[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 172 (Thursday, September 5, 2019)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 46788-46827]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-18930]



[[Page 46787]]

Vol. 84

Thursday,

No. 172

September 5, 2019

Part II





Department of Commerce





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





50 CFR Part 219





 Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental 
to Alaska Fisheries Science Center Fisheries Research; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 84 , No. 172 / Thursday, September 5, 2019 / 
Rules and Regulations  

[[Page 46788]]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

50 CFR Part 219

[Docket No. 170127128-9394-02]
RIN 0648-BG64


Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Taking Marine Mammals 
Incidental to Alaska Fisheries Science Center Fisheries Research

AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: NMFS's Office of Protected Resources (OPR), upon request from 
NMFS's Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC), hereby issues 
regulations to govern the unintentional taking of marine mammals 
incidental to fisheries research conducted in multiple specified 
geographical regions over the course of five years. These regulations, 
which allow for the issuance of Letters of Authorization (LOA) for the 
incidental take of marine mammals during the described activities and 
specified timeframes, prescribe the permissible methods of taking and 
other means of effecting the least practicable adverse impact on marine 
mammal species or stocks and their habitat, as well as requirements 
pertaining to the monitoring and reporting of such taking.

DATES: Effective from October 7, 2019, through October 7, 2024.

ADDRESSES: A copy of AFSC's application and supporting documents, as 
well as a list of the references cited in this document, may be 
obtained online at: www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/incidental-take-authorization-noaa-fisheries-afsc-fisheries-and-ecosystem-research. In 
case of problems accessing these documents, please call the contact 
listed below.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ben Laws, Office of Protected 
Resources, NMFS, (301) 427-8401.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Purpose and Need for Regulatory Action

    These regulations establish a framework under the authority of the 
MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.) to allow for the authorization of take of 
marine mammals incidental to the AFSC's fisheries research activities 
in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Arctic Ocean, and, by AFSC's 
request, also includes fisheries research activities of the 
International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC), which occur in the 
Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, and off of the U.S. west coast.
    We received an application from the AFSC requesting five-year 
regulations and authorization to take multiple species of marine 
mammals. Take would occur by Level B harassment incidental to the use 
of active acoustic devices, as well as by visual disturbance of 
pinnipeds, and by Level A harassment, serious injury, or mortality 
incidental to the use of fisheries research gear. Please see 
``Background'' below for definitions of harassment.

Legal Authority for the Action

    Section 101(a)(5)(A) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1371(a)(5)(A)) directs 
the Secretary of Commerce to allow, upon request, the incidental, but 
not intentional taking of small numbers of marine mammals by U.S. 
citizens who engage in a specified activity (other than commercial 
fishing) within a specified geographical region for up to five years 
if, after notice and public comment, the agency makes certain findings 
and issues regulations that set forth permissible methods of taking 
pursuant to that activity and other means of effecting the ``least 
practicable adverse impact'' on the affected species or stocks and 
their habitat (see the discussion below in the ``Mitigation'' section), 
as well as monitoring and reporting requirements. Section 101(a)(5)(A) 
of the MMPA and the implementing regulations at 50 CFR part 216, 
subpart I provide the legal basis for issuing this rule containing 
five-year regulations, and for any subsequent LOAs. As directed by this 
legal authority, the regulations contain mitigation, monitoring, and 
reporting requirements.

Summary of Major Provisions Within the Regulations

    Following is a summary of the major provisions of these regulations 
regarding AFSC fisheries research activities. These measures include:
     Required monitoring of the sampling areas to detect the 
presence of marine mammals before deployment of certain research gear.
     Required implementation of the mitigation strategy known 
as the ``move-on rule mitigation protocol'' which incorporates best 
professional judgment, when necessary during certain research fishing 
operations.

Background

    Section 101(a)(5)(A) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.) directs 
the Secretary of Commerce (as delegated to NMFS) to allow, upon 
request, the incidental, but not intentional, taking of small numbers 
of marine mammals by U.S. citizens who engage in a specified activity 
(other than commercial fishing) within a specified geographical region 
if certain findings are made, regulations are issued, and notice is 
provided to the public.
    An authorization for incidental takings shall be granted if NMFS 
finds that the taking will have a negligible impact on the species or 
stock(s), will not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the 
availability of the species or stock(s) for subsistence uses (where 
relevant), and if the permissible methods of taking and requirements 
pertaining to the mitigation, monitoring and reporting of such takings 
are set forth.
    NMFS has defined ``negligible impact'' in 50 CFR 216.103 as an 
impact resulting from the specified activity that cannot be reasonably 
expected to, and is not reasonably likely to, adversely affect the 
species or stock through effects on annual rates of recruitment or 
survival.
    NMFS has defined ``unmitigable adverse impact'' in 50 CFR 216.103 
as an impact resulting from the specified activity:
    (1) That is likely to reduce the availability of the species to a 
level insufficient for a harvest to meet subsistence needs by: (i) 
Causing the marine mammals to abandon or avoid hunting areas; (ii) 
directly displacing subsistence users; or (iii) placing physical 
barriers between the marine mammals and the subsistence hunters; and
    (2) That cannot be sufficiently mitigated by other measures to 
increase the availability of marine mammals to allow subsistence needs 
to be met.
    The MMPA states that the term ``take'' means to harass, hunt, 
capture, kill or attempt to harass, hunt, capture, or kill any marine 
mammal.
    Except with respect to certain activities not pertinent here, the 
MMPA defines ``harassment'' as: Any act of pursuit, torment, or 
annoyance which (i) has the potential to injure a marine mammal or 
marine mammal stock in the wild (Level A harassment); or (ii) has the 
potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild 
by causing disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not 
limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or 
sheltering (Level B harassment).

Summary of Request

    On June 28, 2016, we received an adequate and complete request from 
AFSC for authorization to take marine

[[Page 46789]]

mammals incidental to fisheries research activities. On October 18, 
2016 (81 FR 71709), we published a notice of receipt of AFSC's 
application in the Federal Register, requesting comments and 
information related to the AFSC request for thirty days. We received 
comments jointly from The Humane Society of the United States and Whale 
and Dolphin Conservation (HSUS/WDC). Subsequently, AFSC presented 
substantive revisions to the application, including revisions to the 
take authorization request as well as incorporation of the IPHC 
fisheries research activities. We received this revised application, 
which was determined to be adequate and complete, on September 6, 2017. 
We then published a notice of its receipt in the Federal Register, 
requesting comments and information for thirty days, on September 14, 
2017 (82 FR 43223). We received no comments in response to this second 
review period. The original comments received from HSUS/WDC are 
available online at: www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/incidental-take-authorization-noaa-fisheries-afsc-fisheries-and-ecosystem-research and 
were considered in development of the proposed rule. We published a 
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register on August 1, 2018 
(83 FR 37638) and requested comments and information from the public. 
Please see ``Comments and Responses,'' below.
    AFSC conducts fisheries research using trawl gear used at various 
levels in the water column, hook-and-line gear (including longlines 
with multiple hooks), gillnets, and other gear. If a marine mammal 
interacts with gear deployed by AFSC, the outcome could potentially be 
Level A harassment, serious injury (i.e., any injury that will likely 
result in mortality), or mortality. Although any given gear interaction 
could result in an outcome less severe than mortality or serious 
injury, we do not have sufficient information to allow parsing these 
potential outcomes. Therefore, AFSC presents a pooled estimate of the 
number of potential incidents of gear interaction and, for analytical 
purposes we assume that gear interactions would result in serious 
injury or mortality. AFSC also uses various active acoustic devices in 
the conduct of fisheries research, and use of some devices has the 
potential to result in Level B harassment of marine mammals. Level B 
harassment of pinnipeds hauled out may also occur, as a result of 
visual disturbance from vessels conducting AFSC research.
    AFSC requested authorization to take individuals of 19 species by 
Level A harassment, serious injury, or mortality (hereafter referred to 
as M/SI) and of 25 species by Level B harassment. These regulations are 
effective for five years.

Description of the Specified Activity

Overview

    The AFSC collects a wide array of information necessary to evaluate 
the status of exploited fishery resources and the marine environment. 
AFSC scientists conduct fishery-independent research onboard NOAA-owned 
and operated vessels or on chartered vessels. Such research may also be 
conducted by cooperating scientists on non-NOAA vessels when the AFSC 
helps fund the research. The AFSC plans to administer and conduct 
approximately 58 survey programs over the five-year period, within 
three separate research areas (some survey programs are conducted 
across more than one research area). The gear types used fall into 
several categories: towed nets fished at various levels in the water 
column, longline gear, gillnets and seine nets, traps, and other gear. 
Only use of trawl nets, longlines, and gillnets are likely to result in 
interaction with marine mammals. Many of these surveys also use active 
acoustic devices.
    The Federal government has a responsibility to conserve and protect 
living marine resources in U.S. waters and has also entered into a 
number of international agreements and treaties related to the 
management of living marine resources in international waters outside 
the United States. NOAA has the primary responsibility for managing 
marine finfish and shellfish species and their habitats, with that 
responsibility delegated within NOAA to NMFS.
    In order to direct and coordinate the collection of scientific 
information needed to make informed fishery management decisions, 
Congress created six regional fisheries science centers, each a 
distinct organizational entity and the scientific focal point within 
NMFS for region-based Federal fisheries-related research. This research 
is aimed at monitoring fish stock recruitment, abundance, survival and 
biological rates, geographic distribution of species and stocks, 
ecosystem process changes, and marine ecological research. The AFSC is 
the research arm of NMFS in the Alaska region of the United States. The 
AFSC conducts research and provides scientific advice to manage 
fisheries and conserve protected species in the geographic research 
areas described below and provides scientific information to support 
the North Pacific Fishery Management Council and other domestic and 
international fisheries management organizations.
    The IPHC, established by a convention between the governments of 
Canada and the United States, is an international fisheries 
organization mandated to conduct research on and management of the 
stocks of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) within the 
Convention waters of both nations. The Northern Pacific Halibut Act of 
1982 (16 U.S.C. 773), which amended the earlier Northern Pacific 
Halibut Act of 1937, is the enabling legislation that gives effect to 
the Convention in the United States. Although operating in U.S. waters 
(and, therefore, subject to the MMPA prohibition on ``take'' of marine 
mammals), the IPHC is not appropriately considered to be a U.S. citizen 
(as defined by the MMPA) and cannot be issued an incidental take 
authorization. For purposes of MMPA compliance, the AFSC sponsors the 
IPHC research activities occurring in U.S. waters, with applicable 
mitigation, monitoring, and reporting requirements conveyed to the IPHC 
via Letters of Acknowledgement issued by the AFSC pursuant to the 
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA).
    Fishery-independent data necessary to the management of halibut 
stocks is collected using longline gear aboard chartered commercial 
vessels within multiple IPHC regulatory areas, including within U.S. 
waters of the Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, and off the U.S. west coast. 
The IPHC plans to conduct two survey programs over the five-year 
period. IPHC activity and requested take authorization is described in 
Appendix C of AFSC's application.

Dates and Duration

    The specified activity may occur at any time during the five-year 
period of validity of the regulations. Dates and duration of individual 
surveys are inherently uncertain, based on congressional funding levels 
for the AFSC, weather conditions, or ship contingencies. In addition, 
cooperative research is designed to provide flexibility on a yearly 
basis in order to address issues as they arise. Some cooperative 
research projects last multiple years or may continue with 
modifications. Other projects only last one year and are not continued. 
Most cooperative research projects go through an annual competitive 
selection process to determine which projects should be funded based on 
proposals developed by many independent researchers and fishing 
industry participants.

[[Page 46790]]

Specified Geographical Region

    The AFSC conducts research in Alaska within three research areas 
considered to be distinct specified geographical regions: The Gulf of 
Alaska Research Area (GOARA), the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands Research 
Area (BSAIRA), and the Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea Research Area 
(CSBSRA). Please see Figures 2-1 through 2-3 in the AFSC application 
for maps of the three research areas. We note here that, while the 
specified geographical regions within which the AFSC operates may 
extend outside of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), i.e., into 
the Canadian EEZ (but not including Canadian territorial waters), the 
MMPA's authority does not extend into foreign territorial waters. IPHC 
research activities are carried out within the BSAIRA and GOARA but 
also within a fourth specified geographical region, i.e., off the U.S. 
west coast (see Figure C-3 of the AFSC application). The IPHC operates 
from 36[deg]40' N (approximately Monterey Bay, California) at the 
southernmost extension northward to the Canadian border, including U.S. 
waters within Puget Sound. These areas were described in detail in our 
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (83 FR 37638; August 1, 2018); please see 
that document for further detail.

Detailed Description of Activities

    A detailed description of AFSC's planned activities was provided in 
our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (83 FR 37638; August 1, 2018) and is 
not repeated here. No changes have been made to the specified 
activities described therein.

Comments and Responses

    We published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal 
Register on August 1, 2018 (83 FR 37638), and requested comments and 
information from the public. During the thirty-day comment period, we 
received letters from the Marine Mammal Commission (Commission), the 
Ecological Sciences Communication Initiative (ECO-SCI), and from three 
private citizens. Of the latter, one comment expressed general 
opposition, one expressed general support, and one was not relevant to 
the proposed rulemaking. The remaining comments and our responses are 
provided here, and the comments have been posted online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/incidental-take-authorization-noaa-fisheries-afsc-fisheries-and-ecosystem-research. Please see the 
Commission's comment letter for full rationale behind the 
recommendations we respond to below. No changes were made to the 
proposed rule as a result of these comments.
    Comment 1: The Commission provides general recommendations--not 
specific to the proposed AFSC rulemaking--that NMFS develop criteria 
and guidance for determining when prospective applicants should request 
taking by Level B harassment from the use of echosounders, other 
sonars, and sub-bottom profilers and that NMFS formulate a strategy for 
updating its generic behavioral harassment thresholds for all types of 
sound sources as soon as possible.
    Response: We thank the Commission for its continued interest in 
these issues. Generally speaking, there has been a lack of information 
and scientific consensus regarding the potential effects of scientific 
sonars on marine mammals, which may differ depending on the system and 
species in question as well as the environment in which the system is 
operated. We will continue to evaluate the need for applicant guidance 
specific to the types of acoustic sources mentioned by the Commission.
    With regard to revision of existing behavioral harassment criteria, 
NMFS agrees that this is necessary. NMFS is continuing our examination 
of the effects of noise on marine mammal behavior and is focused on 
developing guidance regarding the effects of anthropogenic sound on 
marine mammal behavior. Behavioral response is a complex question, and 
NMFS will take the time that is necessary to research and address it 
appropriately.
    Comment 2: The Commission recommends that OPR require AFSC to 
estimate the numbers of marine mammals taken by Level B harassment 
incidental to use of active acoustic sources (e.g., echosounders) based 
on the 120-decibel (dB) rather than the 160-dB root mean square (rms) 
sound pressure level (SPL) threshold.
    Response: Please see our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (83 FR 
37638; August 1, 2018) for discussion related to acoustic terminology 
and thresholds. The Commission repeats a recommendation made in prior 
letters concerning proposed authorization of take incidental to use of 
scientific sonars (such as echosounders). As we have described in 
responding to those prior comments (e.g., 83 FR 36370), our evaluation 
of the available information leads us to disagree with this 
recommendation. After review of the Commission's recommendation in this 
case, our assessment is unchanged. While the Commission presents 
certain valid points in attempting to justify their recommendation 
(e.g., certain sensitive species are known to respond to sound 
exposures at lower levels), these points do not ultimately support the 
recommendation.
    First, we provide some necessary background on implementation of 
acoustic thresholds. NMFS has historically used generalized acoustic 
thresholds based on received levels to predict the occurrence of 
behavioral harassment, given the practical need to use a relatively 
simple threshold based on information that is available for most 
activities. Thresholds were selected in consideration largely of 
measured avoidance responses of mysticete whales to airgun signals and 
to industrial noise sources, such as drilling. The selected thresholds 
of 160 dB rms SPL and 120 dB rms SPL, respectively, have been extended 
for use since then for estimation of behavioral harassment associated 
with noise exposure from sources associated with other common 
activities as well.
    Separately, NMFS and the U.S. Navy have historically worked closely 
together to develop appropriate criteria specific to use of low- and 
mid-frequency active sonar and underwater explosives. The Commission's 
reference to the Navy's use of different acoustic harassment criteria 
is not relevant, as those criteria were developed, and have evolved 
over time in reflection of available science, with specific reference 
to military sonar or underwater detonations.
    The Commission misinterprets how NMFS characterizes scientific 
sonars, so we provide clarification here. Sound sources can be divided 
into broad categories based on various criteria or for various 
purposes. As discussed by Richardson et al. (1995), source 
characteristics include strength of signal amplitude, distribution of 
sound frequency and, importantly in context of these thresholds, 
variability over time. With regard to temporal properties, sounds are 
generally considered to be either continuous or transient (i.e., 
intermittent). Continuous sounds, which are produced by the industrial 
noise sources for which the 120-dB behavioral harassment threshold was 
selected, are simply those whose sound pressure level remains above 
ambient sound during the observation period (ANSI, 2005). Intermittent 
sounds are defined as sounds with interrupted levels of low or no sound 
(NIOSH, 1998). Simply put, a continuous noise source produces a signal 
that continues over time, while an intermittent source produces signals 
of relatively short duration having an obvious start and end with 
predictable patterns of bursts of sound and silent periods (i.e., duty

[[Page 46791]]

cycle) (Richardson and Malme, 1993). It is this fundamental temporal 
distinction that is most important for categorizing sound types in 
terms of their potential to cause a behavioral response. For example, 
Gomez et al. (2016) found a significant relationship between source 
type and marine mammal behavioral response when sources were split into 
continuous (e.g., shipping, icebreaking, drilling) versus intermittent 
(e.g., sonar, seismic, explosives) types. In addition, there have been 
various studies noting differences in responses to intermittent and 
continuous sound sources for other species (e.g., Neo et al., 2014; 
Radford et al., 2016; Nichols et al., 2015).
    Sound sources may also be categorized based on their potential to 
cause physical damage to auditory structures and/or result in threshold 
shifts. In contrast to the temporal distinction discussed above, the 
most important factor for understanding the differing potential for 
these outcomes across source types is simply whether the sound is 
impulsive or not. Impulsive sounds, such as those produced by airguns, 
are defined as sounds which are typically transient, brief (< 1 sec), 
broadband, and consist of a high peak pressure with rapid rise time and 
rapid decay (ANSI, 1986; NIOSH, 1998). These sounds are generally 
considered to have greater potential to cause auditory injury and/or 
result in threshold shifts. Non-impulsive sounds can be broadband, 
narrowband or tonal, brief or prolonged, continuous or intermittent, 
and typically do not have the high peak pressure with rapid rise/decay 
time that impulsive sounds do (ANSI, 1995; NIOSH, 1998). Because the 
selection of the 160-dB behavioral threshold was focused largely on 
airgun signals, it has historically been commonly referred to as the 
``impulse noise'' threshold (including by NMFS). However, this 
longstanding confusion in terminology--i.e., the erroneous impulsive/
continuous dichotomy--presents a narrow view of the sound sources to 
which the thresholds apply, and inappropriately implies a limitation in 
scope of applicability for the 160-dB behavioral threshold in 
particular.
    An impulsive sound is by definition intermittent; however, not all 
intermittent sounds are impulsive. Many sound sources for which it is 
generally appropriate to consider the authorization of incidental take 
are in fact either impulsive (and intermittent) (e.g., impact pile 
driving) or continuous (and non-impulsive) (e.g., vibratory pile 
driving). However, scientific sonars present a less common case where 
the sound produced is considered intermittent but non-impulsive. Herein 
lies the crux of the Commission's argument, i.e., that because 
scientific sonars used by NMFS's science centers are not impulsive 
sound sources, they must be assessed using the 120-dB behavioral 
threshold appropriate for continuous noise sources. However, given the 
existing paradigm--dichotomous thresholds appropriate for generic use 
in evaluating the potential for behavioral harassment resulting from 
exposure to continuous or intermittent sound sources--the Commission 
does not adequately explain why potential harassment from an 
intermittent sound source should be evaluated using a threshold 
developed for use with continuous sound sources. As we have stated in 
prior responses to this recommendation, consideration of the preceding 
factors leads to a conclusion that the 160-dB threshold is more 
appropriate for use than is the 120-dB threshold.
    As noted above, the Commission first claims generically that we are 
using an incorrect threshold, because scientific sonars do not produce 
impulse noise. However, in bridging the gap from this generic assertion 
to their specific recommendation that the 120-dB continuous noise 
threshold should be used, the Commission makes several leaps of logic 
that we address here. The Commission's justification is in large part 
seemingly based on citation to examples in the literature of the most 
sensitive species responding at lower received levels to sources 
dissimilar to those considered here. There are three critical errors in 
this approach.
    First, the citation of examples of animals ``responding to sound'' 
does not equate to behavioral harassment, as defined by the MMPA. As 
noted above under ``Background,'' the MMPA defines Level B harassment 
as acts with the potential to disturb a marine mammal by causing 
disruption of behavioral patterns. While it is possible that some 
animals do in fact experience Level B harassment upon exposure to 
intermittent sounds at received levels less than the 160-dB threshold, 
this is not in and of itself adequate justification for using a lower 
threshold. Implicit in the use of a step function for quantifying 
behavioral harassment is the realistic assumption, due to behavioral 
context and other factors, that some animals exposed to received levels 
below the threshold will in fact experience harassment, while others 
exposed to levels above the threshold will not. Moreover, a brief, 
transient behavioral response should not necessarily be considered as 
having the potential to disturb by disrupting behavioral patterns.
    Many of the examples given by the Commission demonstrate mild 
responses, but not behavioral changes more likely to indicate Level B 
harassment. For example, the Commission discusses two studies (Quick et 
al., 2017; Cholewiak et al., 2017) that describe responses to one of 
the same sources considered here (the EK60 echosounder). We addressed 
Quick et al. (2017) in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, describing 
the authors' findings that, while tagged pilot whales increased heading 
variance during exposure to the EK60, tag data did not show an overt 
response to the echosounder or a change to foraging behavior. (Digital 
acoustic recording tags were attached to study animals; EK60 signals 
were within audible range for the animals with received levels ranging 
from 117-125 dB). Similarly, the authors report that visual 
observations of behavior did not indicate any dramatic response, 
unusual behaviors, changes in heading, or cessation of biologically 
important behavior such as feeding. No evidence is presented that could 
be reasonably construed as Level B harassment. Cholewiak et al. (2017) 
describe responses of beaked whales to the EK60 echosounder, finding 
that they were significantly less likely to be detected acoustically 
while echosounders were active. However, it is not clear that this 
response should be considered as Level B harassment when considered in 
context of what is likely a brief, transient effect given the mobile 
nature of the surveys and the fact that some beaked whale populations 
are known to have high site fidelity. (We note that the Commission 
cites these studies as support for Lurton and DeRuiter (2011)'s 
suggestion of 130 dB as a reasonable behavioral response threshold. 
Given that a ``behavioral response threshold'' does not equate to a 
behavioral harassment threshold, we are unsure about the intended 
implication. In addition, Lurton and DeRuiter casually offer this 
threshold as a result of a ``conservative approach'' using ``response 
thresholds of the most sensitive species studied to date.'' NMFS does 
not agree with any suggestion that this equates to an appropriate 
behavioral harassment threshold). Watkins and Schevill (1975) note that 
sperm whales ``temporarily interrupted'' sound production in response 
to sound from pingers. No avoidance behavior was observed, and the 
authors note that ``there appeared to be no startle reactions, no 
sudden movements, or changes in the activity of the whales.'' Kastelein 
et al. (2006a)

[[Page 46792]]

describe the response of harbor porpoise to an experimental acoustic 
alarm (discussed below; power averaged source level of 145 dB), while 
also noting that a striped dolphin showed no reaction to the alarm, 
despite both species being able to clearly detect the signal.
    Second, unlike the studies discussed above which relate to 
echosounders, many of the cited studies do not present a relevant 
comparison. These studies discuss sources that are not appropriately or 
easily compared to the sources considered here and/or address responses 
of animals in experimental environments that are not appropriately 
compared to the likely exposure context here. For example, aside from 
the well-developed literature concerning ``acoustic harassment'' or 
``acoustic deterrent'' devices--which are obviously designed for the 
express purpose of harassing marine mammals (usually specific species 
or groups)--Kastelein et al. (2006b) describe harbor seal responses to 
signals used as part of an underwater data communication network. In 
this case, seals in a pool were exposed to signals of relatively long 
duration (1-2 seconds) and high duty cycle for 15 minutes, with 
experimental signals of continuously varying frequency, three different 
sound blocks, or frequency sweeps. These seals swam away from the sound 
(though they did not attempt to reduce exposure by putting their heads 
out of the water), but this result is of questionable relevance to 
understanding the likely response of seals in the wild that may be 
exposed to a 1-ms single-frequency signal from an echosounder moving 
past the seal as a transient stimulus.
    Some studies do not provide a relevant comparison not only because 
of differences in the source, but because they address sources (in some 
cases multiple sources) that are stationary (for extended periods of 
time in some cases), whereas AFSC surveys are infrequent and transient 
in any given location. Morton (2000) presents only brief speculation 
that an observed decline in abundance of Pacific white-sided dolphin 
coincided with introduction of 194-dB (source level) acoustic deterrent 
devices--an observation that is not relevant to consideration of a 
single mobile source that would be transient in space and time relevant 
to a receiver. Morton and Symonds (2002) similarly address displacement 
from a specific area due to a profusion of ``high-powered'' deterrent 
devices (the same 194-dB system discussed briefly in Morton (2000)) 
placed in restricted passages for extended time periods (6 years).
    Third, the Commission relies heavily on the use of examples 
pertaining to the most sensitive species, which does not support an 
argument that the 120-dB threshold should be applied to all species. 
NMFS has acknowledged that the scientific evidence indicates that 
certain species are, in general, more acoustically sensitive than 
others. In particular, harbor porpoise and beaked whales are considered 
to be behaviorally sensitive, and it may be appropriate to consider use 
of lower behavioral harassment thresholds for these species. NMFS is 
considering this issue in its current work of developing new guidelines 
for assessing behavioral harassment; however, until this work is 
completed and new guidelines are identified (if appropriate), the 
existing generic thresholds are retained. Moreover, as is discussed 
above for other reasons, the majority of examples cited by the 
Commission are of limited relevance in terms of comparison of sound 
sources. In support of their statement that numerous researchers have 
observed marine mammals responding to sound from sources claimed to be 
similar to those considered herein, the Commission indeed cites 
numerous studies; however, the vast majority of these address responses 
of harbor porpoise or beaked whales to various types of acoustic alarms 
or deterrent devices.
    We acknowledge that the Commission presents legitimate points in 
support of defining a threshold specific to non-impulsive, intermittent 
sources and that, among the large number of cited studies, there are a 
few that show relevant results of individual animals responding to 
exposure at lower received levels in ways that could be considered 
harassment. As noted in a previous comment response, NMFS is currently 
engaged in an ongoing effort towards developing updated guidance 
regarding the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammal behavior. 
However, prior to conclusion of this effort, NMFS will continue using 
the historical Level B harassment thresholds (or derivations thereof) 
and will appropriately evaluate behavioral harassment due to 
intermittent sound sources relative to the 160-dB threshold.
    Comment 3: The Commission notes that NMFS has delineated two 
categories of acoustic sources, largely based on frequency, with those 
sources operating at frequencies greater than the known hearing ranges 
of any marine mammal (i.e., >180 kilohertz (kHz)) lacking the potential 
to disturb marine mammals by causing disruption of behavioral patterns. 
The Commission describes the recent scientific literature on acoustic 
sources with frequencies above 180 kHz (i.e., Deng et al., 2014; Hastie 
et al., 2014) and recommends that we estimate numbers of takes 
associated with those acoustic sources (or similar acoustic sources) 
with frequencies above 180 kHz that have been shown to elicit 
behavioral responses above the 120-dB threshold.
    Response: As the Commission acknowledges, we considered the cited 
information in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. NMFS's response 
regarding the appropriateness of the 120-dB versus 160-dB rms 
thresholds was provided above in the response to Comment #2. In 
general, the referenced literature indicates only that sub-harmonics 
could be detectable by certain species at distances up to several 
hundred meters. As we have noted in previous responses, behavioral 
response to a stimulus does not necessarily indicate that Level B 
harassment, as defined by the MMPA, has occurred. Source levels of the 
secondary peaks considered in these studies--those within the hearing 
range of some marine mammals--mean that these sub-harmonics would 
either be below the threshold for behavioral harassment or would 
attenuate to such a level within a few meters. Beyond these important 
study details, these high-frequency (i.e., Category 1) sources and any 
energy they may produce below the primary frequency that could be 
audible to marine mammals would be dominated by a few primary sources 
(e.g., EK60) that are operated near-continuously--much like other 
Category 2 sources considered in our assessment of potential incidental 
take from AFSC's use of active acoustic sources--and the potential 
range above threshold would be so small as to essentially discount 
them. Further, recent sound source verification testing of these and 
other similar systems did not observe any sub-harmonics in any of the 
systems tested under controlled conditions (Crocker and Fratantonio, 
2016). While this can occur during actual operations, the phenomenon 
may be the result of issues with the system or its installation on a 
vessel rather than an issue that is inherent to the output of the 
system. There is no evidence to suggest that Level B harassment of 
marine mammals should be expected in relation to use of active acoustic 
sources at frequencies exceeding 180 kHz.
    Comment 4: ECO-SCI appears to suggest that we failed to use the 
best scientific evidence available in developing our proposed 
rulemaking and in making our preliminary determinations under the MMPA.

[[Page 46793]]

    Response: As explained in detail in our Notice of Proposed 
Rulemaking (August 1, 2018; 83 FR 37638), NMFS did use the best 
scientific evidence available. In cases where population abundance 
estimates are not presented in NMFS' Stock Assessment Reports, either 
due to lack of available data or because the available data are 
considered outdated, we carefully described the data that are 
available, how those data support our assessment of the size and health 
of affected populations, and the process by which we evaluated the 
effects of the specified activity on the affected marine mammal species 
and stocks. The ECO-SCI comment letter evidences a limited 
understanding of the available data and confusion regarding relevant 
statutory and regulatory processes; and, ultimately, the commenter's 
apparent claims are not supported.

Description of Marine Mammals in the Area of the Specified Activity

    We have reviewed AFSC's species descriptions--which summarize 
available information regarding status and trends, distribution and 
habitat preferences, behavior and life history, and auditory 
capabilities of the potentially affected species--for accuracy and 
completeness and refer the reader to Sections 3 and 4 of AFSC's 
application (and Sections 3 and 4 of Appendix C, which specifically 
addresses the IPHC activities), instead of reprinting the information 
here. Additional information regarding population trends and threats 
may be found in NMFS's Stock Assessment Reports (SAR; 
www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-stock-assessments) and more general information about these species 
(e.g., physical and behavioral descriptions) may be found on NMFS's 
website (www.fisheries.noaa.gov/find-species).
    Table 1 lists all species with expected potential for occurrence in 
the specified geographical regions where AFSC and IPHC plan to conduct 
the specified activities and summarizes information related to the 
population or stock, including regulatory status under the MMPA and ESA 
and potential biological removal (PBR), where known. For taxonomy, we 
follow Committee on Taxonomy (2018). PBR, defined by the MMPA as the 
maximum number of animals, not including natural mortalities, that may 
be removed from a marine mammal stock while allowing that stock to 
reach or maintain its optimum sustainable population, is discussed in 
greater detail later in this document (see ``Negligible Impact 
Analysis'').
    Marine mammal abundance estimates presented in this document 
represent the total number of individuals that make up a given stock or 
the total number estimated within a particular study or survey area. 
NMFS's stock abundance estimates for most species represent the total 
estimate of individuals within the geographic area, if known, that 
comprises that stock. For some species, this geographic area may extend 
beyond U.S. waters. All managed stocks in the specified geographical 
regions are assessed in either NMFS's U.S. Alaska SARs or U.S. Pacific 
SARs. All values presented in Table 1 are the most recent available at 
the time of writing and are available in the 2017 SARs (Carretta et 
al., 2018; Muto et al., 2018) or draft 2018 SARs (available online at: 
www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/draft-marine-mammal-stock-assessment-reports).
    Forty species (with 88 managed stocks) are considered to have the 
potential to co-occur with AFSC and IPHC activities. Species that could 
potentially occur in the research areas but are not expected to have 
the potential for interaction with AFSC research gear or that are not 
likely to be harassed by AFSC's use of active acoustic devices are 
described briefly but omitted from further analysis. These include 
extralimital species, which are species that do not normally occur in a 
given area but for which there are one or more occurrence records that 
are considered beyond the normal range of the species. Species 
considered to be extralimital here are the narwhal (Monodon monoceros; 
CSBSRA only), Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni brydei; IPHC U.S. west 
coast research area only), and the Western North Pacific stock of the 
gray whale (see our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (August 1, 2018; 83 
FR 37638) for additional discussion of the gray whale). In addition, 
the sea otter is found in coastal waters--with the northern (or 
eastern) sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) found in Alaska--and the 
Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) and polar bear (Ursus 
maritimus) may also occur in AFSC research areas. However, these 
species are managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and are not 
considered further in this document.
BILLING CODE 3510-22-P

[[Page 46794]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR05SE19.000


[[Page 46795]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR05SE19.001


[[Page 46796]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR05SE19.002


[[Page 46797]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR05SE19.003


[[Page 46798]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR05SE19.004


[[Page 46799]]


[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR05SE19.005

BILLING CODE 3510-22-C
    Additional detail regarding the affected species and stocks was 
provided in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (August 1, 2018; 83 FR 
37638) and is not repeated here.
    Take Reduction Planning--Take reduction plans are designed to help 
recover and prevent the depletion of strategic marine mammal stocks 
that interact with certain U.S. commercial fisheries, as required by 
Section 118 of the MMPA. The immediate goal of a take reduction plan is 
to reduce, within

[[Page 46800]]

six months of its implementation, the M/SI of marine mammals incidental 
to commercial fishing to less than the PBR level. The long-term goal is 
to reduce, within five years of its implementation, the M/SI of marine 
mammals incidental to commercial fishing to insignificant levels, 
approaching a zero serious injury and mortality rate, taking into 
account the economics of the fishery, the availability of existing 
technology, and existing state or regional fishery management plans. 
Take reduction teams are convened to develop these plans.
    There are no take reduction plans currently in effect for Alaskan 
fisheries. For marine mammals off the U.S. west coast, there is 
currently one take reduction plan in effect (Pacific Offshore Cetacean 
Take Reduction Plan). The goal of this plan is to reduce M/SI of 
several marine mammal stocks incidental to the California thresher 
shark/swordfish drift gillnet fishery (CA DGN). A team was convened in 
1996 and a final plan produced in 1997 (62 FR 51805; October 3, 1997). 
Marine mammal stocks of concern initially included the California, 
Oregon, and Washington stocks for beaked whales, short-finned pilot 
whales, pygmy sperm whales, sperm whales, and humpback whales. The most 
recent five-year averages of M/SI for these stocks are below PBR. More 
information is available online at: www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/pacific-offshore-cetacean-take-reduction-plan. 
Of the stocks of concern, the AFSC requested the authorization of 
incidental M/SI for the short-finned pilot whale only (on behalf of 
IPHC; see ``Estimated Take'' later in this document). The most recent 
reported average annual human-caused mortality for short-finned pilot 
whales (2010-14) is 1.2 animals. The IPHC does not use drift gillnets 
in its fisheries research program; therefore, take reduction measures 
applicable to the CA DGN fisheries are not relevant.
    Unusual Mortality Events (UME)--A UME is defined under the MMPA as 
a stranding that is unexpected; involves a significant die-off of any 
marine mammal population; and demands immediate response. From 1991 to 
the present, there have been 19 formally recognized UMEs on the U.S. 
west coast or in Alaska involving species under NMFS' jurisdiction. The 
only currently ongoing investigations involve Guadalupe fur seals and 
California sea lions along the west coast. Increased strandings of 
Guadalupe fur seals (up to eight times the historical average) have 
occurred along the entire coast of California. These increased 
strandings were reported beginning in January 2015 and peaked from 
April through June 2015, but have remained well above average through 
2018. Findings from the majority of stranded animals include 
malnutrition with secondary bacterial and parasitic infections. 
Beginning in January 2013, elevated strandings of California sea lion 
pups were observed in southern California, with live sea lion 
strandings nearly three times higher than the historical average. 
Findings to date indicate that a likely contributor to the large number 
of stranded, malnourished pups was a change in the availability of sea 
lion prey for nursing mothers, especially sardines. These UMEs are 
occurring in the same areas and the causes and mechanisms of this 
remain under investigation (www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-life-distress/2015-2019-guadalupe-fur-seal-unusual-mortality-event-california; www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-life-distress/2013-2017-california-sea-lion-unusual-mortality-event-california; accessed 
March 18, 2019).
    Another recent, notable UME involved large whales and occurred in 
the western Gulf of Alaska and off of British Columbia, Canada. 
Beginning in May 2015, elevated large whale mortalities (primarily fin 
and humpback whales) occurred in the areas around Kodiak Island, 
Afognak Island, Chirikof Island, the Semidi Islands, and the southern 
shoreline of the Alaska Peninsula. Although most carcasses have been 
non-retrievable as they were discovered floating and in a state of 
moderate to severe decomposition, the UME is likely attributable to 
ecological factors, i.e., the 2015 El Ni[ntilde]o, ``warm water blob,'' 
and the Pacific Coast domoic acid bloom. The dates of the UME are 
considered to be from May 22 through December 31, 2015 (western Gulf of 
Alaska) and from April 23, 2015, through April 16, 2016 (British 
Columbia). More information is available online at 
www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-life-distress/2015-2016-large-whale-unusual-mortality-event-western-gulf-alaska.
    Additional UMEs in the past ten years include those involving 
ringed, ribbon, spotted, and bearded seals (collectively ``ice seals'') 
(2011; disease); harbor porpoises in California (2008; cause determined 
to be ecological factors); Guadalupe fur seals in the Northwest (2007; 
undetermined); large whales in California (2007; human interaction); 
cetaceans in California (2007; undetermined); and harbor porpoises in 
the Pacific Northwest (2006; undetermined). For more information on 
UMEs, please visit: www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-unusual-mortality-events.

Marine Mammal Hearing

    Hearing is the most important sensory modality for marine mammals 
underwater, and exposure to anthropogenic sound can have deleterious 
effects. To appropriately assess the potential effects of exposure to 
sound, it is necessary to understand the frequency ranges marine 
mammals are able to hear. Current data indicate that not all marine 
mammal species have equal hearing capabilities (e.g., Richardson et 
al., 1995; Wartzok and Ketten, 1999; Au and Hastings, 2008). To reflect 
this, Southall et al. (2007) recommended that marine mammals be divided 
into functional hearing groups based on directly measured or estimated 
hearing ranges on the basis of available behavioral response data, 
audiograms derived using auditory evoked potential techniques, 
anatomical modeling, and other data. Note that no direct measurements 
of hearing ability have been successfully completed for mysticetes 
(i.e., low-frequency cetaceans). Subsequently, NMFS (2016) described 
generalized hearing ranges for these marine mammal hearing groups. 
Generalized hearing ranges were chosen based on the approximately 65 dB 
threshold from the normalized composite audiograms, with an exception 
for lower limits for low-frequency cetaceans where the result was 
deemed to be biologically implausible and the lower bound from Southall 
et al. (2007) retained. The functional groups and the associated 
frequencies are indicated below (note that these frequency ranges 
correspond to the range for the composite group, with the entire range 
not necessarily reflecting the capabilities of every species within 
that group):
     Low-frequency cetaceans (mysticetes): Generalized hearing 
is estimated to occur between approximately 7 Hz and 35 kHz, with best 
hearing estimated to be from 100 Hz to 8 kHz;
     Mid-frequency cetaceans (larger toothed whales, beaked 
whales, and most delphinids): Generalized hearing is estimated to occur 
between approximately 150 Hz and 160 kHz, with best hearing from 10 to 
less than 100 kHz;
     High-frequency cetaceans (porpoises, river dolphins, and 
members of the genera Kogia and Cephalorhynchus; including two members 
of the genus Lagenorhynchus,

[[Page 46801]]

on the basis of recent echolocation data and genetic data): Generalized 
hearing is estimated to occur between approximately 275 Hz and 160 kHz;
     Pinnipeds in water; Phocidae (true seals): Functional 
hearing is estimated to occur between approximately 50 Hz to 86 kHz, 
with best hearing between 1-50 kHz;
     Pinnipeds in water; Otariidae (eared seals): Functional 
hearing is estimated to occur between 60 Hz and 39 kHz for Otariidae, 
with best hearing between 2-48 kHz.
    For more detail concerning these groups and associated frequency 
ranges, please see NMFS (2018) for a review of available information. 
Forty marine mammal species (30 cetacean and ten pinniped (four otariid 
and six phocid) species) have the potential to co-occur with AFSC and 
IPHC research activities. Please refer to Table 1. Of the 30 cetacean 
species that may be present, eight are classified as low-frequency 
cetaceans (i.e., all mysticete species), eighteen are classified as 
mid-frequency cetaceans (i.e., all delphinid and ziphiid species and 
the sperm whale), and four are classified as high-frequency cetaceans 
(i.e., porpoises and Kogia spp.).

Potential Effects of the Specified Activity on Marine Mammals and Their 
Habitat

    We provided discussion of the potential effects of the specified 
activity on marine mammals and their habitat in our Federal Register 
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (August 1, 2018; 83 FR 37638). Therefore, 
we do not reprint the information here but refer the reader to that 
document. That document included a summary and discussion of the ways 
that components of the specified activity may impact marine mammals and 
their habitat. The ``Estimated Take'' section later in this document 
includes a quantitative analysis of the number of individuals that are 
expected to be taken by this activity. The ``Negligible Impact Analysis 
and Determination'' section considers the content of this section and 
the material it references, the ``Estimated Take'' section, and the 
``Mitigation'' section, to draw conclusions regarding the likely 
impacts of these activities on the reproductive success or survivorship 
of individuals and how those impacts on individuals are likely to 
impact marine mammal species or stocks.

Estimated Take

    This section provides an estimate of the number of incidental takes 
proposed for authorization, which will inform both NMFS's consideration 
of whether the number of takes is ``small'' and the negligible impact 
determination.
    Except with respect to certain activities not pertinent here, 
section 3(18) of the MMPA defines ``harassment'' as any act of pursuit, 
torment, or annoyance which (i) has the potential to injure a marine 
mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild (Level A harassment); or (ii) 
has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in 
the wild by causing disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but 
not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or 
sheltering (Level B harassment).
    Take of marine mammals incidental to AFSC research activities could 
occur as a result of (1) injury or mortality due to gear interaction 
(Level A harassment, serious injury, or mortality); (2) behavioral 
disturbance resulting from the use of active acoustic sources (Level B 
harassment only); or (3) behavioral disturbance of pinnipeds resulting 
from incidental approach of researchers (Level B harassment only). 
Below we describe how the potential take is estimated.

Estimated Take Due to Gear Interaction

    In order to estimate the number of potential incidents of take that 
could occur through gear interaction, we first consider AFSC's and 
IPHC's record of past such incidents, and then consider in addition 
other species that may have similar vulnerabilities to AFSC trawl and 
IPHC longline gear as those species for which we have historical 
interaction records. Historical interactions with research gear are 
described in Table 2, and we anticipate that all species that 
interacted with AFSC or IPHC fisheries research gear historically could 
potentially be taken in the future. Available records are for the years 
2004 through present (AFSC) and 1998 through present (IPHC). All 
historical AFSC interactions have taken place in the GOARA, and have 
occurred during use of either the Cantrawl surface trawl net or with a 
bottom trawl. Historical IPHC interactions have occurred during use of 
bottom longlines and were located in the GOARA (southeast Alaska) or 
west coast (offshore Oregon). AFSC has no historical interactions for 
any longline or gillnet gear, and there are no historical interactions 
in the BSAIRA or CSBSRA. Please see Figures 6-1 and C-6 in the AFSC 
request for authorization for specific locations of these incidents.

                                                   Table 2--Historical Interactions With Research Gear
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                   Number
               Gear                        Survey             Date         Location \1\             Species           Number      released      Total
                                                                                                                      killed       alive
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bottom longline...................  IPHC setline........    7/17/1999  West coast..........  Harbor seal.........            1  ...........            1
Bottom longline...................  IPHC setline........    7/23/2003  SE Alaska...........  Steller sea lion....            1  ...........            1
Bottom longline...................  IPHC setline........    7/16/2007  SE Alaska...........  Steller sea lion....            1  ...........            1
Bottom trawl......................  Gulf of Alaska          6/13/2009  GOARA...............  Northern fur seal               1  ...........            1
                                     Biennial Shelf and                                       \2\.
                                     Slope Bottom Trawl
                                     Groundfish Survey.
Bottom longline...................  IPHC setline........    7/31/2011  West coast..........  Harbor seal.........            1  ...........            1
Surface trawl (Cantrawl)..........  Gulf of Alaska          9/10/2011  GOARA...............  Dall's porpoise.....            1  ...........            1
                                     Assessment.
Surface trawl (Cantrawl)..........  Gulf of Alaska          9/21/2011  GOARA...............  Dall's porpoise.....            1  ...........            1
                                     Assessment.
Bottom trawl......................  ADFG Large Mesh          9/5/2014  GOARA...............  Harbor seal.........            1  ...........            1
                                     Trawl Survey.
Bottom longline...................  IPHC setline........    7/22/2016  SE Alaska...........  Steller sea lion....            1  ...........            1
Bottom longline...................  Longline Stock          8/18/2019  GOARA...............  Steller sea lion....            1  ...........            1
                                     Assessment Survey.
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
    Total individuals captured....  ....................  ...........  ....................  Northern fur seal...            1  ...........            1
                                                                                             Dall's porpoise.....            2  ...........            2
                                                                                             Harbor seal.........            3  ...........            3
                                                                                             Steller sea lion....            4  ...........            4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ AFSC interactions are described by research area. IPHC research programs are not distributed according to AFSC research areas and so are described
  by geographic location. Specific locations of all interactions are shown in Figures 6-1 and C-6 of the application.
\2\ Based on the location of this incident, the captured animal was believed to be from the eastern Pacific stock of northern fur seal.


[[Page 46802]]

    In order to use these historical interaction records as the basis 
for the take estimation process, and because we have no specific 
information to indicate whether any given future interaction might 
result in M/SI versus Level A harassment, we conservatively assume that 
all interactions equate to mortality for these fishing gear 
interactions. AFSC and IPHC have historically had only infrequent 
interactions with marine mammals, e.g., from 2004-2015 AFSC conducted 
at least 1,250 trawl tows per year, with only three (a fourth occurred 
during a survey conducted by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game) 
marine mammal interactions (Table 2). However, we assume that any of 
the historically-captured species (northern fur seal, Dall's porpoise, 
harbor seal, Steller sea lion) could be captured in any year.
    We consider all of the interaction records available to us. In 
consideration of these data, we assume that one individual of each of 
the historically-captured species (Table 2) could be captured per year 
over the course of the five-year period of validity for these 
regulations, specific to relevant survey operations where the species 
occur (e.g., one harbor seal taken per year specific to IPHC longline 
survey operations, one Dall's porpoise taken per year specific to AFSC 
trawl survey operations in GOARA, one Dall's porpoise taken per year 
specific to AFSC trawl survey operations in BSAIRA). Table 3 shows the 
projected five-year total captures of the historically-captured species 
for this rule, as described above, for AFSC trawl gear and IPHC 
longline gear only. Although more than one individual Dall's porpoise 
has been captured in a single year, interactions have historically 
occurred only infrequently. Therefore, we believe that the above 
assumption appropriately reflects the likely total number of 
individuals involved in research gear interactions over a five-year 
period and that the assumption is precautionary in that it separately 
accounts for potential vulnerability of species to gear interaction in 
the different research areas. Harbor seals are expected to have less 
frequency of interaction than the fur seal or Steller sea lion due to 
their more inshore and coastal distribution. AFSC requested 
authorization of one take per harbor seal stock in each relevant 
research area over the 5-year period (note that these takes are not 
included in Table 3 but are incorporated in Table 5). These estimates 
are based on the assumption that annual effort (e.g., total annual 
trawl tow time) over the five-year authorization period will be 
approximately equivalent to the annual effort during prior years for 
which we have interaction records.

                                       Table 3--Projected Five-Year Total Take for Historically Captured Species 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                  AFSC GOARA        AFSC BSAIRA        IPHC average
                    Gear                                  Species               average annual     average annual      annual take      Projected 5-year
                                                                                 take (total)       take (total)       (total) \2\           total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trawl.......................................  Northern fur seal \3\.........              1 (5)              1 (5)  .................                 10
                                              Dall's porpoise...............              1 (5)              1 (5)  .................                 10
Longline....................................  Harbor seal...................  .................  .................              1 (5)                  5
                                              Steller sea lion \4\..........  .................  .................              1 (5)                  5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Projected takes based on species interaction records in analogous commercial fisheries (versus historical records) are incorporated in Table 5
  below, as are all projected takes within the CSBSRA.
\2\ IPHC activities are not defined by the three AFSC research areas and may occur anywhere within the IPHC research areas off the U.S. west coast or in
  the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea. Projected IPHC harbor seal takes could occur to any stock of harbor seal. Historical IPHC takes of Steller sea lion
  have been of the eastern DPS (based on geographic location), but potential future takes could occur to either eastern or western DPS.
\3\ Referring to expected potential future takes of eastern Pacific stock northern fur seals in AFSC trawl gear on basis of historical record.
  Additional take of California stock northern fur seals, inferred based on vulnerability and geographic overlap, are incorporated in Table 5 below.
\4\ Immediately prior to publication of this final rule, a Steller sea lion take occurred in AFSC longline operations in the GOARA (Table 2). However,
  this incident does not affect our overall evaluation of the likelihood for Steller sea lion take due to AFSC longline operations, and we retain the
  analytical structure discussed herein.

    As background to the process of determining which species not 
historically taken may have sufficient vulnerability to capture in AFSC 
gear to justify inclusion in the take authorization request (or whether 
species historically taken may have vulnerability to gears in which 
they have not historically been taken or additional vulnerability not 
reflected above due to activity in other areas such as the CSBSRA), we 
note that the AFSC is NMFS' research arm in Alaska and may be 
considered as a leading source of expert knowledge regarding marine 
mammals (e.g., behavior, abundance, density) in the areas where they 
operate. The species for which the take request was formulated were 
selected by the AFSC, and we have concurred with these decisions. We 
also note that, in addition to consulting NMFS's List of Fisheries 
(LOF; described below), the historical interaction records described 
above for the IPHC informed our consideration of risk of interaction 
due to AFSC's use of longline gear (for which there are no historical 
interaction records).
    In order to estimate the total potential number of incidents of 
takes that could occur incidental to the AFSC's use of trawl, longline, 
and gillnet gear, and IPHC's use of longline gear, over the five-year 
period of validity for these regulations (i.e., takes additional to 
those described in Table 3), we first consider whether there are 
additional species that may have similar vulnerability to capture in 
trawl or longline gear as the five species described above that have 
been taken historically and then evaluate the potential vulnerability 
of these and other species to additional gears.
    We believe that the Pacific white-sided dolphin likely has similar 
vulnerability to capture in trawl gear as the Dall's porpoise, given 
similar habitat preferences and with documented vulnerability to 
capture in both commercial and research trawls. The harbor porpoise is 
also considered vulnerable to capture in trawl gear, but likely with 
less frequency of interaction given its inshore and coastal 
distribution. The Steller sea lion is considered to have similar 
vulnerability to capture in trawl gear as the northern fur seal, given 
similar habitat preferences and with documented vulnerability to 
capture in commercial trawls. In addition to the one northern fur seal 
per year from the eastern Pacific stock that could be captured in each

[[Page 46803]]

relevant research area (Table 3), we assume that one additional 
northern fur seal from the California stock could be taken in trawl 
gear over the 5-year period. The assumed lesser frequency of 
interaction is due to presumed lower occurrence of California stock fur 
seals in AFSC research areas. Only approximately half of this 
relatively small stock of fur seals ranges to the eastern GOARA. 
Similar to the harbor porpoise, spotted seals are expected to have 
similar vulnerability to capture in trawl gear as historically captured 
pinnipeds, but with less frequency of interaction due to its more 
inshore and coastal distribution. AFSC requested authorization of one 
take of spotted seal in each relevant research area over the 5-year 
period. This assumption is supported by LOF records (Table 5).
    Historical IPHC take records also illustrate likely similar 
vulnerabilities to capture by AFSC longline gear (as demonstrated by a 
recent take by AFSC longline gear in the GOARA; Table 2). However, due 
to reduced use of longline gear by AFSC relative to IPHC activity, we 
expect that one Steller sea lion from each DPS could be taken over the 
5-year period in each relevant research area. Despite IPHC records of 
harbor seal capture in longline gear, we do not believe that AFSC use 
of longline gear presents similar risk, in part due to the relative 
infrequency of use but also because of a lack of expected geographic 
overlap between AFSC longline sets and harbor seal occurrence. IPHC 
conducts many more longline sets per year but also conducts survey 
effort further inshore than does AFSC (water depths of 18 m). No take 
of harbor seals incidental to AFSC longline survey effort is 
authorized. Northern fur seals and California sea lions are considered 
analogous to Steller sea lions due to similar vulnerability to capture 
in longline gear. AFSC has requested authorization of one take over the 
5-year period for each fur seal stock in each research area where fur 
seals are found and, on behalf of IPHC, requested authorization of one 
fur seal per year (which could be from either stock) and one California 
sea lion over the 5-year period. Finally, the spotted seal may have 
similar vulnerability to interaction with longline gear as the harbor 
seal, but likely with less frequency given the limited overlap between 
the species range and survey effort. We authorize one take over the 5-
year period for IPHC survey effort, but none for AFSC given very little 
expected overlap. These assumptions are supported by LOF records (Table 
5).
    In order to evaluate the potential vulnerability of additional 
species to trawl and longline and of all species to gillnet gear, we 
first consulted the LOF, which classifies U.S. commercial fisheries 
into one of three categories according to the level of incidental 
marine mammal M/SI that is known to occur on an annual basis over the 
most recent five-year period (generally) for which data has been 
analyzed: Category I, frequent incidental M/SI; Category II, occasional 
incidental M/SI; and Category III, remote likelihood of or no known 
incidental M/SI. We provide summary information, as presented in the 
2018 LOF (83 FR 5349; February 7, 2018), in Table 4. In order to 
simplify information presented, and to encompass information related to 
other similar species from different locations, we group marine mammals 
by genus (where there is more than one member of the genus found in 
U.S. waters). Where there are documented incidents of M/SI incidental 
to relevant commercial fisheries, we note whether we believe those 
incidents provide sufficient basis upon which to infer vulnerability to 
capture in AFSC or IPHC research gear. For a listing of all Category I, 
II, and II fisheries using relevant gears, associated estimates of 
fishery participants, and specific locations and fisheries associated 
with the historical fisheries takes indicated in Table 4 below, please 
see the 2018 LOF. For specific numbers of marine mammal takes 
associated with these fisheries, please see the relevant SARs. More 
information is available online at www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-protection-act-list-fisheries 
and www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-stock-assessments.

                       Table 4--U.S. Commercial Fisheries Interactions for Trawl, Longline, and Gillnet Gear for Relevant Species
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      Vulnerability                     Vulnerability                     Vulnerability
                    Species \1\                        Trawl \2\        inferred?       Longline \2\      inferred?       Gillnet \2\       inferred?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
North Pacific right whale.........................               N                N                N                N                N                N
Bowhead whale.....................................               N                N                N                N                N                N
Gray whale........................................               Y                N                N                N                Y                N
Humpback whale....................................               Y                N                Y                N                Y                N
Balaenoptera spp..................................               Y                N                Y                N                Y                N
Sperm whale.......................................               N                N                Y                Y                Y                N
Kogia spp.........................................             n/a              n/a                Y                N              n/a              n/a
Cuvier's beaked whale.............................               N                N                Y                N                N                N
Baird's beaked whale..............................               N                N                N                N                N                N
Mesoplodon spp....................................               N                N                Y                N                N                N
Beluga whale......................................               N                Y                N                N                Y                N
Common bottlenose dolphin.........................             n/a              n/a                Y                Y              n/a              n/a
Stenella spp......................................             n/a              n/a                Y                N              n/a              n/a
Delphinus spp.....................................             n/a              n/a                Y                Y              n/a              n/a
Lagenorhynchus spp................................               Y                Y                N                N                Y                Y
Northern right whale dolphin......................             n/a              n/a                N                N              n/a              n/a
Risso's dolphin...................................             n/a              n/a                Y                Y              n/a              n/a
Killer whale......................................               Y                N                Y                Y                N                N
Globicephala spp..................................             n/a              n/a                Y                Y              n/a              n/a
Harbor porpoise...................................               Y                Y                Y                N                Y                Y
Dall's porpoise \3\...............................             n/a              n/a                Y                Y                Y                Y
Guadalupe fur seal \4\............................             n/a              n/a                N                N              n/a              n/a
Northern fur seal \3\.............................             n/a              n/a                Y                Y                Y                Y
California sea lion \5\...........................             n/a              n/a                Y                Y              n/a              n/a
Steller sea lion \3\..............................               Y                Y              n/a              n/a                Y                Y
Bearded seal......................................               Y                Y                N                N                N                N
Phoca spp \3\.....................................               Y                Y              n/a              n/a                Y                Y

[[Page 46804]]

 
Ringed seal.......................................               Y                Y                Y                Y                N                N
Ribbon seal.......................................               Y                Y                N                N                N                N
Northern elephant seal............................               Y                Y                Y                N                Y                N
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Please refer to Table 1 for taxonomic reference.
\2\ Indicates whether any member of the genus has documented incidental M/SI in a U.S. fishery using that gear in the most recent five-year timespan for
  which data is available. For those species not expected to occur in Alaskan waters, trawl and gillnet gear are not applicable (these gears would only
  be used in Alaskan waters).
\3\ This exercise is considered ``not applicable'' for those species historically captured by AFSC or IPHC gear. Historical record, rather than analogy,
  is considered the best information upon which to base a take estimate.
\4\ It is likely that Guadalupe fur seals are taken in Mexican fisheries, but there are no available records.
\5\ There are no records of take for California sea lions in commercial longline fisheries, but there have been multiple takes of California sea lions
  in longline surveys conducted by NMFS's Southwest Fisheries Science Center. We therefore infer vulnerability for the species to research longline
  gear.

    Information related to incidental M/SI in relevant commercial 
fisheries is not, however, the sole determinant of whether it may be 
appropriate to authorize take incidental to AFSC survey operations. A 
number of factors (e.g., species-specific knowledge regarding animal 
behavior, overall abundance in the geographic region, density relative 
to AFSC survey effort, feeding ecology, propensity to travel in groups 
commonly associated with other species historically taken) were taken 
into account by the AFSC to determine whether a species may have a 
similar vulnerability to certain types of gear as historically taken 
species. In some cases, we have determined that species without 
documented M/SI may nevertheless be vulnerable to capture in AFSC 
research gear. Similarly, we have determined that some species groups 
with documented M/SI are not likely to be vulnerable to capture in AFSC 
gear. In these instances, we provide further explanation below. Those 
species with no records of historical interaction with AFSC research 
gear and no documented M/SI in relevant commercial fisheries, and for 
which the AFSC has not requested the authorization of incidental take, 
are not considered further in this section. The AFSC believes generally 
that any sex or age class of those species for which take authorization 
is requested could be captured.
    In order to estimate a number of individuals that could potentially 
be captured in AFSC research gear for those species not historically 
captured, we first determine which species may have vulnerability to 
capture in a given gear. Of those species, we then determine whether 
any may have similar propensity to capture in a given gear as a 
historically captured species. For these species, we assume it is 
possible that take could occur while at the same time contending that, 
absent significant range shifts or changes in habitat usage, capture of 
a species not historically captured would likely be a very rare event. 
Therefore, we assume that capture would be a rare event such that 
authorization of a single take over the five-year period, for each 
region where the gear is used and the species is present, is likely 
sufficient to capture the risk of interaction.
    Trawl--From the 2018 LOF, we infer vulnerability to trawl gear for 
the bearded seal, ringed seal, ribbon seal, and northern elephant seal. 
This is in addition to the species for which vulnerability is indicated 
by historical AFSC interactions (described above).
    For the beluga whale, we believe that there is a reasonable 
likelihood of incidental take in trawl gear although there are no 
records of incidental M/SI in relevant commercial fisheries. Commercial 
fisheries using trawl gear have largely been absent from areas where 
beluga whales occur and, in particular, there are no commercial trawl 
fisheries in the CSBSRA. AFSC examined the potential for incidental 
take of beluga whales by evaluating the areas of overlap between their 
planned fisheries research activities and beluga whale distribution, 
considering the seasonality of both the research activities and the 
species distributions as well as other factors that may influence the 
degree of potential overlap such as sea and shorefast ice occurrence. 
In considering the possible take of beluga whales, the AFSC considered 
that beluga whales show behavior similar to large dolphins and 
porpoises. While no belugas have been taken in AFSC research or 
commercial trawl fisheries, there have been takes of large dolphins 
elsewhere in trawls. Beluga whales may occur in summer periods within 
the Chukchi and Beaufort Sea regions where the AFSC may be conducting 
trawl surveys. Thus, AFSC requested authorization of one take each from 
two stocks of beluga whale (eastern Chukchi stock and Beaufort Sea 
stock) in fisheries research trawl surveys over the 5-year 
authorization period. Potential spatiotemporal overlap between AFSC 
trawl survey activities and other beluga whale stocks was evaluated and 
determined to not support a take authorization request for other stocks 
of beluga whale.
    It is also possible that a captured animal may not be able to be 
identified to species with certainty. Certain pinnipeds and small 
cetaceans are difficult to differentiate at sea, especially in low-
light situations or when a quick release is necessary. For example, a 
captured delphinid that is struggling in the net may escape or be freed 
before positive identification is made. Therefore, the AFSC requested 
the authorization of incidental take for one unidentified pinniped and 
one unidentified small cetacean in trawl gear for each research area 
over the course of the five-year period of authorization. One exception 
is for small cetaceans in the CSBSRA, as no cetacean interactions with 
trawl gear are expected in that region (other than the aforementioned 
potential beluga whale interactions), as small cetaceans occur only 
rarely in this region.
    Longline--The process is the same as is described above for trawl 
gear. From the 2018 LOF, we infer vulnerability to longline gear for 
the Dall's porpoise, Risso's dolphin, bottlenose dolphin, common 
dolphin, short-finned pilot whale, and ringed seal. This is in addition 
to the species for which vulnerability is indicated by historical AFSC 
interactions (described above).
    Based on the 2018 LOF and historical observations of sperm whale 
and killer whale interactions with research longline gear, we also 
infer vulnerability

[[Page 46805]]

to interaction with longline gear for killer whales (Alaska resident 
stock only) and sperm whales (North Pacific stock only). Although we 
generally believe that, despite records of interaction with analogous 
commercial fisheries, the potential for incidental take of any large 
whale (i.e., baleen whales or sperm whale), beaked whale, or killer 
whale in research gear is so unlikely as to be discountable, there is a 
long history of attempted depredation of longline gear by animals from 
these stocks in Alaska, with take of these species having occurred in 
commercial fisheries. Between 2010 and 2014, five sperm whales are 
recorded as having been seriously injured in the Gulf of Alaska 
sablefish longline fishery, while there have been two instances of 
killer whale M/SI in BSAI longline fisheries (Helker et al., 2016). 
Cetaceans have never been caught or entangled in AFSC or IPHC longline 
research gear. If interactions occur, marine mammals depredate hooked 
fish from the gear, but typically leave the hooks attached although 
occasionally bent or broken (i.e., evidence of the interaction). 
Certain species, particularly killer whales in the Bering Sea and sperm 
whales in the Gulf of Alaska, are commonly attracted to longline 
fishing operations and are adept at removing fish from longline gear as 
it is retrieved. Although we consider it unlikely that AFSC or IPHC 
research activities would result in any takes of either sperm whales or 
killer whales, AFSC requested the authorization of such take as a 
precautionary measure, given the observed interactions of these species 
with research longline gear. Since longline depredation by sperm whales 
is known to occur only in Alaskan waters, requested take is limited to 
the North Pacific stock. Commercial fishery takes have been reported 
for both transient and resident stocks of killer whale. However, the 
Alaska resident stock consumes fish (e.g., Herman et al., 2005) and is 
most likely to be involved in depredation of research catch. In 
contrast, transient killer whales feed on marine mammals and are less 
likely to interact with research longline gears, and the limited effort 
for AFSC and IPHC research surveys compared to commercial fisheries 
does not justify take authorization for transient whales.
    Although there are LOF interaction records in longlines for 
stenellid dolphin species, the harbor porpoise, and the northern 
elephant seal, we do not authorize take of these species through use of 
longline. No take is anticipated for the striped dolphin or for the 
long-beaked stock of common dolphin and coastal stock of bottlenose 
dolphin because of their expected pelagic and southerly distributions 
(respectively) relative to expected IPHC survey effort. Harbor porpoise 
have only been recorded as taken in commercial fisheries through use of 
pelagic longline in the Atlantic Ocean; there are no records of 
incidental take of harbor porpoise in longline fisheries in Alaska or 
off the U.S. west coast. Similarly, the LOF indicates that elephant 
seal interaction occurred only in a Hawaiian pelagic longline fishery.
    As described for trawl gear, it is also possible that a captured 
animal may not be able to be identified to species with certainty. 
Although we expect that cetaceans would likely be able to be identified 
when captured in longline gear, pinnipeds are considered more likely to 
escape before the animal may be identified. Therefore, the AFSC 
requested the authorization of incidental take for one unidentified 
pinniped for each relevant research area, in addition to one 
unidentified pinniped captured in IPHC surveys, over the course of the 
five-year period of authorization.
    Gillnet--The process is the same as is described above for trawl 
gear. From the 2018 LOF, we infer vulnerability to gillnet gear for the 
Pacific white-sided dolphin, harbor porpoise, Dall's porpoise, harbor 
seal, northern fur seal, and Steller sea lion. Gillnets are used only 
in Prince William Sound and at Little Port Walter in southeast Alaska. 
Therefore, only one take is authorized for relevant stocks of the 
vulnerable species over the 5-year period. This includes both the 
eastern Pacific and California stocks of northern fur seal and the 
Prince William Sound and Sitka/Chatham Strait stocks of harbor seal. 
Although there are LOF interaction records in gillnets for the sperm 
whale, beluga whale, and the northern elephant seal, we do not expect 
these species to be present in areas where AFSC plans to use gillnet 
research gear and no take of these species through use of gillnet is 
authorized.
    AFSC also expects that there may be an interaction resulting in 
escape of an unidentified cetacean in gillnet gear, and requested the 
authorization of incidental take for one unidentified cetacean over the 
course of the five-year period of authorization.

                        Table 5--Total Estimated Take Due to Gear Interaction, 2019-24 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                           Estimated 5-
                                                        Estimated 5-year   year total,  Estimated 5-
             Species                Estimated 5-year     total, longline     longline   year total,   Total, all
                                      total, trawl           (AFSC)          (IPHC) 2     gillnet       gears
 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sperm whale (North Pacific).....  ...................  1 (GOARA).........            1  ...........            2
Beluga whale (eastern Chukchi)..  1 (CSBSRA).........  ..................  ...........  ...........            1
Beluga whale (Beaufort Sea).....  1 (CSBSRA).........  ..................  ...........  ...........            1
Bottlenose dolphin (offshore)...  ...................  ..................            1  ...........            1
Common dolphin..................  ...................  ..................            1  ...........            1
Pacific white-sided dolphin.....  5 (GOARA)..........  ..................  ...........            1            6
Risso's dolphin.................  ...................  ..................            1  ...........            1
Killer whale (Alaska resident)..  ...................  1 (BSAIRA)........            1  ...........            2
Short-finned pilot whale........  ...................  ..................            1  ...........            1
Harbor porpoise (Southeast        ...................  ..................  ...........  ...........            1
 Alaska) 3.
Harbor porpoise (Gulf of Alaska)  1..................  ..................  ...........            1            2
Harbor porpoise (Bering Sea)....  1..................  ..................  ...........  ...........            1
Dall's porpoise.................  10 (5 GOARA/5        2 (1 GOARA/1                  1            1           14
                                   BSAIRA).             BSAIRA).
Northern fur seal (eastern        10 (5 GOARA/5        2 (1 GOARA/1                  5            1        13-18
 Pacific).                         BSAIRA).             BSAIRA).
Northern fur seal (California)..  1 (GOARA)..........  1 (GOARA).........  ...........            1          3-8
California sea lion.............  ...................  ..................            1  ...........            1
Steller sea lion (eastern)......  5..................  1.................            5            1         7-12
Steller sea lion (western)......  10 (5 GOARA/5        2 (1 GOARA/1                  1        13-18
                                   BSAIRA).             BSAIRA).
Bearded seal....................  2 (1 BSAIRA/1        ..................  ...........  ...........            2
                                   CSBSRA).
Harbor seal \4\.................  12.................  ..................            5            2           19
Spotted seal....................  2 (1 BSAIRA/1        ..................            1  ...........            3
                                   CSBSRA).
Ringed seal.....................  2 (1 BSAIRA/1        1.................            1  ...........            4
                                   CSBSRA).
Ribbon seal.....................  2 (1 BSAIRA/1        ..................  ...........  ...........            2
                                   CSBSRA).
Northern elephant seal..........  1..................  ..................  ...........  ...........            1

[[Page 46806]]

 
Unidentified pinniped 5.........  3..................  2.................            1  ...........            6
Unidentified small cetacean 6...  2..................  ..................  ...........            1            3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Please see Table 4 and preceding text for derivation of take estimates. Takes numbers are informed by area-
  and gear-specific vulnerability. However, IPHC longline takes are considered separately. AFSC use of gillnets
  occurs only in the GOARA. Only trawl gear is used in the CSBSRA.
\2\ Potential IPHC takes are not specific to any area or stock. For example, the one expected take of Dall's
  porpoise could occur to an individual of either the CA/OR/WA or Alaska stocks. For harbor seals, although five
  total takes may occur over the 5-year period of the regulations, no more than one take is anticipated from any
  given stock.
\3\ For harbor porpoise in southeast Alaska, we authorize take of one animal in all gears combined (i.e., trawl
  and gillnet) over the 5-year period. In general, harbor porpoise would be expected to have the same
  vulnerability to particular gears regardless of stock. However, AFSC plans to use acoustic pingers on surface
  trawl nets in southeast Alaska, reducing the likelihood of porpoise interaction with that gear. Use of
  acoustic pingers is planned for gillnets in both southeast Alaska and in the Gulf of Alaska.
\4\ For trawl gear, the numbers include one take during the 5-year period for each Alaskan harbor seal stock
  (three stocks in BSAIRA and nine stocks in GOARA). For gillnet gear, the numbers include one take during the 5-
  year period for the Prince William Sound and Sitka/Chatham Strait stocks. For IPHC longline surveys, the five
  takes could occur for any harbor seal stock, though no more than one take would be expected to occur over the
  5-year period for any given stock.
\5\ Includes one unidentified pinniped in each research area (trawl) and one unidentified pinniped in the GOARA
  and BSAIRA and for IPHC surveys (longline).
\6\ Includes one unidentified small cetacean in the GOARA and BSAIRA (trawl) and one unidentified cetacean in
  the GOARA (gillnet). This is not anticipated to apply to harbor porpoise in southeast Alaska, as the already
  low probability of gear interaction is further reduced through use of additional mitigation (described in
  footnote 3).

    Whales--For large whales (baleen whales and sperm whales) and small 
whales (considered here to be beaked whales, Kogia spp., and killer 
whales), observed M/SI is extremely rare for trawl and gillnet gear 
and, for most of these species, only slightly more common in longline 
gear. Furthermore, with the exception of sperm whales and killer whales 
(who attempt to depredate longline gear), most of these species 
longline interactions are with pelagic gear. Baleen whale interactions 
with longline gear represent entanglements in pelagic mainlines, while 
beaked whales and Kogia spp. typically have a pelagic distribution 
resulting in a lack of spatial overlap with bottom longline fisheries. 
Although whale species could become captured or entangled in AFSC gear, 
the probability of interaction is extremely low considering the lower 
level of effort relative to that of commercial fisheries. For example, 
there were estimated to be three total incidents of sperm whale M/SI in 
the Hawaii deep-set longline fishery over a five-year period. This 
fishery has 129 participants, and the fishery as a whole exerts 
substantially greater effort in a given year than does the AFSC. In a 
very rough estimate, we can say that these three estimated incidents 
represent an insignificant per-participant interaction rate of 0.005 
per year, despite the greater effort. Similarly, there were zero 
documented interactions over a five-year period in the Atlantic Ocean, 
Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico large pelagics longline fishery, despite a 
reported fishing effort of 8,044 sets and 5,955,800 hooks in 2011 alone 
(Garrison and Stokes, 2012). With an average soak time of ten to 
fourteen hours, this represents an approximate minimum of almost sixty 
million hook hours. AFSC and IPHC effort is a small fraction of this 
per year. Other large whales and small whales have similarly low rates 
of interaction with commercial fisheries, despite the significantly 
greater effort. In addition, most large whales and small whales 
generally have, with few exceptions, very low densities in areas where 
AFSC and IPHC research occurs relative to other species (see Tables 6-
8). With exceptions for sperm whales and killer whales that are known 
to depredate research longline gear in particular locations, we believe 
it extremely unlikely that any large whale or small whale would be 
captured or entangled in AFSC research gear.

Estimated Take Due to Acoustic Harassment

    As described in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (August 1, 2018; 
83 FR 37638; ``Potential Effects of the Specified Activity on Marine 
Mammals and Their Habitat''), we believe that AFSC use of active 
acoustic sources has, at most, the potential to cause Level B 
harassment of marine mammals. In order to attempt to quantify the 
potential for Level B harassment to occur, NMFS (including the AFSC and 
acoustics experts from other parts of NMFS) developed an analytical 
framework considering characteristics of the active acoustic systems 
described in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (August 1, 2018; 83 FR 
37638) under ``Description of Active Acoustic Sound Sources,'' their 
expected patterns of use, and characteristics of the marine mammal 
species that may interact with them. We believe that this quantitative 
assessment benefits from its simplicity and consistency with current 
NMFS acoustic guidance regarding Level B harassment but caution that, 
based on a number of deliberately precautionary assumptions, the 
resulting take estimates are likely an overestimate of the potential 
for behavioral harassment to occur as a result of the operation of 
these systems. Additional details on the approach used and the 
assumptions made that result in these estimates are described below.
    As discussed in in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (August 1, 
2018; 83 FR 37638), available information suggests that the likelihood 
of auditory injury occurring is exceedingly small. Therefore, potential 
auditory injury is not considered further in this analysis.
    The assessment paradigm for active acoustic sources used in AFSC 
fisheries research is relatively straightforward and has a number of 
key simplifying assumptions. NMFS's current acoustic guidance requires 
in most cases that we assume Level B harassment occurs when a marine 
mammal receives an acoustic signal at or above a simple step-function 
threshold. Estimating the number of exposures at the specified received 
level (160 dB rms) requires several determinations, each of which is 
described sequentially below:
    (1) A detailed characterization of the acoustic characteristics of 
the effective sound source or sources in operation;
    (2) The operational areas exposed to levels at or above those 
associated with Level B harassment when these sources are in operation;
    (3) A method for quantifying the resulting sound fields around 
these sources; and
    (4) An estimate of the average density for marine mammal species in 
each area of operation.
    Quantifying the spatial and temporal dimension of the sound 
exposure footprint (or ``swath width'') of the active acoustic devices 
in operation on moving vessels and their relationship to the average 
density of marine mammals enables a quantitative estimate of the number 
of individuals for which sound

[[Page 46807]]

levels exceed the relevant threshold for each area. The number of 
potential incidents of Level B harassment is ultimately estimated as 
the product of the volume of water ensonified at 160 dB rms or higher 
(to a maximum depth of 500 m) and the volumetric density of animals 
determined from simple assumptions about their vertical stratification 
in the water column. Specifically, reasonable assumptions based on what 
is known about diving behavior across different marine mammal species 
were made to segregate those that predominately remain in the upper 200 
m of the water column versus those that regularly dive deeper during 
foraging and transit. Because depths range dramatically along the 
margin of the continental slope that define the outer edge of the 
survey areas, but deeper surveyed depths rarely range over 500 m in 
practice, the depth range for determining volumes was set at 500 m for 
deep diving species. We described the approach used (including methods 
for estimating each of the calculations described above) and the 
assumptions made that result in conservative estimates in significant 
detail in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (August 1, 2018; 83 FR 
37638). There have been no changes made to the approach, the 
informational inputs, or the results. Therefore, we do not repeat the 
discussion here and refer the reader to the Notice of Proposed 
Rulemaking. Summaries of the results are provided in Table 6-8 below. 
Note that the IPHC does not use active acoustic systems for data 
acquisition purposes; therefore, potential Level B harassment is only 
considered for AFSC survey operations in the GOARA, BSAIRA, and CSBSRA.

              Table 6--Densities and Estimated Source-, Stratum-, and Species-Specific Annual Estimates of Level B Harassment in the GOARA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Volumetric      Estimated Level B     Estimated Level B
                                                                    Area density       density      harassment, 0-200 m   harassment, >200 m
                 Species                     Shallow      Deep      (animals/km2)   (animals/km3) --------------------------------------------   Total
                                                                          1               2           EK60       ES60       EK60       ES60
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
North Pacific right whale................          X   ..........           0.005           0.027        0.1  .........  .........  .........          1
Gray whale...............................          X   ..........           1.700           8.500    4,649.4  .........  .........  .........      4,650
Humpback whale (CNP).....................          X   ..........           0.065           0.327      115.4  .........  .........  .........        116
Humpback whale (WNP).....................          X   ..........           0.001           0.004        1.2  .........  .........  .........          2
Minke whale..............................          X   ..........           0.001           0.006        2.1  .........  .........  .........          3
Sei whale................................          X   ..........           0.000           0.000       0.01  .........  .........  .........          1
Fin whale................................          X   ..........           0.020           0.100       35.3  .........  .........  .........         36
Blue whale...............................          X   ..........           0.000           0.001        0.2  .........  .........  .........          1
Sperm whale..............................  ..........          X            0.001           0.002        0.7        0.2        1.3        0.2          3
Cuvier's beaked whale....................  ..........          X            0.000           0.000        0.1          0        0.1          0          1
Baird's beaked whale.....................  ..........          X            0.002           0.003        1.2        0.3        2.1        0.3          4
Stejneger's beaked whale.................  ..........          X            0.005           0.010        3.6        0.8        6.4        0.8         12
Beluga whale (Cook Inlet) 3..............          X   ..........           0.200           1.000  .........        2.5  .........  .........          3
Pacific white-sided dolphin..............          X   ..........           0.015           0.075       26.5        5.9  .........  .........         33
Killer whale (offshore)..................          X   ..........           0.011           0.055       19.4        4.3  .........  .........         24
Killer whale (west coast transient)......          X   ..........           0.006           0.028        9.9        2.2  .........  .........         13
Killer whale (AT1 transient).............          X   ..........           0.001           0.004        1.2        0.3  .........  .........          2
Killer whale (GOA/BSAI transient)........          X   ..........           0.001           0.004        1.2        0.3  .........  .........          2
Killer whale (northern resident).........          X   ..........           0.003           0.013        4.4        1.0  .........  .........          6
Killer whale (AK resident)...............          X   ..........           0.009           0.045       15.9        3.5  .........  .........         20
Harbor porpoise (GOA)....................          X   ..........           0.200           1.000      547.0      102.9  .........  .........        650
Harbor porpoise (SEAK)...................          X   ..........           0.110           0.550      300.8       56.6  .........  .........        358
Dall's porpoise..........................          X   ..........           1.600           8.000    4,375.9      823.3  .........  .........      5,200
Northern fur seal (CA) 4.................          X   ..........           0.044           0.219      119.5       22.5  .........  .........        143
Northern fur seal (EP--winter) 5.........          X   ..........           0.377           1.883      458.0  .........  .........  .........        459
Northern fur seal (EP--summer)...........          X   ..........           0.116           0.582      176.7       59.9  .........  .........        237
Steller sea lion (eastern; GOA-wide).....          X   ..........           0.059           0.294      160.8       30.3  .........  .........        192
Steller sea lion (eastern; E144).........          X   ..........           0.221           1.103      603.3      113.5  .........  .........        717
Steller sea lion (eastern; W144).........          X   ..........           0.001           0.006        3.3        0.6  .........  .........          4
Steller sea lion (western; GOA-wide).....          X   ..........           0.035           0.176       96.0       18.1  .........  .........        115
Steller sea lion (western; E144).........          X   ..........           0.003           0.015        7.9        1.5  .........  .........         10
Steller sea lion (western; W144).........          X   ..........           0.048           0.239      130.7       24.6  .........  .........        156
Harbor seal (Clarence Strait)............          X   ..........           0.099           0.494      174.6       38.7  .........  .........        214
Harbor seal (Dixon/Cape Decision)........          X   ..........           0.057           0.283       99.9       22.1  .........  .........        123
Harbor seal (Sitka/Chatham Strait).......          X   ..........           0.046           0.232       82.0       18.2  .........  .........        101
Harbor seal (Lynn Canal/Stephens Passage)          X   ..........           0.030           0.148       52.3       11.6  .........  .........         64
Harbor seal (Glacier Bay/Icy Strait).....          X   ..........           0.022           0.113       39.8        8.8  .........  .........         49
Harbor seal (Cook Inlet/Shelikof Strait).          X   ..........           0.031           0.156       54.9       12.2  .........  .........         68
Harbor seal (Prince William Sound).......          X   ..........           0.061           0.303      107.2       23.7  .........  .........        131
Harbor seal (South Kodiak)...............          X   ..........           0.022           0.109       38.6        8.5  .........  .........         48
Harbor seal (North Kodiak)...............          X   ..........           0.009           0.472       16.7        3.7  .........  .........         21
Northern elephant seal...................  ..........          X            0.020           0.045       15.9        3.5       28.3        3.6         52
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Sources and derivation of marine mammal density information are provided in Table 6-10d of AFSC's application.
2 Volumetric density estimates derived by dividing area density estimates by 0.2 km (for shallow species) or 0.5 km (for deep species), corresponding
  with defined depth strata.
3 The EK60 is not used in areas of Cook Inlet where beluga whales may be present.
4 Individuals from the California stock of northern fur seals are assumed to occur only east of 144[deg] W.
5 The EK60 is not used in winter in areas where the northern fur seal may be present.


[[Page 46808]]


              Table 7--Densities and Estimated Source-, Stratum-, and Species-Specific Annual Estimates of Level B Harassment in the BSAIRA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                          Volumetric    Estimated Level B harassment, 0-   Estimated Level B
                                                         Area density       density                  200 m                harassment, >200 m
            Species               Shallow      Deep      (animals/km2)   (animals/km3) -------------------------------------------------------   Total
                                                               1               2           EK60       ES60       7111       EK60       ES60
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
North Pacific right whale.....          X   ..........           0.000           0.002        0.1  .........  .........  .........  .........          1
Bowhead whale.................          X   ..........           0.017           0.085       41.5  .........  .........  .........  .........         42
Gray whale....................          X   ..........           0.380           1.900      928.5  .........  .........  .........  .........        929
Humpback whale (CNP)..........          X   ..........           0.018           0.092       45.0  .........  .........  .........  .........         45
Humpback whale (WNP)..........          X   ..........           0.002           0.008        3.9  .........  .........  .........  .........          4
Minke whale...................          X   ..........           0.002           0.011        4.3  .........  .........  .........  .........          5
Sei whale.....................          X   ..........           0.000           0.001        0.4  .........  .........  .........  .........          1
Fin whale.....................          X   ..........           0.001           0.007        3.4  .........  .........  .........  .........          4
Sperm whale...................  ..........          X            0.008           0.016        6.5        5.5        0.3        4.2        1.9         19
Cuvier's beaked whale.........  ..........          X            0.000           0.000        0.1        0.1          0          0          0          1
Baird's beaked whale..........  ..........          X            0.002           0.003        1.4        1.2        0.1        0.9        0.4          4
Stejneger's beaked whale......  ..........          X            0.001           0.002        1.0        0.8          0        0.6        0.3          3
Beluga whale (Bristol Bay) 3..          X   ..........           0.700           3.500  .........  .........  .........  .........  .........          0
Beluga whale (eastern Bering            X   ..........           0.242           0.484      493.7      419.5       24.9  .........  .........        939
 Sea).........................
Pacific white-sided dolphin...          X   ..........           0.005           0.027       11.0        9.4        0.6  .........  .........         21
Killer whale (offshore).......          X   ..........           0.011           0.055       22.4       19.1        1.1  .........  .........         43
Killer whale (GOA/BSAI                  X   ..........           0.003           0.013        5.3        4.5        0.3  .........  .........         11
 transient)...................
Killer whale (AK resident)....          X   ..........           0.001           0.005        2.0        1.7        0.1  .........  .........          4
Harbor porpoise (Bering Sea)..          X   ..........           0.450           2.250      918.1      780.1       46.3  .........  .........      1,745
Dall's porpoise...............          X   ..........           0.033           0.164       79.9       58.8        3.4  .........  .........        143
Northern fur seal (EP--winter)          X   ..........           0.075           0.377       18.2  .........  .........  .........  .........         19
 4............................
Northern fur seal (EP--summer)          X   ..........           0.215           1.075      473.6      386.6  .........  .........  .........        861
Steller sea lion (eastern)....          X   ..........           0.000           0.001        0.2        0.2  .........  .........  .........          1
Steller sea lion (western)....          X   ..........           0.012           0.060       29.1       21.4  .........  .........  .........         51
Bearded seal..................          X   ..........           0.394           1.968      961.5      707.4  .........  .........  .........      1,669
Harbor seal (Aleutian Islands)          X   ..........           0.003           0.014        5.9        5.0  .........  .........  .........         11
Harbor seal (Pribilof Islands)          X   ..........           0.000           0.001        0.2        0.2  .........  .........  .........          1
Harbor seal (Bristol Bay).....          X   ..........           0.015           0.072       29.5       25.1  .........  .........  .........         55
Spotted seal..................          X   ..........           0.601           3.006    1,125.1      827.8  .........  .........  .........      1,953
Ringed seal...................          X   ..........           0.349           1.746      853.3      627.7  .........  .........  .........      1,481
Ribbon seal...................          X   ..........           0.241           1.204      450.5      331.4  .........  .........  .........        782
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Sources and derivation of marine mammal density information are provided in Table 6-10d of AFSC's application.
2 Volumetric density estimates derived by dividing area density estimates by 0.2 km (for shallow species) or 0.5 km (for deep species), corresponding
  with defined depth strata.
3 Acoustic sources considered in this analysis are not used in areas of Bristol Bay where beluga whales may occur.
4 The ES60 is not used during winter in BSAIRA.


              Table 8--Densities and Estimated Source-, Stratum-, and Species-Specific Annual Estimates of Level B Harassment in the CSBSRA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                             Estimated
                                                                                                            Volumetric        Level B
                                                                                           Area density       density     harassment, 0-
                             Species                                Shallow      Deep      (animals/km2)   (animals/km3)       200 m           Total
                                                                                                 1               2       ----------------
                                                                                                                               ES60
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bowhead whale...................................................          X   ..........           2.270          11.350  ..............               0
Gray whale......................................................          X   ..........           0.010           0.050  ..............               0
Humpback whale (CNP)............................................          X   ..........           0.000           0.001  ..............               0
Humpback whale (WNP)............................................          X   ..........           0.000           0.000  ..............               0
Minke whale.....................................................          X   ..........           0.000           0.001  ..............               0
Fin whale.......................................................          X   ..........           0.000           0.001  ..............               0
Beluga whale (Beaufort Sea).....................................          X   ..........           0.008           0.040             3.0               3
Beluga whale (eastern Chukchi Sea)..............................          X   ..........           0.008           0.040             3.0               3
Killer whale (GOA/BSAI transient)...............................          X   ..........           0.000           0.000           0.003               1
Harbor porpoise (Bering Sea)....................................          X   ..........           0.000           0.001            0.03               1
Bearded seal....................................................          X   ..........           0.175           0.875            58.0              58
Spotted seal....................................................          X   ..........           0.460           2.302           152.5             153
Ringed seal.....................................................          X   ..........           1.765           8.825           584.6             585
Ribbon seal.....................................................          X   ..........           0.184           0.922              75              62
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Sources and derivation of marine mammal density information are provided in Table 6-10d of AFSC's application.
2 Volumetric density estimates derived by dividing area density estimates by 0.2 km.


[[Page 46809]]

Estimated Take Due to Physical Disturbance

    Take due to physical disturbance could potentially happen, as it is 
likely that some pinnipeds will move or flush from known haul-outs into 
the water in response to the presence or sound of AFSC vessels or 
researchers. Such events could occur as a result of unintentional 
approach during survey activity, in the GOARA or BSAIRA only. Physical 
disturbance would result in no greater than Level B harassment. 
Behavioral responses may be considered according to the scale shown in 
Table 9 and based on the method developed by Mortenson (1996). We 
consider responses corresponding to Levels 2-3 to constitute Level B 
harassment.

                Table 9--Pinniped Response to Disturbance
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Type of
    Level          response                    Definition
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............  Alert..........  Seal head orientation or brief movement
                                 in response to disturbance, which may
                                 include turning head towards the
                                 disturbance, craning head and neck
                                 while holding the body rigid in a u-
                                 shaped position, changing from a lying
                                 to a sitting position, or brief
                                 movement of less than twice the
                                 animal's body length.
2............  Movement.......  Movements away from the source of
                                 disturbance, ranging from short
                                 withdrawals at least twice the animal's
                                 body length to longer retreats over the
                                 beach, or if already moving a change of
                                 direction of greater than 90 degrees.
3............  Flight.........  All retreats (flushes) to the water.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The AFSC estimated potential incidents of Level B harassment due to 
physical disturbance (Table 10) by considering the number of seals 
believed to potentially be present at affected haul-outs or rookeries 
and the number of visits within a certain distance of the haul-out 
expected to be made by AFSC researchers. The take estimation method was 
described in detail in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (August 1, 
2018; 83 FR 37638). AFSC does not believe that any research activities 
would result in physical disturbance of pinnipeds other than Steller 
sea lions or harbor seals. Similarly, no disturbance is expected of 
eastern Steller sea lions due to a lack of overlap between known haul-
outs or rookeries and research activities.
    Although not all individuals on ``disturbed'' haul-outs would 
necessarily actually be disturbed, and some haul-outs may experience 
some disturbance at distances greater than expected, we believe that 
this approach is a reasonable effort towards accounting for this 
potential source of disturbance. The results are likely overestimates, 
because some activities may only be one-time, sporadic, or biennial 
activities, but are assumed to happen on an annual basis.

  Table 10--Estimated Annual Level B Harassment of Pinnipeds Associated
                     With Disturbance by Researchers
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                        Estimated annual
            Species                     Stock               Level B
                                                           harassment
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harbor seal...................  Clarence Strait......                 28
                                Dixon/Cape Decision..                 30
                                Sitka/Chatham Strait.                864
                                Lynn Canal/Stephens                   45
                                 Passage.
                                Glacier Bay/Icy                       20
                                 Strait.
                                Cook Inlet/Shelikof                2,554
                                 Strait.
                                Prince William Sound.              3,063
                                South Kodiak.........              3,761
                                North Kodiak.........                885
                                Bristol Bay..........                132
                                Pribilof Islands.....                 28
                                Aleutian Islands.....                290
Steller sea lion..............  Western DPS (GOARA)..              3,082
                                Western DPS (BSAIRA).                112
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Effects of Specified Activities on Subsistence Uses of Marine Mammals

    The availability of the affected marine mammal stocks or species 
for subsistence uses may be impacted by this activity. The subsistence 
uses that may be affected and the potential impacts of the activity on 
those uses are described in section 8 of the AFSC's application. 
Measures included in this rulemaking to reduce the impacts of the 
activity on subsistence uses are described in Appendix B of the AFSC's 
application. For full details, please see those documents. Last, the 
information from this section and the Mitigation section is analyzed to 
determine whether the necessary findings may be made in the Unmitigable 
Adverse Impact Analysis and Determination section.

Mitigation

    Under Section 101(a)(5)(A) of the MMPA, NMFS must set forth the 
permissible methods of taking pursuant to such activity, and other 
means of effecting the least practicable adverse impact on such species 
or stock and its habitat, paying particular attention to rookeries, 
mating grounds, and areas of similar significance, and on the 
availability of such species or stock for taking for certain 
subsistence uses (``least practicable adverse impact''). NMFS does not 
have a regulatory definition for ``least practicable adverse impact.'' 
However, NMFS's implementing regulations require applicants for 
incidental take authorizations to include information about the 
availability and feasibility (economic and technological) of equipment, 
methods, and manner of conducting such activity or other means of 
effecting the least practicable adverse impact upon the affected 
species or

[[Page 46810]]

stocks and their habitat (50 CFR 216.104(a)(11)).
    In evaluating how mitigation may or may not be appropriate to 
ensure the least practicable adverse impact on species or stocks and 
their habitat, we carefully consider two primary factors:
    (1) The manner in which, and the degree to which, implementation of 
the measure(s) is expected to reduce impacts to marine mammal species 
or stocks, their habitat, and their availability for subsistence uses. 
This analysis will consider such things as the nature of the potential 
adverse impact (such as likelihood, scope, and range), the likelihood 
that the measure will be effective if implemented, and the likelihood 
of successful implementation.
    (2) The practicability of the measure for applicant implementation. 
Practicability of implementation may consider such things as cost, 
impact on operations, personnel safety, and practicality of 
implementation.
    The following suite of mitigation measures and procedures, i.e., 
measures taken to monitor, avoid, or minimize the encounter and 
potential take of marine mammals, will be employed by the AFSC during 
research cruises and activities. These procedures are the same whether 
the survey is conducted AFSC, IPHC, or is an AFSC-supported survey, 
which may be conducted onboard a variety of vessels, e.g., on board a 
NOAA vessel or charter vessel. The procedures described are based on 
protocols used during previous research surveys and/or best practices 
developed for commercial fisheries using similar gear. The AFSC 
conducts a large variety of research operations, but only activities 
using trawl, longline, and gillnet gears are expected to present a 
reasonable likelihood of resulting in incidental take of marine 
mammals. AFSC's past survey operations have resulted in marine mammal 
interactions. These protocols are designed to continue the past record 
of few interactions while providing credible, documented, and safe 
encounters with observed or captured animals. Mitigation procedures 
will be focused on those situations where mammals, in the best 
professional judgement of the vessel operator and Chief Scientist (CS), 
pose a risk of incidental take. In many instances, the AFSC will use 
streamlined protocols and training for protected species developed in 
collaboration with the North Pacific Groundfish and Halibut Observer 
Program.
    The AFSC has invested significant time and effort in identifying 
technologies, practices, and equipment to minimize the impact of the 
proposed activities on marine mammal species and stocks and their 
habitat. These efforts have resulted in the consideration of many 
potential mitigation measures, including those the AFSC has determined 
to be feasible and has implemented in recent years as a standard part 
of sampling protocols. These measures include the move-on rule 
mitigation protocol (also referred to in the preamble as the move-on 
rule), protected species visual watches and use of acoustic pingers on 
gillnet gear and on surface trawls in southeast Alaska.
    Effective monitoring is a key step in implementing mitigation 
measures and is achieved through regular marine mammal watches. Marine 
mammal watches are a standard part of conducting AFSC fisheries 
research activities, particularly those activities that use gears that 
are known to or potentially interact with marine mammals. Marine mammal 
watches and monitoring occur during daylight hours prior to deployment 
of gear (e.g., trawls, gillnets, and longline gear), and they continue 
until gear is brought back on board. If marine mammals are sighted in 
the area and are considered to be at risk of interaction with the 
research gear, then the sampling station is either moved or canceled or 
the activity is suspended until the marine mammals are no longer in the 
area. On smaller vessels, the CS and the vessel operator are typically 
those looking for marine mammals and other protected species. When 
marine mammal researchers are on board (distinct from marine mammal 
observers dedicated to monitoring for potential gear interactions), 
they will record the estimated species and numbers of animals present 
and their behavior using protocols similar or adapted from the North 
Pacific Groundfish and Halibut Observer Program. If marine mammal 
researchers are not on board or available, then the CS in cooperation 
with the vessel operator will monitor for marine mammals and provide 
training as practical to bridge crew and other crew to observe and 
record such information. Because marine mammals are frequently observed 
in Alaskan waters, marine mammal observations may be limited to those 
animals that directly interact with or are near to the vessel or gear. 
NOAA vessels, chartered vessels, and affiliated vessels or studies are 
required to monitor interactions with marine mammals but are limited to 
reporting direct interactions, dead animals, or entangled whales.

General Measures

    Coordination and Communication--When AFSC survey effort is 
conducted aboard NOAA-owned vessels, there are both vessel officers and 
crew and a scientific party. Vessel officers and crew are not composed 
of AFSC staff but are employees of NOAA's Office of Marine and Aviation 
Operations (OMAO), which is responsible for the management and 
operation of NOAA fleet ships and aircraft and is composed of uniformed 
officers of the NOAA Commissioned Corps as well as civilians. The 
ship's officers and crew provide mission support and assistance to 
embarked scientists, and the vessel's Commanding Officer (CO) has 
ultimate responsibility for vessel and passenger safety and, therefore, 
decision authority. When AFSC survey effort is conducted aboard 
cooperative platforms (i.e., non-NOAA vessels), ultimate responsibility 
and decision authority again rests with non-AFSC personnel (i.e., 
vessel's master or captain). Decision authority includes the 
implementation of mitigation measures (e.g., whether to stop deployment 
of trawl gear upon observation of marine mammals). The scientific party 
involved in any AFSC survey effort is composed, in part or whole, of 
AFSC staff and is led by a CS. Therefore, because the AFSC--not OMAO or 
any other entity that may have authority over survey platforms used by 
AFSC--is the applicant to whom any incidental take authorization issued 
under the authority of these regulations would be issued, we require 
that the AFSC take all necessary measures to coordinate and communicate 
in advance of each specific survey with OMAO, or other relevant 
parties, to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring 
requirements described herein, as well as the specific manner of 
implementation and relevant event-contingent decision-making processes, 
are clearly understood and agreed-upon. This may involve description of 
all required measures when submitting cruise instructions to OMAO or 
when completing contracts with external entities. AFSC will coordinate 
and conduct briefings at the outset of each survey and as necessary 
between ship's crew (CO/master or designee(s), as appropriate) and 
scientific party in order to explain responsibilities, communication 
procedures, marine mammal monitoring protocol, and operational 
procedures. The CS will be responsible for coordination with the 
Officer on Deck (OOD; or equivalent on non-NOAA platforms) to ensure 
that requirements, procedures, and decision-

[[Page 46811]]

making processes are understood and properly implemented.
    As described previously, for IPHC longline survey operations, 
applicable mitigation, monitoring, and reporting requirements would be 
conveyed from the AFSC to the IPHC via Letters of Acknowledgement 
issued by the AFSC pursuant to the MSA. Although IPHC survey effort is 
not conducted aboard NOAA platforms, the same communication and 
coordination requirements would apply to IPHC surveys.
    Vessel Speed--Vessel speed during active sampling rarely exceeds 5 
kn, with typical speeds being 2-4 kn. Transit speeds vary from 6-14 kn 
but average 10 kn. These low vessel speeds minimize the potential for 
ship strike (see ``Potential Effects of the Specified Activity on 
Marine Mammals and Their Habitat'' in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 
(August 1, 2018; 83 FR 37638) for an in-depth discussion of ship 
strike). In addition, when research vessels are operating in areas and 
times where greater risk is expected due to marine mammal presence, 
e.g., Seguam Pass during humpback whale migration, additional crew are 
brought up to the bridge to monitor for whales. In such cases vessel 
captains may also reduce speed to improve the chances of observing 
whales and avoiding them. At any time during a survey or in transit, if 
a crew member or designated marine mammal observer standing watch 
sights marine mammals that may intersect with the vessel course that 
individual will immediately communicate the presence of marine mammals 
to the bridge for appropriate course alteration or speed reduction, as 
possible, to avoid incidental collisions.
    Other Gears--The AFSC deploys a wide variety of gear to sample the 
marine environment during all of their research cruises. Many of these 
types of gear (e.g., plankton nets, video camera and ROV deployments) 
are not considered to pose any risk to marine mammals and are therefore 
not subject to specific mitigation measures. However, at all times when 
the AFSC is conducting survey operations at sea, the OOD and/or CS and 
crew will monitor for any unusual circumstances that may arise at a 
sampling site and use best professional judgment to avoid any potential 
risks to marine mammals during use of all research equipment.
    Handling Procedures--Handling procedures are those taken to return 
a live animal to the sea or process a dead animal. The AFSC will 
implement a number of handling protocols to minimize potential harm to 
marine mammals that are incidentally taken during the course of 
fisheries research activities. In general, protocols have already been 
prepared for use on commercial fishing vessels; these have been adapted 
from the North Pacific Fishery Observer Manual. These procedures are 
expected to increase post-release survival and, in general, following a 
``common sense'' approach to handling captured or entangled marine 
mammals will present the best chance of minimizing injury to the animal 
and of decreasing risks to scientists and vessel crew. Handling or 
disentangling marine mammals carries inherent safety risks, and using 
best professional judgment and ensuring human safety is paramount.
    Captured live or injured marine mammals are released from research 
gear and returned to the water as soon as possible with no gear or as 
little gear remaining on the animal as possible. Animals are released 
without removing them from the water if possible and data collection is 
conducted in such a manner as not to delay release of the animal(s) or 
endanger the crew. AFSC staff will be instructed on how to identify 
different species; handle and bring marine mammals aboard a vessel; 
assess the level of consciousness; remove fishing gear; and return 
marine mammals to water. For further information regarding handling 
procedures, please see section 11.7 of AFSC's application.
    Other Measures--AFSC scientists are aware of the need to prevent or 
minimize disturbance of marine mammals when operating vessels nearshore 
around pinniped rookeries and haul-outs, and other places where marine 
mammals are aggregated. Minimum approaches shall be not less than 1 km 
from the aggregation area.

Trawl Survey Visual Monitoring and Operational Protocols

    Visual monitoring protocols, described above, are an integral 
component of trawl mitigation protocols. Observation of marine mammal 
presence and behaviors in the vicinity of AFSC trawl survey operations 
allows for the application of professional judgment in determining the 
appropriate course of action to minimize the incidence of marine mammal 
gear interactions. The OOD, CS or other designated member of the 
scientific party, and crew standing watch on the bridge visually scan 
surrounding waters with the naked eye and rangefinding binoculars (or 
monocular) for marine mammals prior to, during, and until all trawl 
operations are completed. Some sets may be made at night or other 
limited visibility conditions, when visual observation may be conducted 
using the naked eye and available vessel lighting with limited 
effectiveness.
    Most research vessels engaged in trawling will have their station 
in view for 15 minutes or 2 nmi prior to reaching the station, 
depending upon the sea state and weather. Many vessels will inspect the 
tow path before deploying the trawl gear, adding another 15 minutes of 
observation time and gear preparation prior to deployment. Lookouts 
immediately alert the OOD and CS as to their best estimate of the 
species and number of animals observed and any observed animal's 
distance, bearing, and direction of travel relative to the ship's 
position. If any marine mammals are sighted around the vessel before 
setting gear, the vessel may be moved away from the animals to a 
different section of the sampling area if the animals appear to be at 
risk of interaction with the gear. This is what is referred to as the 
``move-on'' rule.
    If marine mammals are observed at or near the station, the CS and 
the vessel operator will determine the best strategy to avoid potential 
takes based on the species encountered, their numbers and behavior, 
their position and vector relative to the vessel, and other factors. 
For instance, a whale transiting through the area and heading away from 
the vessel may not require any move, or may require only a short move 
from the initial sampling site, while a pod of dolphins gathered around 
the vessel may require a longer move from the initial sampling site or 
possibly cancellation of the station if the dolphins follow the vessel. 
After moving on, if marine mammals are still visible from the vessel 
and appear to be at risk, the CS may decide, in consultation with the 
vessel operator, to move again or to skip the station. In many cases, 
the survey design can accommodate sampling at an alternate site. In 
most cases, gear is not deployed if marine mammals have been sighted 
from the ship in its approach to the station unless those animals do 
not appear to be in danger of interactions with the gear, as determined 
by the judgment of the CS and vessel operator. The efficacy of the 
``move-on'' rule is limited during night time or other periods of 
limited visibility; although operational lighting from the vessel 
illuminates the water in the immediate vicinity of the vessel during 
gear setting and retrieval. In these cases, it is again the judgment of 
the CS as based on experience and in consultation with the vessel 
operator to exercise due diligence and to decide on appropriate course 
of

[[Page 46812]]

action to avoid unintentional interactions.
    Once the trawl net is in the water, the OOD, CS or other designated 
scientist, and/or crew standing watch continue to monitor the waters 
around the vessel and maintain a lookout for marine mammals as 
environmental conditions allow (as noted previously, visibility can be 
limited for various reasons). If marine mammals are sighted before the 
gear is fully retrieved, the most appropriate response to avoid 
incidental take is determined by the professional judgment of the OOD, 
in consultation with the CS and vessel operator as necessary. These 
judgments take into consideration the species, numbers, and behavior of 
the animals, the status of the trawl net operation (net opening, depth, 
and distance from the stern), the time it would take to retrieve the 
net, and safety considerations for changing speed or course. If marine 
mammals are sighted during haul-back operations, there is the potential 
for entanglement during retrieval of the net, especially when the trawl 
doors have been retrieved and the net is near the surface and no longer 
under tension. The risk of catching an animal may be reduced if the 
trawling continues and the haul-back is delayed until after the marine 
mammal has lost interest in the gear or left the area. The appropriate 
course of action to minimize the risk of incidental take is determined 
by the professional judgment of the OOD, vessel operator, and the CS 
based on all situation variables, even if the choices compromise the 
value of the data collected at the station. We recognize that it is not 
possible to dictate in advance the exact course of action that the OOD 
or CS should take in any given event involving the presence of marine 
mammals in proximity to an ongoing trawl tow, given the sheer number of 
potential variables, combinations of variables that may determine the 
appropriate course of action, and the need to prioritize human safety 
in the operation of fishing gear at sea. Nevertheless, we require a 
full accounting of factors that shape both successful and unsuccessful 
decisions, and these details will be fed back into AFSC training 
efforts and ultimately help to refine the best professional judgment 
that determines the course of action taken in any given scenario (see 
further discussion in ``Monitoring and Reporting'').
    If trawling operations have been suspended because of the presence 
of marine mammals, the vessel will resume trawl operations (when 
practicable) only when the animals are believed to have departed the 
area. This decision is at the discretion of the OOD/CS and is dependent 
on the situation.
    Standard survey protocols that are expected to lessen the 
likelihood of marine mammal interactions include standardized tow 
durations and distances. Standard bottom trawl tow durations of not 
more than 15-30 minutes at the target depth will typically be 
implemented, excluding deployment and retrieval time, to reduce the 
likelihood of attracting and incidentally taking marine mammals. Short 
tow durations, and the resulting short tow distances (typically 1-2 
nmi), decrease the opportunity for marine mammals to find the vessel 
and investigate. The scientific crew will avoid dumping previous 
catches when the net is being retrieved, especially when the net is at 
the surface at the trawl alley. This practice of dumping fish when the 
net is near the vessel may train marine mammals to expect food when the 
net is retrieved and may capture the protected species.
    In operations in areas of southeast Alaska deploying surface nets, 
several additional measures have been employed to minimize the 
likelihood of marine mammal encounters, including no offal discard 
prior to or during the trawling at a station, trawling of short 
duration and seldom at night, no trawling less than one kilometer from 
pinniped rookeries or haul-outs, and deployment of acoustic pingers 
attached on the trawl foot or head ropes. Pingers are acoustic 
deterrents that are intended to deter the presence of marine mammals 
and therefore decrease the probability of entanglement or unintended 
capture of marine mammals.
    Acoustic Deterrent Devices--Acoustic deterrent devices (pingers) 
are underwater sound-emitting devices that have been shown to decrease 
the probability of interactions with certain species of marine mammals 
when fishing gear is fitted with the devices. Multiple studies have 
reported large decreases in harbor porpoise mortality (approximately 
eighty to ninety percent) in bottom-set gillnets (nets composed of 
vertical panes of netting, typically set in a straight line and either 
anchored to the bottom or drifting) during controlled experiments 
(e.g., Kraus et al., 1997; Trippel et al., 1999; Gearin et al., 2000; 
Palka et al., 2008). Pingers (10 kHz, 132 dB, 300 ms every 4 s) would 
be deployed on surface trawl nets deployed in southeast Alaska. Pingers 
would also be deployed on gillnets. Please see ``Marine Mammal 
Hearing'' for reference to functional and best hearing ranges for 
marine mammals.

Longline Survey Visual Monitoring and Operational Protocols

    Visual monitoring requirements for all longline surveys are similar 
to the general protocols described above for trawl surveys. Please see 
that section for full details of the visual monitoring protocol and the 
move-on rule mitigation protocol. In summary, requirements for longline 
surveys are to: (1) Conduct visual monitoring prior to arrival on 
station; (2) implement the move-on rule if marine mammals are observed 
within the area around the vessel and may be at risk of interacting 
with the vessel or gear; (3) deploy gear as soon as possible upon 
arrival on station (depending on presence of marine mammals); and (4) 
maintain visual monitoring effort throughout deployment and retrieval 
of the longline gear. As was described for trawl gear, the OOD, CS, or 
watch leader will use best professional judgment to minimize the risk 
to marine mammals from potential gear interactions during deployment 
and retrieval of gear. If marine mammals are detected during setting 
operations and are considered to be at risk, immediate retrieval or 
suspension of operations may be warranted. If operations have been 
suspended because of the presence of marine mammals, the vessel will 
resume setting (when practicable) only when the animals are believed to 
have departed the area. If marine mammals are detected during retrieval 
operations and are considered to be at risk, haul-back may be 
postponed. These decisions are at the discretion of the OOD/CS and are 
dependent on the situation.
    As for trawl surveys, some standard survey protocols are expected 
to minimize the potential for marine mammal interactions. Soak times 
are typically short relative to commercial fishing operations, measured 
from the time the last hook is in the water to when the first hook is 
brought out of the water. AFSC longline protocols specifically prohibit 
chumming (releasing additional bait to attract target species to the 
gear). Spent bait and offal are discarded away from the longline 
retrieval area but not retained until completion of longline retrieval. 
Due to the volume of fish caught with each set and the length of time 
it takes to retrieve the longline (up to eight hours), the retention of 
spent bait and offal until the gear is completely retrieved is not 
possible.
    Whales, particularly killer whales in the Bering Sea and sperm 
whales in the Gulf of Alaska, are commonly attracted to longline 
fishing operations and have learned how to remove fish from

[[Page 46813]]

longline gear as it is retrieved. Such depredation of fish off the 
longline by whales can significantly affect catch rate and species 
composition of data collected by the survey. The effect of depredation 
activity on survey results has been a research subject for many years 
and many aspects are therefore recorded as part of normal survey 
protocols, including the amount of catch potentially depredated 
(percent of empty hooks or damaged fish), number of whales visible, 
behavior of whales, whale proximity to the vessel, and any whale/vessel 
interactions. Sperm whale depredation can be difficult to determine 
because they can alternate between diving deep to depredate the line 
and swimming at the surface eating offal (see below). The presence of 
sperm whales at the surface does not mean they are actively depredating 
the line.
    The Alaska Longline Survey uses bottom longline gear with a 16-km 
mainline. Sets are made in the morning if no killer whales or sperm 
whales are present and the longline gear is allowed to soak for three 
hours before haul-back begins. Due to the length of the mainline and 
numbers of hooks involved, it takes up to eight hours to complete the 
haul-back. Whales have learned to associate particular sounds with 
longline operations and typically arrive on scene as the gear is being 
retrieved. Efforts have been made to avoid depredation by allowing the 
line to sink back down but such strategies have proved impractical as 
whales can wait in the area for days and fish caught on the line are 
then eaten by other demersal marine organisms. The only practical way 
to minimize depredation if whales find the vessel is to continue 
retrieving the gear as quickly as possible. As killer whales may also 
follow the survey vessel between stations, the station order has been 
altered to disrupt the survey pattern as a means to dissuade the 
animals from this behavior and to avoid continued interactions.

Gillnet Survey Visual Monitoring and Operational Protocols

    Visual monitoring and operational protocols for gillnet surveys are 
similar to those described previously for trawl surveys, with a focus 
on visual observation in the survey area and avoidance of marine 
mammals that may be at risk of interaction with survey vessels or gear. 
Gillnets are not deployed if marine mammals have been sighted on 
arrival at the sample site. The exception is for animals that, because 
of their behavior, travel vector or other factors, do not appear to be 
at risk of interaction with the gillnet gear. If no marine mammals are 
present, the gear is set and monitored continuously during the soak. If 
a marine mammal is sighted during the soak and appears to be at risk of 
interaction with the gear, then the gear is pulled immediately. As 
noted above, pingers would be deployed on gillnets, which are used only 
at the Little Port Walter Research Station in southeast Alaska and in 
Prince William Sound.
    We have carefully evaluated the AFSC's planned mitigation measures 
and considered a range of other measures in the context of ensuring 
that we prescribed the means of effecting the least practicable adverse 
impact on the affected marine mammal species and stocks and their 
habitat. Based on our evaluation of these measures, we have determined 
that the mitigation measures provide the means of effecting the least 
practicable adverse impact on marine mammal species or stocks and their 
habitat, paying particular attention to rookeries, mating grounds, and 
areas of similar significance, and on the availability of such species 
or stock for subsistence uses.

Monitoring and Reporting

    In order to issue an LOA for an activity, Section 101(a)(5)(A) of 
the MMPA states that NMFS must set forth requirements pertaining to the 
monitoring and reporting of the authorized taking. NMFS's MMPA 
implementing regulations further describe the information that an 
applicant should provide when requesting an authorization (50 CFR 
216.104(a)(13)), including the means of accomplishing the necessary 
monitoring and reporting that will result in increased knowledge of the 
species and the level of taking or impacts on populations of marine 
mammals.
    Monitoring and reporting requirements prescribed by NMFS should 
contribute to improved understanding of one or more of the following:
     Occurrence of significant interactions with marine mammal 
species in action area (e.g., animals that came close to the vessel, 
contacted the gear, or are otherwise rare or displaying unusual 
behavior).
     Nature, scope, or context of likely marine mammal exposure 
to potential stressors/impacts (individual or cumulative, acute or 
chronic), through better understanding of: (1) Action or environment 
(e.g., source characterization, propagation, ambient noise); (2) 
affected species (e.g., life history, dive patterns); (3) co-occurrence 
of marine mammal species with the action; or (4) biological or 
behavioral context of exposure (e.g., age, calving or feeding areas).
     Individual marine mammal responses (behavioral or 
physiological) to acoustic stressors (acute, chronic, or cumulative), 
other stressors, or cumulative impacts from multiple stressors.
     How anticipated responses to stressors impact either: (1) 
Long-term fitness and survival of individual marine mammals; or (2) 
populations, species, or stocks.
     Effects on marine mammal habitat (e.g., marine mammal prey 
species, acoustic habitat, or important physical components of marine 
mammal habitat).
     Mitigation and monitoring effectiveness.
    AFSC plans to make more systematic its training, operations, data 
collection, animal handling and sampling protocols, etc. in order to 
improve its ability to understand how mitigation measures influence 
interaction rates and ensure its research operations are conducted in 
an informed manner and consistent with lessons learned from those with 
experience operating these gears in close proximity to marine mammals. 
It is in this spirit that we require the monitoring requirements 
described below.

Visual Monitoring

    Marine mammal watches are a standard part of conducting fisheries 
research activities, and are implemented as described previously in 
``Mitigation.'' Dedicated marine mammal visual monitoring occurs as 
described (1) for some period prior to deployment of most research 
gear; (2) throughout deployment and active fishing of all research 
gears; (3) for some period prior to retrieval of longline gear; and (4) 
throughout retrieval of all research gear. This visual monitoring is 
performed by trained AFSC personnel or other trained crew during the 
monitoring period. Observers record the species and estimated number of 
animals present and their behaviors, which may be valuable information 
towards an understanding of whether certain species may be attracted to 
vessels or certain survey gears. Separately, marine mammal watches are 
conducted by watch-standers (those navigating the vessel and other 
crew; these will typically not be AFSC personnel) at all times when the 
vessel is being operated. The primary focus for this type of watch is 
to avoid striking marine mammals and to generally avoid navigational 
hazards. These watch-standers typically have other duties associated 
with navigation and other vessel operations and are not required to 
record or report

[[Page 46814]]

to the scientific party data on marine mammal sightings, except when 
gear is being deployed or retrieved.
    AFSC will also monitor disturbance of hauled-out pinnipeds 
resulting from the presence of researchers, paying particular attention 
to the distance at which different species of pinniped are disturbed. 
Disturbance will be recorded according to the three-point scale, 
representing increasing seal response to disturbance, shown in Table 9.

Training

    AFSC anticipates that additional information on practices to avoid 
marine mammal interactions can be gleaned from training sessions and 
more systematic data collection standards. The AFSC will conduct annual 
trainings for all chief scientists and other personnel who may be 
responsible for conducting marine mammal visual observations or 
handling incidentally captured marine mammals to explain mitigation 
measures and monitoring and reporting requirements, mitigation and 
monitoring protocols, marine mammal identification, recording of count 
and disturbance observations, completion of datasheets, and use of 
equipment. Some of these topics may be familiar to AFSC staff, who may 
be professional biologists; the AFSC shall determine the agenda for 
these trainings and ensure that all relevant staff have necessary 
familiarity with these topics. The AFSC will work with the North 
Pacific Fisheries Groundfish and Halibut Observer Program to customize 
a new training program. The first such training will include three 
primary elements: (1) An overview of the purpose and need for the 
authorization, including mandatory mitigation measures by gear and the 
purpose for each, and species that AFSC is authorized to incidentally 
take; (2) detailed descriptions of reporting, data collection, and 
sampling protocols; and (3) discussion of best professional judgment 
(which is recognized as an integral component of mitigation 
implementation; see ``Mitigation'').
    The second topic will include instruction on how to complete new 
data collection forms such as the marine mammal watch log, the 
incidental take form (e.g., specific gear configuration and details 
relevant to an interaction with protected species), and forms used for 
species identification and biological sampling.
    The third topic will include use of professional judgment in any 
incidents of marine mammal interaction and instructive examples where 
use of best professional judgment was determined to be successful or 
unsuccessful. We recognize that many factors come into play regarding 
decision-making at sea and that it is not practicable to simplify what 
are inherently variable and complex situational decisions into rules 
that may be defined on paper. However, it is our intent that use of 
best professional judgment be an iterative process from year to year, 
in which any at-sea decision-maker (i.e., responsible for decisions 
regarding the avoidance of marine mammal interactions with survey gear 
through the application of best professional judgment) learns from the 
prior experience of all relevant AFSC personnel (rather than from 
solely their own experience). The outcome should be increased 
transparency in decision-making processes where best professional 
judgment is appropriate and, to the extent possible, some degree of 
standardization across common situations, with an ultimate goal of 
reducing marine mammal interactions. It is the responsibility of the 
AFSC to facilitate such exchange.

Handling Procedures and Data Collection

    Improved standardization of handling procedures were discussed 
previously in ``Mitigation.'' In addition to the benefits implementing 
these protocols are believed to have on the animals through increased 
post-release survival, AFSC believes adopting these protocols for data 
collection will also increase the information on which ``serious 
injury'' determinations (NMFS, 2012a, 2012b) are based and improve 
scientific knowledge about marine mammals that interact with fisheries 
research gears and the factors that contribute to these interactions. 
AFSC personnel will be provided standard guidance and training 
regarding handling of marine mammals, including how to identify 
different species, bring an individual aboard a vessel, assess the 
level of consciousness, remove fishing gear, return an individual to 
water and log activities pertaining to the interaction.
    AFSC will record interaction information on their own standardized 
forms. To aid in serious injury determinations and comply with the 
current NMFS Serious Injury Guidelines (NMFS, 2012a, 2012b), 
researchers will also answer a series of supplemental questions on the 
details of marine mammal interactions.
    Finally, for any marine mammals that are killed during fisheries 
research activities, scientists will collect data and samples pursuant 
to Appendix D of the AFSC EA, ``Protected Species Mitigation and 
Handling Procedures for AFSC Fisheries Research Vessels.''

Reporting

    As is normally the case, AFSC will coordinate with the relevant 
stranding coordinators for any unusual marine mammal behavior and any 
stranding, beached live/dead, or floating marine mammals that are 
encountered during field research activities. The AFSC will follow a 
phased approach with regard to the cessation of its activities and/or 
reporting of such events, as described in the regulatory texts 
following this preamble. In addition, Chief Scientists (or cruise 
leader, CS) will provide reports to AFSC leadership and to the Office 
of Protected Resources (OPR). As a result, when marine mammals interact 
with survey gear, whether killed or released alive, a report provided 
by the CS will fully describe any observations of the animals, the 
context (vessel and conditions), decisions made and rationale for 
decisions made in vessel and gear handling. The circumstances of these 
events are critical in enabling AFSC and OPR to better evaluate the 
conditions under which takes are most likely occur. We believe in the 
long term this will allow the avoidance of these types of events in the 
future.
    The AFSC will submit annual summary reports to OPR including: (1) 
Annual line-kilometers surveyed during which the EK60, ME70, ES60, 7111 
(or equivalent sources) were predominant (see ``Estimated Take by 
Acoustic Harassment'' for further discussion), specific to each region; 
(2) summary information regarding use of all longline, gillnet, and 
trawl gear, including number of sets, tows, etc., specific to each 
research area and gear; (3) accounts of all incidents of marine mammal 
interactions, including circumstances of the event and descriptions of 
any mitigation procedures implemented or not implemented and why; (4) 
summary information related to any disturbance of pinnipeds, including 
event-specific total counts of animals present, counts of reactions 
according to the three-point scale shown in Table 9, and distance of 
closest approach; and (5) a written evaluation of the effectiveness of 
AFSC mitigation strategies in reducing the number of marine mammal 
interactions with survey gear, including best professional judgment and 
suggestions for changes to the mitigation strategies, if any. The 
period of reporting will be annually, beginning one year post-issuance 
of any LOA, and the report must be submitted not less than ninety days 
following the end of a given year. Submission of this information is in 
service of an adaptive management framework allowing NMFS to make

[[Page 46815]]

appropriate modifications to mitigation and/or monitoring strategies, 
as necessary, during the five-year period of validity for these 
regulations.
    NMFS has established a formal incidental take reporting system, the 
Protected Species Incidental Take (PSIT) database, requiring that 
incidental takes of protected species be reported within 48 hours of 
the occurrence. The PSIT generates automated messages to NMFS 
leadership and other relevant staff, alerting them to the event and to 
the fact that updated information describing the circumstances of the 
event has been inputted to the database. The PSIT and CS reports 
represent not only valuable real-time reporting and information 
dissemination tools but also serve as an archive of information that 
may be mined in the future to study why takes occur by species, gear, 
region, etc.
    AFSC will also collect and report all necessary data, to the extent 
practicable given the primacy of human safety and the well-being of 
captured or entangled marine mammals, to facilitate serious injury (SI) 
determinations for marine mammals that are released alive. AFSC will 
require that the CS complete data forms and address supplemental 
questions, both of which have been developed to aid in SI 
determinations. AFSC understands the critical need to provide as much 
relevant information as possible about marine mammal interactions to 
inform decisions regarding SI determinations. In addition, the AFSC 
will perform all necessary reporting to ensure that any incidental M/SI 
is incorporated as appropriate into relevant SARs.

Negligible Impact Analysis and Determination

    Introduction--NMFS has defined negligible impact as an impact 
resulting from the specified activity that cannot be reasonably 
expected to, and is not reasonably likely to, adversely affect the 
species or stock through effects on annual rates of recruitment or 
survival (50 CFR 216.103). A negligible impact finding is based on the 
lack of likely adverse effects on annual rates of recruitment or 
survival (i.e., population-level effects). An estimate of the number of 
takes alone is not enough information on which to base an impact 
determination. In addition to considering estimates of the number of 
marine mammals that might be ``taken'' by mortality, serious injury, 
and Level A or Level B harassment, we consider other factors, such as 
the likely nature of any behavioral responses (e.g., intensity, 
duration), the context of any such responses (e.g., critical 
reproductive time or location, migration), as well as effects on 
habitat, and the likely effectiveness of mitigation. We also assess the 
number, intensity, and context of estimated takes by evaluating this 
information relative to population status. Consistent with the 1989 
preamble for NMFS's implementing regulations (54 FR 40338; September 
29, 1989), the impacts from other past and ongoing anthropogenic 
activities are incorporated into this analysis via their impacts on the 
environmental baseline (e.g., as reflected in the regulatory status of 
the species, population size and growth rate where known, ongoing 
sources of human-caused mortality, and specific consideration of take 
by M/SI previously authorized for other NMFS research activities).
    We note here that the takes from potential gear interactions 
enumerated below could result in non-serious injury, but their worse 
potential outcome (mortality) is analyzed for the purposes of the 
negligible impact determination. We discuss here the connection between 
the mechanisms for authorizing incidental take under section 101(a)(5) 
for activities, such as AFSC's research activities, and for authorizing 
incidental take from commercial fisheries. In 1988, Congress amended 
the MMPA's provisions for addressing incidental take of marine mammals 
in commercial fishing operations. Congress directed NMFS to develop and 
recommend a new long-term regime to govern such incidental taking (see 
MMC, 1994). The need to develop a system suited to the unique 
circumstances of commercial fishing operations led NMFS to suggest a 
new conceptual means and associated regulatory framework. That concept, 
Potential Biological Removal (PBR), and a system for developing plans 
containing regulatory and voluntary measures to reduce incidental take 
for fisheries that exceed PBR were incorporated as sections 117 and 118 
in the 1994 amendments to the MMPA.
    PBR is defined in the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1362(20)) as the maximum 
number of animals, not including natural mortalities, that may be 
removed from a marine mammal stock while allowing that stock to reach 
or maintain its optimum sustainable population, and is a measure to be 
considered when evaluating the effects of M/SI on a marine mammal 
species or stock. Optimum sustainable population (OSP) is defined by 
the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1362(9)) as the number of animals which will result 
in the maximum productivity of the population or the species, keeping 
in mind the carrying capacity of the habitat and the health of the 
ecosystem of which they form a constituent element. A primary goal of 
the MMPA is to ensure that each species or stock of marine mammal is 
maintained at or returned to its OSP.
    PBR values are calculated by NMFS as the level of annual removal 
from a stock that will allow that stock to equilibrate within OSP at 
least 95 percent of the time, and is the product of factors relating to 
the minimum population estimate of the stock (Nmin); the 
productivity rate of the stock at a small population size; and a 
recovery factor. Determination of appropriate values for these three 
elements incorporates significant precaution, such that application of 
the parameter to the management of marine mammal stocks may be 
reasonably certain to achieve the goals of the MMPA. For example, 
calculation of Nmin incorporates the precision and 
variability associated with abundance information and is intended to 
provide reasonable assurance that the stock size is equal to or greater 
than the estimate (Barlow et al., 1995). In general, the three factors 
are developed on a stock-specific basis in consideration of one another 
in order to produce conservative PBR values that appropriately account 
for both imprecision that may be estimated as well as potential bias 
stemming from lack of knowledge (Wade, 1998).
    PBR can be used as a consideration of the effects of M/SI on a 
marine mammal stock but was applied specifically to work within the 
management framework for commercial fishing incidental take. PBR cannot 
be applied appropriately outside of the section 118 regulatory 
framework for which it was designed without consideration of how it 
applies in section 118 and how other statutory management frameworks in 
the MMPA differ. PBR was not designed as an absolute threshold limiting 
commercial fisheries, but rather as a means to evaluate the relative 
impacts of those activities on marine mammal stocks. Even where 
commercial fishing is causing M/SI at levels that exceed PBR, the 
fishery is not suspended. When M/SI exceeds PBR, NMFS may develop a 
take reduction plan, usually with the assistance of a take reduction 
team. The take reduction plan will include measures to reduce and/or 
minimize the taking of marine mammals by commercial fisheries to a 
level below the stock's PBR. That is, where the total annual human-
caused M/SI exceeds PBR, NMFS is not required to halt fishing 
activities contributing to total M/SI but rather utilizes the take 
reduction process to further mitigate the effects of fishery activities 
via additional bycatch

[[Page 46816]]

reduction measures. PBR is not used to grant or deny authorization of 
commercial fisheries that may incidentally take marine mammals.
    Similarly, to the extent consideration of PBR may be relevant to 
considering the impacts of incidental take from activities other than 
commercial fisheries, using it as the sole reason to deny incidental 
take authorization for those activities would be inconsistent with 
Congress's intent under section 101(a)(5) and the use of PBR under 
section 118. The standard for authorizing incidental take under section 
101(a)(5) continues to be, among other things, whether the total taking 
will have a negligible impact on the species or stock. When Congress 
amended the MMPA in 1994 to add section 118 for commercial fishing, it 
did not alter the standards for authorizing non-commercial fishing 
incidental take under section 101(a)(5), acknowledging that negligible 
impact under section 101(a)(5) is a separate standard from PBR under 
section 118. In fact, in 1994 Congress also amended section 
101(a)(5)(E) (a separate provision governing commercial fishing 
incidental take for species listed under the Endangered Species Act) to 
add compliance with the new section 118 but kept the requirement for a 
negligible impact finding, showing that the determination of negligible 
impact and application of PBR may share certain features but are 
different.
    Since the introduction of PBR, NMFS has used the concept almost 
entirely within the context of implementing sections 117 and 118 and 
other commercial fisheries management-related provisions of the MMPA. 
The MMPA requires that PBR be estimated in stock assessment reports and 
that it be used in applications related to the management of take 
incidental to commercial fisheries (i.e., the take reduction planning 
process described in section 118 of the MMPA and the determination of 
whether a stock is ``strategic'' (16 U.S.C. 1362(19))), but nothing in 
the MMPA requires the application of PBR outside the management of 
commercial fisheries interactions with marine mammals.
    Nonetheless, NMFS recognizes that as a quantitative metric, PBR may 
be useful in certain instances as a consideration when evaluating the 
impacts of other human-caused activities on marine mammal stocks. 
Outside the commercial fishing context, and in consideration of all 
known human-caused mortality, PBR can help inform the potential effects 
of M/SI caused by activities authorized under 101(a)(5)(A) on marine 
mammal stocks. As noted by NMFS and the USFWS in our implementation 
regulations for the 1986 amendments to the MMPA (54 FR 40341, September 
29, 1989), the Services consider many factors, when available, in 
making a negligible impact determination, including, but not limited 
to, the status of the species or stock relative to OSP (if known), 
whether the recruitment rate for the species or stock is increasing, 
decreasing, stable, or unknown, the size and distribution of the 
population, and existing impacts and environmental conditions. To 
specifically use PBR, along with other factors, to evaluate the effects 
of M/SI, we first calculate a metric for each species or stock that 
incorporates information regarding ongoing anthropogenic M/SI into the 
PBR value (i.e., PBR minus the total annual anthropogenic mortality/
serious injury estimate), which is called ``residual PBR'' (Wood et 
al., 2012). We then consider how the anticipated potential incidental 
M/SI from the activities being evaluated compares to residual PBR. 
Anticipated or potential M/SI that exceeds residual PBR is considered 
to have a higher likelihood of adversely affecting rates of recruitment 
or survival, while anticipated M/SI that is equal to or less than 
residual PBR has a lower likelihood (both examples given without 
consideration of other types of take, which also factor into a 
negligible impact determination). In such cases where the anticipated 
M/SI is near, at, or above residual PBR, consideration of other 
factors, including those outlined above as well as mitigation and other 
factors (positive or negative), is especially important to assessing 
whether the M/SI will have a negligible impact on the stock. As 
described above, PBR is a conservative metric and is not intended to be 
used as a solid cap on mortality--accordingly, impacts from M/SI that 
exceed residual PBR may still potentially be found to be negligible in 
light of other factors that offset concern, especially when robust 
mitigation and adaptive management provisions are included.
    Alternately, for a species or stock with incidental M/SI less than 
10 percent of residual PBR, we consider M/SI from the specified 
activities to represent an insignificant incremental increase in 
ongoing anthropogenic M/SI that alone (i.e., in the absence of any 
other take) cannot affect annual rates of recruitment and survival. In 
a prior incidental take rulemaking and in the commercial fishing 
context, this threshold is identified as the significance threshold, 
but it is more accurately an insignificance threshold outside 
commercial fishing because it represents the level at which there is no 
need to consider other factors in determining the role of M/SI in 
affecting rates of recruitment and survival. Assuming that any 
additional incidental take by harassment would not exceed the 
negligible impact level, the anticipated M/SI caused by the activities 
being evaluated would have a negligible impact on the species or stock. 
This 10 percent was identified as a workload simplification 
consideration to avoid the need to provide unnecessary additional 
information when the conclusion is relatively obvious; but as described 
above, values above 10 percent have no particular significance 
associated with them until and unless they approach residual PBR.
    Our evaluation of the M/SI for each of the species and stocks for 
which mortality could occur follows. In addition, all mortality 
authorized for some of the same species or stocks over the next several 
years pursuant to our final rulemakings for the NMFS Southwest 
Fisheries Science Center and the NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science 
Center has been incorporated into the residual PBR.
    We first consider maximum potential incidental M/SI for each stock 
(Table 4) in consideration of NMFS's threshold for identifying 
insignificant M/SI take (10 percent of residual PBR (69 FR 43338; July 
20, 2004)). By considering the maximum potential incidental M/SI in 
relation to PBR and ongoing sources of anthropogenic mortality, we 
begin our evaluation of whether the potential incremental addition of 
M/SI through AFSC research activities may affect the species' or 
stock's annual rates of recruitment or survival. We also consider the 
interaction of those mortalities with incidental taking of that species 
or stock by harassment pursuant to the specified activity.

Summary of Estimated Incidental Take

    Here we provide a summary of the total incidental take 
authorization on an annual basis, as well as other information relevant 
to the negligible impact analysis. Table 11 shows information relevant 
to our negligible impact analysis concerning the total annual taking 
that could occur for each stock from NMFS' scientific research 
activities when considering incidental take previously authorized for 
SWFSC (80 FR 58982; September 30, 2015) and NWFSC (83 FR 36370; July 
27, 2018) and AFSC. Scientific research activities conducted by the 
SWFSC and/or NWFSC may impact the same populations of marine mammals 
expected to be impacted by IPHC survey

[[Page 46817]]

activities occurring off of the U.S. west coast. We authorize take by 
M/SI over the five-year period of validity for these regulations as 
indicated in Table 11 below. For the purposes of the negligible impact 
analysis, we assume that all of these takes could potentially be in the 
form of M/SI; PBR is not appropriate for direct assessment of the 
significance of harassment.
    For some stocks, a range is provided in the ``Total M/SI 
Authorization'' columns of Table 11 (below). In these cases, the worst 
case potential outcome is used to derive the value presented in the 
``Estimated Maximum Annual M/SI'' column (Table 11, below). For 
example, we present ranges of 13-18 and 3-8 as the total take 
authorization over five years for the eastern Pacific and California 
stocks of northern fur seal, respectively. These ranges reflect that, 
as part of the overall take authorization for AFSC, a total of five 
takes of northern fur seals are expected to occur as a result 
specifically of IPHC longline operations. These five takes are 
considered as potentially accruing to either stock; therefore, we 
assess the consequences of the take authorization for these stocks as 
though the maximum could occur to both. The ten total takes expected to 
potentially occur as a result of SWFSC and/or NWFSC survey operations 
could also occur to individuals from either stock. Similarly, we assume 
that IPHC survey operations specifically could result in incidental 
take of up to five harbor seals over the five years, and that these 
takes could occur for any stock of harbor seal (but that no more than 
one take would be expected from any given stock). Therefore, although 
only five takes are expected from IPHC activities, we assume that one 
take accrues to each of the 17 harbor seal stocks that may overlap with 
the IPHC surveys. For the NWFSC, we assumed that nine total takes of 
harbor seal could occur over five years, and that these takes could 
occur to either the California or Oregon/Washington coast stocks. Over 
five years, six total takes were expected to result from NWFSC/SWFSC 
survey operations within Washington inland waters--potentially 
occurring to any of the three stocks of harbor seals occurring in those 
waters. The value presented for ``Estimated Maximum Annual M/SI'' for 
each stock reflects these considerations. Similar considerations result 
in the ranges given for Steller sea lions (Table 11). This stock-
specific accounting does not change our expectations regarding the 
combined total number of takes that would actually occur for each 
stock, but informs our stock-specific negligible impact analysis.
    We previously authorized take of marine mammals incidental to 
fisheries research operations conducted by the SWFSC (see 80 FR 58982 
and 80 FR 68512), and NWFSC (see 81 FR 38516 and 83 FR 36370). This 
take would occur to some of the same stocks for which we authorize take 
incidental to AFSC fisheries research operations. Therefore, in order 
to evaluate the likely impact of the take by M/SI in this rule, we 
consider not only other ongoing sources of human-caused mortality but 
the potential mortality authorized for SWFSC/NWFSC. As used in this 
document, other ongoing sources of human-caused (anthropogenic) 
mortality refers to estimates of realized or actual annual mortality 
reported in the SARs and does not include authorized or unknown 
mortality. Below, we consider the total taking by M/SI for AFSC and 
previously authorized for SWFSC/NWFSC together to produce a maximum 
annual M/SI take level (including take of unidentified marine mammals 
that could accrue to any relevant stock) and compare that value to the 
stock's PBR value, considering ongoing sources of anthropogenic 
mortality (as described in footnote 4 of Table 11 and in the following 
discussion). PBR and annual M/SI values considered in Table 11 reflect 
the most recent information available (i.e., draft 2018 SARs).

                                    Table 11--Summary Information Related to AFSC Annual Take Authorization, 2019-24
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      Total annual
                                                         Level B        Percent of       AFSC/IPHC      SWFSC/NWFSC   Estimated    PBR minus
          Species \1\                   Stock          harassment       estimated       total M/SI      total M/SI     maximum    annual M/SI    Stock
                                                      authorization     population    authorization,   authorization  annual M/     (%) \5\    trend \6\
                                                           \2\          abundance       2019-24 \3\                     SI \4\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
North Pacific right whale......  ENP...............               2  6.5............               0               0          0           n/a          ?
Bowhead whale..................  Western Arctic....              42  0.2............               0               0          0           n/a     [uarr]
Gray whale.....................  ENP...............           5,579  21.7...........               0               0          0           n/a     [rarr]
Humpback whale.................  CNP...............             161  1.6............               0               0          0           n/a     [uarr]
                                 WNP...............               6  0.5............               0               0          0           n/a     [uarr]
Minke whale....................  Alaska............               8  0.2 \8\........               0               0          0           n/a          ?
Sei whale......................  ENP...............               2  0.4............               0               0          0           n/a     [uarr]
Fin whale......................  Northeast Pacific.              40  3.9 \8\........               0               0          0           n/a     [uarr]
Blue whale.....................  ENP...............               1  0.1............               0               0          0           n/a     [rarr]
Sperm whale....................  North Pacific.....              22  Unknown........               2               0        0.4             ?          ?
Cuvier's beaked whale..........  Alaska............               2  Unknown........               0               0          0           n/a          ?
Baird's beaked whale...........  Alaska............               8  Unknown........               0               0          0           n/a          ?
Stejneger's beaked whale.......  Alaska............              15  Unknown........               0               0          0           n/a          ?
Beluga whale...................  Beaufort Sea......               3  0.0............               1               0        0.2             ?  [uarr] or
                                                                                                                                                  [rarr]
                                 Eastern Chukchi                  3  0.1............               1               0        0.2             ?          ?
                                  Sea.
                                 Eastern Bering Sea             939  13.4...........               0               0          0           n/a          ?
                                 Bristol Bay.......               0  n/a............               0               0          0           n/a     [uarr]
                                 Cook Inlet........               3  0.9............               0               0          0           n/a     [darr]
Bottlenose dolphin.............  CA/OR/WA Offshore.               0  n/a............               1              11        2.8    9.4 (29.8)          ?
Common dolphin.................  CA/OR/WA..........               0  n/a............               1              15        3.6   8,353 (0.0)     [uarr]
Pacific white-sided dolphin....  NP................              54  0.2............               6               0        1.6             ?          ?
Risso's dolphin................  CA/OR/WA..........               0  n/a............               1              20        4.6   42.3 (10.9)          ?
Killer whale...................  ENP Offshore......              67  22.3...........               0               0        n/a           n/a          ?
                                 West Coast                      13  5.3............               0               0        n/a           n/a     [uarr]
                                  Transient.
                                 AT1 Transient.....               2  28.6...........               0               0        n/a           n/a     [darr]
                                 ENP Gulf of                     14  2.4............               0               0        n/a           n/a     [rarr]
                                  Alaska, Aleutian
                                  Islands, and
                                  Bering Sea
                                  Transient.
                                 ENP Northern                     6  2.3............               0               0        n/a           n/a     [uarr]
                                  Resident.
                                 ENP Alaska                      24  1.0............               2               0        0.4      23 (1.7)     [uarr]
                                  Resident.
Short-finned pilot whale.......  CA/OR/WA..........               0  n/a............               1               2        0.6    3.3 (18.2)          ?
Harbor porpoise................  Southeast Alaska..             358  12.4 \8\.......               1               0        0.2             ?  [darr] or
                                                                                                                                                  [rarr]
                                 Gulf of Alaska....             650  2.1............               2               0        0.8             ?          ?

[[Page 46818]]

 
                                 Bering Sea........           1,746  3.6............               1               0        0.4             ?          ?
Dall's porpoise................  CA/OR/WA..........               0  n/a............               1               8        2.2   171.7 (1.3)          ?
                                 Alaska............           5,343  6.4............              14               0        3.4             ?          ?
Northern fur seal..............  Pribilof Islands/            1,576  0.3............           13-18              10        7.0  10,838 (0.1)     [darr]
                                  Eastern Pacific.
                                 California........             143  1.0............             3-8  ..............        4.6   449.2 (1.0)     [uarr]
California sea lion............  United States.....               0  n/a............               1              35        8.0  13,692 (0.1)     [uarr]
Steller sea lion...............  Eastern U.S.......             914  2.2............            7-12              19        7.4   2,390 (0.3)     [uarr]
                                 Western U.S.......           3,526  6.5............           13-18               0        4.6      74 (6.2)      \7\ ?
Bearded seal...................  Alaska (Beringia             1,727  0.6............               2               0        0.8   7,653 (0.0)          ?
                                  DPS).
Harbor seal....................  California........               0  n/a............               1            5-14        3.6   1,598 (0.2)     [rarr]
                                 OR/WA Coast.......               0  n/a............               1            2-11        2.2             ?     [rarr]
                                 Washington Inland                0  n/a............               1               6        1.6             ?     [rarr]
                                  Waters.
                                 Clarence Strait...             242  0.8............               2               0        0.8   1,181 (0.1)     [uarr]
                                 Dixon/Cape                     153  0.8............               2               0        0.8     634 (0.1)     [uarr]
                                  Decision.
                                 Sitka/Chatham                  965  6.5............               3               0        1.0     483 (0.2)     [uarr]
                                  Strait.
                                 Lynn Canal/                    109  1.2............               2               0        0.8     105 (0.8)     [darr]
                                  Stephens Passage.
                                 Glacier Bay/Icy                 69  1.0............               2               0        0.8      65 (1.2)     [uarr]
                                  Strait.
                                 Cook Inlet/                  2,622  9.6............               2               0        0.8     536 (0.1)     [uarr]
                                  Shelikof Strait.
                                 Prince William               3,194  10.7...........               3               0        1.0     559 (0.2)     [darr]
                                  Sound.
                                 South Kodiak......           3,809  19.8...........               2               0        0.8     186 (0.4)     [darr]
                                 North Kodiak......             906  10.9...........               2               0        0.8     261 (0.3)     [uarr]
                                 Bristol Bay.......             187  0.6............               2               0        0.8   1,040 (0.1)     [uarr]
                                 Pribilof Islands..              29  12.5...........               2               0        0.8      7 (11.4)     [rarr]
                                 Aleutian Islands..             301  4.7............               2               0        0.8      83 (1.0)     [uarr]
Spotted seal...................  Alaska............           2,106  0.5............               3               0        1.2  12,368 (0.0)          ?
Ringed seal....................  Alaska............           2,066  1.2 \8\........               4               0        1.6             ?          ?
Ribbon seal....................  Alaska............           1,404  0.8............               2               0        0.8       9,781.1          ?
                                                                                                                                        (0.0)
Northern elephant seal.........  California                      52  0.0............               1              10        2.6       4,873.2     [uarr]
                                  Breeding.                                                                                             (0.1)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please see Tables 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10 and preceding text for details.
\1\ For some species with multiple stocks, indicated level of take could occur to individuals from any stock (as indicated in table). For some stocks, a
  range is presented.
\2\ Level B harassment totals include estimated take due to acoustic harassment and, for harbor seals and Steller sea lions, estimated take due to
  physical disturbance. Active acoustic devices are not used for data acquisition by IPHC; therefore, no takes by acoustic harassment are expected for
  stocks that occur entirely outside of Alaskan waters.
\3\ As explained earlier in this document, gear interaction could result in mortality, serious injury, or Level A harassment. Because we do not have
  sufficient information to enable us to parse out these outcomes, we present such take as a pool. For purposes of this negligible impact analysis we
  assume the worst case scenario (that all such takes incidental to research activities result in mortality).
\4\ This column represents the total number of incidents of M/SI that could potentially accrue to the specified species or stock as a result of NMFS's
  fisheries research activities and is the number carried forward for evaluation in the negligible impact analysis (later in this document). To reach
  this total, we add one to the total for each pinniped that may be captured in trawl gear in each of the three AFSC research areas; one to the total
  for each pinniped that may be captured in AFSC longline gear in the GOARA and BSAIRA; and one to the total for each pinniped that may be captured in
  IPHC longline gear. We also add one to the total of each small cetacean that may be captured in trawl gear in the GOARA and BSAIRA and one to the
  total of each small cetacean that may be captured in gillnet gear (GOARA only). This represents the potential that the take of an unidentified
  pinniped or small cetacean could accrue to any given stock captured in that gear in that area. The take authorization is formulated as a five-year
  total; the annual average is used only for purposes of negligible impact analysis. We recognize that portions of an animal may not be taken in a given
  year.
\5\ This value represents the calculated PBR less the average annual estimate of ongoing anthropogenic mortalities (i.e., total annual human-caused M/
  SI, which is presented in the SARs) (see Table 1). In parentheses, we provide the estimated maximum annual M/SI expressed as a percentage of this
  value. For some stocks, a minimum population abundance value (and therefore PBR) is unavailable. In these cases, the proportion of estimated
  population abundance represented by the Level B harassment total and/or the proportion of residual PBR represented by the estimated maximum annual M/
  SI cannot be calculated.
\6\ See relevant SARs for more information regarding stock status and trends. Interannual increases may not be interpreted as evidence of a trend. Based
  on the most recent abundance estimates, harbor seal stocks may have reached carrying capacity and appear stable. A time series of stock-specific
  abundance estimates for harbor porpoise shows either increasing or stable estimates, but it is not statistically valid to infer a trend.
\7\ For western Steller sea lions, it is not appropriate to identify a single trend. Using data collected through 2017, there is strong evidence that
  non-pup and pup counts increased at ~2 percent per year between 2002 and 2017. However, there are strong regional differences across the range in
  Alaska, with positive trends east of Samalga Pass (~170[deg] W) in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea and negative trends to the west in the
  Aleutian Islands. For more information, please see the draft 2018 SAR.
\8\ No official abundance estimate is provided for these stocks; however, we use the best available information regarding population abundance for
  comparison with the total annual Level B harassment authorization. For the minke whale, surveys covering portions of the stock range provide a partial
  abundance estimate of 2,020 (CV = 0.73) + 1,233 (CV = 0.34) whales. For the fin whale, we use the minimum abundance estimate provided for a portion of
  the stock range (1,036 whales). Surveys in 2010-2012 provide an abundance estimate of 398 (CV = 0.12) + 577 (CV = 0.14) harbor porpoises in southeast
  Alaska. However, the resulting total of 975 is not corrected for observer perception bias and porpoise availability at the surface, which is
  particularly influential for estimates of porpoise abundance. Therefore, we apply a previously estimated correction factor of 2.96 (Hobbs and Waite,
  2010) to this estimate for a provisional abundance estimate of 2,886. For the ringed seal, a partial abundance estimate (that does not account for
  availability bias) of 170,000 seals is given. For more information, please see the relevant SARs.

    Analysis--The majority of stocks that may potentially be taken by 
M/SI (25 of 41) fall below the insignificance threshold (i.e., 10 
percent of residual PBR), while an additional 11 stocks do not have 
current PBR values and therefore are evaluated using other factors. We 
first consider stocks expected to be affected only by behavioral 
harassment and those stocks that fall below the insignificance 
threshold. Next, we consider those stocks above the insignificance 
threshold (i.e., the offshore stock of bottlenose dolphin, Risso's 
dolphin, short-finned pilot whale, and the Pribilof Islands stock of 
harbor seal) and those without PBR values (harbor seal stocks along the 
Oregon and Washington coasts and in Washington inland waters; two 
stocks of beluga whale; three stocks of harbor porpoise; sperm whale; 
Pacific white-sided dolphin; the Alaska stock of Dall's porpoise; and 
the ringed seal).
    As described in greater depth previously (see ``Acoustic Effects'' 
in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (August 1, 2018; 83 FR 37638)), we 
do not believe that AFSC use of active acoustic sources has the likely 
potential to cause any effect exceeding Level B harassment of marine 
mammals. We

[[Page 46819]]

have produced what we believe to be precautionary estimates of 
potential incidents of Level B harassment. There is a general lack of 
information related to the specific way that these acoustic signals, 
which are generally highly directional and transient, interact with the 
physical environment and to a meaningful understanding of marine mammal 
perception of these signals and occurrence in the areas where AFSC 
operates. The procedure for producing these estimates, described in 
detail in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (August 1, 2018; 83 FR 
37638; ``Estimated Take Due to Acoustic Harassment''), represents 
NMFS's best effort towards balancing the need to quantify the potential 
for occurrence of Level B harassment with this general lack of 
information. The sources considered here have moderate to high output 
frequencies, generally short ping durations, and are typically focused 
(highly directional) to serve their intended purpose of mapping 
specific objects, depths, or environmental features. In addition, some 
of these sources can be operated in different output modes (e.g., 
energy can be distributed among multiple output beams) that may lessen 
the likelihood of perception by and potential impacts on marine mammals 
in comparison with the quantitative estimates that guide our estimated 
take numbers. We also produced estimates of incidents of potential 
Level B harassment due to disturbance of hauled-out pinnipeds that may 
result from the physical presence of researchers; these estimates are 
combined with the estimates of Level B harassment that may result from 
use of active acoustic devices.
    Here, we consider authorized Level B harassment less than five 
percent of population abundance to be de minimis, while authorized 
Level B harassment between 5[hyphen]15 percent is low. A moderate 
amount of authorized taking by Level B harassment would be from 15-25 
percent, and high above 25 percent. Of the 49 stocks that may be 
subject to Level B harassment, the level of taking would represent a de 
minimis impact for 31 stocks and a low impact for an additional ten 
stocks. We do not consider these impacts further for these 41 stocks. 
The level of taking by Level B harassment would represent a moderate 
impact on three additional stocks, the South Kodiak stock of harbor 
seals, the gray whale, and the offshore stock of killer whales. No 
taking by M/SI is authorized for the latter two stocks, whereas M/SI is 
authorized for the harbor seal stock. Therefore, we consider these 
potential impacts in conjunction with the level of taking by M/SI. The 
annual taking by M/SI projected for this stock equates to less than one 
percent of residual PBR; therefore we do not consider this stock 
further. The total taking by Level B harassment represents a high level 
of impact for one stock (AT1 stock of killer whale). We discuss this in 
further detail below. For an additional four stocks (sperm whale and 
Alaska stocks of three beaked whale species), there is no abundance 
estimate upon which to base a comparison. However, we note that the 
anticipated number of incidents of take by Level B harassment are very 
low (2-22 for these four stocks) and likely represent a de minimis 
impact on these stocks.
    As described previously, there is some minimal potential for 
temporary effects to hearing for certain marine mammals, but most 
effects would likely be limited to temporary behavioral disturbance. 
Effects on individuals that are taken by Level B harassment will likely 
be limited to reactions such as increased swimming speeds, increased 
surfacing time, or decreased foraging (if such activity were 
occurring), reactions that are considered to be of low severity (e.g., 
Ellison et al., 2012). Individuals may move away from the source if 
disturbed; but, because the source is itself moving and because of the 
directional nature of the sources considered here, there is unlikely to 
be even temporary displacement from areas of significance and any 
disturbance would be of short duration. Although there is no 
information on which to base any distinction between incidents of 
harassment and individuals harassed, the same factors, in conjunction 
with the fact that AFSC survey effort is widely dispersed in space and 
time, indicate that repeated exposures of the same individuals would be 
very unlikely. For these reasons, we do not consider the level of take 
by acoustic disturbance to represent a significant additional 
population stressor when considered in context with the level of take 
by M/SI for any species, including those for which no abundance 
estimate is available.
    There are no additional impacts other than Level B harassment 
expected for the AT1 stock of killer whales. It should be noted that 
the AT1 stock of transient killer whales has a critically low 
population abundance of seven whales. Although the estimate of take by 
Level B harassment is at 29 percent, this represents only two estimated 
incidents of temporary and insignificant behavioral disruption, which 
would not be expected to affect annual rates of recruitment or survival 
for the stock. We do not discuss this stock further.
    Similarly, disturbance of pinnipeds on haul-outs by researchers 
(expected for harbor seals and Steller sea lions in the GOARA and 
BSAIRA) are expected to be infrequent and cause only a temporary 
disturbance on the order of minutes. As noted previously, monitoring 
results from other activities involving the disturbance of pinnipeds 
and relevant studies of pinniped populations that experience more 
regular vessel disturbance indicate that individually significant or 
population level impacts are unlikely to occur. When considering the 
individual animals likely affected by this disturbance, only a small 
fraction of the estimated population abundance of the affected stocks 
would be expected to experience the disturbance.
    For Risso's dolphin, short-finned pilot whale, and the offshore 
stock of bottlenose dolphin, maximum total potential M/SI due to NMFS' 
fisheries research activity (SWFSC, NWFSC, and AFSC combined) is 
approximately 11, 18, and 30 percent of residual PBR, respectively. For 
example, PBR for Risso's dolphin is currently set at 46 and the annual 
average of known ongoing anthropogenic M/SI is 3.7, yielding a residual 
PBR value of 42.3. The maximum combined annual average M/SI incidental 
to NMFS fisheries research activity is 4.6, or 10.9 percent of residual 
PBR. The only known source of other anthropogenic mortality for these 
species is in commercial fisheries. For the Risso's dolphin and 
offshore stock of bottlenose dolphin, such take is considered to be 
insignificant and approaching zero mortality and serious injury. This 
is not the case for the short-finned pilot whale; however, the annual 
take from fisheries (1.2) and from NMFS's fisheries research (0.6) are 
both very low. There are no other factors that would lead us to believe 
that take by M/SI of 18 percent of residual PBR would be problematic 
for this species. Total potential M/SI due to NMFS' fisheries research 
activity is approximately 11 percent of residual PBR for the Pribilof 
Islands stock of harbor seals. However, there are no other known 
sources of anthropogenic M/SI for this stock or other known significant 
stressors; therefore, there is no indication that the take by M/SI of 
11 percent of residual PBR would be problematic for this stock.
    PBR is unknown for harbor seals on the Oregon and Washington coasts 
and in Washington inland waters (comprised of the Hood Canal, southern 
Puget Sound, and Washington northern

[[Page 46820]]

inland waters stocks). The Hood Canal, southern Puget Sound, and 
Washington northern inland waters stocks were formerly a single inland 
waters stock. Both the Oregon/Washington coast and Washington inland 
waters stocks of harbor seal were considered to be stable following the 
most recent abundance estimates (in 1999, stock abundances were 
estimated at 24,732 and 13,692, respectively). However, a Washington 
Department of Fish and Wildlife expert (S. Jeffries) stated an 
unofficial abundance of 32,000 harbor seals in Washington (Mapes, 
2013). Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that at worst, the stocks 
have not declined since the last abundance estimates. Ongoing 
anthropogenic mortality is estimated at 10.6 harbor seals per year for 
the coastal stock and 13.4 for inland waters seals; therefore, we 
reasonably assume that the maximum potential annual M/SI incidental to 
NMFS' fisheries research activities (2.2 and 1.6, respectively) is a 
small fraction of any sustainable take level that might be calculated 
for either stock.
    As noted above, PBR is also undetermined for the sperm whale, 
Pacific white-sided dolphin, two stocks of beluga whale, three stocks 
of harbor porpoise, Alaska stock of Dall's porpoise, and the ringed 
seal. We follow a similar approach as for harbor seals (see above) in 
evaluating the significance of the proposed M/SI by describing 
available information regarding population abundance and other sources 
of anthropogenic M/SI.
     Rice (1989) estimated that there were 930,000 sperm whales 
in the North Pacific following the conclusion of commercial whaling. 
However, this estimate included areas beyond the range of the U.S. 
North Pacific stock of sperm whales. Kato and Miyashita (1998) produced 
an estimate of 102,112 (CV = 0.155) sperm whales in the western North 
Pacific. However, this estimate is considered to be positively biased, 
and includes whales outside of Alaskan waters. Commercial fishing is 
the only other source of ongoing anthropogenic M/SI, which is estimated 
to be 3.7 whales per year. When considered in conjunction with the 
maximum total annual M/SI anticipated as a result of NMFS fisheries 
research activities (0.4), we expect that the resulting total annual M/
SI (4.1) is a small fraction of any sustainable take level that might 
be calculated for the stock.
     Historically, the minimum population estimate for the 
Central North Pacific stock of Pacific white-sided dolphin was 26,880, 
based on the sum of abundance estimates for four separate survey blocks 
north of 45[deg]N from surveys conducted during 1987-1990, reported in 
Buckland et al. (1993). This was considered a minimum estimate because 
the abundance of animals in a fifth block, which straddled the boundary 
of the two stocks for this species, was not included in the estimate 
for the North Pacific stock. In addition, much of the potential habitat 
for this stock was not surveyed between 1987 and 1990 (Muto et al., 
2018). Using this minimum abundance estimate in the PBR equation, 
assuming the default 4 percent productivity rate and a recovery factor 
of 0.5 (as recommended for stocks of unknown status), produces a PBR 
value of 268.8. There are no other sources of anthropogenic M/SI for 
this stock. The maximum total annual M/SI anticipated as a result of 
NMFS fisheries research activities (1.6) would represent 0.6 percent of 
residual PBR.
     The historical abundance estimates available in the SARs 
for the Beaufort Sea and eastern Chukchi stocks of beluga whale allow 
for calculation of residual PBR values of 510 and 177, respectively. 
The authorized takes by M/SI for these two stocks are therefore less 
than 0.1 percent and 0.1 percent, respectively, of the residual PBR 
values.
     For the Alaska stock of Dall's porpoise, no current 
estimate of minimum population abundance is available. However, an 
abundance estimate of 83,400 was estimated on the basis of data 
collected form 1987-1991 (Hobbs and Lerczak, 1993). Using this 
population estimate and its associated CV of 0.097, the minimum 
abundance would be 76,874. Using this estimate with the default 
productivity rate and the recovery factor for stocks expected to be 
within the OSP level (Buckland et al., 1993), a PBR value of 1,537.5 
may be calculated. Accounting for ongoing M/SI due to commercial 
fisheries, the maximum total annual M/SI anticipated as a result of 
NMFS fisheries research activities (3.4) would represent 0.2 percent of 
residual PBR.
     For the Bering Sea stock of harbor porpoise, a minimum 
abundance estimate of 40,039 was calculated by Hobbs and Waite (2010) 
on the basis of a partial abundance estimate, derived from 1999 aerial 
surveys of Bristol Bay. Although this estimate is formally considered 
outdated for use in calculating PBR values, we use it here in the same 
way as the Pacific white-sided dolphin and Dall's porpoise, addressed 
above. As for the Pacific white-sided dolphin, we use the default 
productivity rate and recovery factor for stocks of unknown status to 
calculate a PBR value of 400.4. Accounting for minimal fisheries 
mortality, the maximum total annual M/SI anticipated as a result of 
NMFS fisheries research activities (0.4) would represent 0.1 percent of 
residual PBR.
     For the Gulf of Alaska stock of harbor porpoise, a minimum 
abundance estimate of 25,987 was calculated by Hobbs and Waite (2010) 
on the basis of an abundance estimate derived from 1998 aerial surveys 
of the western Gulf of Alaska. Using the default productivity rate and 
recovery factor for stocks of unknown status, we calculate a nominal 
PBR value of 259.9. Accounting for relatively significant ongoing 
fisheries mortality, the maximum total annual M/SI anticipated as a 
result of NMFS fisheries research activities (0.8) would represent 0.4 
percent of residual PBR.
     A negatively biased minimum abundance estimate of 896 was 
calculated for the southeast Alaska stock of harbor porpoise on the 
basis of 2010-2012 aerial surveys (Muto et al., 2018). The estimate is 
negatively biased because it does not account for observer perception 
bias and porpoise availability at the surface. However, use of a widely 
accepted correction factor (2.96) provides a minimum abundance estimate 
of 2,652 and a corresponding PBR value of 26.5. This PBR value is less 
than estimated annual ongoing mortality due to commercial fisheries 
(34). However, the maximum total annual M/SI anticipated as a result of 
NMFS fisheries research activities (0.2) represents a minimum potential 
take of one animal over the 5-year period and would represent an 
insignificant incremental addition to the total annual M/SI (0.6 
percent).
     Although NMFS does not provide a formal PBR value for the 
ringed seal, Muto et al. (2018) provide a minimum abundance estimate of 
170,000 seals in the U.S. sector of the Bering Sea. This is not 
considered a reliable estimate for the stock because it does not 
account for seals in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. However, as this is 
a conservative minimum abundance estimate, we use the corresponding PBR 
value of 5,100 given by Muto et al. (2018). Accounting for minimal 
ongoing M/SI due to commercial fisheries, as well as ongoing 
subsistence harvest of ringed seals, the maximum total annual M/SI 
anticipated as a result of NMFS fisheries research activities (1.6) 
would represent 0.04 percent of residual PBR.
    In summary, our negligible impact analysis is founded on the 
following factors: (1) The possibility of injury, serious injury, or 
mortality from the use of active acoustic devices may reasonably be 
considered discountable; (2) the anticipated incidents of Level B

[[Page 46821]]

harassment from the use of active acoustic devices and physical 
disturbance of pinnipeds consist of, at worst, temporary and relatively 
minor modifications in behavior; (3) the predicted number of incidents 
of potential mortality are at insignificant levels for a majority of 
affected stocks; (4) consideration of additional factors for Risso's 
dolphin, short-finned pilot whale, the offshore stock of bottlenose 
dolphin, and the Pribilof Islands stock of harbor seal do not reveal 
cause for concern; (5) total maximum potential M/SI incidental to NMFS 
fisheries research activity for southeast Alaska harbor porpoise, 
considered in conjunction with other sources of ongoing mortality, 
presents only a minimal incremental additional to total M/SI; (6) 
available information regarding stocks for which no current PBR 
estimate is available indicates that total maximum potential M/SI is 
sustainable; and (7) the presumed efficacy of the planned mitigation 
measures in reducing the effects of the specified activity to the level 
of least practicable adverse impact. In combination, we believe that 
these factors demonstrate that the specified activity will have only 
short-term effects on individuals (resulting from Level B harassment) 
and that the total level of taking will not impact rates of recruitment 
or survival sufficiently to result in population-level impacts.
    Based on the analysis contained herein of the likely effects of the 
specified activity on marine mammals and their habitat, and taking into 
consideration the implementation of the proposed monitoring and 
mitigation measures, we find that the total marine mammal take from the 
proposed activities will have a negligible impact on the affected 
marine mammal species or stocks.

Small Numbers

    As noted above, only small numbers of incidental take may be 
authorized under Section 101(a)(5)(A) of the MMPA for specified 
activities. The MMPA does not define small numbers and so, in practice, 
where estimated numbers are available, NMFS compares the number of 
individuals taken to the most appropriate estimation of abundance of 
the relevant species or stock in our determination of whether an 
authorization is limited to small numbers of marine mammals. 
Additionally, other qualitative factors may be considered in the 
analysis, such as the temporal or spatial scale of the activities.
    Please see Table 11 for information relating to this small numbers 
analysis. The total amount of taking to be authorized is less than five 
percent for a majority of stocks, and the total amount of taking to be 
authorized is less than one-third of the stock abundance for all 
stocks.
    Based on the analysis contained herein of the planned activity 
(including the required mitigation and monitoring measures) and the 
anticipated take of marine mammals, NMFS finds that small numbers of 
marine mammals will be taken relative to the population size of the 
affected species or stocks.

Impact on Availability of Affected Species for Taking for Subsistence 
Uses

    In order to issue an LOA, NMFS must find that the specified 
activity will not have an ``unmitigable adverse impact'' on the 
subsistence uses of the affected marine mammal species or stocks by 
Alaskan Natives. NMFS has defined ``unmitigable adverse impact'' in 50 
CFR 216.103 as an impact resulting from the specified activity that:
    (1) Is likely to reduce the availability of the species to a level 
insufficient for a harvest to meet subsistence needs by:
    (i) Causing the marine mammals to abandon or avoid hunting areas;
    (ii) Directly displacing subsistence users; or
    (iii) Placing physical barriers between the marine mammals and the 
subsistence hunters; and
    (2) cannot be sufficiently mitigated by other measures to increase 
the availability of marine mammals to allow subsistence needs to be 
met.
    As described in this preamble, the AFSC requested authorization of 
take incidental to fisheries research activities within Alaskan waters. 
The planned activities have the potential to result in M/SI of marine 
mammals as a result of incidental interaction with research gear, and 
have the potential to result in incidental Level B harassment of marine 
mammals as a result of the use of active acoustic devices or because of 
the physical presence of researchers at locations where pinnipeds may 
be hauled out. These activities also have the potential to result in 
impacts on the availability of marine mammals for subsistence uses. The 
AFSC is aware of this potential and is committed to implementing 
actions to avoid or to minimize any such effects to Alaska Native 
subsistence communities. The AFSC addresses the potential for their 
research activities to impact subsistence uses on the following 
factors:

Actions That May Cause Marine Mammals To Abandon or Avoid Hunting Areas

    Some AFSC fisheries research efforts use high-frequency mapping and 
fish-finding sonars to assess abundance and distribution of target 
stocks of fish. The high frequency transient sound sources operated by 
the AFSC are used for a wide variety of environmental and remote-object 
sensing in the marine environment. These acoustic sources, which are 
present on most AFSC fishery research vessels, include a variety of 
single, dual, and multi-beam echosounders, sources used to determine 
the orientation of trawl nets, and several current profilers. Some of 
these acoustic sources are likely to be audible to some marine mammal 
species. Among the marine mammals, most of these sources are unlikely 
to be audible to whales and most pinnipeds, whereas they may be 
detected by odontocete cetaceans (and particularly high frequency 
specialists such as harbor porpoise). There is relatively little direct 
information about behavioral responses of marine mammals, including the 
odontocete cetaceans to these devices, but the responses that have been 
measured in a variety of species to audible sounds suggest that the 
most likely behavioral responses (if any) would be localized short-term 
avoidance behavior (see ``Potential Effects of Specified Activities on 
Marine Mammals and their Habitat'' in our Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 
(August 1, 2018; 83 FR 37638)). As a general conclusion, while some of 
the active acoustic sources used during AFSC fisheries research surveys 
are likely to be detected by some marine species (particularly phocid 
pinnipeds and odontocete cetaceans), the sound sources with potential 
for disturbance would be temporary and transient in any particular 
location as the research vessels move through an area. Any changes in 
marine mammal behavior in response to the sound sources or physical 
presence of the research vessel would likely involve temporary 
avoidance behavior in the vicinity of the research vessel and would 
return to normal after the vessel passed. Given the small number of 
research vessels involved and their infrequent and inconsistent 
presence in any given area from day to day, it is unlikely that the 
activity would cause animals to avoid any particular area.
    Most AFSC fisheries research activities occur well away from land 
and, in cases where they do approach land, include mitigation measures 
to minimize the risk of disturbing

[[Page 46822]]

pinnipeds hauled out on land. Any incidental disturbance of pinnipeds 
on haul-outs would likely be infrequent and result in temporary or 
short term changes in behavior. This sporadic and temporary type of 
disturbance is not likely to result in a change in use or abandonment 
of a known haul-out.
    AFSC fisheries research activities generally are highly transient 
and short term (e.g., several hours to a day in any one location) in 
duration and take place well out to sea, far from coastal or ice pack 
subsistence hunting activities. It is possible, albeit unlikely, for 
these fisheries research sound sources to interact with migratory 
species hunted for subsistence such that there could be short term 
alterations in migratory pathways. However, as described in the AFSC 
Communication Plan (Appendix B of AFSC's application), the AFSC will 
work with subsistence users to identify important areas for marine 
mammals and subsistence hunters early in the planning process as well 
as in real time to identify the potential for overlap between migratory 
pathways, key hunting regions and seasons, and proposed fisheries 
research. This communication should lead to avoidance of any issues of 
displacement of marine mammals and their prey.

Activities That May Directly Displace Subsistence Users

    AFSC fisheries research primarily utilizes ocean-going ships 
generally suited for offshore work. These vessels are not designed to 
work in or near sea ice where much of the subsistence harvest of 
pinnipeds occurs; thus research activities are most likely to occur 
outside of periods when this type of hunting occurs. Due to the desire 
to avoid disturbing pinnipeds hauled out on land, these ships largely 
avoid nearshore routes that might otherwise put them in the path of 
seal hunters.
    Bowhead whale hunts may occur near sea ice in the spring or in open 
water in the fall. AFSC fisheries research is only conducted during the 
open water season in the Arctic so there is no risk of potential 
interference with subsistence hunts in the spring. However, AFSC 
fisheries research vessels may be present in whale hunting areas in the 
fall and could potentially interfere with subsistence activities. The 
communications plan is designed to minimize the risk of any such 
interference by advance planning and communication between AFSC 
scientists and subsistence hunting organizations (e.g., Alaska Eskimo 
Whaling Commission) and real-time communication between AFSC research 
vessels as they approach subsistence areas and nearby coastal community 
contacts. The AFSC is committed to alter its research plans to address 
any concerns about potential interference and to avoid any such 
interference in the field.
    AFSC fisheries research vessels make port calls in established 
harbors and ports, thus reducing the chances for interaction with the 
transit of hunters to and from coastal villages to nearby hunting 
regions. As described in the Communication Plan provided as Appendix B 
of AFSC's application, in those rare cases where a research vessel may 
need to anchor offshore from a subsistence community, AFSC personnel 
will, within the limits of maritime safety, direct the ship to a 
predetermined location in coordination with the local subsistence 
community so as to avoid interfering with those activities.

Activities That May Place Physical Barriers (Vessels and Gear) Between 
the Marine Mammals and the Subsistence Hunters

    The AFSC uses a variety of towed nets and sampling gear to conduct 
its fisheries and ecosystem research. However, current operational 
guidelines designed to reduce incidental catch of marine mammals 
include measures that direct activities away from marine mammals near 
the research vessel (move-on rule). These measures will reduce the 
possibility for placing any barriers between subsistence hunters and 
their marine mammal prey. As outlined in the Communication Plan, AFSC 
will not deploy such research gear when subsistence hunters have been 
visually observed in the area.
    AFSC fisheries research will also strive to avoid working in any 
areas when migrating species are present in the immediate vicinity. Per 
the Communication Plan, the AFSC will coordinate both in advance and in 
real time with known marine mammal hunting communities within the 
immediate vicinity of research to avoid any interactions between 
hunting activity and fisheries research vessels or gear.
    We provided AFSC's draft Communication Plan (Appendix B of their 
application) to the public and invited comment on the document. No 
comments were received in relation to the Plan; therefore, we find that 
the plan is appropriate for minimizing the potential for impacts to 
subsistence uses of marine mammals. The AFSC is committed to conducting 
its activities in ways that do not affect the availability of marine 
mammals to subsistence hunters. The AFSC will implement standard 
operational procedures and mitigation measures to minimize direct 
impacts on marine mammals and will work with Alaska Native 
organizations and coastal communities to develop effective 
communication protocols to minimize the risk of potential interference 
with subsistence activities. The AFSC will thus work to ensure that its 
research activities do not negatively impact the availability of marine 
mammals to Alaska Native subsistence users.
    Based on the description of the specified activity, the measures 
described to minimize adverse effects on the availability of marine 
mammals for subsistence purposes, and the required mitigation and 
monitoring measures, we have determined that there will not be an 
unmitigable adverse impact on subsistence uses from AFSC's activities.

Adaptive Management

    The regulations governing the take of marine mammals incidental to 
AFSC fisheries research survey operations contain an adaptive 
management component. The inclusion of an adaptive management component 
will be both valuable and necessary within the context of five-year 
regulations for activities that have been associated with marine mammal 
mortality.
    The reporting requirements associated with this rule are designed 
to provide OPR with monitoring data from the previous year to allow 
consideration of whether any changes are appropriate. OPR and the AFSC 
will meet annually to discuss the monitoring reports and current 
science and whether mitigation or monitoring modifications are 
appropriate. The use of adaptive management allows OPR to consider new 
information from different sources to determine (with input from the 
AFSC regarding practicability) on an annual or biennial basis if 
mitigation or monitoring measures should be modified (including 
additions or deletions). Mitigation measures could be modified if new 
data suggests that such modifications would have a reasonable 
likelihood of reducing adverse effects to marine mammals and if the 
measures are practicable.
    The following are some of the possible sources of applicable data 
to be considered through the adaptive management process: (1) Results 
from monitoring reports, as required by MMPA authorizations; (2) 
results from general marine mammal and sound research; and (3) any 
information which reveals that marine mammals may have been taken in a 
manner, extent, or

[[Page 46823]]

number not authorized by these regulations or subsequent LOAs.

National Environmental Policy Act

    To comply with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA; 
42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and NOAA Administrative Order (NAO) 216-6A, 
NMFS must evaluate our proposed action (i.e., the promulgation of 
regulations and subsequent issuance of incidental take authorization) 
and alternatives with respect to potential impacts on the human 
environment. Accordingly, NMFS prepared an Environmental Assessment 
(EA; Programmatic Environmental Assessment for Fisheries and Ecosystem 
Research Conducted and Funded by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center) 
to consider the environmental impacts associated with the AFSC's 
proposed activities as well as the issuance of the regulations and 
subsequent incidental take authorization. We made the EA available to 
the public for review and comment, in relation to its suitability for 
use by OPR as an assessment of the impacts to the human environment of 
issuance of regulations and subsequent LOAs to AFSC. OPR subsequently 
signed a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). The final PEA is 
available on request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT) and the 
FONSI is posted online at: www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/incidental-take-authorization-noaa-fisheries-afsc-fisheries-and-ecosystem-research.

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

    There are multiple marine mammal species listed under the ESA with 
confirmed or possible occurrence in the specified geographical regions 
(see Table 1). The authorization of incidental take pursuant to the 
AFSC's specified activity would not affect any designated critical 
habitat. OPR requested initiation of consultation with NMFS's Alaska 
Regional Office (AKRO) under section 7 of the ESA on the promulgation 
of five-year regulations and the subsequent issuance of LOAs to AFSC 
under section 101(a)(5)(A) of the MMPA.
    On April 5, 2019, the AKRO issued a biological opinion to OPR and 
to the AFSC (concerning the conduct of the specified activities) which 
concluded that the issuance of the authorizations is not likely to 
jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species, including 
marine mammals.

Classification

    Pursuant to the procedures established to implement Executive Order 
12866, the Office of Management and Budget has determined that this 
rule is not significant.
    Pursuant to section 605(b) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), 
the Chief Counsel for Regulation of the Department of Commerce 
certified to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business 
Administration at the proposed rule stage that this action will not 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. AFSC is the sole entity that would be subject to the 
requirements of these regulations, and the AFSC is not a small 
governmental jurisdiction, small organization, or small business, as 
defined by the RFA. No comments were received regarding this 
certification or on the economic impacts of the rule more generally. As 
a result, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required and none 
has been prepared.
    Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person is required 
to respond to nor shall a person be subject to a penalty for failure to 
comply with a collection of information subject to the requirements of 
the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) unless that collection of information 
displays a currently valid OMB control number. However, this rule does 
not contain a collection-of-information requirement subject to the 
provisions of the PRA because the applicant is a Federal agency.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 219

    Exports, Fish, Imports, Indians, Labeling, Marine mammals, 
Penalties, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Seafood, 
Transportation.

    Dated: August 28, 2019.
Samuel D. Rauch, III,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Regulatory Programs, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.

    For reasons set forth in the preamble, 50 CFR part 219 is amended 
as follows:

PART 219--REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE TAKING AND IMPORTING OF MARINE 
MAMMALS

0
1. The authority citation for part 219 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.

0
2. Add subpart F to read as follows:
Subpart F--Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Alaska Fisheries Science 
Center Fisheries Research
Sec.
219.51 Specified activity and specified geographical region.
219.52 Effective dates.
219.53 Permissible methods of taking.
219.54 Prohibitions.
219.55 Mitigation requirements.
219.56 Requirements for monitoring and reporting.
219.57 Letters of Authorization.
219.58 Renewals and modifications of Letters of Authorization.
219.59-219.60 [Reserved]

Subpart F--Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Alaska Fisheries 
Science Center Fisheries Research


Sec.  219.51  Specified activity and specified geographical region.

    (a) Regulations in this subpart apply only to the National Marine 
Fisheries Service's (NMFS) Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) and 
those persons it authorizes or funds to conduct activities on its 
behalf, including the International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC), 
for the taking of marine mammals that occurs in the areas outlined in 
paragraph (b) of this section and that occurs incidental to research 
survey program operations.
    (b) The taking of marine mammals by AFSC may be authorized in a 
Letter of Authorization (LOA) only if it occurs within the Gulf of 
Alaska, Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea, 
or is conducted by the IPHC in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands, 
Gulf of Alaska, or off the U.S. West Coast.


Sec.  219.52  Effective dates.

    Regulations in this subpart are effective from October 7, 2019, 
through October 7, 2024.


Sec.  219.53  Permissible methods of taking.

    Under LOAs issued pursuant to Sec. Sec.  216.106 of this chapter 
and 219.57, the Holder of the LOA (hereinafter ``AFSC'') may 
incidentally, but not intentionally, take marine mammals within the 
area described in Sec.  219.51(b) by Level B harassment associated with 
use of active acoustic systems and physical or visual disturbance of 
hauled-out pinnipeds and by Level A harassment, serious injury, or 
mortality associated with use of hook and line gear, trawl gear, and 
gillnet gear, provided the activity is in compliance with all terms, 
conditions, and requirements of the regulations in this subpart and the 
appropriate LOA.


Sec.  219.54  Prohibitions.

    Notwithstanding takings contemplated in Sec.  219.51 and authorized 
by a LOA issued under Sec. Sec.  216.106 of this chapter and 219.57, no 
person in connection with the activities described in Sec.  219.51 may:
    (a) Violate, or fail to comply with, the terms, conditions, and 
requirements of this subpart or a LOA issued under Sec. Sec.  216.106 
of this chapter and 219.57;

[[Page 46824]]

    (b) Take any marine mammal not specified in such LOA;
    (c) Take any marine mammal specified in such LOA in any manner 
other than as specified;
    (d) Take a marine mammal specified in such LOA if NMFS determines 
such taking results in more than a negligible impact on the species or 
stocks of such marine mammal; or
    (e) Take a marine mammal specified in such LOA if NMFS determines 
such taking results in an unmitigable adverse impact on the species or 
stock of such marine mammal for taking for subsistence uses.


Sec.  219.55  Mitigation requirements.

    When conducting the activities identified in Sec.  219.51(a), the 
mitigation measures contained in any LOA issued under Sec. Sec.  
216.106 of this chapter and 219.57 must be implemented. These 
mitigation measures shall include but are not limited to:
    (a) General conditions. (1) AFSC shall convey relevant mitigation, 
monitoring, and reporting requirements to the IPHC, as indicated in the 
following subparts;
    (2) AFSC shall take all necessary measures to coordinate and 
communicate in advance of each specific survey with the National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Office of Marine and 
Aviation Operations (OMAO) or other relevant parties on non-NOAA 
platforms to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring 
requirements described herein, as well as the specific manner of 
implementation and relevant event-contingent decision-making processes, 
are clearly understood and agreed upon. AFSC shall convey this 
requirement to IPHC;
    (3) AFSC shall coordinate and conduct briefings at the outset of 
each survey and as necessary between ship's crew (Commanding Officer/
master or designee(s), as appropriate) and scientific party in order to 
explain responsibilities, communication procedures, marine mammal 
monitoring protocol, and operational procedures. AFSC shall convey this 
requirement to IPHC;
    (4) AFSC shall coordinate as necessary on a daily basis during 
survey cruises with OMAO personnel or other relevant personnel on non-
NOAA platforms to ensure that requirements, procedures, and decision-
making processes are understood and properly implemented. AFSC shall 
convey this requirement to IPHC;
    (5) When deploying any type of sampling gear at sea, AFSC shall at 
all times monitor for any unusual circumstances that may arise at a 
sampling site and use best professional judgment to avoid any potential 
risks to marine mammals during use of all research equipment. AFSC 
shall convey this requirement to IPHC;
    (6) AFSC shall implement handling and/or disentanglement protocols 
as specified in the guidance that shall be provided to AFSC survey 
personnel. AFSC shall convey this requirement to IPHC;
    (7) AFSC shall not approach within 1 km of locations where marine 
mammals are aggregated, including pinniped rookeries and haul-outs; and
    (8) AFSC shall adhere to a final Communication Plan. In summary and 
in accordance with the Plan, AFSC shall:
    (i) Notify and provide potentially affected Alaska Native 
subsistence communities with the Communication Plan through a series of 
mailings, direct contacts, and planned meetings throughout the regions 
where AFSC fisheries research is expected to occur;
    (ii) Meet with potentially affected subsistence communities to 
discuss planned activities and to resolve potential conflicts regarding 
any aspects of either the fisheries research operations or the 
Communication Plan;
    (iii) Develop field operations plans as necessary, which shall 
address how researchers will consult and maintain communication with 
contacts in the potentially affected subsistence communities when in 
the field, including a list of local contacts and contact mechanisms, 
and which shall describe operational procedures and actions planned to 
avoid or minimize the risk of interactions between AFSC fisheries 
research and local subsistence activities;
    (iv) Schedule post-season informational sessions with subsistence 
contacts from the study areas to brief them on the outcome of the AFSC 
fisheries research and to assess performance of the Communication Plan 
and individual field operations or cruise plans in working to minimize 
effects to subsistence activities; and
    (v) Evaluate overall effectiveness of the Communications Plan in 
year four of any LOA issued pursuant to Sec. Sec.  216.106 of this 
chapter and 219.57.
    (b) Trawl survey protocols. (1) AFSC shall conduct trawl operations 
as soon as is practicable upon arrival at the sampling station;
    (2) AFSC shall initiate marine mammal watches (visual observation) 
at least 15 minutes prior to beginning of net deployment, but shall 
also conduct monitoring during any pre-set activities including 
trackline reconnaissance, CTD casts, and plankton or bongo net hauls. 
Marine mammal watches shall be conducted by scanning the surrounding 
waters with the naked eye and rangefinding binoculars (or monocular). 
During nighttime operations, visual observation shall be conducted 
using the naked eye and available vessel lighting;
    (3) AFSC shall implement the move-on rule mitigation protocol, as 
described in this paragraph. If one or more marine mammals are observed 
and are considered at risk of interacting with the vessel or research 
gear, or appear to be approaching the vessel and are considered at risk 
of interaction, AFSC shall either remain onsite or move on to another 
sampling location. If remaining onsite, the set shall be delayed. If 
the animals depart or appear to no longer be at risk of interacting 
with the vessel or gear, a further observation period shall be 
conducted. If no further observations are made or the animals still do 
not appear to be at risk of interaction, then the set may be made. If 
the vessel is moved to a different section of the sampling area, the 
move-on rule mitigation protocol would begin anew. If, after moving on, 
marine mammals remain at risk of interaction, the AFSC shall move again 
or skip the station. Marine mammals that are sighted shall be monitored 
to determine their position and movement in relation to the vessel to 
determine whether the move-on rule mitigation protocol should be 
implemented. AFSC may use best professional judgment in making these 
decisions;
    (4) AFSC shall maintain visual monitoring effort during the entire 
period of time that trawl gear is in the water (i.e., throughout gear 
deployment, fishing, and retrieval). If marine mammals are sighted 
before the gear is fully removed from the water, AFSC shall take the 
most appropriate action to avoid marine mammal interaction. AFSC may 
use best professional judgment in making this decision;
    (5) If trawling operations have been suspended because of the 
presence of marine mammals, AFSC may resume trawl operations when 
practicable only when the animals are believed to have departed the 
area. AFSC may use best professional judgment in making this 
determination;
    (6) AFSC shall implement standard survey protocols to minimize 
potential for marine mammal interactions, including maximum tow 
durations at target depth and maximum tow distance, and shall carefully 
empty the trawl as quickly as possible upon retrieval; and

[[Page 46825]]

    (7) Whenever surface trawl nets are used in southeast Alaska, AFSC 
must install and use acoustic deterrent devices, with two pairs of the 
devices installed near the net opening. AFSC must ensure that the 
devices are operating properly before deploying the net.
    (c) Longline survey protocols. (1) AFSC shall deploy longline gear 
as soon as is practicable upon arrival at the sampling station. AFSC 
shall convey this requirement to IPHC;
    (2) AFSC shall initiate marine mammal watches (visual observation) 
no less than 30 minutes (or for the duration of transit between set 
locations, if shorter than 30 minutes) prior to both deployment and 
retrieval of longline gear. Marine mammal watches shall be conducted by 
scanning the surrounding waters with the naked eye and rangefinding 
binoculars (or monocular). During nighttime operations, visual 
observation shall be conducted using the naked eye and available vessel 
lighting. AFSC shall convey this requirement to IPHC;
    (3) AFSC shall implement the move-on rule mitigation protocol, as 
described in this paragraph. If one or more marine mammals are observed 
in the vicinity of the planned location before gear deployment, and are 
considered at risk of interacting with the vessel or research gear, or 
appear to be approaching the vessel and are considered at risk of 
interaction, AFSC shall either remain onsite or move on to another 
sampling location. If remaining onsite, the set shall be delayed. If 
the animals depart or appear to no longer be at risk of interacting 
with the vessel or gear, a further observation period shall be 
conducted. If no further observations are made or the animals still do 
not appear to be at risk of interaction, then the set may be made. If 
the vessel is moved to a different section of the sampling area, the 
move-on rule mitigation protocol would begin anew. If, after moving on, 
marine mammals remain at risk of interaction, the AFSC shall move again 
or skip the station. Marine mammals that are sighted shall be monitored 
to determine their position and movement in relation to the vessel to 
determine whether the move-on rule mitigation protocol should be 
implemented. AFSC may use best professional judgment in making these 
decisions. AFSC shall convey this requirement to IPHC;
    (4) AFSC shall maintain visual monitoring effort during the entire 
period of gear deployment and retrieval. If marine mammals are sighted 
before the gear is fully deployed or retrieved, AFSC shall take the 
most appropriate action to avoid marine mammal interaction. AFSC may 
use best professional judgment in making this decision. AFSC shall 
convey this requirement to IPHC; and
    (5) If deployment or retrieval operations have been suspended 
because of the presence of marine mammals, AFSC may resume such 
operations when practicable only when the animals are believed to have 
departed the area. AFSC may use best professional judgment in making 
this decision. AFSC shall convey this requirement to IPHC.
    (d) Gillnet survey protocols. (1) AFSC shall conduct gillnet 
operations as soon as is practicable upon arrival at the sampling 
station;
    (2) AFSC shall conduct marine mammal watches (visual observation) 
prior to beginning of net deployment. Marine mammal watches shall be 
conducted by scanning the surrounding waters with the naked eye and 
rangefinding binoculars (or monocular);
    (3) AFSC shall implement the move-on rule mitigation protocol. If 
one or more marine mammals are observed in the vicinity of the planned 
location before gear deployment, and are considered at risk of 
interacting with research gear, AFSC shall either remain onsite or move 
on to another sampling location. If remaining onsite, the set shall be 
delayed. If the animals depart or appear to no longer be at risk of 
interacting with the gear, a further observation period shall be 
conducted. If no further observations are made or the animals still do 
not appear to be at risk of interaction, then the set may be made. If 
the vessel is moved to a different area, the move-on rule mitigation 
protocol would begin anew. If, after moving on, marine mammals remain 
at risk of interaction, the AFSC shall move again or skip the station. 
Marine mammals that are sighted shall be monitored to determine their 
position and movement in relation to the vessel to determine whether 
the move-on rule mitigation protocol should be implemented. AFSC may 
use best professional judgment in making these decisions;
    (4) AFSC shall maintain visual monitoring effort during the entire 
period of time that gillnet gear is in the water (i.e., throughout gear 
deployment, fishing, and retrieval). If marine mammals are sighted 
before the gear is fully removed from the water, and appear to be at 
risk of interaction with the gear, AFSC shall pull the gear 
immediately. AFSC may use best professional judgment in making this 
decision;
    (5) If gillnet operations have been suspended because of the 
presence of marine mammals, AFSC may resume gillnet operations when 
practicable only when the animals are believed to have departed the 
area. AFSC may use best professional judgment in making this 
determination; and
    (6) AFSC must install and use acoustic deterrent devices whenever 
gillnets are used. AFSC must ensure that the devices are operating 
properly before deploying the net.


Sec.  219.56   Requirements for monitoring and reporting.

    (a) Compliance coordinator. AFSC shall designate a compliance 
coordinator who shall be responsible for ensuring compliance with all 
requirements of any LOA issued pursuant to Sec. Sec.  216.106 of this 
chapter and 219.57 and for preparing for any subsequent request(s) for 
incidental take authorization. AFSC shall convey this requirement to 
IPHC.
    (b) Visual monitoring program. (1) Marine mammal visual monitoring 
shall occur prior to deployment of trawl, longline, and gillnet gear, 
respectively; throughout deployment of gear and active fishing of 
research gears (not including longline soak time); prior to retrieval 
of longline gear; and throughout retrieval of all research gear. AFSC 
shall convey this requirement to IPHC; and
    (2) Marine mammal watches shall be conducted by watch-standers 
(those navigating the vessel and/or other crew) at all times when the 
vessel is being operated. AFSC shall convey this requirement to IPHC.
    (c) Training. (1) AFSC must conduct annual training for all chief 
scientists and other personnel who may be responsible for conducting 
dedicated marine mammal visual observations to explain mitigation 
measures and monitoring and reporting requirements, mitigation and 
monitoring protocols, marine mammal identification, completion of 
datasheets, and use of equipment. AFSC may determine the agenda for 
these trainings;
    (2) AFSC shall also dedicate a portion of training to discussion of 
best professional judgment, including use in any incidents of marine 
mammal interaction and instructive examples where use of best 
professional judgment was determined to be successful or unsuccessful; 
and
    (3) AFSC shall convey these training requirements to IPHC.
    (d) Handling procedures and data collection. (1) AFSC must develop 
and implement standardized marine mammal handling, disentanglement, and 
data collection procedures. These standard procedures will be subject 
to

[[Page 46826]]

approval by NMFS's Office of Protected Resources (OPR). AFSC shall 
convey these procedures to IPHC;
    (2) When practicable, for any marine mammal interaction involving 
the release of a live animal, AFSC shall collect necessary data to 
facilitate a serious injury determination. AFSC shall convey this 
requirement to IPHC;
    (3) AFSC shall provide its relevant personnel with standard 
guidance and training regarding handling of marine mammals, including 
how to identify different species, bring an individual aboard a vessel, 
assess the level of consciousness, remove fishing gear, return an 
individual to water, and log activities pertaining to the interaction. 
AFSC shall convey this requirement to IPHC; and
    (4) AFSC shall record such data on standardized forms, which will 
be subject to approval by OPR. AFSC shall also answer a standard series 
of supplemental questions regarding the details of any marine mammal 
interaction. AFSC shall convey this requirement to IPHC.
    (e) Reporting. (1) AFSC shall report all incidents of marine mammal 
interaction to NMFS's Protected Species Incidental Take database, 
including those resulting from IPHC activities, within 48 hours of 
occurrence and shall provide supplemental information to OPR upon 
request. Information related to marine mammal interaction (animal 
captured or entangled in research gear) must include details of survey 
effort, full descriptions of any observations of the animals, the 
context (vessel and conditions), decisions made, and rationale for 
decisions made in vessel and gear handling;
    (2) AFSC must submit annual reports.
    (i) AFSC shall submit an annual summary report to OPR not later 
than ninety days following the end of a given year. AFSC shall provide 
a final report within thirty days following resolution of comments on 
the draft report; and
    (ii) These reports shall contain, at minimum, the following:
    (A) Annual line-kilometers surveyed during which the EK60, ME70, 
ES60, 7111 (or equivalent sources) were predominant and associated pro-
rated estimates of actual take;
    (B) Summary information regarding use of all longline, gillnet, and 
trawl gear, including number of sets, tows, etc., specific to each 
gear;
    (C) Accounts of all incidents of significant marine mammal 
interactions, including circumstances of the event and descriptions of 
any mitigation procedures implemented or not implemented and why;
    (D) A written evaluation of the effectiveness of AFSC mitigation 
strategies in reducing the number of marine mammal interactions with 
survey gear, including best professional judgment and suggestions for 
changes to the mitigation strategies, if any;
    (E) Final outcome of serious injury determinations for all 
incidents of marine mammal interactions where the animal(s) were 
released alive; and
    (F) A summary of all relevant training provided by AFSC and any 
coordination with NMFS' Alaska Regional Office.
    (3) AFSC shall convey these reporting requirements to IPHC and 
shall provide IPHC reports to OPR subject to the same schedule.
    (f) Reporting of injured or dead marine mammals. (1) In the 
unanticipated event that the activity defined in Sec.  219.51(a) 
clearly causes the take of a marine mammal in a prohibited manner, AFSC 
personnel engaged in the research activity shall immediately cease such 
activity until such time as an appropriate decision regarding activity 
continuation can be made by the AFSC Director (or designee). The 
incident must be reported immediately to OPR and the Alaska Regional 
Stranding Coordinator, NMFS. OPR will review the circumstances of the 
prohibited take and work with AFSC to determine what measures are 
necessary to minimize the likelihood of further prohibited take and 
ensure MMPA compliance. The immediate decision made by AFSC regarding 
continuation of the specified activity is subject to OPR concurrence. 
The report must include the following information:
    (i) Time, date, and location (latitude/longitude) of the incident;
    (ii) Description of the incident;
    (iii) Environmental conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction, 
Beaufort sea state, cloud cover, visibility);
    (iv) Description of all marine mammal observations in the 24 hours 
preceding the incident;
    (v) Species identification or description of the animal(s) 
involved;
    (vi) Status of all sound source use in the 24 hours preceding the 
incident;
    (vii) Water depth;
    (viii) Fate of the animal(s); and
    (ix) Photographs or video footage of the animal(s).
    (2) In the event that AFSC discovers an injured or dead marine 
mammal and determines that the cause of the injury or death is unknown 
and the death is relatively recent (e.g., in less than a moderate state 
of decomposition), AFSC shall immediately report the incident to OPR 
and the Alaska Regional Stranding Coordinator, NMFS. The report must 
include the information identified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section. 
Activities may continue while OPR reviews the circumstances of the 
incident. OPR will work with AFSC to determine whether additional 
mitigation measures or modifications to the activities are appropriate.
    (3) In the event that AFSC discovers an injured or dead marine 
mammal and determines that the injury or death is not associated with 
or related to the activities defined in Sec.  219.51(a) (e.g., 
previously wounded animal, carcass with moderate to advanced 
decomposition, scavenger damage), AFSC shall report the incident to OPR 
and the Alaska Regional Stranding Coordinator, NMFS, within 24 hours of 
the discovery. AFSC shall provide photographs or video footage or other 
documentation of the stranded animal sighting to OPR.
    (4) AFSC shall convey these requirements to IPHC.


Sec.  219.57   Letters of Authorization.

    (a) To incidentally take marine mammals pursuant to these 
regulations, AFSC must apply for and obtain a Letter of Authorization 
(LOA).
    (b) An LOA, unless suspended or revoked, may be effective for a 
period of time not to exceed the expiration date of these regulations.
    (c) If an LOA expires prior to the expiration date of these 
regulations, AFSC may apply for and obtain a renewal of the LOA.
    (d) In the event of projected changes to the activity or to 
mitigation and monitoring measures required by an LOA, AFSC must apply 
for and obtain a modification of the LOA as described in Sec.  219.58.
    (e) The LOA shall set forth:
    (1) Permissible methods of incidental taking;
    (2) Means of effecting the least practicable adverse impact (i.e., 
mitigation) on the species, its habitat, and on the availability of the 
species for subsistence uses; and
    (3) Requirements for monitoring and reporting.
    (f) Issuance of the LOA shall be based on a determination that the 
level of taking will be consistent with the findings made for the total 
taking allowable under these regulations.
    (g) Notice of issuance or denial of an LOA shall be published in 
the Federal Register within thirty days of a determination.


Sec.  219.58  Renewals and modifications of Letters of Authorization.

    (a) An LOA issued under Sec. Sec.  216.106 of this chapter and 
219.57 for the

[[Page 46827]]

activity identified in Sec.  219.51(a) shall be renewed or modified 
upon request by the applicant, provided that:
    (1) The proposed specified activity and mitigation, monitoring, and 
reporting measures, as well as the anticipated impacts, are the same as 
those described and analyzed for these regulations (excluding changes 
made pursuant to the adaptive management provision in paragraph (c)(1) 
of this section), and
    (2) OPR determines that the mitigation, monitoring, and reporting 
measures required by the previous LOA under these regulations were 
implemented.
    (b) For an LOA modification or renewal requests by the applicant 
that include changes to the activity or the mitigation, monitoring, or 
reporting (excluding changes made pursuant to the adaptive management 
provision in paragraph (c)(1) of this section) that do not change the 
findings made for the regulations or result in no more than a minor 
change in the total estimated number of takes (or distribution by 
species or years), OPR may publish a notice of proposed LOA in the 
Federal Register, including the associated analysis of the change, and 
solicit public comment before issuing the LOA.
    (c) An LOA issued under Sec. Sec.  216.106 of this chapter and 
219.57 for the activity identified in Sec.  219.51(a) may be modified 
by OPR under the following circumstances:
    (1) Adaptive management. OPR may modify (including augment) the 
existing mitigation, monitoring, or reporting measures (after 
consulting with AFSC regarding the practicability of the modifications) 
if doing so creates a reasonable likelihood of more effectively 
accomplishing the goals of the mitigation and monitoring set forth in 
the preamble for these regulations.
    (i) Possible sources of data that could contribute to the decision 
to modify the mitigation, monitoring, or reporting measures in an LOA:
    (A) Results from AFSC's monitoring from the previous year(s);
    (B) Results from other marine mammal and/or sound research or 
studies; and
    (C) Any information that reveals marine mammals may have been taken 
in a manner, extent or number not authorized by these regulations or 
subsequent LOAs.
    (ii) If, through adaptive management, the modifications to the 
mitigation, monitoring, or reporting measures are substantial, OPR will 
publish a notice of proposed LOA in the Federal Register and solicit 
public comment.
    (2) Emergencies. If OPR determines that an emergency exists that 
poses a significant risk to the well-being of the species or stocks of 
marine mammals specified in LOAs issued pursuant to Sec. Sec.  216.106 
of this chapter and 219.57, an LOA may be modified without prior notice 
or opportunity for public comment. Notice would be published in the 
Federal Register within thirty days of the action.


Sec. Sec.  219.59-219.60  [Reserved]

[FR Doc. 2019-18930 Filed 9-4-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 3510-22-P