water, and informed about the water system's goal-based LSLR program.
4. Reporting Requirements for School and Child Care Public Education 
and Sampling
    The EPA is proposing to incorporate the following reporting 
requirements:
     A CWS would have to certify that it has completed the 
notification and sampling requirements (proposed in section III.J. of 
this notice) at a minimum of 20 percent of schools and child care 
facilities served by the water system. The certification would include 
the number of schools and child care facilities served by the water 
system, the number of schools and child care facilities sampled in the 
calendar year, and the number of schools and child care facilities that 
have refused sampling.
     A CWS would have to certify that individual sampling 
results were shared with the respective school and child care facility, 
and that all results were shared with local or State health 
departments. The proposed certification would include information 
identifying the number of attempts to gain entry for sampling that were 
declined by a customer.
     If a CWS does not serve any school or licensed child care 
facilities, the water system would have to annually certify to the 
State that it made a good faith effort to identify schools and child 
care facilities in accordance with proposed requirements in Sec.  
141.92 and confirm that no schools or child care facilities are served 
by the water system. The good faith effort could include reviewing 
customer records and requesting lists of schools and child care 
facilities from the State or other licensing agency.
     Certification would be sent to the State by July 1 of each 
year for the previous calendar year's activity.
5. What are the State record keeping requirements?
    The EPA is proposing to require the State to retain all record 
keeping requirements from the current LCR as well as to add new 
requirements related to corrosion control treatment (CCT) and lead 
service line inventory (LSL) and replacement. The EPA proposes to 
require the State to maintain a record of all public water systems LSL 
inventories, as well as annual updates to their inventories as LSLs are 
verified and replaced over time. This information is necessary for the 
State to calculate goal and mandatory LSLR rates, as well as verify 
correct tap sample site selection tiering. The proposal would also 
require the State to maintain records on changes to source water or 
treatment, as these changes could affect the optimized corrosion 
control treatment approved by the State. The State would also be 
required to maintain records regarding ``find-and-fix,'' specifically 
where a problem was identified, and the action taken to address it. 
States would review and maintain these records to ensure compliance 
with find-and-fix requirements, to evaluate if appropriate actions were 
taken by the water system, and if additional follow up is necessary by 
the water system. When no remedial action was taken, the State would 
need to keep a record of the decision for no action. For example, if 
the source of lead in drinking water was an old faucet owned by the 
customer, and the customer did not wish to replace the faucet, the 
State would maintain a record of that decision by the customer as 
justification for no remedial action taken to address a high lead 
sample result. Finally, under this proposal, the State would be 
required to maintain records of the compliance alternative the State 
has approved for the non-transient non-community water system (NTNCWS) 
and small community water systems (CWSs). This information would allow 
the State to track water systems' progress with corrosion control 
treatment, complete lead service line replacement, use of point-of-use 
(POU) devices, and replacement of leaded premise plumbing.
6. What are the State reporting requirements?
    In addition to the reporting requirements in the current rule, the 
EPA is proposing that the State report several additional data elements 
to the EPA. The State would be required to report the OCCT status of 
all water systems, including the parameters that define the 
optimization (for example, orthophosphate residual or target pH and 
alkalinity values). While 90th percentile lead levels at or below the 
lead action level are not currently required to be reported by States 
for small water systems, the EPA is proposing that all water systems 
regardless of size and or lead levels report their lead 90th percentile 
value. The EPA has found that many States already voluntarily report 
90th percentile lead values for all systems to the Safe Drinking Water 
Information System (SDWIS). The EPA also proposes that States report 
the current number of LSLs at every water system. National information 
about the numbers of LSLs in public water systems will support the EPA 
and other Federal agencies in targeting programs to reduce lead 
exposure, such as the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation 
Act (United States, 2016) and America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA, 
2018).

IV. Other Proposed Revisions to 40 CFR Part 141

A. Consumer Confidence Report

    In 1996, Congress amended the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Among 
other things, this amendment added a provision requiring that all 
community water systems deliver to their customers a brief water 
quality report annually called a Consumer Confidence Report (CCR). CCRs 
summarize information water systems collect to comply with regulations. 
The CCR includes information on source water, the levels of any 
detected contaminants, compliance with drinking water rules (including 
monitoring requirements), and some educational language, including a 
mandatory health effects statement regarding lead.
    As recommended by the NDWAC (see section VIII.L.2 of this notice), 
the EPA consulted with risk communication experts to revise the 
mandatory health effects language in the Consumer

[[Page 61710]]

Confidence Report (CCR). To improve clarity, the EPA is proposing to 
require Community Water Systems (CWSs) to include a revised mandatory 
health effects statement that would inform consumers that lead is 
harmful for all age groups and to include a mandatory statement about 
lead service lines (LSLs) (e.g., their presence and how to replace 
them) for water systems with LSLs. The proposed mandatory statement is 
below.

    Exposure to lead can cause serious health effects in all age 
groups. Infants and children who drink water containing lead could 
have decreases in IQ and attention span and increases in learning 
and behavior problems. Lead exposure among women who are pregnant 
increases prenatal risks. Lead exposure among women who later become 
pregnant has similar risks if lead stored in the mother's bones is 
released during pregnancy. Recent science suggests that adults who 
drink water containing lead have increased risks of heart disease, 
high blood pressure, kidney or nervous system problems.

    To increase transparency and improve public access to information, 
the EPA is also proposing to require CWS to report the range of lead 
tap sample results in addition to the currently required 90th 
percentile and the number of samples that are greater than the lead 
action level for each monitoring period. Reporting the range of tap 
sample lead levels would allow consumers to understand how high tap 
sample levels were at individual sites.

B. Public Notification

    The Public Notification Rule (PN) is part of the Safe Drinking 
Water Act. The rule ensures that consumers will know if there is a 
problem with their drinking water. These notices alert consumers if 
there is risk to public health. They also notify customers: If the 
water does not meet drinking water standards; if the water system fails 
to test its water; if the system has been granted a variance (use of 
less costly technology); or if the system has been granted an exemption 
(more time to comply with a new regulation). In 2000, the Environmental 
Protection Agency (EPA) revised the existing Public Notification Rule. 
The revisions matched the form, manner, and timing of the notices to 
the relative risk to human health. The revised rule makes notification 
easier and more effective for both water systems and their customers.
    In 2016, section 2106 of the Water Infrastructure Improvements for 
the Nation Act (WIIN Act) amended section 1414 of the Safe Drinking 
Water Act (SDWA) to, among other things, require water systems to 
provide ``Notice that the public water system exceeded the lead action 
level under section 141.80(c) of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations 
(or a prescribed level of lead that the Administrator establishes for 
public education or notification in a successor regulation promulgated 
pursuant to section 1412 of the SDWA).'' The Act also provided that 
notice of violations or exceedances ``with potential to have serious 
adverse effects on human,'' which are types of violations and 
exceedances currently categorized as ``Tier 1'' under the current 
public notification rules (see Table 2 to Sec.  141.201), must ``be 
distributed as soon as practicable, but not later than 24 hours, after 
the public water system learns of the violation or exceedance.'' The 
WIIN Act also requires that such notifications ``be provided to the 
Administrator and the head of the State agency that has primary 
enforcement responsibility under section 1413 of the SDWA, as 
applicable, as soon as practicable, but not later than 24 hours after 
the public water system learns of the violation or exceedance.'' The 
EPA is proposing to incorporate these requirements for CWSs and non-
transient non-community water systems (NTNCWSs) with a lead action 
level exceedance as part of proposed revisions to the Lead and Copper 
Rule (LCR). Specifically, the proposed rule incorporates the amendments 
to section 1414 of the SDWA in the 40 CFR 141 subpart Q-Public 
Notification of Drinking Water Violations (and as necessary into any 
provisions cross-referenced therein) and adds exceedances of the lead 
action level under Sec.  141.80(c) to the list of Tier 1 violations 
subject to the new 24-hour notice requirements discussed above. The EPA 
proposes to categorize lead action level exceedances as Tier 1 based on 
the conclusion that such exceedances ``have the potential to have 
serious adverse health effects on human health as a result of short-
term exposure''. Since exposure to lead can result in serious health 
effects, the EPA is proposing a lead AL exceedance result in Tier 1 
public notification because the Agency cannot define the subset of lead 
AL exceedances that could result in serious adverse health effects due 
to short-term exposure, therefore the EPA proposes that a lead AL 
exceedance would require Tier 1, 24 hour notification. In addition, the 
EPA proposes to update the mandatory health effects statement as 
follows to be consistent with the proposed CCR revisions:

    Exposure to lead can cause serious health effects in all age 
groups. Infants and children who drink water containing lead could 
have decreases in IQ and attention span and increases in learning 
and behavior problems. Lead exposure among women who are pregnant 
increases prenatal risks. Lead exposure among women who later become 
pregnant has similar risks if lead stored in the mother's bones is 
released during pregnancy. Recent science suggests that adults who 
drink water containing lead have increased risk of heart disease, 
high blood pressure, kidney or nervous system problems.

C. Definitions

    The EPA is proposing new and revised definitions to clarify new and 
updated terminology in this proposed rule in Sec.  141.2. Definitions 
for ``aerator,'' ``pre-stagnation flushing,'' ``wide-mouth bottle,'' 
``tap sampling protocol,'' ``monitoring period,'' and ``sampling 
period'' are added to correspond with proposed rule changes regarding 
tap sampling methodology and the monitoring period. In addition, the 
population size criterion have changed for the definitions of small and 
medium-size water systems to reflect the 1996 changes to SDWA for 
small-system flexibility.
    Definitions have been added to ensure readers understand the 
criteria that identify a ``child care facility,'' and a ``school,'' 
related to additional sampling requirements for CWSs. In addition, new 
definitions for ``trigger level,'' ``find-and-fix,'' and ``consumer'' 
have also been added because ``trigger level'' and ``find-and-fix'' are 
new requirements for this proposal, while ``consumer'' refers to a 
defined group impacted by the rule proposal. Further, in this proposal, 
terms related to lead service lines, such as ``galvanized service 
line,'' ``gooseneck, pigtail, or connector,'' ``potholing,'' 
``hydrovacing,'' and ``trenching'' have been defined as these are 
processes or objects associated with the lead service line replacement 
requirements of the rule proposal. Also, to ensure appropriate 
implementation of this rule definitions for ``pitcher filter'' and 
``point of use (POU) device'' are proposed because they relate to 
compliance alternatives for small community water systems and non-
transient non-community water systems in this proposal. Finally, 
analytical definitions for a ``method detection limit'' (MDL) and a 
``practical quantitation level'' (PQL)'' have been provided to better 
explain analytical methods in the current and proposed rule.

V. Rule Implementation and Enforcement

    The NDWAC recommended that the EPA create an on-line portal for

[[Page 61711]]

guidance, templates and other tools to support implementation of the 
final LCRR by water systems and States. The EPA provides all applicable 
guidance and tools on CCT, PE, and other aspects of the rule on the 
Agency website at https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/water-system-implementation-resources to support implementation of the current LCR 
and will continue to rely on the website to implement any revisions 
finalized as a result of this proposed rule. The Lead Action Plan has 
an objective to ``[c]reate an online portal to enhance, consolidate and 
streamline federal-wide communication to the public. Links will direct 
the public to the EPA and other Federal Agencies specific information. 
The EPA would utilize this mechanism to promote broader access to the 
EPA website for new and revised guidance and tools to support the LCRR.
    The EPA is proposing requirements that would improve oversight and 
enforcement of the LCRR. For example, the GAO in its report ``Drinking 
Water: Additional Data and Statistical Analysis May Enhance EPA's 
Oversight of the Lead and Copper Rule'', recommended the EPA should 
require states to report available information about lead pipes to the 
EPA's SDWIS (or a future redesign) database and should require states 
to report all 90th percentile sample results for small water systems 
(GAO-17-424, 2017).

A. What are the requirements for primacy?

    This section describes the regulations and other procedures and 
policies that States must adopt, or have in place, to implement the 
proposed Lead and Copper Rule (LCR), while continuing to meet all other 
conditions of primacy in 40 CFR part 142. Section 1413 of the Safe 
Drinking Water Act (SDWA) establishes requirements that primacy 
entities (States or Indian Tribes) must meet to maintain primary 
enforcement responsibility (primacy) for its public water systems. 
These include: (1) Adopting drinking water regulations that are no less 
stringent than Federal national primary drinking water regulations 
(NPDWRs) in effect under sections 1412(a) and 1412(b) of the Act, (2) 
adopting and implementing adequate procedures for enforcement, (3) 
keeping records and making reports available on activities that the EPA 
requires by regulation, (4) issuing variances and exemptions (if 
allowed by the State) under conditions no less stringent than allowed 
by SDWA sections 1415 and 1416, and (5) adopting and being capable of 
implementing an adequate plan for the provision of safe drinking water 
under emergency situations.
    40 CFR part 142 sets out the specific program implementation 
requirements for States to obtain primacy for the Public Water Supply 
Supervision Program, as authorized under section 1413 of the SDWA. To 
continue to implement the LCR, States would be required to adopt 
revisions at least as stringent as the proposed provisions in 40 CFR 
Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper; Sec. Sec.  141.153 and 141.154; 
Sec. Sec.  141.201 and 202; Appendix A to Subpart O ([Consumer 
Confidence Report] Regulated contaminants); Appendix A to Subpart Q 
(NPDWR Violations and Other Situations Requiring Public Notice; and 
Appendix B to Subpart Q (Standard Health Effects Language for Public 
Notification). Under Sec.  142.12(b), all primacy agencies would be 
required to submit a revised program to the EPA for approval within two 
years of promulgation of any final LCR revisions, or States may be able 
to request an extension of up to two years in certain circumstances.

B. What are the special primacy requirements?

    The EPA is proposing to retain the existing special primacy 
requirements as well as to establish additional requirements. Regarding 
LSL inventories, States would be required to provide a description of 
acceptable methods for verifying service line material under this 
proposal. Verification methods could include consultation of existing 
records or the physical examination of the service line. The State 
would also be required to submit the criteria it would use for 
determining a water system's goal-based rate for the system's LSLR, 
which a water system must implement after a lead trigger level 
exceedance. The State would be required to describe how it would 
determine a feasible goal-based rate, which would reduce lead exposure. 
States could consider several relevant factors, including but not 
limited to the percentage of LSLs as well as the financial 
circumstances of the water system and its customers.
    The EPA also proposes special primacy requirements regarding 
testing at schools for lead in drinking water. The EPA is aware of 
several States that have instituted their own lead in drinking water 
testing programs in schools. If the State has an existing testing 
program at schools and child care facilities, the State would be 
required to demonstrate that their program is at least as stringent as 
the testing program proposed by the EPA.
    Under this proposal, the State would also need to demonstrate how 
it will verify compliance with ``find-and-fix'' requirements. For 
example, the State would need to determine the acceptability of the 
water system's corrective actions and timeliness of the corrective 
action implementation. Finally, the State would need to describe the 
approach it would take in reviewing any change in source water or 
treatment at a water system. Such a change could impact the optimized 
corrosion control treatment as well as have an impact on other national 
primary drinking water regulations.

VI. Economic Analysis

    This section summarizes the Economic Analysis (EA) supporting 
document (USEPA, 2019a) for the proposed Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) 
revisions, which is written in compliance with section 
1412(b)(3)(C)(ii) of the 1996 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act 
(SDWA). This section of the Act states that when proposing a national 
primary drinking water regulation (NPDWR) that includes a treatment 
technique, the Administrator shall publish and seek public comment on 
an analysis of the health risk reduction benefits and costs likely to 
be experienced as the result of compliance with the treatment technique 
and alternative treatment techniques that are being considered, taking 
into account, as appropriate, the factors required under section 
1412(b)(3)(C)(i). Clause (i) lists the analytical elements required in 
a Health Risk Reduction and Cost Analysis (HRRCA) which is applicable 
to a NPDWR that includes a maximum contaminant level. The prescribed 
HRRCA elements include: (1) Quantifiable and non-quantifiable health 
risk reduction benefits; (2) quantifiable and non-quantifiable health 
risk reduction benefits from reductions in co-occurring contaminants; 
(3) quantifiable and non-quantifiable costs that are likely to occur 
solely as a result of compliance; (4) incremental costs and benefits of 
rule options; (5) effects of the contaminant on the general population 
and sensitive subpopulations including infants, children, pregnant 
women, the elderly, and individuals with a history of serious illness; 
(6) any increased health risks that may occur as a result of 
compliance, including risks associated with co-occurring contaminants; 
and (7) other relevant factors such as uncertainties in the analysis 
and factors with respect to the degree and nature of the risk.
    Costs discussed in this section are presented as annualized present 
values

[[Page 61712]]

in 2016 dollars, which is consistent with the timeframe for the EPA's 
water system characteristic data used in the analysis. The EPA 
estimated the year or years in which all costs occur over a 35-year 
time period. Thirty-five years was selected to capture costs associated 
with rule implementation as well as water systems installing and 
operating corrosion control treatment and implementing lead service 
line replacement (LSLR) programs. The EPA then determined the present 
value of these costs using discount rates of 3 and 7 percent.
    Benefits, in terms of health risk reduction for the proposed LCR 
revisions are characterized by the activities performed by water 
systems, which are expected to reduce risk to the public from exposure 
to lead and copper in drinking water at the tap. The EPA quantifies and 
monetizes some of this health risk reduction from lead exposure by 
estimating the decrease in lead exposure resulting to children from 0 
to 7 years of age from the installation and re-optimization of 
corrosion control treatment (CCT), LSLRs, and the implementation of 
point-of-use (POU) filter devices.

A. Affected Entities and Major Data Sources Used To Characterize the 
Sample Universe

    The entities potentially affected by the proposed LCR revisions are 
public water systems (PWSs) that are classified as either community 
water systems (CWSs) or non-transient non-community water systems 
(NTNCWSs). These water systems can be publicly or privately owned. In 
the economic analysis modeling performed in support of this proposal, 
the EPA began with the 50,067 CWSs and 17,589 NTNCWS in the Safe 
Drinking Water Information System Fed Data Warehouse (SDWIS/Fed) as its 
foundational data set.
    The EPA used a variety of data sources to develop the drinking 
water industry characterization for the regulatory analysis. Exhibit 6-
1 lists the major data sources, describes the data used from each 
source, and explains how it was used in the EA. Additional detailed 
descriptions of these data sources and how they were used in the 
characterization of baseline industry conditions can be found in 
Chapter 4 of the EA.

     Exhibit 6-1--Data Sources Used To Develop the Baseline Industry
                            Characterization
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         Data source             Baseline data derived from the source
------------------------------------------------------------------------
SDWIS/Fed third quarter 2016    Public water system inventory,
 ``frozen'' dataset \1\.        including population served, number of
                                service connections, source water type,
                                and water system type. Also used to
                                identify water systems that are schools
                                and child care facilities.
                                Status of CCT, including
                                identification of water systems with CCT
                                and the proportion of water systems
                                serving <=50,000 people that installed
                                CCT in response to the current LCR.
                                Analysis of lead 90th percentile
                                concentrations to identify water systems
                                at or below the TL of 10 [micro]g/L,
                                above the TL, and above the AL of 15
                                [micro]g/L at the start of the proposed
                                rule implementation by water system
                                size, water system type, source water
                                type, and CCT status.\2\
                                The proportion of water systems
                                that are on various reduced monitoring
                                schedules for lead and copper tap and
                                WQP monitoring.
                                The frequency of source and
                                treatment changes and those source
                                changes that can result in additional
                                source water monitoring.
                                Length of time that water
                                systems replace LSLs if required under
                                the current LCR.
2006 CWSS....................   Number of distribution system
                                entry points per system.
                                PWS labor rates.
Geometries and                  Design and average daily flow
 Characteristics of Public      per water system.
 Water Systems (USEPA, 2000).
1988 AWWA Lead Information      LSL inventory, including the
 Survey.                        number of water systems with LSLs, and
                                the average number of LSLs per water
                                system, as reported in the 1991 LCR RIA
                                (Weston and EES, 1990).
2011 and 2013 AWWA Surveys of   LSL inventory, including the
 Lead Service Line Occurrence   number of water systems with LSLs and
 (as summarized in Cornwell     the average number of LSLs per water
 et al., 2016).                 system.
Six-Year Review 3 of Drinking   Individual lead tap sampling
 Water Standards.               results used to estimate percent of
                                samples above 15 [micro]g/L.
                                Baseline distribution of pH for
                                various CCT conditions.
                                Baseline orthophosphate dose for
                                CCT.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acronyms: AL = action level; AWWA = American Water Works Association;
  CCT = corrosion control treatment; CWSS = Community Water System
  Survey; LCR = Lead and Copper Rule; LSL = lead service line; RIA =
  regulatory impact assessment; SDWIS/Fed: Safe Drinking Water
  Information System/Federal Version; TL = trigger level; WQP = water
  quality parameter; USEPA = United States Environmental Protection
  Agency.
Note:
\1\ Contains information reported through June 30, 2016.
\2\ As detailed in Chapter 3 of the Economic Analysis for the Proposed
  Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (USEPA, 2019a), a system's lead 90th
  percentile level is a key factor in determining a system's
  requirements under the current rule and proposed LCR.

B. Overview of the Cost-Benefit Model

    Under the regulatory provisions of the proposed rule, PWSs will 
face different compliance scenarios depending on the size, the type of 
water system, the presence of LSLs, and existing corrosion controls. In 
addition, PWSs will also face different unit costs based on water 
system size, type, and number of entry points (e.g., labor rates and 
CCT capital, and operations and maintenance (O&M) unit costs). PWSs 
have a great deal of inherent variability across the water system 
characteristics that dictate both compliance activities and cost.
    Because of this variability, to accurately estimate the national 
level compliance costs (and benefits) of the proposed LCR revisions, as 
well as describe how compliance costs are expected to vary across types 
of PWSs, the cost-benefits model creates a sample of representative 
``model PWSs'' by combining the PWS-specific data available in SDWIS/
Fed with data on baseline and compliance characteristics available at 
the PWS category level. In some cases, the categorical data are simple 
point estimates. In this case, every model PWS in a category is 
assigned the same value. In other cases, where more robust data 
representing system variability are available the

[[Page 61713]]

category-level data includes a distribution of potential values. In the 
case of distributional information, the model assigns each model PWS a 
value sampled from the distribution, in order to characterize the 
variability in this input across PWSs. The model follows each model PWS 
in the sample through each year of analysis--determining how the PWS 
will comply with each requirement of the proposed rule, estimating the 
yearly compliance cost, and tracking the impact of the compliance 
actions on drinking water lead concentrations. It also tracks how other 
events, such as changing a water source or treatment affect the water 
system's compliance requirements for the next year.
    The model's detailed output provides results for 36 PWS categories, 
or strata. Each PWS reporting category is defined by the water system 
type (CWS and NTNCWS), primary source water (ground and surface), and 
size category (there are nine). This proposal presents summarized 
national cost and benefit totals by regulatory categories. The detailed 
output across the 36 PWS categories can be found in Appendix C of the 
EA.
    In constructing the initial model PWS sample for the cost-benefit 
analysis, the EPA began with the 50,067 CWSs and 17,589 NTNCWS in 
SDWIS/Fed. Also, from SDWIS/Fed, the EPA knows each water system's type 
(CWS or NTNCWS); primary water source (surface water or groundwater); 
population served; CCT status (yes/no); ownership (public or private); 
and number of connections.
    The available LCR data limited the EPA's ability to quantify 
uncertainty in the cost-benefit model. During the development of the 
model, it became clear that not only were many of the inputs uncertain, 
but for many LCR specific inputs, the EPA only has limited midpoint, 
high, and low estimates available and does not have information on the 
relative likelihood of the available estimates. This includes major 
drivers of the cost of compliance including: The baseline number of 
systems with LSLs and the percent of connections in those system that 
are LSLs; the number of PWSs that will exceed the AL and/or TL under 
the proposed revised tap sampling requirements; the cost of LSL 
replacement; the cost of CCT; and the effectiveness of CCT in PWSs with 
LSLs. Therefore, the EPA estimated proposed LCRR compliance costs under 
low and high bracketing scenarios. These low and high cost scenarios 
are defined by the assignment of low and high values for the set of 
uncertain cost drivers listed above. Detailed descriptions of these 
five uncertain variables and the derivation of their values under the 
low and high cost scenarios can be found in Chapter 5, Section 5.2.3.2 
of the EA (USEPA, 2019a). With the exception of the five uncertain 
variables which define the difference between the low and high cost 
scenarios the remaining baseline water system and compliance 
characteristics are assigned to model PWSs, as described above, and 
remain constant across the scenarios. This allows the EPA to define the 
uncertainty characterized in the cost range provided by the low and 
high scenarios and maintains consistency between the estimation of 
costs for the current and proposed rules (e.g., percentage of lead tap 
water samples that will be invalidated). Chapters 4 and 5 of the EA 
describe in greater detail the baseline and major cost driving data 
elements, their derivation, and the inherent sources of uncertainty in 
the developed data elements. Section 5.2 and 5.3 of the EA discuss how 
each data element is used in the estimation of costs and provides 
examples and references to how these data were developed.
    Because PWS baseline characteristics are being assigned from 
distributional source data to capture the variability across PWS 
characteristics, the EPA needed to ensure that its sample size was 
large enough that the results of the cost-benefit model were stable for 
each of the 36 PWS categories. To insure stability in modeled results, 
the EPA oversampled the SDWIS/Fed inventory to increase the number of 
water systems in each PWS category. For every PWS category, the EPA set 
the target minimum number of model PWSs to 5,000. To calculate the 
total estimated costs for each PWS category, the model weights the 
estimated per water system costs so that when summed the total cost is 
appropriate for the actual number of water systems known to be in the 
category.
    The exception to the assignment of water system characteristics 
discussed above are the 21 very large water systems serving more than 
one million people. Because of the small number of water systems in 
this size category, the uniqueness of their system characteristics, and 
the potential large cost for these systems to comply with the proposed 
regulatory requirements, using the methods described above to assign 
system attributes could result in substantial error in the estimation 
of the national costs. Therefore, the EPA attempted to collect 
information on very large water systems' CCT practices and chemical 
doses, pH measurements and pH adjustment practices, number of LSLs, 
service populations, and average annual flow rates for each entry point 
to the distribution system. The EPA gathered this information from 
publicly available data such as SDWIS/Fed facility-level data, Consumer 
Confidence Reports, and water system websites. In addition, the 
American Water Works Association (AWWA) provided additional data from 
member water systems to fill in gaps. When facility-specific data was 
available, the EPA used it to estimate compliance costs for the very 
large water systems. If data was not available, the EPA assigned 
baseline characteristics using the same process as previously 
described. See Chapter 5, Section 5.2.3.2.6 of the EA for a summary of 
the data the EPA collected on these very large systems (USEPA, 2019a).
    The cost model estimates the incremental cost of the proposed LCR 
revisions over a 35-year period. In accordance with the EPA's policy, 
and based on guidance from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 
when calculating social costs and benefits, the EPA discounted future 
costs (and benefits) under two alternative social discount rates, 3 
percent and 7 percent.
    When evaluating the economic impacts on PWSs and households, the 
EPA uses the estimated PWS cost of capital to discount future costs, as 
this best represents the actual costs of compliance that water systems 
would incur over time. The EPA used data from the 2006 Community Water 
System Survey (CWSS) to estimate the PWS cost of capital. The EPA 
calculated the overall weighted average cost of capital (across all 
funding sources and loan periods) for each size/ownership category, 
weighted by the percentage of funding from each source. The cost of 
capital for each CWS size category and ownership type is shown in 
Exhibit 5-14 of the EA. Since similar cost of capital information is 
not available for NTNCWS, the EPA used the CWS cost of capital when 
calculating the annualized cost per NTNCWS. Total estimated cost of 
capital may be greater than actual costs water systems bear when 
complying with future regulatory revisions because financing support 
for lead reduction efforts may be available from State and local 
governments, EPA programs (e.g., the Drinking Water State Revolving 
Fund (DWSRF), the WIFIA Program, and the Water Infrastructure 
Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016 (WIIN Act) grant programs), and 
other federal agencies (e.g., HUD's Community Development Block 
Grants).
    The availability of funds from government sources, while 
potentially reducing the cost to individual PWSs,

[[Page 61714]]

does not reduce the social cost of capital to society. See Chapters 4 
and 5 of the EA for a discussion of uncertainties in the cost 
estimates.
    The EPA projects that rule implementation activities will begin 
immediately after rule promulgation. These activities will include one-
time PWS and State costs for staff to read the rule, become familiar 
with its provisions, and develop training materials and train employees 
on the new rule. States will also incur burden hours associated with 
adopting the rule into State requirements, updating their LCR program 
policies and practices, and modifying data record keeping systems. PWSs 
will incur costs to comply with the lead service line materials 
inventory requirements and develop an initial lead service line 
replacement plan in years one through three of the analysis. The EPA 
expects that water systems will begin complying with all other proposed 
rule requirements three years after promulgation, or in year four of 
the analysis.
    Some requirements of the proposed rule must be implemented by water 
systems regardless of their water quality and tap sampling results 
(e.g., CWS school and child care facilities sampling programs), 
however, most of the major cost drivers are a function of a water 
systems 90th percentile lead tap sample value. The 90th percentile 
value, and if it exceeds the lead trigger level or action level, 
dictates: The tap water sampling and water quality parameter (WQP) 
monitoring schedules, the installation/re-optimization of CCT, ``find-
and-fix'' adjustments (triggered by single lead tap sample exceedances 
of the 15 [mu]g/L action level, which has an increasing likelihood in 
the model as 90th percentile tap sample results increase) to corrosion 
control treatment, the installation of point-of-use filters at water 
systems selecting this treatment option as part of the small water 
system flexibilities of the proposed rule, the goal-based or mandatory 
removal of lead service lines and water system and State administrative 
costs. Because of uncertainty in the estimation of the 90th percentile 
values the Agency developed low and high estimates for this cost 
driving variable. The EPA used both the minimum and maximum 90th 
percentile tap sample values from SDWIS/Fed over the period from 2007 
to 2015, to assign a percentage of PWSs by size, and CCT and LSL status 
to each of three groups, those at the trigger level (TL) or below, 
those above the lead trigger but at or below the action level (AL), and 
those above the lead action level. These assignments represent the 
status of systems under the current rule. See Chapters 4 and 5 of the 
EA for additional information.
    Because the tap sampling requirements under the proposed LCR 
revisions call for 100% of lead tap samples to be taken from sites with 
LSLs, for water systems with LSLs, the likelihood that a PWS would have 
a lead 90th percentile greater than the TL or AL is higher under the 
proposed rule compared to under the current LCR. The EPA used 
information from Slabaugh et al. (2015) to develop two adjustment 
factors, the lower being applied to the low cost scenario LSL system 
90th percentile values and the greater factor being used to adjust the 
high cost scenario 90th percentile values for LSL systems. The EPA then 
reassigned the LSL system to the three 90th percentile value groups, 
those without a TL or AL exceedance, those with a TL but not an AL 
exceedance, and those with an AL exceedance. A detailed discussion of 
the development of the 90th percentile value group placement, the 
adjustment made for the LSL water systems given the proposed tap 
sampling requirements, and the percentages of systems assigned to the 
90th percentile value groups under both the current and proposed LCRR 
for the low and high cost scenarios are found in Chapter 5, section 
5.2.4.2.2 of the EA.
    Once water systems are assigned to the groupings based on their CCT 
and LSL status, individual 90th percentile lead tap sample values are 
assigned from the distribution of 90th percentile values within each 
grouping.
    Several proposed regulatory compliance activities are assumed to 
not affect a water system's 90th percentile value. These include, for 
example, developing an inventory of LSLs, CWS sampling at schools and 
child care facilities, and public education. In the model, the only 
compliance activities that will change a water system's 90th percentile 
lead tap sample are: Installation of CCT; re-optimization of existing 
CCT; removal of LSLs; and a water system-wide ``find-and-fix'' activity 
(assumed to be a system-wide increase in pH). In addition to these 
proposed rule compliance activities, changing a water source or 
treatment technology can also result in a change in a water system's 
90th percentile tap sample value.
    Because a water system's 90th percentile value is so important to 
determining regulatory requirements and cost under the proposed rule, 
the cost model, under both the low and high cost scenarios, tracks each 
water system's 90th percentile value over each annual time step in the 
model. Based on the initial 90th percentile values, a number of 
proposed rule compliance actions are triggered. With the implementation 
of CCT, LSLR, and ``find-and-fix'' corrections, 90th percentile tap 
sample values are expected to decrease. The model allows for future 
increases in 90th percentile values as a result of changes in source 
water and treatment. The likelihood of these events occuring have been 
derived from SDWIS/Fed data (see Chapter 4 of the EA). When a change in 
source or treatment occurs in a modeled year, a new 90th percentile 
value is assigned to the water system. This value may be higher or 
lower than the current value thus potentially triggering new corrective 
actions. In the model, if a water system already has ``optimized'' CCT 
in place, it is assumed that no additional action is needed and that 
the current treatment is adequate, therefore the 90th percentile will 
not change.

C. Cost Analysis

    This section summarizes the cost elements and estimates total cost 
of compliance for the existing LCR, the proposed LCR revisions and the 
incremental cost of the proposed rule, under both the low and high cost 
scenarios, by the major regulatory components and discounted at 3 and 7 
percent. These components include sampling costs, CCT costs, LSL 
inventory and replacement costs, POU costs, public education and 
outreach costs, and implementation and administrative costs for water 
systems and States. This section also quantifies the potential increase 
in phosphates that would result from the increased use of corrosion 
inhibitors under the proposed rule, the resulting cost for treating to 
remove the additional phosphates at downstream waste water treatment 
plants that may be constrained by nutrient discharge limits, and 
discusses the ecological impacts that may result from increased 
phosphorus loads to surface waters.
1. Sampling Costs
    The proposed LCR revisions affect most of the LCR's sampling 
requirements, including: Lead tap sample monitoring, lead WQP 
monitoring, copper WQP monitoring, and source water monitoring. The 
proposed rule also includes new requirements for CWS to sample at 
schools and child care facilities within their distribution systems. 
Only the copper tap sampling requirements of the current rule are not 
impacted by the proposed regulatory changes and therefore do not appear 
in the summarized sampling costs. Additional lead WQP monitoring and 
lead tap

[[Page 61715]]

sampling that is specifically required by the current rule and proposed 
revisions after the installation or re-optimization of corrosion 
control treatment is accounted for in the CCT costs and not in the WQP 
monitoring or tap sampling costs.
    Lead tap sampling site selection tiering requirements have been 
strengthened under the proposed rule, increasing the cost to water 
systems with lead service lines for the development of a tap sampling 
pool that consists of all LSL sites. The other cost components of lead 
tap sampling remain unchanged and generally include sample collection, 
analysis, and reporting cost. The frequency of required lead tap 
sampling will also increase based on lead tap sample 90th percentile 
values.
    Both the lead and copper WQP monitoring cost totals represent 
collection and lab analysis cost of samples both at entry points and 
taps within the distribution system, as well as PWS reporting costs. 
The schedules for conducting these activities at modeled water systems 
are dependent on a water system's projected lead 90th percentile value, 
the presence of CCT, and past sampling results.
    The proposed rule will require source water monitoring the first 
time a PWS has an action level exceedance. This monitoring will not be 
required again unless the water system has a change in source water.
    Sampling at schools and child care facilities represents totally 
new requirements for CWSs under the proposed LCR revisions. Unlike the 
other sampling requirements of the proposed rule, school and child care 
facility sampling is not affected by a water system's 90th percentile 
lead tap sample value. The proposed rule requires that all schools and 
child care facilities must be sampled every five years (schools and 
child care facilities may refuse the sampling, but the water system 
must document this refusal to the State). This program's costs are 
reported with sampling cost, but they also represent public education 
costs and requirements of the proposed LCRR. The costs of complying 
with the proposed rule include water systems: (1) Identifying schools 
and child care facilities in their service area and preparing and 
distributing an initial letter explaining the sampling program and the 
3Ts Toolkit, (2) coordinating with the school or child care facility to 
determine the sampling schedule and the logistics of collecting the 
samples, (3) conducting a walkthrough at the school or child care 
facility before the start of sampling, (4) sample collection from the 
school or child care facility, (5) sample analysis, and (6) providing 
sampling results to the school or child care facility, the State, and 
the local or State health department.
    Exhibit 6-2 and 6-3 show the national annualized sampling costs for 
both the low and high estimate scenarios, under the current LCR, the 
proposed LCRR, and the incremental cost, discounted at 3 and 7 percent, 
respectively. Additional information on the estimation of sampling cost 
can be found in the Chapter 5, section 5.3.1 of the EA. An alternative 
option to the school and child care facility sampling program can be 
found in section VI.F of this notice and in Chapter 9 of the EA (USEPA, 
2019a).

                                           Exhibit 6.2--National Annualized Sampling Costs at 3% Discount Rate
                                                                         [2016$]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Low cost estimate                               High cost estimate
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental      Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring...........................     $33,803,000     $37,672,000      $3,869,000      $33,780,000     $42,944,000      $9,164,000
Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring...............       7,396,000       7,536,000         140,000        8,823,000       9,274,000         451,000
Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring.............         163,000         179,000          16,000          158,000         178,000          20,000
Source Water Monitoring................................          15,000           4,321         -10,679           47,000          17,000         -30,000
School Sampling........................................               0      28,540,000      28,540,000                0      28,540,000      28,540,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Sampling Costs........................      41,376,000      73,931,000      32,555,000       42,809,000      80,955,000      38,146,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring...........................      32,736,000      36,959,000       4,223,000       32,718,000      43,977,000      11,259,000
Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring...............       7,156,000       7,242,000          86,000        9,106,000       9,583,000         477,000
Copper Water Quality Parameters Monitoring.............         156,000         170,000          14,000          151,000         170,000          19,000
Lead Water Quality Parameters Monitoring...............       7,156,000       7,242,000          86,000        9,106,000       9,583,000         477,000
Lead Tap Sampling Monitoring...........................      32,736,000      36,959,000       4,223,000       32,718,000      43,977,000      11,259,000
Source Water Monitoring................................          17,000           5,496         -11,504           64,000          25,000         -39,000
School Sampling........................................               0      27,520,000      27,520,000                0      27,520,000      27,520,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Sampling Costs........................      40,064,000      71,897,000      31,833,000       42,039,000      81,276,000      39,237,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Corrosion Control Treatment Costs
    Under the proposed LCRR, drinking water systems may be required to 
install CCT, re-optimize their existing CCT, or perform a ``find-and-
fix'' adjustment to their CCT based on their current level of CCT in 
place, if their lead tap sample 90th percentile exceeds the trigger 
level or action level, and/or individual lead tap samples exceed 15 
[mu]g/L. In the cost model, a 90th percentile lead tap sample 
exceedance can be triggered by a change in water system source water or 
treatment technology. Small CWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people and all 
NTNCWSs may also elect to conduct LSLR or implement POU filters as part 
of the regulatory flexibilities proposed in the LCRR. See section III.E 
of this notice for additional information on the compliance 
alternatives available to small CWSs and NTNCWSs, and section VI.C.4 
for a discussion of the modeling and a summary of the number of systems 
selecting each alternative compliance option.
    The capital and operations and maintenance (O&M) costs for water 
systems installing or optimizing CCT are based on the assumption that 
water systems will obtain the finished water characteristics of 3.2 mg/
L of orthophosphate and pH at or above 7.2 (for water systems with 
starting pH values less than 8.2). For those water systems assigned 
higher initial pH values in the model, between 8.2 and 9.2, the EPA 
assumed the CCT optimization would require adjusting pH to meet or 
exceed 9.2 (no orthophosphate addition would be needed). The 
distributions of water system starting values for orthophosphate and 
pH, used in the cost model, are both drawn from SDWIS and

[[Page 61716]]

Six-Year Review ICR data (see Chapter 4, section 4.3.6 of the EA).
    All capital cost equations are a function of design flow, and all 
O&M costs are a function of average daily flow. Since CCT is conducted 
at the water system's entry points (EPs), the cost model calculates the 
design flow and average daily flow of each EP. The cost model uses two 
different sets of unit cost functions representing the low and high 
capital cost scenarios developed in the engineering Work Breakdown 
Structure models for CCT (Chapter 5, Section 5.2.3.2.5 and Appendix A, 
Section 1 of the EA). Using these bracketing capital cost values is 
designed to characterize uncertainty in the cost model estimates and 
when combined with O&M costs and EP flow values, are used to calculate 
the low and high CCT cost estimates per model PWS. Note that 
optimization O&M costs are obtained through an incremental cost 
assessment. The cost model calculated the O&M existing cost and 
subtracts them from the optimized O&M cost to obtain the incremental 
re-optimization costs.
    In the cost model, water systems are assumed to always install and 
optimize their CCT, to the standards described above, before making any 
adjustment to CCT as a result of being triggered into the ``find-and-
fix'' requirements of the proposed rule. If a water system is required 
to implement ``find-and-fix,'' one of two things are assumed to occur 
at a single-entry point: A water system that has orthophosphate dosing 
and the pH target of 7.2 or greater will increase pH to 7.5, or a water 
system that previously optimized to a pH value of 9.2 will increase pH 
to 9.4. If ``find-and-fix'' is triggered again after an adjustment at a 
single EP, a water system is assumed to adjust all EPs to the new 
target pHs of 7.5 or 9.4, depending on the current treatment in place.
    Using O&M cost functions estimated for the ``find-and-fix'', see 
Appendix A of the EA, the cost model first calculates the total annual 
O&M cost for treating to the ``find-and-fix'' standards previously 
listed as if no CCT was installed, then subtracts the PWS's current CCT 
annual O&M cost from the new ``find-and-fix'' annual O&M cost, to 
derive the share of the PWS's annual CCT O&M costs attributable to 
``find-and-fix'' actions. The model also calculates the capital cost to 
retrofit the CCT water system for additional pH adjustment under both 
the low and high cost model scenarios. If a water system is triggered 
into a second round of ``find-and-fix'' CCT adjustment, the 7.5 or 9.4 
pH requirements will be applied to all entry points. Individual entry 
point costs are summed to obtain total water system costs under the low 
and high model runs.
    In addition to the capital and O&M cost of CCT installation, re-
optimization, or ``find-and-fix,'' water systems will also face several 
ancillary costs associated with changes in CCT status. Before the 
installation or re-optimization of CCT at a water system, a CCT study 
would need to be conducted or revised and the water system would 
consult with the State on the proposed changes to CCT (these costs also 
apply to water systems undergoing source water or treatment changes). 
After the change in CCT, a water system would conduct follow-up tap 
sampling, WQP monitoring at entry points and at taps in the 
distribution system, report the results of the initial post CCT change 
findings to the State, and review WQP data with the State on an ongoing 
basis as part of the water system's sanitary surveys.
    Water systems with individual lead tap samples over 15 [mu]g/L 
must: Collect and analyze a follow-up tap sample from the location that 
exceeded the 15 [mu]g/L value, coordinate with the State on the 
location for a follow-up WQP sample in proximity to the location that 
exceeded 15 [mu]g/L, collect and analyze the WQP sample, and review 
with the State the collected data to determine ``find-and-fix'' CCT 
required changes.
    Exhibits 6-4 and 6-5 show the range of estimated national costs for 
CCT under the current LCR, the proposed LCR revisions, and the 
incremental cost, discounted at 3 and 7 percent, respectively. Note 
that a range of CCT capital costs are used in this assessment but the 
total range in Exhibits 6-4 and 6-5 is impacted by all five of the 
uncertain variables which enter the model as low and high estimates. 
See Section VI.B of this notice and Chapter 5, Section 5.2.3.2 of the 
EA, for additional information on the variables that define the low and 
high cost scenarios. The CCT Operation and Maintenance (Existing) 
category in these exhibits are the EPA's estimate of the ongoing cost 
of operating corrosion control at PWS where CCT was in place at the 
beginning of the period of analysis. Additional information on the 
estimation of CCT costs can be found in Chapter 5, section 5.3.2 of the 
EA.

                                 Exhibit 6-4--National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs at 3% Discount Rate
                                                                         [2016$]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Low cost estimate                               High cost estimate
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental      Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CCT Installation.......................................     $13,364,000      $6,847,000     $-6,517,000      $38,857,000     $16,566,000    $-22,291,000
CCT Installation Ancillary Activities..................       1,360,000       1,440,000          80,000        1,506,000       1,986,000         480,000
CCT Optimization.......................................           5,106      11,287,000      11,281,894          163,000      44,199,000      44,036,000
CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)..............     313,830,000     313,830,000               0      314,091,000     314,091,000               0
CCT Optimization Ancillary Activities..................          10,000         327,000         317,000          132,000         722,000         590,000
Find and Fix Installation..............................               0      12,912,000      12,912,000                0      47,837,000      47,837,000
Find and Fix Ancillary Activities......................               0       5,234,000       5,234,000                0       6,465,000       6,465,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs....     328,569,000     351,877,000      23,308,000      354,750,000     431,866,000      77,116,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                 Exhibit 6-5--National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs at 7% Discount Rate
                                                                         [2016$]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Low cost estimate                               High cost estimate
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental      Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CCT Installation.......................................     $11,687,000      $5,938,000     $-5,749,000      $37,547,000     $15,739,000    $-21,808,000
CCT Installation Ancillary Activities..................       1,312,000       1,405,000          93,000        1,496,000       2,155,000         659,000
CCT Optimization.......................................           8,474       9,515,000       9,506,526          268,000      44,128,000      43,860,000

[[Page 61717]]

 
CCT Operations and Maintenance (Existing)..............     299,344,000     299,344,000               0      299,593,000     299,593,000               0
CCT Optimization Ancillary Activities..................          13,000         328,000         315,000          172,000         846,000         674,000
Find and Fix Installation..............................               0      10,655,000      10,655,000                0      45,834,000      45,834,000
Find and Fix Ancillary Activities......................               0       5,123,000       5,123,000                0       6,672,000       6,672,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Corrosion Control Technology Costs....     312,364,000     332,309,000      19,945,000      339,077,000     414,967,000      75,890,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Lead Service Line Inventory and Replacement Costs
    The proposed LCR revisions require all water systems to create an 
LSL materials inventory during the first three years after rule 
promulgation or demonstrate to the State that the water system does not 
have LSLs. Because many water systems have already complied with State 
inventory requirements (e.g., Ohio, see http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/6109.121) that are at least as stringent as those required under the 
proposed LCRR, the EPA adjusted the probability of conducting an 
inventory downward to reflect the State requirements. Water system 
inventory costs also reflect the development, by all water systems with 
LSLs, of an initial LSLR plan. The plan would include procedures to 
conduct full lead service line replacement, a strategy for informing 
customers before a full or partial lead service line replacement, a 
lead service line replacement goal rate in the event of a lead trigger 
level exceedance, a pitcher filter tracking and maintenance system, a 
procedure for customers to flush service lines and premise plumbing of 
particulate lead, and a funding strategy for conducting lead service 
line replacements.
    Depending on a water system's 90th percentile lead tap sample 
value, it may be required to initiate a LSLR program. Small CWSs, 
serving 10,000 or fewer people, and NTNCWSs have flexibility in the 
selection of a compliance option if the trigger or action levels are 
exceeded. These water systems may select to implement CCT or POU 
devices and not receive LSLR costs in the model. See section III.E of 
this notice for additional information on the compliance alternatives 
available to small CWSs and NTNCWSs. The cost model under both the low 
and high scenarios applies the estimated LSLR costs to those CWS 
serving 10,000 or fewer people and any NTNCWSs for which the LSLR 
option is determined to be the least cost compliance alternative. Under 
both the low and high cost scenarios, the model estimates the cost for 
implementing LSLR, CCT, and POU for each water system that meets the 
small water system flexibility criteria and maintains only the cost 
associated with the least costly option for each system. See section 
VI.C.4 of this notice for a discussion of the modeling and a summary of 
the number of systems selecting each alternative compliance option.
    The EPA collected LSLR unit cost information primarily from four 
surveys. Given the small number of observations collected and lack of 
systematic sampling techniques utilized in the surveys the resultant 
estimates of replacement costs based on these data were highly 
uncertain. Therefore, the EPA develop low- and high-end LSLR cost 
values that are used in the cost model to provide a low/high cost range 
to inform the understanding of uncertainty (Note four other factors 
used to produce the low and high cost estimates also influence the LSLR 
total cost estimates). See Chapter 5, section 5.2.3.2.4 and Appendix A, 
Section 3 for more information on the development of the LSLR unit cost 
range.
    LSLR cost includes not only the physical replacement of the service 
line but also prior notification of LSLRs as part of water system 
maintenance operations; contacting customers and site visits to confirm 
service line material and site conditions before replacement; providing 
customers with flushing procedures following a replacement; delivering 
pitcher filters and cartridges concurrent with the LSLR, and 
maintenance for three months; collecting and analyzing a tap sample 
three to six months after the replacement of a LSL; and informing the 
customer of the results.
    Under the proposed rule, water systems with a 90th percentile lead 
tap sample value greater than 10 [mu]g/L and less than or equal to 15 
[mu]g/L are considered to have a trigger level exceedance. These water 
systems are required to develop and implement a ``goal-based'' LSLR 
program where the annual replacement goal is set locally through a 
water system and State determination process. Ancillary costs incurred 
by these water systems include: The development and delivery of 
outreach materials to known and potential LSL households and submitting 
annual reports to the State on program activities. For water systems 
that do not meet the annual ``goal-based'' replacement rate, the 
proposed rule requires that additional outreach to lead service line 
customers be conducted. The additional outreach conducted is determined 
in conjunction with the State and is progressive, increasing with 
additional missed annual goals.
    Under this proposal, water systems with 90th percentile tap sample 
data that exceed 15 [mu]g/L (action level) are required to fully 
replace 3 percent of their LSLs per year for as long as the water 
system remains above the action level for any portion of a monitoring 
year. These water systems must also submit to the State an annual 
report on program activities.
    In order to estimate the share of the LSLR cost that is paid by 
customers, the EPA made the conservative assumption that customers 
under the ``goal-based'' plan always pay for the part of the LSL 
belonging to them both when a full LSL is replaced and when the 
customer side is being replaced after a water system had completed a 
partial LSLR in the past. Customers do not pay for pig tail/gooseneck 
replacements in the model. Under mandatory replacement the EPA assumes 
that the system pays for all replacements both full and partial.
    Exhibits 6-6 and 6-7 show the estimated annualized national cost 
for both the low and high cost scenarios, discounted at 3 and 7 
percent, respectively, of water systems developing the LSL inventory, 
water systems conducting the goal-based and mandatory LSLR programs, 
and household removal costs for the customer-owned portion of the LSL 
under the current LCR, the proposed LCRR, and the incremental cost. The 
EPA did not estimate costs to CWSs for replacing the water system-owned

[[Page 61718]]

portion of an LSL in response to receiving notification that a 
customer-owned portion of an LSL was replaced outside of a water system 
replacement program. The EPA expects that a small number of these types 
of replacements would happen annually. Detailed information on the 
estimation of LSLR costs can be found in Chapter 5, section 5.3.3 of 
the EA.

                                Exhibit 6-6--National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs at 3% Discount Rate
                                                                         [2016$]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Low cost estimate                               High cost estimate
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental      Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lead Service Line Inventory............................              $0      $5,068,000      $5,068,000               $0      $8,075,000      $8,075,000
System Lead Service Line Replacement...................         579,000       8,235,000       7,656,000       22,399,000      68,264,000      45,865,000
Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities.....          59,000       3,206,000       3,147,000          715,000       4,879,000       4,164,000
Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Voluntary Target...               0       4,149,000       4,149,000                0      16,138,000      16,138,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs....         638,000      20,658,000      20,020,000       23,113,000      97,357,000      74,244,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Household Lead Service Line Replacement................         234,000       5,478,000       5,244,000        9,063,000      20,003,000      10,940,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs........         872,000      26,137,000      25,265,000       32,176,000     117,359,000      85,183,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                Exhibit 6-7--National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs at 7% Discount Rate
                                                                         [2016$]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Low cost estimate                               High cost estimate
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental      Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lead Service Line Inventory............................              $0      $5,633,000      $5,633,000               $0      $8,617,000      $8,617,000
System Lead Service Line Replacement...................         520,000       8,197,000       7,677,000       30,793,000      86,480,000      55,687,000
Lead Service Line Replacement Ancillary Activities.....          53,000       4,314,000       4,261,000          983,000       6,726,000       5,743,000
Activities Triggered by Not Meeting Voluntary Target...               0       4,191,000       4,191,000                0      20,447,000      20,447,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual PWS Lead Service Replacement Costs....         573,000      22,335,000      21,762,000       31,776,000     122,270,000      90,494,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Household Lead Service Line Replacement................         210,000       5,290,000       5,080,000       12,459,000      22,501,000      10,042,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Lead Service Replacement Costs........         783,000      27,625,000      26,842,000       44,234,000     144,771,000     100,537,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Point-of-Use Costs
    Under the proposed rule requirements, small CWSs, serving 10,000 or 
fewer people, and NTNCWS with a 90th percentile lead value above the 
action level of 15 [mu]g/L may choose between LSLR, CCT installation, 
or POU device installation and maintenance. See section III.E of this 
notice for additional information on the compliance alternatives 
available to small CWSs and NTNCWSs. In addition to the cost to provide 
and maintain POU devices, water systems selecting the POU compliance 
option face additional ancillary costs in the form of: (1) POU 
implementation planning for installation, maintenance, and monitoring 
of the devices, (2) educating customers on the proper use of the POU 
device, (3) sampling POU devises to insure the device is working 
correctly, and (4) coordination and obtaining approvals from the State.
    The cost model applies these POU costs to those CWS serving 10,000 
or fewer people and any NTNCWSs for which the POU option is estimated 
to be the least cost compliance alternative. The determination of the 
least cost compliance alternative is computed across each 
representative model PWS in the cost model based on its assigned 
characteristics including: the number of lead service lines, cost of 
LSLR, the presence of corrosion control, the cost and effectiveness of 
CCT, the starting WQPs, the number of entry points, the unit cost of 
POU, and the number of households. For a larger discussion on the 
assignment of system characteristics, see section VI.B of this notice 
and Chapter 5 of the EA. These characteristics are the primary drivers 
in determining the costs once a water system has been triggered into 
CCT installation or re-optimization, lead service line replacement, or 
POU provision and maintenance. The model estimates the net present 
value for implementing each compliance alternative and selects the 
least cost alternative to retain in the summarized proposed rule costs.
    The EPA is estimating low and high cost scenarios, to characterize 
uncertainty in the cost model results. These scenarios are functions of 
assigning different low and high input values to a number of the 
variables that affect the relative cost of the small system compliance 
choices (see Chapter 5 section 5.2 of the EA for additional information 
on uncertain variable value assignment). Therefore, as the model output 
shows, the choice of compliance technology is different across the low 
and high cost scenarios.
    Exhibits 6-8 and 6-9 show the total number of CWS serving 10,000 or 
fewer people and NTNCWSs, the total number of systems by type and 
population size that would select one of the small system compliance 
options, the number of NTNCWSs selecting each compliance alternative in 
the model, and the number of CWSs by population size selecting each 
compliance alternative in the model, under both the low and high cost 
scenarios. In general, the exhibits show across both the low and high 
scenarios that the majority of water systems would select re-optimizing 
under the small system compliance options. If a system has CCT in 
place, the incremental costs of re-optimization are low compared to all 
other alternatives. The POU device implementation seems to be the least 
cost alternative when the number of households in the system is low as 
demonstrated by the decrease in the

[[Page 61719]]

selection of the POU option as CWS population size increases in the 
model. The pattern seen in the selection of LSLR between the low and 
high cost scenarios demonstrates that the choice of compliance by small 
systems is driven by relative costs. Under the low cost scenario far 
greater numbers of systems select LSLR given the assumed lower numbers 
of LSLs per system and lower cost of replacement under this scenarios. 
While CCT installation cost is also lower under the low cost scenario 
the difference in cost between the high and low scenarios is relatively 
small compared to the reduction in cost for LSLR between the scenarios. 
POU cost remains unchanged between the low cost and high cost 
scenarios. The installation of CCT becomes more cost effective as 
system population size increases, but in the larger system size 
categories you can also see the effect of the relative cost of LSLR in 
the low cost scenario.

        Exhibit 6-8--NTNCWS and Small System Counts Impacted Under Flexibility Option--Low Cost Scenario
                                        [Over 35 year period of analysis]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               NTNCWS                               CWS
                                          ----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    501-      1,001-     3,301-
                                             All Systems     <=100     101- 500    1,000      3,300      10,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total PWS Count in System Size Category..          17,589     12,046     15,307      5,396      8,035      4,974
Total PWS Count of Systems with LSLR,               1,453      1,521      2,498      1,148      1,544      2,037
 POU, or CCT activity....................
Number of PWSs with Lead Service Line                  34        474        975        541        608      1,535
 Removals................................
Number of PWSs that Install CCT..........              15         25        438        189        288         80
Number of PWSs that Re-optimize CCT......             287        398        851        410        649        423
Number of PWSs that Install POU..........           1,117        625        234          8          0          0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


        Exhibit 6-9--NTNCWS and Small System Counts Impacted Under Flexibility Option--High Cost Scenario
                                        [Over 35 year period of analysis]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               NTNCWS                               CWS
                                          ----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    501-      1,001-     3,301-
                                             All Systems     <=100     101- 500    1,000      3,300      10,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total PWS Count in System Size Category..          17,589     12,046     15,307      5,396      8,035      4,974
Total PWS Count of Systems with LSLR,               2,354      1,938      2,782      1,677      3,274      1,314
 POU, or CCT activity....................
Number of PWSs with Lead Service Line                  94        139        118        476      1,246         86
 Removals................................
Number of PWSs that Install CCT..........              14         10        491        327        477        195
Number of PWSs that Re-optimize CCT......             347        368      1,319        813      1,540      1,032
Number of PWSs that Install POU..........           1,900      1,422        855         61         10          1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The estimated national annualized point-of-use device installation 
and maintenance costs for the proposed rule, under the low cost 
scenario, are $3,995,000 at a 3 percent discount rate and $3,492,000 at 
a 7 percent discount rate. The POU impacts of the proposed rule for the 
high cost scenario are $16,400,000 discounted at 3 percent and 
$15,485,000 discounted at 7 percent. Since POU costs are zero under the 
current LCR, the incremental costs range from $3,995,000 to $16,400,000 
at a 3 percent discount rate and from $3,492,000 to $15,485,000 at a 7 
percent discount rate, under the low and high cost scenarios 
respectively. Additional information on the estimation of POU costs can 
be found in Chapter 5, section 5.3.4 of the EA.
5. Public Education and Outreach Costs
    In addition to the current LCR public education requirements for 
water systems with a lead action level exceedance, the cost model 
includes proposed rule requirements for ongoing lead education that 
applies to all water systems with LSLs, regardless of the 90th 
percentile level, and requirements in response to a single tap sample 
exceeding the 15 [mu]g/L lead action level.
    The proposed rule requires a number of updates to existing public 
education and additional outreach activities associated with LSLs. The 
public education requirements costed for all water systems, regardless 
of their lead 90th percentile tap sample levels, include: (1) Updating 
Consumer Confidence Report language, (2) developing a lead outreach 
plan and materials for new customers, (3) developing an approach for 
improved public access to lead information, (4) participating in joint 
communication efforts with the State to provide increased information 
on lead education to health care providers, and (5) providing annual 
documentation and certification to the State that public outreach on 
lead has been completed. The costed proposed LCR public education 
requirements applying to all water systems with lead service lines are: 
(1) The planning, initially implementing and maintaining customer and 
public access to LSL location information, and (2) the development of 
lead educational materials for water-related utility work and delivery 
of those materials to affected households during water-related work 
that could result in service line disturbance.
    The proposed rule public education costs that are applied to water 
systems that exceed the 15 [mu]g/L action level include: (1) The 
development of lead language for public education in response to a lead 
action level exceedance, (2) delivery of education materials to 
customers for CWSs and posting of lead information for NTNCWs, (3) 
water systems contacting public health agencies to obtain a list of 
additional community organizations that should receive PE materials, 
(4) water systems notifying public health agencies and other community 
organizations, (5) large water systems posting a lead notice on their 
website, (6) water system issuing a press release, (7) water systems 
consulting with the State on the materials development and appropriate 
activities while the action level is exceeded, and (8) annually

[[Page 61720]]

certifying public education activities have been completed.
    The proposed rule also includes a requirement for water systems to 
notify affected customers within 24 hours of becoming aware of an 
individual tap sample exceeding the 15 [mu]g/L lead action level. The 
model includes the development cost of the notification and education 
materials to be delivered to affected households and the incremental 
cost of expedited delivery of the notification. Note that materials 
costs related to follow-up testing when a sample exceeds 15 [mu]g/L are 
included in the tap sampling costs in section VI.C.1 of this notice. 
The estimated annualized national water system public education and 
outreach costs for the current LCR range from $48,000 to $1,093,000 at 
a 3 percent discount rate under the low and high cost scenarios 
respectively. At a 7 percent discount rate the annualized estimated 
current rule PE cost range is from $65,000 to $1,513,000. Under the 
proposed rule low cost scenario, the estimated impacts are $29,364,000 
at a 3 percent discount rate and $28,765,000 at a 7 percent discount 
rate. Under the high scenario the estimated annualized costs are 
$35,491,000 at a 3 percent discount rate and $35,525,000 at a 7 percent 
discount rate. Therefore, the incremental estimated public education 
and outreach costs for water systems range from $29,316,000 to 
$34,398,000 at a 3 percent discount rate and $28,700,000 to 34,012,000 
at a 7 percent discount rate. See Chapter 5, section 5.3.5 of the EA 
for additional detailed information on the estimation of public 
education and outreach costs.
6. Drinking Water System Implementation and Administrative Costs
    All water systems will have one-time start-up activities associated 
with the implementation of the proposed rule. These compliance costs 
include: Water system burden to read and understand the revised rule; 
water systems assigning personnel and resources for rule 
implementation; water system personnel time for attending trainings 
provided by the State; and clarifying regulatory requirements with the 
State during rule implementation. This category of cost is not impacted 
by the variable that define the low and high cost scenarios, therefore 
only one set of estimated costs exist in the category. The estimated 
annualized national PWS implementation and administrative costs for the 
proposed LCR revisions are $1,863,000 at a 3 percent discount rate and 
$3,092,000 at a 7 percent discount rate. Since there are no costs under 
the current LCR, the PWS implementation and administrative incremental 
costs are also $1,863,000 at a 3 percent discount rate and $3,092,000 
at a 7 percent discount rate. Additional information on the estimation 
of water system implementation and administrative costs can be found in 
Chapter 5, section 5.3.6 of the EA.
7. Annualized per Household Costs
    The cost model calculates the annualized cost per household, by 
first calculating the cost per gallon of water produced by the CWS. 
This cost per gallon represents the cost incurred by the system to 
comply with the requirements of the proposed LCRR. This includes CCT 
cost, inventory creation, system payed customer-side LSLR, tap 
sampling, public education, and administrative costs. Because of 
uncertainty in five important LCRR cost driver input variables, 
discussed in section VI.A. of this notice, the Agency developed low and 
high cost scenarios. These scenarios produce a range in the estimated 
cost per gallon and two estimates for annualized per household costs.
    The model multiplies this low and high scenario costs per gallon by 
the average annual household consumption (in gallons) to determine the 
cost per household per year associated with increased costs borne by 
the CWS. The EPA then adds to both these values the total consumer-side 
lead service line replacement cost borne by households in the system, 
divided by the number of households served by the system, to derive the 
CWS's average annual household low and high scenario cost estimates. 
Exhibits 6-10 and 6-11 show the distributions of incremental annualized 
costs for CWS households by primary water source and size category. 
Note, the percentiles represent the distribution of average household 
costs across CWSs in a category, not the distribution of costs across 
all households in a CWS category. Some households that pay for a 
customer-side LSLR will bear a much greater annual household burden. 
The EPA estimates the cost of removing the customer-owned side of a 
service line range from $1,480 to $4,440, with a central tendency of 
$2,960. The percentage of customers in each water system paying the 
higher customer-side LSL costs depends on the number of LSL in the 
water system, the rate of replacement, and the details of the water 
systems LSLR program.

            Exhibit 10--Annualized Incremental Cost per Household by CWS Category--Low Cost Scenario
                                                     [2016$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     10th         25th         50th         75th         90th
         Source water                Size         Percentile   Percentile   Percentile   Percentile   Percentile
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ground.......................  100 or Fewer....       $-5.36        $5.33        $8.61       $13.79       $23.01
Ground.......................  101 to 500......         0.85         1.43         2.62         4.20         6.85
Ground.......................  501 to 1,000....         0.28         0.35         0.47         0.67         1.57
Ground.......................  1,001 to 3,300..         0.11         0.16         0.24         0.34         0.76
Ground.......................  3,301 to 10,000.         0.19         0.26         0.39         0.52         1.00
Ground.......................  10,001 to 50,000         0.04         0.07         0.13         0.21         0.38
Ground.......................  50,001 to                0.08         0.10         0.20         0.25         0.30
                                100,000.
Ground.......................  100,001 to               0.07         0.14         0.23         0.34         0.48
                                1,000,000.
Ground.......................  Greater than             0.17         0.17         0.24         0.26         0.26
                                1,000,000.
Surface......................  100 or Fewer....         2.87         4.96         8.86        15.52        23.87
Surface......................  101 to 500......         0.73         1.31         2.17         3.66         7.56
Surface......................  501 to 1,000....         0.26         0.34         0.52         0.81         2.11
Surface......................  1,001 to 3,300..         0.11         0.15         0.25         0.39         0.82
Surface......................  3,301 to 10,000.         0.20         0.26         0.43         0.78         1.56
Surface......................  10,001 to 50,000         0.05         0.09         0.19         0.38         1.55
Surface......................  50,001 to                0.08         0.11         0.25         0.32         1.07
                                100,000.
Surface......................  100,001 to               0.06         0.14         0.26         0.42         0.84
                                1,000,000.
Surface......................  Greater than             0.09         0.18         0.21         0.29         0.32
                                1,000,000.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 61721]]


            Exhibit 11--Annualized Incremental Cost per Household by CWS Category--High Cost Scenario
                                                     [2016$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     10th         25th         50th         75th         90th
         Source water                Size         Percentile   Percentile   Percentile   Percentile   Percentile
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ground.......................  100 or Fewer....      $-10.22        $4.78        $8.60       $15.22       $28.73
Ground.......................  101 to 500......        -1.06         1.36         2.87         4.85        11.54
Ground.......................  501 to 1,000....        -0.19         0.36         0.55         1.30         4.72
Ground.......................  1,001 to 3,300..         0.10         0.16         0.28         0.56         2.61
Ground.......................  3,301 to 10,000.         0.19         0.28         0.45         0.91         3.53
Ground.......................  10,001 to 50,000         0.05         0.08         0.14         0.29         2.61
Ground.......................  50,001 to                0.07         0.09         0.13         0.27         2.44
                                100,000.
Ground.......................  100,001 to               0.12         0.17         0.29         0.59         3.17
                                1,000,000.
Ground.......................  Greater than             0.17         0.17         0.24         0.26         0.26
                                1,000,000.
Surface......................  100 or Fewer....        -9.24         4.09        10.29        18.82        40.74
Surface......................  101 to 500......        -2.99         1.13         2.73         5.82        15.96
Surface......................  501 to 1,000....        -3.18         0.33         0.89         1.62         4.98
Surface......................  1,001 to 3,300..        -1.80         0.16         0.31         0.65         2.30
Surface......................  3,301 to 10,000.        -0.24         0.29         0.72         1.28         4.49
Surface......................  10,001 to 50,000         0.05         0.11         0.24         1.25         4.61
Surface......................  50,001 to                0.08         0.10         0.23         0.53         2.61
                                100,000.
Surface......................  100,001 to               0.10         0.20         0.34         1.31         3.46
                                1,000,000.
Surface......................  Greater than             0.09         0.18         0.21         0.29         0.32
                                1,000,000.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. Primacy Agency Costs
    For each of the drinking water cost sections previously described, 
primacy agencies (i.e., States) have associated costs. These include 
start-up and implementation costs; reviewing water quality parameter, 
source water, and school monitoring reports; reviewing and approving 
lead tap sampling plans, sampling frequencies, results, and reports; 
consultation and reviews during CCT, LSLR, and POU device installation; 
and reviewing and approving the lead public education materials and 
consulting on specific outreach requirements. In the EPA cost model, 
the majority of the costs associated with States are determined on a 
per water system basis. State actions and costs are largely driven by 
the proposed rule required actions that are triggered for the 
individual water systems. These per water system primacy agency costs 
are then summed to obtain aggregate costs for this category.
    The State implementation and administration costs of complying with 
the proposed LCR revisions include: Reading and understanding the rule; 
adopting the rule and developing an implementation program; modifying 
data recording systems; training staff; providing water system staff 
with initial and on-going technical assistance and training; 
coordinating annual administration tasks with the EPA; and reporting 
data to SDWIS/Fed.
    State activities regarding sampling include reviewing:
     PWS reports on lead and copper WQP monitoring from entry 
points and distribution system taps;
     Lead tap sampling plans, changes in sampling locations, 
sample invalidations, sampling results and 90th percentile 
calculations, and certification of customer notification of sampling 
results;
     9-year waiver requests;
     Source water sampling results; and
     School sampling results.
    The State activities associated with CCT installation, re-
optimization, and ``find-and-fix'' rule requirements include:
     Consulting with water systems on source water and 
treatment changes;
     Reviewing CCT studies for installation and re-
optimization;
     Reviewing post CCT installation WQP monitoring and tap 
sample results (including sample invalidation);
     Setting optimal water quality parameters;
     Reviewing ``find-and-fix'' follow-up tap and water quality 
parameter sampling for each individual lead tap sample greater than 15 
[mu]g/L;
     Reviewing water system's ``find-and-fix'' summary reports;
     Reviewing new the EPA's CCT guidance; and
     Conducting CCT water quality reviews in conjunction with 
sanitary surveys.
    LSLR creates a number of water system/State interactions. States 
would be required to:
     Review water system inventory data;
     Confer with water systems with LSLs on initial planning 
for LSLR program activities, including standard operating procedures 
for conducting replacements, and outreach programs;
     Work with LSL water systems to determine a goal-based LSLR 
rate;
     Provide templates and targeted public education language 
for LSLR programs;
     Determine the additional outreach activities required if a 
water system fails to meet its goal-based LSLR rate; and
     Review annual LSLR program compliance reports from water 
systems.
    State activities associated with CWSs serving 3,300 or fewer people 
and NTNCWSs that select POU as a treatment alternative include:
     Conferring with water systems on initial planning for POU 
programs;
     Reviewing public education material for POU devices; and
     Reviewing annual reports on POU programs, including POU 
device sampling results.
    Proposed public education provisions will require a great deal of 
primacy agency oversight. Activities which produce primacy agency 
burden include:
     Providing water systems with templates to update CCR 
language;
     Reviewing water system information developed for new 
customer outreach;
     Participating in joint communication efforts for sharing 
lead public education with health care providers;
     Reviewing educational material developed for delivery 
during water-related work;
     Reviewing water system certifications of lead public 
education and outreach;
     Reviewing public education language submitted by water 
systems in response to an individual tap sample above the action level;
     Consulting with water systems on public education response 
to a lead

[[Page 61722]]

action level exceedance, including reviewing language; and
     Reviewing the water systems public education self-
certification letter following a lead action level exceedance.
    The cost model estimates that the Primacy Agencies will incur 
incremental estimated annualized costs, under the low cost scenario, 
totaling $14,915,000 at a 3 percent discount rate and $15,054,000 at a 
7 percent discount rate. For the high cost scenario total estimated 
costs is $15,598,000 at a 3 percent discount rate and $15,965,000 at a 
7 percent discount rate. Additional information on the estimation of 
primacy agency costs can be found in Chapter 5, section 5.4 of the EA.
9. Costs and Ecological Impacts Associated With Additional Phosphate 
Usage
    Adding phosphate creates a protective inner coating on pipes that 
can inhibit lead leaching. However, once phosphate is added to the 
public water system (PWS), some of this incremental loading remains in 
the water stream as it flows into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) 
downstream. This generates treatment costs for certain WWTPs. In 
addition, at those locations where treatment does not occur, water with 
elevated phosphorus concentrations may discharge to water bodies and 
induce certain ecological impacts.
    When water systems add orthophosphate to their finished water for 
corrosion control purposes, some portion of the orthophosphate added 
will reach downstream WWTPs. To estimate the potential fate of the 
orthophosphate added at PWSs, the EPA developed a conceptual mass 
balance model. The EPA applied this conceptual model to estimate the 
increase in loading at WWTPs, given an initial loading from corrosion 
control at water treatment plants. WWTPs could incur costs because of 
upstream orthophosphate addition if they have permit discharge limits 
for phosphorus parameters. The percentage of WWTPs with phosphorus 
limits has increased over time. From 2007 to 2016, in annual percentage 
rate terms, the growth rate in the percentage of WWTPs with phosphorus 
limits is 3.3 percent.
    The EPA assumed this increase would continue as States transition 
from narrative to numerical nutrient criteria and set numeric permits 
limits, especially for impaired waters. The EPA applied the growth rate 
observed from 2007 to 2016 to estimate the anticipated percentage of 
WWTPs with phosphorus limits in future years. This growth rate results 
in an estimated 41 percent of WWTPs with phosphorus discharge limits 
after 35 years. Applied as the percentage of WWTPs that need to take 
treatment actions, this estimate is likely conservative, particularly 
given the potential availability of alternative compliance mechanisms, 
such as, individual facility variance and nutrient trading programs.
    The specific actions a WWTP might need to take to maintain 
compliance with a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System 
(NPDES) phosphorus limit will depend on the type of treatment present 
at the WWTP and the corresponding phosphorus removal provided (if any). 
Based on a review of NPDES data, it is likely that most of the WWTPs 
that already have phosphorus limits have some type of treatment to 
achieve the limit.
    Some treatment processes can accommodate incremental increases in 
influent loading and still maintain their removal efficiency. Such 
processes might not need significant adjustment to maintain their 
existing phosphorus removal efficiency, given an incremental increase. 
Other treatment processes may need modifications to their design or 
operation to maintain their removal efficiency in the face of an 
influent loading increase.
    The EPA derived a unit cost of $4.59 per pound of phosphorus for 
removing incremental phosphorus (see Chapter 5, section 5.5.1 of the EA 
for additional information). This unit cost includes the cost of 
additional chemical consumption and the operating cost of additional 
sludge processing and disposal. The costs a WWTP could incur depend on 
the magnitude of the loading increase relative to the specific WWTP's 
effluent permit limit. WWTPs, whose current discharge concentrations 
are closer to their limit, are more likely to have to act. WWTPs whose 
current concentrations are well below their limit may not incur costs 
but might, under certain conditions, incur costs (for example, when 
phosphorus removal achieved by technology is sensitive to incremental 
phosphorus loading increases). Furthermore, future phosphorus limits 
could be more stringent than existing limits in certain watersheds.
    Therefore, the EPA conservatively assumed that any WWTP with a 
discharge limit for phosphorus parameters could incur costs. 
Accordingly, in calculating costs, the EPA used the anticipated 
percentage of WWTPs with phosphorus discharge limits as the likelihood 
that incremental orthophosphate loading from a drinking water system 
would reach a WWTP with a limit. The EPA combined this likelihood and 
the unit cost (previously estimated) with incremental phosphorus 
loading to calculate incremental costs to WWTPs for each year of the 
analysis period. The incremental annualized cost that WWTPs would incur 
to remove additional phosphorous associated with the proposed LCRR, 
under the low cost scenario, ranges from $668,000 to $1,066,000 at a 3 
and 7 percent discount rate, respectively. The high cost scenario 
produced an incremental estimated impact of $1,203,000 using a 3 
percent discount rate, and $1,920,000 at a 7 percent discount rate.
    The EPA estimates that WWTP treatment reduces phosphorus loads 
reaching water bodies by 59 percent but they are not eliminated. The 
proposed rule's national-level total incremental phosphorus loads 
reaching water bodies are projected to grow over the period of analysis 
from the low/high scenario range of 202,000 to 460,000 pounds fifteen 
years after promulgation to the low/high scenario range of 461,000 to 
685,000 pounds at year 35. See Chapter 5, section 5.5 of the EA for 
information on how loading estimates are calculated. The ecological 
impacts of these increased phosphorous loadings are highly localized: 
Total incremental phosphorus loadings will depend on the amount and 
timing of the releases, characteristics of the receiving water body, 
effluent discharge rate, existing total phosphorus levels, and weather 
and climate conditions. Unfortunately, detailed spatially explicit 
information on effluents and on receiving water bodies does not exist 
in a form suitable for this analysis. Rather, to evaluate the potential 
ecological impacts of the rule, the EPA evaluated the significance of 
the national-level phosphorus loadings compared to other phosphorous 
sources in the terrestrial ecosystem.
    To put these phosphorus loadings in context, estimates from the 
USGS SPARROW model suggest that anthropogenic sources deposit roughly 
750 million pounds of total phosphorus per year (USEPA, 2019b). The 
total phosphorus loadings from the proposed LCRR high cost scenario 
would contribute about 1 percent (7 million/750 million) of total 
phosphorus entering receiving waterbodies in a given year, and the 
incremental amount of total phosphorus associated with the proposed 
LCRR relative to the current LCR grows only 0.09 percent (685,000/750 
million). At the national level, the EPA expects total phosphorus 
entering waterbodies as a result of the proposed LCR revisions to be 
small, relative to the total phosphorus load deposited annually from 
all other sources. National average load impacts may

[[Page 61723]]

obscure localized ecological impacts in some circumstances, but the 
existing data do not allow an assessment as to whether this incremental 
load will induce ecological impacts in particular areas. It is 
possible, however, that localized impacts may occur in certain water 
bodies without restrictions on phosphate deposits, or in locations with 
existing elevated phosphate levels.
    An increase in phosphorus loadings can lead to economic impacts and 
undesirable aesthetic impacts. Excess nutrient pollution can cause 
eutrophication--excessive plant and algae growth--in lakes, reservoirs, 
streams, and estuaries throughout the United States. Eutrophication, by 
inducing primary production, leads to seasonal decomposition of 
additional biomass, consuming oxygen and creating a State of hypoxia, 
or low oxygen, within the water body. In extreme cases, the low to no 
oxygen States can create dead zones, or areas in the water where 
aquatic life cannot survive. Studies indicate that eutrophication can 
decrease aquatic diversity for this reason (e.g., Dodds et al. 2009). 
Eutrophication may also stimulate the growth of harmful algal blooms 
(HABs), or over-abundant algae populations. Algal blooms can harm the 
aquatic ecosystem by blocking sunlight and creating diurnal swings in 
oxygen levels because of overnight respiration. Such conditions can 
starve and deplete aquatic species.
10. Summary of Rule Costs
    The estimated annualized low and high scenario costs, discounted at 
3 percent and 7 percent, that PWSs, households, and Primacy Agencies 
will incur in complying with the current LCR, the proposed LCRR, and 
incrementally are summarized in Exhibits 6-12 and 6-13. The total 
estimated incremental annualized cost of the proposed LCRR range from 
$132 to $270 million at a 3 percent discount rate, and $130 to $286 
million at a 7 percent discount rate in 2016 dollars. The exhibits also 
detail the proportion of the annualized costs attributable to each rule 
component.

                                            Exhibit 6-12--National Annualized Rule Costs at 3% Discount Rate
                                                                         [2016$]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Low cost estimate                               High cost estimate
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental      Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PWS Annual Costs:
    Sampling...........................................     $41,376,000     $73,931,000     $32,555,000      $42,809,000     $80,955,000     $38,146,000
    PWS Lead Service Line Replacement..................         638,000      20,658,000      20,020,000       23,113,000      97,357,000      74,244,000
    Corrosion Control Technology.......................     328,569,000     351,877,000      23,308,000      354,750,000     431,866,000      77,116,000
    Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance..........               0       3,995,000       3,995,000                0      16,400,000      16,400,000
    Public Education and Outreach......................          48,000      29,364,000      29,316,000        1,093,000      35,491,000      34,398,000
    Rule Implementation and Administration.............               0       1,863,000       1,863,000                0       1,863,000       1,863,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Total Annual PWS Costs.........................     370,631,000     481,688,000     111,057,000      421,766,000     663,931,000     242,165,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Rule Implementation and Administration...........       5,661,000      20,576,000      14,915,000        6,718,000      22,316,000      15,598,000
Household Lead Service Line Replacement................         234,000       5,478,000       5,244,000        9,063,000      20,003,000      10,940,000
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs.......................         331,000       1,019,000         688,000          862,000       2,065,000       1,203,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Rule Costs............................     376,857,000     508,762,000     131,905,000      438,408,000     708,314,000     269,906,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                            Exhibit 6-13--National Annualized Rule Costs at 7% Discount Rate
                                                                         [2016$]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                        Low cost estimate                               High cost estimate
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental      Current LCR    Proposed LCRR    Incremental
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PWS Annual Costs:
    Sampling...........................................     $40,064,000     $71,897,000     $31,833,000      $42,039,000     $81,276,000     $39,237,000
    PWS Lead Service Line Replacement..................         573,000      22,335,000      21,762,000       31,776,000     122,270,000      90,494,000
    Corrosion Control Technology.......................     312,364,000     332,309,000      19,945,000      339,077,000     414,967,000      75,890,000
    Point-of Use Installation and Maintenance..........               0       3,492,000       3,492,000                0      15,485,000      15,485,000
    Public Education and Outreach......................          65,000      28,765,000      28,700,000        1,513,000      35,525,000      34,012,000
    Rule Implementation and Administration.............               0       3,092,000       3,092,000                0       3,092,000       3,092,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Total Annual PWS Costs.........................     353,067,000     461,889,000     108,822,000      414,405,000     672,615,000     258,210,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Rule Implementation and Administration...........       5,547,000      20,601,000      15,054,000        6,993,000      22,958,000      15,965,000
Household Lead Service Line Replacement................         210,000       5,290,000       5,080,000       12,459,000      22,501,000      10,042,000
Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs.......................         407,000       1,473,000       1,066,000        1,288,000       3,208,000       1,920,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Rule Costs............................     359,230,000     489,253,000     130,023,000      435,144,000     721,282,000     286,138,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Benefits Analysis

    The proposed revisions to the LCR are expected to result in 
significant health benefits, since both lead and copper are associated 
with adverse health effects. Lead is a highly toxic pollutant that can 
damage neurological, cardiovascular, immunological, developmental, and 
other major body systems. The EPA is particularly concerned about 
exposure experienced by children because lead can affect brain 
development. Additionally, children through their physiology and water 
ingestion requirements may be at higher risk. Research shows that, on 
average, formula-fed infants and young children consume more drinking 
water per day on a body weight basis than adolescents. Using the USDA 
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) data, Kahn and 
Stralka (2009) demonstrated this trend, is most

[[Page 61724]]

pronounced in children under 1 year of age who drink more than double 
older children and adults per kg of body weight. Additionally, children 
absorb 2-4 times more lead than adults through the gastrointestinal 
tract ((Mushak, (1991); WHO, (2011) and Ziegler et al. (1978)). No safe 
level of lead exposure has been identified (USEPA, 2013). The EPA's 
health risk reduction and benefits assessment of the proposed LCR 
revisions concentrates on quantification and monetization of the 
estimated impact of reductions in lead exposure on childhood IQ. As 
explained in Appendix D in the Economic Assessment of the Proposed Lead 
and Copper Rule Revision (EA), there are additional non-quantified lead 
health impacts to both children and adults that will be realized as a 
result of this rulemaking.
    Although copper is an essential element for health, excess intake 
of copper has been associated with several adverse health effects. Most 
commonly, excess exposure to copper results in gastrointestinal 
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (National Research 
Council, 2000). In susceptible populations, such as children with 
genetic disorders or predispositions to accumulate copper, chronic 
exposure to excess copper can result in liver toxicity. Because 
household level data on the change in copper concentrations that result 
from changes in CCT are not available, this analysis does not quantify 
any potential benefits from reduced copper exposure that may result 
from the proposed rule. See Appendix E in the EA for additional copper 
health impact information.
    To quantify the potential impact to exposed populations of changes 
in lead tap water concentrations as a result of the proposed LCR 
revisions, the EPA:
     Estimated potential household lead tap water 
concentrations under various levels of corrosion control treatment, 
lead service line replacement, and implementation of POU devices;
     Modeled exposure using the lead tap water concentration 
data, information on peoples' water consumption activities, and 
background lead levels from other potential pathways;
     Derived the potential change in blood lead levels (BLLs) 
that result from the changes in drinking water lead exposure;
     Used concentration response functions, from the scientific 
literature, to measure changes in IQ for children given shifts in BLLs;
     Estimated the unit value of a change in childhood IQ; and
     Applied the unit values to the appropriate demographic 
groups experiencing changes in lead tap water concentrations as a 
result of the proposed regulatory changes across the period of 
analysis.
    Subsections VI.D.1 through 4 of this notice outline the estimation 
of lead concentration values in drinking water used to estimate before 
and after rule implementation concentration scenarios, the 
corresponding estimated avoided IQ loss in children, and a summary of 
the monetized benefits of the proposed LCR Revisions.
1. Modeled Drinking Water Lead Concentrations
    The EPA determined the lead concentrations in drinking water at 
residential locations through the collection and analysis of 
consecutive sampling data representing homes pre and post removal of 
LSLs, including partial removal of LSLs, under differing levels of 
water system corrosion control treatment. The data was collected from 
multiple sources including: Water systems, the EPA Regional Offices and 
the Office of Research and Development, and authors of published 
journal articles (Deshommes et al. 2016). This data includes lead 
concentrations and information regarding LSL status, location, and date 
of sample collection, representing 18,039 samples collected from 1,638 
homes in 15 cities across the United States and Canada. The EPA grouped 
the samples into LSL status categories (``LSL,'' ``Partial,'' ``No 
LSL''). Samples were also grouped by CCT treatment, assigning status as 
having ``None,'' ``Partial,'' or ``Representative.'' ``Partial'' 
includes those water systems with some pH adjustment and lower doses of 
a phosphate corrosion inhibitor, but this treatment is not optimized. 
``Representative'' are those water systems in the dataset that have 
higher doses of phosphate inhibitors, which in the model are considered 
optimized (see EA Chapter 6, section 6.2.1 for additional detail and 
docket number EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300 for the data).
    The EPA fit several regression models (see EA Chapter 6, section 
6.2.2 for additional detail) of tap water lead concentration as 
predicted by LSL presence (``LSL'' or ``No LSL''), LSL extent 
(``Partial''), CCT status, and ``profile liter.'' Profile liter is the 
cumulative volume a sample represented within a consecutive sampling 
series at a single location and time. Models to describe the profile 
liter accounted for the variation among sampling events, sampling 
sites, and city. The EPA selected one of the regression models based on 
its fit and parsimony and used it to produce simulated lead 
concentrations for use in the benefits analysis (Exhibit 6-8, in 
Chapter 6 of the EA). The selected model suggests that besides water 
system, residence, and sampling event, the largest effects on lead 
concentration in tap water come from the presence of LSLs and the 
number of liters drawn since the last stagnation period. CCT produces 
smaller effects on lead concentration than LSLs, and these effects are 
larger in homes with LSLs.
    To statistically control for some sources of variability in the 
input data, the EPA did not use summary statistics from the original 
data directly in estimating the effects of LSL and CCT status. Instead, 
the EPA produced simulated mean lead concentrations for 500,000 
samples, summarized in Exhibit 6-14, based on the selected regression 
model. The simulated sample concentrations represent estimates for new 
cities, sites, and sampling events not included in the original 
dataset. These simulations rely on estimates of variability and 
uncertainty from the regression model and given information on LSL and 
CCT status. Individual estimates are best thought of as the central 
tendency for a sample concentration given regression model parameters 
and estimated variance. The simulated samples represent, on average, 
the lead concentrations taken after a short flushing period of roughly 
30 seconds for all combinations of LSL and CCT status. This represents 
a point near the average peak lead concentration for homes with full or 
partial LSLs, and a point slightly below the peak lead concentration 
for homes with no LSLs, regardless of CCT status.
    The EPA estimates that improving CCT will produce significant 
reductions in lead tap water concentration overall. However, for full 
LSLRs, the final model produced predictions of drinking water 
concentrations that overlapped almost completely for all CCT 
conditions. Therefore, the EPA used the pooled estimate of predicted 
drinking water concentrations for all CCT conditions in residences with 
no LSL in place for the main analysis in Chapter 6 of the EA. Because, 
the EPA in using this pooled data the mean and standard deviation 
values of tap water lead concentrations in Exhibit 6-14 are the same 
for all three ``no LSLs'' status rows, regardless of whether there is 
representative, partial, or no CCT. Effectively, in the primary 
analysis the EPA did not quantify the incremental benefits of CCT when 
LSLs are absent. On the other hand, because CCT is done on a system-
wide basis, there are no incremental costs

[[Page 61725]]

associated with providing CCT to homes without LSL when it is being 
provided for the entire system. The impact of CCT for these no LSL 
homes likely varies by location depending on the degree to which legacy 
leaded plumbing materials, including leaded brass fixtures, and lead 
solder remain at the location.
    The EPA does track the number of ``no LSL'' homes potentially 
affected by water systems increasing their corrosion control during the 
35-year period of analysis. The number of no LSL homes that experience 
increase in CCT over the 35 years ranges from 14 million in the low 
cost scenario and 26 million in the high cost scenario. The EPA 
considered one possible approach to estimating the potential benefits 
to children of reducing lead water concentrations in these homes (see 
Appendix F of the EA) but has determined that the data are too limited 
and the uncertainties too significant to include in the quantified and 
monetized benefit estimates of this regulation. The EPA, therefore, is 
requesting comment and additional information about the change in lead 
concentrations that occur in non-LSL households that experience changes 
in CCT.
    Because small CWSs that serve fewer than 10,000 people have 
flexibility in the compliance option they select in response to a lead 
action level exceedance, some CWSs are modeled as installing POU 
devices at all residences. See section III.E of this notice for 
additional information on the compliance alternatives available to 
small CWSs. For individuals in these systems the EPA assumes, in the 
analysis, that consumers in households with POU devises are exposed to 
the same lead concentration as residents with ``No LSL'' and 
``Representative'' CCT in place.

   Exhibit 6-14--LSL and CCT Scenarios and Simulated Geometric Mean Tap Water Lead Concentrations and Standard
         Deviations at the Fifth Liter Drawn After Stagnation for Each Combination of LSL and CCT Status
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   Simulated SD      Simulated       Simulated
                                                  Simulated mean    \a\ of log    geometric mean   geometric SD
          LSL status               CCT status       of log lead   lead ([micro]g/ lead ([micro]g/   \a\ of lead
                                                   ([micro]g/L)         L)              L)         ([micro]g/L)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LSL...........................  None............            2.92            1.37           18.62            3.95
Partial.......................  None............            2.17            1.38            8.78            3.98
No LSL........................  None............           -0.29            1.38            0.75            3.98
LSL...........................  Partial.........            2.42            1.37           11.27            3.94
Partial.......................  Partial.........            1.67            1.37            5.32            3.93
No LSL........................  Partial.........           -0.29            1.38            0.75            3.98
LSL...........................  Representative..            1.95            1.38            7.01            3.96
Partial.......................  Representative..            1.19            1.38             3.3            3.96
No LSL........................  Representative..           -0.29            1.38            0.75            3.98
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Standard deviations reflect ``among-sampling event'' variability.

    In the estimation of the costs and benefits of the proposed LCR 
revisions, each modeled person within a water system is assigned to one 
of the estimated drinking water concentrations in Exhibit 6-14, 
depending on the CCT, POU, and LSL status. The EPA estimated benefits 
under both the low cost and high cost scenarios used in the proposed 
LCRR which characterize uncertainty in the cost estimates. The low cost 
scenario and high cost scenario differ in their assumptions made about: 
(1) The existing number of LSLs in PWSs; (2) the number of PWS above 
the AL or TL under the current and proposed monitoring requirements; 
(3) the cost of installing and re-optimizing corrosion control 
treatment (CCT); (4) the effectiveness of CCT in mitigating lead 
concentrations; and (5) the cost of lead service line replacement 
(Section VI.C.3. above and Chapter 5, section 5.6 of the EA). The EPA 
predicted the status of each system under the low and high scenarios at 
baseline (prior to rule implementation) and in each year of rule 
implementation. Depending on the timing of required actions that can 
change CCT, POU, and LSL status under both the baseline and proposed 
LCRR low and high scenario model runs, changes in lead concentration 
and resultant blood lead are predicted every year for the total 
population served by the systems for the 35-year period of analysis. In 
the primary benefits analysis for the rule, improvements to CCT and the 
use of installed POU devices are only predicted for individuals in 
households with LSLs prior to the LCRR (consistent with discussion 
above about the limits of the data for predicting the impact of CCT 
when LSL are not present). In the model, LSL removals are predicted by 
water system, by year, and multiplied by the average number of people 
per household (across demographic categories) to determine the number 
of people shifting from one LSL status to another. To predict the 
changes in exposure that result from an improvement in CCT, the EPA 
predicts the entire LSL population of a water system will move to the 
new CCT status at the same time. The EPA also assumes that the entire 
water system moves to the drinking water lead concentration, assigned 
to POU when this option is implemented, which implies that everyone in 
households in a distribution system with LSLs is properly using the 
POU. See Chapter 6, section 6.3 of the EA for more detailed information 
on the number of people switching lead concentration categories under 
the low and high cost scenarios.
2. Impacts on Childhood IQ
    The 2013 Integrated Science Assessment for Lead (USEPA 2013) States 
that there is a causal relationship between lead exposure and cognitive 
function decrements in children based on several lines of evidence, 
including findings from prospective studies in diverse populations 
supported by evidence in animals, and evidence identifying potential 
modes of action. The evidence from multiple high-quality studies using 
large cohorts of children shows an association between blood lead 
levels and decreased intelligence quotient (IQ). The 2012 National 
Toxicology Program Monograph concluded that there is sufficient 
evidence of association between blood lead levels <5 [mu]g/dL and 
decreases in various general and specific measures of cognitive 
function in children from three months to 16 years of age. This 
conclusion is based on prospective and cross-sectional studies using a 
wide range of tests to assess

[[Page 61726]]

cognitive function (National Toxicology Program, 2012).
    The EPA quantitatively assessed and monetized the benefits of 
avoided losses in IQ as a result of the proposed LCR revisions. Modeled 
lead tap water concentrations (previously discussed in this notice) are 
used to estimate the extent to which the proposed rule would reduce 
avoidable loss of IQ among children. The first step in the 
quantification and monetization of avoided IQ loss is to estimate the 
likely decrease in blood lead levels in children based on the 
reductions in lead in their drinking water as a result of the proposed 
LCRR.
    The EPA estimated the distribution of current blood lead levels in 
children, age 0 to 7, using the EPA's Stochastic Human Exposure and 
Dose Simulation Multimedia (SHEDS-Multimedia) model coupled with its 
Integrated Exposure and Uptake Biokinetic (IEUBK) model. The coupled 
SHEDS-IEUBK model framework was peer reviewed by the EPA in June of 
2017 as part of exploratory work into developing a health-based 
benchmark for lead in drinking water (ERG, 2017). For further 
information on SHEDS-IEUBK model development and evaluation, refer to 
Zartarian et al. (2017). As a first step in estimating the blood lead 
levels, the EPA utilized the SHEDS-Multimedia model, which can estimate 
distributions of lead exposure, using a two-stage Monte Carlo sampling 
process, given input lead concentrations in various media and human 
behavior data from the EPA's Consolidated Human Activity Database 
(CHAD) and CDC's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 
(NHANES). SHEDS-Multimedia, in this case, uses individual time-activity 
diaries from CDC's NHANES and the EPA's CHAD for children aged 0 to 7 
to simulate longitudinal activity diaries. Information from these 
diaries is then combined with relevant lead input distributions (e.g., 
outdoor air lead concentrations, inhalation rates) to estimate 
exposure. Drinking water tap concentrations for each of the modeled LSL 
and CCT scenarios, above, were used as the drinking water inputs to 
SHEDS-Multimedia. For more detail on the other lead exposure pathways 
that are held constant as background in the model, see Chapter 6, 
section 6.4, of the EA.
    In the SHEDS-IEUBK coupled methodology, the SHEDS model takes the 
place of the exposure and variability components of the IEUBK model by 
generating a probability distribution of lead intakes across media. 
These intakes are multiplied by route-specific (e.g., inhalation, 
ingestion) absorption fractions to obtain a distribution of lead 
uptakes (see Exhibit 6-14 in the EA Chapter 6, section 6.4). This step 
is consistent with the uptake estimation that would normally occur 
within the IEUBK model. The media specific uptakes can be summed across 
exposure routes to give total lead uptake per day. Next, the EPA used 
age-based relationships derived from IEUBK, through the use of a 
polynomial regression analysis, to relate these total lead uptakes to 
blood lead levels. Exhibit 6-14 presents modeled SHEDS-IEUBK blood lead 
levels in children by year of life and LSL, CCT status, and POU. The 
blood lead levels in this exhibit represent what children's blood lead 
level would be if they lived under the corresponding LSL, POU, and CCT 
status combination for their entire lives. Note that when ``No LSL'' is 
the beginning or post-rule state, 0.75 [micro]g/L is the assumed 
concentration across all levels of CCT status (none, partial, 
representative). The extent to which changes in CCT status make 
meaningful difference in lead concentrations for those without LSL 
cannot be determined from this Exhibit.

 Exhibit 6-14--Modeled SHEDS-IEUBK Geometric Mean Blood Lead Levels in Children for Each Possible Drinking Water Lead Exposure Scenario for Each Year of
                                                                          Life
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               Geometric mean blood lead level ([micro]g/dL) for specified year of life
          Lead service line status             Corrosion control treatment  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         status               0-1 \a\      1-2        2-3        3-4        4-5        5-6        6-7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LSL........................................  None..........................       3.75       2.60       2.73       2.59       2.56       2.72       2.45
Partial....................................  None..........................       2.43       1.88       1.96       1.89       1.87       1.95       1.69
No LSL.....................................  None..........................       0.95       1.15       1.16       1.14       1.14       1.19       0.97
LSL........................................  Partial.......................       2.71       2.05       2.20       2.06       2.08       2.17       1.90
Partial....................................  Partial.......................       1.86       1.58       1.65       1.60       1.60       1.66       1.43
No LSL.....................................  Partial.......................       0.95       1.15       1.16       1.14       1.14       1.19       0.97
LSL........................................  Representative................       2.14       1.75       1.82       1.73       1.75       1.82       1.57
Partial....................................  Representative................       1.51       1.41       1.45       1.42       1.40       1.46       1.24
No LSL.....................................  Representative................       0.95       1.15       1.16       1.14       1.14       1.19       0.97
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    POU                                           0.95       1.15       1.16       1.14       1.14       1.19       0.97
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\a\ Due to lack of available data, blood lead levels for the first year of life are based on regression from IEUBK for 0.5- to 1-year-olds only.
These represent the blood lead for a child living with the LSL/CCT status in the columns to the left. Each year blood lead corresponding to actual
  modeled child is summed and divided by 7 in the model to estimate lifetime average blood lead.
This table presents modeled SHEDS-IEUBK blood lead levels in children by year of life.

    The blood lead levels presented in Exhibit 6-14, are used as inputs 
for the benefits modeling. For each year of the analysis modeled, 
children are assigned blood lead levels, which correspond to a water 
lead concentration representing the LSL, POU and CCT status of their 
water system (see section 6.3 of the EA). In the proposed LCRR cost-
benefit model, individual children in LSL households for each water 
system are tracked as they move from one LSL, CCT status, or POU to 
another as a result of LCRR implementation. The tracking occurs for 
both the low and high cost scenarios. Because the child's drinking 
water lead concentration can change annually in the model, the EPA 
chose to estimate lifetime blood lead levels by taking the average 
across each year of the child's life, up to age 7. With this averaging, 
age at implementation of the LCRR (changing LSL, CCT, or POU status), 
is taken into account when calculating lifetime average blood lead 
level.
    In order to relate the child's estimated lifetime average blood 
lead level to an estimate of avoided IQ loss, the EPA selected a 
concentration-response function based on lifetime blood lead from the 
independent analysis by Crump et al. (2013). This study used data from 
a 2005 paper by Lanphear et al., which has formed the basis of 
concentration-response functions used

[[Page 61727]]

in several EPA regulations (National Ambient Air Quality Standard, 
2008; TSCA Lead Repair and Renovation Rule, 2008; and Steam Electric 
Effluent Limitation Guidelines Rule, 2005). The Crump et al. (2013) 
function was selected over the Lanphear et al. (2005) reanalysis to 
minimize issues with overestimating predicted IQ loss at the lowest 
levels of lead exposure (less than 1 [micro]g/dL BLL), which is a 
result of the use of the log-linear function. The Crump et al. (2013) 
function avoids this issue by adding one to the estimated blood lead 
levels prior to log-transformation. Since the proposed revisions to the 
LCR are expected to reduce chronic exposures to lead, the EPA selected 
lifetime blood lead as the most appropriate measure with which to 
evaluate benefits. No threshold has been identified for the 
neurological effects of lead (Budtz-J[oslash]rgensen et al., 2013; 
Crump et al., 2013; Schwartz et al., 1991; USEPA, 2013). Therefore, the 
EPA assumes that there is no threshold for this endpoint and quantified 
avoided IQ loss associated with all blood lead levels. The EPA, as part 
of its sensitivity analysis, estimated the BLL to IQ relationship using 
Lanphear et al. (2005) and Kirrane and Patel (2014).\1\ See Chapter 6, 
section 6.4.3 and Appendix F of the EA for a more detailed discussion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Lanphear et al. (2005) published a correction in 2019 that 
revised the results to be consistent with the Kirrane and Patel 
(2014) corrections.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The estimated value of an IQ point decrement is derived from the 
EPA's reanalysis of Salkever (1995), which estimates that a one-point 
increase in IQ results in a 1.871 percent increase in lifetime earnings 
for males and a 3.409 percent change in lifetime earnings for females. 
Lifetime earnings are estimated using the average of 10 American 
Community Survey (ACS) single-year samples (2008 to 2017) and projected 
cohort life tables from the Social Security Administration. Projected 
increases in lifetime earnings are then adjusted for the direct costs 
of additional years of education and forgone earnings while in school. 
The reanalysis of Salkever (1995) estimates a change of 0.0812 years of 
schooling per change in IQ point resulting from a reduction in lead 
exposure for males and a change of 0.0917 years of schooling for 
females.
    To estimate the uncertainty underlying the model parameters of the 
Salkever (1995) reanalysis, the EPA used a bootstrap approach to 
estimate a distribution of model parameters over 10,000 replicates 
(using random sampling with replacement). For each replicate, the net 
monetized value of a one-point decrease in IQ is subsequently estimated 
as the gross value of an IQ point, less the value of additional 
education costs and lost earnings while in school. The EPA uses an IQ 
point value discounted to age 7. Based on EPA's reanalysis of Salkever 
(1995), the mean value of an IQ point in 2016$ discounted to age 7 is 
$5,708 using a 7 percent discount rate and $22,503 using a 3 percent 
discount rate.\2\ See Appendix F, of the EA for a sensitivity analysis 
of avoided IQ loss benefits based on Lin et al. (2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ It should be noted that these values are slightly different 
than those used in other recent rulemaking (e.g., the Lead Dust 
Standard and the Perchlorate rule). This is simply due to the 
differences in the age of the child when the benefits are accrued in 
the analysis. Benefits for the LCRR are accrued at age seven and 
therefore the value of an IQ point is discounted back to age 7 in 
the LCRR analysis. This results in a slightly higher estimate than 
the values used for the Perchlorate Rule and the Lead Dust Standard, 
which are discounted to age zero and age three, respectively. It 
should also be noted, and is described in Section 6.4.5 of the EA, 
that the benefits in the LCRR are further discounted back to year 
one of the analysis and annualized within SafeWater LCR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The EPA used the estimated changes in lifetime (age 0 to 7) average 
blood lead levels that result from changes in LSL, CCT, or POU status 
as inputs to the concentration response function from the independent 
analysis by Crump et al. (2013). The resultant annual avoided IQ 
decrement is then summed and multiplied by the EPA reanalyzed Salkever 
(1995) value per IQ point which represent a weighted average for males 
and females (3 or 7 percent depending on the discount rate being used 
to annualize the stream of benefits across the period of analysis). 
This annual stream of benefits was annualized at 3 and 7 percent over 
the 35-year period of analysis, and further discounted to year one of 
the period of analysis. See Exhibit 6-18 (discounted at 3 percent) and 
Exhibit 6-19 (discounted at 7 percent) for the estimated benefit from 
avoided IQ losses from both lead service line removals and improvements 
to CCT at public water system as a result of the current rule, the 
proposed LCR revisions, and the incremental difference between the 
current and proposed rule estimates under both the low and high cost 
scenarios.
3. Impacts on Adult Blood Lead Levels
    The EPA identified the potential adverse adult health effects 
associated with lead utilizing information from the 2013 Integrated 
Science Assessment for Lead (USEPA, 2013) and the U.S. Department of 
Health and Human Services' National Toxicology Program Monograph on 
Health Effects of Low-Level Lead (National Toxicology Program, 2012). 
In these documents, lead has been associated with adverse 
cardiovascular effects (both morbidity and mortality effects), renal 
effects, reproductive effects, immunological effects, neurological 
effects, and cancer. (see Appendix D of the EA).
    Although the EPA did not quantify or monetize changes in adult 
health benefits for the proposed LCRR, the Agency has estimated the 
potential changes in adult drinking water exposures and thus blood lead 
levels to illustrate the extent of the lead reduction to the adult 
population estimated as a result of the proposed LCRR. The EPA 
estimated blood lead levels in adults for each year of life, beginning 
at age 20 and ending with age 80. Males and females are assessed 
separately because data from the CDC's National Health and Nutrition 
Examination Survey (NHANES) indicate that men have higher average blood 
lead levels than women. To estimate the changes in blood lead levels in 
adults associated with the proposed rule, the EPA selected from a 
number of available models a modified version of its Adult Lead 
Methodology (ALM). The ALM ``uses a simplified representation of lead 
biokinetics to predict quasi-steady state blood lead concentrations 
among adults who have relatively steady patterns of site exposures'' 
(USEPA, 2003). The model assumes a linear slope between lead uptake and 
blood lead levels, which is termed the ``biokinetic slope factor'' and 
is described in more detail in Chapter 6 section 6.5 of the EA. 
Although the model was originally developed to estimate blood lead 
level impacts from lead in soil, based on the record, the EPA finds the 
ALM can be tailored for use in estimating blood lead concentrations in 
any adult exposed population and is able to consider other sources of 
lead exposure, such as contaminated drinking water. The biokinetic 
slope factor of 0.4 [micro]g/dL per [micro]g/day is still valid for use 
in the case of drinking water since it is in part derived from studies 
that measure both adult blood lead levels and concentrations of lead in 
drinking water (Pocock et al., 1983; Sherlock et al., 1982).
    The EPA estimated expected BLLs for adults with the ALM using the 
lead tap water concentration data by LSL, CCT, and POU status derived 
from the profile dataset, discussed in section VI.D.1 and shown in 
Exhibit 6-14 of this notice. For the background blood lead levels in 
the model, the EPA used geometric mean blood lead levels for males and 
females for each year of life between

[[Page 61728]]

ages 20 and 80 from NHANES 2011-2016, which may result in some minor 
double counting of exposure from drinking water. Exhibit 6-15 displays 
the estimated blood lead levels for adults by each LSL, POU or CCT 
combination summarized by age groups (blood lead values for each year 
of age are used to determine average BLL). The EPA also estimated BLLs 
using output for other exposure pathways from SHEDS in the ALM and the 
All Ages Lead Model, these results are shown in Appendix F of the EA. 
The All Ages Lead Model results are not used in the primary analysis 
because an ongoing peer review of the model has not been completed.

      Exhibit 6-15--Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Adults Associated With Drinking Water Lead Exposures From LSL/CCT or POU Status Combinations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                         Geometric mean blood lead level ([micro]g/dL) for specified age
                                         Corrosion control                                                       group in years
      Lead service line status            treatment status               Sex           -----------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                          20-29      30-39      40-49      50-59      60-69      70-80
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LSL.................................  None...................  Males..................       1.90       2.05       2.26       2.46       2.66       2.93
                                                               Females................       1.60       1.73       1.92       2.25       2.38       2.55
Partial.............................  None...................  Males..................       1.33       1.46       1.67       1.87       2.04       2.28
                                                               Females................       1.03       1.14       1.34       1.66       1.77       1.91
No LSL..............................  None...................  Males..................       0.86       0.98       1.19       1.39       1.54       1.75
                                                               Females................       0.56       0.66       0.86       1.18       1.27       1.38
LSL.................................  Partial................  Males..................       1.47       1.61       1.82       2.02       2.20       2.44
                                                               Females................       1.17       1.29       1.48       1.81       1.92       2.07
Partial.............................  Partial................  Males..................       1.13       1.25       1.46       1.66       1.83       2.05
                                                               Females................       0.83       0.93       1.13       1.45       1.55       1.68
No LSL..............................  Partial................  Males..................       0.86       0.98       1.19       1.39       1.54       1.75
                                                               Females................       0.56       0.66       0.86       1.18       1.27       1.38
LSL.................................  Representative.........  Males..................       1.23       1.36       1.56       1.76       1.93       2.16
                                                               Females................       0.93       1.03       1.23       1.56       1.66       1.79
Partial.............................  Representative.........  Males..................       1.01       1.13       1.34       1.54       1.70       1.92
                                                               Females................       0.71       0.81       1.01       1.33       1.43       1.55
No LSL..............................  Representative.........  Males..................       0.86       0.98       1.19       1.39       1.54       1.75
                                                               Females................       0.56       0.66       0.86       1.18       1.27       1.38
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             POU                               Males..................       0.86       0.98       1.19       1.39       1.54       1.75
                                                               Females................       0.56       0.66       0.86       1.18       1.27       1.38
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the analysis of childhood IQ impacts section VI.D.2 
of this notice), the estimated BLLs in Exhibit 6-15 are average adult 
annual blood lead levels given the corresponding estimated lead tap 
water concentrations resulting from LSL, CCT, and POU status. In the 
proposed LCR revisions cost-benefit model, individual males and females 
in LSL households for each water system are tracked as they move from 
one LSL, CCT, or POU status to another as a result of rule 
implementation. Exhibit 6-16 shows the estimated changes in average 
lifetime blood lead levels for adults that move from the set of initial 
LSL, CCT, and POU status combinations to a new status as a result of 
LSL removal, and/or installation of CCT or POU. Note that when ``No 
LSL'' is the beginning or post-rule state, 0.75 [mu]g/L is the assumed 
concentration across all levels of CCT status (none, partial, 
representative). The extent to which changes in CCT status make 
meaningful difference in lead concentrations for those without LSL 
cannot be determined from this Exhibit.

               Exhibit 6-16--Estimated Lifetime Average Blood Lead Change for Adults Moving Between LSL, CCT, and POU Status Combinations
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                           Pre-rule drinking water                                             Post-rule drinking water                     Estimated
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  average blood
                                                                                                                                           lead change
                                                                                                                                          (in geometric
                                                                                 Lead conc.                                                   means)
     Lead conc.  ([micro]g/L)           LSL status            CCT status        ([micro]g/L)        LSL status           CCT status     ----------------
                                                                                                                                            Ages 20-80
                                                                                                                                          ([micro]g/dL)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18.62............................  LSL.................  None................            0.75  No LSL.............  None...............             1.09
18.62............................  LSL.................  None................            7.01  LSL................  Representative.....             0.71
18.62............................  LSL.................  None................            0.75  No LSL.............  Representative.....             1.09
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
18.62............................  LSL.................  None................            0.75                     POU                               1.09
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
8.78.............................  Partial.............  None................            0.75  No LSL.............  None...............             0.49
8.78.............................  Partial.............  None................             3.3  Partial............  Representative.....             0.34
8.78.............................  Partial.............  None................            0.75  No LSL.............  Representative.....             0.49
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
8.78.............................  Partial.............  None................            0.75                     POU                               0.49
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------

[[Page 61729]]

 
0.75.............................  No LSL..............  None................            0.75  No LSL.............  Representative.....             0.00
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
0.75.............................  No LSL..............  None................            0.75                     POU                               0.00
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
11.27............................  LSL.................  Partial.............            0.75  No LSL.............  Partial............             0.64
11.27............................  LSL.................  Partial.............            7.01  LSL................  Representative.....             0.26
11.27............................  LSL.................  Partial.............            0.75  No LSL.............  Representative.....             0.64
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
11.27............................  LSL.................  Partial.............            0.75                     POU                               0.64
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
5.32.............................  Partial.............  Partial.............            0.75  No LSL.............  Partial............             0.28
5.32.............................  Partial.............  Partial.............             3.3  Partial............  Representative.....             0.12
5.32.............................  Partial.............  Partial.............            0.75  No LSL.............  Representative.....             0.28
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
5.32.............................  Partial.............  Partial.............            0.75                     POU                               0.28
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
0.75.............................  No LSL..............  Partial.............            0.75  No LSL.............  Representative.....             0.00
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
0.75.............................  No LSL..............  Partial.............            0.75                     POU                               0.00
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
7.01.............................  LSL.................  Representative......            0.75  No LSL.............  Representative.....             0.38
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
7.01.............................  LSL.................  Representative......            0.75                     POU                               0.38
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
3.3..............................  Partial.............  Representative......            0.75  No LSL.............  Representative.....             0.16
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
3.3..............................  Partial.............  Representative......            0.75                     POU                               0.16
                                                                                              ------------------------------------------
0.75.............................  No LSL..............  Representative......            0.75                     POU                               0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Total Monetized Benefits
    Exhibits 6-17 and 6-18 show the estimated, monetized national 
annualized total benefits, under the low and high cost scenarios, from 
avoided child IQ decrements associated with the current LCR, the 
proposed LCRR, and the increment of change between the two, for CCT 
improvements, LSLR, and POU devise implementation discounted at 3 and 7 
percent, respectively. The potential changes in adult blood lead levels 
estimated from changing LSL and CCT status under the proposed LCRR can 
be found in section VI.D.3 of this notice and Chapter 6 of the EA. The 
impact of lead on the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 
and reductions in birth weight are discussed in Appendix H of the EA. 
It should also be noted that because of the lack of granularity in the 
assembled lead concentration profile data, with regard to CCT status 
when samples were collected (see section VI.D.1 of this notice), the 
benefits of small improvements in CCT, like those modeled under the 
``find-and-fix,'' cannot be quantified in the model. For additional 
information on non-quantified benefits see section VI.E.2 of this 
notice.

                                      Exhibit 6-17--Summary of Estimated National Annual Benefits, 3% Discount Rate
                                                                         [2016$]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               System type: All estimate                                Low cost estimate                               High cost estimate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Estimated child IQ benefits                 Current  LCR   Proposed  LCRR    Incremental     Current  LCR   Proposed  LCRR    Incremental
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)............          71,449       1,148,110       1,076,661        1,034,170       3,431,200       2,397,030
Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT)................             431           8,764           8,333            6,875          28,127          21,252
Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT)...............      $7,300,000    $152,661,000    $145,361,000     $129,985,000    $521,356,000    $391,371,000
Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR/POU)...........             297           4,010           3,713            5,065          12,011           6,946
Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR/POU)..........      $5,091,000     $70,811,000     $65,720,000      $99,412,000    $229,200,000    $129,788,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided...........     $12,391,000    $223,472,000    $211,081,000     $229,397,000    $750,556,000    $521,159,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This table summarizes the national annual children's benefit for a 3 percent discount rate under High & Low Cost assumptions. This table uses a 3%
  discount rate over the 35 year analysis period. Children are modeled throughout their lifetime, and their drinking water concentration and BLL can
  change in each year of the analysis as CCT, POU or LSL changes happen in their modeled PWS.


[[Page 61730]]


                                      Exhibit 6-18--Summary of Estimated National Annual Benefits, 7% Discount Rate
                                                                         [2016$]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               System type: All estimate                                Low cost estimate                               High cost estimate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Estimated child IQ benefits                 Current  LCR   Proposed  LCRR    Incremental     Current  LCR   Proposed  LCRR    Incremental
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of Children Impacted (over 35 years)............          71,449       1,148,110       1,076,661        1,034,170       3,431,200       2,397,030
Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (CCT)................             431           8,764           8,333            6,875          28,127          21,252
Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (CCT)...............      $1,201,000     $26,219,000     $25,018,000      $25,008,000     $97,772,000     $72,764,000
Annual IQ Point Decrement Avoided (LSLR/POU)...........             297           4,010           3,713            5,065          12,011           6,946
Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided (LSLR/POU)..........        $858,000     $12,453,000     $11,595,000      $20,311,000     $45,005,000     $24,694,000
                                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Annual Value of IQ Impacts Avoided...........      $2,059,000     $38,671,000     $36,612,000      $45,319,000    $142,778,000     $97,459,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This table summarizes the national annual children's benefit for a 7 percent discount rate under High & Low Cost assumptions. This table uses a 7%
  discount rate over the 35 year analysis period. Children are modeled throughout their lifetime, and their drinking water concentration and BLL can
  change in each year of the analysis as CCT, POU or LSL changes happen in their modeled PWS.

E. Cost-Benefit Comparison
    This section summarizes and describes the numeric relationship 
between the monetized incremental costs and benefits of the proposed 
LCR revisions. The section also discusses both the non-monetized costs 
and benefits of the rulemaking. Exhibits 6-19 and 6-20 compare the 
annualized monetized incremental costs and benefits of the proposed 
LCRR for the low and high cost scenarios. Under a 3 percent discount 
rate, the net annualized incremental benefits, under the low and high 
cost scenarios, range from $79 to $251 million. Under the low and high 
cost scenarios and a 7 percent discount rate, the net annualized 
incremental benefits range from a negative $91 to negative $189 
million.

    Exhibit 6-19--Comparison of Estimated Monetized National Annualized Incremental Costs to Benefits of the
                                        Proposed LCRR at 3% Discount Rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    Low cost        High cost
                                                                                    scenario         scenario
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized Incremental Costs..................................................     $131,987,000     $269,989,000
Annualized Incremental Benefits...............................................      211,081,000      521,159,000
                                                                               ---------------------------------
    Annual Net Benefits.......................................................       79,094,000      251,170,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


    Exhibit 6-20--Comparison of Estimated Monetized National Annualized Incremental Costs to Benefits of the
                                        Proposed LCRR at 7% Discount Rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                    Low cost        High cost
                                                                                    scenario         scenario
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized Incremental Costs..................................................     $130,104,000     $286,219,000
Annualized Incremental Benefits...............................................       36,612,000       97,459,000
                                                                               ---------------------------------
    Annual Net Benefits.......................................................      -91,492,000     -188,760,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Non-Monetized Costs
    The proposed LCRR are expected to result in additional phosphate 
being added to drinking water to reduce the amount of lead leaching 
into the water in the distribution system. The EPA's cost model 
estimated that, nationwide, the proposed LCRR will result in total 
incremental phosphorus loads increasing over the period of analysis, 
under the low cost and high cost scenarios, by a range of 202,000 to 
460,000 pounds fifteen years after promulgation, and increasing under 
the low cost and high cost scenarios by a range of 461,000 to 685,000 
pounds at year 35. At the national level, under the high cost scenario, 
this additional phosphorous loading is small, less than 0.09 percent of 
the total phosphorous load deposited annually from all other 
anthropogenic sources. However, national average load impacts may 
obscure significant localized ecological impacts. Impacts, such as 
eutrophication, may occur in water bodies without restrictions on 
phosphate deposits, or in locations with existing elevated phosphate 
levels. See Chapter 5, section 5.5.4 of the EA for additional 
information.
2. Non-Quantified Non-Monetized Benefits
    In addition to the benefits monetized in the proposed rule analysis 
for reductions in lead exposure, there are several other benefits that 
are not quantified. The risk of adverse health effects due to lead that 
are expected to decrease as a result of the proposed LCRR are 
summarized in Appendix D of the EA and are expected to affect both 
children and adults. The EPA focused its non-quantified impacts 
assessment on the endpoint identified using two comprehensive U.S. 
Government documents summarizing the recent literature on lead exposure 
health impacts. These documents are the EPA's Integrated Science 
Assessment for Lead (ISA) (USEPA, 2013); and the U.S. Department of 
Health and Human Services' National Toxicology Program Monograph on 
Health Effects of Low-Level Lead (National Toxicology Program (NTP), 
2012). Both of these sources present comprehensive reviews of the 
literature on the risk of adverse health effects associated with lead 
exposure. The EPA summarized those endpoints to which either the EPA 
ISA or the NTP Lead Monograph assigned

[[Page 61731]]

one of the top two tiers of confidence in the relationship between lead 
exposure and the risk of adverse health effects. These endpoints 
include: Cardiovascular effects, renal effects, reproductive and 
developmental effects, immunological effects, neurological effects, and 
cancer.
    There are a number of proposed rule requirements that reduce lead 
exposure to both children and adults that the EPA could not quantify. 
The proposed rule would require additional lead public education 
requirements that target consumers directly, schools and child care 
facilities, health agencies, and specifically people living in homes 
with lead service lines. Increased education will lead to additional 
averting behavior on the part of the exposed public, resulting in 
reductions in the negative impacts of lead. The proposed rule also 
would require the development of lead service line inventories and 
making the location of lead service lines publicly accessible. This 
would give exposed consumers more information, and it would provide 
potential home buyers this information as well, possibly resulting in 
additional lead service line removals initiated by homeowners before, 
during, or following home sale transactions. The benefits of these 
additional removals are not quantified in the analysis of the proposed 
LCRR. As indicated in section VI.D.4 of this notice, because of the 
lack of granularity in the lead tap water concentration data available 
to the EPA for the proposed rule analysis, the benefits of small 
improvements in CCT to individuals residing in homes with LSLs, like 
those modeled under the ``find-and-fix,'' are not quantified.
    The EPA also did not quantify the benefits of reduced lead exposure 
to individuals who reside in homes that do not have lead service lines. 
The EPA has determined that the revised LCR requirements may result in 
reduced lead exposure to the occupants of these buildings as a result 
of improved monitoring and additional actions to optimize CCT. In the 
analysis of the proposed LCRR, the number of non-LSL homes potentially 
affected by water systems increasing their corrosion control during the 
35-year period of analysis is 14 million in the low cost scenario and 
26 million in the high cost scenario. These households, while not 
having an LSL in place, may still contain leaded plumbing materials, 
including leaded brass fixtures, and lead solder. These households 
could potentially see reductions in lead tap water concentrations. The 
EPA has assessed the potential benefits to children of reducing lead 
water concentrations in these homes (see Appendix F of the EA) but has 
determined that the data are too limited and the uncertainties too 
significant to include in the quantified and monetized benefit 
estimates of this regulation.
    Additionally, the risk of adverse health effects associated with 
copper that are expected to be reduced by the proposed LCRR are 
summarized in Appendix E of the EA. These risks include acute 
gastrointestinal symptoms, which are the most common adverse effect 
observed among adults and children. In sensitive groups, there may be 
reductions in chronic hepatic effects, particularly for those with rare 
conditions such as Wilson's disease and children pre-disposed to 
genetic cirrhosis syndromes. These diseases disrupt copper homeostasis, 
leading to excessive accumulation that can be worsened by excessive 
copper ingestion (National Research Council, 2000).

F. Other Regulatory Options Considered

    The Office of Management and Budget recommends careful 
consideration ``of all appropriate alternatives for the key attributes 
or provisions of a rule (Office of Management and Budget, 2003).'' 
Pursuant to this guidance, the EPA considered other regulatory options 
when developing the proposed LCRR related to:
     The lead in drinking water sampling program at schools and 
licensed child care facilities,
     The lead tap sampling protocol requirements for water 
systems with LSLs, and
     LSL locational information to be made publicly available.
     Providing small system flexibility to CWSs that serve a 
population of 3,300 or less.
    Exhibit 6-21 provides a summary of the proposed requirement and 
other option considered for these four areas.

 Exhibit 6-21--Summary of Other Options Considered for the Proposed LCRR
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Other option
            Area                  Proposed LCRR          considered
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lead in Drinking Water        Mandatory program:    Upon request
 Sampling Program at Schools   20% of        program:
 and Licensed Child Care       schools and           Schools and
 Facilities.                   licensed child care   licensed child care
                               facilities tested     facilities would be
                               annually.             tested upon
                               5 samples     request.
                               per school.           5 samples
                               2 samples     per school.
                               per licensed child    2 samples
                               care facility.        per licensed child
                                                     care facility.
Lead Tap Sampling              Systems       Systems
 Requirements for Systems      with LSLs collect     with LSLs collect
 with Lead Service Lines       100% of their         100% of their
 (LSLs).                       samples from LSLs     samples from LSLs
                               sites, if             sites, if
                               available.            available.
                               Samples are   Samples are
                               first liter,          fifth liter,
                               collected after 6-    collected after 6-
                               hour minimum          hour minimum
                               stagnation time..     stagnation time.
Publicly Available LSL        Systems report a      Systems report the
 Locational Information.       location identifier   exact street
                               (e.g., street,        address of customer-
                               intersection,         owned portion of
                               landmark) for         LSLs
                               customer-owned
                               portion of LSLs.
Small System Flexibility....  CWSs that serve       CWSs that serve
                               10,000 or less        3,300 or less
                               people, and all       people, and all
                               NTNCWSs, are          NTNCWSs, are
                               provided compliance   provided compliance
                               flexibility when      flexibility when
                               they exceed the AL.   they exceed the AL.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: The fifth liter sample is intended to be representative of water
  residing in the LSL.

1. Lead Public Education and Sampling at Schools and Child Care 
Facilities Option
    The EPA is proposing that all CWSs conduct a mandatory sampling and 
public education program for schools and licensed child care facilities 
that they serve. The EPA is also considering an ``upon request'' option 
that would contain the same components of the mandatory program under 
the proposed LCR revisions but would limit the sampling program to K-12 
schools or child care facilities served by the water system that 
request testing. CWSs would be required to annually contact these 
facilities about this lead sampling program.

[[Page 61732]]

    For the ``upon request'' option, the EPA assumed that five percent 
of schools and licensed child care facilities per year would elect to 
participate in the sampling program and that CWSs would contact each 
facility annually to determine its interest in the program in lieu of 
developing a sampling schedule for each facility. CWSs would only be 
required to sample at those facilities that request this sampling. As 
shown in Exhibit 6-22, the ``upon request'' option is estimated to be 
less costly than the proposed option. However, the cost of the ``upon 
request'' option is highly dependent on the percentage of facilities 
that request to participate in the sampling program. In addition, there 
is a great degree of uncertainty regarding the percentage of facilities 
that will request this sampling and how this interest may fluctuate 
over time.

                       Exhibit 6-22--National Annualized Costs for School Sampling Options
                                                     [2016$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Annualized cost  Annualized cost
                                    Option                                      at 3%  discount  at 7%  discount
                                                                                      rate             rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Proposed LCRR: Mandatory Program..............................................      $28,540,000      $27,520,000
Other Option Considered: Upon Request Program.................................       10,430,000       10,047,200
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Lead Tap Sampling Requirements for Water Systems With Lead Service 
Lines
    The EPA is proposing that water systems with LSLs collect all one-
liter, first-draw tap samples from sites served by LSLs as opposed to a 
minimum of 50 percent as currently required. As noted in section 
III.E.1 of this notice, tap sample sites served by an LSL are at the 
highest risk for elevated lead levels in drinking water, therefore, the 
EPA is revising the tap sample site selection criteria to ensure water 
systems with LSLs use those sites for lead tap sampling. The EPA is 
proposing to retain the first draw sampling procedure because this 
approach has been effectively implemented by water systems and can 
identify when systems must take additional actions to address elevated 
lead exposure. However, studies have shown LSLs to be one of the 
greatest contributors to lead, and first-draw samples of one-liter may 
not capture water that has sat in the lead service line, which may 
contain the highest lead in drinking water levels. When the 1991 LCR 
was promulgated, the best available data was first draw one-liter 
samples. Recent studies have been conducted to identify which liter 
from the tap best captures the highest level of lead that could 
potentially be consumed by residents. The EPA has evaluated these 
studies and determined that a fifth liter tap sample may be a more 
conservative option than a first-draw sample, because it would capture 
water from the lead service line, and sample results would 
theoretically result in more protective measures, even though it is 
unlikely that any given person consistently drinks water at the level 
of the fifth liter draw. Therefore, the EPA is considering a ``fifth-
liter option.'' To take a fifth liter tap sample, the person sampling, 
in accordance with all proposed tap sampling revisions, would fill a 
one-gallon container that would not be analyzed, then immediately 
collect a one-liter sample for lead in a separate bottle without 
turning off the tap. While technically this is not the fifth liter of 
water, the EPA will refer to this sample as the fifth liter.
    Under this proposal, copper samples would continue to be first-
draw, which would necessitate collection of two tap samples using 
different protocols at each sampling site for systems with LSLs. 
Collection of tap samples for both lead and copper at a single tap 
sample site could not be achieved on the same day under the alternative 
option above. To accomplish tap sampling for both lead and copper on a 
single visit would require collection of five consecutive one liter tap 
samples without turning the tap off. The first liter would be analyzed 
for copper and the fifth liter would be analyzed for lead. This 
procedure significantly complicates tap sample collection and may 
introduce error, such as misidentifying the correct liter for the two 
different analyses. Due to this complexity, copper samples may need to 
be collected on a different day to meet stagnation time and first draw 
requirements in the current LCR. The EPA requests comment on the 
feasibility of the fifth liter collection option.
    The EPA expects that the fifth liter sampling for LSL water systems 
will increase the percent of water systems with a trigger level 
exceedance or action level exceedance and the probability that 
individual tap samples would exceed 15 [micro]g/L. The EPA estimated 
that the number and percentage of LSL water systems with an action 
level exceedance would be two to three times higher under the fifth 
liter option for water systems without and with CCT, respectively, than 
the proposed LCR revisions. The EPA also estimated a larger number and 
percentage of water systems would have a trigger level exceedance under 
the fifth liter option, while the number and percentages of LSL water 
systems with no trigger level exceedance or action level exceedance 
would be lower. Note that these numbers would not change for non-LSL 
water systems under the fifth liter option compared to the proposed LCR 
revisions since the requirement to collect a fifth liter would only 
apply to LSL water systems.
    Exhibits 6-23 and 6-24 provide the national annualized rule costs 
and benefits, under the low cost scenario, discounted at 3 and 7 
percent, for the current rule, proposed LCRR, and the fifth liter 
option. Exhibits 6-25 and 6-26 provide the high cost scenario national 
annualized rule costs and benefits at the 3 and 7 percent discount 
rates. The EPA predicts higher State oversight costs, LSLR costs 
assigned to households, and wastewater treatment plant costs associated 
with CCT under the fifth liter option than under the proposed LCRR and 
current rule. At a 3 percent discount rate, the EPA estimates higher 
total benefits under the fifth liter option ($429 to $946 million) 
compared to the proposed LCRR ($223 to $751 million) and current rule 
($12 to $229 million) based on estimated IQ point decrement avoided 
benefits. The EPA estimates that the cost of the rule will be higher 
under the fifth liter option ($543 to $762 million) compared to the 
proposed LCRR ($509 to $708 million) and current rule ($377 to 438 
million) because more water systems will be required to conduct 
additional tap sampling and treatment requirements in response to 
higher measured fifth liter tap sample lead levels.
    At a 7 percent discount rate, the EPA estimates higher total 
benefits under the fifth liter option ($76 to $178 million) compared to 
the proposed LCRR ($39 to $143 million) and current rule ($2 to

[[Page 61733]]

$45 million) based on estimated IQ point decrement avoided benefits. 
The EPA estimates that the cost of the rule will be higher under the 
fifth liter option ($524 to $777 million) compared to the proposed LCRR 
($489 to $721 million) and current rule ($359 to $435 million) because 
more water systems will be required to conduct additional tap sampling 
and treatment requirements in response to higher measured fifth liter 
tap sample lead levels.

  Exhibit 6-23--Estimated National Annualized Rule Costs for the Low Cost Scenario at 3% Discount Rate Current
                                   Rule, Proposed LCRR, and Fifth Liter Option
                                                     [2016$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Proposed LCRR                Fifth liter option
      Benefit/cost category         Current LCR  ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                       total           Total        Incremental        Total        Incremental
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Annual Rule Costs.........    $376,857,000    $508,762,000    $131,905,000    $543,079,000    $166,222,000
Total Annual PWS Costs..........     370,631,000     481,688,000     111,057,000     512,176,000     141,545,000
Total Annual Benefits...........      12,391,000     223,472,000     211,081,000     428,597,000     416,206,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


  Exhibit 6-24--Estimated National Annualized Rule Costs for the Low Cost Scenario at 7% Discount Rate Current
                                   Rule, Proposed LCRR, and Fifth Liter Option
                                                     [2016$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Proposed LCRR                Fifth liter option
      Benefit/cost category         Current LCR  ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                       total           Total        Incremental        Total        Incremental
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Annual Rule Costs.........    $359,230,000    $489,253,000    $130,023,000    $523,524,000    $164,294,000
Total Annual PWS Costs..........     353,067,000     461,889,000     108,822,000     491,005,000     137,938,000
Total Annual Benefits...........       2,059,000      38,671,000      36,612,000      75,895,000      73,836,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


  Exhibit 6-25--Estimated National Annualized Rule Costs for the High Cost Scenario at 3% Discount Rate Current
                                   Rule, Proposed LCRR, and Fifth Liter Option
                                                     [2016$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Proposed LCRR                Fifth liter option
      Benefit/cost category         Current LCR  ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                       total           Total        Incremental        Total        Incremental
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Annual Rule Costs.........    $438,408,000    $708,314,000    $269,906,000    $762,023,000    $323,615,000
Total Annual PWS Costs..........     421,766,000     663,931,000     242,165,000     717,537,000     295,771,000
Total Annual Benefits...........     229,397,000     750,556,000     521,159,000     946,051,000     716,654,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


  Exhibit 6-26--Estimated National Annualized Rule Costs for the High Cost Scenario at 7% Discount Rate Current
                                   Rule, Proposed LCRR, and Fifth Liter Option
                                                     [2016$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Proposed LCRR                Fifth liter option
      Benefit/cost category         Current LCR  ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                       total           Total        Incremental        Total        Incremental
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Annual Rule Costs.........    $435,144,000    $721,282,000    $286,138,000    $777,471,000    $342,327,000
Total Annual PWS Costs..........     414,405,000     672,615,000     258,210,000     728,865,000     314,460,000
Total Annual Benefits...........      45,319,000     142,778,000      97,459,000     178,024,000     132,705,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Reporting of LSL-Related Information
    The EPA is proposing to require water systems to make their LSL 
inventory publicly available with a locational identifier associated 
with each LSL. The EPA is not proposing that address-level information 
must be provided to protect information regarding real property (see 
section II.E.3 of this notice). Public disclosure of the LSL inventory 
would increase transparency and consumer awareness of the extent of 
LSLs in the distribution system. The EPA is considering an additional 
option in which systems with LSLs would be required to make the address 
associated with each LSL publicly available. Available information 
indicates that prospective buyers and renters value reductions in risks 
associated with LSLs. Public disclosure of LSL locations can create an 
incentive, through increased property values or home sale incentives, 
to replace LSLs.
    The EPA anticipates that the costs between these two options would 
be similar because the system would use the same method for publicly 
providing and maintaining information regarding its LSL information and 
LSL locational information, e.g., posting information to the water 
system's website. The EPA anticipates the benefits between the address-
level and location identifier options would be similar.
4. Small System Flexibility
    As discussed in section III.E of this notice, the proposed LCRR 
includes significant flexibility for CWSs that serve 10,000 or fewer 
people, and all

[[Page 61734]]

NTNCWSs. If these PWSs have an action level exceedance, they can choose 
from three options (modeled in the cost-benefit model) to reduce the 
concentration of lead in their water. These options are: (1) Replace 
seven percent of their baseline number of LSLs per year until all LSLs 
are replaced; (2) optimize existing CCT or install new CCT; (3) Provide 
POU devices to all customers. The EPA is proposing the above three 
flexibilities for NTNCWS and an additional option of replacement of all 
lead bearing plumbing fixtures at every tap where water could be used 
for human consumption.
    The EPA is considering limiting small system flexibility to CWSs 
that serve 3,300 or fewer people and all NTNCWSs. Exhibits 6-27 and 6-
28 provide the range of the estimated incremental annualized rule costs 
and benefits, under both the low and high cost scenarios, for the 
proposed LCRR and the alternative small system flexibility option at a 
3% and 7% discount rate, respectively.

Exhibit 6-27--Estimated National Annualized Incremental Rule Costs at 3% Discount Rate for the Proposed LCRR and
                                   Alternative Small System Flexibility Option
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    Proposed LCRR: Small system      Alternative small system
                                                   flexibility for CWSs serving      flexibility option: CWSs
                                                      <=10,000 people and all     serving <=3,300 people and all
              Benefit/cost category                           NTNCWSs                         NTNCWSs
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Low cost        High cost       Low cost        High cost
                                                     scenario        scenario        scenario        scenario
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Annual Rule Costs.........................    $131,987,000    $269,989,000    $134,385,000    $292,863,000
Total Annual PWS Costs..........................     111,057,000     242,165,000     112,734,000     260,053,000
Total Annual Benefits...........................     211,081,000     521,159,000     215,070,000     548,382,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


     Exhibit 6-28--National Annualized Incremental Rule Costs at 7% Discount Rate for the Proposed LCRR and
                                   Alternative Small System Flexibility Option
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    Proposed LCRR: Small system      Alternative small system
                                                   flexibility for CWSs serving      flexibility option: CWSs
                                                      <=10,000 people and all     serving <=3,300 people and all
              Benefit/cost category                           NTNCWSs                         NTNCWSs
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Low cost        High cost       Low cost        High cost
                                                     scenario        scenario        scenario        scenario
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Annual Rule Costs.........................    $130,104,000    $286,219,000    $132,748,000    $314,163,000
Total Annual PWS Costs..........................     108,822,000     258,210,000     110,742,000     280,731,000
Total Annual Benefits...........................      36,612,000      97,459,000      37,310,000     102,741,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

G. Cost-Benefit Determination

    The Administrator has determined that the quantified and non-
quantified benefits of the proposed LCR revisions justify the costs.
    Under section 1412(b)(3)(C)(ii) of the 1996 Amendments to the SDWA, 
when the EPA proposes a NPDWR that includes a treatment technique, the 
Administrator shall publish and seek public comment on an analysis of 
the health risk reduction benefits and costs likely to be experienced 
as the result of compliance with the treatment technique and 
alternative treatment techniques that are being considered. Sections 
VI.A through F of this notice summarize the results of this proposed 
rule analysis. As indicated in section VI.E of this notice, the 
monetized costs and benefits result in net annualized incremental 
benefits that range from $79 to $251 million, under the low and high 
cost scenarios at a 3 percent discount rate. Under the low and high 
cost scenarios at a 7 percent discount rate, the net annualized 
incremental benefits range from a negative $91 to negative $189 
million.
    In addition to the monetized benefits of the proposed rule, a 
number of potentially significant non-quantified and non-monetized 
sources of benefit exist that further strengthen the determination of 
benefits justifying costs. The harmful impacts of lead exposure 
include: Cardiovascular effects (both morbidity and mortality effects), 
renal effects, reproductive and developmental effects, immunological 
effects, neurological effects, and cancer. The EPA has only monetized a 
portion of the benefits associated with neurodevelopmental endpoints. 
Although the EPA did estimate the reductions to adult blood lead levels 
that could potentially result from changes to LSL and CCT status, the 
Agency did not quantify or monetize the potential benefits associated 
with reductions in adverse cardiovascular effects, renal effects, 
reproductive effects, immunological effects, neurological effects, and 
cancer. The EPA analysis has not quantified the positive impacts from 
increases in consumer averting behavior and the potential for customer 
initiated LSLR due to the proposed rule's additional lead public 
education requirements that target all potential affected consumers 
directly, schools and child care facilities, health agencies, and 
people living in homes with LSLs; and the development of LSL 
inventories with the requirement for public access to the information. 
The analysis was also unable to quantify the potentially significant 
benefits of reducing lead concentrations in drinking water from: 
Households without LSLs in water systems where the proposed rule 
triggered an installation or re-optimization of CCT; and all households 
in systems implementing small improvement in CCT because of the ``find-
and-fix'' proposed rule requirements.

VII. Request for Comment

    The EPA is requesting comments upon all aspects of the proposed 
revisions described in this notice. While all comments relevant to the 
LCR revisions proposed in this notice will be considered by the EPA, 
comments on the following issues will be especially helpful to the EPA 
in developing a final

[[Page 61735]]

rule. The EPA specifically requests comment on the following issues.

General Matters

    The EPA is requesting comment on the overall framework for the 
proposed LCR revisions. Has the EPA developed proposed revisions that 
address the variability in conditions among the regulated water systems 
that effect the levels of lead that may be present in drinking water? 
Do the proposed revisions to the LCR target the appropriate treatment 
technique actions to prevent known or anticipated adverse health 
effects to the extent feasible in accordance with the Safe Drinking 
Water Act (SDWA)?
    The EPA requests comment on the complexity of the regulatory 
requirements that result from targeting different actions for different 
types of water systems and challenges States and water systems will 
encounter.
    The EPA requests comment on ways that the proposed LCR revisions 
could be simplified and burden, including paperwork burden, could be 
reduced while still assuring adverse health effects are prevented to 
the extent feasible. The EPA solicits comment on ways it can improve 
the ability of State or Federal government to enforce this rule. The 
EPA solicits comment on ways it can improve the ability of State or 
Federal government to assist water systems with compliance.

Trigger Level

    The EPA requests comment on the proposed trigger level of 10 
[micro]g/L and the actions water systems must take if they exceed this 
trigger level. Does this level represent an appropriate 90th percentile 
level at which to require systems to initiate progressive actions to 
reduce drinking water lead levels? The EPA requests comment on other 
90th percentile level thresholds that would be reasonable for water 
systems to initiate progressive actions to reduce drinking water lead 
levels.

Lead Service Line Requirements

    The EPA requests comment on the feasibility of creating initial 
lead service line inventories by the compliance date, which is three 
years after publication of the final rule, and if a different frequency 
(other than annual) would be more appropriate for inventory updates. 
The EPA requests comment on whether additional requirements or guidance 
are needed relating to the content or format of inventories. The EPA 
also requests comment on the actions that system with limited records 
can take to improve their understanding of the number and location of 
lead service lines in their water system.
    The EPA request comment on whether small water systems should be 
exempt from the requirement to prepare a LSLR plan concurrent with 
their LSL inventory, given that they may opt not to select LSLR as a 
compliance option if the action level is exceeded.
    The EPA requests comment on including galvanized pipe in lead 
service line (LSL) inventories and in goal-based and mandatory lead 
service line replacement (LSLR) rates under the proposed LCR revisions.
    The EPA requests comment on the treatment of unknown service lines 
in the inventory.
    The EPA requests comment on whether the Agency should require water 
systems to distribute education materials to homes with unknown service 
lines to inform them of the potential for their line to be made of lead 
and the actions they can take to reduce their exposure to drinking 
water lead.
    The EPA requests comment on proposed revisions to the lead service 
line replacement program requirements.
    The EPA requests comment on the goal-based lead service line 
requirement for systems that exceed the trigger level. Does the goal 
based LSLR requirement provide adequate incentives for water systems to 
achieve meaningful reductions in their lead service line inventory? 
Does the goal based program enable systems to effectively incorporate 
LSLR into their infrastructure replacement programs? The EPA requests 
comment on what criteria must be met for the EPA to establish a federal 
goal rate for water system under Sec.  142.19.
    The EPA also requests comment upon the feasibility of replacing a 
minimum of three percent of the lead service lines a year for the 
systems that exceed the action level. The EPA requests comment on 
whether the number of lines required to be replaced should be three 
percent of the number of lead service lines plus the number of unknown 
service lines at the time the systems exceeds the action level.
    The EPA requests comment on the feasibility for a water system to 
replace its portion of an LSL within 45 days of being notified that a 
customer has replaced the customer portion of an LSL. Should this time 
frame be longer? Should this time frame be shorter? The EPA also 
requests comment on whether such replacement by a water system should 
be mandatory or voluntary.
    The EPA requests comment on how water systems that are conducting 
LSLR can identify and prioritize replacements at the locations that 
have the highest lead levels and/or the most susceptible populations. 
The EPA requests comment on whether to require water systems to 
describe in their LSLR plan, how LSLR will be prioritized or to require 
a prioritization plan at the time LSLR is compelled.
    The EPA is requesting comment on the appropriateness of requiring 
two years of tap sample monitoring before water systems may stop LSLR. 
Under this proposal, corrosion control treatment (CCT) or re-
optimization of CCT may not immediately reduce lead levels at the tap. 
The EPA proposes that two years of monitoring would be enough time to 
evaluate and ensure these measures consistently reduce lead to meet the 
action level.
    The EPA requests comment on requiring systems with LSLs to make 
publicly available the exact address of the LSL in the inventory 
instead of a location identifier (street, intersection, landmark) as 
proposed. As discussed in section VI of this notice, the EPA estimates 
that the costs and benefits of this alternative would be similar to the 
proposal.
    The EPA request comment on the appropriateness of pitcher filters 
for risk mitigation after LSLR or LSL disturbances given that the 
customer would be responsible for operation and maintenance.

Corrosion Control Treatment

    The EPA is requesting comment on the proposed CCT re-optimization 
requirements. EPA requests comment upon the potential actions water 
systems could take to adjust their corrosion control treatment and how 
they should work with the State to determine if adjustments to the 
treatment would better optimize corrosion control.

Tap Sampling

    The EPA is requesting comment on an alternative revision to the 
LCR's existing tap sample collection method provisions. In promulgating 
the LCR, the EPA noted ``the rule contains other procedures to ensure 
that excessive lead and/or copper levels would be detected in 
monitoring by requiring, for example, sampling of the first liter of 
water from the tap after water has been standing for at least six 
hours, conditions under which higher than average contaminant levels 
are likely to occur'' (58 FR 26514). The EPA continues to believe that 
first draw sampling following a 6-hour stagnation period is an 
effective technique to determine when optimal corrosion control 
treatment is being maintained. However, the EPA notes

[[Page 61736]]

that research using sequential tap sample collection techniques on 
homes with LSLs indicates that a first draw sample may not represent 
the significant contributions of LSLs (Lytle et al., 2019). The EPA 
evaluated the feasibility of conducting sequential sampling techniques 
for every tap sample site for the public water systems that are subject 
to the LCR. The EPA finds it is not feasible due to the complexity of 
the sequential sampling technique, the number of samples that must be 
analyzed and the difficulty of interpreting the results from multiple 
tap samples. However, the EPA is requesting comment on whether water 
systems with lead service lines should be required to collect tap 
samples that are representative of water that was in contact with lead 
service lines during the 6-hour stagnation period.
    The EPA requests comment on an alternative tap sampling technique 
for sampling locations with LSLs. The EPA requests comment on requiring 
tap samplers to collect the first gallon of water from the tap 
following the stagnation period (referred to as the fifth liter), then 
to collect a one-liter sample for analysis. The sampler would be 
instructed to pour out the gallon container or to use it for other 
purposes (e.g., watering plants) and to submit the one-liter tap sample 
for analysis. The EPA finds this approach would be more representative 
of lead concentrations in service lines (Del Toral, 2013) and would be 
more likely to identify a greater number of water systems that would be 
required to take action to address elevated levels of lead. The EPA has 
included an analysis of the costs and benefits of this option in 
Section VI of this notice and Chapter 9 of the Economic Analysis of the 
Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (USEPA, 2019a). The EPA also 
requests comment on how the EPA could develop tap sample protocols that 
would allow for collection of a first draw copper sample and a fifth 
liter lead tap sample during a single tap sample event. The EPA 
requests data that demonstrate collecting a tap sample liter (i.e., 5th 
liter) other than a first draw is more representative of water that has 
been in contact with a lead service line during the six hour stagnation 
period.
    The EPA is proposing to require that all water systems that change 
their source water or make significant treatment changes obtain 
approval from their primacy agency prior to making the change. The EPA 
expects that in addition to evaluating and mitigating the impacts of 
the source water change or treatment change on corrosion control, many 
primacy agencies will require the water systems to conduct more 
frequent tap sampling following the change in treatment or source. The 
EPA requests comment on whether the regulation should specify a minimum 
tap sampling frequency of once every six months or once per year 
following the source water change or significant treatment change.

Testing in Schools and Child Care Facilities

    The EPA requests comment on whether it should revise the rule to 
require community water systems (CWSs) to offer to collect samples from 
schools and child care facilities every five years or to collect 
samples from a school or a child care facility only if requested. The 
CWS would still be required to provide the schools and child care 
facilities information on the health effects and sources of lead in 
drinking water, and the 3Ts guidance. Under this approach, CWS would be 
able to respond to requests for sampling in a way that allows the water 
system to spread out the cost burden over multiple years (i.e., delay 
fulfilment of requests to future years) if the water system samples at 
a minimum of five percent of schools and child care facilities each 
year. Additionally, a facility could decline the offer. The EPA has 
included an analysis of the costs and benefits of this option in 
section VI of this notice and Chapter 9 of the Economic Analysis of the 
Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (USEPA, 2019a).

Small System Flexibilities

    The EPA is proposing that small system flexibilities be allowed for 
CWSs serving 10,000 or fewer persons and all NTNCWS. The EPA request 
comment on whether this flexibility is needed by systems serving 
between 3,301 and 10,000 persons and whether a different threshold is 
more appropriate. EPA requests comment on whether different 
flexibilities would be more appropriate for small systems whether 
defined as water systems serving 10,000 or fewer persons or 3,300 or 
fewer persons.

Public Education and Outreach

    The EPA requests comment on whether the Agency should require water 
systems to distribute education materials to homes with unknown service 
line types to inform them of the potential for their line to be made of 
lead and the actions they can take to reduce their exposure to drinking 
water lead.
    The EPA requests comment on the appropriateness of required 
outreach activities a water system would conduct if they do not meet 
the goal LSLR rate in response to a trigger level exceedance. The EPA 
also requests comments on other actions or additional outreach efforts 
water systems could take to meet their LSLR goal rate.
    The EPA requests comment on the appropriateness, frequency, and 
content of required outreach to State and local health agencies and 
whether the requirement should apply only to a subset of the country's 
community water systems.

Economic Analysis

    The EPA is soliciting comment on all aspects of the analysis for 
this rule. The agency offers a fulsome discussion on assumptions, 
models and related uncertainties in the regulatory impact analysis. In 
particular, the EPA requests comment on the five drivers of costs 
identified including rate of LSLR in its economic analysis. EPA 
requests comments on whether this estimated rate of lead service lines 
being replaced is appropriate. The EPA also solicits comment on: (1) 
The existing number of LSLs in PWSs; (2) the number of PWS above the AL 
or TL under the current and proposed monitoring requirements; (3) the 
cost of installing and optimizing corrosion control treatment (CCT); 
(4) the effectiveness of CCT in mitigating lead concentrations; and (5) 
the cost of lead service line replacement cost of lead service line 
replacement, cost of CCT, effectiveness of CCT. In addition to these 
cost drivers, the EPA solicits comment on the assumptions regarding 
labor required to comply with this rule, including labor required to 
collect and analyze samples. As described in section VI.E.2 of this 
notice, the EPA is not estimating benefits of avoided cardiovascular 
mortality that may result from the proposed LCR revisions. The EPA 
acknowledges the scientific understanding of the relationship between 
lead exposure and cardiovascular mortality is evolving and scientific 
questions remain. The EPA intends to conduct additional analysis and 
conduct a peer review that includes an opportunity for public comment. 
In the interim, EPA solicits peer reviewed information on the evidence 
relevant to quantifying the incremental contribution of blood lead 
concentrations (especially at BLL <5 [mu]g/dL) to cardiovascular 
disease (and associated mortality) relative to strong predictors such 
as diet, exercise, and genetics that may be useful in future benefits 
analysis.
    As mentioned in Section VI, and detailed in Appendix F of the EA, 
the EPA in a secondary analysis has

[[Page 61737]]

estimated the changes in lead concentrations at non-LSL households that 
result from changes in CCT. The lead concentration values used in this 
assessment come from data EPA collected from 15 cities across the 
United States and Canada (See Chapter 6, section 6,2 of the EA for more 
detail). The EPA has not found additional studies to corroborate this 
data. The EPA, therefore, is requesting comment and additional 
information about the change in lead concentrations that occur in non-
LSL households that experience changes in CCT.

Recordkeeping

    The EPA requests comment on the utility of States maintaining 
records of water system actions related to find-and-fix.

VIII. Administrative Requirements

A. Executive Order 12866 Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    This action is an economically significant regulatory action that 
was submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review. 
Any changes made in response to OMB recommendations have been 
documented in the docket. The EPA prepared an analysis of the potential 
costs and benefits associated with this action. This analysis, the 
Economic Analysis of the Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Revisions 
(USEPA, XX), is available in the docket and is summarized in section VI 
of this notice.

B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulations and Controlling 
Regulatory Cost

    This action is expected to be an Executive Order 13771 regulatory 
action. Details on the estimated costs of this proposed rule can be 
found in the EPA's analysis of the potential costs and benefits 
associated with this action summarized in section VI.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act (From the Office of Mission Support's 
Information Collection Request Center) (PRA)

    The information collection activities in this proposed rule have 
been submitted for approval to the OMB under the PRA. The Information 
Collection Request (ICR) document that the EPA prepared has been 
assigned the Agency's ICR number 2040-NEW. Under the Paperwork 
Reduction Act (PRA), comments on the information collection provisions 
are best assured of consideration if the Office of Management and 
Budget (OMB) receives a copy of your comments on or before December 13, 
2019. You can find a copy of the ICR in the docket for this rule (EPA-
HQ-OW-2017-0300), and it is briefly summarized here. The burden 
includes the time needed to conduct Primacy Agency and public water 
system activities during the first three years after promulgation, as 
described in Chapter 8 from the Economic Analysis of the Proposed Lead 
and Copper Rule Revisions (USEPA, 2019a)).
    Burden means the total time, effort, or financial resources 
expended by people to generate, maintain, retain, disclose, or provide 
information to or for a federal agency. This includes the time needed 
to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize 
technology, and systems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and 
verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and 
disclosing and providing information; adjust the existing ways to 
comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; 
train personnel to be able to respond to a collection of information; 
search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; 
and transmit or otherwise disclose the information.
    The paperwork burden associated with this proposal consists of the 
burden imposed on systems to read and understand the LCRR as well as 
the burden associated with certain new or revised collections of 
information. Specifically, public water systems will have to assign 
personnel and devote resources in order to implement the rule. In 
addition, public water systems will need to conduct training sessions 
and receive technical assistance from their Primacy Agency during 
implementation of the LCRR. Furthermore, public water systems will have 
to develop a lead service line inventory or submit a demonstration to 
the Primacy Agency that they do not have lead service lines. For the 
public water systems that have lead service lines, a lead service 
replacement plan will need to be developed.
    Likewise, the paperwork burden for primacy agencies include reading 
and understanding the LCRR. The primacy agencies will have to adopt the 
rule and develop programs to implement the LCRR. This may result in the 
Primacy Agency modifying their data system while implementing the LCRR. 
Also, the Primacy Agency will have to provide the Primacy Agency's 
staff with training and technical assistance during implementation of 
the LCRR. The Primacy Agency is also responsible for reviewing 
demonstration of no lead service lines from systems and reviewing lead 
service replacement plans.
    The information collected under the ICR is critical to States and 
other authorized entities that have been granted primacy (i.e., primary 
enforcement authority) for the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR). These 
authorized entities are responsible for overseeing the LCR 
implementation by certain public water systems within their 
jurisdiction. Primacy agencies would utilize these data to determine 
compliance, designate additional treatment controls to be installed, 
and establish enforceable operating parameters. The collected 
information is also necessary for public water systems. Public water 
systems would use these data to demonstrate compliance, assess 
treatment options, operate and maintain installed treatment equipment, 
and communicate water quality information to consumers served by the 
water system. Primacy agencies would also be required to report a 
subset of these data to the EPA. The EPA would utilize the information 
to protect public health by ensuring compliance with the LCR, measuring 
progress toward meeting the LCR's goals, and evaluating the 
appropriateness of State implementation activities. No confidential 
information would be collected as a result of this ICR.
    Respondents/affected entities: Data associated with this proposed 
ICR would be collected and maintained at the public water system, and 
by State and Federal governments. Respondents would include owners and 
operators of public water systems, who must report to their primacy 
agency(s).
    Respondent's obligation to respond: If the proposed LCR is 
finalized, then the respondent's obligation to respond would be 
mandatory. Section 1401(1)(D) of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 
requires that ``criteria and procedures to assure a supply of drinking 
water which dependably complies with such maximum contaminant levels 
[or treatment techniques promulgated in lieu of a maximum contaminant 
level]; including accepted methods for quality control and testing 
procedures to insure compliance with such levels and to insure proper 
operation and maintenance of the system. . .'' Furthermore, section 
1445(a)(1)(A) of the SDWA requires that ``[e]very person who is subject 
to any requirement of this subchapter or who is a grantee, shall 
establish and maintain such records, make such reports, conduct such 
monitoring, and provide such information as the Administrator may 
reasonably require by regulation to assist the Administrator in 
establishing

[[Page 61738]]

regulations under this subchapter, in determining whether such person 
has acted or is acting in compliance with this subchapter. . .'' In 
addition, section 1413(a)(3) of the SDWA requires States to ``keep such 
records and make such reports . . . as the Administrator may require by 
regulation.''
    Estimated number of respondents: If the proposed rule is finalized, 
the total number of respondents for the ICR would be 67,712. The total 
includes 56 primacy agencies and 67,656 public water systems.
    Frequency of Response: The average burden per response (i.e., the 
amount of time needed for each activity that requires a collection of 
information) is 8.15 to 8.41 hours; the average cost per response is 
$288 to $298.
    Total estimated burden: For the first three years after the final 
rule is published, water systems and primacy agencies will implement 
several proposed rule requirements. Since, the first three years of the 
rule focuses on the creation of inventories for lead service lines, 
households are not faced with costs. The public water systems burden 
will include the following activities: Reading and understanding the 
revised rule, personnel time for attending trainings, clarifying 
regulatory requirements with the Primacy Agency during rule 
implementation. Public water systems would also be required to create a 
lead service line (LSL) materials inventory and develop an initial lead 
service line replacement (LSLR) plan. The total burden hours for public 
water systems ranges from 2.24 to 2.35 million hours. The total cost 
for public water systems ranges from $68.3 to $72 million. For 
additional information on the public water systems activity burden see 
sections VI.C.3 and VI.C.4 of this notice.
    The Primacy Agency burden for the first three years of proposed 
rule implementation would include the following: Reading and 
understanding the rule; adopting the rule and developing an 
implementation program; modifying data recording systems; training 
staff; providing water system staff with initial and on-going technical 
assistance and training; coordinating annual administration tasks with 
the EPA; reporting data to SDWIS/Fed; reviewing public water system 
(PWS) inventory data; and conferring with LSL water systems on initial 
planning for LSLR program activities. The total burden hours for 
primacy agencies is 485,821 to 508,207 hours. The total cost for 
primacy agencies is $27.8 to $29.1 million. See section VI.C.8 of this 
notice for additional discussion on burden and cost to the Primacy 
Agency.
    The net change burden associated with moving from the information 
requirements of the current rule to those in the proposed LCRR over the 
three years covered by the ICR is 2.72 to 2.86 million hours, for an 
average of 0.91 to 0.95 million hours per year. The range reflects the 
upper- and lower-bound estimates of the number of systems that need to 
develop LSL inventories. The total net change in costs over the three-
year clearance period are $96.2 to 101.2 million, for an average of 
$32.1 to $33.7 million per year (simple average over three years).
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for the 
EPA's regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9.
    Submit your comments on the EPA's need for this information, the 
accuracy of the provided burden estimates and any suggested methods for 
minimizing respondent burden to the EPA using the Docket ID. You may 
also send your ICR-related comments to OMB's Office of Information and 
Regulatory Affairs via email to [email protected], Attention: 
Desk Officer for the EPA. Since OMB is required to make a decision 
concerning the ICR between 30 and 60 days after receipt, OMB must 
receive comments no later than December 13, 2019. The EPA will respond 
to any ICR-related comments in the final rule.

D. Regulatory Flexibility Act as Amended by the Small Business 
Regulatory Fairness Act (RFA)

    Pursuant to section 603 of the RFA, the EPA prepared an initial 
regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) that examines the impact of the 
proposed rule on small entities along with regulatory alternatives that 
could minimize that impact. The complete IRFA is available in Part 8.4 
of the EA and is summarized here.
    For purposes of assessing the impacts of this proposed rule on 
small entities, the EPA considered small entities to be water systems 
serving 10,000 people or fewer. This is the threshold specified by 
Congress in the 1996 Amendments to the SDWA for small water system 
flexibility provisions. As required by the RFA, the EPA proposed using 
this alternative definition in the Federal Register (FR) (63 FR 7620, 
February 13, 1998), sought public comment, consulted with the Small 
Business Administration, and finalized the small water system threshold 
in the Agency's Consumer Confidence Report regulation (USEPA, 1998b, 63 
FR 44524, August 19, 1998). As stated in that document, the alternative 
definition would apply to this regulation.
    The SDWA is the core statute addressing drinking water at the 
Federal level. Under the SDWA, the EPA sets public health goals and 
enforceable standards for drinking water quality. As previously 
described, the LCR requires water systems to minimize lead and copper 
in drinking water, primarily by reducing water corrosivity and 
preventing the leaching of these metals from the premise plumbing and 
drinking water distribution system components. The EPA is proposing 
regulatory revisions to strengthen public health protection and improve 
implementation in the following areas: Tap sampling, corrosion control 
treatment; LSLR; consumer awareness; and public education.
    The EPA identified over 65,000 small public water systems that may 
be impacted by the proposed LCR revisions. A small public water system 
serves between 25 and 10,000 people. These water systems include over 
45,758 community water systems that serve year-round residents and more 
than 17,566 non-transient non-community water systems that serve the 
same persons over six months per year (e.g., a public water system that 
is an office park or church). The proposed revisions to the LCR include 
requirements for: Conducting an LSL inventory that is updated annually; 
installing or re-optimizing corrosion control treatment when water 
quality declines; enhanced water quality parameter monitoring; 
establishment of a ``find-and-fix'' provision to evaluate and remediate 
elevated lead at a site where the tap sample exceeds the lead action 
level; and improved customer outreach. These proposed revisions also 
include reporting and recordkeeping requirements. States are required 
to implement operator certification (and recertification) programs per 
the SDWA section 1419 to ensure operators of community water systems 
and non-transient non-community water systems, including small water 
system operators, have the appropriate level of certification.
    Under the proposed rule requirements, small CWSs, serving 10,000 or 
fewer people, and all NTNCWS with a 90th percentile lead value above 
the action level of 15 [mu]g/L may choose between LSLR, CCT 
installation, or POU device installation and maintenance as the 
compliance option. A fourth option available to NTNCWSs, is the removal 
of all lead bearing plumbing material from the system was not analyzed 
in the EPA's

[[Page 61739]]

cost-benefit model. The EPA is estimating low and high cost scenarios 
to characterize uncertainty in the cost model results. These scenarios 
are functions of assigning different, low and high, input values to a 
number of variables that affect the relative cost of the small system 
compliance options. Under the current LCR, the EPA estimates that, 
under the low cost scenario, 21,435 small CWSs will have annual total 
LCR related costs of more than one percent of revenues, and that 10,599 
of these small CWSs will have annual total costs of three percent or 
greater of revenue. Under the proposed LCRR, the number of small CWSs 
that will experience annual total costs of more than one percent of 
revenues increases by 7,556 to 28,990 and the number of small CWSs that 
will have annual total costs exceeding three percent of revenues 
increases by 7,051 to 17,648. Under the high cost scenario, the EPA 
estimates that under the current LCR, 22,732 small CWSs will have 
annual total costs of more than one percent of revenues, and that 
12,127 of these small CWSs will have annual total costs of three 
percent or greater of revenue. Under the proposed LCRR, the number of 
small CWSs that will experience annual total costs of more than one 
percent of revenues increases by 8,274 to 31,002 and the number of 
small CWSs that will have annual total costs of more than three percent 
of revenues increases by 7,749 to 19,873. See section 8.4 of the 
proposed LCRR Economic Analysis for more information on the 
characterization of the impacts under the proposed rule. The EPA has 
considered an alternative approach to provide regulatory flexibility to 
small water systems. Section 8.4 of the LCRR Economic Analysis contains 
an assessment of impacts for an alternative option that sets the 
threshold for system compliance flexibility at systems serving 3,300 or 
fewer people.
    As required by section 609 (b) of the RFA, the EPA also convened a 
Small Business Advocacy Review (SBAR) Panel to obtain advice and 
recommendations from small entity representatives that potentially 
would be subject to the rule's requirements. The SBAR panel evaluated 
the assembled materials and small-entity comments on issues related to 
the elements of the IRFA. A copy of the full SBAR panel report is 
available in the rulemaking docket.

E. The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    This action contains a Federal mandate under UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-
1538, that may result in expenditures of $100 million or more for 
State, local and tribal governments, in the aggregate, or the private 
sector in any one year. Accordingly, the EPA has prepared a written 
statement required under section 202 of UMRA. The statement is included 
in the docket for this action (see Chapter 8 in the Economic Analysis 
of the Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (USEPA, 2019a)) and is 
briefly summarized here.
    Consistent with the intergovernmental consultation provisions of 
UMRA section 204, the EPA consulted with governmental entities affected 
by this rule. The EPA describes the government-to-government dialogue 
and comments from State, local, and tribal governments in section 
VIII.F Executive Order 13132: Federalism and section VIII.G Executive 
Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal 
Governments of this notice.
    Consistent with UMRA section 205, the EPA identified and analyzed a 
reasonable number of regulatory alternatives to determine the treatment 
technique requirements in the proposed LCR revisions. Sections III, IV, 
and V of this notice describe the proposed options. See section VI.F of 
this notice and Chapter 9 in the Economic Analysis of the Proposed Lead 
and Copper Rule Revisions (USEPA, 2019a)) for alternative options that 
were considered.
    This action may significantly or uniquely affect small governments. 
The EPA consulted with small governments concerning the regulatory 
requirements that might significantly or uniquely affect them. The EPA 
describes this consultation above in the Regulatory Flexibility Act 
(RFA), section VIII.D of this notice.

F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    The EPA has concluded that this action has Federalism implications, 
as specified in Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999), 
because it imposes substantial direct compliance costs on State or 
local governments. The EPA consulted with State and local governments 
early in the process of developing the proposed action to allow them to 
provide meaningful and timely input into its development. The EPA held 
Federalism consultations on November 15, 2011, and on January 8, 2018. 
The EPA invited the following national organizations representing State 
and local elected officials to a meeting on January 8, 2018, in 
Washington, DC: The National Governors' Association, the National 
Conference of State Legislatures, the Council of State Governments, the 
National League of Cities, the U.S. Conference of Mayors, the National 
Association of Counties, the International City/County Management 
Association, the National Association of Towns and Townships, the 
County Executives of America, and the Environmental Council of States. 
Additionally, the EPA invited the Association of State Drinking Water 
Administrators, the Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies, the 
National Rural Water Association, the American Water Works Association, 
the American Public Works Association, the National School Board 
Association, the American Association of School Administrators, and the 
Western Governors' Association to participate in the meeting. The EPA 
also provided the associations' membership an opportunity to provide 
input during follow-up meetings. The EPA held five follow up meetings 
between January 8, 2018, and March 8, 2018. In addition to input 
received during the meetings, the EPA provided an opportunity to 
receive written input within 60 days after the initial meeting. A 
summary report of the views expressed during Federalism consultations 
is available in the Docket (EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300).

G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This action has tribal implications. However, it will neither 
impose substantial direct compliance costs on federally recognized 
tribal governments, nor preempt tribal law as specified in Executive 
Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000). Consistent with the EPA 
Policy on Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribes (May 4, 
2011), the EPA consulted with Tribal officials during the development 
of this action to gain an understanding of Tribal views of potential 
revisions to key areas of the LCR. The EPA held consultations with 
federally-recognized Indian Tribes in 2011 and 2018. The 2018 
consultations with federally-recognized Indian Tribes began on January 
16, 2018 and ended March 16, 2018. The first national webinar was held 
January 31, 2018, while the second national webinar was held February 
15, 2018. A total of 48 tribal representatives participated in the two 
webinars. Updates on the consultation process were provided to the 
National Tribal Water Council upon request at regularly scheduled 
monthly meetings during the consultation process. Also, upon request, 
informational webinars were provided to the National Tribal Toxics 
Council's Lead Subcommittee on

[[Page 61740]]

January 30, 2018, and the EPA Region 9's Regional Tribal Operations 
Committee (RTOC) on February 8, 2018. Additionally, the EPA received 
written comments from the following Tribes and Tribal organizations: 
The Navajo Tribal Utility Authority, the National Tribal Water Council, 
the United South and Eastern Tribes Sovereignty Protection Fund, and 
the Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council. A summary report of the 
views expressed during Tribal consultations is available in the Docket 
(EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300).

H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health and Safety Risks

    This action is subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is an 
economically significant regulatory action as defined by Executive 
Order 12866, and, based on the record, the EPA finds that the 
environmental health or safety risk addressed by this action has a 
disproportionate effect on children. Accordingly, the EPA has evaluated 
the environmental health or safety effects of lead found in drinking 
water on children and estimated the risk reduction and health endpoint 
impacts to children associated with the adoption and optimization of 
corrosion control treatment technologies and the replacement of LSLs. 
The results of these evaluations are contained in the Economic Analysis 
of the Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (USEPA, 2019a) and 
described in section VI.D.2 of this notice. Copies of the Economic 
Analysis of the Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Revisions and supporting 
information are available in the Docket (EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300).

I. Executive Order 13211: Actions That Significantly Affect Energy 
Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This action is not a ``significant energy action'' because it is 
not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply, 
distribution or use of energy. The public and private water systems 
affected by this action do not, as a rule, generate power. This action 
does not regulate any aspect of energy distribution as the water 
systems that are regulated by the LCR already have electrical service. 
Finally, The EPA has determined that the incremental energy used to 
implement corrosion control treatment at drinking water systems in 
response to the proposed regulatory requirements is minimal. As such, 
the EPA does not anticipate that this rule will have a significant 
adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use of energy.

J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995

    The proposed revisions may involve existing voluntary consensus 
standards in that it requires additional monitoring for lead and 
copper. Monitoring and sample analysis methodologies are often based on 
voluntary consensus standards. However, the proposed LCR revisions does 
not change any methodological requirements for monitoring or sample 
analysis. The EPA's approved monitoring and sampling protocols 
generally include voluntary consensus standards developed by agencies 
such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and other such 
bodies wherever the EPA deems these methodologies appropriate for 
compliance monitoring. The EPA notes that in some cases, the proposed 
LCR revises the required frequency and number of lead tap samples.

K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    Based on the record the EPA finds that this action does not have 
disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental 
effects on minority populations, low-income populations and/or 
indigenous peoples, as specified in Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, 
February 16, 1994). The documentation for this decision is contained in 
the Environmental Justice Analysis for the Proposed Lead and Copper 
Revision Rule Report, which can be found in the docket ID EPA-HQ-OW-
2017-0300. Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994) 
establishes Federal executive policy on environmental justice. Its main 
provision directs Federal agencies, to the greatest extent practicable 
and permitted by law, to make environmental justice part of their 
mission. Agencies must do this by identifying and addressing as 
appropriate any disproportionately high and adverse human health or 
environmental effects of their programs, policies, and activities on 
minority populations and low-income populations in the United States.
    In evaluating baseline exposure to lead in drinking water, data 
indicate that the possibility of a disproportionately high and adverse 
human health risk among minority populations and low-income populations 
exist. Higher than expected proportions of children in minority 
households and/or low-income households live in housing built during 
decades of higher LSL usage. The proposed LCR revisions seek to reduce 
the health risks of exposure to lead in drinking water provided by CWS 
and NTNCWS. Because water systems LSLs are more likely to have an 
action level exceedance or a trigger level exceedance and, therefore, 
engage in actions to reduce lead concentrations, the proposed revisions 
should help improve the baseline environmental justice concerns.
    The proposed LCR revisions are not expected to have 
disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental 
effects on minority populations and low-income populations. The 
proposed revisions should result in CCT and LSLR changes at water 
systems with higher baseline lead concentrations. It increases the 
level of health protection for all affected populations. The LSLR 
provision may be less likely than the CCT provision to address baseline 
health risk disparity among low-income populations because LSLR may not 
be affordable for low-income households.
    However, there are Federal and State programs that may be used to 
fund LSLR programs including the cost of LSLR for customer-owned LSLs. 
Financing support for lead reduction efforts may be available from 
State and local governments, EPA programs (e.g., the Drinking Water 
State Revolving Fund (DWSRF), the WIFIA Program, and the Water 
Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016 (WIIN Act) grant 
programs), and other federal agencies (e.g., HUD's Community 
Development Block Grants).
    The benefit-cost analysis of the rule indicates that CCT changes 
will account for most of the benefits. Therefore, health risk reduction 
benefits will be more uniformly distributed among populations with high 
baseline health risks including minority and low-income households. 
Also, given the availability of Federal and State funding sources to 
support full LSLR, the proposed LCR revisions meet the intent of the 
Federal policy requiring incorporation of environmental justice into 
Federal agency missions.

L. Consultations With the Science Advisory Board and the National 
Drinking Water Advisory Council

1. Consultation With the Science Advisory Board (SAB)
    As required by section 4365 of the SDWA, in 2011, the EPA sought an 
evaluation of current scientific data to determine whether partial LSLR 
effectively reduce water lead levels. When the LCR was promulgated in

[[Page 61741]]

1991, large water systems, serving greater than 50,000 people, were 
required to install CCT and small and medium water systems, serving 
50,000 or fewer people if samples exceeded the action level for lead. 
If the action level was not met after installing CCT, water systems are 
required to replace 7 percent of its LSLs annually. However, in 2000, 
revisions to the LCR allowed water systems, if they exceeded the action 
level, to replace only the portion of the LSL that the water system 
owned and to replace the customer's portion of the LSL at the 
customer's expense. This practice is known as a partial LSLR.
    The EPA asked the SAB to evaluate the current scientific data on 
the following five partial LSLR issues: (1) Associations between 
partial LSLR and blood lead levels in children; (2) lead tap water 
sampling data before and after partial LSLR; (3) comparisons between 
partial and full LSLR; (4) partial LSLR techniques; and (5) the impact 
of galvanic corrosion. The EPA identified several studies for the SAB 
to review while the SAB selected additional studies for their 
evaluation. The SAB deliberated and sought input from public meetings 
held on March 30 and 31, 2011, and during a public conference call on 
May 16, 2011. The SAB's final report, titled ``SAB Evaluation of the 
Effectiveness of Partial Lead Service Line Replacements'' was approved 
by the SAB on July 19, 2011, and transmitted to the EPA Administrator 
on September 28, 2011.
    The SAB determined that the quality and quantity of data was 
inadequate to fully evaluate the effectiveness of partial LSLR in 
reducing drinking water lead concentrations. Both the small number of 
studies and the limitations within these studies (i.e., lack of 
comparability between studies, small sample size) barred a 
comprehensive assessment of partial LSLR efficacy. However, despite the 
limitations, the SAB concluded that partial LSLR's have not been shown 
to reliably reduce drinking water lead levels in the short-term of days 
to months, and potentially even longer. Additionally, partial LSLR is 
often associated with elevated drinking water lead levels in the short-
term. The available data suggested that the elevated drinking water 
lead levels after the partial LSLR tend to stabilize over time to lower 
than or to levels similar to before the partial LSLR. Therefore, the 
SAB concluded that available data suggest that partial LSLR's may pose 
a risk to the population due to short-term elevations in drinking water 
lead concentrations after a partial LSLR, which last for an unknown 
period. Considering the SAB's findings on partial LSLR, the EPA 
determined that partial replacements should no longer be required when 
water systems exceed the action level for lead, but the EPA still 
considers full replacement of the LSL as beneficial (USEPA, 2011).
2. Consultation With National Drinking Water Advisory Council
    The National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC) is a Federal 
Advisory Committee that supports EPA in performing its duties and 
responsibilities related to the national drinking water program and was 
created through a provision in the SDWA in 1974. The EPA sought advice 
from the NDWAC as required under Sec.  300j-5 of the SDWA. The EPA 
consulted with NDWAC on July 21-22, 2011, to provide updates on the 
proposed LCR revisions and solicit feedback on potential regulatory 
options under consideration. In November 2011, NDWAC held deliberations 
on LSLR requirements after they received the SAB's final report on the 
effectiveness of partial LSLR. In December 2011, a public meeting was 
held where NDWAC provided the EPA with major recommendations on the 
potential LCR regulatory revisions, which are outlined in a letter 
dated December 23, 2011.
    In 2014, the NDWAC formed the Lead and Copper Rule Working Group 
(LCRWG) to provide additional advice to the EPA on potential options 
for long-term regulatory revisions. The EPA held meetings from March of 
2014 until December 2015 where NDWAC LCRWG members discussed components 
of the rule and provided the EPA with advice for addressing the 
following issues: Sample site collection criteria, lead sampling 
protocols, public education for copper, and measures to ensure optimal 
CCT and LSLR. NDWAC provided the Agency with their final 
recommendations and findings in a report submitted to the Administrator 
in December 2015. In the report, NDWAC acknowledged that reducing lead 
exposure is a shared responsibility between consumers, the government, 
public water systems, building owners, and public health officials. In 
addition, they recognized that creative financing is necessary to reach 
the LSL removal goals, especially for disparate and vulnerable 
communities. The NDWAC advised the EPA to maintain the LCR as a 
treatment technique rule but with enhanced improvements. NDWAC 
qualitatively considered costs before finalizing its recommendations, 
emphasizing that public water systems and States should focus efforts 
where the greatest public health protection can be achieved, 
incorporating their anticipated costs in their capital improvement 
program or the requests for Drinking Water State Revolving Funds. The 
LCRWG outlined an extensive list of recommendations for the LCR 
revisions, including establishing a goal-based LSLR program, 
strengthening CCT requirements, and tailoring water quality parameters 
to the specific CCT plan for each water system.
    The report NDWAC provided for the EPA also included recommendations 
for renewed collaborative commitments between government and all levels 
of the public from State and local agencies, to other stakeholders and 
consumers while recognizing the EPA's leadership role in this area. 
These complementary actions as well as a detailed description of the 
provisions for NDWAC's recommendations for the long-term revisions to 
the LCR can be found in the ``Report of the Lead and Copper Rule 
Working Group to the National Drinking Water Advisory Council'' (NDWAC, 
2015). The EPA took into consideration NDWAC's recommendations when 
developing these proposed revisions to the LCR.

M. Consultation With Health and Human Services

    On June 12, 2019, the EPA consulted with the Department of Health 
and Human Services (HHS). The EPA received and considered comments from 
the HHS through the inter-agency review process described in section 
VIII.A of this notice.

IX. References

ANSI. (November 1, 2017). Replacement and Flushing of Lead Service 
Lines. AWWA C810-17 43810. First Edition. Denver, CO: AWWA, 2017.
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators. (August 2019). 
Developing Lead Service Line Inventories Presented by the 
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators. Retrieved August 
2019, from: https://www.asdwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ASDWA_Developing-Lead-Service-Line-Inventories.pdf.
AWWA. 2017. Lead Service Line Management. Retrieved September 3, 
2019 from: https://www.awwa.org/Policy-Advocacy/AWWA-Policy-Statements/Lead-Service-Line-Management.
AwwaRF. 2008. Contribution of Service Line and Plumbing Fixtures to 
Lead and Copper Rule Compliance Issues. 978-1-60573-031-7.
AwwaRF and DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser. 1996. Internal Corrosion 
of Water Distribution Systems. 2nd edition. AwwaRF Order 90508. 
Project #725. AWWA Research Foundation (now Water Research 
Foundation) and AWWA. Denver, CO.

[[Page 61742]]

Budtz-J[oslash]rgensen, E., Bellinger, D., Lanphear, B., & 
Grandjean, P. (2013). An International Pooled Analysis for Obtaining 
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Kirrane, E.F., & Patel, M.M. (2014). Memorandum from EPA NCEA to ISA 
for Lead Docket: Identification and consideration of errors in 
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Lanphear, B.P., Hornung, R., Khoury, J., Yolton, K., Baghurst, P.A., 
Bellinger, D.C., . . . Roberts, R. (2005). Low-Level Environmental 
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Lytle, D.A. and Schock, M.R. (1996). Stagnation time, composition, 
pH and orthophosphate effects on metal leaching from brass. EPA/600/
R-96/103 September 1996.
Lytle, D.A. Et al. 2019. Sequential Drinking Water Sampling as a 
Tool for Evaluating Lead in Flint, Michigan. Water Research; Vol. 
157, pp 40-54.
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Galvanized Iron Corrosion Scales. Journal American Water Works 
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8833.2011.tb11437.x
Ministry of Ontario. Regulation 170/03. Schedule 15.1 Lead, under 
the Safe Drinking Water Act. Guidance Document for Preparing 
Corrosion Control Plans for Drinking Water Systems. PIBs # 7463. 
December 2009.
NDWAC Lead and Copper Working Group. (2015). Report of the Lead and 
Copper Working Group to the National Drinking Water Advisory 
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National Research Council. (2000). Copper in Drinking Water. 
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
National Toxicology Program. (2012). NTP Monograph on Health Effects 
of Low-Level Lead. Durham, NC.
Nguyen et al., 2010. C.K. Nguyen, K.R. Stone, A. Dudi, M.A. Edwards, 
CorrosiveNguyen et al., 2010. C.K. Nguyen, K.R. Stone, A. Dudi, M.A. 
Edwards, Corrosive microenvironments at lead solder surfaces arising 
from galvanic corrosion with copper pipe. Environ. Sci. Technol. 
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Nguyen et al., 2011. C.K. Nguyen, K.R. Stone, M.A. Edwards, 
Chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio: practical studies in galvanic 
corrosion of lead solder. J. Water Works Assoc. 2011, 103, 81.
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DC.
Office of Inspector General (EPA). ``Much Effort and Resources 
Needed to Help Small Drinking Water Systems Overcome Challenges.'' 
Report No. 2006-P-00026. May 30, 2006.
Oliphant, 1982. Oliphant, R.J. Lead Contamination of Potable Water 
Arising from Soldered Joints. Water Research Center (1982).
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Delves, T., . . . Powell, P. (1983). Effects of tap water lead, 
water hardness, alcohol, and cigarettes on blood lead 
concentrations. J Epidemiol Community Health, 37(1), 1-7.
Salkever, D.S. (1995). Updated Estimates of Earnings Benefits from 
Reduced Exposure of Children to Environmental Lead. Environmental 
Research, 70, 1-6. doi:doi: 0013-9351/95
Sandvig, A., P. Kwan, P.E., G. Kirmeyer, P.E., Dr. B. Maynard, Dr. 
D. Mast, Dr. R. R. Trussell, P.E., Dr. S. Trussell, P.E., A. Cantor, 
P.E., MCSD, and A. Prescott. 2008. Contribution of Service Line and 
Plumbing Fixtures to Lead and Copper Rule Compliance Issues. Denver, 
Colo.: Awwa Research Foundation. Peer reviewed by AwwaRF Project 
Advisory Committee.
Schock, M.R., and Lytle, D.A. 2011. Chapter 20: Internal Corrosion 
and Deposition Control. In Water Quality and Treatment. 6th Edition. 
AWWA and McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Schwartz, J., & Otto, D. (1991). Lead and minor hearing impairment. 
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46(5), 300-305. doi:10.1080/00039896.1991.9934391.
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National Cost Implications of Potential Long[hyphen]Term LCR 
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State of Michigan. 2017. Supplying Water to the Public, 2017-008 EQ.
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2016.
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Copper; Final Rule.'' Federal Register, 40 CFR parts 141 and 142. 
Vol. 56, No. 110. June 7, 1991.
USEPA. 1999. Guidance Manual for Conducting Sanitary Surveys of 
Public Water Systems; Surface Water and Ground Water Under the 
Direct Influence (GWUDI) of Surface Water. EPA 815-R-99-016. April 
1999. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=200022MT.txt.
USEPA. 2003a. Final Revised Guidance Manual for Selecting Lead and 
Copper Control Strategies. Report No. EPA-816-R-03-001. U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/lead-and-copper-rule-compliance-help-primacyagencies.
USEPA. 2003b. Recommendations of the Technical Review Workgroup for 
Lead for an Approach to Assessing Risks Associated with Adult 
Exposures to Lead in Soil. Retrieved from https://semspub.epa.gov/work/06/199244.pdf.
USEPA. 2004a. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Chemical 
Assessment Summary for Lead and compounds (inorganic); CASRN 7439-
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USEPA. 2004b. U.S. EPA Lead Service Line Replacement Workshop 
Summary Report.
USEPA 2008a. Economic Analysis for the TSCA Lead Renovation, Repair 
and Painting Program Final Rule for Target Housing and Child-
Occupied Facilities. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. 
Washington, DC.
USEPA. 2008b. ``National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead.'' 
73 FR 66964. Pages 66964-67062. November 2008 (to be codified at 40 
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List of Subjects

40 CFR Part 141 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

    Environmental protection, Chemicals, Indians--lands, 
Intergovernmental relations, Radiation protection, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Water supply.

40 CFR Part 142 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 
Implementation

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, 
Chemicals, Indians--lands, Radiation protection, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Water supply.

    Dated: October 10, 2019.
Andrew R. Wheeler,
Administrator.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Environmental 
Protection Agency proposes to amend 40 CFR part 141 and part 142 as 
follows:

[[Page 61744]]

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 141 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-1, 300g-2, 300g-3, 300g-4, 
300g-5, 300g-6, 300j-4, 300j-9, and 300j-11.

0
2. Amend Sec.  141.2 by:
0
a. Revising the definition of ``action level'';
0
b. Adding in alphabetical order the definitions of ``aerator'', ``child 
care facility'', ``consumer'', ``customer'', and ``find-and-fix'';
0
c. Revising the definition for ``first-draw sample'';
0
d. Adding in alphabetical order the definitions of ``galvanized service 
line'', ``gooseneck, pigtail or connector'', and ``hydrovacing'';
0
e. Revising the definition of ``lead service line''; and
0
f. Adding in alphabetical order the definitions of ``method detection 
limit''; ``monitoring period (tap sampling)'', ``pitcher filter''; 
``potholing'', ``pre-stagnation flushing''; ``sampling period'', 
``school'', ``tap sampling protocol'', ``trenching'', ``trigger 
level'', and ``wide-mouth bottles''.
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  141.2  Definitions

* * * * *
    Action level means the concentrations of lead or copper in water as 
specified in Sec.  141.80(c) which determines, in some cases, the 
treatment, lead service line replacement, and tap sampling requirements 
that a water system is required to complete. The action level for lead 
is 0.015 mg/L and the action level for copper is 1.3 mg/L.
    Aerator means the device embedded in the water faucet to enhance 
air flow with the water stream and to prevent splashing.
* * * * *
    Child care facility means a location that houses a licensed 
provider of child care, day care or early learning services to 
children, as determined by the State, local, or tribal licensing 
agency.
* * * * *
    Consumer means customers and other users of a public water system.
* * * * *
    Customer means a paying user of a public water system.
* * * * *
    Find-and-Fix means the requirement in 141.82(j) that water systems 
must perform at every sampling site that yielded a lead result above 
the action level (0.015 mg/L). Follow-up sampling results must be 
provided to the consumer in accordance with Sec.  141.85(d).
    First-draw sample means a one-liter sample of tap water, collected 
in accordance with Sec.  141.86(b)(2).,
* * * * *
    Galvanized service line generally means iron or steel piping that 
has been dipped in zinc to prevent corrosion and rusting.
    Gooseneck, pigtail or connector is a short section of piping, 
usually one to two feet long, which can be bent and used for 
connections between rigid service piping.
* * * * *
    Hydrovacing means an alternative method to digging up a lead 
service line to identify it using high-pressure water and a vacuum 
system to dig a hole.
* * * * *
    Lead service line means a service line made of lead, which connects 
the water main to the building inlet. A lead service line may be owned 
by the water system, owned by the property owner, or both. For the 
purposes of this subpart, a galvanized service line is considered a 
lead service line if it ever was or is currently downstream of any lead 
service line or service line of unknown material. If the only lead 
piping serving the home or building is a lead gooseneck, pigtail, or 
connector, and it is not a galvanized service line that is considered 
an LSL the service line is not a lead service line.
* * * * *
    Medium-size water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part 
only, means a water system that serves greater than 10,000 and less 
than or equal to 50,000 persons.
    Method Detection Limit (MDL) means the minimum concentration of a 
substance that can be measured and reporting with 99% confidence that 
the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from 
analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte.
    Monitoring period for the purposes of subpart I of this part only 
means the schedule during which each water system must conduct tap 
sampling for lead and copper analysis. A monitoring period is 
determined by lead and copper concentrations in tap samples and the 
frequency can range from every six months (i.e., semi-annual) up to 
once every nine years. The start of each new lead monitoring period, 
with the exception of semi-annual monitoring, must begin on January 1.
* * * * *
    Pitcher filter means the filtration insert for water pitchers that 
removes lead in drinking water, and that is certified to remove lead in 
accordance with applicable standards established by the American 
National Standards Institute.
* * * * *
    Potholing means the practice of digging a test hole to expose a 
potential lead service line.
* * * * *
    Practical quantitation Limit (PQL) means the minimum concentration 
of an analyte (substance) that can be measured with a high degree of 
confidence that the analyte is present at or above that concentration.
* * * * *
    Pre-stagnation flushing is the running of taps to flush water from 
plumbing prior to the minimum 6-hour stagnation period required for 
lead and copper tap sampling.
* * * * *
    Sampling period for the purpose of subpart I of this part only 
means the time period, within a tap sampling monitoring period, during 
which the water system is required to collect samples for lead and 
copper analysis. The annual sampling period must be between the months 
of June and September, unless a different sampling period is approved 
in writing to be more appropriate by the primacy agency.
* * * * *
    School for the purpose of subpart I of this part only means any 
public, private, charter or other location that provides student 
learning for elementary or secondary students.
* * * * *
    Small water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only, 
means a water system that serves 10,000 persons or fewer.
* * * * *
    Tap sampling protocol means the instructions given to residents or 
those sampling on behalf of the water system to conduct tap sampling 
for lead and copper. Tap sampling protocols may not include any 
instructions or recommendations for pre-stagnation flushing or removal 
or cleaning of faucet aerators prior to sample collection.
* * * * *
    Trenching is a method of excavation, in this case to identify a 
lead service line, where a depression is dug that is generally deeper 
than its width.
    Trigger level means a particular concentration of contaminants in 
water as specified in Sec.  141.80(c) that prompts certain activities. 
The trigger level for lead is a concentration greater than 0.010 mg/L 
but less than or equal to 0.015 mg/L. The trigger level for lead 
determines the treatment, lead service

[[Page 61745]]

line replacement, and tap sampling requirements applicable to each 
water system.
* * * * *
    Wide-mouth bottles for the purpose of subpart I of this part only 
means bottles configured with a mouth that is at least 55 mm wide, 
required to be used for lead and copper tap sampling collection to 
optimize capturing accurate lead measurements.
* * * * *
0
3. Amend Sec.  141.31 to revise paragraph (d)(1) to read as follows:


Sec.  141.31  Reporting requirements.

* * * * *
    (d)(1) The public water system, within 10 days of completing the 
public notification requirements under subpart Q of this part for the 
initial public notice and any repeat notices, must submit to the 
primacy agency a certification that it has fully complied with the 
public notification regulations. For Tier 2 and 3 notices, the public 
water system must include with this certification a representative copy 
of each type of notice distributed, published, posted, and made 
available to the persons served by the system and to the media. (2) For 
Tier 1 notices public water systems must provide a copy of any Tier 1 
notice to the Administrator and the head of the Primacy Agency as soon 
as practicable, but not later than 24 hours after the public water 
system learns of the violation or exceedance.
* * * * *
0
4. Amend Sec.  141.80 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d)(1) and (f);
0
b. Adding paragraph (d)(3);
0
c. Revising paragraph (g);
0
e. Redesignating paragraph (k) as paragraph (m);
0
d. Redesignating paragraphs (h) through (j) as paragraphs (i) through 
(k); and
0
f. Adding new paragraphs (h) and (1).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  141.80  General requirements.

    (a) Applicability, effective date, and compliance deadlines. The 
requirements of this subpart constitute the National Primary Drinking 
Water Regulations for lead and copper.
    (1) The provisions of this subpart apply to community water systems 
and non-transient, non-community water systems (hereinafter referred to 
as ``water systems'' or ``systems'') as defined at 40 CFR 141.2.
    (2) The requirements of this subpart are effective as of [DATE 60 
DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE Federal 
Register].
    (3) Community water systems and non-transient, non-community water 
systems must comply with the requirements of this subpart no later than 
[DATE THREE YEARS AFTER PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE Federal 
Register], except where otherwise specified at Sec. Sec.  141.81, 
141.84, 141.85, 141.86, and 141.90, or where an exemption in accordance 
with 40 CFR 142 at subpart C or F has been established by the 
Administrator.
    (4)(i) Between [DATE 60 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE 
Federal Register] and [DATE 3 YEARS AFTER PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE 
IN THE Federal Register], community water systems and non-transient, 
non-community water systems must comply with 40 CFR 141.80 through 
141.90 as promulgated in 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 
29, 1992; 59 FR 33862, June 30, 1994; 65 FR 2004, January 12, 2000; 72 
FR 57814, October 10, 2007.
    (ii) If an exemption from Subpart I has been issued in accordance 
with 40 CFR 142 subpart C or F, then the water systems must comply with 
40 CFR 141.80 through 141.90 as promulgated in 56 FR 26548, June 7, 
1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992; 59 FR 33862, June 30, 1994; 65 FR 
2004, January 12, 2000; 72 FR 57814, October 10, 2007 until the 
expiration of that exemption.
    (b) Scope. These regulations establish a treatment technique that 
includes requirements for corrosion control treatment, source water 
treatment, lead service line inventory, lead service line replacement, 
public notice, monitoring for lead in schools and child care 
facilities, and public education. Several of these requirements are 
prompted by the lead and copper action levels or the lead trigger 
level, specified in paragraph (c) of this section, as measured in 
samples collected at consumers' taps. All community water systems are 
subject to sampling for lead in schools and child care facilities and 
public education requirements regardless of the results of the 
compliance tap sampling.
    (c) Lead trigger level, lead action level, and copper action level. 
Trigger levels and action levels must be determined based on tap water 
samples collected in accordance with the monitoring requirements of 
Sec.  141.86 and tested using the analytical methods specified in Sec.  
141.89. The trigger level and action levels described in this paragraph 
are applicable to all sections of subpart I. Trigger level and action 
levels for lead and copper are as follows:
    (1) The lead trigger level is exceeded if the 90th percentile 
concentration of lead as specified in (c)(4) of this section is greater 
than 0.010 mg/L.
    (2) The lead action level is exceeded if the 90th percentile 
concentration of lead as specified in (c)(4) of this section is greater 
than 0.015 mg/L.
    (3) The copper action level is exceeded if the 90th percentile 
concentration of copper as specified in (c)(4) of this section is 
greater than 1.3 mg/L.
    (4) For purposes of this subpart, the 90th percentile concentration 
shall be computed as follows:
    (i) For systems that do not have lead service line sites and only 
have sites identified as Tier 3 or 4 under Sec.  141.86(a).
    (A) The results of all lead or copper samples taken during a 
monitoring period shall be placed in ascending order from the sample 
with the lowest concentration to the sample with the highest 
concentration. Each sampling result shall be assigned a number, 
ascending by single integers beginning with the number 1 for the sample 
with the lowest contaminant level. The number assigned to the sample 
with the highest contaminant level shall be equal to the total number 
of samples taken.
    (B) The number of samples taken during the monitoring period shall 
be multiplied by 0.9.
    (C) The contaminant concentration in the numbered sample yielded by 
the calculation in paragraph (c)(4)(i)(B) of this section is the 90th 
percentile concentration.
    (D) For water systems serving fewer than 100 people that collect 5 
samples per monitoring period, the 90th percentile concentration is the 
average of the highest and second highest concentration.
    (E) For a public water system that has been allowed by the State to 
collect fewer than five samples in accordance with Sec.  141.86(c), the 
sample result with the highest concentration is considered the 90th 
percentile value.
    (ii) For public water systems with lead service lines with sites 
identified as Tier 1 or 2 under Sec.  141.86(a) with enough Tier 1 or 2 
sites to meet the minimum number of sites listed in Sec.  141.86(c):
    (A) The results of all lead or copper samples taken at Tier 1 or 
Tier 2 sites during a monitoring period shall be placed in ascending 
order from the sample with the lowest concentration to the sample with 
the highest concentration. Sample results from Tier 3 and Tier 4 sites 
shall not be included in this calculation. Each sampling result shall 
be assigned a number, ascending

[[Page 61746]]

by single integers beginning with the number 1 for the sample with the 
lowest contaminant level. The number assigned to the sample with the 
highest contaminant level shall be equal to the total number of samples 
taken.
    (B) The number of samples taken at Tier 1 or Tier 2 sites during 
the monitoring period shall be multiplied by 0.9.
    (C) The contaminant concentration in the numbered sample yielded by 
the calculation in paragraph (c)(4)(ii)(B) of this section is the 90th 
percentile concentration.
    (D) For water systems serving fewer than 100 people that collect 5 
samples per monitoring period, the 90th percentile concentration is the 
average of the highest and second highest concentration.
    (E) For a public water system that has been allowed by the State to 
collect fewer than five samples in accordance with Sec.  141.86(c), the 
sample result with the highest concentration is considered the 90th 
percentile value.
    (iii) For systems with lead service lines with sites identified as 
Tier 1 or 2 under Sec.  141.86(a) with insufficient number of Tier 1 or 
2 sites to meet the minimum number of sites listed in Sec.  141.86(c):
    (A) The results of all lead or copper samples taken at Tier 1 or 
Tier 2 sites along with the highest results from Tier 3 or Tier 4 sites 
sufficient to meet the minimum number of sites shall be placed in 
ascending order from the sample with the lowest concentration to the 
sample with the highest concentration. Sample results from any 
remaining Tier 3 and Tier 4 sites shall not be included in this 
calculation. Each sampling result shall be assigned a number, ascending 
by single integers beginning with the number 1 for the sample with the 
lowest contaminant level. The number assigned to the sample with the 
highest contaminant level shall be equal to the total minimum number of 
sites listed in Sec.  141.86(c).
    (B) The required minimum number of sites listed in Sec.  141.86(c) 
shall be multiplied by 0.9.
    (C) The contaminant concentration in the numbered sample yielded by 
the calculation in paragraph (c)(4)(iii)(B) is the 90th percentile 
concentration.
    (D) For water systems serving fewer than 100 people that collect 5 
samples per monitoring period, the 90th percentile concentration is the 
average of the highest and second highest concentration.
    (E) For a public water system that has been allowed by the State to 
collect fewer than five samples in accordance with Sec.  141.86(c), the 
sample result with the highest concentration is considered the 90th 
percentile value.
    (d) Corrosion control requirements. (1) All water systems shall 
install and operate corrosion control treatment in accordance with 
Sec. Sec.  141.81 and 141.82, and that meets the definition of optimal 
corrosion control treatment at Sec.  141.2 of this chapter.
* * * * *
    (3) Any small water system that complies with the applicable small 
system compliance flexibility requirements specified by the State under 
Sec.  141.81 and Sec.  141.93 shall be deemed in compliance with the 
treatment requirement in paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
* * * * *
    (f) Lead service line replacements. Lead service line replacements 
must be conducted as follows:
    (1) Any water system exceeding the lead action level specified at 
(c) of this section must complete mandatory lead service line 
replacement. Lead service line replacement must be conducted in 
accordance with Sec.  141.84 and must include public education pursuant 
to Sec.  141.85.
    (2) Any water system exceeding the lead trigger level specified at 
(c) of this section must complete goal-based lead service line 
replacement pursuant to Sec.  141.84 and public education pursuant to 
Sec.  141.85.
    (g) Service line inventory. All water systems must prepare an 
inventory of service lines connected to its distribution system, 
whether or not they are owned or controlled by the water system, to 
identify those service lines that are made of lead or of unknown 
material. The inventory must be prepared in accordance with Sec.  
141.84(a).
    (h) Public education and notification requirements. Pursuant to 
Sec.  141.85(d), all water systems must provide notification of lead 
tap water monitoring results to persons served at the sites (taps) that 
are tested. In addition:
    (1) Any water system exceeding the lead action level specified at 
(c) of this section shall implement the public education requirements 
in accordance with Sec.  141.85(a) and (b).
    (2) Any water system exceeding the lead trigger level specified at 
(c) of this section shall provide notification to all customers with a 
lead service line in accordance with Sec.  141.85(f).
    (3) Any water system exceeding the lead action level specified at 
(c) of this section shall notify the public in accordance with the 
public notification requirements in subpart Q of this part.
* * * * *
    (l) Testing in schools and child care facilities. All water systems 
must collect samples from all schools and child care facilities within 
its distribution system in accordance with Sec.  141.92.
    (m) Violation of national primary drinking water regulations. 
Failure to comply with the applicable requirements of Sec. Sec.  141.80 
through 141.93, including requirements established by the State 
pursuant to these provisions, shall constitute a violation of the 
national primary drinking water regulations for lead and/or copper.
0
5. Revise Sec.  141.81 to read as follows:


Sec.  141.81  Applicability of corrosion control treatment steps to 
small, medium, and large water systems.

    (a) Corrosion control treatment. Water systems shall complete the 
applicable corrosion control treatment requirements described in Sec.  
141.82 by the deadline established in this section.
    (1) Large water system (serving >50,000 people).
    (i) Large water systems with corrosion control treatment that 
exceed either the lead trigger level or copper action level shall 
complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph 
(d) of this section.
    (ii) Large water systems without corrosion control treatment that 
exceed either the lead trigger level or the copper action level shall 
complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph 
(e) of this section.
    (iii) Large water systems with corrosion control treatment that do 
not exceed the lead trigger level and copper action level but are not 
deemed to have optimized corrosion control under paragraph (b)(3) of 
this section may be required by the State to complete the corrosion 
control treatment steps in paragraph (d) of this section.
    (iv) Large water systems without corrosion control treatment that 
do not exceed the lead trigger level and copper action level but are 
not deemed to have optimized corrosion control under paragraph (b)(3) 
of this section may be required by the State to complete the corrosion 
control treatment steps in paragraph (e) of this section.
    (2) Medium-size water systems (serving >10,000 and <=50,000 
people).
    (i) Medium-size water systems with corrosion control treatment that 
exceed either the lead trigger level or copper action level shall 
complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph 
(d) of this section.
    (ii) Medium-size water systems without corrosion control treatment 
that exceed either the lead or copper action

[[Page 61747]]

level shall complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in 
paragraph (e) of this section.
    (iii) Medium-size water systems without corrosion control treatment 
that exceed the lead trigger level shall complete the treatment 
recommendation steps specified in paragraph (e) of this section. The 
water system shall complete the remaining steps in paragraph (e) of 
this section if it subsequently exceeds either the lead or copper 
action level.
    (3) Small water systems (serving <=10,000 people).
    (i) Small water systems with corrosion control treatment that 
exceed either the lead trigger level or copper action level shall 
complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph 
(d) of this section.
    (ii) Small water systems without corrosion control treatment that 
exceed either the lead or copper action level shall complete the 
corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph (e) of this 
section.
    (iii) Small water systems without corrosion control treatment that 
exceed the lead trigger level shall complete the treatment 
recommendation steps specified in paragraph (e) of this section. The 
water system shall complete the remaining steps in paragraph (e) of 
this section, if it subsequently exceeds either the lead or copper 
action level.
    (b) Optimized corrosion control. A system is deemed to have 
optimized or re-optimized corrosion control and is not required to 
complete the applicable corrosion control re-optimization steps 
identified in this section if the system satisfies one of the criteria 
specified in (b)(1) through (b)(3) of this section. Any such system 
deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph and 
which has treatment in place shall continue to operate and maintain 
optimal corrosion control treatment and meet any requirements that the 
State determines to be appropriate to ensure optimal corrosion control 
treatment is maintained. Any small community water system or Non-
transient Non-community water system selecting a small system option 
under paragraph (b)(4) of this section shall follow the schedule for 
that small system option under Sec.  141.81(f). Any small system 
selecting a small system option under Sec.  141.93 and which has 
treatment in place shall continue to operate and maintain optimal 
corrosion control treatment and meet any requirements that the State 
determines to be appropriate to ensure optimal corrosion control 
treatment is maintained.
    (1) A small or medium-size water system is deemed to have optimized 
corrosion control if the water system does not exceed the lead trigger 
level and copper action level during two consecutive 6-month monitoring 
periods conducted in accordance with Sec.  141.86(b) and (d)(i) or does 
not exceed the lead trigger level and copper action level in monitoring 
conducted in accordance with Sec.  141.86(b) and (d)(ii)(C) or (D). A 
small or medium-size water system is deemed to have re-optimized 
corrosion control if the water system does not exceed the lead trigger 
level and copper action level during two consecutive 6-month monitoring 
periods conducted in accordance with Sec.  141.86.
    (2) Small or medium-size systems that exceed the lead trigger level 
but do not exceed the lead and copper action levels during two 
consecutive 6-month monitoring periods conducted in accordance with 
Sec.  141.86(b) and (d)(i) or small or medium-size systems that exceed 
the lead trigger level but do not exceed the lead and copper action 
levels in monitoring conducted in accordance with Sec.  
141.86(d)(1)(ii)(B). A small or medium-size water system is deemed to 
have re-optimized corrosion control if the water system does not exceed 
the lead trigger level and copper action level during two consecutive 
6-month monitoring periods conducted in accordance with Sec.  141.86.
    (i) Water systems without corrosion control treatment must complete 
the treatment recommendation step to be deemed optimized under this 
section.
    (ii) Water systems with corrosion control treatment are deemed 
optimized or re-optimized if the system meets the requirements of this 
section and the State has not required the system to meet optimal water 
quality parameters and monitor under Sec.  141.87(d).
    (3) Any water system is deemed to have optimized or re-optimized 
corrosion control if it submits results of tap water monitoring in 
accordance with Sec.  141.86 demonstrating that the 90th percentile tap 
water lead level is less than or equal to the practical quantitation 
level of 0.005 mg/L for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods.
    (i) [Reserved].
    (ii) Any water system deemed to have optimized or re-optimized 
corrosion control in accordance with this paragraph shall continue 
monitoring for lead and copper at the tap no less frequently than once 
every three calendar years using the reduced number of sites specified 
in Sec.  141.86(c) and collecting samples at times and locations 
specified in Sec.  141.86(d)(4)(iv).
    (iii) Any water system deemed to have optimized or re-optimized 
corrosion control pursuant to this paragraph shall notify the State in 
writing pursuant to Sec.  141.90(a)(3) of any upcoming long-term change 
in treatment or addition of a new source as described in Sec.  141.90. 
The State must review and approve the addition of a new source or long-
term change in water treatment before it is implemented by the water 
system. The State may require any such water system to conduct 
additional monitoring or to take other action the State deems 
appropriate to ensure that such water system maintains minimal levels 
of corrosion control in its distribution system.
    (iv) A water system is not deemed to have optimized or re-optimized 
corrosion control under this paragraph and shall implement corrosion 
control treatment pursuant to (b)(3)(v) of this section unless it meets 
the copper action level.
    (v) Any water system triggered into corrosion control because it is 
no longer deemed to have optimized or re-optimized corrosion control 
under this paragraph shall implement corrosion control treatment in 
accordance with the deadlines in paragraph (d) or (e) of this section. 
The time period for completing each step shall be triggered by the date 
the sampling was conducted showing that the water system no longer 
meets the requirements to be deemed to have optimized or re-optimized 
corrosion control under this paragraph.
    (4) Any small system selecting a small system compliance option 
shall monitor and follow the small system option steps described in 
Sec.  141.93.
    (c) Corrosion control steps completion for small and medium-size 
water systems without corrosion control treatment. (1) Any small or 
medium-size water system that is required to complete the corrosion 
control steps in paragraph (e) of this section due to its exceedance of 
the lead or copper action level may cease completing the treatment 
steps after paragraph (e), Step 2 of this section, when the water 
system meets both action levels during each to two consecutive 6-month 
monitoring periods conducted pursuant to Sec.  141.86 and submits the 
results to the State. Any such system required to conduct a corrosion 
control treatment study under paragraph (e), Step 3 of this section, 
shall complete the study and paragraph (e), Step 4 of this section, 
unless the water system meets both action levels during each of two 
consecutive six-month monitoring periods prior to the start of the 
study. If any such water system thereafter exceeds the lead or copper 
action level during any

[[Page 61748]]

monitoring period, the water system (or the State) shall recommence 
completion of the applicable treatment steps, beginning with the first 
treatment step which was not previously completed in its entirety, and 
complete all the steps through installation of optimal corrosion 
control treatment (paragraph (e), Step 5 of this section). The State 
may require a water system to repeat treatment steps previously 
completed by the water system when the State determines that this is 
necessary to implement the treatment requirements of this section. The 
State shall notify the system in writing of such a determination and 
explain the basis for its decision. The requirement for any small or 
medium-size water system to implement corrosion control treatment steps 
in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section (including water 
systems deemed to have optimized corrosion control under paragraph 
(b)(1) of this section) is triggered whenever any small or medium-size 
water system exceeds the lead or copper action level.
    (2) Any small or medium-size water system that is required to 
complete the corrosion control steps in paragraph (e) of this section 
due to its exceedance of the lead trigger level may cease completing 
the treatment steps after paragraph (e), Step 2 of this section. Any 
such system required to conduct a corrosion control treatment study 
under paragraph (e), Step 3 of this section, shall complete the study 
and paragraph (e), Step 4 of this section. If any such water system 
thereafter exceeds the lead or copper action level during any 
monitoring period, the water system (or the State) shall recommence 
completion of the applicable treatment steps, beginning with the first 
treatment step which was not previously completed in its entirety and 
complete all the steps through installation of optimal corrosion 
control treatment paragraph (e), (Step 5) of this section. The State 
may require a water system to repeat treatment steps previously 
completed by the water system when the State determines that this is 
necessary to implement the treatment requirements of this section. The 
State shall notify the system in writing of such a determination and 
explain the basis for its decision. The requirement for any small or 
medium-size water system to implement corrosion control treatment steps 
in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section (including water 
systems deemed to have optimized corrosion control under paragraph 
(b)(2)(i) of this section) is triggered whenever any small or medium-
size water system exceeds the lead trigger level or copper action 
level.
    (d) Treatment steps and deadlines for water systems re-optimizing 
corrosion control treatment. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of 
this section, water systems with corrosion control treatment shall 
complete the following corrosion control treatment steps (described in 
the referenced portions of Sec. Sec.  141.82, 141.86 and 141.87) by the 
indicated time periods.
    (1) Step 1. The water system shall complete the initial tap 
sampling (Sec.  141.86(d)(1) and Sec.  141.87(b)) until the water 
system either exceeds the lead trigger level or copper action level or 
becomes eligible for reduced monitoring under Sec.  
141.86(d)(4)(ii)(A). A water system exceeding the lead trigger level or 
copper action level shall recommend optimal corrosion control treatment 
(Sec.  141.82(a)(5) or (6) or (7)) within six months after the end of 
the monitoring period during which it exceeds either the lead trigger 
level or copper action level.
    (2) Step 2. (i) Large water systems that exceed the lead trigger 
level or copper action level shall conduct the corrosion control 
studies for re-optimization under paragraph (d), Step 3 of this 
section.
    (ii) Within 12 months after the end of the monitoring period during 
which a small or medium-size water system with corrosion control 
treatment exceeds the lead trigger level or copper action level, the 
State may require the water system to perform corrosion control studies 
for re-optimization (Sec.  141.81(d)(2) or (3)). If the State does not 
require the system to perform such studies, the State shall specify re-
optimized corrosion control treatment (Sec.  141.82(d)(3) or (4)) 
within the following timeframes:
    (A) For medium-size water systems, within 12 months after the end 
of the monitoring period during which such water system exceeds the 
lead trigger level or copper action level.
    (B) For small water systems, within 18 months after the end of the 
monitoring period during which such water system exceeds the lead 
trigger level or copper action level.
    (3) Step 3. (i) Large water systems that exceed the lead trigger 
level or copper action level shall complete the corrosion control 
treatment studies for re-optimization within 18 months.
    (ii) If the State requires a water system to perform corrosion 
control studies under paragraph (d), Step 2 of this section, the water 
system shall complete the studies (Sec.  141.82(c)(1)) within 18 months 
after the State requires that such studies be conducted.
    (4) Step 4. (i) The State shall designate re-optimized corrosion 
control treatment (Sec.  141.82(d)(3)) within six months after 
completion of paragraph (d)(3)(i), Step 3 of this section.
    (ii) If the water system has performed corrosion control studies 
under paragraph (d), Step 2 of this section, the State shall designate 
re-optimized corrosion control treatment (Sec.  141.82(d)(3) or (4) 
within six months after completion of paragraph (d), Step 3(ii) of this 
section.
    (5) Step 5. (i) Large water systems shall complete modifications to 
corrosion control treatment to have re-optimized corrosion control 
treatment installed within 12 months after completion of paragraph (d), 
Step 4(i) of this section.
    (ii) Small or medium-size water systems that exceed the lead 
trigger level or copper action level shall install re-optimized 
corrosion control treatment (Sec.  141.82(e)(3) or (4)) within 12 
months after completion of paragraph (d), Step 4(ii) of this section.
    (6) Step 6. Water systems shall complete follow-up sampling (Sec.  
141.86(d)(2) and Sec.  141.87(c)) within 12 months after completion of 
paragraph (d), Step 5(i) or (ii) of this section.
    (7) Step 7. The State shall review the water system's installation 
of treatment and designate optimal water quality control parameters 
(Sec.  141.82(f)(1)) within six months of completion of paragraph 
(d)(6), Step 6 of this section.
    (8) Step 8. The water system shall operate in compliance with the 
State-designated optimal water quality control parameters (Sec.  
141.82(g)(1)) and continue to conduct tap sampling (Sec.  141.86(d)(3) 
and water quality parameter monitoring under Sec.  141.87(d)).
    (e) Treatment steps and deadlines for small and medium-size systems 
without corrosion control treatment. Except as provided in paragraph 
(b) of this section, small and medium-size water systems without 
corrosion control treatment shall complete the following corrosion 
control treatment steps (described in the referenced portions of 
Sec. Sec.  141.82, 141.86 and 141.87) by the indicated time periods.
    (1) Step 1. The water system shall complete the initial tap 
sampling (Sec.  141.86(d)(1) and Sec.  141.87(b)) until the water 
system either exceeds the lead trigger level or copper action level or 
becomes eligible for reduced monitoring under Sec.  141.86(d)(4)(i)(A) 
or (B). A water system exceeding the lead trigger level or copper 
action level shall recommend optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec.  
141.82(a)(1) or (2) or (3) or (4)) within six months after the end of

[[Page 61749]]

the monitoring period during which it exceeds either the lead trigger 
level or copper action level.
    (2) Step 2. Within 12 months after the end of the monitoring period 
during which a water system exceeds the lead trigger level or copper 
action level, the State may require the water system to perform 
corrosion control studies (Sec.  141.82(b)(1)); the State shall notify 
the system in writing of this requirement. If the State does not 
require the system to perform such studies, the State shall specify 
optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec.  141.82(d)(1) or (2)) within 
the following timeframes:
    (i) For medium-size water systems, within 18 months after the end 
of the monitoring period during which such water system exceeds the 
lead trigger level or copper action level.
    (ii) For small water systems, within 24 months after the end of the 
monitoring period during which such water system exceeds the lead 
trigger level or copper action level.
    (3) Step 3. If the State requires a water system to perform 
corrosion control studies under paragraph (e), Step 2 of this section, 
the water system shall complete the studies (Sec.  141.82(c)(1)) within 
18 months after the State notifies the system in writing that such 
studies must be conducted.
    (4) Step 4. If the water system has performed corrosion control 
studies under paragraph (e), Step 2 of this section, the State shall 
designate optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec.  141.82(d)(1) or 
(2)) within six months after completion of paragraph (e), Step 3 of 
this section.
    (5) Step 5. Any water system that exceeds the lead or copper action 
level after the State designates optimal corrosion control treatment 
under paragraph (e), Step 4 of this section shall install optimal 
corrosion control treatment (Sec.  141.82(e)(1) or (2)) within 24 
months.
    (6) Step 6. The system shall complete follow-up sampling (Sec.  
141.86(d)(2)(i) and Sec.  141.87(c) within 12 months after completion 
of paragraph (e), Step 5 of this section.
    (7) Step 7. The State shall review the water system's installation 
of treatment and designate optimal water quality control parameters 
(Sec.  141.82(f)(1)) within six months of completion of paragraph (e), 
Step 6 of this section.
    (8) Step 8. The water system shall operate in compliance with the 
State-designated optimal water quality control parameters (Sec.  
141.82(g)(1)) and continue to conduct tap sampling (Sec.  141.86(d)(3) 
and water quality parameter monitoring under Sec.  141.87(d)).
    (f) Treatment steps and deadlines for small community water systems 
and Non-transient Non-community water systems using small system 
compliance flexibility options under Sec.  141.93.
    Small water systems selecting the corrosion control small system 
compliance flexibility option shall complete the following steps by the 
indicated time periods.
    (1) Step 1. The water system shall complete the initial tap 
sampling (Sec.  141.86(d)(1) and Sec.  141.87(b)) until the water 
system either exceeds the lead trigger level or copper action level or 
becomes eligible for reduced monitoring under Sec.  141.86(d)(4)(i)(A) 
or (B). A water system exceeding the lead trigger level or copper 
action level shall recommend a small system compliance flexibility 
option (Sec.  141.93(a) or (b)) within six months after the end of the 
monitoring period during which it exceeds either the lead trigger level 
or copper action level.
    (2) Step 2. The State shall approve in writing the recommended 
small system treatment option or designate another small system 
treatment option or require the water system to optimize or re-optimize 
corrosion control treatment within six months of completion of 
paragraph (f), Step 1 of this section. Water systems required by the 
State to optimize or re-optimize corrosion control treatment shall 
follow the schedules in paragraphs (d) or (e) of this section.
    (3) Step 3. (i) Small water systems using the lead service line 
replacement compliance flexibility option under Sec.  141.93.
    (A) Small water systems shall begin the lead service line 
replacement program and must begin to replace lead service line lines 
at a rate approved by the State within one year after State approval 
under paragraph (f), Step 2 of this section.
    (B) Small water systems shall continue to replace lead service 
lines at a rate approved by the State and shall complete replacement of 
all lead service lines no later than 15 years after commencement of the 
program.
    (ii) Small water systems using the point-of-use (POU) device 
compliance flexibility option under Sec.  141.93.
    (A) Small water systems shall install POU devices at the locations 
listed in Sec.  141.93 on a schedule not to exceed one year after State 
approval under paragraph (f), Step 2 of this section, or a shorter 
schedule if specified by the State.
    (B) Small water systems shall operate and maintain the POU devices 
until the water system receives State approval to select one of the 
other small system compliance flexibility options under Sec.  141.93.
    (iii) Non-transient, non-community water systems using the 
replacement of lead-bearing materials option under Sec.  141.93(d)(4).
    (A) Non-transient, non-community water systems with lead service 
lines shall replace the lead service line within one year after State 
approval under Step 2 and shall complete the replacement of other lead-
bearing materials on a schedule not to exceed one year after State 
approval under paragraph (f), Step 2 of this section, or a shorter 
schedule if specified by the State.
    (B) Non-transient, non-community water systems without lead service 
lines shall complete the replacement of lead-bearing material within 
one year after State approval under paragraph (f), Step 2 of this 
section, or a shorter schedule if specified by the State.
0
6. Revise Sec.  141.82 to read as follows:


Sec.  141.82  Description of corrosion control treatment requirements.

    Each system shall complete the corrosion control treatment 
requirements described as follows, which are applicable to such system 
under Sec.  141.81.
    (a) System recommendation regarding corrosion control treatment. 
(1) Based upon the results of lead and copper tap sampling and water 
quality parameter monitoring, large systems without corrosion control 
treatment that exceed the lead trigger level or medium-size water 
systems without corrosion control treatment that exceed either the lead 
or copper action level shall recommend designation of one or more of 
the corrosion control treatments listed in paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section as the optimal corrosion control treatment for that system. The 
State may require the system to conduct additional water quality 
parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec.  141.87(b) to assist the 
State in reviewing the system's recommendation. Large systems must 
complete the study in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
    (2) Based upon the results of lead and copper tap sampling and 
water quality parameter monitoring, small water systems without 
corrosion control treatment that exceed the lead or copper action level 
shall recommend designation of one or more of the corrosion control 
treatments listed in paragraph (c)(1) of this section as the optimal 
corrosion control treatment for that system or one of the small system 
options listed in paragraph Sec.  141.93. The State may require the 
system to conduct additional water quality parameter monitoring in 
accordance

[[Page 61750]]

with Sec.  141.87(b) to assist the State in reviewing the system's 
recommendation.
    (3) Based upon the results of lead and copper tap sampling and 
water quality parameter monitoring, any medium-size water systems 
without corrosion control treatment exceeding the lead trigger level 
shall recommend designation of one or more of the corrosion control 
treatments listed in paragraph (c)(1) of this section as the optimal 
corrosion control treatment for that system. This corrosion control 
treatment shall be installed if the lead or copper action level is 
subsequently exceeded. The State may require the system to conduct 
additional water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec.  
141.87(b) to assist the State in reviewing the system's recommendation.
    (4) Based upon the results of lead and copper tap sampling and 
water quality parameter monitoring, any small water system without 
corrosion control treatment exceeding the lead trigger level shall 
recommend designation of one or more of the corrosion control 
treatments listed in paragraph (c)(1) of this section as the optimal 
corrosion control treatment for that system or shall recommend State 
approval to elect one of the small system compliance options listed in 
paragraph Sec.  141.93. This corrosion control treatment or small 
system option shall be implemented if the lead or copper action level 
is subsequently exceeded. The State may require the system to conduct 
additional water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec.  
141.87(b) to assist the State in reviewing the system's recommendation.
    (5) Based upon the results of lead and copper tap sampling and 
water quality parameter monitoring, any large or medium system with 
corrosion control treatment that exceeds the lead trigger level shall 
conduct a re-optimization evaluation of the existing corrosion control 
treatment and make a recommendation to the State for modification (if 
any) of the designation of optimal corrosion control treatment. This 
re-optimization evaluation shall include an evaluation of other 
corrosion control treatments listed in paragraph (c)(2) of this section 
to determine the optimal corrosion control treatment. The State may 
require the system to conduct additional water quality parameter 
monitoring in accordance with Sec.  141.87(b) to assist the State in 
reviewing the system's recommendation for a designation of optimal 
corrosion control treatment. Large systems must complete the study in 
paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
    (6) Based upon the results of lead and copper tap sampling and 
water quality parameter monitoring, any small system with corrosion 
control treatment exceeding an action level shall recommend designation 
of one or more of the corrosion control treatments listed in paragraph 
(c)(2) of this section as the optimal corrosion control for that system 
or State approval of one of the small system options listed in 
paragraph Sec.  141.93. The State may require the system to conduct 
additional water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec.  
141.87(b) to assist the State in reviewing the system's recommendation.
    (7) Based upon the results of lead and copper tap sampling and 
water quality parameter monitoring, any small system with corrosion 
control treatment exceeding the lead trigger level shall recommend 
designation of one or more of the corrosion control treatments listed 
in paragraph (c)(2) of this section as the optimal corrosion control 
treatment for that system or State approval of one of the small system 
options listed in paragraph Sec.  141.93. This corrosion control 
treatment or small system option shall be implemented if the lead or 
copper action level is subsequently exceeded. The State may require the 
system to conduct additional water quality parameter monitoring in 
accordance with Sec.  141.87(b) to assist the State in reviewing the 
system's recommendation.
    (b) State decision to require studies to identify initial optimal 
corrosion control treatment (applicable to small and medium-size 
systems) and re-optimized corrosion control treatment. (1) The State 
may require any small or medium-size system without corrosion control 
that exceeds either the lead or copper action level to perform 
corrosion control treatment studies under paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section to identify optimal corrosion control treatment for the system.
    (2) The State may require any small or medium-size system without 
corrosion control that exceeds the lead trigger level to perform 
corrosion control treatment studies under paragraph (c)(1) of this 
section to identify optimal corrosion control treatment for the system. 
This corrosion control treatment shall be installed if the lead or 
copper action level is subsequently exceeded.
    (3) The State may require any small or medium-size water systems 
with corrosion control treatment exceeding either the lead trigger 
level or copper action level to perform corrosion control treatment 
studies under paragraph (c)(3) of this section to identify re-optimized 
optimal corrosion control treatment for the system (i.e. optimal 
corrosion control treatment after a re-optimization evaluation).
    (c) Performance of corrosion control studies. (1) Water systems 
without corrosion control that are conducting corrosion control studies 
shall complete the following:
    (i) Any water system without corrosion control treatment shall 
evaluate the effectiveness of each of the following treatments, and if 
appropriate, combinations of the following treatments to identify the 
optimal corrosion control treatment for the system:
    (A) Alkalinity and pH adjustment;
    (B) The addition of an orthophosphate- or silicate-based corrosion 
inhibitor at a concentration sufficient to maintain an effective 
residual concentration in all test tap samples;
    (C) The addition of an orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor at 
a concentration sufficient to maintain a 1 mg/L orthophosphate residual 
concentration in all tap test samples, and;
    (D) The addition of an orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor at 
a concentration sufficient to maintain a 3 mg/L orthophosphate residual 
concentration in all tap test samples.
    (ii) The water system shall evaluate each of the corrosion control 
treatments using either pipe rig/loop tests, partial-system tests, or 
analyses based on documented analogous treatments with other systems of 
similar size, water chemistry, and distribution system configurations. 
Metal coupon tests can be used as a screen to reduce the number of 
options that are evaluated using pipe rig/loops to the current 
conditions and two options.
    (iii) The water system shall measure the following water quality 
parameters in any tests conducted under this paragraph before and after 
evaluating the corrosion control treatments previously listed in this 
section:
    (A) Lead;
    (B) Copper;
    (C) pH;
    (D) Alkalinity;
    (E) Orthophosphate (when an orthophosphate-based inhibitor is 
used), and;
    (F) Silicate (when a silicate-based inhibitor is used).
    (iv) The water system shall identify all chemical or physical 
constraints that limit or prohibit the use of a particular corrosion 
control treatment and

[[Page 61751]]

document such constraints with one of the following:
    (A) Data and documentation showing that a particular corrosion 
control treatment has adversely affected other water treatment 
processes when used by another water system with comparable water 
quality characteristics. Systems using coupon studies to screen and/or 
pipe loop/rig studies to evaluate treatment options shall not exclude 
treatment strategies from the studies based on the constraints 
identified in this section.
    (B) Data and documentation demonstrating that the water system has 
previously attempted to evaluate a particular corrosion control 
treatment and has found that the treatment is ineffective or adversely 
affects other water quality treatment processes. Systems using coupon 
studies to screen and/or pipe loop/rig studies to evaluate treatment 
options shall not exclude treatment strategies from the studies based 
on the constraints identified in this section unless the treatment was 
found to be ineffective in a previous pipe loop/rig study.
    (v) The water system shall evaluate the effect of the chemicals 
used for corrosion control treatment on other water quality treatment 
processes. Systems using coupon studies to screen and/or pipe loop/rig 
studies to evaluate treatment options shall not exclude treatment 
strategies from the studies based on the effects identified in this 
section.
    (vi) On the basis of an analysis of the data generated during each 
evaluation, the water system shall recommend to the State in writing 
the treatment option that the corrosion control studies indicate 
constitutes optimal corrosion control treatment for that system. The 
water system shall provide a rationale for its recommendation along 
with all supporting documentation specified in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) 
through (v) of this section.
    (2) Systems with a pH and alkalinity corrosion control treatment 
process conducting re-optimization corrosion control studies shall 
complete the following:
    (i) Any system with a pH and alkalinity corrosion control treatment 
process shall evaluate the effectiveness of each of the following 
treatments, and if appropriate, combinations of the following 
treatments to identify the optimal corrosion control treatment for the 
system:
    (A) Additional alkalinity and/or pH adjustment;
    (B) The addition of an orthophosphate- or silicate-based corrosion 
inhibitor at a concentration sufficient to maintain an effective 
residual concentration in all test tap samples;
    (C) The addition of an orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor at 
a concentration sufficient to maintain a 1 mg/L orthophosphate residual 
concentration in all tap test samples, and;
    (D) The addition of an orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor at 
a concentration sufficient to maintain a 3 mg/L orthophosphate residual 
concentration in all tap test samples.
    (ii) The system shall evaluate each of the corrosion control 
treatments using either pipe rig/loop tests, partial-system tests, or 
analyses based on documented analogous treatments with other systems of 
similar size, water chemistry, and distribution system configurations. 
Coupon tests can be used as a screen to reduce the number of options 
that are evaluated using pipe rig/loops to the current conditions and 
two options.
    (iii) The water system shall measure the following water quality 
parameters in any tests conducted under this paragraph before and after 
evaluating the corrosion control treatments listed above:
    (A) Lead;
    (B) Copper;
    (C) pH;
    (D) Alkalinity;
    (E) Orthophosphate (when an orthophosphate-based inhibitor is 
used), and;
    (F) Silicate (when a silicate-based inhibitor is used).
    (iv) The water system shall identify all chemical or physical 
constraints that limit or prohibit the use of a particular corrosion 
control treatment and document such constraints with one of the 
following:
    (A) Data and documentation showing that a particular corrosion 
control treatment has adversely affected other water treatment 
processes when used by another water system with comparable water 
quality characteristics. Systems using coupon studies to screen and/or 
pipe loop/rig studies to evaluate treatment options shall not exclude 
treatment strategies from the studies based on the constraints 
identified in this section.
    (B) Data and documentation demonstrating that the water system has 
previously attempted to evaluate a particular corrosion control 
treatment and has found that the treatment is ineffective or adversely 
affects other water quality treatment processes. Systems using coupon 
studies to screen and/or pipe loop/rig studies to evaluate treatment 
options shall not exclude treatment strategies from the studies based 
on the constraints identified in this section unless the treatment was 
found to be ineffective in a previous pipe loop/rig study.
    (v) The water system shall evaluate the effect of the chemicals 
used for corrosion control treatment on other water quality treatment 
processes. Systems using coupon studies to screen and/or pipe loop/rig 
studies to evaluate treatment options shall not exclude treatment 
strategies from the studies based on the effects identified in this 
section.
    (vi) On the basis of an analysis of the data generated during each 
evaluation, the water system shall recommend to the State in writing 
the treatment option that the corrosion control studies indicate 
constitutes optimal corrosion control treatment for that system. The 
water system shall provide a rationale for its recommendation along 
with all supporting documentation specified in paragraph (c)(1)(i) 
through (v) of this section.
    (3) Systems with an inhibitor corrosion control treatment process 
conducting re-optimization corrosion control studies shall complete the 
following:
    (i) Any system with an inhibitor corrosion control treatment 
process shall evaluate the effectiveness of each of the following 
treatments, and if appropriate, combinations of the following 
treatments to identify the optimal corrosion control treatment for the 
system:
    (A) Alkalinity and/or pH adjustment;
    (B) The addition of an orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor at 
a concentration sufficient to maintain a 1 mg/L orthophosphate residual 
concentration in all tap test samples unless the current inhibitor 
process already meets this residual, and;
    (C) The addition of an orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor at 
a concentration sufficient to maintain a 3 mg/L orthophosphate residual 
concentration in all tap test samples unless the current inhibitor 
process already meets this residual.
    (ii) The system shall evaluate each of the corrosion control 
treatments using either pipe rig/loop tests, partial-system tests, or 
analyses based on documented analogous treatments with other systems of 
similar size, water chemistry, and distribution system configurations. 
Coupon tests can be used as a screen to reduce the number of options 
that are evaluated using pipe rig/loops to the current conditions and 
two options.
    (iii) The water system shall measure the following water quality 
parameters in any tests conducted under this

[[Page 61752]]

paragraph before and after evaluating the corrosion control treatments 
listed above:
    (A) Lead;
    (B) Copper;
    (C) pH;
    (D) Alkalinity;
    (E) Orthophosphate (when an orthophosphate-based inhibitor is 
used), and;
    (F) Silicate (when a silicate-based inhibitor is used).
    (iv) The water system shall identify all chemical or physical 
constraints that limit or prohibit the use of a particular corrosion 
control treatment and document such constraints with one of the 
following:
    (A) Data and documentation showing that a particular corrosion 
control treatment has adversely affected other water treatment 
processes when used by another water system with comparable water 
quality characteristics. Systems using coupon studies to screen and/or 
pipe loop/rig studies to evaluate treatment options shall not exclude 
treatment strategies from the studies based on the constraints 
identified in this section.
    (B) Data and documentation demonstrating that the water system has 
previously attempted to evaluate a particular corrosion control 
treatment and has found that the treatment is ineffective or adversely 
affects other water quality treatment processes. Systems using coupon 
studies to screen and/or pipe loop/rig studies to evaluate treatment 
options shall not exclude treatment strategies from the studies based 
on the constraints identified in this section unless the treatment was 
found to be ineffective in a previous pipe loop/rig study.
    (v) The water system shall evaluate the effect of the chemicals 
used for corrosion control treatment on other water quality treatment 
processes. Systems using coupon studies to screen and/or pipe loop/rig 
studies to evaluate treatment options shall not exclude treatment 
strategies from the studies based on the effects identified in this 
section.
    (vi) On the basis of an analysis of the data generated during each 
evaluation, the water system shall recommend to the State in writing 
the treatment option that the corrosion control studies indicate 
constitutes optimal corrosion control treatment for that system. The 
water system shall provide a rationale for its recommendation along 
with all supporting documentation specified in paragraph (c)(3)(i) 
through (v) of this section.
    (d) State designation of optimal corrosion control treatment and 
re-optimized corrosion control treatment. (1) Designation of Initial 
OCCT for medium systems. (i) Based upon considerations of available 
information including, where applicable, studies conducted under 
paragraph (c)(1) of this section and a system's recommended corrosion 
control treatment option, the State shall either approve the corrosion 
control treatment option recommended by the medium-size water system or 
designate alternative corrosion control treatment(s) from among those 
listed in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. When designating optimal 
corrosion control treatment, the State shall consider the effects that 
additional corrosion control treatment will have on water quality 
parameters and on other water quality treatment processes.
    (ii) The State shall notify the medium-size water system of its 
decision on optimal corrosion control treatment in writing and explain 
the basis for this determination. If the State requests additional 
information to aid its review, the water system shall provide the 
information.
    (2) Small systems. (i) Based upon considerations of available 
information including, where applicable, studies conducted under 
paragraph (c)(1) of this section and a system's recommended treatment 
alternative, the State shall either approve the corrosion control 
treatment option recommended by the small water system or designate 
alternative corrosion control treatment(s) from among those listed in 
paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section or a small water system compliance 
flexibility under Sec.  141.93. When designating optimal corrosion 
control treatment, the State shall consider the effects that additional 
corrosion control treatment will have on water quality parameters and 
on other water quality treatment processes.
    (ii) The State shall notify the small water system of its decision 
on either optimal corrosion control treatment or a small water system 
compliance flexibility in writing and explain the basis for this 
determination. If the State requests additional information to aid its 
review, the water system shall provide the information.
    (3) Designation of Re-optimized OCCT for large and medium systems. 
(i) Based upon considerations of available information including, where 
applicable, studies conducted under paragraph (c)(2) or (c)(3) of this 
section and a system's recommended treatment alternative, the State 
shall either approve the corrosion control treatment modification 
option recommended by the water system or designate alternative 
corrosion control treatment(s) from among those listed in paragraph 
(c)(2)(i) or (c)(3)(i) of this section. When designating re-optimized 
corrosion control treatment, the State shall consider the effects that 
additional corrosion control treatment will have on water quality 
parameters and on other water quality treatment processes.
    (ii) The State shall notify the water system of its decision on re-
optimized corrosion control treatment in writing and explain the basis 
for this determination. If the State requests additional information to 
aid its review, the water system shall provide the information.
    (4) Designation of Re-optimization of OCCT or small water system 
compliance flexibility. (i) Based upon considerations of available 
information including, where applicable, studies conducted under 
paragraph (c)(2) or (c)(3) of this section and a system's recommended 
treatment alternative, the State shall either approve the corrosion 
control treatment modification recommended by the small water system or 
designate alternative corrosion control treatment(s) from among those 
listed in paragraph (c)(2)(i) or (c)(3)(i) of this section or an 
applicable small water system compliance flexibility under Sec.  
141.93. When designating re-optimized corrosion control treatment, the 
State shall consider the effects that additional corrosion control 
treatment will have on water quality parameters and on other water 
quality treatment processes.
    (ii) The State shall notify the water system of its decision on re-
optimized corrosion control treatment in writing and explain the basis 
for this determination. If the State requests additional information to 
aid its review, the water system shall provide the information.
    (e) Installation of optimal corrosion control treatment and re-
optimization of corrosion control treatment. (1) Each medium-size water 
system shall properly install and operate throughout its distribution 
system the optimal corrosion control treatment designated by the State 
under paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
    (2) Each small water system shall properly install and operate 
throughout its distribution system the optimal corrosion control 
treatment or implement the small water system compliance flexibility as 
designated by the State under paragraph (d)(2) of this section.
    (3) Each medium-size water system shall properly modify and operate 
throughout its distribution system the re-optimized corrosion control

[[Page 61753]]

treatment designated by the State under paragraph (d)(3) of this 
section.
    (4) Each small water system shall properly modify and operate 
throughout its distribution system the re-optimized corrosion control 
treatment or implement the small water system compliance flexibility 
designated by the State under paragraph (d)(2) of this section.
    (f) State review of treatment and specification of optimal water 
quality control parameters for optimal corrosion control treatment and 
re-optimized corrosion control treatment. (1) The State shall evaluate 
the results of all lead and copper tap sampling and water quality 
parameter sampling submitted by the water system and determine whether 
the water system has properly installed and operated the optimal 
corrosion control treatment designated by the State in paragraph (d)(1) 
or (d)(2) of this section, respectively. Upon reviewing the results of 
tap water and water quality parameter monitoring by the water system, 
both before and after the water system installs optimal corrosion 
control treatment, the State shall designate:
    (i) A minimum value or a range of values for pH measured at each 
entry point to the distribution system.
    (ii) A minimum pH value measured in all tap samples. Such a value 
shall be equal to or greater than 7.0, unless the State determines that 
meeting a pH level of 7.0 is not technologically feasible or is not 
necessary for the system to optimize corrosion control.
    (iii) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum concentration or 
a range of concentrations for orthophosphate or silicate measured at 
each entry point to the distribution system.
    (iv) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum orthophosphate or 
silicate concentration measured in all tap samples that the State 
determines is necessary to form a passivating film on the interior 
walls of the pipes of the distribution system. When orthophosphate is 
used, such a concentration shall be equal to or greater than 0.5 mg/L 
as orthophosphate, unless the State determines that meeting an 
orthophosphate residual of 0.5 mg/L is not technologically feasible or 
is not necessary for the system to optimize corrosion control.
    (v) If alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion control 
treatment, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for 
alkalinity, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and 
in all tap samples.
    (vi) The values for the applicable water quality control 
parameters, previously listed in this section, shall be those that the 
State determines to reflect optimal corrosion control treatment for the 
water system. The State may designate values for additional water 
quality control parameters determined by the State to reflect optimal 
corrosion control for the water system. The State shall notify the 
system in writing of these determinations and explain the basis for its 
decisions.
    (2) The State shall evaluate the results of all lead and copper tap 
sampling and water quality parameter monitoring submitted by the water 
system and determine whether the water system has properly installed 
and operated the re-optimized corrosion control treatment designated by 
the State in paragraph (d)(3) or (d)(4) of this section, respectively. 
Upon reviewing the results of tap sampling and water quality parameter 
monitoring by the water system, both before and after the water system 
installs re-optimized corrosion control treatment, the State shall 
designate:
    (i) A minimum value or a range of values for pH measured at each 
entry point to the distribution system.
    (ii) A minimum pH value measured in all tap samples. Such a value 
shall be equal to or greater than 7.0, unless the State determines that 
meeting a pH level of 7.0 is not technologically feasible or is not 
necessary for the system to optimize corrosion control.
    (iii) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum concentration or 
a range of concentrations for orthophosphate or silicate measured at 
each entry point to the distribution system.
    (iv) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum orthophosphate or 
silicate concentration measured in all tap samples that the State 
determines is necessary to form a passivating film on the interior 
walls of the pipes of the distribution system. When orthophosphate is 
used, such a concentration shall be equal to or greater than 1.0 mg/L 
as orthophosphate, unless the State determines that meeting an 
orthophosphate residual of 1.0 mg/L is not technologically feasible or 
is not necessary for the system to optimize corrosion control.
    (v) If alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion control 
treatment, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for 
alkalinity, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and 
in all tap samples.
    (vi) The values for the applicable water quality control 
parameters, previously listed in this section, shall be those that the 
State determines to reflect optimal corrosion control treatment for the 
water system. The State may designate values for additional water 
quality control parameters determined by the State to reflect optimal 
corrosion control for the water system. The State shall notify the 
system in writing of these determinations and explain the basis for its 
decisions.
    (g) Continued operation and monitoring for optimal corrosion 
control treatment and re-optimized corrosion control treatment. (1) All 
systems optimizing corrosion control shall continue to operate and 
maintain optimal corrosion control treatment, including maintaining 
water quality parameters at or above minimum values or within ranges 
designated by the State under paragraph (f)(1) of this section, in 
accordance with this paragraph for all samples collected under Sec.  
141.87(d) through (f). The requirements of this paragraph (g) apply to 
all systems, including consecutive systems that distribute water that 
has been treated to control corrosion by another system. Any water 
system with optimal corrosion control treatment or re-optimized 
corrosion control treatment that is not required to monitor water 
quality parameters under Sec.  141.87 shall continue to operate and 
maintain such treatment. Compliance with the requirements of this 
paragraph shall be determined every six months, as specified under 
Sec.  141.87(d). A water system is out of compliance with the 
requirements of this paragraph for a six-month period if it has 
excursions for any State-specified parameter on more than nine days 
during the period. An excursion occurs whenever the daily value for one 
or more of the water quality parameters measured at a sampling location 
is below the minimum value or outside the range designated by the 
State. Daily values are calculated as follows. States have discretion 
to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation.
    (i) On days when more than one measurement for the water quality 
parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value shall 
be the average of all results collected during the day regardless of 
whether they are collected through continuous monitoring, grab 
sampling, or a combination of both. If the EPA has approved an 
alternative formula under Sec.  142.16(d)(1)(ii) of this chapter in the 
State's application for a program revision submitted pursuant to Sec.  
142.12 of this chapter, the State's formula shall be used to aggregate 
multiple measurements taken at a sampling point for the water quality 
parameters in lieu of the formula in this paragraph.

[[Page 61754]]

    (ii) On days when only one measurement for the water quality 
parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value shall 
be the result of that measurement.
    (iii) On days when no measurement is collected for the water 
quality parameter at the sampling location, the daily value shall be 
the daily value calculated on the most recent day on which the water 
quality parameter was measured at the sampling location.
    (2) All systems re-optimizing corrosion control shall continue to 
operate and maintain re-optimized corrosion control treatment, 
including maintaining water quality parameters at or above minimum 
values or within ranges designated by the State under paragraph (f)(2) 
of this section, in accordance with this paragraph for all samples 
collected under Sec.  141.87(d) through (f). Compliance with the 
requirements of this paragraph shall be determined every six months, as 
specified under Sec.  141.87(d). A water system is out of compliance 
with the requirements of this paragraph for a six-month period if it 
has excursions for any State-specified parameter on more than nine days 
during the period. An excursion occurs whenever the daily value for one 
or more of the water quality parameters measured at a sampling location 
is below the minimum value or outside the range designated by the 
State. Daily values are calculated as follows. States have discretion 
to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation.
    (i) On days when more than one measurement for the water quality 
parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value shall 
be the average of all results collected during the day regardless of 
whether they are collected through continuous monitoring, grab 
sampling, or a combination of both. If the EPA has approved an 
alternative formula under Sec.  142.16(d)(1)(ii) of this chapter in the 
State's application for a program revision submitted pursuant to Sec.  
142.12 of this chapter, the State's formula shall be used to aggregate 
multiple measurements taken at a sampling point for the water quality 
parameters in lieu of this formula in this paragraph.
    (ii) On days when only one measurement for the water quality 
parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value shall 
be the result of that measurement.
    (iii) On days when no measurement is collected for the water 
quality parameter at the sampling location, the daily value shall be 
the daily value calculated on the most recent day on which the water 
quality parameter was measured at the sampling location.
    (h) Modification of State treatment decisions for optimal corrosion 
control and re-optimized corrosion control. Upon its own initiative or 
in response to a request by a water system or other interested party, a 
State may modify its determination of the optimal corrosion control 
treatment under paragraph (d)(1), (d)(2), (d)(3), or (d)(4) of this 
section, or optimal water quality control parameters under paragraph 
(f)(1) or (f)(2) of this section. A request for modification by a 
system or other interested party shall be in writing, explaining why 
the modification is appropriate, and providing supporting 
documentation. The State may modify its determination where it 
concludes that such change is necessary to ensure that the water system 
continues to optimize corrosion control treatment re-optimized 
corrosion control treatment. A revised determination shall be made in 
writing, set forth the new treatment requirements and/or water quality 
parameters, explain the basis for the State's decision, and provide an 
implementation schedule for completing the treatment modifications for 
re-optimized corrosion control treatment.
    (i) Treatment decisions by the EPA in lieu of the State on optimal 
corrosion control treatment and re-optimized corrosion control 
treatment. (1) Pursuant to the procedures in Sec.  142.19 of this 
chapter, the EPA Regional Administrator may review optimal corrosion 
control treatment determinations made by a State under paragraph 
(d)(1), (d)(2), (d)(3), (d)(4), (f)(1), (f)(2), or (h) of this section 
and issue Federal treatment determinations consistent with the 
requirements of those paragraphs where the Regional Administrator finds 
that:
    (i) A State has failed to issue a treatment determination by the 
applicable deadlines contained in Sec.  141.81.
    (ii) A State has abused its discretion in a substantial number of 
cases or in cases affecting a substantial population; or
    (iii) The technical aspects of a State's determination would be 
indefensible in an expected Federal enforcement action taken against a 
water system.
    (j) Find-and-fix assessment for tap sample sites that exceed the 
lead action level. The water system shall conduct the following steps, 
when a tap sample site exceeds the lead action level under monitoring 
conducted under Sec.  141.86.
    (1) Step 1. The water system shall sample at a new water quality 
parameter site that is on the same size water main in the same pressure 
zone and located within a half mile of the location with the action 
level exceedance within 5 days of receiving the sample results. The 
water system shall measure the following parameters:
    (i) pH;
    (ii) Alkalinity;
    (iii) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing an 
orthophosphate compound is used;
    (iv) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is 
used; and
    (v) Water systems with an existing water quality parameter location 
that meets the requirements of this section can conduct this sampling 
at that location. All water systems required to meet optimal water 
quality control parameters shall add new sites to the minimum number of 
sites as described in Sec.  141.87(g).
    (2) Step 2. Water systems shall collect a follow-up sample at any 
tap sample site that exceeds the action level within 30 days of 
receiving the sample results. These follow-up samples may use different 
sample volumes or different sample collection procedures to assess the 
source of elevated lead levels. Samples collected under this section 
shall be submitted to the State but shall not be included in the 90th 
percentile calculation for compliance monitoring under Sec.  141.86. If 
the water system is unable to collect a follow-up sample at a site, the 
water system shall provide documentation to the State, explaining why 
it was unable to collect a follow-up sample.
    (3) Step 3. Water systems shall evaluate the results of the 
monitoring conducted under this paragraph to determine if either 
localized or centralized adjustment of the optimal corrosion control 
treatment (initial, modified, or re-optimized) is necessary and submit 
the recommendation to the State within six months after the end of the 
monitoring period in which the site(s) exceeded the lead action level. 
Corrosion control treatment modification may not be necessary to 
address every exceedance. Water systems shall note if the cause of the 
elevated lead level if known in their recommendation to the State.
    (4) Step 4. The State shall approve the treatment recommendation or 
specify a different approach within six months of completion of 
paragraph (j), Step 3 of this section.
    (5) Step 5. If the State-approved treatment recommendation requires 
the water system to adjust the optimal corrosion control treatment 
process, the water system shall complete modifications to its corrosion 
control

[[Page 61755]]

treatment within 12 months after completion of paragraph (j), Step 4 of 
this section. Systems without corrosion control treatment required to 
install optimal corrosion control treatment shall follow the schedule 
in Sec.  141.81(e).
    (6) Step 6. Water systems adjusting its optimal corrosion control 
treatment shall complete follow-up sampling (Sec.  141.86(d)(2) and 
Sec.  141.87(c)) within 12 months after completion of paragraph (j), 
Step 5 of this section.
    (7) Step 7. For water systems adjusting its optimal corrosion 
control treatment, the State shall review the water system's 
modification of corrosion control treatment and designate optimal water 
quality control parameters (Sec.  141.82(f)(1)) within six months of 
completion of paragraph (j), Step 6 of this section.
    (8) Step 8. For water systems adjusting its optimal corrosion 
control treatment, the water system shall operate in compliance with 
the State-designated optimal water quality control parameters (Sec.  
141.82(g)(1)) and continue to conduct tap sampling (Sec. Sec.  
141.86(d)(3) and 141.87(d)).
0
7. Revise Sec.  141.84 to read as follows:


Sec.  141.84  Lead service line inventory and replacement requirements.

    (a) Lead service line inventory. All water systems must develop and 
maintain a publicly accessible inventory of lead service lines and 
service lines of unknown materials in its distribution system. The 
inventory must meet the following requirements:
    (1) Deadlines. All water systems must develop the initial inventory 
by [DATE 3 YEARS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE Federal Register] and 
submit it to the primacy agency in accordance with Sec.  141.90.
    (2) A water system shall use the information on lead and galvanized 
steel that it is required to collect under Sec.  141.42(d) of this part 
when conducting the inventory of service lines in its distribution 
system for the initial inventory under paragraph (a)(1) of this 
section. The water system shall also review the sources of information 
listed below to identify service line materials for the initial 
inventory. In addition, the water system shall seek to collect such 
information where possible in the course of its normal operations 
(e.g., checking service line materials when reading water meters or 
performing maintenance activities):
    (i) All plumbing codes, permits, and records in the files of the 
building department(s) which indicate the service line materials used 
to connect water system- and customer-owned structures to the 
distribution system.
    (ii) All water system records, including distribution system maps 
and drawings, historical records on each service connection, meter 
installation records, historical capital improvement or master plans, 
and standard operating procedures.
    (iii) All inspections and records of the distribution system that 
indicate the material composition of the service connections that 
connect a structure to the distribution system.
    (iv) Any resource required by the State to asses service line 
materials for structures built prior to 1989.
    (3) The initial inventory must include all service lines connected 
to the public water distribution system regardless of ownership status 
(e.g., where service line ownership is shared, the inventory would 
include both the portion of the service line owned by the water system 
and the customer-owned portion of the service line). Service lines 
shall be categorized in the following manner:
    (i) Lead where either the water system portion, customer portion or 
both portions of the service line are made of lead or where the 
customer-owned portion is a galvanized pipe where the water system's 
portion is or was a lead service line.
    (ii) Non-lead where both the water system portion and customer 
portion are non-lead.
    (iii) Unknown where the service line material is only known to be 
non-lead on either the water system portion or the customer portion of 
the service line or the service line material for both portions of the 
line is unknown.
    (4) Systems shall update the inventory on an annual basis to 
address any lead service line replacement or service line material 
identification at sites with lines characterized as unknown. The 
updated inventory shall be submitted to the State on an annual basis.
    (5) Service lines listed as unknown in the initial inventory or the 
updated inventory in paragraph (a)(4) of this section must be counted 
as lead service lines for purposes of calculating lead service line 
replacement rates as well as for issuing targeted public education to 
consumers served by a lead or unknown service line.
    (i) These service lines must be considered lead service lines 
unless they are demonstrated to be non-lead by records or physical 
examination.
    (ii) Service lines of unknown material shall not be used for Tier 1 
sampling sites.
    (iii) When a service line initially listed as a lead service line 
on an inventory is later determined to be non-lead, the water system 
must update its inventory and shall subtract it from the number of lead 
service lines used to calculate lead service line replacement rates. 
Such service lines must not be considered replaced.
    (iv) Service lines initially characterized as non-lead that are 
later found to be made of lead on either the system or customer portion 
shall be re-characterized as a lead service line and added to the 
number of lead service lines used to calculate the lead service line 
replacement rates.
    (6) The primacy agency may designate acceptable methods to 
determine the service line material of unknown lines.
    (7) All water systems with lead service lines must make its 
inventory publicly accessible.
    (i) The inventory must include a location identifier, such as a 
street, intersection, or landmark, served by each lead service line. 
Water systems are not required to list the exact address of each lead 
service line.
    (ii) Water systems serving greater than 100,000 persons must make 
the inventory available electronically.
    (b) Lead service line replacement plan. All water systems with lead 
service lines in their distribution system shall, by [DATE 3 YEARS 
AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN Federal Register], submit a lead 
service line replacement plan and lead service line inventory to the 
primacy agency described in paragraph (a) of this section. The plan 
must include procedures to conduct full lead service line replacement, 
a strategy for informing customers before a full or partial lead 
service line replacement, a lead service line replacement goal rate in 
the event of a lead trigger level exceedance, a pitcher filter tracking 
and maintenance system, a procedure for customers to flush service 
lines and premise plumbing of particulate lead, and a funding strategy 
for conducting lead service line replacements.
    (c) Operating procedures for replacing lead goosenecks, pigtails, 
or connectors. (1) The water system must replace any lead gooseneck, 
pigtail, or connector it owns when encountered during emergency repairs 
or planned water system infrastructure work.
    (2) The water system must offer to replace a customer-owned lead 
gooseneck, pigtail, or connector; however, the water system is not 
required to bear the cost of replacement of the customer-owned parts.
    (3) The water system is not required to replace a customer-owned 
lead gooseneck, pigtail, or connector if the customer objects to its 
replacement.
    (4) The replacement of a lead gooseneck, pigtail, or connector does 
not count for the purposes of meeting

[[Page 61756]]

the requirements for goal-based or mandatory lead service line 
replacements, in accordance with paragraphs (e)(2) and (f)(2) of this 
section, respectively.
    (5) Upon replacement of any gooseneck, pigtail, or connector that 
is attached to a lead service line, the water system must follow risk 
mitigation procedures specified in 141.85(e)(5)(ii).
    (d) Requirements for conducting lead service line replacement that 
may result in partial replacement. (1) Any water system that plans to 
partially replace a lead service line (e.g., replace only the portion 
of a lead service line that it owns) in coordination with planned 
infrastructure work must provide notice to the owner of the lead 
service line, or the owner's authorized agent, as well as non-owner 
resident(s) served by the lead service line at least 45 days prior to 
the replacement. The notice must explain that the system will replace 
the portion of the line it owns and offer to replace the portion of the 
service line not owned by the water system. The water system is not 
required to bear the cost of replacement of the portion of the lead 
service line not owned by the water system.
    (i) The water system must provide notification explaining that 
consumers may experience a temporary increase of lead levels in their 
drinking water due to the replacement, information about the health 
effects of lead, and actions consumers can take to minimize their 
exposure to lead in drinking water. In instances where multi-family 
dwellings are served by the lead service line to be partially replaced, 
the water system may elect to post the information at a conspicuous 
location instead of providing individual notification to all residents.
    (ii) The water system must provide information about service line 
flushing in accordance with Sec.  141.84(b).
    (iii) The water system must provide the consumer with a pitcher 
filter certified to remove lead, three months of replacement 
cartridges, and instructions for use. If the lead service line serves 
more than one residence or non-residential unit (e.g., a multi-unit 
building), the water system must provide a pitcher filter, three months 
of replacement cartridges and use instructions to every residence in 
the building.
    (iv) The water system must take a follow up tap sample between 
three months and six months after completion of any partial lead 
service line replacement. The water system must provide the results of 
the sample to the consumer in accordance with Sec.  141.85(d).
    (2) Any water system that replaces the portion of the lead service 
line it owns due to an emergency repair, must provide notice and risk 
mitigation measures to the customer served by the lead service line 
within 24 hours. The water system must provide notification and risk 
mitigation measure in accordance with (d)(1)(i)-(iv) of this section.
    (3) A water system must replace the lead service line it owns when 
it is notified that the customer has replaced the customer-owned 
portion of the lead service line. When a water system is notified by 
the customer that he or she intends to replace the customer portion of 
the lead service line the water system has 45 days from the day of 
their notification to conduct the replacement of the system-owned 
portion. The water system must make a good faith effort to coordinate 
simultaneous replacement. The water system must provide notification 
and risk mitigation measure in accordance with (d)(1)(i)-(iv) of this 
section.
    (4) When a water system is notified by the customer that he or she 
has replaced the customer-owned portion and that replacement has 
occurred within the previous 3 months, the water system must replace 
its portion within 45 days from the day of their notification. The 
water system must provide notification and risk mitigation measures in 
accordance with (d)(1)(i)-(iv) of this section.
    (5) When a water system is notified by the customer that he or she 
has replaced the customer-owned portion and the replacement has 
occurred more than three months in the past, the water system is not 
required to complete the lead service line replacement of the system-
owned portion.
    (e) Requirements for conducting full lead service line replacement. 
(1) Any water system that conducts a full lead service line replacement 
(e.g., replace both the portion of a lead service line owned by the 
customer and by the water system) must provide notice to the owner of 
the lead service line, or the owner's authorized agent, as well as non-
owned resident(s) served by the lead service line within 24 hours of 
the replacement.
    (i) The water system must provide notification explaining that 
consumers may experience a temporary increase of lead levels in their 
drinking water due to the replacement, information about the health 
effects of lead, and actions consumers can take to minimize their 
exposure to lead in drinking water. In instances where multi-family 
dwellings are served by the lead service line to be replaced, the water 
system may elect to post the information at a conspicuous location 
instead of providing individual notification to all residents.
    (ii) The water system must provide information about service line 
flushing in accordance with Sec.  141.84(b).
    (iii) The water system must provide the consumer with a pitcher 
filter certified to remove lead, three months of replacement 
cartridges, and instructions for use. If the lead service line serves 
more than one residence or non-residential unit (e.g., a multi-unit 
building), the water system must provide a pitcher filter, three months 
of replacement cartridges and use instructions to every residence in 
the building.
    (iv) The water system must take a follow up tap sample between 
three months and six months after completion of any partial lead 
service line replacement. The water system must provide the results of 
the sample to the consumer in accordance with Sec.  141.85(d).
    (f) Water systems whose 90th percentile lead level from tap samples 
is above the trigger level but at or below the action level. Water 
systems whose 90th percentile lead level from tap samples taken 
pursuant to Sec.  141.86 is above the lead trigger level but at or 
below the lead action level must conduct goal-based lead service line 
replacement.
    (1) Within six months following completion of the initial 
invention, pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section, water systems 
serving over 10,000 persons must determine a goal rate at which it will 
replace lead service lines after their 90th percentile lead level 
exceeds of the trigger level but is below the lead action level. This 
lead service line replacement goal rate must be approved by the State 
pursuant to (b) of this section.
    (2) Water systems must apply the goal replacement rate to the 
initial number of lead service lines, including service lines of 
unknown material, in the water system's LSL inventory. If the water 
system at any time determines a service line of unknown material is 
non-lead, the water system may subtract it from the initial number of 
lead service lines used for calculating the lead service line 
replacement rate.
    (3) Lead service line replacement must be conducted in accordance 
with the requirements of paragraphs (d) or (e) of this section.
    (4) Only full lead service line replacements count towards a water 
system's annual replacement goal. Partial lead service line 
replacements do not count towards the goal.

[[Page 61757]]

    (5) The water system must provide notification to customers with 
lead service lines as required in Sec.  141.85(f).
    (6) Any water system that fails to meet its lead service line 
replacement goal must:
    (i) Conduct public outreach activities pursuant to Sec.  141.85(g) 
until either the water system meets its replacement goal, or tap 
sampling shows the 90th percentile of lead is below the trigger level 
for two consecutive monitoring periods.
    (ii) Recommence its goal-based lead service line replacement 
program pursuant to this paragraph if the 90th percentile lead value 
anytime thereafter exceeds the lead trigger level.
    (7) The first year of lead service line replacement shall begin on 
the first day following the end of the monitoring period in which the 
lead action level was exceeded. If monitoring is required annually or 
less frequently, the end of the monitoring period is September 30 of 
the calendar year in which the sampling occurs. If the State has 
established an alternate monitoring period, then the end of the 
monitoring period will be the last day of that period.
    (8) Pursuant to the procedures in Sec.  142.19, the EPA Regional 
Administrator may review the lead service line replacement goal rate 
determination made by a State under paragraph Sec.  141.84(b) of this 
section and issue a Federal goal-based lead service line replacement 
rate determination where the Regional Administrator finds that a higher 
goal-based lead service line replacement rate is feasible for a water 
system.
    (g) Lead service line replacement for water systems that exceed the 
lead action level in tap samples. Water systems that exceed the lead 
action level in tap samples taken pursuant to Sec.  141.86 must replace 
full lead service lines at a minimum annual rate.
    (1) Water systems must annually replace three percent of the 
initial number of lead service lines in the inventory, including 
service lines of unknown material at time of the action level 
exceedance. The water system must meet the replacement rate with full 
lead service line replacements but is not required to bear the cost of 
removal of the portion of the lead service line it does not own. If the 
water system later determines a service line of unknown material is 
non-lead, the water system may subtract it from the initial number of 
lead service lines used for calculating the lead service line 
replacement rate.
    (2) Lead service line replacement must be conducted in accordance 
with the requirements of paragraphs (c) or (d) of this section.
    (3) Only full lead service line replacements count towards a water 
system's mandatory replacement rate. Partial lead service line 
replacements do not count towards the mandatory replacement rate.
    (4) Water systems must conduct notification to customers with lead 
service lines as required in Sec.  141.85(f).
    (5) Community water systems serving 10,000 or fewer persons may 
elect to conduct a corrosion control treatment or point-of-use filter 
compliance approach as described in section Sec.  141.93 instead of 
lead service line replacement. Non-transient non-community water 
systems may elect to conduct a corrosion control treatment, point-of-
use filter compliance approach, or choose a replacement of lead-bearing 
plumbing approach, as described in section Sec.  141.93.
    (6) A water system may cease mandatory lead service line 
replacement when its lead 90th percentile level, calculated under Sec.  
141.80(c)(4), is at or below the lead action level during each of four 
consecutive monitoring periods. If first draw tap samples collected in 
any such system thereafter exceed the lead action level, the system 
shall recommence mandatory lead service line replacement.
    (7) The water system may cease mandatory lead service line 
replacement if it obtains refusal to conduct full lead service line 
replacement from every customer in its distribution area served by a 
lead service line on the customer's portion. If the water system 
exceeds the action level again, it must reach out to any customers 
served by a lead service line where there has been a change in 
residents with an offer to replace the customer-owned portion. The 
water system is not required to bear the cost of replacement of the 
customer-owned lead service line.
    (8) The first year of lead service line replacement shall begin on 
the first day following the end of the monitoring period in which lead 
action level was exceeded under paragraph (a) of this section. If 
monitoring is required annually or less frequently, the end of the 
monitoring period is September 30 of the calendar year in which the 
sampling occurs. If the State has established an alternate monitoring 
period, then the end of the monitoring period will be the last day of 
that period.
    (9) The State shall require a system to replace lead service lines 
on a shorter schedule than that required by this section, taking into 
account the number of lead service lines in the system, where a shorter 
replacement schedule is feasible. The State shall make this 
determination in writing and notify the system of its finding within 
six months after the system is required to begin lead service line 
replacement based on monitoring referenced in paragraph (f) of this 
section.
    (h) State reporting to demonstrate compliance. To demonstrate 
compliance with paragraphs (a) through (f) of this section, a system 
shall report to the State the information specified in Sec.  141.90(e).
0
8. Amend Sec.  141.85 by:
0
a. Revising the introductory text, paragraphs (a)(1)(ii), 
(b)(2)(ii)(B), and (b)(2)(ii)(B)(1);
0
b. Adding paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B)(7) and removing paragraph 
(b)(2)(ii)(C);
0
c. Revising paragraphs (d)(1), (2), and (4) ; and
0
d. Adding paragraphs (e), (f), and (g).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  141.85  Public education and supplemental monitoring 
requirements.

    All water systems must deliver a consumer notice of lead tap water 
monitoring results to persons served by the water system at sites that 
are tested, as specified in paragraph (d) of this section. A water 
system with lead service lines must deliver public education materials 
to persons with a lead service line as specified in paragraph (e) and 
(f) of this section. All water systems must conduct annual outreach to 
healthcare providers and caregivers as outlined in section (g) of this 
section. A water system that exceeds the lead action level based on tap 
water samples collected in accordance with Sec.  141.86 shall deliver 
the public education materials contained in paragraph (a) of this 
section and in accordance with the requirements in paragraph (b) of 
this section. Water systems that exceed the lead action level must 
sample the tap water of any customer who requests it in accordance with 
paragraph (c) of this section.
    (a) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ii) Health effects of lead. Exposure to lead can cause serious 
health effects in all age groups. Infants and children who drink water 
containing lead could have decreases in IQ and attention span and 
increases in learning and behavior problems. Lead exposure among women 
who are pregnant increases prenatal risks. Lead exposure among women 
who later become pregnant has similar risks if lead stored in the 
mother's bones is released during pregnancy. Recent science suggests 
that adults who drink water containing lead have increased

[[Page 61758]]

risks of heart disease, high blood pressure, kidney or nervous system 
problems.
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (B) * * *
    (1) Schools, child care facilities and school boards.
* * * * *
    (7) Obstetricians-Gynecologists and Midwives.
    (d) Notification of results. (1) Reporting requirement. All water 
systems must provide a notice of the individual tap results from lead 
tap water monitoring carried out under the requirements of Sec.  141.86 
to the persons served by the water system at the specific sampling site 
from which the sample was taken (e.g., the occupants of the residence 
where the tap was tested).
    (2) Timing of notification. A water system must provide the 
consumer notice as soon as practical, in accordance to the following 
timeframes:
    (i) For individual samples that do not exceed the lead action 
level, no later than 30 days after the water system learns of the tap 
monitoring results.
    (ii) For individual samples that exceed the lead action level, no 
later than 24 hours after the water system learns of the tap monitoring 
results.
* * * * *
    (4) Delivery. (i) For lead tap sample results that do not exceed 
the lead action level of 0.015 mg/L, the water systems must provide 
consumer notice to persons served at the tap that was tested, either by 
mail or by another method approved by the State. For example, upon 
approval by the State, a non-transient non-community water system could 
post the results on a bulletin board in the facility to allow users to 
review the information. The system must provide the notice to 
consumers, including customers at taps where sampling was conducted.
    (ii) For tap sample results that exceed the lead action level of 
0.015 mg/L, the water systems must provide consumer notice to consumers 
served at the tap that was tested electronically or by phone or another 
method approved by the State.
    (e) Notification of lead service line. (1) Notification 
requirements. All water systems with lead service lines must provide 
notification to all consumers with a lead service line or a service 
line of unknown material informing them they have a lead service line 
or a service line of unknown material.
    (2) Timing of notification. A water system must provide the initial 
notification within 30 days of completion of the lead service line 
inventory required under Sec.  141.84 and repeat the notification on an 
annual basis until the customer no longer has a lead service line. For 
new customers, water systems shall provide the notice at the time of 
service initiation.
    (3) Content. (i) Consumers with a confirmed lead service line. The 
notice must include a statement that the consumer's service line is 
lead, an explanation of the health effects of lead, steps consumers can 
take to reduce exposure to lead in drinking water, information about 
opportunities to replace lead service lines and information about 
programs that provide innovative financing solutions to assist 
consumers with replacement of their portion of a lead service line, and 
a statement that the water system is required to replace its portion of 
a lead service line when the consumer notifies them they are replacing 
their owned portion of the lead service line.
    (ii) Customers with a service line of unknown material. The notice 
must include a statement that the customer's service line is of unknown 
material that may be lead, an explanation of the health effects of 
lead, steps customers can take to reduce exposure to lead in drinking 
water and information about opportunities to verify the material of the 
service line.
    (4) Delivery. The notice must be provided to persons served by a 
lead service line or service line of unknown material, either by mail 
or by another method approved by the primacy agency.
    (5) Notification due to a disturbance of a lead service line. (i) 
Water systems that cause disturbance to a lead service line that 
results in the water being shut off, and without conducting a partial 
or full lead service line replacement, must provide the consumer with 
information about the potential for elevated lead in drinking water a 
result of the disturbance as well as a flushing procedure to remove 
particulate lead.
    (ii) If the disturbance of a lead service line results from the 
replacement of the water meter or gooseneck, pigtail, or connector, the 
water system must comply with the requirements in paragraph (e)(5)(i) 
of this section as well as provide the consumer with a pitcher filter 
certified to remove lead, instructions to use the filter, and three 
months of filter replacement cartridges.
    (iii) A water system that conducts a partial or full lead service 
line replacement must comply with the requirements in paragraph 
(e)(5)(i) of this section as well as provide the consumer with a 
pitcher filter certified to remove lead, instructions to use the 
filter, and three months of filter replacement cartridges.
    (iv) The water system must comply with the requirements of 
paragraphs (e)(5) of this section before the consumer's water is turned 
back on after it has been shut off by the water system.
    (f) Notification of exceedance of the lead trigger level. (1) All 
water systems with lead service lines that exceed the lead trigger 
level of 0.010 mg/L must provide customers that have a lead service 
line information regarding the water system's goal-based lead service 
line replacement program and opportunities for replacement of the lead 
service line.
    (2) Timing. Waters Systems shall send notification within 30 days 
of the end of the monitoring period in which the trigger level 
exceedance occurred. Water systems must repeat the notification 
annually until the results of sampling conducted under Sec.  141.86 is 
at or below the lead trigger level.
    (3) Delivery. The notice must be provided to persons served by a 
lead service line, either by mail or by another method approved by the 
State.
    (g) Outreach activities for failure to meet the lead service line 
replacement goal. (1) In the first year that a water system that does 
not meet its annual lead service line replacement goal as required 
under Sec.  141.84, it must conduct one outreach activity from the 
following list in the following year until the water system meets it 
replacement goal or until tap sampling shows that the 90th percentile 
for lead is at or below the trigger level of 0.010 mg/L. Any water 
system that thereafter continues to fail to meet its lead service line 
replacement goal must conduct two outreach activities per year from the 
following list:
    (i) Conduct social media campaign.
    (ii) Contact organizations representing plumbers and contractors by 
mail to provide information about lead in drinking water including 
health effects, sources of lead, and the importance of using lead free 
plumbing materials.
    (iii) Send certified mail to customers with a lead service line to 
inform them about the water system's goal-based lead service line 
replacement program and opportunities for replacement of the lead 
service line.
    (iv) Conduct a town hall meeting or participate in a community 
event to provide information about its lead service line replacement 
program and distribute public education materials.
    (v) Visit targeted customers to discuss the lead service line 
replacement program and opportunities for replacement.

[[Page 61759]]

    (vi) In the case where all lead service line customers refuse to 
participate in the lead service line replacement program, obtain a 
signed letter from each customer stating such refusal.
    (h) Public education to local and State health agencies. (1) All 
water systems shall provide public education materials that meet the 
content requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
    (2) Timing. Water systems must send public education materials no 
later than January 15 of each calendar year.
    (3) Delivery. Water systems shall send public education materials 
or provide public education by mail or by another method approved by 
the State.
0
9. Amend Sec.  141.86 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a), (b)(1), and (b)(2);
0
b. Reserving paragraph (b)(3);
0
c. Revising paragraphs (d) and (e);
0
d. Revising the heading of paragraph (f); and
0
e. Adding paragraphs (h) and (i).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  141.86  Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in tap water.

    (a) Sample site location. (1) By the applicable date for 
commencement of monitoring under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, each 
water system shall complete a lead service line inventory of its 
distribution system and identify a pool of targeted sampling sites that 
meet the requirements of this section, and which is sufficiently large 
enough to ensure that the water system can collect the number of lead 
and copper tap samples required in paragraph (c) of this section. Water 
systems with lead service lines or service lines of unknown material 
must re-evaluate the tap sampling locations based on a lead service 
line inventory conducted under Sec.  141.84(a), which must be updated 
annually thereafter, including identifying any changes to the sampling 
locations. Sites may not include faucets that have point-of-use (POU) 
or point-of-entry (POE) treatment devices designed to remove inorganic 
contaminants, except for systems monitoring under Sec.  141.93 (Small 
System Compliance Flexibility). Lead and copper sampling results for 
systems monitoring under 141.93(c)(3) and (d)(3) may not be used for 
the purposes of meeting the criteria for reduced monitoring specified 
in (d)(4) of this section.
    (2) A water system shall use the information on lead, copper, and 
galvanized steel that is required to be collected under Sec.  141.42(d) 
(special monitoring for corrosivity characteristics) when conducting a 
materials evaluation. A water system shall use the information on lead 
service lines that is required to be collected under Sec.  141.84(a) to 
identify potential lead service line sampling sites. When an evaluation 
of the information collected pursuant to Sec.  141.42(d) and 141.84(a) 
is insufficient to locate the requisite number of lead and copper 
sampling sites that meet the targeting criteria in paragraph (a) of 
this section, the water system shall review the sources of information 
listed below to identify a sufficient number of sampling sites. In 
addition, the system shall seek to collect such information where 
possible in the course of its normal operations (e.g., checking service 
line materials when reading water meters or performing maintenance 
activities):
    (i) All plumbing codes, permits, and records in the files of the 
building department(s) that indicate the plumbing materials that are 
installed within publicly and privately-owned structures connected to 
the distribution system;
    (ii) All inspections and records of the distribution system that 
indicate the material composition of the service connections that 
connect a structure to the distribution system; and
    (iii) All existing water quality information, which includes the 
results of all prior analyses of the system or individual structures 
connected to the system, indicating locations that may be particularly 
susceptible to high lead or copper concentrations.
    (3) The sampling sites selected for a community water system's 
sampling pool (``Tier 1 sampling sites'') shall consist of single-
family structures that are served by a lead service line. When 
multiple-family residences comprise at least 20 percent of the 
structures served by a water system, the system may include these types 
of structures in its Tier 1 sampling pool, if served by a lead service 
line. Service lines of unknown material must not be used as Tier 1 
sampling sites.
    (4) Any community water system with insufficient Tier 1 sampling 
sites shall complete its sampling pool with ``Tier 2 sampling sites,'' 
consisting of buildings, including multiple-family residences that are 
served by a lead service line.
    (5) Any community water system with insufficient Tier 1 and Tier 2 
sampling sites shall complete its sampling pool with ``Tier 3 sampling 
sites,'' consisting of single-family structures that contain copper 
pipes with lead solder.
    (6) A community water system with insufficient Tier 1, Tier 2, and 
Tier 3 sampling sites shall complete its sampling pool with ``Tier 4 
sampling sites,'' consisting of single-family structures or buildings, 
including multiple family residences that are representative of sites 
throughout the distribution system. For the purpose of this paragraph, 
a representative site is a site in which the plumbing materials used at 
that site would be commonly found at other sites served by the water 
system.
    (7) The sampling sites selected for a non-transient non-community 
water system (``Tier 1 sampling sites'') shall consist of buildings 
that are served by a lead service line. Service lines of unknown 
material must not be used as Tier 1 sampling sites.
    (8) A non-transient non-community water system with insufficient 
Tier 1 sites that meet the targeting criteria in paragraph (a)(7) of 
this section shall complete its sampling pool with ``Tier 3 sampling 
sites,'' consisting of sampling sites that contain copper pipes with 
lead solder.
    (9) A non-transient non-community water system with insufficient 
Tier 1 and Tier 3 sampling sites shall complete its sampling pool with 
``Tier 4 sampling sites,'' consisting of sampling sites that are 
representative of sites throughout the distribution system. For the 
purpose of this paragraph, a representative site is a site in which the 
plumbing materials used at that site would be commonly found at other 
sites served by the water system.
    (10) Any water system whose distribution system contains lead 
service lines shall collect all samples for monitoring under this 
section from sites served by a lead service line. A water system that 
cannot identify a sufficient number of sampling sites served by lead 
service lines shall still collect samples from every site served by a 
lead service line, and collect the remaining samples in accordance with 
tiering requirements under (a)(2)(iii) of this section.
    (b) Sample collection methods. (1) All tap samples for lead and 
copper collected in accordance with this subpart, with the exception of 
samples collected under paragraph (b)(5) and paragraph (h) of this 
section, shall be first draw samples.
    (2) Each first-draw tap sample for lead and copper shall be one 
liter in volume and have stood motionless in the plumbing system of 
each sampling site for at least six hours. Bottles used to collect 
these samples shall be wide-mouth one-liter sample bottles. First-draw 
samples from residential housing shall be collected from the cold-water 
kitchen tap or bathroom sink tap. First-draw samples from a 
nonresidential building shall be one liter in volume and collected at 
an interior tap from which water is typically drawn for consumption. 
Non-first-draw samples

[[Page 61760]]

collected in lieu of first-draw samples pursuant to paragraph (b)(5) of 
this section shall be one liter in volume and shall be collected at an 
interior tap from which water is typically drawn for consumption. 
First-draw samples may be collected by the system or the system may 
allow residents to collect first-draw samples after instructing the 
residents of the sampling procedures specified in this paragraph. 
Sampling instructions provided to customers shall not include 
instructions for aerator removal and cleaning or flushing of taps prior 
to the start of the minimum six-hour stagnation period. To avoid 
problems of residents handling nitric acid, acidification of first-draw 
samples may be done up to 14 days after the sample is collected. After 
acidification to re-solubilize the metals, the sample must stand in the 
original container for the time specified in the approved EPA method 
before the sample can be analyzed. If a system allows residents to 
perform sampling, the system may not challenge, based on alleged errors 
in sample collection, the accuracy of sampling results.
* * * * *
    (d) Timing of monitoring (1) Initial tap sampling. (i) All water 
systems with lead service lines deemed optimized under Sec.  
141.81(b)(3) and systems that did not conduct monitoring that meets the 
requirements of this section prior to the compliance date of this 
section must begin the first six-month monitoring period on January 1 
in the year following the compliance date of this section.
    (ii) Systems that conducted monitoring that meets the requirements 
of this section prior to the effective date of this section shall 
conduct the next round of monitoring on the following schedules based 
on the results of that monitoring:
    (A) Systems that exceed the action levels for lead or copper shall 
begin the first six-month monitoring period on January 1 in the year 
following the effective date of this section.
    (B) Systems that exceed the lead trigger level and meet the lead 
and copper action levels shall begin the first annual monitoring period 
on January 1 in the year following the effective date of this section. 
Samples shall be analyzed for lead on an annual basis. Samples shall be 
analyzed for copper on a triennial basis. Systems without corrosion 
control treatment that meet the lead trigger level in three annual 
monitoring periods may reduce monitoring in accordance with paragraph 
(d)(4) of this section.
    (C) Lead service line systems that do not exceed the lead trigger 
level and copper action level shall begin the next annual monitoring 
period on January 1 of the year following the effective date of this 
section. Samples shall be analyzed for lead on an annual basis. Samples 
shall be analyzed for copper on a triennial basis. Systems that do not 
exceed the lead trigger level in three annual monitoring periods may 
reduce monitoring in accordance with paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
    (D) Systems without lead service lines that do not exceed the lead 
trigger level and the copper action level shall begin the next 
triennial monitoring period within three calendar years of the previous 
round.
    (2) Monitoring after installation of initial or re-optimized 
corrosion control treatment and installation of source water treatment. 
(i) Any water system that installs or re-optimizes corrosion control 
treatment shall continue to monitor for lead and copper every six 
months until the State specifies water quality parameter values for 
optimal corrosion control.
    (ii) Any system that re-optimizes corrosion control treatment as a 
result of exceeding the lead trigger level shall monitor annually for 
lead. Samples shall be analyzed for copper on a triennial basis. Small 
and medium-size systems for which the State did not specify water 
quality control parameters under Sec.  141.82 that meet the lead 
trigger level in three annual monitoring periods may reduce monitoring 
in accordance with paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
    (iii) Any system that installs source water treatment pursuant to 
Sec.  141.83(a)(3) shall monitor every six months until the system 
meets the lead and copper action levels for two consecutive six-month 
monitoring periods. Systems that meet the lead and copper action 
levels, but not the lead trigger level for two consecutive 6-month 
monitoring periods may reduce monitoring in accordance with paragraph 
(d)(4) of this section.
    (3) Monitoring after State specifies water quality parameter values 
for optimal corrosion control treatment. (i) After the State specifies 
the values for water quality control parameters under Sec.  141.82(f), 
all large and any small or medium size systems that exceeded an action 
level shall continue to monitor every six months until the system does 
not exceed the lead and copper action levels for two consecutive 6-
month monitoring periods. Systems that do not exceed the lead and 
copper action levels, but exceed the lead trigger level (10 
[micro]g/L) shall monitor annually at the standard number of sites 
listed in (c) of this section. Systems that do not exceed the lead 
trigger level and copper action level in three annual monitoring 
periods may reduce monitoring in accordance with paragraph (d)(4) of 
this section.
    (ii) Any small or medium size system which exceeded the lead 
trigger level for which the State has specified water quality parameter 
values for optimal corrosion control treatment shall continue to 
monitor every six months until the system meets the lead and copper 
action levels for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods. Systems 
that do not exceed the lead and copper action levels, but exceed the 
lead trigger level shall monitor annually at the standard number of 
sites listed in paragraph (c) of this section. Systems that do not 
exceed the lead trigger level and copper action level in three annual 
monitoring periods may reduce monitoring in accordance with paragraph 
(d)(4) of this section.
    (4) Reduced Monitoring based on 90th percentile lead levels. (i) 
(A) A small or medium-size system that meets the lead trigger level and 
copper action level under paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section may 
reduce the frequency of sampling to annual monitoring. This monitoring 
shall begin in the calendar year immediately following the end of the 
second consecutive 6-month monitoring period.
    (B) A small or medium-size water system that meets the lead trigger 
level and copper action level under paragraph (d)(1)(ii)(D) of this 
section may reduce the number of samples in accordance with paragraph 
(c) of this section and reduce the sampling frequency to triennial 
monitoring. This monitoring shall begin during the calendar year three 
years after the monitoring conducted under paragraph (d)(1)(ii)(D) of 
this section. A small or medium system collecting fewer than five 
samples as specified in paragraph (c) of this section that meets the 
lead trigger level and copper action level under paragraph 
(d)(1)(ii)(D) of this section may reduce the sampling frequency to 
triennial monitoring. In no case may the system reduce the number of 
samples below the minimum of one sample per available tap. This 
monitoring shall begin during the calendar year three years after the 
monitoring conducted under paragraph (d)(1)(ii)(D) of this section.
    (C) Any small or medium-size system without corrosion control 
treatment that exceeds the lead trigger level, but meets copper action 
level, shall collect the standard number of samples on an annual basis. 
This sampling shall begin in the calendar year following the monitoring 
conducted under paragraph (d)(1)(i) or (d)(1)(ii)(B) of this section. A 
small or medium system collecting

[[Page 61761]]

fewer than five samples as specified in paragraph (c) of this section 
that meets the lead trigger level and copper action level under 
paragraph (d)(1)(i) or (d)(1)(ii)(D) of this section shall collect the 
standard number of samples on an annual basis. In no case may the 
system reduce the number of samples below the minimum of one sample per 
available tap. This sampling shall begin in the calendar year following 
the monitoring conducted under paragraph (d)(1)(i) or (d)(1)(ii)(B) of 
this section.
    (D) Any small or medium-size system with corrosion control 
treatment that exceeds the lead trigger level but meets the lead and 
copper action levels and is not required by the State to make changes 
to the corrosion control treatment as a result of the re-optimization 
assessment under Sec.  141.82, shall collect the standard number of 
samples on an annual basis. This sampling shall begin in the calendar 
year following the monitoring conducted under paragraph (d)(1)(i) or 
(d)(1)(ii)(B) of this section. A small or medium system collecting 
fewer than five samples as specified in paragraph (c) of this section 
that meets the lead trigger level and copper action level under 
paragraph (a)(ii)(D) of this section shall collect the standard number 
of samples on an annual basis. In no case may the system reduce the 
number of samples below the minimum of one sample per available tap. 
This monitoring shall begin in the calendar year following the 
monitoring conducted under paragraph (d)(1)(i) or (d)(1)(ii)(B) of this 
section.
    (ii) (A) Any water system that meets the lead trigger level and 
copper action level and maintains the range of values for the water 
quality parameters for optimal corrosion control treatment specified by 
the State under Sec.  141.82(f) during each of two consecutive six-
month monitoring periods may reduce the sampling frequency for the 
standard number of samples to annual monitoring. This sampling shall 
begin in the calendar year immediately following the end of the second 
consecutive six-month monitoring period. The State shall review 
monitoring, treatment, and other relevant information submitted by the 
water system in accordance to Sec.  141.90 and shall notify the system 
in writing when it determines the system is eligible to commence 
reduced monitoring pursuant to this paragraph. The State shall review, 
and where appropriate, revise its determination when the system submits 
new monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the 
frequency of tap sampling becomes available.
    (B) Any water system that exceeds the lead trigger level but meets 
the lead and copper action levels and maintains the range of values for 
the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control 
treatment specified by the State under Sec.  141.82(f) during each of 
two consecutive six-month monitoring periods may reduce the monitoring 
frequency at the standard number of sites to annual monitoring. This 
sampling shall begin in the calendar year immediately following the end 
of the second consecutive 6-month monitoring period. The State shall 
review monitoring, treatment, and other relevant information submitted 
by the water system in accordance to Sec.  141.90 and shall notify the 
system in writing when it determines the system is eligible to commence 
reduced monitoring pursuant to this paragraph. The State shall review, 
and where appropriate, revise its determination when the system submits 
new monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the 
frequency of monitoring becomes available.
    (iii) (A) A small or medium-size water system that meets the lead 
trigger level and copper action level under paragraph (d)(4)(i)(D) of 
this section may reduce the number of samples in accordance with 
paragraph (c) of this section and reduce the monitoring frequency to 
triennial monitoring. This sampling should begin during the calendar 
year three years after the monitoring conducted under paragraph 
(d)(ii)(D) of this section. A small or medium system collecting fewer 
than five samples as specified in paragraph (c) of this section that 
meets the lead trigger level and copper action level under paragraph 
(d)(ii)(D) of this section may reduce the monitoring frequency to 
triennial monitoring. This monitoring should begin during the calendar 
year three years after the monitoring conducted under paragraph 
(d)(ii)(D) of this section. In no case may the system reduce the number 
of samples below the minimum of one sample per available tap. This 
sampling should begin during the calendar year three years after the 
monitoring conducted under paragraph (a)(ii)(D) of this section.
    (B) Any small or medium-size system monitoring under Sec.  
141.86(d)(4)(i)(A) or (B) that meets the lead trigger level and the 
copper action level in three consecutive rounds of annual monitoring 
may reduce the number of samples in accordance with paragraph (c) of 
this section and reduce the sampling frequency to triennial monitoring. 
This sampling should begin during the calendar year three years after 
the monitoring conducted under paragraph (a)(ii)(D) of this section. A 
small or medium system collecting fewer than five samples as specified 
in paragraph (c) of this section that meets the lead trigger level and 
copper action level under paragraph (a)(ii)(D) of this section may 
reduce the sampling frequency to triennial monitoring. In no case may 
the system reduce the number of samples below the minimum of one sample 
per available tap. This monitoring must begin during the calendar year 
three years after the monitoring conducted under paragraph (a)(ii)(D) 
of this section.
    (iv) A water system that reduces the frequency of sampling shall 
collect these samples from representative sites included in the pool of 
targeted sampling sites identified in paragraph (a) of this section. 
Systems monitoring annually or less frequently shall conduct the lead 
and copper tap sampling during the months of June, July, August, or 
September unless the State has approved a different monitoring period 
in accordance with paragraph (d)(iv)(A) of this section.
    (A) The State at its discretion may approve a different period for 
conducting the lead and copper tap sampling for systems collecting 
samples at a reduced frequency. Such a period shall be no longer than 
four consecutive months and must represent a time of normal operation 
where the highest levels of lead are most likely to occur. For a non-
transient non-community water system that does not operate during the 
months of June through September and for which the period of normal 
operation where the highest levels of lead are most likely to occur is 
not known, the State shall designate a period that represents normal 
operation for the system. This monitoring shall begin during the period 
approved or designated by the State in the calendar year immediately 
following the end of the second 6-month monitoring period for systems 
initiating annual monitoring and during the 3-year period following the 
end of the third consecutive year of annual monitoring for systems 
initiating triennial monitoring.
    (B) Systems monitoring annually that have been collecting samples 
during the months of June through September and that receive State 
approval to alter their monitoring period under paragraph (d)(4)(iv)(A) 
of this section must collect their next round of samples during a time 
period that ends no later than 21 months after the previous round of 
sampling. Systems monitoring triennially that have been collecting 
samples during the month of June through September and receive State 
approval to alter their sampling

[[Page 61762]]

collection period as per paragraph (d)(4)(iv)(A) of this section must 
collect their next round of samples during a time period that ends no 
later than 45 months after the previous monitoring period. Subsequent 
monitoring must be conducted annually or triennially, as required by 
this section. Small systems with waivers, granted pursuant to paragraph 
(g) of this section that have been collecting samples during the months 
of June through September and receive State approval to alter their 
monitoring period as per paragraph (d)(4)(iv)(A) of this section must 
collect their next round of samples before the end of the 9-year 
period.
    (v) Any water system that demonstrates for two consecutive 6-month 
monitoring periods that its 90th percentile lead level, calculated 
under Sec.  141.80(c)(4), is less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L and the 
90th percentile copper level, calculated under Sec.  141.80(c)(4), is 
less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L may reduce the number of samples in 
accordance with paragraph (c) of this section and reduce the frequency 
of monitoring to triennial monitoring.
    (vi)(A)(1) A small or medium-size water system on reduced triennial 
monitoring that exceeds the lead or copper action level shall resume 
monitoring in accordance with paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section and 
collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under 
paragraph (c) of this section. Such a system shall also conduct water 
quality parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec.  141.87(b), (c) or 
(d) (as appropriate) during the monitoring period in which it exceeded 
the action level. Any such water system may resume annual monitoring 
for lead and copper and discontinue water quality parameter monitoring 
in accordance with Sec.  141.87(b), (c) or (d) (as appropriate) after 
it has completed two consecutive 6-month rounds of monitoring that meet 
the criteria of (d)(4)(i)(A) of this section, and may resume triennial 
monitoring for lead and copper at the reduced number of sites after it 
demonstrates through subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the 
criteria of either paragraph (d)(4)(iii)(B) or (d)(4)(v) of this 
section.
    (2) A small or medium-size water system subject to annual 
monitoring that exceeds the lead or copper action level shall resume 
sampling in accordance with paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section. Such a 
system shall also conduct water quality parameter monitoring in 
accordance with Sec.  141.87(b), (c) or (d) (as appropriate) during the 
monitoring period in which it exceeded the action level. Any such 
system may resume annual monitoring for lead and copper and discontinue 
water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec.  141.87(b), 
(c) or (d) (as appropriate) after it has completed two subsequent 
consecutive 6-month rounds of monitoring that meet the criteria of 
(d)(4)(i)(A) of this section, and may resume triennial monitoring for 
lead and copper at the reduced number of sites after it demonstrates 
through subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of 
either paragraph (d)(4)(iii)(B) or (d)(4)(v) of this section.
    (3) A small or medium-size system subject to reduced triennial 
monitoring that exceeds the lead trigger level shall resume sampling in 
accordance with (d)(4)(ii)(B) of this section and collect the number of 
samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph (c) of this 
section. If required by the State, such a system shall also conduct 
water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec.  141.87(b), 
(c) or (d) (as appropriate) during the monitoring period in which it 
exceeded the action level. Any such system may resume triennial 
monitoring for lead and copper and discontinue water quality parameter 
monitoring in accordance with Sec.  141.87(b), (c) or (d) (as 
appropriate) after it demonstrates through subsequent rounds of 
monitoring that it meets the criteria of either paragraph (d)(4)(iii) 
or (d)(4)(v) of this section.
    (B)(1) Any water system subject to the reduced triennial monitoring 
frequency that fails to meet the lead or copper action level during any 
four-month monitoring period or fails to operate at or above the 
minimum value or within the range of values for the water quality 
parameters specified by the State under Sec.  141.82(f) for more than 
nine days in any 6-month monitoring period specified in Sec.  141.87(d) 
shall conduct tap water monitoring for lead and copper at the frequency 
specified in paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section, collect the number of 
samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph (c) of this 
section, and shall resume sampling for water quality parameters in 
accordance with Sec.  141.87(d). This standard tap water monitoring 
shall begin no later than the 6-month period beginning January 1 of the 
calendar year following the lead action level exceedance or water 
quality parameter excursion. Such a system may resume reduced 
monitoring for lead and copper at the tap and for water quality 
parameters within the distribution system under the following 
conditions:
    (i) The system may resume annual monitoring for lead and copper 
after it has completed two subsequent 6-month rounds of monitoring that 
meet the criteria of paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(A) of this section and the 
system has received written approval from the State that it is 
appropriate to resume reduced monitoring on an annual frequency. This 
monitoring shall begin during the calendar year immediately following 
the end of the second consecutive 6-month monitoring period.
    (ii) The system may resume triennial monitoring for lead and copper 
at the tap at the reduced number of sites after it demonstrates through 
subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of either 
paragraph (d)(4)(iii) or (d)(4)(v) of this section and the system has 
received written approval from the State that it is appropriate to 
resume triennial monitoring.
    (iii) The system may reduce the number of water quality parameter 
tap water samples required in accordance with Sec.  141.87(e)(1) and 
the frequency with which it collects such samples in accordance with 
Sec.  141.87(e)(2). Such a system may not resume triennial monitoring 
for water quality parameters at the tap until it demonstrates, in 
accordance with the requirements of Sec.  141.87(e)(2), that it has re-
qualified for triennial monitoring.
    (2) Any water system subject to the reduced annual monitoring 
frequency that fails to meet the lead or copper action level during any 
four-month monitoring period or fails to operate at or above the 
minimum value or within the range of values for the water quality 
parameters specified by the State under Sec.  141.82(f) for more than 
nine days in any 6-month monitoring period specified in Sec.  141.87(d) 
shall conduct tap water monitoring for lead and copper at the frequency 
specified in paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section, and shall resume 
sampling for water quality parameters in accordance with Sec.  
141.87(d). This standard monitoring shall begin no later than the 6-
month period beginning January 1 of the calendar year following the 
lead action level exceedance or water quality parameter excursion. Such 
a system may resume reduced monitoring for lead and copper at the tap 
and for water quality parameters within the distribution system under 
the following conditions:
    (i) The system may resume annual monitoring for lead and copper 
after it has completed two subsequent 6-month rounds of monitoring that 
meet the criteria of paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(A) of this section and the 
system has received written approval from the State that it is 
appropriate to resume reduced monitoring on an annual frequency.

[[Page 61763]]

This sampling shall begin during the calendar year immediately 
following the end of the second consecutive 6-month monitoring period.
    (ii) The system may resume triennial monitoring for lead and copper 
at the tap at the reduced number of sites after it demonstrates through 
subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of either 
paragraph (d)(4)(iii) or (d)(4)(v) of this section and the system has 
received written approval from the State that it is appropriate to 
resume triennial monitoring.
    (iii) The system may reduce the number of water quality parameter 
tap water samples required in accordance with Sec.  141.87(e)(1) and 
the frequency with which it collects such samples in accordance with 
Sec.  141.87(e)(2). Such a system may not resume triennial monitoring 
for water quality parameters at the tap until it demonstrates, in 
accordance with the requirements of Sec.  141.87(e)(2), that it has 
qualified for triennial monitoring.
    (3) Any water system subject to the reduced triennial monitoring 
frequency that exceeds the lead trigger level during any four-month 
monitoring period shall conduct tap water sampling for lead and copper 
at the frequency specified in paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(B) of this section, 
collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under 
paragraph (c) of this section, and shall resume sampling for water 
quality parameters in accordance with Sec.  141.87(d). This standard 
tap water monitoring shall begin no later than the 6-month period 
beginning January 1 of the calendar year following the lead trigger 
level exceedance or water quality parameter excursion. Such a system 
may resume reduced monitoring for lead and copper at the tap and for 
water quality parameters within the distribution system under the 
following conditions:
    (i) The system may resume triennial monitoring for lead and copper 
at the tap at the reduced number of sites after it demonstrates through 
subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of either 
paragraph (d)(4)(iii) or (d)(4)(v) of this section and the system has 
received written approval from the State that it is appropriate to 
resume triennial monitoring.
    (ii) The system may reduce the number of water quality parameter 
tap water samples required in accordance with Sec.  141.87(e)(1) and 
the frequency with which it collects such samples in accordance with 
Sec.  141.87(e)(2). Such a system may not resume triennial monitoring 
for water quality parameters at the tap until it demonstrates, in 
accordance with the requirements of Sec.  141.87(e)(2), that it has re-
qualified for triennial monitoring.
    (iii) Any water system subject to a reduced monitoring frequency 
under paragraph (d)(4) of this section shall notify the State in 
writing in accordance with Sec.  141.90(a)(3) of any upcoming long-term 
change in treatment or addition of a new source as described in that 
section. The State must review and approve the addition of a new source 
or long-term change in water treatment before it is implemented by the 
water system. The State may require the system to resume sampling in 
accordance with paragraph (d)(3) of this section and collect the number 
of samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph (c) of 
this section or take other appropriate steps such as increased water 
quality parameter monitoring, or re-evaluation of corrosion control 
treatment given the potentially different water quality considerations.
    (e) Additional monitoring by systems. The results of any monitoring 
conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section (such 
as customer-requested sampling) shall be considered by the system and 
the State in making any determinations (i.e., calculating the 90th 
percentile lead or copper level) under this subpart. Lead service line 
water systems that are unable to collect the minimum number of samples 
from Tier 1 or Tier 2 sites shall calculate the 90th percentile using 
data from all the lead service lines sites and the highest values from 
lower tier sites to meet the specified minimum number of sites. Data 
from additional lower tier sites shall be submitted to the State but 
shall not be used in the 90th percentile calculation. Customer-
requested samples from known lead service line sites shall be included 
in the 90th percentile calculation when they meet the requirements of 
paragraph (b) of this section.
    (f) Invalidation of lead and copper tap samples collected under 
Sec.  141.86(d). * * *
* * * * *
    (h) Follow-up samples for ``find-and-fix'' under Sec.  141.82(j). 
Systems shall collect a follow-up sample at any site that exceeds the 
action level within 30 days of receiving the sample results. These 
follow-up samples may use different sample volumes or different sample 
collection procedures to assess the source of elevated lead. Samples 
collected under this section shall be submitted to the State but shall 
not be included in the 90th percentile calculation.
    (i) Public availability of tap monitoring results used in the 90th 
percentile calculation. All water systems shall make available to the 
public the results of the tap water monitoring used to make the 90th 
percentile calculation under Sec.  141.80(c)(4). Water systems shall 
not be required to list the addresses of the sites where the tap 
samples were collected. Large systems shall make available the 
monitoring results in a digital format. Small and medium-size systems 
shall make available the monitoring results in either a written or 
digital format.
* * * * *
0
11. Revise Sec.  141.87 to read as follows:


Sec.  141.87  Monitoring requirements for water quality parameters.

    All large water systems, and all small- and medium-size water 
systems that exceed the lead or copper action level, and all small- and 
medium-size water systems with corrosion control treatment that exceed 
the lead trigger level shall monitor water quality parameters in 
addition to lead and copper in accordance with this section. The 
requirements of this section are summarized in the table at the end of 
this section.
    (a) General requirements. (1) Sample collection methods. (i) Tap 
samples shall be representative of water quality throughout the 
distribution system, taking into account the number of persons served, 
the different sources of water, the different treatment methods 
employed by the system, and seasonal variability. Tap sampling under 
this section is not required to be conducted at taps targeted for lead 
and copper sampling under Sec.  141.86(a).
    Note to paragraph (a)(1)(i): Systems may find it convenient to 
conduct tap sampling for water quality parameters at sites used for 
coliform sampling under Sec.  141.21 in this chapter.
    (ii) Samples collected at the entry point(s) to the distribution 
system shall be from locations representative of each source after 
treatment. If a system draws water from more than one source and the 
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an 
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal 
operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources 
being used).
    (2) Number of samples. (i) Systems shall collect two tap samples 
for applicable water quality parameters during each monitoring period 
specified under paragraphs (b) through (e) of this section from the 
following minimum number of sites. Systems that add sites as a result 
of the ``find-and-fix'' requirements in Sec.  141.82(j) shall collect 
tap samples for applicable water quality

[[Page 61764]]

parameters during each monitoring period under paragraphs (c) through 
(e) of this section and shall sample from that adjusted minimum number 
of sites.

                     Table 1 to Paragraph (a)(2)(i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Minimum number
                                                           of sites for
           System size (number people served)              water quality
                                                            parameters
------------------------------------------------------------------------
100,000.................................................              25
10,001-100,000..........................................              10
3,301-10,000............................................               3
501-3,300...............................................               2
101-500.................................................               1
<=100...................................................               1
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (ii)(A) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, 
water systems without corrosion control treatment shall collect two 
samples for each applicable water quality parameter at each entry point 
to the distribution system during each monitoring period specified in 
paragraph (b) of this section. During each monitoring period specified 
in paragraphs (c) through (e) of this section, water systems shall 
collect one sample for each applicable water quality parameter at each 
entry point to the distribution system.
    (B) During each monitoring period specified in paragraphs (b) 
through (e) of the section, water systems with corrosion control 
treatment shall continue to collect one sample for each applicable 
water quality parameter at each entry point to the distribution system 
no less frequently than once every two weeks.
    (b) Initial sampling for water systems without corrosion control 
treatment. (1) Water systems without corrosion control treatment shall 
measure the applicable water quality parameters at the locations 
specified below during each 6-month monitoring period specified in 
Sec.  141.86(d)(1), during which the water system exceeds the lead or 
copper action level, and continue until the water system meets the lead 
and copper action levels for two consecutive 6-month monitoring 
periods.
    (i) At taps:
    (A) pH;
    (B) Alkalinity;
    (C) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing an orthophosphate 
compound is used;
    (D) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is 
used;
    (ii) At each entry point to the distribution system all of the 
applicable parameters listed in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
    (2) All large water systems shall measure the applicable water 
quality parameters as specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, at 
taps and at each entry point to the distribution system during each 6-
month monitoring period specified in Sec.  141.86(d)(1). All small and 
medium-size systems with corrosion control shall measure the applicable 
water quality parameters at the locations specified below during each 
6-month monitoring period specified in Sec.  141.86(d)(1) during which 
the system exceeds the lead trigger level or copper action level.
    (i) At taps:
    (A) pH;
    (B) Alkalinity;
    (C) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing an orthophosphate 
compound is used;
    (D) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is 
used;
    (ii) At each entry point to the distribution system, all of the 
applicable parameters listed in paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
    (c) Monitoring after installation of optimal corrosion control or 
re-optimized corrosion control treatment. (1) Any large water system 
that re-optimizes corrosion control treatment pursuant to Sec.  
141.81(d)(5)(i) and any small or medium-size water system that exceeds 
the lead or copper action level and re-optimizes corrosion control 
treatment pursuant to Sec.  141.81(d)(5)(ii) shall measure the water 
quality parameters at the locations and frequencies specified in 
paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, during each 6-month monitoring 
period specified in Sec.  141.86(d)(2)(i). Any small or medium-size 
system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment shall conduct 
such monitoring during each 6-month monitoring period specified in 
Sec.  141.86(d)(2)(i).
    (i) At taps, two samples for:
    (A) pH;
    (B) Alkalinity;
    (C) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing an orthophosphate 
compound is used;
    (D) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is 
used;
    (ii) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, at 
each entry point to the distribution system, at least one sample no 
less frequently than every two weeks (biweekly) for:
    (A) pH;
    (B) When alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion 
control, a reading of the dosage rate of the chemical used to adjust 
alkalinity, and the alkalinity concentration; and
    (C) When a corrosion inhibitor is used as part of optimal corrosion 
control, a reading of the dosage rate of the inhibitor used, and the 
concentration of orthophosphate or silica (whichever is applicable).
    (iii) Any groundwater system can limit entry point sampling 
described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section to those entry points 
that are representative of water quality and treatment conditions 
throughout the system. If water from untreated groundwater sources 
mixes with water from treated groundwater sources, the system must 
monitor for water quality parameters both at representative entry 
points receiving treatment and representative entry points receiving no 
treatment. Prior to the start of any monitoring under this paragraph, 
the water system shall provide to the State, written information 
identifying the selected entry points and documentation, including 
information on seasonal variability, sufficient to demonstrate that the 
sites are representative of water quality and treatment conditions 
throughout the system.
    (2) States have the discretion to require small and medium-size 
systems that exceed the lead trigger level but not the lead and copper 
action levels to conduct water quality parameter monitoring as 
described in paragraph (c)(ii) of this section or the State can develop 
its own water quality control parameter monitoring structure for these 
systems.
    (d) Monitoring after State specifies water quality parameter values 
for optimal corrosion control. (1) After the State specifies the values 
for applicable water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion 
control treatment under Sec.  141.87(f), all large systems shall 
measure the applicable water quality parameters in accordance with 
paragraph (c) of this section and determine compliance with the 
requirements of Sec.  141.82(g) every six months with the first 6-month 
period to begin on either January 1 or July 1, whichever comes first, 
after the State specifies the optimal values under Sec.  141.82(f). Any 
small or medium-size water system that exceeded an action level shall 
conduct such monitoring until the water system meets the lead and 
copper action levels and the optimal water quality control parameters 
in two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods under Sec.  
141.86(d)(3)(i) and this paragraph. For any such small and medium-size 
system that is subject to a reduced monitoring frequency pursuant to 
Sec.  141.86(d)(4) at the time of the action level exceedance, the 
start of the applicable 6-month monitoring period under this paragraph 
shall coincide with the start of the applicable monitoring period under 
Sec.  141.86(d)(4). Compliance with State-

[[Page 61765]]

designated optimal water quality parameter values shall be determined 
as specified under Sec.  141.82(g).
    (2) Any small or medium-size system that exceeds the lead trigger 
level, but not the lead and copper action levels for which the State 
has set optimal water quality control parameters shall monitor 
according to the structure in paragraph (c)(ii) of this section, until 
the system no longer exceeds the lead trigger level in three 
consecutive annual monitoring periods. States have the discretion to 
continue to require these systems to monitor optimal water quality 
control parameters.
    (e) Reduced monitoring. (1) Any large water system that maintains 
the range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal 
corrosion control treatment specified by the State under Sec.  
141.82(f) and does not exceed the lead trigger level during each of two 
consecutive 6-month monitoring periods under paragraph (d) of this 
section shall continue monitoring at the entry point(s) to the 
distribution system as specified in paragraph (c)(ii) of this section. 
Such system may collect two tap samples for applicable water quality 
parameters from the following reduced number of sites during each 6-
month monitoring period.

                       Table 1 to Paragraph (e)(1)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Reduced
                                                          minimum number
          System size (number of people served)            of sites for
                                                           water quality
                                                            parameters
------------------------------------------------------------------------
100,000.................................................              10
10,001-100,000..........................................               7
3,301-10,000............................................               3
501-3,300...............................................               2
101-500.................................................               1
<=100...................................................               1
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (2)(i) Any water system that maintains the range of values for the 
water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment 
specified by the State under Sec.  141.82(f) and does not exceed the 
lead trigger level during three consecutive years of monitoring may 
reduce the frequency with which it collects the number of tap samples 
for applicable water quality parameters specified in this paragraph 
(e)(1) of this section, from every six months to annually. This 
sampling begins during the calendar year immediately following the end 
of the monitoring period in which the third consecutive year of 6-month 
monitoring occurs. Any water system that maintains the range of values 
for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control 
treatment specified by the State under Sec.  141.82(f) and meets the 
lead trigger level during three consecutive years of annual monitoring 
under this paragraph may reduce the frequency with which it collects 
the number of tap samples for applicable water quality parameters 
specified in paragraph (e)(1) of this section from annually to every 
three years. This sampling begins no later than the third calendar year 
following the end of the monitoring period in which the third 
consecutive year of monitoring occurs.
    (ii) A water system may reduce the frequency with which it collects 
tap samples for applicable water quality parameters specified in 
paragraph (e)(1) of this section to every three years if it 
demonstrates during two consecutive monitoring periods that its tap 
water lead level at the 90th percentile is less than or equal to the 
PQL for lead specified in Sec.  141.89(a)(1)(ii), that its tap water 
copper level at the 90th percentile is less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L 
in Sec.  141.80(c)(3), and that it also has maintained the range of 
values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion 
control treatment specified by the State under Sec.  141.82(f). 
Monitoring conducted every three years shall be done no later than 
every third calendar year.
    (3) A water system that conducts sampling annually shall collect 
these samples evenly throughout the year so as to reflect seasonal 
variability.
    (4) Any water system subject to the reduced monitoring frequency 
that fails to operate at or above the minimum value or within the range 
of values for the water quality parameters specified by the State in 
Sec.  141.82(f) for more than nine days in any 6-month period specified 
in Sec.  141.82(g) shall resume distribution system tap water sampling 
in accordance with the number and frequency requirements in paragraph 
(d) of this section. Such a system may resume annual monitoring for 
water quality parameters at the tap at the reduced number of sites 
specified in paragraph (e)(1) of this section after it has completed 
two subsequent consecutive 6-month rounds of monitoring that meet the 
criteria of that paragraph and/or may resume triennial monitoring for 
water quality parameters at the tap at the reduced number of sites 
after it demonstrates through subsequent rounds of monitoring that it 
meets the criteria of either paragraph (e)(2)(i) or (e)(2)(ii) of this 
section.
    (f) Additional monitoring by systems. The results of any monitoring 
conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall 
be considered by the water system and the State in making any 
determinations (i.e., determining concentrations of water quality 
parameters) under this section or Sec.  141.82.
    (g) Additional sites added from Find-and-Fix. Any water system that 
adds water quality parameter sites through the ``find-and-fix'' 
provisions pursuant to Sec.  141.82(j) shall add those sites to the 
minimum number of sites specified under paragraphs (a) through (e) of 
this section.
0
12. Amend Sec.  141.88 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a)(1)(i), (b), paragraph (d) introductory text, 
paragraph (d)(1) introductory text, paragraph (e)(1) introductory and 
paragraph (e)(1)(i);
0
b. Removing and reserving paragraph (e)(1)(ii);
0
c. Revising paragraph (e)(2); and
0
d. Removing and reserving paragraph (e)(2)(ii).
    The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  141.88  Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in source 
water.

    (a) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (i) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every 
entry point to the distribution system after any application of 
treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is 
representative of each source after treatment (hereafter called a 
sampling point). The system shall take one sample at the same sampling 
point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative 
of each source or treatment plant.
* * * * *
    (b) Monitoring frequency after system exceeds tap water action 
level. Any system which exceeds the lead or copper action level at the 
tap for the first time or for the first time after a change in source 
or source water treatment required under Sec.  141.83(b)(2) shall 
collect one source water sample from each entry point to the 
distribution system no later than six months after the end of the 
monitoring period during which the lead or copper action level was 
exceeded. For monitoring periods that are annual or less frequent, the 
end of the monitoring period is September 30 of the calendar year in 
which the sampling occurs, or if the State has established an alternate 
monitoring period, the last day of that period. If the State determines 
that source water treatment is not required under Sec.  141.83(b)(2), 
the system is not required to conduct additional source water 
monitoring unless directed by the State. A system subject to 
discontinued source water monitoring under this paragraph, shall notify 
the State in writing

[[Page 61766]]

pursuant to Sec.  141.90(a)(3) of the addition of a new source.
    (1) The State may waive additional source water monitoring under 
the following conditions:
    (i) The water system has already conducted source water monitoring 
following a previous action level exceedance;
    (ii) The State has determined that source water treatment is not 
required; and
    (iii) The system has not added any new water sources.
    (2) [Reserved].
* * * * *
    (d) Monitoring frequency after State specifies maximum permissible 
source water levels. (1) A system shall monitor at the frequency 
specified in paragraphs (d)(1) and (2) of this section, in cases where 
the State specifies maximum permissible source water levels under Sec.  
141.83(b)(4).
* * * * *
    (e) * * *
    (1) A water system using only groundwater may reduce the monitoring 
frequency for lead and copper in source water to once during each nine-
year compliance cycle (as that term is defined in Sec.  141.2) provided 
that the samples are collected no later than every ninth calendar year 
and if the system meets the following criteria:
    (i) The system demonstrates that finished drinking water entering 
the distribution system has been maintained below the maximum 
permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the State in 
141.83(b)(4) during at least three consecutive compliance periods under 
section (d)(1) of this section.
    (ii) [Reserved].
    (2) A water system using surface water (or a combination of surface 
water and groundwater) may reduce the monitoring frequency in paragraph 
(d)(1) of this section to once during each 9-year compliance cycle (as 
that term is defined in Sec.  141.2 of this chapter) provided that the 
samples are collected no later than every ninth calendar year and if 
the system meets the following criteria:
    (i) * * *
    (ii) [Reserved].
* * * * *
0
13. Amend Sec.  141.89 by revising paragraph (a) introductory text, 
paragraph (a)(1) introductory text and paragraph (a)(1)(iii) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  141.89  Analytical methods.

    (a) Analyses for lead, copper, pH, alkalinity, orthophosphate, and 
silica shall be conducted in accordance with methods in 141.23(k)(1).
    (1) Analyses for alkalinity, orthophosphate, pH, and silica may be 
performed by any person acceptable to the State. Analyses under this 
section for lead and copper shall only be conducted by laboratories 
that have been certified by EPA or the State. To obtain certification 
to conduct analyses for lead and copper, laboratories must:
* * * * *
    (iii) Achieve method detection limit for lead of 0.001 mg/L 
according to the procedures in Appendix B of part 136 of this title.
* * * * *
0
14. Revise Sec.  141.90 to read as follows:


Sec.  141.90  Reporting Requirements.

    All water systems shall report all of the following information to 
the State in accordance with this section.
    (a) Reporting requirements for tap water monitoring for lead and 
copper and for water quality parameter monitoring except for small 
systems using the point-of-use compliance flexibility option. (1) 
Except as provided in paragraph (a)(1)(viii) of this section, a water 
system shall report the information specified in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) 
through (ix) of this section, for all tap water samples specified in 
Sec.  141.86 and for all water quality parameter samples specified in 
Sec.  141.87 within the first 10 days following the end of each 
applicable monitoring period specified in Sec. Sec.  141.86 and 141.87 
(i.e., every six months, annually, every three years, or every nine 
years). For monitoring periods with a duration less than six months, 
the end of the monitoring period is the last date samples can be 
collected during that period as specified in Sec. Sec.  141.86 and 
141.87.
    (i) The results of all tap samples for lead and copper including 
the location of each site and the criteria under Sec.  141.86(a)(3) 
through (8), and/or (9), under which the site was selected for the 
water system's sampling pool;
    (ii) Documentation for each tap water lead or copper sample for 
which the water system requests invalidation pursuant to Sec.  
141.86(f)(2);
    (iii) For lead service line systems, documentation of sampling 
pools with insufficient number of lead service line sites to meet the 
minimum number of sites criterion in Sec.  141.86(c).
    (A) Community water systems shall document why the system was 
unable to meet the minimum number of sites in Sec.  141.86(c) with 
sites meeting the criteria under Sec.  141.86(a)(3) or (4) with the 
inventory developed under Sec.  141.84(a).
    (B) Non-transient, non-community water systems shall document why 
the system was unable to meet the minimum number of sites in Sec.  
141.86(c) with sites meeting the criteria under Sec.  141.86(a)(7) with 
the inventory developed under Sec.  141.84(a).
    (iv) The 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations measured 
from among all lead and copper tap water samples collected during each 
monitoring period (calculated in accordance with Sec.  141.80(c)(4) or 
(c)(4)(ii)), unless the State calculates the water system's 90th 
percentile lead and copper levels under paragraph (h) of this section;
    (v) The water system shall identify any site which was not sampled 
during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation of why 
sampling sites have changed;
    (vi) The results of all tap samples for pH, and where applicable, 
alkalinity, orthophosphate, or silica collected under Sec.  141.87(b) 
through (e);
    (vii) The results of all samples collected at the entry point(s) to 
the distribution system for applicable water quality parameters under 
Sec.  141.87(b) through (e);
    (viii) A water system shall report the results of all water quality 
parameter samples collected under Sec.  141.87(c) through (f) during 
each 6-month monitoring period specified in Sec.  141.87(d) within the 
first 10 days following the end of the monitoring period unless the 
State has specified a more frequent reporting requirement.
    (ix) A copy of the tap sampling protocol provided to residents or 
those sampling, to verify that pre-stagnation flushing, aerator 
cleaning or removal and the use of narrow-necked collection bottles 
were not included as recommendations.
    (2) For a non-transient non-community water system, or a community 
water system meeting the criteria of Sec.  141.85(b)(7), that does not 
have enough taps that can provide first-draw samples, the water system 
must either:
    (i) Provide written documentation to the State identifying standing 
times and locations for enough non-first-draw samples to make up its 
sampling pool under Sec.  141.86(b)(5) by the start of the first 
applicable monitoring period under Sec.  141.86(d) unless the State has 
waived prior State approval of non-first-draw sample sites selected by 
the water system pursuant to Sec.  141.86(b)(5); or
    (ii) If the State has waived prior approval of non-first-draw 
sample sites selected by the water system, identify, in writing, each 
site that did not meet the 6-hour minimum stagnation time and the 
length of stagnation time for that particular substitute sample

[[Page 61767]]

collected pursuant to Sec.  141.86(b)(5) and include this information 
with the lead and copper tap sample results required to be submitted 
pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section.
    (3) At a time specified by the State, or if no specific time is 
designated by the State, then as early as possible prior to the 
addition of a new source or any long-term change in water treatment, a 
water system shall submit written documentation to the State describing 
the change or addition referred to in Sec.  141.86(d)(4). The State 
must review and approve the addition of a new source or long-term 
change in treatment before it is implemented by the water system. 
Examples of long-term treatment changes include the addition of a new 
treatment process or modification of an existing treatment process. 
Examples of modifications include switching secondary disinfectants, 
switching coagulants (e.g., alum to ferric chloride), and switching 
corrosion inhibitor products (e.g., orthophosphate to blended 
phosphate). Long-term changes can include dose changes to existing 
chemicals if the water system is planning long-term changes to its 
finished water pH or residual inhibitor concentration. Long-term 
treatment changes would not include chemical dose fluctuations 
associated with daily raw water quality changes.
    (4) Any small water system applying for a monitoring waiver under 
Sec.  141.86(g), or subject to a waiver granted pursuant to Sec.  
141.86(g)(3), shall provide the following information to the State in 
writing by the specified deadline:
    (i) By the start of the first applicable monitoring period in Sec.  
141.86(d), any small water system applying for a monitoring waiver 
shall provide the documentation required to demonstrate that it meets 
the waiver criteria of Sec. Sec.  141.86(g)(1) and (2).
    (ii) No later than nine years after the monitoring previously 
conducted pursuant to Sec.  141.86(g)(2) or Sec.  141.86(g)(4)(i), each 
small water system desiring to maintain its monitoring waiver shall 
provide the information required by Sec. Sec.  141.86(g)(4)(i) and 
(ii).
    (iii) No later than 60 days after it becomes aware that it is no 
longer free of lead-containing and/or copper-containing material, as 
appropriate, each small water system with a monitoring waiver shall 
provide written notification to the State, setting forth the 
circumstances resulting in the lead-containing and/or copper-containing 
materials being introduced into the water system and what corrective 
action, if any, the water system plans to remove these materials.
    (iv) Reserved.
    (5) Each groundwater system that limits water quality parameter 
monitoring to a subset of entry points under Sec.  141.87(c)(3) shall 
provide, by the commencement of such monitoring, written correspondence 
to the State that identifies the selected entry points and includes 
information sufficient to demonstrate that the sites are representative 
of water quality and treatment conditions throughout the water system.
    (b) Source water monitoring reporting requirements. (1) A water 
system shall report the sampling results for all source water samples 
collected in accordance with Sec.  141.88 within the first 10 days 
following the end of each source water monitoring period (i.e., 
annually, per compliance period, per compliance cycle) specified in 
Sec.  141.88.
    (2) With the exception of the first round of source water sampling 
conducted pursuant to Sec.  141.88(b), the water system shall specify 
any site which was not sampled during previous monitoring periods and 
include an explanation of why the sampling point has changed.
    (c) Corrosion control treatment reporting requirements. By the 
applicable dates under Sec.  141.81, water systems shall report the 
following information:
    (1) For water systems demonstrating that they have already 
optimized corrosion control, information required in Sec.  141.81(b)(2) 
or (3).
    (2) For water systems required to reoptimize corrosion control, 
their recommendation regarding optimal corrosion control treatment 
under Sec.  141.82(a).
    (3) For water systems required to evaluate the effectiveness of 
corrosion control treatments under Sec.  141.82(c), the information 
required by that paragraph.
    (4) For water systems required to install optimal corrosion control 
designated by the State under Sec.  141.82(d), a letter certifying that 
the water system has completed installing that treatment.
    (d) Source water treatment reporting requirements. By the 
applicable dates in Sec.  141.83, water systems shall provide the 
following information to the State:
    (1) If required under Sec.  141.83(b)(1), their recommendation 
regarding source water treatment;
    (2) For water systems required to install source water treatment 
under Sec.  141.83(b)(2), a letter certifying that the water system has 
completed installing the treatment designated by the State within 24 
months after the State designated the treatment.
    (e) Lead service line inventory and replacement reporting 
requirements. Water systems shall report the following information to 
the State to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of Sec.  
141.84:
    (1) No later than 12 months after the end of a monitoring period in 
which a water system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred 
to in Sec.  141.84(f), the water system must submit written 
documentation to the State of the material evaluation conducted as 
required in Sec.  141.84(a), identify the initial number of lead 
service lines in its distribution system at the time the water system 
exceeds the lead action level, and provide the water system's schedule 
for annually replacing at least 3 percent of the initial number of lead 
service lines in its distribution system.
    (2) No later than 12 months after the end of a monitoring period in 
which a water system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred 
to in Sec.  141.84(f), and every 12 months thereafter, the water system 
shall certify to the State in writing that the water system has:
    (i) Replaced in the previous 12 months at least 3 percent of the 
initial lead service lines (or a greater number of lines specified by 
the State under Sec.  141.84(f)(10)) in its distribution system,
    (ii) Conducted consumer notification as specified in Sec.  
141.84(e).
    (iii) Additionally, the water system must certify to the State that 
it delivered public education materials to the affected consumers as 
specified in Sec.  141.85(a) and the notification of lead service line 
materials as specified in Sec.  141.85(e).
    (3) The annual letter submitted to the State under paragraph (e)(2) 
of this section shall contain the following information:
    (i) The number of lead service lines scheduled to be replaced 
during the previous year of the water system's replacement schedule;
    (ii) The location of each lead service line replaced, and total 
number replaced during the previous year of the water system's 
replacement schedule;
    (iii) The certification that the water system has notified the 
resident(s) served by the lead service line at least 45 days prior to 
the planned lead service line replacement or within 24 hours of an 
emergency full or partial replacement;
    (iv) The certification that the water system delivered lead service 
line

[[Page 61768]]

information materials in Sec.  141.85(e) to the affected consumers; and
    (v) The certification that results of samples collected between 
three months and six months after the date of a full or partial lead 
service line replacement were provided to the customer in accordance 
with the timeframes in 141.85(d)(2). Mailed notices post-marked within 
three business days of receiving the results shall be considered ``on 
time.''
    (4) [Reserved].
    (5) No later than the compliance date of the rule, the water system 
must submit to the State an inventory of lead service lines as required 
in Sec.  141.84(a), and every 12 months thereafter, any water system 
that has lead service lines must submit to the State an updated 
inventory that includes the number of lead service lines remaining in 
the distribution system as required in Sec.  141.84(a).
    (i) Any water system that contains a lead service line in their 
distribution system must submit to the State, as specified in section 
Sec.  141.84(b) a lead service line replacement plan at the same time 
the lead service line inventory is submitted.
    (ii) Any water system that contains a lead service line in their 
distribution system or a service line of unknown material must certify 
to the State annually that it conducted consumer notification as 
specified in Sec.  141.85(e).
    (iii) Any water system that contains a lead service line in their 
distribution system or a service line of unknown material must certify 
to the State annually that it delivered lead service line information 
materials to the affected consumers as specified in Sec.  141.85(e).
    (6) No later than 12 months after the end of a monitoring period in 
which a water system exceeds the lead trigger level but not the lead 
action level in sampling referred to in Sec.  141.84(e) has replaced 
lead service lines at the annual goal rate. In addition, every 12 
months thereafter, the water system shall certify to the State in 
writing that the water system has:
    (i) Replaced in the previous 12 months, at least enough of the 
initial lead service lines to meet the annual goal-based rate set by 
the State under Sec.  141.84(d)(1) in its distribution system;
    (ii) Conducted consumer notification as specified in Sec.  
141.85(f);
    (iii) Additionally, the water system must certify to the State that 
it delivered the notification of lead service line materials as 
specified in Sec.  141.85(b); and
    (iv) A water system that does not meet its annual service line 
replacement goal as required under Sec.  141.84(f) shall certify to the 
State in writing that the water system has conducted customer outreach 
as specified in Sec.  141.85(g).
    (f) Public education program reporting requirements. (1) Any water 
system that is subject to the public education requirements in Sec.  
141.85 shall, within 10 days after the end of each period in which the 
water system is required to perform public education in accordance with 
Sec.  141.85(b), send written documentation to the State that contains:
    (i) A demonstration that the water system has delivered the public 
education materials that meet the content requirements in Sec.  
141.85(a) and the delivery requirements in Sec.  141.85(b); and
    (ii) A list of all the newspapers, radio stations, television 
stations, and facilities and organizations to which the system 
delivered public education materials during the period in which the 
system was required to perform public education tasks.
    (2) Unless required by the State, a water system that previously 
has submitted the information required by paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this 
section need not resubmit the information required by paragraph 
(f)(1)(ii) of this section, as long as there have been no changes in 
the distribution list and the water system certifies that the public 
education materials were distributed to the same list submitted 
previously.
    (3) No later than three months following the end of the monitoring 
period, each water system must mail a sample copy of the consumer 
notification of tap results to the State along with a certification 
that the notification has been distributed in a manner consistent with 
the requirements of Sec.  141.85(d).
    (4) Annually on July 1, a demonstration that the water system 
delivered annual notification to customers with a lead service line or 
service line of unknown material in accordance with Sec.  141.85(e).
    (5) Annually on July 1, a demonstration that the water conducted an 
outreach activity in accordance with Sec.  141.85(g) when failing to 
meet the lead service line replacement goal as specified in Sec.  
141.84(f).
    (g) Reporting of additional monitoring data. Any water system which 
collects sampling data in addition to that required by this subpart 
shall report the results to the State within the first 10 days 
following the end of the applicable monitoring period under Sec. Sec.  
141.86, 141.87 and 141.88 during which the samples are collected. This 
includes the monitoring data pertaining to ``find and fix'' pursuant to 
Sec. Sec.  141.86(h) and 141.87(g).
    (h) Reporting of 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations 
where the State calculates a water system's 90th percentile 
concentrations. A water system is not required to report the 90th 
percentile lead and copper concentrations measured from among all lead 
and copper tap water samples collected during each monitoring period, 
as required by paragraph (a)(1)(iv) of this section if:
    (1) The State has previously notified the water system that it will 
calculate the water system's 90th percentile lead and copper 
concentrations, based on the lead and copper tap results submitted 
pursuant to paragraph (h)(2)(i) of this section, and has specified a 
date before the end of the applicable monitoring period by which the 
water system must provide the results of lead and copper tap water 
samples;
    (2) The water system has provided the following information to the 
State by the date specified in paragraph (h)(1) of this section:
    (i) The results of all tap samples for lead and copper including 
the location of each site and the criteria under Sec.  141.86(a)(3) 
through (8) and/or (9), under which the site was selected for the water 
system's sampling pool, pursuant to paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this 
section; and
    (ii) An identification of sampling sites utilized during the 
current monitoring period that were not sampled during previous 
monitoring periods, and an explanation why sampling sites have changed; 
and
    (3) The State has provided the results of the 90th percentile lead 
and copper calculations, in writing, to the water system before the end 
of the monitoring period.
    (i) Reporting requirements for a community water system's public 
education and sampling in schools and child care facilities. (1) A 
community water system shall send a report to the State by July 1 of 
each year for the previous calendar year's activity. The report must 
include the following:
    (i) Certification that it made a good faith effort to identify 
schools and child care facilities in accordance with Sec.  141.92(a). 
The good faith effort may include reviewing customer records and 
requesting lists of schools and child care facilities from the primacy 
agency or other licensing agency. A water system that certifies that no 
schools or child care facilities are served by the water system is not 
required to include information in paragraph (i)(1)(ii) through 
(i)(1)(iii) of this section in the report.

[[Page 61769]]

    (ii) Certification that the water system has completed the 
notification and sampling requirements of Sec. Sec.  141.86 and 141.92 
at a minimum of 20 percent of schools and child care facilities;
    (A) The number of schools and child care facilities served by the 
water system;
    (B) The number of schools and child care facilities sampled in the 
calendar year;
    (C) The number of schools and child care facilities that have 
refused sampling;
    (D) Information pertaining to attempts to gain entry for sampling 
that were declined by the customer; and
    (iii) Certification that sampling results were provided to schools, 
child care facilities, and local or State health departments.
    (iv) Certification of compliance with an alternative school and 
childcare testing program at least as stringent paragraphs (a) through 
(c) of Sec.  141.92, if applicable.
    (j) Small system compliance flexibility option using point-of-use 
devices. Small water systems and non-transient, non-community water 
systems shall report the results from the tap sampling required under 
Sec.  141.93 and any corrective actions taken if the trigger level was 
exceeded in that monitoring. Small water systems shall also provide 
documentation to certify maintenance of the point-of-use devices if 
requested by the State.
0
15. Add Sec.  141.92 to subpart I to read as follows:


Sec.  141.92   Monitoring for lead in schools and child care 
facilities.

    All community water systems must conduct directed public education 
to schools and child care facilities served by the water system, 
including any facilities that are consecutive water systems if those 
schools or child care facilities were constructed prior to January 1, 
2014.
    (a) Public Education to schools and child care facilities. (1) By 
the compliance date for the rule, each water system shall compile a 
list of schools or licensed child care facilities served by the system. 
The provisions of this section do not apply to a school or child care 
facility that is a regulated as a public water system, including 
consecutive public water systems.
    (2) Each water system shall contact schools or licensed child care 
facilities identified by the system in paragraph (a) of this section to 
provide:
    (i) Information about health risks from lead in drinking water on 
at least an annual basis;
    (ii) Notification that the water system will be conducting sampling 
for lead at the facility, including information about testing for lead 
in schools and child care facilities (EPA's 3Ts for Reducing Lead in 
Drinking Water Toolkit, EPA-815-B-18-007 or subsequent EPA guidance), 
and;
    (iii) Instructions for identifying outlets for sampling and 
preparing for a sampling event 30 days prior to the event.
    (3) The water system must include documentation in the proposed 
reporting requirement in Sec.  141.90(i) if a school or child care 
facility refuses entry or otherwise declines to participate in the 
monitoring or education requirements of this section.
    (b) Monitoring for lead in schools and child care facilities. (1) A 
water system shall collect five samples per school and two samples per 
child care facility at outlets typically used for consumption. The 
outlets shall not have point-of-use (POU) devices and shall consist of 
the following locations:
    (i) For schools: Two drinking water fountains, one kitchen faucet 
used for food or drink preparation, one classroom faucet, and one 
nurse's office faucet, as available.
    (ii) For child care facilities: One drinking water fountain and one 
of either a kitchen faucet used for preparation of food or drink or one 
classroom faucet.
    (iii) If any facility has fewer than the required number of 
outlets, the water system shall sample all outlets used for 
consumption.
    (iv) If any facility does not contain the type of faucet listed 
above, the water system shall collect a sample from another outlet 
typically used for consumption as identified by the facility.
    (v) Samples shall be collected from the cold water tap subject to 
the following additional requirements:
    (A) Each sample for lead shall be a first-draw sample;
    (B) The sample must be 250 ml in volume;
    (C) The water must have remained stationary in the plumbing system 
of the sampling site (building) for at least 8 but no more than 18 
hours;
    (D) Samples may be collected by either the customer, school or 
child care facility, or the water system, and;
    (E) Samples shall be analyzed using acidification and the 
corresponding analytical methods in Sec.  141.89.
    (2) [Reserved].
    (c) Frequency of sample collection at schools and child care 
facilities. (1) A water system shall collect samples from at least 20 
percent of schools served by the system and 20 percent of child care 
facilities served by the system per year until all schools and child 
care facilities identified under paragraph (a) of this section have 
been sampled or have declined to participate.
    (2) A water system shall continue to collect samples from at least 
20 percent of school and child care facilities in its distribution 
system each year thereafter.
    (3) A water system shall conduct monitoring at all schools and 
child care facilities at least once every five years.
    (4) The water system must include documentation in the report 
required in Sec.  141.90(i) if a school or child care facility refuses 
entry or otherwise declines to allow the system to conduct the 
monitoring or education requirements of this section.
    (d) Alternative School Sampling Programs. (1) If Local or State law 
or regulations require schools and childcare facilities to be tested, 
by either the school or the water system, in a way that is at least as 
stringent as paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section, the water 
system may execute that program to comply with the requirements of this 
section.
    (2) The water system must include documentation in the report 
required in Sec.  141.90(i) if a school or child care facility refuses 
entry or otherwise declines to allow the system to conduct the 
monitoring or education requirements of this section.
    (e) Confirmation or revision of schools and child care facilities 
in inventory. A water system shall either confirm that there have been 
no changes to its list of schools and child care facilities served by 
the system developed pursuant to Sec.  141.92(a), or submit a revised 
list at least once every five years.
    (f) Notification of Results. A water system shall provide 
analytical results as soon as practicable but no late than 30 days 
after receipt of the results to:
    (1) The school or child care facility, along with information about 
remedial options;
    (2) the local or State health department; and
    (3) the primacy agency.
0
16. Add Sec.  141.93 to subpart I to read as follows:


Sec.  141.93  Small Water System Compliance Flexibility

    The compliance alternatives described in this section apply to 
small community water systems serving 10,000 or fewer persons or non-
transient non-community water systems.
    (a) A small community water system that exceeds the lead trigger 
level but meets the lead and copper action levels must evaluate 
compliance options in paragraphs (a)(1) through (3) of this section and 
make a compliance option

[[Page 61770]]

recommendation to the State within six months of the end of the 
monitoring period in which the exceedance occurred. A State must 
approve the recommendation or designate an alternative from compliance 
options in paragraphs (a)(1) through (3) of this section within six 
months of the recommendation by the water system. If the water system 
subsequently exceeds the lead action level it must implement the 
approved option. Community water systems must select from the following 
compliance options:
    (1) Lead Service Line Replacement. A water system shall implement a 
full lead service line replacement program and replace its lead service 
lines on a schedule approved by the State and shall complete 
replacement of all lead service lines within 15 years, even if its 90th 
percentile is below the action level in future monitoring periods.
    (2) Corrosion Control Treatment. A water system must install and 
maintain corrosion control treatment in accordance with Sec.  141.82, 
even if its 90th percentile is below the action level in future 
monitoring periods. Any water system that has corrosion control 
treatment installed must re-optimize as per Sec.  141.82(d).
    (3) Point-of-Use Devices. A water system must install, maintain, 
and monitor POU devices in each household or building, even if its 90th 
percentile is below the action level in future monitoring periods.
    (i) A community water system must install a minimum of one POU 
device (at one tap) in every household or building in its distribution 
system.
    (ii) The POU device must be certified by the American National 
Standards Institute to reduce lead in drinking water, and
    (iii) The POU device must be maintained by the water system to 
ensure continued effective filtration, including but not limited to 
changing filter cartridges and resolving any operational issues.
    (iv) The community water system must monitor one-third of the POU 
devices each year and all POU devices must be monitored within a three-
year cycle. First-draw tap samples collected under this section must be 
taken after water passes through the POU device to assess its 
performance. Samples should be one-liter in volume and have had a 
minimum 6-hour stagnation time. All samples must be at or below the 
lead trigger level. The system must document the problem and take 
corrective action at any site where the sample result exceeds the lead 
trigger level.
    (b) A non-transient non-community water system that exceeds the 
lead trigger level but meets the lead and copper action levels must 
evaluate compliance options in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this 
section and make a compliance option recommendation to the State within 
six months of the end of the monitoring period in which the exceedance 
occurred. A State must approve the recommendation or designate an 
alternative from compliance options in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of 
this section within six months of the recommendation by the water 
system. If the water system subsequently exceeds the lead action level 
it must implement the approved option. Non-transient non-community 
water system must select from the following compliance options:
    (1) Lead Service Line Replacement. A water system shall implement a 
full lead service line replacement program and replace its lead service 
lines on a schedule approved by the State and shall complete 
replacement of all lead service lines within 15 years, even if its 90th 
percentile is at or below the action level in future monitoring 
periods.
    (2) Corrosion Control Treatment. A water system must install and 
maintain corrosion control treatment in accordance with Sec.  141.82, 
even if its 90th percentile is below the action level in future 
monitoring periods. Any water system that has corrosion control 
treatment installed must re-optimize as per Sec.  141.82(e).
    (3) Point-of-Use Devices. A water system must install, maintain, 
and monitor POU devices in each household or building, even if its 90th 
percentile is at or below the action level in future monitoring 
periods.
    (i) A non-transient non-community water system must provide a POU 
device to every tap that is used for cooking and/or drinking.
    (ii) The POU device must be certified by the American National 
Standards Institute to reduce lead in drinking water and:
    (iii) The POU device must be maintained by the water system to 
ensure continued effective filtration, including but not limited to 
changing filter cartridges and resolving any operational issues.
    (iv) The non-transient non-community water system must monitor one-
third of the POU devices each year and all POU devices must be 
monitored within a three-year cycle. First-draw tap samples collected 
under this section must be taken after water passes through the POU 
device to assess its performance. Samples should be one-liter in volume 
and have had a minimum 6-hour stagnation time. All samples must be at 
or below the lead trigger level. The system must document the problem 
and take corrective action at any site where the sample result exceeds 
the lead trigger level.
    (4) Replacement of Lead-Bearing Plumbing. A water system must 
replace all plumbing that is not lead free in accordance with Section 
1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, as amended by the Reduction of 
Lead in Drinking Water Act and any future amendments applicable at the 
time of replacement, including a lead service line, even if its 90th 
percentile is below the action level in future monitoring periods. A 
water system must have control over all plumbing in its buildings. The 
replacement of all lead-bearing plumbing must occur on a schedule 
established by the State, not to exceed one year.
    (c) A small community water system that exceeds the lead action 
level but meets the copper action level must evaluate according to 
paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section and make a compliance 
option recommendation to the State within six months of the end of the 
monitoring period in which the exceedance occurred. A State must 
approve the recommendation or designate an alternative from compliance 
options in paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section within six 
months of the recommendation by the water system. If the water system 
subsequently exceeds the lead action level it must implement the 
approved option. Community water systems must select from the following 
compliance options:
    (1) Lead Service Line Replacement. A water system shall implement 
full lead service line replacement program and replace its lead service 
lines on a schedule approved by the State and shall complete 
replacement of all lead service lines within 15 years, even if its 90th 
percentile is below the action level in future monitoring periods.
    (2) Corrosion Control Treatment. A water system must install and 
maintain corrosion control treatment in accordance with Sec.  141.82, 
even if its 90th percentile is below the action level in future 
monitoring periods.
    (3) Point-of-Use Devices. A water system must install, maintain, 
and monitor POU devices in each household or building, even if its 90th 
percentile is below the action level in future monitoring periods.
    (i) A community water system must install a minimum of one POU 
device (at one tap) in every household or building in its distribution 
system.
    (ii) The POU device must be certified by the American National 
Standards

[[Page 61771]]

Institute to reduce lead in drinking water, and
    (iii) The POU device must be maintained by the water system to 
ensure continued effective filtration, including but not limited to 
changing filter cartridges and resolving any operational issues.
    (iv) The community water system must monitor one-third of the POU 
devices each year and all POU devices must be monitored within a three-
year cycle. First-draw tap samples collected under this section must be 
taken after water passes through the POU device to assess its 
performance. Samples should be one-liter in volume and have had a 
minimum 6-hour stagnation time. All samples must be at or below the 
lead trigger level. The system must document the problem and take 
corrective action at any site where the sample result exceeds the lead 
trigger level.
    (d) A non-transient non-community water system that exceeds the 
lead action level but does not exceed the copper action level must 
evaluate (1) through (4) of this section and make a compliance 
recommendation to the State from compliance options in paragraphs 
(d)(1) through (4) of this section within six months of the end of the 
monitoring period in which the exceedance occurred. A State must 
approve the recommendation or designate an alternative within six 
months of the recommendation by the water system. If the water system 
subsequently exceeds the lead action level it must implement the 
approved option. Non-transient non-community water systems must select 
from the following compliance options:
    (1) Lead Service Line Replacement. A water system shall implement 
full lead service line replacement program and replace its lead service 
lines on a schedule approved by the State and shall complete 
replacement of all lead service lines within 15 years, even if its 90th 
percentile is at or below the action level in future monitoring 
periods.
    (2) Corrosion Control Treatment. A water system must install and 
maintain corrosion control treatment in accordance with Sec.  141.82, 
even if its 90th percentile is at or below the action level in future 
monitoring periods. Any water system that has corrosion control 
treatment installed must re-optimize as per Sec.  141.82(e).
    (3) Point-of-Use Devices. A water system must install, maintain, 
and monitor POU devices in each household or building, even if its 90th 
percentile is at or below the action level in future monitoring 
periods.
    (i) A non-transient non-community water system must provide a POU 
device to every tap that is used for cooking and/or drinking.
    (ii) The POU device must be certified by the American National 
Standards Institute to reduce lead in drinking water and:
    (iii) The POU device must be maintained by the water system to 
ensure continued effective filtration, including but not limited to 
changing filter cartridges and resolving any operational issues.
    (iv) The non-transient non-community water system must monitor one-
third of the POU devices each year and all POU devices must be 
monitored within a three-year cycle. First-draw tap samples collected 
under this section must be taken after water passes through the POU 
device to assess its performance. Samples should be one-liter in volume 
and have had a minimum 6-hour stagnation time. All samples must be 
below the lead trigger level. The system must document the problem and 
take corrective action at any site where the sample result exceeds the 
lead trigger level.
    (4) Replacement of Lead-Bearing Plumbing. A water system must 
replace all plumbing that is not lead free in accordance with section 
1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act as amended by the Reduction of Lead 
in Drinking Water Act and any future amendments applicable at the time 
of replacement, including a lead service line, even if its 90th 
percentile is below the action level in future monitoring periods. A 
water system must have control over all plumbing in its buildings. The 
replacement of all lead-bearing plumbing must occur on a schedule 
established by the State, not to exceed one year.
0
17. Amend Sec.  141.153 by revising paragraph (d)(4)(vi) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  141.153  Content of the reports

* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (4) * * *
    (vi) For lead and copper: The 90th percentile concentration of the 
most recent round of sampling, the number of sampling sites exceeding 
the action level, and the range of tap sampling results;
* * * * *
0
18. Amend Sec.  141.154 to revise paragraph (d)(1) to read as follows:


Sec.  141.154  Required additional health information.

* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (1) A short informational statement about lead in drinking water 
and its effects on children. The statement must include the following 
information:
    If present, lead can cause serious health problems, especially for 
pregnant women and young children. Lead in drinking water is primarily 
from materials and components associated with service lines and home 
plumbing. [NAME OF UTILITY] is responsible for providing high quality 
drinking water, but cannot control the variety of materials used in 
plumbing components. You share the responsibility for protecting 
yourself and your family from the lead in your home plumbing. You can 
take responsibility by identifying and removing lead materials within 
your home plumbing and taking steps to reduce your family's risk. 
Before drinking, flush your pipes for several minutes by running your 
tap, taking a shower, doing laundry or a load of dishes. You can also 
use a filter certified to remove lead from drinking water. If you are 
concerned about lead in your water you may wish to have your water 
tested, contact [NAME OF UTILITY and CONTACT INFORMATION]. Information 
on lead in drinking water, testing methods, and steps you can take to 
minimize exposure is available at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead.
* * * * *
0
19. Amend Appendix A to Subpart O of Part 141 by revising the entry for 
lead to read as follows:

[[Page 61772]]



                                               Appendix A to Subpart O of Part 141--Regulated Contaminants
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  To convert for
      Contaminant        Traditional MCL in mg/L   CCR, multiply      MCL in CCR units          MCLG         Major sources in    Health effects language
                                                        by                                                    drinking water
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Lead...................  AL = .015..............            1000  AL = 15................               0  Corrosion of         Exposure to lead can
                                                                                                            household plumbing   cause serious health
                                                                                                            systems, Erosion     effects in all age
                                                                                                            of natural           groups. Infants and
                                                                                                            deposits.            children who drink
                                                                                                                                 water containing lead
                                                                                                                                 could have decreases in
                                                                                                                                 IQ and attention span
                                                                                                                                 and increases in
                                                                                                                                 learning and behavior
                                                                                                                                 problems. Lead exposure
                                                                                                                                 among women who are
                                                                                                                                 pregnant increases
                                                                                                                                 prenatal risks. Lead
                                                                                                                                 exposure among women
                                                                                                                                 who later become
                                                                                                                                 pregnant has similar
                                                                                                                                 risks if lead stored in
                                                                                                                                 the mother's bones is
                                                                                                                                 released during
                                                                                                                                 pregnancy. Recent
                                                                                                                                 science suggests that
                                                                                                                                 adults who drink water
                                                                                                                                 containing lead have
                                                                                                                                 increased risks of
                                                                                                                                 heart disease, high
                                                                                                                                 blood pressure, kidney
                                                                                                                                 or nervous system
                                                                                                                                 problems.
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
20. Amend Sec.  141.201 by:
0
a. Adding entry (a)(3)(vi) in Table 1 to Sec.  141.201; and
0
b. Revising paragraph (c)(3).
    The additions read as follows.


Sec.  141.201  General public notification requirements.

* * * * *
    (a) * * *

  Table 1 to Sec.   141.201--Violation Categories and Other Situations
                        Requiring a Public Notice
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Special public notices:
 
                              * * * * * * *
(vi) Exceedance of the lead action level.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (3) A copy of the notice must also be sent to the primacy agency 
and the Administrator (as applicable) in accordance with the 
requirements of Sec.  141.31(d).
0
21. In Sec.  141.202 amend paragraph (a) by adding entry (10) in Table 
1 to Sec.  141.202, to read as follows:


Sec.  141.202  Tier 1 Public Notice--Form, manner and frequency of 
notice.

    (a) * * *

  Table 1 to Sec.   141.202--Violation Categories and Other Situations
                    Requiring a Tier 1 Public Notice
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                              * * * * * * *
(10) Exceedance of the Action Level for lead as specified in Sec.
 141.80(c).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *
0
22. Amend Appendix A to subpart Q by adding an entry for Violations of 
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) under ``C. Lead and 
Copper Rule'' to read as follows:

     Appendix A to Subpart Q of Part 141--NPDWR Violations and Other Situations Requiring Public Notice \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 MCL/MRDL/TT violations \2\      Monitoring & testing procedure
                                             ----------------------------------            violations
                 Contaminant                                                   ---------------------------------
                                               Tier of public      Citation      Tier of public
                                              notice required                   notice required      Citation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
C. Lead and Copper Rule (Action Level for
 lead is 0.015 mg/L, for copper is 1.3 mg/L)
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
2. Exceedance of the Action Level for lead..                1        141.80(c)
 

[[Page 61773]]

 
                                                  * * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Violations and other situations not listed in the table (e.g., failure to prepare Consumer Confidence
  Reports), do not require notice unless determined by the primacy agency. Primacy agencies may, at their
  options, also require a more stringent public notice tier (e.g., Tier 1 instead of Tier 2 or Tier 2 instead of
  Tier 3) for specific violations and situations listed in this Appendix, as authorized under Sec.   141.202(a)
  and Sec.   141.203(a).
\2\ MCL--Maximum contaminant level, MRDL--Maximum residual disinfectant level, TT--Treatment technique.

* * * * *
0
23. Amend Appendix B to subpart Q by revising the entry for contaminant 
``23. Lead'' to read as follows:

          Appendix B to Subpart Q of Part 141--Standard Health Effects Language for Public Notification
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                       Standard health effects
        Contaminant                MCLG \1\ mg/L               MCL \2\ mg/L              language for public
                                                                                            notification
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                             D. Lead and Copper Rule
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23. Lead..................  zero......................  TT \13\...................  Exposure to lead can cause
                                                                                     serious health effects in
                                                                                     all age groups. Infants and
                                                                                     children who drink water
                                                                                     containing lead could have
                                                                                     decreases in IQ and
                                                                                     attention span and
                                                                                     increases in learning and
                                                                                     behavior problems. Lead
                                                                                     exposure among women who
                                                                                     are pregnant increases
                                                                                     prenatal risks. Lead
                                                                                     exposure among women who
                                                                                     later become pregnant has
                                                                                     similar risks if lead
                                                                                     stored in the mother's
                                                                                     bones is released during
                                                                                     pregnancy. Recent science
                                                                                     suggests that adults who
                                                                                     drink water containing lead
                                                                                     have increased risks of
                                                                                     heart disease, high blood
                                                                                     pressure, kidney and
                                                                                     nervous system problems.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ MCLG--Maximum contaminant level goal.
\2\ MCL--Maximum contaminant level.
 * * * * * * *
\13\ Action Level = 0.015 mg/L.

* * * * *

PART 142--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS 
IMPLEMENTATION

0
24. The authority citation for part 142 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-1, 300g-2, 300g-3, 300g-4, 300g-
5, 300g-6, 300j-4, 300j-9, and 300j-11.

0
25. Amend Sec.  142.14 by revising paragraphs (d)(8)(iii) and 
(d)(8)(vii) and adding paragraphs (d)(8)(xviii) through (xx) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  142.14  Records kept by States.

* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (8) * * *
    (iii) Section 141.82(d)--designations of optimal corrosion control 
treatment and any simultaneous compliance considerations that factored 
into the designation;
* * * * *
    (viii) Section 141.84(e)--determinations of lead service line 
replacement goal rate as well as mandatory full lead service line 
service line replacement rates below 3 percent;
* * * * *
    (xviii) Section 141.88--evaluation of water system source water or 
treatment changes;
    (xix) Section 141.93--identification of small water systems and 
non-transient non-community water systems utilizing the compliance 
alternatives, and the compliance alternative selected by the water 
system and the compliance option approved by the State;
    (xx) Section 141.84(a)--completed lead service line inventories and 
annual updates to inventories.
* * * * *
0
26. Amend Sec.  142.15 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (b)(4)(i), (b)(4)(i)(A), (b)(4)(ii), and 
(b)(4)(ii)(A) through (E) to read as follows; and removing paragraph 
(b)(4)(iii).


Sec.  142.15  Reports by States.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (4) * * *
    (i) States shall report the name and PWS identification number:
    (A) Each public water system which exceeded the lead and copper 
action levels and the date upon which the exceedance occurred;
* * * * *
    (ii) States shall report the PWS identification number of each 
public water system identified in paragraphs (c)(4)(iii)(A) through (F) 
of this section.
    (A) For each public water system, regardless of size, all 90th 
percentile lead levels calculated during each monitoring period 
specified in Sec.  141.86 of this chapter, and the first and last day 
of the monitoring period for which the 90th percentile lead level was 
calculated;
    (B) For each public water system (regardless of size), the 90th 
percentile copper level calculated during each monitoring period in 
which the system exceeds the copper action level, and the first and 
last day of each monitoring period in which an exceedance occurred;

[[Page 61774]]

    (C) For each public water system for which the State has designated 
optimal water quality parameters under Sec.  141.82(f) of this chapter, 
or which the State has deemed to have optimized corrosion control under 
Sec.  141.81(b)(1) or (b)(3) of this chapter, the date of the 
determination and the paragraph(s) under which the State made its 
determination, the corrosion control treatment status of the water 
system, and the water system's optimal water quality parameters;
    (D) For each public water system, the number of lead service lines 
in its distribution system, including service lines of unknown 
material;
    (E) For each public water system required to begin replacing lead 
service lines after a lead trigger level or action level exceedance, as 
specified in Sec.  141.84 of this chapter and the date each system must 
begin replacement; and
* * * * *
0
27. Amend Sec.  142.16 by:
0
a. Adding paragraphs (d)(5) through (9); and
0
b. Revising paragraph (o)(2)(i)(B).
    The additions and revision to read as follows:


Sec.  142.16  Special primacy requirements.

* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (5) Section 141.84--Establishing lead service line replacement goal 
rates.
    (6) Section 141.84--Designating acceptable methods for determining 
service line material for the lead service line inventory.
    (7) Section 141.92--Defining a school or childcare facility and 
determining any existing State testing program is at least as stringent 
as the Federal requirements.
    (8) Section 141.82--Verifying compliance with ``find-and-fix'' 
requirements.
    (9) Section 141.88--Reviewing any change in source water or 
treatment and how this change may impact other National Primary 
Drinking Water Regulations.
* * * * *
    (o)(2)(i)(B) Treatment, including corrosion control treatment and 
water quality parameters as applicable,
* * * * *
0
28. Amend Sec.  142.19 redesignating paragraphs (b) through (f) as 
paragraphs (c) through (g) and adding a new paragraph (b) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  142.19  EPA review of State implementation of national primary 
drinking water regulations for lead and copper.

* * * * *
    (b) Pursuant to the procedures in this section, the Regional 
Administrator may review state determinations establishing a goal lead 
service line replacement rate and may issue an order establishing 
federal goal rate requirements for a public water system pursuant to 
Sec.  141.84(b) where the Regional Administrator finds that an 
alternative goal lead service line replacement rate is feasible.
* * * * *
[FR Doc. 2019-22705 Filed 11-12-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6560-50-P