[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 164 (Friday, August 23, 2019)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 44392-44535]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-17927]



[[Page 44391]]

Vol. 84

Friday,

No. 164

August 23, 2019

Part III





Department of Homeland Security





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8 CFR Parts 212 and 236





Department of Health and Human Services





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45 CFR Part 410





Apprehension, Processing, Care, and Custody of Alien Minors and 
Unaccompanied Alien Children; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 84 , No. 164 / Friday, August 23, 2019 / 
Rules and Regulations  

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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

8 CFR Parts 212 and 236

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

45 CFR Part 410

RIN 1653-AA75, 0970-AC42


Apprehension, Processing, Care, and Custody of Alien Minors and 
Unaccompanied Alien Children

AGENCY: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), U.S. Department 
of Homeland Security (DHS); U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), 
DHS; Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), Administration for Children 
and Families (ACF), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: This final rule amends regulations relating to the 
apprehension, processing, care, custody, and release of alien 
juveniles. The rule replaces regulations that were promulgated in 1988 
in response to a lawsuit filed in 1985 against the Attorney General and 
the Department of Justice's legacy U.S. Immigration and Naturalization 
Service (INS), in Flores v. Meese. In January 1997, the parties reached 
a comprehensive settlement agreement, referred to as the Flores 
Settlement Agreement (FSA). The FSA, as modified in 2001, provides that 
it will terminate forty-five days after publication of final 
regulations implementing the agreement. Since 1997, intervening 
legislation, including the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (HSA) and the 
William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act 
of 2008 (TVPRA), have significantly altered the governing legal 
authorities relating to the detention, custody, processing, and release 
of alien juveniles. This final rule adopts regulations that implement 
the relevant and substantive terms of the FSA, consistent with the HSA 
and the TVPRA, with some modifications discussed further below to 
reflect intervening statutory and operational changes while still 
providing similar substantive protections and standards. The final rule 
satisfies the basic purpose of the FSA in ensuring that all alien 
juveniles in the government's custody pursuant to its authorities under 
the immigration laws are treated with dignity, respect, and special 
concern for their particular vulnerability as minors, while doing so in 
a manner that is workable in light of subsequent statutory, factual, 
and operational changes and builds on the government's extensive 
experience working under the FSA. Most prominently, in response to 
great difficulty working under the state-licensing requirement for 
family residential centers, the final rule creates an alternative to 
the existing licensed program requirement for ICE family residential 
centers, so that ICE may use appropriate facilities to detain family 
units together during their immigration proceedings, consistent with 
applicable law.

DATES: Effective October 22, 2019.

ADDRESSES: Comments and related materials received from the public, as 
well as background documents mentioned in this preamble as being 
available in the docket, are part of docket DHS Docket No. ICEB-2018-
0002. For access to the online docket, go to https://www.regulations.gov and enter this rulemaking's eDocket number: DHS 
Docket No. ICEB-2018-0002 in the ``Search'' box.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 
    For DHS: Office of Policy and Planning, U.S. Immigration and 
Customs Enforcement, Department of Homeland Security, 500 12th Street 
SW, Washington, DC 20536. Telephone 202-732-6960 (not a toll-free 
number).
    For HHS: Division of Policy, Office of the Director, Office of 
Refugee Resettlement, Administration for Children and Families, by 
email at [email protected]. Office of Refugee Resettlement, 330 C 
Street SW, Washington, DC 20201. Telephone 202-401-9246.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Table of Contents

I. Table of Abbreviations
II. Executive Summary
    A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action
    B. Legal Authority
    C. Costs and Benefits
    D. Effective Date
III. Background and Purpose
    A. History
    1. The Flores Settlement Agreement
    2. The Reorganization of the Immigration and Naturalization 
Service
    3. The Change in Migration and the Creation of the Family 
Residential Centers
    B. Authority
    1. Statutory and Regulatory Authority
    2. Flores Settlement Agreement Implementation
    3. Recent Court Orders
    C. Basis and Purpose of Regulatory Action
    1. Need for Regulations Implementing the Relevant and 
Substantive Terms of the FSA
    2. Purpose of the Regulations
    D. Severability
IV. Summary of Changes in the Final Rule
V. Discussion of Public Comments and Responses
    A. Section-by-Section Discussion of the DHS Proposed Rule, 
Public Comments, and the Final Rule
    B. Section-by-Section Discussion of the HHS Proposed Rule, 
Public Comments, and the Final Rule
    C. Other Comments Received
VI. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements
    A. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563: Regulatory Review
    B. Regulatory Flexibility Act
    C. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996
    D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
    E. Congressional Review Act
    F. Paperwork Reduction Act
    G. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
    H. Executive Order 12988: Civil Justice Reform
    I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    J. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
    K. Executive Order 12630: Governmental Actions and Interference 
With Constitutionally Protected Property Rights
    L. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From 
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
    M. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
    N. Family Assessment
List of Subjects and Regulatory Amendments

I. Table of Abbreviations

ACF--Administration for Children and Families
BPA--U.S. Border Patrol Agent
CBP--U.S. Customs and Border Protection
DHS--U.S. Department of Homeland Security
DOJ--U.S. Department of Justice
EOIR--Executive Office for Immigration Review
FRC--Family Residential Center
FSA--Flores Settlement Agreement
HHS--U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
HSA--Homeland Security Act of 2002
ICE--U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
IIRIRA--Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act 
of 1996
INA--Immigration and Nationality Act
INS--Immigration and Naturalization Service
JFRMU--Juvenile and Family Residential Management Unit
OFO--Office of Field Operations, U.S. Customs and Border Protection
OMB--Office of Management and Budget
ORR--Office of Refugee Resettlement, U.S. Department of Health and 
Human Services
PREA--Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003
TVPRA--William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection 
Reauthorization Act of 2008
UAC(s)--Unaccompanied Alien Child(ren)
USCIS--U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
USBP--U.S. Border Patrol, U.S. Customs and Border Protection
YTD--Year to Date

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II. Executive Summary

A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action

    On September 7, 2018, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and 
the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), (the 
``Departments'') published a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM or 
proposed rule) that would amend regulations related to the 
Apprehension, Processing, Care, and Custody of Alien Minors and 
Unaccompanied Alien Children. See Apprehension, Processing, Care, and 
Custody of Alien Minors and Unaccompanied Alien Children; Proposed 
Rule, 83 FR 45486 (Sept. 7, 2018). The proposed rule provided a 60-day 
public comment period ending on November 6, 2018.
    This final rule adopts the proposed rule, with some changes in 
response to comments. The final rule parallels the relevant and 
substantive terms of the Flores Settlement Agreement (FSA), with 
changes as are necessary to implement closely-related provisions of the 
Homeland Security Act of 2002 (HSA), Public Law 107-296, sec. 462, 116 
Stat. 2135, 2202, and the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims 
Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (TVPRA), Public Law 110-457, 
title II, subtitle D, 122 Stat. 5044.
    This final rule also takes into account changes in factual 
circumstances since the time the FSA was approved in 1997 as well as 
extensive experience over the past twenty years operating the 
immigration system under the FSA. The rule thus reflects the 
operational environment and ensures that the regulations accomplish a 
sound and proper implementation of governing Federal statutes--
including statutes requiring DHS to retain custody of aliens arriving 
at or crossing our borders without inspection during the pendency of 
immigration proceedings. It carefully considers public comments, and 
sets forth for DHS a sustainable operational model of immigration 
enforcement, and for HHS, codifies existing policies, procedures, and 
practices related to the temporary care and custody of UACs.
    For example, one shift since the FSA entered into force in 1997 has 
been the 2015 judicial interpretation of the agreement as applying to 
accompanied minors, i.e., juveniles encountered with their parents or 
legal guardians. DHS strongly disagrees with that interpretation and 
disagrees that the FSA provisions were suited to handling the 
challenging circumstances that are presented--in exponentially more 
cases than in 1997--when aliens are apprehended in family units. 
Indeed, the Federal courts have agreed that the FSA was not designed to 
address the current-day circumstances presented by accompanied minors. 
See Flores, 828 F.3d 898, 906 (9th Cir. 2016) (``the parties gave 
inadequate attention to some potential problems of accompanied 
minors''). The FSA's application to accompanied minors has created a 
series of operational difficulties for DHS, most notably with respect 
to a state-licensing requirement for an ICE Family Residential Center 
(FRC) in which such parents/legal guardians may be housed together with 
their children during immigration proceedings, the need for custody of 
parents and accompanied minors as required by the immigration laws in 
certain circumstances, and avoiding the need to separate families to 
comply with the FSA when immigration custody is necessary for a parent.
    Additionally, changes to the operational environment since 1997, as 
well as the enactment of the HSA and the TVPRA, have rendered some of 
the substantive terms of the FSA outdated or unsuited to current 
conditions at the border, similarly making simultaneous compliance with 
the HSA, the TVPRA, other immigration laws, and the FSA problematic 
without modification. These provisions are designed to implement the 
substantive and underlying purpose of the FSA, by ensuring that alien 
juveniles detained by DHS pursuant to the immigration laws, and UACs 
who are transferred to the temporary care and custody of HHS, are 
provided protections that are substantively parallel to protections 
under the FSA, taking into account intervening developments and changed 
circumstances. The Departments have also considered comments from the 
public, and this rule incorporates some adjustments from the proposed 
regulations based on those comments. The primary purpose of this rule 
is to codify the purposes of the FSA in regulations, namely, to 
establish uniform standards for the custody and care of alien juveniles 
during their immigration proceedings and to ensure they are treated 
with dignity and respect. The rule accordingly implements the FSA.
Summary of Key Provisions of the Final Rule
    As part of the process of codifying the purpose of the FSA into 
regulations, the final rule clarifies and improves certain policies and 
practices related to:
 Parole
    In the NPRM, DHS proposed to amend 8 CFR 212.5(b), Parole of aliens 
into the United States, by removing an internal cross-reference to 8 
CFR 235.3(b). Eliminating that cross-reference is required to clarify 
that the provisions in Sec.  235.3(b) governing the parole of aliens in 
expedited removal proceedings (i.e., those pending a credible fear 
determination or who have been ordered removed in the expedited removal 
process but still await removal) apply to all such aliens, including 
minors in DHS custody, and not just adults. The current cross-reference 
to Sec.  235.3(b) within Sec.  212.5(b) is confusing because it 
suggests, incorrectly, that the more flexible parole standards in Sec.  
212.5(b) might override the provisions in Sec.  235.3(b) that govern 
parole when any alien, including a minor, is in expedited removal 
proceedings.
    Many commenters expressed concern about a more restrictive parole 
standard that would allow minors in expedited removal proceedings who 
have not yet been found to have a credible fear of persecution (or who 
have been found to lack such a fear) to be paroled only on the basis of 
medical emergency or law enforcement necessity, the same standards 
applicable to adult aliens in expedited removal proceedings, while 
their credible fear claim remains pending.
    Many commenters expressed concern about this standard, but it draws 
from the statute, which imposes a uniquely strong detention mandate for 
aliens in this cohort: such aliens ``shall be detained pending a final 
determination of credible fear of persecution and, if found not to have 
such a fear, until removed.'' INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(IV). Some 
commenters stated that accompanied minors would no longer be eligible 
for parole, which is incorrect, as they will be eligible under the same 
standard as adults in the same position. Additionally, other commenters 
mistakenly expressed that the FSA guaranteed parole, which it does not, 
nor does it provide a standard for parole. ICE will continue to 
exercise its parole authority, on a case-by-case basis, in appropriate 
circumstances, including when a family unit establishes credible fear 
of persecution or torture. The final rule preamble responds to these 
misconceptions, and the final regulatory text in Sec.  236.3(j)(4) 
takes into account respondents' concerns by stating clearly that parole 
for minors who are detained pursuant to section 235(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the 
INA or 8 CFR 235.3(c) will generally serve an urgent humanitarian 
reason if DHS determines that detention is not required to secure the 
minor's appearance before DHS or the immigration court, or to ensure 
the minor's safety of the safety of others. DHS may also consider 
aggregate and

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historical data, officer experience, statistical information, or any 
other probative information in making these determinations.
 Licensing
    Under the FSA, facilities that house children must be licensed ``by 
an appropriate State agency to provide residential, group, or foster 
care services for dependent children.'' FSA paragraph 6. The state-
licensing requirement is sensible for unaccompanied alien children 
(UACs), because all States have licensing processes for the housing of 
unaccompanied juveniles who are by definition ``dependent children,'' 
and accordingly the rule does not change that requirement for those 
juveniles. But the need for the license to come specifically from a 
``State agency'' (rather than a Federal agency) is problematic for DHS 
now that the FSA has been held in recent years to apply to accompanied 
minors, including those held at FRCs, because States generally do not 
have licensing schemes for facilities to hold minors who are together 
with their parents or legal guardians. The application of the FSA's 
requirement for ``state'' licensing to accompanied minors has 
effectively required DHS to release minors and--to avoid family 
separation--their parents from detention in a non-state-licensed 
facility, even if the parent/legal guardian and child could and would 
otherwise continue to be detained together during their immigration 
proceedings, consistent with applicable law, including statutes that 
require detention in these circumstances pending removal proceedings or 
to effectuate a removal order. See, e.g., INA 235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(IV).
    DHS proposed to define ``licensed facility'' as an ICE detention 
facility that is licensed by the state, county or municipality in which 
it is located. But because most States do not offer a licensing program 
for family unit detention, DHS also proposed that where state licensing 
is unavailable, a facility will be licensed if DHS employs an outside 
entity to ensure that the facility complies with family residential 
standards established by ICE. Section 236.3(b)(9) requires DHS to 
employ third parties to conduct audits of FRCs to ensure compliance 
with ICE's family residential standards. This rule adopts these 
provisions as final, and thus eliminates the barrier to the continued 
use of FRCs by creating a Federal alternative to meet the ``licensed 
facility'' definition.\1\ The goal is to provide materially identical 
standards for these facilities as what the FSA and state licensing 
would otherwise require, and thus implement the underlying purpose of 
the FSA's licensing requirement, and in turn to allow families to 
remain together during their immigration proceedings in an appropriate 
environment.
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    \1\ The FSA defines the term ``licensed program,'' but because 
DHS does not operate programs outside of facilities, the new DHS 
regulations would define the term ``licensed facility.'' The HHS 
regulations define the term ``licensed program.''
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    Commenters stated that DHS has previously not shared the results of 
third-party audits. While ICE has publicly posted the results of all 
facility inspection reports submitted by third-party contractors within 
60 days of inspection since May 2018, these posts have not included 
results of FRC inspections. See Facility Inspections, https://www.ice.gov/facility-inspections (last updated Mar. 15, 2019). To 
directly address the commenters' concerns, the final rule provides that 
third-party inspections of FRCs will be posted in the same manner and 
adds the phrase ``DHS will make the results of these audits publicly 
available'' to the definition of ``licensed facility.''
    Commenters also stated that DHS should not be allowed to self-
license detention facilities because current facilities do not have 
adequate oversight and, as a result, DHS is not currently capable of 
maintaining clean, humane, and safe detention centers. They cited the 
Office of the Inspector General, DHS, OIG-18-67 report, ICE's 
Inspections and Monitoring of Detention Facilities Do Not Lead to 
Sustained Compliance or Systemic Improvements (June 26, 2018) to 
highlight the deficiencies in the agency's self-inspections by third-
party contractors. However, this report did not examine oversight of 
the FRCs. As such, it is of limited value in assessing ICE's oversight 
of the FRCs. FRCs are subject to a different set of detention standards 
than other facilities and receive inspections more frequently, and by a 
larger number of outside entities than those detention centers reviewed 
in the OIG report. DHS also notes that ICE has already taken several 
steps to address OIG's recommendations. The agency's existing 
commitment to considering seriously OIG's recommendations regarding 
detention facilities and instituting them as appropriate will not 
change as a result of this final rule. In this final rule, however, DHS 
has added to the definition of licensed facilities that audits will 
occur when an FRC opens and regularly going forward. In addition, DHS 
has added a more thorough explanation of its standards and inspection 
processes to address the commenters' underlying concern, to emphasize 
the important role third parties play in this process, and to 
underscore DHS's commitment to ensuring that individuals in FRCs are 
indeed held in appropriate conditions and treated with dignity and 
respect.
    The licensing change does not impact CBP facilities. Under the FSA, 
juveniles are transferred to licensed facilities ``in any case in which 
[DHS] does not release a minor . . . .'' FSA paragraph 19. Thus, the 
only facilities which must be licensed under the FSA are those 
facilities to which juveniles are transferred following their initial 
encounter. Facilities at which juveniles are held immediately following 
their arrest, including CBP holding facilities, are governed by 
paragraph 12 of the FSA, and are not required to be licensed under the 
FSA. Accordingly, these facilities are also not included within the 
definition of ``licensed facility'' in this rule. DHS notes that CBP 
facilities are also subject to regular oversight and inspection by 
entities such as CBP's Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR), 
DHS' Office of Inspector General, DHS' Office of Civil Rights and Civil 
Liberties, and the Government Accountability Office.
 Bond Hearings
    DHS proposed revisions to Sec.  236.3(m) to state that bond 
hearings are only required for minors in DHS custody who are in removal 
proceedings under section 240 of the INA, to the extent permitted by 8 
CFR 1003.19. DHS also proposed updating the language regarding bond 
hearings to be consistent with the changes in immigration law. Several 
commenters supported or acknowledged that proposed 8 CFR 236.3(m) 
maintained the process required by FSA paragraph 24(A), while another 
set of commenters did not explicitly endorse the provision but 
acknowledged that it provided the protections and processes required by 
the FSA. Other commenters expressed due process concerns.
    DHS agrees with commenters that the proposed regulatory text at 8 
CFR 236.3(m) reflects the provisions of the FSA regarding existence of 
bond redetermination hearings for minors in DHS custody who are in 
removal proceedings pursuant to INA 240, to the extent permitted by 8 
CFR 1003.19. The understanding that the term ``deportation hearings'' 
in paragraph 24(A) of the FSA refers to what are now known as removal 
proceedings has been reiterated throughout the Flores litigation. 
Accordingly, FSA paragraph 24(A) requires bond redetermination

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hearings solely for those alien minors in DHS custody who are in 
removal proceedings under INA 240. Minors who are in expedited removal 
proceedings are not entitled to bond hearings; rather, DHS may parole 
such aliens on a case-by-case basis. See Jennings v. Rodriguez, 138 S. 
Ct. 830, 844 (2018) (holding that INA 235(b)(1) unambiguously prohibits 
release on bond and permits release only on parole). Minors in removal 
proceedings under INA 240 may appeal bond redetermination decisions 
made by an immigration judge to the Board of Immigration Appeals, in 
accordance with existing regulations found in 8 CFR 1003.19, and are 
informed of their right to review. Accordingly, DHS is not amending 
regulatory provisions regarding the bond provisions for minors based on 
public comments.
Major Commenter Concerns
 Trauma
    Many commenters expressed serious concerns about child trauma. 
Comments focused on the trauma juveniles experience during their 
dangerous journey to the United States (often at the hands of smugglers 
and traffickers), trauma associated with experiences in their country 
of origin, the possibility of government custody-induced trauma in the 
United States, and in particular trauma caused by detention itself, and 
the need for trauma-related training and awareness throughout the 
immigration lifecycle, to include repatriation. Some commenters 
suggested, incorrectly, that the FSA explicitly prohibits the custody 
of children entirely and therefore, temporarily detaining family units 
together is unjustified.
    DHS disagrees with the view that the FSA altogether prohibits 
detention of juveniles (including in family units). The FSA clearly 
contemplates, allows, and articulates standards for the custody of 
juveniles in a variety of circumstances. The final rule accordingly 
allows for the detention of minors as well. Moreover, DHS's experience 
shows that family units who are released often abscond, and detention 
is an important enforcement tool, particularly in controlling the 
border.
    DHS acknowledges, however, that detention and custody may have 
negative impacts for minors and adults, and acknowledges the importance 
of identifying signs of trauma and ensuring that personnel are properly 
trained to identify and respond to signs of trauma, particularly among 
juveniles. DHS notes that this rule does not mandate detention for all 
family units. On the contrary, DHS will make and record continuous 
efforts to release a minor in its custody and, as discussed more fully 
below, will generally consider paroling minors detained pursuant to INA 
235(b)(1)(B)(ii) or 8 CFR 235.3(c) who do not present a safety risk or 
risk of absconding as serving an urgent humanitarian reason.
    Moreover, DHS has adopted rigorous standards for facilities 
precisely to minimize further negative impacts on minors. DHS mandates 
training for personnel who regularly interact with minors and UACs 
during the course of their official duties. For example, ICE 
Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) officers receive training on 
family units and UACs in the Basic Immigration Enforcement Training 
Program (BIETP). The BIETP is the basic training for ERO officers and 
occurs at the beginning of their career. Additionally, ERO's Field 
Office Juvenile Coordinators (FOJC) participate in annual training. 
This annual training focuses on policies, procedures and protocols in 
accordance with the FSA, HSA, and TVPRA. FOJCs constitute a specialized 
officer corps whose expertise informs colleagues and leaders often 
confronting high-profile cases involving UACs and family units. FOJCs 
liaise with HHS ORR's Federal Field Specialists, who make case-by-case 
placement decisions. FOJC training covers best practices for case 
processing, A-file management, docket management, age determination, 
child interviewing techniques, child development and trauma, screening 
for human trafficking, transport, the ORR placement process and an 
overview of FRCs and Family Residential Standards. FRCs are staffed 
with medical professionals and social workers specially trained to 
recognize the symptoms of trauma and provide appropriate treatment.
    CBP generally employs contracted medical staff, who provide medical 
screening and appropriate triage to minors and UACs in custody along 
the southwest border. Where appropriations and funding permits, CBP 
also employs other contracted staff who are able to address the unique 
needs of juveniles. Additionally, all Border Patrol agents and CBP 
officers receive training related to the processing and interviewing of 
juveniles, screening UACs for trafficking concerns, and the appropriate 
custodial treatment of juveniles.
    Separately, HHS ensures that ORR-funded care provider staff are 
trained in techniques for child-friendly and trauma-informed 
interviewing, ongoing assessment, observation, and treatment of the 
medical and behavioral health needs of UACs. Care provider staff are 
trained to identify UACs who have been smuggled (i.e., transported 
illegally over a national border) and/or trafficked into the United 
States. Care providers must deliver services that are sensitive to the 
age, culture, and native language of each child as well.
    Each ORR-funded care provider program maintains ORR-approved 
policies and procedures for interdisciplinary clinical services, 
including standards on professional licensing and education for staff, 
according to staff role or discipline. Staff who are required to have 
professional certifications must maintain licensure through continuing 
education requirements, and all care provider staff must complete at a 
minimum 40 hours of training annually.
    All UACs in HHS' care participate in weekly individual counseling 
sessions with trained social work staff, where the provider reviews the 
child's progress, establishes short term objectives, and addresses 
developmental and crisis-related needs. Clinical staff may increase 
these once-a-week sessions if a more intensive approach is needed. If 
children have acute or chronic mental health illnesses, HHS refers them 
for mental health services in the community.
    UACs participate in informal group counseling sessions at least 
twice a week, where all children are present. The sessions give UACs 
who are new to the program the opportunity to get acquainted with 
staff, other children in HHS care, and the rules of the program. These 
sessions provide an open forum where everyone has an opportunity to 
speak. Together, UACs and care providers make decisions on recreational 
activities and resolve issues affecting the UACs in care.
 Best Interests of the Child
    Commenters raised issues regarding what was in the best interests 
of the child. DHS and HHS recognize that this is the heart of the FSA. 
Both Departments take seriously their responsibility to provide 
appropriate care to juveniles, many of whom have recently endured a 
hazardous journey to the United States. Juveniles are subject to 
different custody protocols depending upon whether they are 
unaccompanied or part of a family unit. Under the HSA, responsibility 
for the apprehension, temporary detention, transfer, and repatriation 
of UACs is delegated to DHS; whereas the responsibility for 
coordinating and implementing the care and placement of UACs with 
sponsors is delegated to HHS.

[[Page 44396]]

    CBP takes temporary custody of UACs apprehended and encountered at 
the border, while ICE handles custody transfer and repatriation 
responsibilities, apprehends UACs in the interior of the country, and 
represents the Federal Government in removal proceedings. Within 72 
hours, UACs in DHS custody are generally transferred into HHS custody, 
absent exceptional circumstances. Minors who do not meet the statutory 
definition of a UAC, including accompanied minors who enter the country 
as part of a family unit, may be placed in FRCs. These FRCs are 
designed to take into account the best interests of children during 
custody, pursuant to applicable laws., including by keeping the child 
with his or her parent(s) as a family unit.
    Several commenters suggested, incorrectly, that the FSA prohibits 
temporary custody of juveniles entirely and that, therefore, detention 
goes inherently against the best interests of a child. DHS notes that 
even the authors of the FSA understood some amount of physical custody 
was going to be necessary and appropriate, as discussed above. The 
conditions of facilities and shelters that house children in DHS 
custody are designed to afford a protective environment for the best 
interests of the child and must adhere to the statutory, regulatory, 
and court-ordered requirements and standards governing the care and 
custody of children. FRCs are also designed to allow the child to live 
with his or her family, and thus to preserve family unity even when 
custody is warranted. And HHS care-provider facilities undergo rigorous 
State licensing processes in order to serve as residential child care 
shelters for the temporary care of UACs. This final rule implements 
those care and custody requirements and standards in full force.
Summary of Changes From the Proposed Rule
    Following careful consideration of the public comments received, 
the Departments have made several modifications to the regulatory text 
proposed in the NPRM. These changes are:
     Section 212.5(b) now provides that DHS is not precluded 
from releasing a minor who is not a UAC to someone other than a parent 
or legal guardian, specifically a brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or 
grandparent who is not in detention.
     Section 236.3(b)(2) defines Special Needs Minor. DHS 
agrees to remove ``retardation'' and replace it with ``intellectual 
disability.''
     Section 236.3(b)(9), which defines Licensed Facility, 
requires DHS to employ third parties to conduct audits of FRCs to 
ensure compliance with ICE's family residential standards. In response 
to comments and for full transparency, DHS is adding the phrase ``DHS 
will make the results of these audits publicly available'' to the 
definition. DHS has also included in the definition that audits will 
occur upon the opening of a facility and on a regular basis thereafter 
to address comments regarding oversight of current facilities.
     In Sec.  236.3(b)(11), which defines a Non-Secure 
Facility, DHS agrees with commenters that the intention of the proposed 
rule was to provide a definition of non-secure when the term was not 
otherwise defined under the state law where the facility is located. 
Given commenters' concerns that the regulatory text was unclear, DHS 
will clarify the definition in this final rule and add ``under state 
law'' to the definition.
     In Sec.  236.3(f)(1) regarding transfer of UACs from DHS 
to HHS, DHS agrees to amend the proposed regulatory text to clarify 
that the reference to 8 U.S.C. 1232(a)(2) refers to the processing of a 
UAC from a contiguous country. DHS is deleting ``subject to the terms 
of'' and replacing it with ``processed in accordance with.''
     In Sec.  236.3(f)(4)(i) regarding the transportation of 
UACs, DHS is amending the regulatory text to make clear that, as a 
general matter, UACs are not transported with unrelated detained 
adults. The two situations described in the regulatory text are limited 
exceptions to this general rule. DHS is adding the reference to 
unrelated ``detained'' adults, for clarity.
     In Sec.  236.3(g)(1)(i), DHS is amending the procedures 
applicable to the apprehension and processing of minors or UACs. The 
regulatory text will be clear that the notices required, including Form 
I-770, will be provided, read, or explained to all minors and UACs in a 
language and manner that they understand, not just to those minors 
believed to be less than 14 or who are unable to understand the notice, 
as was proposed in the NPRM.
     In Sec.  236.3(g)(2)(i) regarding DHS custodial care 
immediately following apprehension, DHS agrees to delete the term 
``exigent circumstances,'' as it is redundant to ``emergency.''
     In Sec.  236.3(i)(4), commenters requested additional 
language tracking the verbatim text of FSA Ex. 1 paragraph B and C. DHS 
reiterates that these standards in Sec.  236.3(i)(4) apply to the non-
secure, licensed facilities used for housing family units--FRCs.
     Section 236.3(j) and (n) now provide that DHS is not 
precluded from releasing a minor who is not a UAC to someone other than 
a parent or legal guardian, specifically a brother, sister, aunt, 
uncle, or grandparent who is not in detention and is otherwise 
available to provide care and physical custody.
     DHS has added new Sec.  236.3(j)(2)-(4) to identify the 
specific statutory and regulatory provisions that govern the custody 
and/or release of non-UAC minors in DHS custody based on the type and 
status of immigration proceedings.
     DHS has added a new Sec.  236.3(j)(4) to state clearly 
that the Department will consider parole for all minors who are 
detained pursuant to section 235(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the INA or 8 CFR 
235.3(c), and that paroling such minors who do not present a safety 
risk or risk of absconding will generally serve an urgent humanitarian 
reason. Paragraph (j) now also states that DHS takes aggregate and 
historical data, officer experience, statistical information or any 
other probative information into account when determining whether 
release may be appropriate.
     Section 236.3(o) is amended to clarify that the Juvenile 
Coordinator's duty to collect statistics is in addition to the 
requirement to monitor compliance with the terms of the regulations.
     In Sec.  410.101, HHS agrees to amend the definition of 
``special needs minor,'' replacing the term ``retardation'' with 
``intellectual disability.''
     In Sec.  410.201(e), HHS agrees with multiple legal 
advocacy organizations' analysis that the FSA and TVPRA run in 
contradiction to each other on the placement of UACs in secure 
facilities based solely on the lack of appropriate licensed program 
availability; therefore, ORR is striking the following clause from this 
section: ``. . . or a State or county juvenile detention facility.''
     In Sec.  410.202, in response to commenters' concerns, HHS 
clarifies that it places UACs in licensed programs except if a 
reasonable person would conclude ``based on the totality of the 
evidence and in accordance with subpart G'' that the UAC is an adult.
     In Sec.  410.203, in response to commenters' concerns, HHS 
clarifies that it reviews placements of UACs in secure facilities at 
least monthly and that the rule does not abrogate any requirements that 
HHS place UACs in the least restrictive setting appropriate to their 
age and any special needs.
     In Sec.  410.302(a), in response to commenters' concerns, 
HHS clarifies that the licensed program providing care for a UAC shall 
make continual efforts at family reunification as long as the

[[Page 44397]]

UAC is in the care of the licensed program.
     In Sec.  410.600(a) regarding transfer of UAC, the 
proposed regulatory text stated that, ``ORR takes all necessary 
precautions for the protection of UACs during transportation with 
adults.'' However, as ORR does not transport adult aliens, HHS has 
decided to strike this language from the final rule.
     In Sec.  410.700 HHS is adding the ``totality of the 
evidence and circumstances'' for age determinations standards to mirror 
the DHS standard in compliance with statute. See 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(4).
     In Sec.  410.810(b), HHS declines to place the burden of 
evidence in the independent internal custody hearings on itself; 
however, it has modified the rule text to indicate that HHS bears the 
initial burden of production supporting its determination that a UAC 
would pose a danger or flight risk if discharged from HHS' care. The 
UAC bears the burden of persuading the independent hearing officer to 
overrule the government's position, under a preponderance of the 
evidence standard.

B. Legal Authority

    The Secretary of Homeland Security derives authority to promulgate 
these regulatory amendments primarily from the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (INA or Act), as amended, 8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq. The 
Secretary may ``establish such regulations'' as he deems necessary for 
carrying out his authorities under the INA. INA sec. 103(a)(3), 8 
U.S.C. 1103(a)(3). In addition, section 462 of the HSA and section 235 
of the TVPRA prescribe substantive requirements and procedural 
safeguards to be implemented by DHS and HHS with respect to 
unaccompanied alien children (UACs).
    Section 462 of the HSA also transferred to the Office of Refugee 
Resettlement (ORR) Director ``functions under the immigration laws of 
the United States with respect to the care of unaccompanied alien 
children that were vested by statute in, or performed by, the 
Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization.'' 6 U.S.C. 279(a). The 
ORR Director may, for purposes of performing a function transferred by 
this section, ``exercise all authorities under any other provision of 
law that were available with respect to the performance of that 
function to the official responsible for the performance of the 
function'' immediately before the transfer of the program. 6 U.S.C. 
279(f)(1).
    Consistent with provisions in the HSA, the TVPRA places the 
responsibility for the care and custody of all UACs who are not 
eligible to be repatriated to a contiguous country with the Secretary 
of Health and Human Services.\2\ Prior to the transfer of the program, 
the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, through a 
delegation from the Attorney General, had authority ``to establish such 
regulations . . . as he deem[ed] necessary for carrying out his 
authority under the provisions of this Act.'' INA sec. 103(a)(3), 8 
U.S.C. 1103(a)(3) (2002); 8 CFR 2.1 (2002). In accordance with the 
relevant savings and transfer provisions of the HSA, see 6 U.S.C. 279, 
552, 557; see also 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(1), the ORR Director now possesses 
the authority to promulgate regulations concerning ORR's administration 
of its responsibilities under the HSA and TVPRA, and the FSA at 
paragraph 40 (as modified) specifically envisions promulgation of such 
regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Some UACs from contiguous countries may be permitted to 
withdraw their application for admission and be repatriated. These 
UACs are not referred to HHS. 8 U.S.C. 1232(a)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Costs and Benefits

    This rule implements the FSA by establishing uniform standards for 
the custody and care of alien juveniles during their immigration 
proceedings and to ensure they are treated with dignity and respect. 
The rule adopts regulatory measures that materially parallel the FSA 
standards and protections, and also by codifying the current 
requirements for complying with the FSA, the HSA, and the TVPRA, and 
respond to changed factual and operational circumstances.
    U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and U.S. Immigration and 
Customs Enforcement (ICE) encounter minors and UACs in different 
manners. CBP generally encounters UACs and minors at or near the 
border. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2017, CBP apprehended 113,920 juveniles.\3\ 
In FY 2018, CBP apprehended 107,498 juveniles. Generally, ICE 
encounters minors either upon transfer from CBP to an FRC, or during 
interior enforcement actions. In FY 2017, 37,825 individuals were 
booked into ICE's three FRCs, 20,606 of whom were minors. In FY 2018, 
45,755 individuals were booked into ICE's three FRCs, 24,265 of whom 
were minors. ICE generally encounters UACs when it transports UACs who 
are transferred from CBP custody to ORR custody, as well as during 
interior enforcement actions. The Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) 
encounters UACs when they are referred to ORR custody and care by CBP, 
after border encounters, or by direct referral from ICE, after ICE-
initiated interior immigration enforcement. It is important to note 
that HHS does not enforce immigration measures; that is the role and 
responsibility of HHS' Federal partners within DHS. ORR is a child 
welfare agency and provides shelter, care, and other essential services 
to UACs, while working to reunite them with family or other approved 
sponsors as soon as possible, with safety governing the process. In FY 
2017, 40,810 UACs were placed in ORR's care. In FY 2018, 49,100 UACs 
were placed in ORR's care. (Please note that these numbers may reflect 
UACs who were in ORR's care from one fiscal year into the next.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ Throughout this final rule, the Departments generally use 
the term ``juvenile'' to refer to any alien under the age of 18. For 
further explanation, see below for discussion of the terms 
``juvenile,'' ``minor,'' and ``unaccompanied alien child (UAC).''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Departments' current operations and procedures for implementing 
the terms of the FSA, the HSA, and the TVPRA are the primary baseline 
against which to assess the costs and benefits of this rule. DHS and 
HHS already incur the costs for these operations; therefore, they are 
not costs of this rule.
    The primary changes to DHS's current operational environment 
resulting from this rule are implementing an alternative licensing 
process for FRCs and making changes to 8 CFR 212.5 to align parole for 
minors in expedited removal with all other aliens in expedited removal, 
consistent with the applicable statutory authority. Subject always to 
resource constraints, these changes may result in additional or longer 
detention for some groups of minors. Specifically, minors who are in 
expedited removal proceedings whose credible-fear determination is 
still pending or who lack a credible fear and are awaiting removal are 
more likely to be held until removal can be effectuated. Furthermore, 
minors who have been found to have a credible fear or who are otherwise 
in INA section 240 proceedings, and who pose a flight risk or danger if 
released, are more likely to be held until the end of their removal 
proceedings, although limited bed space in FRCs imposes a significant 
constraint on custody of this cohort. DHS estimates the total number of 
minors in FY 2017 in groups that might be detained longer was 2,787 and 
in FY 2018 was 3,663. The numbers of accompanying parents or legal 
guardians are not included in these estimates. While the above 
estimates reflects the number of minors in FY 2017 and FY 2018 in 
groups of individuals that would likely be held until removal can be 
effectuated, DHS is unable to forecast the future total

[[Page 44398]]

number of such minors that may experience additional or longer 
detention as a result of this rule, or for how much longer individuals 
may be detained because there are many other variables that may affect 
such estimates. DHS also notes that resource constraints on the 
availability of bed space mean that if some individuals are detained 
for longer periods of time, then less bed space will be available to 
detain other aliens, who in turn could be detained for less time than 
they would have been absent the rule. DHS is unable to provide an 
aggregate estimate of the cost of any increased detention on the 
individuals being detained. To the extent this rule results in filling 
any available bed space at current FRCs, this may thereby increase 
variable annual costs paid by ICE to operators of current FRCs.
    DHS notes that while additional or longer detention could result in 
the need for additional bed space, there are many factors that would be 
considered in opening a new FRC and at this time ICE is unable to 
determine if this rule would result in costs to build additional bed 
space. If ICE awarded additional contracts for expanded bed space as a 
result of this rule, ICE would also incur additional fixed costs and 
variable costs to provide contracted services beyond current FRC 
capacity.
    The primary purpose of the rule is to implement applicable 
statutory law and the FSA through regulations, to respond to changes in 
law and circumstances, and in turn enable termination of the agreement 
as contemplated by the FSA itself, in doing so DHS will move away from 
judicial governance to executive government via regulation. The result 
is to provide for the sound administration of the detention and custody 
of alien minors and UACs to be carried out fully, pursuant to the INA, 
HSA, TVPRA, and existing regulations issued by the Departments 
responsible for administering those statutes, rather than partially 
carried out via a decades-old settlement agreement. The rule ensures 
that applicable regulations reflect the Departments' current operations 
with respect to minors and UACs in accordance with the relevant and 
substantive terms of the FSA and the TVPRA, as well as the INA. 
Further, by modifying the literal text of the FSA (to the extent it has 
been interpreted to apply to accompanied minors) in limited cases to 
reflect and respond to intervening statutory and operational changes, 
DHS ensures that it retains discretion to detain families, as 
appropriate and pursuant to its statutory and regulatory authorities, 
to meet its enforcement needs, while still providing protections to 
minors that the FSA intended.

D. Effective Date

    This final rule will be effective on October 22, 2019, 60 days from 
the date of publication in the Federal Register.

III. Background and Purpose

A. History

1. The Flores Settlement Agreement
    Prior to the enactment of the HSA, the Attorney General and the 
legacy INS had the primary authority to administer and enforce the 
immigration laws. In the period leading up to the Flores litigation in 
the mid-1980s, the general nationwide INS policy, based on regulations 
promulgated in 1963 and the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 
Act of 1974, was that alien juveniles could petition an immigration 
judge for release from INS custody if an order of deportation was not 
final. See Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 324-25 (1993). In 1984, the 
Western Region of the INS implemented a different release policy for 
juveniles, and the INS later adopted that policy nationwide. Under that 
policy, juveniles could only be released to a parent or a legal 
guardian. The rationale for the policy was two-fold: (1) To protect the 
juvenile's welfare and safety, and (2) to shield the INS from possible 
legal liability. The policy allowed such alien juveniles to be released 
to other adults only in unusual and extraordinary cases at the 
discretion of the District Director or Chief Patrol Agent. See Flores 
v. Meese, 942 F.2d 1352 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc).
    On July 11, 1985, four alien juveniles filed a class action lawsuit 
in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, 
Flores v. Meese, No. 85-4544 (C.D. Cal. filed July 11, 1985). The case 
``ar[ose] out of the INS's efforts to deal with the growing number of 
alien children entering the United States by themselves or without 
their parents (unaccompanied alien minors).'' Flores v. Meese, 934 F.2d 
991, 993 (9th Cir. 1990). The class was defined to consist of ``all 
persons under the age of eighteen (18) years who have been, are, or 
will be arrested and detained pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 1252 by the INS 
within the INS' Western Region and who have been, are, or will be 
denied release from INS custody because a parent or legal guardian 
fails to personally appear to take custody of them.'' Id. at 994. The 
Flores litigation challenged ``(a) the [INS] policy to condition 
juveniles' release on bail on their parents' or legal guardians' 
surrendering to INS agents for interrogation and deportation; (b) the 
procedures employed by the INS in imposing a condition on juveniles' 
bail that their parents' or legal guardians' [sic] surrender to INS 
agents for interrogation and deportation; and (c) the conditions 
maintained by the INS in facilities where juveniles are incarcerated.'' 
See Flores Compl. paragraph 1. The plaintiffs claimed that the INS's 
release and bond practices and policies violated, among other things, 
the INA, the Administrative Procedure Act, and the Due Process Clause 
and Equal Protection Guarantee under the Fifth Amendment. See id. 
paragraphs 66-69.
    Prior to a ruling on any of the issues, on November 30, 1987, the 
parties entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on the 
conditions of detention. The MOU stated that minors in INS custody for 
more than 72 hours following arrest would be housed in facilities that 
met or exceeded the standards set forth in the April 29, 1987, U.S. 
Department of Justice Notice of Funding in the Federal Register and in 
the document ``Alien Minors Shelter Care Program--Description and 
Requirements.'' See Notice of Availability of Funding for Cooperative 
Agreements; Shelter Care and Other Related Services to Alien Minors, 52 
FR 15569, 15570 (Apr. 29, 1987). The Notice provided that eligible 
grant applicants for the funding described in the Notice included 
organizations that were ``appropriately licensed or can expeditiously 
meet applicable state licensing requirements for the provision of 
shelter care, foster care, group care and other related services to 
dependent children . . . .'' Id.
    At approximately the same time that the MOU was executed, the INS 
published a proposed rule on the Detention and Release of Juveniles to 
amend 8 CFR parts 212 and 242. See 52 FR 38245 (Oct. 15, 1987). The 
stated purpose of the rule was ``to codify the [INS] policy regarding 
detention and release of juvenile aliens and to provide a single policy 
for juveniles in both deportation and exclusion proceedings.'' Again, 
however, the proposed regulations did not address the considerations 
that might arise if the INS ever held an accompanied minor in custody 
along with his or her parent, together as a unit. For example, the 
preamble discussed the need to coordinate ``family reunification'' and 
``locating suitable placement of juvenile detainees,'' but did not 
discuss preserving family unity when a minor is already in custody 
together with the parent. Id. (emphasis added).
    The INS issued a final rule in May 1988. 53 FR 17449 (May 17, 
1988). The rule provided for release to a parent,

[[Page 44399]]

guardian, or other relative, and discretionary release to other adults. 
See 53 FR at 17451. It also provided that when adults are in detention, 
INS would consider release of the adult and juvenile. Id.
    On May 24, 1988, the district court where the original Flores case 
was filed held that the recently codified INS regulation, 8 CFR 242.24 
(1988), governing the release of detained alien minors, violated 
substantive due process, and ordered modifications to the regulation. 
The district court also held that INS release and bond procedures for 
detained minors in deportation proceedings fell short of the 
requirements of procedural due process, and therefore ordered the INS 
``forthwith'' to provide to any minor in custody an ``administrative 
hearing to determine probable cause for his arrest and the need for any 
restrictions placed upon his release.'' Flores v. Meese, 934 F.2d 991, 
993 (9th Cir. 1990) (quoting the district court). The INS appealed, and 
the Ninth Circuit reversed the district court's holdings that the INS 
exceeded its statutory authority in promulgating 8 CFR 242.24 and that 
the regulation violated substantive due process. The Ninth Circuit also 
reversed the district court's procedural due process holding, 
identified the legal standard that the district court should have 
applied, and remanded the issue for the district court to further 
explore the issue. Id. at 1013. On rehearing en banc, however, the 
Ninth Circuit vacated the original panel's opinion, affirmed the 
district court's holding, and held that INS's regulation was invalid 
because the regulation violated the alien child's due process and 
habeas corpus rights, and detention where the alien child was otherwise 
eligible for release on bond or recognizance to a custodian served no 
legitimate purpose of the INS. Flores v. Meese, 942 F.2d 1352 (9th Cir. 
1991) (en banc) (``The district court correctly held that the blanket 
detention policy is unlawful. The district court's order appropriately 
requires children to be released to a responsible adult where no 
relative or legal guardian is available and mandates a hearing before 
an immigration judge for the determination of the terms and conditions 
of release.'').
    The INS appealed, and in 1993, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected 
Plaintiffs' facial challenge to the constitutionality of the INS's 
regulation concerning the care of alien juveniles. Reno v. Flores, 507 
U.S. 292 (1993). The Supreme Court held that the regulations did not 
violate any substantive or procedural due process rights or equal 
protection principles. Id. at 306, 309. According to the Court, the 
regulations did not exceed the scope of the Attorney General's 
discretion under the INA to continue custody over arrested aliens, 
because the challenged regulations rationally pursued the lawful 
purpose of protecting the welfare of such juveniles. Id. at 315.
    The regulations promulgated in 1988 have remained in effect since 
publication but were moved to 8 CFR 236.3 in 1997. See 62 FR 10312, 
10360 (Mar. 6, 1997). They were amended in 2002 when the authority to 
decide issues concerning the detention and release of juveniles was 
moved to the Director of the Office of Juvenile Affairs from the 
District Directors and Chief Patrol Agents. See 67 FR 39255, 39258 
(June 7, 2002).
    The Supreme Court's decision in Reno v. Flores did not fully 
resolve all of the issues in the case. After that decision, the parties 
agreed to settle the matter and resolved the remainder of the 
litigation in the FSA, which the district court approved on January 28, 
1997. In 1998, the INS published a proposed rule having a basis in the 
substantive terms of the FSA, entitled Processing, Detention, and 
Release of Juveniles. See 63 FR 39759 (July 24, 1998). Over the 
subsequent years, that proposed rule was not finalized. In 2001, as the 
original termination date of the FSA approached, the parties added a 
stipulation in the FSA, which terminates the FSA ``45 days following 
defendants' publication of final regulations implementing t[he] 
Agreement.'' Stipulated Settlement Agreement, Flores v. Reno, No. CV 
85-4544-RJK(Px) (C.D. Cal. Dec. 7, 2001). In January 2002, the INS 
reopened the comment period on the 1998 proposed rule, 67 FR 1670 (Jan. 
14, 2002), but the rulemaking was ultimately abandoned. Thus, as a 
result of the 2001 Stipulation, the FSA has not terminated. The U.S. 
District Court for the Central District of California has continued to 
rule on various motions filed in the case and oversee enforcement of 
the FSA.
    After the 2001 Stipulation, Congress enacted the HSA and the TVPRA, 
both of which impact the treatment of alien juveniles. Among other 
changes, the HSA created DHS and, along with the TVPRA, transferred the 
functions under the immigration laws with respect to the care and then 
custody of UACs referred by other Federal agencies to HHS ORR. The 
TVPRA also further regulated the Departments' respective roles with 
respect to UACs. See 6 U.S.C. 111(a), 279; 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(1).
    The HSA also contained a general savings clause at 6 U.S.C. 552(a) 
with respect to the transfer of functions from the INS to ORR and DHS. 
The savings clause has been interpreted by courts to have maintained 
the FSA as enforceable against HHS and DHS. By promulgating these final 
rules, HHS and DHS are completing an administrative action to terminate 
the FSA.
    To summarize agency roles under the current statutory framework: 
DHS apprehends, provides care and custody for, transfers, and removes 
alien minors; DHS apprehends, transfers, and removes UACs; and HHS ORR 
provides for care and custody of UACs who are in Federal custody (other 
than those permitted to withdraw their application for admission) and 
referred to HHS ORR by other Departments.
2. The Reorganization of the Immigration and Naturalization Service
    The FSA was entered into by the INS, which was under the U.S. 
Department of Justice, and the plaintiffs in the Flores lawsuit. INS 
had within it all of the immigration functions: Border patrol, 
detention, enforcement, deportation, investigations, and adjudication 
of immigration benefits. After the 9/11 attacks a major reorganization 
of the government took place, and most of the INS functions were 
transferred to the newly formed DHS in 2003 and divided into three 
distinct components. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services 
(USCIS) took over adjudication of immigration benefits. ICE took over 
the investigative and enforcement functions of INS, which included 
longer-term detention of aliens when warranted. CBP took over the 
functions on the border, including apprehension of those entering 
illegally and inspections of individuals entering at ports of entry, as 
well as short-term detention for the purposes of processing aliens. The 
Homeland Security Act also transferred the responsibility for the care 
and custody of UACs to HHS' ORR. 6 U.S.C. 279(a). The obligations under 
the FSA therefore also had to be divided after the reorganization.
    In 2008, Congress passed the TVPRA, which further provided that all 
UACs in government custody (other than those able to withdraw their 
application for admission and be immediately repatriated) must be 
transferred to HHS ORR.
3. The Change in Migration Patterns and the Creation of the Family 
Residential Centers as a Response
    When the FSA was first entered into and even when DHS was first 
created, migration at the southern border primarily consisted of single 
adults and unaccompanied juveniles, mostly in their teens. Since then, 
the numbers of minors, both accompanied and

[[Page 44400]]

unaccompanied, has skyrocketed. In 1993, for instance, the Supreme 
Court recognized that a surge of ``more than 8,500'' unaccompanied 
minors represented a ``problem'' that is ``serious.'' Reno, 507 U.S. at 
294. Before 2012, the number of UACs encountered by the government 
stayed relatively consistent with an average of about 7,000 to 8,000 
UACs typically placed in ORR custody each year before FY 2012.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 
Administration for Children and Families, Office of Refugee 
Resettlement, Unaccompanied Alien Children Program, Fact Sheet (May 
2014), https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/orr/unaccompanied_childrens_services_fact_sheet.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    But that then changed. From Fiscal Year 2011 through 2018, 
apprehensions of UACs between ports of entry along the southwest border 
increased dramatically: Were as follows, resulting in a substantial net 
increase over that time period: FY 2011: 15,949; FY 2012: 24,403; FY 
2013: 38,759; FY 2014: 68,541; FY 2015: 39,970; FY 2016: 59,692; FY 
2017: 41,435; FY 2018: 50,036.\5\ At ports of entry along the southwest 
border, 10,678 UACs were found inadmissible in FY 2016; 7,246 UACs were 
found inadmissible in FY 2017; and 8,624 UACs were found inadmissible 
in FY 2018.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ See U.S. Border Patrol, Total Unaccompanied Alien Children 
(0-17 years old Apprehensions, https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-Mar/bp-total-monthly-uacs-sector-fy2010-fy2018.pdf).
    \6\ See https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/ofo-sw-border-inadmissibles-fy2017, https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration/fy-2018.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, a new trend also began of families with young 
children crossing the border. For family units, the overall numbers of 
apprehensions have increased dramatically: FY 2013: 14,855; FY 2014: 
68,445; FY 2015: 39, 838; FY 2016: 77,674; FY 2017: 75,622; FY 2018: 
107,212.\7\ At ports of entry, 26,062 family units were found 
inadmissible in FY 2016, 29,375 family units were found inadmissible in 
FY 2017, and 53,901 family units were found inadmissible in FY 2018.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ See U.S. Border Patrol, Total Family Unit Apprehensions, 
https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-Mar/bp-total-monthly-family-units-sector-fy13-fy18.pdf.
    \8\ See https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/ofo-sw-border-inadmissibles-fy2017, https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration/fy-2018.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In FY 2019 so far, from October 2018 through June 2019, the total 
number of UAC apprehensions along the Southwest border was 63,624, and 
the total number of family unit apprehensions was 390,308. An 
additional 3,572 UACs and 37,573 family units have been found 
inadmissible at ports of entry.\9\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ See U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Southwest Border 
Migration FY2019, available at: https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As the number of family units increased, the Government faced a new 
challenge: Housing children primarily in adult facilities, even with 
their parents, while still trying to provide all of the services 
juveniles need. In the early 2000s, the government created ICE Family 
Residential Centers (FRCs). By 2016, there were three FRCs. Unlike the 
CBP facilities where juveniles are temporarily held following 
apprehension or encounter (which are designed for short-term 
detention), FRCs are more akin to a dormitory setting. For example, the 
first FRC in Berks, Pennsylvania, was converted from a senior living 
center. It has suites where each family is housed separately. Beds, 
tables, chests of drawers, and other standard amenities are provided. 
Bedding, towels, basic clothing, and toiletries are provided. There is 
also a laundry facility on premises. There is a large community 
``living room'' that has a large screen television, large cushioned 
couches and lounge chairs, a gaming area and a separate library that 
contains books, smaller television sets, video games, and board games. 
The facility also has an entire wing dedicated to classroom learning 
where minors at the facility go to school five days a week and study 
English and other age appropriate subjects. Another wing is a medical 
facility where minors and their parents receive any necessary medical 
care, including all immunizations required for later admission to U.S. 
public schools, and a treatment area for those who have entered the 
country with a communicable disease, such as tuberculosis. There are 
also phone banks to call relatives, consulates, or attorney/
representatives.
    In all FRCs, three hot ``all-you-can-eat'' meals a day are 
provided, and snacks are available throughout the day. All three FRCs 
offer a variety of indoor and outdoor daily recreation activities for 
children and adults, and a monthly recreational schedule is posted 
within communal areas in each facility. Indoor activities offered 
include a variety of sports (e.g., basketball, badminton, indoor 
soccer, and volleyball), group exercise classes, arts and crafts 
classes, karaoke, movie nights, and seasonal and holiday-themed 
activities. Outdoor recreational facilities include soccer fields, sand 
volleyball courts, handball courts, sand boxes, and play structures 
with slides and jungle gyms. The facility is non-secure and a family is 
not physically prevented from leaving the facility.
    The FRCs have video conferencing set up for court hearings and 
private meeting rooms so that families can meet with their attorneys or 
representatives. Child care is provided to the parents while they meet 
with their attorneys/representatives or attend their court hearings. 
Interpreting services are available 24 hours a day via telephone. 
Attorneys and representatives approved to appear at immigration court 
hearings are provided access to the residents at various times each 
week, enabling families to obtain counsel and not have to appear at 
immigration hearings as pro se respondents.

B. Authority

1. Statutory and Regulatory Authority
a. Immigration and Nationality Act and the Illegal Immigration Reform 
and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
    The INA, as amended, provides the primary authority for DHS to 
detain certain aliens for violations of the immigration laws. Congress 
expanded legacy INS detention authority in IIRIRA, Public Law 104-208, 
110 Stat. 3009. In that legislation, Congress amended the INA by 
providing that certain aliens were subject to either mandatory or 
discretionary detention by the INS. This authorization flowed to DHS 
after the reorganization under the HSA. Specifically, DHS's authority 
to detain certain aliens comes from sections 235, 236, and 241 of the 
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225, 1226, and 1231. Section 235 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1225, provides that applicants for admission to the United States, 
including those subject to expedited removal, shall be detained during 
their removal proceedings, although such aliens may be released on 
parole in limited circumstances, consistent with the statutory standard 
set forth in INA 212(d)(5), 8 U.S.C. 1182(d)(5) and standards set forth 
in the regulations. Section 236 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1226, provides the 
authority to arrest and detain an alien pending a decision on whether 
the alien is to be removed from the United States, and section 241, 8 
U.S.C. 1231, authorizes the detention of aliens during the period 
following the issuance of a final order of removal. Other provisions of 
the INA also mandate detention of certain classes of individuals, such 
as criminal aliens.
b. Homeland Security Act of 2002
    As noted, the HSA, Public Law 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, transferred 
most of

[[Page 44401]]

the functions of the INS from DOJ to the newly-created DHS. DHS and its 
various components are responsible for border security, interior 
immigration enforcement, and immigration benefits adjudication, among 
other duties. DOJ's EOIR retained its pre-existing functions relating 
to the immigration and naturalization of aliens, including conducting 
removal proceedings and adjudicating defensive filings of asylum 
claims.
    The functions regarding care of UACs were transferred from the INS 
to HHS ORR. The HSA states ORR shall be responsible to coordinate and 
implement the care and placement of UACs who are in Federal custody by 
reason of their immigration status. ORR was also tasked with 
identifying a sufficient number of qualified individuals, entities, and 
facilities to house UACs, and with ensuring that the interests of the 
child are considered in decisions and actions relating to his or her 
care and custody.
c. William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization 
Act of 2008
    Section 235 of the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims 
Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (TVPRA), Public Law 110-457, 
Title II, Subtitle D, 122 Stat. 5044 (codified in principal part at 8 
U.S.C. 1232), states that consistent with the HSA, and except as 
otherwise provided with respect to certain UAC from contiguous 
countries (see 8 U.S.C. 1232(a)), the care and custody of all UACs, 
including responsibility for their detention, where appropriate, shall 
be the responsibility of HHS. The TVPRA, among other things, requires 
Federal agencies to notify HHS within 48 hours of apprehending or 
discovering a UAC, or receiving a claim or having suspicion that an 
alien in their custody is under 18 years of age. 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(2). 
The TVPRA further requires that, absent exceptional circumstances, any 
Federal agency transfer a UAC to the care and custody of HHS within 72 
hours of determining that an alien in its custody is a UAC. 8 U.S.C. 
1232(b)(3).
    The Secretary of HHS delegated the authority under the TVPRA to the 
Assistant Secretary for Children and Families, 74 FR 14564 (2009), who 
in turn delegated the authority to the ORR Director, 74 FR 1232 (2009).
2. Flores Settlement Agreement Implementation
    As discussed above, in the 1990s, the U.S. Government and Flores 
plaintiffs entered into the FSA to resolve nationwide the ongoing 
litigation concerning the INS's detention regulations for alien minors. 
The FSA was executed on behalf of the Government on September 16, 1996. 
The U.S. District Court for the Central District of California approved 
the FSA on January 28, 1997. The FSA became effective 30 days after its 
approval by the district court and provided for continued oversight by 
that court.
    Paragraph 9 of the FSA explains its purpose: To establish a 
``nationwide policy for the detention, release, and treatment of minors 
in the custody of the INS.'' Paragraph 4 defines a ``minor'' as ``any 
person under the age of eighteen (18) years who is detained in the 
legal custody of the INS,'' but the definition excludes minors who have 
been emancipated or incarcerated due to a criminal conviction as an 
adult. The FSA established procedures and conditions for processing, 
transportation, and detention following apprehension, and set forth the 
procedures and practices that the parties agreed should govern the 
INS's discretionary decisions to release or detain minors and to whom 
they should or may be released.
    The FSA was originally set to expire within five years, but on 
December 7, 2001, the Parties agreed to a termination date of ``45 days 
following defendants' publication of final regulations implementing 
this Agreement.'' However, the proposed rule that was published for 
that purpose was never finalized. See 67 FR 1670 (reopening the comment 
period for the 1998 proposed rule). A copy of the FSA and the 2001 
Stipulation is available in the docket for this rulemaking. A principal 
purpose of these regulations is to ``implement[] the Agreement,'' and 
in turn to terminate the FSA.
3. Recent Court Orders
a. Motion to Enforce I
    On January 26, 2004, Plaintiffs filed their first motion to enforce 
the agreement, alleging, among other things, that CBP and ICE: (1) 
Regularly failed to release minors covered by the FSA to caregivers 
other than parents when parents refused to appear; (2) routinely failed 
to place detained class members in the least restrictive setting; (3) 
failed to provide class members adequate education and mental health 
services, and (4) exposed minors covered by the FSA to dangerous and 
unhealthy conditions. Ultimately, after a lengthy discovery process in 
which the government provided Plaintiffs numerous documents related to 
the government's compliance with the FSA, Plaintiffs filed a Notice of 
Withdrawal of Motion to Enforce Settlement on November 14, 2005. The 
court dismissed the matter on May 10, 2006.
b. Motion To Enforce II
    On February 2, 2015, Plaintiffs filed a second motion to enforce 
the agreement, alleging that CBP and ICE were in violation of the FSA 
because: (1) ICE's supposed no-release policy--i.e., an alleged policy 
of detaining all female-headed families, including children, for as 
long as it takes to determine whether they are entitled to remain in 
the United States--violated the FSA; (2) ICE's routine confinement of 
class members in secure, unlicensed facilities breached the Agreement; 
and (3) CBP exposed class members to harsh and substandard conditions, 
in violation of the Agreement.
    On July 24, 2015, the district court granted Plaintiffs' second 
motion to enforce and denied Defendant DHS's contemporaneous motion to 
modify the agreement. Flores v. Johnson, 212 F. Supp. 3d 864 (C.D. Cal. 
2015). The court found: (1) The FSA applied to all alien minors in 
government custody, including those accompanied by their parents or 
legal guardians; (2) ICE's continuing detention of minors accompanied 
by their mothers was a material breach of the FSA; (3) the FSA requires 
Defendant DHS to release minors with their accompanying parent or legal 
guardian unless this would create a significant flight risk or a safety 
risk; (4) DHS housing minors in secure and non-licensed FRCs violated 
the FSA; and (5) CBP violated the FSA by holding minors and UACs in 
facilities that were not safe and sanitary. Id. The Court ordered the 
government to show cause why certain remedies should not be implemented 
as a result of these violations.
    The government filed a response to the Court's order to show cause 
on August 6, 2015. On August 21, 2015, the court issued a subsequent 
remedial order for DHS to implement six remedies. Flores v. Lynch, 212 
F. Supp. 3d 907 (C.D. Cal. 2015). In the decision, the court clarified 
that, as provided in FSA paragraph 12(A), in the event of an emergency 
or influx, DHS need not transfer minors to a ``licensed program'' 
pursuant to the 3- and 5-day requirements of paragraph 12(A), but must 
transfer such minors ``as expeditiously as possible.'' In the decision, 
the court referenced the Government's assertion that DHS, on average, 
would detain minors who are not UACs for 20 days--the general length of 
time required to complete credible or reasonable fear processing at 
that time for aliens in expedited

[[Page 44402]]

removal. The court agreed that if 20 days was ``as fast as [the 
Government] . . . can possibly go,'' the Government's practice of 
holding accompanied minors in its FRCs, even if not ``licensed'' and 
``non-secure'' per FSA paragraph 19, may be within the parameters of 
FSA paragraph 12(A). Id. at 914. In a decision issued on July 6, 2016, 
the Ninth Circuit agreed with the district court that during an 
emergency or influx, minors must be transferred ``as expeditiously as 
possible'' to a non-secure, licensed facility. Flores v. Lynch, 828 
F.3d. 898, 902-03 (9th Cir. 2016). The Ninth Circuit affirmed the 
district court's holding that the FSA applies to all alien minors and 
UACs in government custody and concluded the district court did not 
abuse its discretion in denying the Government's motion to modify the 
FSA. The Ninth Circuit, however, reversed the district court's 
determination that the FSA required the release of accompanying 
parents. Id.
    The government maintains that the terms of the FSA were intended to 
apply only to those alien children in custody who are unaccompanied.
    Nonetheless, reflecting existing circuit precedent that the FSA 
applies to accompanied minors, this rule applies to both accompanied 
and unaccompanied minors.
c. Motion To Enforce III
    On May 17, 2016, plaintiffs filed a third motion to enforce the 
agreement, claiming that DHS was violating the agreement by: (1) 
Holding class members in CBP facilities that did not meet the 
requirements of the FSA; (2) failing to advise class members of their 
rights under the FSA; (3) making no efforts to release or reunify class 
members with family members; (4) holding class members routinely with 
unrelated adults; (5) detaining class members for weeks or months in 
secure, unlicensed facilities in violation of the FSA; and (6) 
interfering with class members' right to counsel. The Government filed 
a response on June 3, 2016.
    On June 27, 2017, the district court issued an opinion concluding 
that ICE had not complied with the FSA because it had failed to advise 
class members of their rights under the FSA, failed to make continuous 
efforts to release class members, and failed to release class members 
as required by FSA paragraphs 12(A) and 14. The Court also found that 
FRCs were unlicensed and secure. Flores v. Sessions, No. 2:85-cv-04544 
(C.D. Cal. June 27, 2017). The district court, however, rejected the 
claims that ICE had impermissibly detained class members with unrelated 
adults and interfered with class members' right to counsel.
    The district court also concluded that CBP acted in violation of 
the FSA in the Rio Grande Valley Border Patrol Sector. The court 
pointed to allegations that CBP failed to provide class members 
adequate access to food and water, detained class members in conditions 
that were not safe and sanitary, and failed to keep the temperature of 
the holding cells within a reasonable range. The court ordered the 
appointment of a Juvenile Coordinator for ICE and CBP, responsible for 
monitoring the agencies' compliance with the Agreement. On August 15, 
2019, the Ninth Circuit dismissed the Government's appeal of that 
decision based on a lack of jurisdiction. See Flores v. Barr, No. 17-
56297 (9th Cir. Aug. 15, 2019). On October 5, 2018, the U.S. District 
Court for the Central District of California appointed a Special 
Master/Independent Monitor to oversee compliance with the Agreement and 
with the June 27, 2017 Order. The Court's order appointing the Monitor 
also allowed for oversight over HHS related to Motion to Enforce V, 
discussed below.
d. Motion To Enforce IV
    On August 12, 2016, Plaintiffs filed a fourth motion to enforce the 
agreement, claiming that ORR violated the agreement by failing to 
provide UACs in ORR custody with a bond redetermination hearing by an 
immigration judge. The Government argued that the HSA and the TVPRA 
effectively superseded the FSA's bond-hearing requirement with respect 
to UACs, that only HHS could determine the suitability of a sponsor (an 
essential part of release decision-making), and that immigration judges 
lacked jurisdiction over UACs in ORR custody.
    On January 20, 2017, the court found that HHS breached the FSA by 
denying UACs the right to a bond hearing as provided for in the FSA. 
Flores v. Lynch, No. 2:850-cv-04544, 2017 WL 6049373 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 
20, 2017). The district court agreed that only HHS could determine the 
suitability of a sponsor, but disagreed that subsequent laws fully 
superseded the FSA. The Government appealed to the Ninth Circuit. On 
July 5, 2017, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's ruling. 
The Ninth Circuit reasoned that if Congress had intended to terminate 
the settlement agreement in whole or in part through passage of the HSA 
or TVPRA, it would have said so specifically. Flores v. Sessions, 862 
F.3d 863 (9th Cir. 2017). However, while affirming the district court's 
decision, the Ninth Circuit also acknowledged that determinations made 
at hearings held under Paragraph 24A of the FSA will not compel a 
child's release, because ``a minor may not be released unless the 
agency charged with his or her care identifies a safe and appropriate 
placement.'' Id. at 868. The Government did not seek further review of 
the decision.
e. Motion To Enforce V
    On April 16, 2018, Plaintiffs filed a fifth motion to enforce the 
agreement, claiming ORR unlawfully denied class members licensed 
placements, unlawfully medicated youth without parental authorization, 
and peremptorily extended minors' detention on suspicion that available 
custodians may be unfit. On July 30, 2018, the district court issued an 
Order. Flores v. Sessions, 2:85-cv-04544-DMG-AGR (ECF No. 470, Jul. 30, 
2018). The Order discussed the Shiloh Residential Treatment Center and 
placement therein, as well as informed consent for psychotropic drugs 
in such Center; placement in secure facilities; notice of placement in 
secure and staff-secure facilities; Director-level review of children 
previously placed in secure or staff-secure facilities; and other 
issues. Readers should refer to the full Order for details.
f. Motion for Relief From Settlement
    On June 21, 2018, in accordance with the President's June 20, 2018, 
Executive Order ``Affording Congress an Opportunity to Address Family 
Separation,'' the Government sought limited emergency relief from two 
provisions of the FSA--the release provision of Paragraph 14, as well 
as the licensing requirements of Paragraph 19. This relief was sought 
in order to permit DHS to detain alien family units together for the 
pendency of their immigration proceedings. The court denied this motion 
on July 9, 2018, and denied reconsideration of the motion on November 
5, 2018.
    That motion sought relief consistent with the proposed rule, 
although the proposed rule included some affirmative proposals (like 
the Federal-licensing regime) that were not at issue in that motion. 
For example, as discussed below, by creating an alternative for meeting 
the ``licensed facility'' definition for FRCs, the final rule will 
eliminate a barrier to keeping family units in custody during their 
immigration proceedings, consistent with applicable law, while still 
providing similar substantive protections to minors.

[[Page 44403]]

    The issue of family separation and reunification continues to be 
the subject of litigation in multiple jurisdictions. This rule does not 
directly address matters related to that litigation. A significant 
purpose of this rule with regard to accompanied minors is to allow DHS 
to make decisions regarding the detention of families applying a single 
legal framework, and to enable DHS to hold a family together as a unit 
in an FRC when lawful and appropriate.
g. Motion To Enforce VI
    On November 2, 2018, Plaintiffs filed their sixth motion to 
enforce, which requests the court to enjoin the Government from 
implementing regulations that fail to implement the FSA. Plaintiffs 
allege the Government's proposed rulemaking of September 2018 is an 
anticipatory breach of the FSA, claiming that DHS's portion of the 
proposed regulations proposed to detain accompanied children 
indefinitely and consign them to unlicensed family detention centers. 
Plaintiffs also claim that the proposed rule replaces mandatory 
protections with aspirational statements and does not provide certain 
the protections granted minors. Plaintiffs also requested the court to 
provisionally adjudicate the Government in civil contempt to make it 
clear to that implementing the proposed regulations would place it in 
contempt. The motion is held in abeyance pending publication of this 
final rule and further briefing from the parties.
h. Motion To Enforce VII
    On May 30, 2019, Plaintiffs filed a motion to enforce the FSA 
alleging that HHS' use of the Homestead influx shelter facility 
violates the FSA because the facility is not licensed, and, in 
Plaintiffs' opinion, HHS is not releasing UACs from the facility as 
expeditiously as possible. By agreement of the parties, the motion has 
been referred to mediation with the Monitor in order to avoid the need 
for adjudication by the district court.
i. Ex Parte Request for Temporary Restraining Order
    On June 26, 2019, Plaintiffs filed an ex parte request for a 
temporary restraining order, which alleged that CBP facilities in the 
El Paso and Rio Grande Valley Border Patrol Sectors violated the terms 
of the FSA; that CBP failed to provide adequate medical care; and that 
CBP failed to comply with the release requirements of Paragraph 14 of 
the FSA. Plaintiffs requested emergency relief, including (1) immediate 
inspection of CBP facilities in the El Paso and RGV Sectors by ``a 
public health expert authorized to mandate a remediation plan that 
[CBP] must follow to make these facilities safe and sanitary;'' (2) 
immediate access to CBP facilities in the El Paso and RGV Sectors by 
medical professionals ``who can assess the medical and psychological 
needs of the children and triage appropriately;'' (3) ``deployment of 
an intensive case management team to focus on expediting the release of 
[certain UACs] to alleviate the backlog caused by the inadequate [HHS 
ORR] placement array;'' and (4) that CBP be held in contempt. On June 
28, 2019, the Court referred the TRO to an expedited mediation schedule 
in front of the independent monitor. Dkt. 576. On July 8, 2019, the 
court appointed a medical expert, who would ``consult with and assist 
the [court-appointed independent monitor] in assessing child health and 
safety conditions in [CBP facilities].'' Dkt. 591. On July 10, 2019, 
the parties engaged in mediation, and agreed that the court-appointed 
monitor would submit a draft report of findings and recommendations to 
the parties and the monitor, and that the parties would reconvene in 
mediation following the submission of that report. See Joint Status 
Report, Dkt. 599.

C. Basis and Purpose of Regulatory Action

    1. Need for Regulations Implementing the Relevant and Substantive 
Terms of the FSA.
    When DHS encounters a removable alien parent or legal guardian with 
his or her removable alien child(ren), it has, following initiation of 
removal proceedings, three primary options for purposes of immigration 
custody: (1) Release all family members into the United States; (2) 
detain the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) and either release the 
juvenile to another parent or legal guardian or transfer the juvenile 
to HHS as a UAC; or (3) detain the family unit together as a family by 
placing them at an appropriate FRC during their immigration 
proceedings. The practical implications of the FSA, as interpreted by 
the Federal district court and the court of appeals (and the lack of 
state licensing for FRCs), is to prevent the Government from using the 
third option for more than a limited period of time. This final rule 
will eliminate that barrier to the use of FRCs.
    DHS believes there are several advantages to maintaining family 
unity during immigration proceedings. These include the child being 
under the care of the parent, immigration proceedings occurring 
together and any removal or release occurring at the same time. But the 
practical implications of the FSA, as recently interpreted, and in 
particular the lack of state licensing for FRCs and the release 
requirements for minors who are not in state-licensed facilities, have 
effectively prevented DHS from using family detention for more than a 
limited period of time (typically approximately 20 days), and in turn 
often required the release of families regardless of the flight risk 
posed. DHS believes that combination of factors creates a powerful 
incentive for adults to bring juveniles on the dangerous journey to the 
United States and then put them in further danger by illegally crossing 
the United States border, in the expectation that coming as a family 
will result in an immediate release into the United States. At the same 
time, the alternative--that of separating family members so the adult 
may be detained pending immigration proceedings--should be avoided when 
possible, and has generated significant litigation. See, e.g., Ms. L v. 
ICE, No. 18-428 (S.D. Cal.).
    This final rule serves to clear the way for the sensible use of 
FRCs when it is lawful and appropriate, to allow custody over a family 
unit as such. In particular, it creates a Federal licensing process to 
resolve the current problem caused by the FSA's state-licensing 
requirement that is ill-suited to family detention, and allows for 
compatible treatment of a family unit in immigration custody and 
proceedings by eliminating artificial barriers to that compatibility 
imposed by the FSA. Further, it helps to ensure that decisions to 
detain a family unit can be made under a single legal framework and 
that take into account the interest in family unity. In particular, the 
rule will ensure that custody decisions for both the parent and minor 
will be made pursuant to the existing statutes and regulations 
governing release on bond or parole (not under a freestanding FSA 
standard). Moreover, when exercising its parole discretion, DHS will 
continue to consider a detainee's status as a minor as a factor in 
exercising its parole discretion, on a case-by-case basis, and 
consistent with all requisite statutory and regulatory authority.
    It is important that family detention be a viable option not only 
for the numerous benefits that family unity provides for both the 
family and the administration of the INA, but also due to the 
significant and ongoing surge of adults who have made the choice to 
enter the United States illegally with juveniles or make the dangerous 
overland journey to the border with juveniles, a practice that puts 
juveniles at significant risk of harm. The expectation that adults with 
juveniles

[[Page 44404]]

will remain in the United States outside of immigration detention may 
incentivize these risky practices.
    In the summer of 2014, an unprecedented number of family units from 
Central America illegally entered or were found inadmissible to the 
United States. In FY 2013, the total number of family units apprehended 
entering the United States illegally between ports of entry on the 
Southwest Border was 14,855. By FY 2014, that figure had increased to 
68,445. See https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-Mar/bp-total-monthly-family-units-sector-fy13-fy18.pdf. By June of 
2019, that figure had increased to 390,308, with an additional 37,573 
found inadmissible at ports of entry.

  Table 1--Family Unit Apprehensions and Inadmissibles at the Southwest
                       Border by Fiscal Year \10\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                          Family units
                                       Family unit           found
            Fiscal year              apprehensions at   inadmissible at
                                      the Southwest      the Southwest
                                          Border          Border \11\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2013..............................             14,855  .................
2014..............................             68,445  .................
2015..............................             39,838  .................
2016..............................             77,674             26,062
2017..............................             75,622             29,375
2018..............................            107,212             53,901
2019 *............................            390,308             37,573
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Partial year data for FY 2019; through June.

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR23AU19.000

    Prior to 2014, given the highly limited detention capacity, the 
only option available to the Government for the large majority of 
family units entering the United States was to issue the family Notices 
to Appear and release the alien family to temporarily remain in the 
United States pending their removal proceedings. Thus, when an 
unprecedented number of families decided to undertake the dangerous 
journey to the United States in 2014, DHS officials faced an urgent 
humanitarian situation. DHS encountered numerous alien families and 
juveniles who were hungry, thirsty, exhausted, scared, vulnerable, and 
at times in need of medical attention, with some also having been 
beaten, starved, sexually assaulted or worse during their journey to 
the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Note that Family Unit represents the number of individuals 
(either a child under 18 years old, parent or legal guardian) 
apprehended with a family member. See United States Border Patrol 
Total Family Unit Apprehensions By Month--FY 2013 through FY 2018 at 
https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-Mar/bp-total-monthly-family-units-sector-fy13-fy18.pdf (last visited May 
10, 2019) See also U.S. Border Patrol Southwest Border Apprehensions 
by Sector Fiscal Year 2019 at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration/usbp-sw-border-apprehensions# (last visited August 
5, 2019) See also Southwest Border Migration FY 2019 at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration (last visited August 
5, 2019).
    \11\ OFO did not start tracking family units until March of 
2016.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS mounted a multi-pronged response to this situation. As one part 
of this response, DHS placed more families at the one existing FRC, 
stood up another FRC (which was later closed

[[Page 44405]]

down), and oversaw the development of additional FRCs to detain family 
units together, in a safe and humane environment, during the pendency 
of their immigration proceedings, which typically involved expedited 
removal. Although it is difficult to definitively prove a causal link 
given the many factors that influence migration, DHS's assessment is 
that this change was one factor that helped stem the border crisis, as 
it correlated with a significant drop in family migration: Family unit 
apprehensions on the Southwest Border dropped from 68,445 in FY 2014 to 
39,838 in FY 2015.
    Although the border crisis prompted DHS to increase its use of FRCs 
to hold family units together, DHS quickly faced legal challenges 
asserting that the FSA applied to accompanied minors and that family 
detention did not comply with the provisions of the FSA. In July 2015, 
the Flores court rejected the Government's position that the FRCs 
comply with the FSA and declined to modify the FSA to allow DHS to 
address this significant influx of family units crossing the border and 
permit family detention. See Flores v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 898, 909-10 (9th 
Cir. 2016). The Government had explained to the district court that 
declining to modify the FSA as requested would ``mak[e] it impossible 
for ICE to house families at ICE [FRCs], and to instead require ICE to 
separate accompanied children from their parents or legal guardians.'' 
Flores v. Lynch, No. 85-4544, Defendants' Opposition to Motion to 
Enforce, ECF 121 at 17 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 27, 2015).
    When the courts then found the FSA to apply to accompanied minors--
an interpretation with which the Government continues to disagree--the 
agencies faced new practical problems. Indeed, the government has never 
understood the FSA to apply to accompanied minors. The Supreme Court in 
Flores understood the case to involve ``the constitutionality of 
institutional custody over unaccompanied juveniles.'' 507 U.S. at 305; 
see id. at 315 (``[T]he INS policy now in place is a reasonable 
response to the difficult problems presented when the Service arrests 
unaccompanied alien juveniles.'').
    The FSA in turn has FSA has no language directly addressing the 
specific issues raised by custody over families as a unit. The FSA 
explains that the settlement arose from a lawsuit about ``detention and 
release of unaccompanied minors,'' FSA paragraph 1 (emphasis added); it 
provides for the INS to make efforts at releasing a minor ``to'' a 
parent or guardian, not ``with'' a parent or guardian, FSA paragraph 
14, suggesting an underlying assumption that the minor is not already 
together with the parent as a family; the FSA indicates that the 
purpose of the release ``to'' another relative is to promote ``family 
reunification,'' which makes little sense if the family is already 
together as a unit, id.; the FSA generally requires custody to occur in 
a facility ``licensed by an appropriate State agency,'' FSA paragraph 
6, but no State in the country had at the time an agency that would 
license facilities for holding families together in custody as a unit. 
The government used FRCs for more than 10 years--from 2001, when it 
first used the Berks facility to hold families in custody until 2014--
with the class counsel's knowledge, and without the government ever 
considering that the FSA applied to minors accompanied by their 
parents.
    The FSA requires DHS to transfer minors to a non-secure, licensed 
facility ``as expeditiously as possible,'' and further provides that a 
``licensed'' facility is one that is ``licensed by a State agency.'' 
FSA paragraphs 6, 12(A). That prompted significant and ongoing 
litigation regarding the ability to obtain state licensing of FRCs, as 
many States did not have, and have not succeeded in putting in place, 
licensing schemes governing facilities that hold family units together. 
That litigation severely limited the ability to maintain detention of 
families together. Those limitations correlated with a sharp increase 
in family migration: The number of family units apprehended by CBP 
between the ports of entry along the Southwest Border again spiked--
from 39,838 in FY 2015 to the highest level ever up until that time, 
77,674 in FY 2016. In FY 2016, CBP also found 26,062 family units 
inadmissible at ports of entry along the Southwest Border. The number 
of such apprehensions and individuals found inadmissible along the 
Southwest Border has continued to rise, and reached 107,212 
apprehensions between the ports of entry, and 53,901 family units found 
inadmissible at ports of entry in FY 2018. In the first nine months of 
FY 2019 (through June 30, 2019), the number of family unit 
apprehensions has already reached 390,308, a 469 percent increase from 
the same period in FY 2018. During this same time period, 37,573 family 
units have been found inadmissible at ports of entry along the 
Southwest Border.\12\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ See Southwest Border Migration FY 2019, https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As long as the licensing must come from a State specifically 
(rather than from the Federal Government), DHS's ability to effectively 
use family detention is unduly limited. A Federal program (especially 
immigration enforcement) that the Constitution and Congress commit to 
Federal authority and discretion should not depend on state licensing. 
And that is particularly true when a well-established state-licensing 
process does not already exist and the FSA, as the Ninth Circuit 
pointed out, ``gave inadequate attention to some problems of 
accompanied minors'' and ``does not contain standards related to the 
detention of . . . family units.'' Flores, 828 F.3d at 906. In order to 
avoid separating family units, DHS must release adult family members in 
cases where detention would otherwise be mandatory and DHS determines 
parole is not appropriate, or in cases where DHS and/or immigration 
courts believe detention of the parent is needed to ensure appearance 
at future removal proceedings or to prevent danger to the 
community.\13\ Because of ongoing litigation concerning state licensure 
for FRCs, ICE must release minors who are a part of family units as 
expeditiously as possible, which means that ICE rarely is able to hold 
family units for longer than approximately 20 days. As such, of the 
107,212 FY 2018 family unit apprehensions at the Southwest border, 
45,755 individuals were booked into FRCs in FY 2018. The result is that 
many families are released in the interior of the United States, even 
in cases when DHS or immigration courts deem detention is needed to 
effectuate removal proceedings or even when there are safety concerns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ Current regulations address parole, including for juveniles 
in custody as well as parole for aliens subject to expedited 
removal. See 8 CFR 212.5(b)(3) (parole for juveniles); 8 CFR 
235.3(b)(2)(iii), (b)(4)(ii) (limiting parole for those in expedited 
removal proceedings). While DHS is amending Sec.  212.5(b) as a part 
of this regulation, this regulation is not intended to address or 
alter the standards contained in Sec.  212.5(b) or Sec.  235.3(b). 
To the extent that paragraph 14 of the FSA has been interpreted to 
require application of the juvenile parole regulation to release 
during expedited removal proceedings, see Flores v. Sessions, Order 
at 23-27 (June 27, 2017), this regulation is intended to permit 
detention in FRCs in lieu of release (except where parole is 
appropriate under 8 CFR 235.3(b)(2)(iii) or (b)(4)(ii)) in order to 
avoid the need to separate or release families in these 
circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    According to EOIR, 43 percent of cases completed from January 1, 
2014 through March 31, 2019 involving family unit aliens who were in 
detention, released, failed to appear at the required proceedings, and 
were issued final orders of removal in absentia.\14\
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    \14\ Of the 5,326 completed cases from January 1, 2014 through 
March 31, 2019 that started at an FRC, 2,281 were issued final 
orders of removal in absentia.

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[[Page 44406]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR23AU19.001

    Table 3 below reports DHS Office of Immigration Statistics (OIS) 
data on in absentia rates for aliens encountered at the Southwest 
Border by year of their initial enforcement encounter. For each of 
these initial encounter cohorts, the table reports on the number of 
aliens referred to EOIR, the number of EOIR cases completed (i.e. 
excluding cases that are still in proceedings), and the number of EOIR 
in absentia orders issued, as of the end of FY 2018. The bottom rows of 
the table show both the in absentia rate as a percentage of all 
referrals to EOIR, and as a percentage of all completed cases. DHS 
reports both statistics because DHS is aware that both indicators are 
biased indicators of the ``true'' rate at which people are ordered 
removed in absentia. In absentia as a percent of all completed cases is 
biased upward (i.e., tends to overestimate the true in absentia rate), 
especially for more recent fiscal years, because in absentia cases may 
take less time to complete cases with other types of final outcomes. 
The in absentia rates for people encountered in earlier years, such as 
FY 2014 and FY 2015, may be somewhat more meaningful than for those 
encountered more recently because the longer-standing cases have been 
working their way through proceedings for four to five years; but, more 
than half the cases remain in proceedings even for this longer-standing 
group. Viewing in absentia as a share of all referrals to EOIR is not 
affected by that bias. However, this statistic is biased downward 
(i.e., tends to be lower than the true in absentia rate), because it 
does not account for cases still in proceedings--again, more than half 
the cases--that may eventually result in an in absentia order. The 
``true'' in absentia rate for encounters in any given fiscal year can't 
be observed until all the cases from that year are completed, at which 
time the two statistics will be the same number. As seen in Table 3, 
DHS OIS has found that when looking at all family unit aliens 
encountered at the Southwest Border from FY 2014 through FY 2018, the 
in absentia rate for completed cases as of the end of FY 2018 was 66 
percent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ DHS OIS estimates the in absentia rate by linking DHS and 
DOJ/EOIR records at the person-level as part of OIS' Enforcement 
Lifecycle analysis. Family unit data are available for USBP 
apprehensions beginning in FY 2014, and available for OFO encounters 
with inadmissible aliens beginning in FY 2016. Family unit data are 
available for USBP apprehensions beginning in FY 2014, and available 
for OFO encounters with inadmissible aliens beginning in FY 2016. 
DHS referrals to EOIR include CBP Notices to Appear (NTAs), ERO 
NTAs, positive USCIS fear determinations and negative USCIS fear 
determinations vacated by EOIR, and any other DHS NTAs reported by 
EOIR. Completed EOIR cases include EOIR removal orders/grants of 
voluntary departure and grants of relief.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR23AU19.002

    Based on the similar timeframes of the two rates from EOIR and DHS 
OIS, DHS can assume that family units who did not start their cases in 
FRCs have a higher in absentia rate. However, this does not account for 
other factors that may or may not have an impact the likelihood of 
appearance, such as enrollment in a monitoring program or

[[Page 44407]]

access to representation. However, DHS still concludes that the in 
absentia rates of family units even who started their cases at an FRC 
is a serious concern, and flight risk can warrant detention throughout 
proceedings. Statistics that purport to show lower in absentia rates 
often count all court appearances, rather than only completed cases, 
thus counting multiple times aliens who appear for multiple court 
appearances and often not counting the time when being absent is most 
likely--at hearings where proceedings are completed and likely to 
result in a removal order. Addressing DHS's ability to effectively use 
family detention through an alternative licensing that will help ensure 
appropriate standards of care consistent with the terms of the FSA 
would enable DHS to ensure family units who are identified as flight 
risks appear at removal proceedings and for removal following the 
issuance of a final order.
    ICE's mission is to remove individuals subject to final orders of 
removal. DHS OIS data show that, as of the end of FY 2018, aliens 
encountered from FY 2014 through FY 2018 and detained at the time a 
final order of removal was issued, were removed at a much higher rate 
than those not detained: 97 percent of aliens detained as compared to 
just over 18 percent of individuals not detained. See Table 4 below. 
The table reports for all aliens (not just family units) who were 
encountered by DHS from FY 2014 through FY 2018 and ordered removed, if 
they have been removed or not removed as of the end of FY 2018, and if 
they were detained or not detained at the time the removal order was 
issued. As shown in the table, detaining a person until the time of 
removal correlates strongly with the likelihood that removal will be 
effectuated. ICE has finite resources and bed space at FRCs and this 
rule would provide DHS the ability to use its detention authority and 
existing space at FRCs where lawful and appropriate to effectuate 
removal of family units determined not to be eligible for relief.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ DHS OIS.
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR23AU19.003
    
    As described above, there have been several important changes in 
law and circumstance since the FSA was executed: (1) A significantly 
changed agency structure addressing the care and custody of juveniles, 
including the development of FRCs that can provide appropriate 
treatment for minors while allowing them to be held together with their 
families; (2) a new statutory framework that governs the treatment of 
UACs; (3) significant increases in the number of families and UACs 
crossing the border since 1997, thus affecting immigration enforcement 
priorities and national security; (4) a novel judicial interpretation 
that the FSA applies to accompanied minors; and (5) further recognition 
of the importance of keeping families together during immigration 
proceedings when appropriate, and the legal and practical implications 
of not providing uniform proceedings for family units in these 
circumstances. The Departments have thus determined that it is 
necessary to put into place regulations that will be consistent with 
the relevant and substantive terms of the FSA regarding the conditions 
for custodial settings for minors, but, through Federal licensing of 
FRCs, will provide the flexibility necessary to protect the public 
safety, enforce the immigration laws, and maintain family unity given 
current challenges that did not exist when the FSA was executed. This 
rule provides DHS the option of keeping together families who must or 
should be detained at appropriately licensed FRCs for the time needed 
to complete immigration proceedings, subject to the sound 
implementation of existing statutes and regulations governing release 
on parole or bond.
2. Purpose of the Regulations
    A principal purpose of this action is to implement the relevant and 
substantive terms of the FSA and provisions of the HSA and TVPRA where 
they necessarily intersect with the FSA's provisions, and taking into 
account the agencies' expertise in addressing current factual 
circumstances, thereby terminating the FSA, as provided for in FSA 
paragraph 40 as well as general principles governing termination of 
settlements or decrees in institutional litigation. As it accounts for 
circumstances that have changed since the FSA was entered into and 
agency expertise in addressing current circumstances, the rule does not 
always track the literal text of the FSA, but provides similar 
substantive protections to juveniles. For example, the rule allows for 
detention of families together in federally-licensed programs (rather 
than facilities licensed specifically by a State). States generally do 
not have licensing schemes that apply to FRCs. Thus, the terms of the 
FSA currently impose a limitation on DHS's ability to detain family 
units together in an FRC during their immigration proceedings, 
consistent with applicable law. The Federal licensing process in turn 
will provide similar substantive protections regarding the conditions 
of such facilities, and thus implement the underlying purpose of the 
state-licensing requirement. These changes will allow for release in a 
manner consistent with the INA and applicable regulations. The rule 
also provides for third-party monitoring, and for publicizing the 
results of those inspections, to ensure that conditions

[[Page 44408]]

on the ground in FRCs satisfy those standards.
    This rule conforms to the FSA's guiding principle that the 
Government treats, and shall continue to treat, all juveniles in its 
custody with dignity, respect, and special concern for their particular 
vulnerability as minors.
    The current DHS regulations on the detention and release of aliens 
under the age of 18 found at 8 CFR 236.3 have not been substantively 
updated since their promulgation in 1988.\17\ DHS therefore is revising 
8 CFR 236.3 to promulgate the relevant and substantive terms of the FSA 
as regulations. In addition, there are currently no HHS regulations on 
this topic. HHS is promulgating a new 45 CFR part 410 for the same 
reason.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See Detention and Release of Juveniles, 53 FR 17449 (May 
17, 1988). When published as a final rule, the provisions applying 
to the detention and release of juveniles were originally placed in 
8 CFR 242.24. After Congress passed IIRIRA, the former INS published 
a final rule updating several immigration-related provisions of the 
CFR and moved these provisions from Sec.  242.24 of title 8 to Sec.  
236.3. See Inspection and Expedited Removal of Aliens; Detention and 
Removal of Aliens; Conduct of Removal Proceedings; Asylum 
Proceedings, 62 FR 10312 (Mar. 6, 1997).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted, these regulations implement the relevant and substantive 
terms of the FSA and related statutory provisions. Separate from the 
FSA, DHS has over time developed various policies and other sub-
regulatory documents that address issues related to DHS custody of 
minor aliens and UACs.\18\ In considering these regulations, DHS 
reviewed such policies, and determined that these regulations are 
compatible with them. Current policies on the custody, apprehension, 
and transportation of minors and UACs generally would not, therefore, 
need to be altered to bring them into conformity with this rule. This 
rule is not, however, intended to displace or otherwise codify such 
policies and procedures. Similarly, the rule is consistent with and 
does not abrogate existing ORR policies and procedures; nor does it 
necessitate any alteration in those policies and procedures, except in 
regards to the transfer of bond redetermination hearings from 
immigration courts to the HHS hearing officer as found at 8 CFR 
410.810. Again, however, the idea is for the UAC to enjoy the same 
basic substantive protection (review of the custody determination), but 
simply to shift review from DOJ to HHS given that Congress has made HHS 
responsible for custody and care of UACs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ See, e.g., ICE, Family Residential Standards, https://www.ice.gov/detention-standards/family-residential (last visited May 
1, 2019); CBP, National Standards on Transport, Escort, Detention, 
and Search (Oct. 2015), https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Sep/CBP%20TEDS%20Policy%20Oct2015.pdf (last 
visited May 1, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, this rule excludes those provisions of the FSA that are 
relevant solely by virtue of the FSA's existence as a settlement 
agreement. For instance, the FSA contains a number of provisions that 
relate specifically to class counsel and the supervising court with 
respect to the Departments' compliance with the FSA. Following 
termination of the FSA, such provisions will no longer be necessary, 
because compliance with the published regulations will replace 
compliance with the settlement agreement. As a result, they are not 
included in this rule.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ For instance, paragraphs 32(A), (B), and (D), and 33 of the 
FSA grants Flores class counsel special access to covered minors and 
UACs and to certain facilities that hold such minors and UACs; it is 
unnecessary to codify these provisions in regulation. Similarly, 
paragraphs 29 to 31 include special reporting requirements with 
respect to class counsel and the supervising court; reporting to 
these entities would be unnecessary following termination of the 
FSA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

D. Severability

    To the extent that any portion of this final rule is declared 
invalid by a court, the Departments intend for all other parts of the 
final rule that are capable of operating in the absence of the specific 
portion that has been invalidated to remain in effect. Thus, even if a 
court decision invalidating a portion of this final rule results in a 
partial reversion to the current regulations or to the statutory 
language itself, the Departments intend that the rest of the final rule 
continue to operate, if at all possible in tandem with the reverted 
provisions.

IV. Summary of Changes in the Final Rule

    Following careful consideration of public comments received and 
relevant data provided by stakeholders, DHS and HHS have amended the 
regulatory text proposed in the NPRM published in the Federal Register 
on September 7, 2018. As discussed elsewhere in this preamble, these 
changes in this final rule include the following:
     Section 212.5(b) now considers that DHS is not precluded 
from releasing a minor who is not a UAC to someone other than a parent 
or legal guardian, specifically a brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or 
grandparent who is not in detention.
     Section 236.3(b)(2) defines Special Needs Minor and 
includes the term ``retardation,'' which commenters noted was an 
outdated term and should be removed. DHS agrees to replace that term 
with ``intellectual disability.'' HHS likewise agrees to use 
``intellectual disability'' in the corresponding definition of Special 
Needs Minor at Sec.  410.101.
     Section 236.3(b)(9), which defines Licensed Facility, 
requires DHS to employ third parties to conduct audits of FRCs to 
ensure compliance with family residential standards. Commenters stated 
that DHS has previously not shared the results of such audits. While 
ICE has publicly posted the results of facility inspection reports 
submitted by third-party contractors since May 2018, these posts have 
not included results of FRC inspections. To directly address the 
comment, the phrase ``DHS will make the results of these audits 
publicly available'' is added to the definition. DHS also adds to the 
final rule that the audits of licensed facilities will take place at 
the opening of a facility and take place on an ongoing basis.
     In Sec.  236.3(b)(11), which defines a Non-Secure 
Facility, DHS agrees with commenters that a non-secure facility means a 
facility that meets the definition of non-secure under state law in the 
State in which the facility is located, as was intended by the language 
of the proposed rule, and is adding ``under state law'' to the 
definition to clarify this point.
     In Sec.  236.3(f)(1) regarding transfer of UACs from DHS 
to HHS, DHS agrees to amend the proposed regulatory text to clarify 
that a UAC from a contiguous country who is not permitted to withdraw 
his or her application for admission, or if no determination can be 
made within 48 hours of apprehension or encounter, will be immediately 
transferred to HHS. The Departments believe that commenters 
misunderstood the intent of the regulatory text due to imprecise 
wording, which is now clarified by deleting ``subject to the terms of'' 
and replacing with ``processed in accordance with.''
     In Sec.  236.3(f)(4)(i) regarding the transportation of 
UACs, DHS is amending the regulatory text to make it clear that, as a 
general matter, UACs are not transported with unrelated detained 
adults. The two situations described in the regulatory text are limited 
exceptions to this general rule. DHS is adding the specific reference 
to unrelated ``detained'' adults, for clarity.
     In Sec.  236.3(g)(1)(i) regarding DHS procedures in the 
apprehension and processing of minors or UACs, Notice of Rights and 
Request for Disposition, DHS is removing the qualification that the 
notice will be read and explained when the minor or UAC is believed to 
be less than 14 years of age or is unable to

[[Page 44409]]

comprehend the information contained in the Form I-770, and is 
clarifying that the notice will be provided, read, or explained to all 
minors and UACs in a language and manner that they understand. DHS is 
making this change to avoid confusion related to DHS's legal 
obligations regarding this notice, while still acknowledging that it 
may be necessary to implement slightly different procedures depending 
on the particular minor or UAC's age and other characteristics.
     In Sec.  236.3(g)(2)(i) regarding DHS custodial care 
immediately following apprehension, the proposed regulatory text stated 
that UACs ``may be housed with an unrelated adult for no more than 24 
hours except in the case of an emergency or exigent circumstances.'' 
Commenters objected to the use of the term ``exigent circumstances'' as 
it was not defined. DHS agrees to delete the term ``exigent 
circumstances'' as it is redundant to ``emergency.''
     In Sec.  236.3(i)(4), commenters requested additional 
language tracking the verbatim text of FSA Ex. 1. In response to these 
comments, DHS added language of FSA Ex. 1 paragraph.
     Section 236.3(j) and (n) now consider that DHS is not 
precluded from releasing a minor who is not a UAC to someone other than 
a parent or legal guardian, specifically a brother, sister, aunt, 
uncle, or grandparent who is not in detention and is otherwise 
available to provide care and physical custody.
     DHS has added a new Sec.  236.3(j)(4) to state clearly 
that the Department will consider parole for all minors who are 
detained pursuant to section 235(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the INA or 8 CFR 
235.3(c) and that paroling such minors who do not present a safety risk 
or risk of absconding will generally serve an urgent humanitarian 
reason. DHS will also consider aggregate and historical data, officer 
experience, statistical information, or any other probative information 
in determining the detention of a minor.
     Section 236.3(o) is amended to clarify that the Juvenile 
Coordinator's duty to collect statistics is in addition to the 
requirement to monitor compliance with the terms of the regulations.
     In Sec.  410.101, HHS agrees to amend the definition of 
``special needs minor,'' replacing the term ``retardation'' with 
``intellectual disability.''
     In Sec.  410.201(e), HHS agrees with multiple legal 
advocacy organizations' analysis that the FSA and TVPRA run in 
contradiction to each other in placing UACs in secure facilities based 
solely on the lack of appropriate licensed program availability; 
therefore, ORR is striking the following clause from this section: ``. 
. . or a State or county juvenile detention facility.''
     In Sec.  410.202, in response to commenters' concerns, HHS 
clarifies that ORR places UACs in licensed programs except if a 
reasonable person would conclude, ``based on the totality of the 
evidence and in accordance with subpart G'' that the UAC is an adult.
     In Sec.  410.203, in response to commenters' concerns, HHS 
clarifies that it reviews placements of UACs in secure facilities at 
least monthly and that the rule does not abrogate any requirements that 
ORR place UACs in the least restrictive setting appropriate to their 
age and any special needs.
     In Sec.  410.302(a), in response to commenters' concerns, 
HHS clarifies that the licensed program providing care for a UAC shall 
make continual efforts at family reunification as long as the UAC is in 
the care of the licensed program.
     In Sec.  410.600(a) regarding transfer of UAC, the 
proposed regulatory text states that, ``ORR takes all necessary 
precautions for the protection of UACs during transportation with 
adults.'' However, as ORR does not transport adult aliens, HHS has 
decided to strike this language from the final rule.
     In Sec.  410.700 HHS is adding the ``totality of the 
evidence and circumstances'' for age determinations standards to mirror 
the DHS standard in compliance with statute. See 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(4).
     In Sec.  410.810(b), HHS declines to place the burden of 
evidence in the independent internal custody hearings on itself; 
however, it has modified the rule text to indicate that HHS does bear 
the initial burden of production supporting its determination that a 
UAC would pose a danger or flight risk if discharged from HHS' care. 
The UAC must bear the burden of persuading the independent hearing 
officer to overrule the government's position, under a preponderance of 
the evidence standard.

V. Discussion of Public Comments and Responses

A. Section-by-Section Discussion of the DHS Proposed Rule, Public 
Comments, and the Final Rule

1. Parole (Sec.  212.5)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    In Sec.  212.5(b), DHS proposed to remove the cross-reference to 
Sec.  235.3(b) as it currently appears in order to eliminate an 
ambiguity and to codify its longstanding understanding of how certain 
provisions in Sec.  235.3(b)'s provisions relating to parole of aliens 
in expedited removal proceedings who lack a credible fear (or have not 
yet been found to have a credible fear) apply both to adults and 
minors. Accordingly, such minors will be paroled only in cases of 
medical necessity or when there is a law enforcement need. This is the 
same standard that applies to adults in these same circumstances. These 
proposed changes also eliminate an existing tension with the text of 
the relevant statutory provision.
Public Comments and Responses
    One commenter stated that it agreed with the determination that 
parole should be limited to cases of medical necessity or law 
enforcement need and that parole must be within the discretion of DHS. 
Many commenters, however, disagreed with the proposal and expressed 
concern about more restrictive parole standards, the impact on asylum 
seekers, and questioned the necessity for the proposed changes given 
existing discretionary parole authority.
Limiting Parole to Medical Necessity or Law Enforcement Need
    Comments. Several commenters stated that the proposed parole 
standards are restrictive and will unnecessarily prevent the release of 
children who pose no flight or safety risk. Most of these commenters 
expressed concern that the removal of the cross-reference to Sec.  
235.3(b) allows for children to only be paroled if there is a ``medical 
necessity or law enforcement need,'' whereas the FSA allows children to 
be paroled when there is an ``urgent humanitarian need or significant 
public benefit.'' Some of these commenters stated that this limitation 
fails to consider the particular vulnerability of children as required 
by the FSA and is unnecessary due to the already high standard for the 
limited number of children who would qualify for parole under the prior 
standards.
    Multiple commenters stated that children with urgent humanitarian 
needs such as pregnant young women and children with physical 
disabilities, cognitive impairments, or chronic medical conditions 
would likely no longer qualify for parole under the proposed 
regulations and the medical emergency standard.
    A few commenters stated that DHS should continue the general policy 
to prioritize parole to ensure the best interests of minors and their 
placement in the least restrictive setting appropriate. Another 
commenter stated that the proposed regulations should be withdrawn and 
asked the following questions: (i) How large was the

[[Page 44410]]

population of minors who were in detention under Sec.  235.3(c) and who 
were released on parole under Sec.  212.5(b) on a yearly basis for the 
past five years; (ii) why is Sec.  212.5(b) inappropriate for minors in 
removal proceedings under Sec.  235.3(c); and (iii) why should 
accompanied minors not be permitted to be paroled on a case-by-case 
basis for an urgent humanitarian reason or a significant public 
benefit?
Fewer Minors Paroled
    Multiple commenters stated that the proposed changes will result in 
children facing the same parole standards as adults and thereby being 
paroled less frequently. One of these commenters expressed concern that 
this would likely mean children will be detained beyond the 20 days 
that is generally the current practice permitted under the FSA. Another 
commenter stated that while the NPRM states that proposed Sec.  
236.3(j) ``adds that any decision to release must follow a 
determination that such release is permitted by law, including parole 
regulations,'' it does nothing to specify DHS parole procedures 
favoring the release of children, which the commenter contended was 
required by the FSA.
Impact on Asylum Seekers
    Multiple commenters expressed concern about how the proposed 
changes to parole would impact asylum seekers. One of these commenters 
stated that the proposed rule provides no explanation for eliminating 
DHS's authority to consider unique circumstances that may arise for 
children seeking asylum. Another commenter stated that asylum 
applicants in detention have historically had an opportunity to be 
released through parole provisions, and contended that the proposed 
parole standards would afford DHS broad discretion to apply a new 
narrow standard, leaving survivors of sexual violence and other forms 
of trauma with minimal hope of release pending a lengthy adjudication 
of their complex, evidence-driven asylum claims. A different commenter 
stated that the proposed rule uses the detention of children to 
disincentivize asylum seekers from going forward with their asylum 
claims and that the changes will make it more difficult for certain 
vulnerable children and families in DHS custody to be paroled as they 
await an assessment of whether they have a credible fear of 
persecution.
Existing Discretionary Parole Authority
    Other commenters pointed to existing discretionary parole authority 
and questioned the necessity of the proposed changes. One commenter 
likened the choice between detention and parole for children to the 
choice between incarcerating a minor or releasing them on probation, 
contending that detention alternatives are healthier for children and 
avoid expenses. Another commenter contended that ICE has the discretion 
to release on parole and that the new regulations place no meaningful 
limit on the ability of ICE to detain families during their 
proceedings. This commenter stated that DHS's proposed regulations 
provided no review of a parole denial, and that the Attorney General 
indicated his intention to review and possibly reverse the long-
standing precedent providing for individualized ICE custody 
determinations with review in immigration court for asylum seekers who 
have passed a credible fear interview.\20\ The commenter urged that 
children and families be given a meaningful ability to seek redress of 
detention after a parole denial. Still another commenter, 
characterizing the change as ``severely restrict[ing]'' parole for 
these individuals, stated that DHS's claim that this change is intended 
by Congress is ``belied'' by INA 212(d)(5)(A), wherein Congress 
authorized discretionary parole on a case-by-case basis for urgent 
humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ The Attorney General has since done so, in Matter of M-S, 
27 I&N Dec. 509 (A.G. 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

General Opposition to Proposed Changes
    Several commenters objected to any attempt to curtail parole in the 
name of family unity, contending that detention significantly harms 
children. Another commenter, perceived that this rule would limit 
opportunities for minors to be released from detention and asserted 
that the Administration should make every effort to ensure that 
children, and as applicable, children with families, spend as little 
time in detention as possible. This commenter stated that, in the case 
of a minor who is traveling with a family member, absent an indication 
of trafficking or unfitness on the part of the relative, it is in the 
best interest of the child to be paroled from detention with the 
relative. A different commenter requested that the final rule provide 
that all minors are bond and parole eligible.
    Response. For more general concerns about the release of minors 
from DHS custody, see the discussion under Sec.  236.3(j). For concerns 
about the negative effects of detention, see the discussion under Sec.  
236.3(h) regarding detention of family units.
    DHS provides the following counts of adults and minors who were 
released from FRCs on parole in FY 2014 through 2018 in response to 
comments. There are also other means to effectuate release. See Table 
10 for Average Length of Stay and Table 11 for reasons for release.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR23AU19.004

    DHS notes that the changes under this provision are limited in 
scope and intended not to foreclose the possibility of a minor's 
release, but to clarify that the provisions in Sec.  235.3(b) governing 
the parole of aliens in expedited

[[Page 44411]]

removal (specifically those pending a credible fear interview or 
ordered removed in the expedited removal process) apply to all such 
aliens, and not merely adults. Parole of minors will be applied in 
accordance with applicable law, regulations, and policies, and DHS will 
consider parole for all minors in its custody who are eligible. The 
current cross-reference to Sec.  235.3(b) within Sec.  212.5(b) is 
confusing because it suggests, incorrectly, that the more flexible 
parole standards in Sec.  212.5(b) might, for minors, override the 
provisions in Sec.  235.3(b) that govern parole for any alien in 
expedited removal proceedings (i.e., an alien who has been ordered 
removed or is still pending a credible-fear determination). See 8 CFR 
235.3(b)(2)(iii), (b)(4)(ii). DHS disagrees with that interpretation of 
its current regulations, which, among other things, is in tension with 
the text of the relevant statutory provisions at 8 U.S.C. 
1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(IV) (``Any alien subject to [expedited removal] 
shall be detained pending a final determination of credible fear of 
persecution and, if found not to have such a fear, until removed.''). 
By its terms, Sec.  235.3(c) applies only to arriving aliens who are 
placed into section 240 proceedings. Many of the comments on the 
proposal--for example, those urging DHS to adopt a more flexible parole 
standard or a general practice of paroling alien juveniles--largely 
amount to disagreement with DHS's legal interpretation of INA 
235(b)(1)(B)(iii)(IV), set out in the preamble of the NPRM, see 83 FR 
at 45502. But DHS is not persuaded that this legal interpretation is 
erroneous. Moreover, the FSA does not specifically discuss parole, much 
less require parole for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant 
public benefit. While the FSA expresses a preference for release for 
juveniles, it does not require release in all cases, and explicitly 
does not provide a specific standard for such release decisions.
    DHS notes that many commenters appeared to confuse the proposed 
changes with changes that would be much broader in scope; for example, 
by eliminating from Sec.  212.5(b) entire groups of aliens who have 
been or are detained from receiving case-by-case parole determinations 
and eliminating completely the ``urgent humanitarian reasons'' or 
``significant public benefit'' justifications. As the regulatory 
language in the revised Sec.  212.5(b) indicates, this is not the case. 
The intent of these provisions is only to remove the ambiguity in the 
current regulations that appears to erroneously apply the more flexible 
standard of parole for arriving aliens (``urgent humanitarian reasons 
or significant public benefit'') placed in section 240 proceedings to 
minors placed in expedited removal, rather than the standards generally 
applicable to all aliens placed in expedited removal who have yet to 
have a credible fear interview or who have been ordered removed 
(``required to meet a medical emergency or is necessary for a 
legitimate law enforcement objective'').
    The Attorney General's recent decision in Matter of M-S, 27 I&N 
Dec. 509 (A.G. 2019), does not affect the parole standard applicable to 
the narrow category of aliens to whom the amendments to Sec.  212.5(b) 
apply--specifically, aliens who are pending a credible fear interview 
or who have been ordered removed through the expedited removal process. 
In Matter of M-S-, the Attorney General's decision addressed aliens who 
enter the United States between the ports of entry, are processed for 
expedited removal, and are then placed into removal proceedings 
pursuant to INA 240 after establishing a credible fear. Matter of M-S-, 
27 I&N Dec. 509. Those aliens, he concluded, are ineligible for release 
on bond under INA 236(a) and may only be released from DHS custody 
through parole under INA 212(d)(5). Id. But that is a different 
category of aliens and the proposal here would do nothing to alter the 
standards governing the detention or release of those aliens. DHS will 
continue to apply its parole authority in these cases in accordance 
with applicable law, regulations, and policies. DHS also declines to 
adopt commenters' suggestions that DHS codify a review process for 
denials of parole, which has never existed, given that the decision to 
grant parole is entirely discretionary. However, as previously 
explained, DHS's current bed space at FRCs necessarily limits the 
number of family units who could be detained at any given time.
Changes to Final Rule
    Accordingly, DHS is finalizing its regulation at 8 CFR 212.5(b) as 
proposed but is adding language to permit release of a minor to someone 
other than a parent or legal guardian, specifically an adult relative 
(brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or grandparent) not in detention. The 
reason for this change is explained in the section below regarding 
comments on proposed 8 CFR 236.3(j).
2. Definitions Sec.  236.3(b)
Minor Sec.  236.3(b)(1) and Unaccompanied Alien Child (UAC) Sec.  
236.3(b)(3)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS proposed revisions to Sec.  236.3(b)(1) to define a minor as 
any alien under 18 years of age who has not been emancipated or 
incarcerated for an adult criminal offense. DHS proposed to remove the 
definition of juvenile as it is too broad and replace it with the more 
specific terms minor and UAC. The difference between minor and UAC is 
that the term ``minor'' captures any alien under the age of 18 that is 
not defined as a UAC, for example, minors accompanied by their parents. 
Also, under these definitions, a ``minor'' cannot be legally 
emancipated or have been incarcerated due to an adult conviction, 
whereas the definition of UAC does not exclude these categories.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. One commenter stated that it was inconsistent with the 
FSA to delete the definition of ``juvenile'' and replace it with 
separate definitions for ``minor'' and ``UAC,'' thereby requiring 
different treatment between juveniles who are accompanied by their 
parent or legal guardians, and juveniles who are not. The commenter 
noted that although UACs must be transferred to ORR custody within 72 
hours of apprehension, juveniles who did not meet this definition would 
not be transferred. The commenter also noted that under the NPRM, 
minors could be released only to a parent or legal guardian, whereas, 
the commenter contended, the FSA requires the release of all children 
to the least restrictive placement. The commenter concluded that 
adopting the two definitions would conflict with the FSA, which does 
not draw any distinctions between juveniles in ORR custody and 
juveniles in DHS custody.
    Response. DHS disagrees that replacing the term juvenile with a 
definition for minor and a definition for UAC is inconsistent with the 
FSA or creates an improper distinction. The term ``juvenile'' 
originates not in the FSA, which did not use or define the term, but in 
existing DHS regulations. These regulations have not been updated since 
1988 and do not reflect either the provisions of the FSA or any 
developments in law since that time. Accordingly, in updating the 
regulations to implement the FSA, DHS has adopted the same definition 
of ``minor'' as used in the FSA. Additionally, DHS has included the 
term UAC, as that term is defined in the HSA. Pursuant to the HSA and 
the TVPRA, ORR is

[[Page 44412]]

responsible only for the care and custody of UACs. See 6 U.S.C. 
279(b)(1); 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(1). Because the HSA and the TVPRA 
specifically define UACs and impose certain requirements related only 
to UACs, the regulatory text must be able to distinguish between UACs 
and minors who do not meet the UAC definition. The term juvenile is too 
broad to provide a meaningful definition and does not track the 
language of the FSA.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS finalizes its definitions of minor and UAC as proposed and 
declines to make changes in response to public comments.
Special Needs Minor Sec.  236.3(b)(2)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS did not propose any revisions to the FSA for the definition of 
special needs minor. Special needs minor is defined as any minor with 
physical disabilities, cognitive impairments or chronic medical 
conditions that was identified in the individualized needs assessment.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Some commenters asked for expanded definitions of 
``special needs minor'' or additional provisions relating thereto. One 
commenter stated the definition should be broadened to include 
developmental disability and learning disability. The commenter urged 
that it is important for children, particularly unaccompanied children, 
to be able to understand and follow instructions or directions given to 
them by Federal officials, attorneys, and care custodians in licensed 
facilities. The commenter also asserted that children with learning or 
developmental disabilities would be less likely to take advantage of 
the resources for which they are eligible and may not fully comprehend 
the life-changing decisions that they are asked to make during their 
immigration proceedings. Another commenter contended that the rule does 
not adequately discuss special needs or require DHS to consider a 
child's disability in determining placement in a secure facility or 
even in a FRC.
    One commenter also condemned the use of the ``outdated'' term 
``retardation'' in the definition of special needs minor. The commenter 
stated that the term is used as a slur that dehumanizes, demeans, and 
does very real emotional harm to people with mental and developmental 
disabilities. The commenter acknowledged the term was used in the FSA 
agreement, but argued that it is inappropriate in a modern-day 
regulation.
    Response. The regulatory language adopted the same definition of 
``special needs'' as the definition used in the FSA. This definition 
includes any minor whose mental condition requires special services and 
treatment as identified during an individualized needs assessment. DHS 
disagrees that the definition should be expanded because the definition 
is broad enough to include minors with developmental and learning 
disabilities, if the special needs assessment determines that these 
conditions require special services and treatment.
    The proposed regulatory language contains multiple provisions 
requiring DHS and HHS to consider a minor or UAC's special needs, 
including provisions requiring consideration of special needs when 
determining placement. For example, 45 CFR 410.208 states that ORR will 
assess each UAC to determine if he or she has special needs and will, 
whenever possible, place a UAC with special needs in a licensed program 
that provides services and treatment for the UAC's special needs. Title 
8 CFR 236.3(g)(2) requires DHS to place minors and UACs in the least 
restrictive setting appropriate to the minor or UAC's age and special 
needs. Title 8 CFR 236.3(i)(4) requires that facilities conduct a needs 
assessment for each minor, which would include both an educational 
assessment and a special needs assessment. Additionally, 8 CFR 
236.3(g)(1) requires DHS to provide minors or UACs with Form I-770 and 
states that the notice shall be provided, read, or explained to the 
minor or UAC in a language and manner that he or she understands. These 
provisions ensure that a minor or UAC's special needs are taken into 
account, including when determining placement.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS is amending the regulatory language to delete the term 
``retardation'' and insert the term ``intellectual disability.'' HHS 
has also deleted this term in its regulatory language.
Unaccompanied Alien Child Sec.  236.3(b)(3)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS proposed to define a UAC as provided in 6 U.S.C. 279(g)(2), 
which states that a UAC is a child under the age of 18 who has no 
lawful immigration status in the United States and who has no parent or 
legal guardian present in the United States who is available to provide 
care and physical custody.
Public Comments and Response
    The comments received are discussed above in conjunction with the 
definition of ``minor.''
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to change the proposed definition of UAC in response 
to public comments.
Custody Sec.  236.3(b)(4)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    The term custody is not defined in the FSA. DHS has defined custody 
as the physical and legal control of an institution or person.
Public Comments and Response
    DHS did not receive any comments requesting a change to this 
definition.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS is not making changes from the proposed definition of custody 
in the final rule.
Emergency Sec.  236.3(b)(5)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS proposed revisions to Sec.  236.3(b)(5) to define emergency as 
an act or an event that prevents timely transport or placement of a 
minor, or could delay compliance with or temporarily excuse compliance 
with other provisions of the proposed rule. As discussed in the 
preamble to the proposed rule, the new definition of emergency has been 
added in the regulatory text. The new definition largely tracks the 
existing text of the FSA except that it reflects DHS's recognition that 
emergencies may not only delay placement of minors but could also delay 
compliance with other provisions of the proposed rule or excuse 
noncompliance on a temporary basis.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Several commenters expressed concern that the proposed 
``expanded'' definition of ``emergency'' would grant DHS too much 
discretion to suspend compliance with certain FSA provisions relating 
to standards of care and custody for children, such as timely transport 
or placement of minors and other conditions implicating their basic 
services.
    Some of these commenters contended that the definition would allow 
DHS to declare any situation an emergency and deny any and all 
protections to children Several commenters stated that the expanded 
definitions of emergency would make ignoring limitations on transfer 
the ``default'' and compliance with the FSA timeframe the exception

[[Page 44413]]

rather than the rule. These commenters stated this would expose 
children to dangerous conditions documented repeatedly by government 
inspectors and outside researchers, including inadequate and 
inappropriate food, severely cold temperatures, bullying and abuse, and 
lack of medical care.
    Other commenters had specific objections to the proposed 
definition. One contended that it was circular, defining an emergency 
primarily as an event that prevents compliance. Some expressed concern 
that events other than a natural disaster, facility fire, civil 
disturbance, and medical or public health concerns might also qualify 
as an emergency, leaving significant room for interpretation. Several 
commenters stated that the phrase ``other conditions'' would implicate 
the basic needs of the children which would further jeopardize their 
well-being, health, and safety and runs contrary to the explicit 
placement context of the FSA. Another commenter expressed concern that 
the language ``medical or public health concerns at one or more 
facilities'' which allow for a possible emergency in instances where 
several minors lack key vaccinations, or where a few minors may require 
treatment for chronic conditions such as asthma or diabetes.
    With respect to the consequences of the emergency, commenters 
offered still other concerns. One commenter expressed concern with the 
language that minors must be transferred ``as expeditiously as 
possible,'' instead of including a defined period of 3 or 5 days, as 
the commenter believed required by the TVPRA.
    A few commenters noted that, as a result of the proposed 
definition, minors may be held indefinitely in temporary CBP facilities 
that are intended only for short-term use and that are assertedly 
notorious for frigid temperature, deficient medical care, and other 
poor conditions (i.e., sleeping in office buildings without beds or 
showers, or in tents, vans or buses without water and sanitation). One 
commenter expressed concern that, even without invoking an emergency, 
CBP is often grossly negligent towards children and those in its 
custody.
    Several commenters contended that the proposed definition 
contradicts FSA paragraph 12A which provides no exception for housing 
minors with unrelated adults for longer than 24 hours, because they 
viewed the broad interpretation of emergency as allowing DHS to house 
children with unrelated adults indefinitely and for virtually any 
reason.
    One commenter stated that the example provided by DHS regarding 
delayed access to a snack or meal seems reasonable; however, it would 
provide DHS the flexibility to label any act or event an emergency and 
that recommended that DHS: (1) Look into the definition of emergency in 
the American Bar Association's (ABA) Unaccompanied Child Standards; and 
(2) adopt a more limited, non-circular definition of emergency, to 
avoid what the commenter considered an unnecessary relaxation of the 
FSA standards. Other commenters recommended that DHS instead ensure 
that non-perishable, nutritious food and bottled water in packs will be 
kept on site at all times in case of an emergency evacuation in order 
to ensure that nutritional needs of children are met.
    Several commenters argued that DHS and HHS should provide more 
evidence and explanation of the need to expand the current definition; 
describe how the agencies arrived at these definitions; provide a 
timeframe for how long an emergency may last; and provide for the 
consequences for invoking the emergency when unwarranted.
    One of these commenters recommended that DHS and HHS compile a 
comprehensive list of permissible emergency circumstances. One 
commenter noted that the proposed rule leaves the facility to decide 
the rationale and length of an emergency and recommended that DHS hold 
detainment centers accountable to the maximum safety and compliance 
requirements and make no exemptions to the minimum standards in FRCs 
for detainees.
    Several commenters addressed conduct in the event of an emergency. 
Some, for example, recommended that the proposed rule should clarify 
the circumstances that the Government would consider constituting 
emergencies, establish that any corresponding exemptions be limited in 
scope, and ensure that the fundamental needs of children are met, 
regardless of the circumstances constituting the ``emergency.''
    One commenter suggested that in cases of emergency, rather than 
devising means to delay the provision of basic services or care and 
timely placement or transfer, DHS should consider how provisions could 
be made to serve the children during transport and should prioritize 
emergency preparedness planning to ensure readiness to respond. And 
several commenters recommended that, from a public health perspective, 
designation of an emergency should trigger additional resources, 
prepared in advance through contingency planning and made available 
through standing mechanisms.
    Response. DHS notes that paragraph 12(B) of the FSA defines an 
emergency as ``any act or event that prevents the placement of minors 
pursuant to paragraph 19 within the time frame provided'' (i.e., three 
days or five days, as applicable). The FSA also contains a non-
exhaustive list of acts or events that constitute an emergency, such as 
``natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.), facility 
fires, civil disturbances, and medical emergencies (e.g., a chicken pox 
epidemic among a group of minors).'' DHS notes that the definition of 
emergency contained within this provision does not depart from how the 
FSA defines an emergency act or event. Rather, this provision 
recognizes that, in rare circumstances, an emergency may arise, 
generally unanticipated, that affects more than just the transfer of a 
minor from one facility to another (e.g., a natural disaster or 
facility fire may render CBP temporarily unable to provide contact 
between a minor and family members apprehended with him or her). As 
indicated in the NPRM, the impact, severity, and timing of a given 
emergency situation dictate the operational feasibility of providing 
certain items to minors, and thus the regulations cannot contain every 
possible reality DHS will face. The applicability of ``emergency'' is 
intended to be flexible to the extent it fits within the parameters set 
forth by the FSA. Therefore, DHS disagrees with commenters' claim that 
the definition of emergency creates excessive discretion, allows DHS to 
declare an emergency for any reason, or unnecessarily relaxes the 
existing FSA standards.
    DHS also notes that, during an emergency situation, it continues to 
make every effort to transfer minors and UACs as expeditiously as 
possible, and to provide all other required amenities as set out in the 
FSA. Depending on the severity of the emergency, the provision of one 
or more FSA requirements may be temporarily delayed for some minors and 
UACs. For instance, if a child in a CBP facility has a medical 
emergency such that he or she must be provided with urgent medical 
care, it may be necessary to temporarily delay the provision of meals 
to other minors and UACs during the time required to provide such 
medical care. As soon as the medical emergency subsides, however, CBP 
would resume the provision of meals to all other minors and UACs. 
Similarly, if a facility suffers an electrical failure, such that the 
air conditioning breaks, all minors and UACs in that facility may 
temporarily be

[[Page 44414]]

held in temperatures that do not comply with the applicable standards 
set out in the FSA. CBP would work to rectify the problem as quickly as 
possible, and would take steps to mitigate the problem (e.g., providing 
extra fans for the facility). Once the air conditioning is fixed, 
however, the minors and UACs would return to conditions consistent with 
the standards set out in the FSA. CBP also records the provision of 
food to minors and UACs, and records that CBP has routinely confirmed 
the availability of drinking water, operational toilets, and sinks, as 
well as the conditions in its hold cells (e.g., temperature, 
cleanliness) in its electronic systems of records. Any emergency 
situations requiring temporary suspension of the requirements set out 
in the FSA, as well as the conclusion of that emergency, is also 
recorded in the electronic systems of records. To the extent it is 
able, CBP also maintains a sufficient stockpile of supplies, such as 
snacks, at its facilities to ensure that there are sufficient supplies 
available in an emergency situation.
    DHS disagrees with commenters' concern about minors being held 
``indefinitely'' as a result of a declared emergency and emphasizes 
that when emergency conditions exist, transfer must still occur ``as 
expeditiously as possible.'' DHS notes that the ``as expeditiously as 
possible'' time frame is derived from the FSA itself. The existence of 
an emergency under these regulations does not excuse DHS from 
transferring minors or UACs to licensed programs or HHS custody, 
respectively. DHS must still move as expeditiously as possible, given 
the emergency, to place minors and/or UACs.
    DHS notes that the ABA's Unaccompanied Child Standards' concept of 
``emergency'' appears to apply to a much narrower situation than the 
concept of ``emergency'' in the FSA, and declines to apply these 
standards to DHS's regulatory definition of emergency. The ABA concept 
of ``emergency'' appears to govern when it may be permissible to house 
minors and UACs with unrelated adults. The FSA definition of emergency 
covers a wider variety of situations than the ABA's provision. 
Accordingly, DHS has described such situations in other provisions of 
this rule. See, e.g., 8 CFR 236.3(g)(2)(ii). DHS notes that these 
provisions of the proposed rule do incorporate and contemplate certain 
emergency exceptions.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to change its proposed definition of emergency in 
response to public comments.
Escape-Risk Sec.  236.3(b)(6)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    The term ``escape-risk'' is defined in paragraph 22 of the FSA. DHS 
proposed to define escape-risk as a minor who attempts to escape from 
custody. DHS proposed requirements and clarification for the definition 
of escape-risk. A minor is an escape-risk if he or she is subject to a 
final order of removal, has a prior breach of bond, has failed to 
appear before DHS or immigration court, or has previously absconded 
from state or Federal custody.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. One commenter stated that the proposed rule definition of 
escape risk includes a child who ``has previously absconded or 
attempted to abscond from state or Federal custody.'' The commenter 
argued that the FSA refers only to Federal custody and that the revised 
definition could include a child who has been ordered into foster care 
by a state juvenile court and then ran away from foster care. The 
commenter concluded children should not face detention in a secure 
facility because of such circumstances.
    Response. In paragraph 22 of the FSA, escape risk is defined as ``a 
serious risk that the minor will attempt to escape from custody.'' The 
NPRM adopted that same definition. Paragraph 22 of the FSA also 
provides a non-exhaustive list of factors to consider when determining 
whether a minor is an escape risk. Because the list of factors to 
consider is not exhaustive, it is not inconsistent with the FSA for DHS 
to consider additional factors in determining a minor's escape risk. 
DHS continues to find that whether the minor has previously absconded 
or attempted to abscond from state or Federal custody to be relevant to 
whether there is a risk the minor will attempt to escape from DHS 
custody.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to change its proposed definition of escape risk in 
response to public comments.
Family Unit Sec.  236.3(b)(7)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    The term family unit is not defined in the FSA. DHS proposed to 
define family unit as two or more aliens consisting of a minor 
accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. If evidence shows the minor 
has no relation to the purported parent or legal guardian, the 
individuals would not constitute a family unit, and, if no parent or 
legal guardian for the minor is in the United States or the/parent or 
legal guardian in the United States is not available to provide care 
and physical custody, the minor would be a UAC.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Commenters expressed concern that the proposed definition 
of family member seeks to narrow the definition of ``family unit'' by 
excluding adult family members other than the child and his/her 
biological parent(s) or legal guardian(s). The commenters wrote that 
DHS has ignored the reality in some foreign cultures that extended 
family members may be the sole caregivers for the children and 
recommended that DHS adopt a broad definition of ``family unit'' to 
comply with the FSA and accepted child welfare principles and 
practices.
    One commenter stated that the proposed definition violates the best 
interest of the child standard because it separates children from their 
related, non-parent caregivers. The commenter stated that, although the 
FSA mandates that UACs be ``segregated from unrelated adults,'' it 
requires that DHS provide access to ``contact with family members that 
were arrested with the minor,'' hence recognizing a broader definition 
of ``family.'' Likewise, the commenter stated that ORR's current 
definition of ``family'' and HHS' proposed regulations, which allow the 
release of a child to an adult seeking custody when family 
reunification is not possible, recognize a broader definition.
    One commenter recommended that DHS adopt the broad definition of 
family similar to the ``Standards for the Custody, Placement and Care; 
Legal Representation and Adjudication of Unaccompanied Alien Children 
in the United States'' (UC Standards) and the ABA Civil Immigration 
Detention Standards. The commenter contends that nothing in the 
language of the TVPRA restricts DHS's ability to release a UAC to 
someone other than a parent or legal guardian and therefore there is no 
legal requirement to narrow the definition of ``family member.''
    Response. DHS notes that the definition of ``family unit'' in this 
rule does not encompass a broader definition of family as proposed by 
the commenters because DHS must ensure it complies with the applicable 
laws and regulations governing the apprehension, processing, care, and 
custody of alien juveniles. The HSA and the TVPRA transferred to ORR 
HHS the

[[Page 44415]]

responsibility for the care and custody of UACs. A UAC, as defined in 
the HSA, is a minor under 18 years of age who lacks lawful immigration 
status in the United States and either lacks a parent or legal guardian 
in the United States or lacks a parent or legal guardian in the United 
States available to provide care and physical custody. See 6 U.S.C. 
279(g)(2). Once an alien juvenile has been determined to be a UAC, DHS 
must transfer the UAC to the care and custody of HHS within 72 hours, 
absent exceptional circumstances (unless such a UAC is a national or 
habitual resident of a contiguous country and is permitted to withdraw 
his or her application for admission under section 1232(a)(2)). See 8 
U.S.C. 1232(b)(3). Accordingly, DHS has no authority to release a UAC.
    In accordance with the TVPRA, only non-UACs can be held in DHS 
custody at an FRC. By definition, a minor is not a UAC if he or she has 
an adult parent or legal guardian in the United States who is available 
to provide care and physical custody. The term ``family unit'' is 
defined to include those alien juveniles--minors who are accompanied by 
his/her/their adult parent(s) or legal guardian(s)--who are not UACs. 
Absent additional information available to DHS at the time of encounter 
indicating a parent or legal guardian was present in the United States 
and available to provide care and physical custody, if a juvenile alien 
is encountered or apprehended with an adult relative other than a 
parent or legal guardian, that juvenile alien lacks a parent or legal 
guardian in the United States available to provide care and physical 
custody of the juvenile. See 6 U.S.C. 279(g)(2). Thus, under the HSA 
and TVPRA, the juvenile alien would be determined to be a UAC and 
transferred to the care and custody of HHS. See 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(3). 
Such a juvenile alien would not be detained in DHS custody at an FRC.
    DHS notes that the commenter's suggestion that DHS adopt ORR's 
definition of ``family'' in the ORR proposed regulation at 45 CFR 
410.300 is misguided, as that section does not contain a separate 
definition of ``family'' but instead identifies the types of potential 
sponsors to whom ORR may release a UAC. DHS notes that the term 
``family'' encompasses a broader group of individuals than those 
individuals determined to be a ``family unit.'' HHS has unique 
authorities under the TVPRA and the HSA to determine whether release of 
a UAC to a sponsor--which may include an adult who is a member of the 
child's family, but who is not a parent or legal guardian--is 
appropriate. DHS does not have any similar authorities to release UACs 
to sponsors. For an additional discussion about the individuals to whom 
a non-UAC minor may be released, please see the discussion in Section 
B.10, Release of Minors from DHS Custody. The commenter also notes that 
the FSA requires DHS to provide ``contact with family members that were 
arrested with the minor,'' FSA paragraph 12, and thus ``recognizes the 
broader definition of family.'' However, this paragraph refers to 
procedures and temporary placement immediately following the arrest or 
apprehension of a minor. This paragraph acknowledges that a juvenile 
may be encountered with family members who are not parents or legal 
guardians, and that there is a meaningful benefit to providing contact 
with such family members. However, the FSA does not require DHS to 
detain juvenile aliens together with adult relatives who are not 
parents or legal guardians, and DHS is not permitted to detain UACs 
under the HSA and TVPRA.
    DHS notes that the commenter recommends DHS adopt the broad 
definition of family similar to those described in the ABA ``Standards 
for the Custody, Placement and Care; Legal Representation and 
Adjudication of Unaccompanied Alien Children in the United States'' or 
the ABA Civil Immigration Detention Standards. However, those standards 
include family members who could not be detained together in DHS 
custody under the TVPRA and consistent with the HSA.
    DHS also notes the commenter's disagreement with DHS's contention 
that the TVPRA restricts DHS's ability to release a UAC to someone 
other than a parent or a legal guardian. As stated in the proposed 
rule, following the passage of the TVPRA, HHS is solely responsible for 
the care and custody of UACs, and DHS no longer has the authority to 
release a UAC. However, upon further consideration of the commenter's 
contention and review of relevant statutes and case law, DHS has 
determined that the law does not prohibit DHS from releasing a non-UAC 
minor to someone who is not a parent or legal guardian. DHS 
acknowledges that this interpretation of the law differs from the 
interpretation represented to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th 
Circuit in recent litigation, but is making this change upon due 
consideration. See Brief for Appellants, Flores v. Sessions, No. 17-
56297 (9th Cir. Jan. 5, 2018). This is being permitted to facilitate 
transfers to non-parent family members when such a transfer is 
appropriate, that DHS has no concerns about the minor's safety upon 
such release, and no concerns about the adult relative's ability to 
secure the non-UAC minor's timely appearance before DHS or the 
immigration courts. Any release of a non-UAC minor to an adult relative 
other than a parent or legal guardian will be within the unreviewable 
discretion of DHS. DHS reiterates, however, that if no parent or legal 
guardian is in the United States and available to provide care and 
physical custody for an alien under the age of 18 with no lawful 
status, the juvenile meets the definition of a UAC and must be 
transferred to HHS custody as only HHS has the responsibility for the 
care, custody, and placement of UACs. See 6 U.S.C. 279(g)(2); 8 U.S.C. 
1232(b)(1), (3).
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to change its proposed definition of family unit in 
response to public comments, but will change certain provisions 
regarding the release of minors as explained in subsequent sections.
Licensed Facility Sec.  236.3(b)(9)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    In Sec.  236.3(b)(9), DHS proposed a definition for ``licensed 
facility.'' To parallel the provisions of FSA paragraph 6, DHS proposed 
that facilities that temporarily detain minors obtain licensing where 
appropriate licenses are available from a State, county, or 
municipality in which the facility is located. The proposed rule also 
eliminated existing barriers to the continued use of FRCs by creating 
an alternative to meet the licensed facility definition for such 
detention to provide reasonable assurances about the conditions of 
confinement at that facility, and thus to implement the underlying 
purpose of the FSA's licensing requirement. DHS's proposed definition 
considers a ``licensed facility'' to be one that is licensed by the 
State, county, or municipality in which it is located. If no such 
licensing scheme exists, DHS's proposed that the facility will meet the 
definition of ``licensed facility'' if it complies with ICE's family 
residential standards as confirmed by a third-party with audit 
experience hired for such a purpose.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. One commenter noted that she supports DHS-licensed 
facilities that would allow children to stay with their parents or 
relatives as long as possible, given that prolonged separation from 
families can be traumatic for children. The commenter stated that she 
would support these

[[Page 44416]]

facilities to detain families during their immigration proceedings if 
they are ``consistent with applicable law.'' Many other comments, 
however, raised issues such as a potential conflict of interest in 
permitting DHS to establish the licensing requirements for DHS 
facilities, whether Federal licensing standards would be as rigorous as 
state standards, alleged inconsistencies with the FSA, whether the 
Federal Government has authority to license detention facilities, and 
whether Federal licensing would provide adequate monitoring and 
oversight.
 Self-Licensing and Oversight
    Comments. Numerous commenters recommended alternative language to 
the proposed definition of ``licensed facility.'' One commenter 
suggested that in all cases where a state, county, or municipality 
licensing program is unavailable that ICE's family residential 
standards should align with applicable state child welfare laws and 
regulations--including all state and local building, fire, health, and 
safety codes. This commenter stated that in emergency situations where 
immediate or short-term solutions are needed, existing state licensed 
child welfare facilities should be considered as an option. Another 
commenter suggested that the period of detention should be shortened to 
14 days. The commenter also objected to the proposed new limits on to 
whom children may be released, and the elimination of the requirement 
that detention centers be subject to State inspections. The commenter 
specifically suggested that detention centers be required to meet care 
requirements that apply to day care centers, such as having a small 
ratio of care givers to children, background checks, and check-in 
visits. Still other commenters stated that the proposed rule does not 
state who will propose the Federal licensing scheme for detention 
centers.
    A few commenters stated that DHS's difficulty licensing facilities 
under state licensing regimes results from the unacceptable conditions 
of confinement within DHS's facilities rather than a failure of the 
state licensing processes. One commenter stated ``In unlicensed 
facilities, children are at high risk for abuse and neglect, which in 
turn will ultimately result in high costs paid not only in the form of 
unnecessary suffering, the disintegration of the social fabric of our 
nation, but also by taxpayer money going towards Department of Children 
and Families, Department of Youth Services, and more state agencies 
responsible for welfare of youth.''
    Numerous commenters stated that DHS should not be allowed to self-
license detention facilities because current facilities do not have 
adequate oversight and, as a result, DHS is not currently capable of 
maintaining clean, humane, and safe detention centers.
    Multiple commenters cited to a June 2018 report from the DHS Office 
of Inspector General (OIG), which found that the Nakamoto Group, the 
third-party contractor ICE has most frequently used to conduct 
inspections at adult detention facilities, did not always examine 
actual conditions, was not consistently thorough, and frequently failed 
to identify compliance deficiencies.\21\ According to the commenters, 
the report showed that the agency's self-inspections by the Nakamoto 
Group have been lax and severely lacking. The report found that, in 
some instances, the Nakamoto Group even misrepresented results in their 
reports to ICE. The commenters also stated that the Nakamoto Group had 
standards that were very difficult to fail, and one commenter requested 
that DHS verify that the Nakamoto Group not serve as a third-party 
contractor for these licensed facilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector 
General, ICE's Inspections and Monitoring of Detention Facilities Do 
Not Lead to Sustained Compliance or Systemic Improvements: DHS OIG 
Highlights (OIG-18-67) (June 26, 2018) https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2018-06/OIG-8-67-Jun18.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also discussed other aspects of the OIG report. One 
commenter noted that the OIG report found that DHS-ICE existing 
inspections and monitoring mechanisms for detention facilities neither 
``ensure consistent compliance with detention standards, nor do they 
promote comprehensive deficiency corrections.'' Some commenters noted 
that typically three to five inspectors have only three days to 
interview 85-100 detainees and perform and document their inspection, 
an amount of time that the OIG found insufficient to see if the 
facility was actually implementing its required policies. According to 
the commenters, the OIG also found that it could not characterize the 
interviews with detainees as sufficient because the conversations with 
detainees were not conducted in private and were in English only.
    Yet another commenter cited the OIG report to state that 
inspections by third-party contractors did not insure minimum child 
welfare standards were met, and that although ICE completed oversight 
inspections every three years, it did not correct the problems it 
found.\22\ Although the ICE Office of Detention Oversight conducted 
more thorough inspections, the commenter noted that the OIG expressed 
concern that these inspections were done only once every three years 
with no follow-up to see if the problems were corrected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector 
General, ICE's Inspections and Monitoring of Detention Facilities Do 
Not Lead to Sustained Compliance or Systemic Improvements: DHS OIG 
Highlights (OIG-18-67) (June 26, 2018), https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2018-06/OIG-18-67-Jun18.pdf.; Id. at 6-8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A commenter stated that reports from private inspections are rarely 
available and, even when they are, do not inform the public about what 
standards were used as a base and how long non-compliance issues took 
to be resolved. These commenters pointed to the case of Danya 
International, a private contractor hired by DHS to inspect family 
detention centers for compliance with ICE's internal standards, to 
highlight their concerns with the quality and lack of transparency in 
the inspections carried out by ICE's third-party vendors. They stated 
that only three reports from Danya's inspections have been released 
publicly. According to the commenters, the only information available 
about the remaining reports is an assertion by an ICE official in a 
court declaration that ``Danya has generally found the FRCs to be 
compliant with a majority'' of standards, and ``[w]here Danya observed 
individual issues of non-compliance, the facilities took corrective 
action as appropriate and achieved compliance although this is a 
continuous process.'' The commenters stated that the ICE descriptions 
were vague and provided very little information regarding which ICE 
standards were violated, or how severe or prolonged these violations 
were. The commenters claim that ICE denied requests for access to the 
reports even to DHS's Advisory Committee on Family Residential Centers. 
They also asserted that DHS's Office of Civil Rights and Civil 
Liberties (CRCL) has conducted more in-depth inspections of family 
detention centers, and what is publicly known from those inspections 
appears to undermine those conducted by DHS's third-party vendors.
    Response. DHS understands commenters' concerns about the Federal 
Government setting its own standards instead of using state licensing 
standards; however, many States have no standards for facilities 
housing families. The Federal Government cannot require States to 
create regulatory structures to license and inspect FRCs. Therefore, to 
ensure compliance with the FSA in those States that do not have any 
applicable standards for the housing of family units, DHS established 
Family

[[Page 44417]]

Residential Standards (FRS) in 2007 with the FSA as its base after a 
review of contemporaneous state codes of Pennsylvania and Texas. The 
first edition of the ICE FRS, released in 2007, was developed by 
independent subject matter experts (SMEs), government officials, and 
the nongovernmental organization (NGO) community. ICE's Juvenile and 
Family Residential Management Unit (JFRMU) engaged other DHS components 
in reviewing and providing input. Further, JFRMU sought various SMEs in 
areas such as emergency planning, detention administration, trauma 
informed care, child development, and legal rights and representation 
to evaluate the draft standards.
    After several years of operations and data collection through a 
rigorous monthly and semiannual inspection program, ICE commenced a 
top-to-bottom review of the first-edition FRS. This review included an 
analysis of past and current best practices at FRCs, and focused on 
improving the standards to more effectively accommodate a residential 
program. JFRMU established a review team led by a child-focused SME 
with proficiency in assessing conditions of confinement and residential 
programming. The team assessed FRC practices and policies, and 
conducted interviews with existing FRC management and direct care 
staff, as well as with FRC ICE/Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) 
staff, health care and mental health providers, and case management 
staff. These interviews allowed participants the opportunity to 
recommend improvements based on their experiences. The review team also 
sought to implement improvements to the standards that directly 
addressed feedback received from numerous private sector agencies and 
NGOs. The review team synthesized those findings and incorporated 
relevant changes into a second-edition FRS. The FRS continue to be 
improved based on best practices.
    DHS notes that while the June 26, 2018, report issued by DHS OIG 
did make recommendations on how ICE could improve oversight over 
detention facilities, OIG did not specifically examine oversight of the 
FRCs as part of the report. See Office of the Inspector General, Dep't 
of Homeland Security, OIG-18-67, ICE's Inspections and Monitoring of 
Detention Facilities Do Not Lead to Sustained Compliance or Systemic 
Improvements 2 n.1 (2018). As such, the report is of limited value in 
assessing ICE's oversight of the FRCs. FRCs are subject to a different 
set of standards--the Family Residential Standards (FRS)--than other 
facilities and receive inspections more frequently, and by a larger 
number of outside entities, than those detention centers reviewed in 
the OIG report. For instance, despite the ongoing litigation 
surrounding state licensure of the FRCs, the State of Texas and the 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania regularly conduct both announced and 
unannounced inspections of FRCs, and the reports of those inspections 
are publicly available on the States' websites. Table 6 demonstrates 
the number of inspections ICE FRCs typically receive on a regular 
basis.

                        Table 6--FRC Inspections
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          FRC inspection type            Typical frequency of inspection
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State inspectors.......................  1 Standard by Standard Review
                                          when submitting the license
                                          applications.
                                         3 unannounced inspections prior
                                          to granting a temporary 6-
                                          month provisional license.
                                         3 additional unannounced
                                          inspections prior to granting
                                          a permanent non-expiring
                                          license.
                                         Unlimited, randomized,
                                          unannounced audits.
Danya (ICE contractor).................  Monthly.
PREA...................................  Every two years.
CRCL (DHS office)......................  Annual audits until 2018.
                                         Presently, will inspect if
                                          warranted based on complaints
                                          received.
IHSC...................................  Annual.
OIG/GAO................................  Variable. Driven by OIG hotline
                                          and/or Congressional
                                          inquiries.
ICE ERO COR/Compliance.................  Weekly compliance audits/logs.
                                         Weekly COR meetings with
                                          Service Providers, IHSC, and
                                          ICE ERO.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Despite the OIG report's limited relevance to this situation, 
however, DHS notes that ICE has already taken several steps to address 
the recommendations set forth by OIG in the June 26, 2018 report. For 
instance, ICE has requested that OIG consider recommendation three, 
which addressed the development of a follow-up inspection process, 
resolved and closed due to progress made by ICE towards achieving this 
goal. In FY 2018, ICE Office of Detention and Oversight (ODO) conducted 
two follow-up inspections focused on areas where deficiencies were 
previously identified. And although not eliminating advanced notice for 
inspections because unannounced inspections would disrupt facility 
operations and the pre-inspection documentation review, ODO has 
decreased the amount of advanced notice provided to facilities in 
preparation for an ODO inspection. Furthermore, ICE has continued to 
make progress addressing the other four recommendations.
    The second recommendation regarded reinstatement of and 
documentation for a quality assurance program for contracted 
inspections of detention facilities, and in October 2018, the ERO 
Detention Standards Compliance Unit created a Quality Assurance Team 
(QAT) to perform quality management over ICE's contract inspectors. 
Moving forward, one QAT staff member will accompany ICE contract 
inspectors during their annual facility inspections. The fifth 
recommendation regarded the development of protocols for ERO field 
offices to require facilities to implement corrective actions resulting 
from Detention Service Managers' identification of noncompliance with 
detention standards. The ERO Headquarters Detention Monitoring Unit 
(DMU) is continuing to work with field offices and unit staff enforce 
facility compliance to the ICE detention standards and to address 
deficiencies identified by the on-site Detention Services Manager and 
Detention Standards Compliance Officers.
    More recent developments, specifically the release of the Joint 
Explanatory Statement (JES) to the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 
2019, Public Law 116-6, have affected ICE's efforts to address certain

[[Page 44418]]

recommendations. The first recommendation was for ICE to revise the 
inspection scope and methodology and the JES contains ICE inspection 
requirements that have directly impacted how ERO and OPR conduct 
inspections. The fourth recommendation focused on verification of 
identified deficiencies and tracking of corrective actions. How ICE 
addresses the fourth recommendation will flow directly from decisions 
made in addressing the first. ICE continues internal dialogue to 
discuss full implementation of both recommendations.
    ICE's existing commitment to seriously considering OIG's 
recommendations regarding detention facilities and instituting them as 
appropriate will not change as a result of this final rule.
    DHS disagrees with the commenters' assertions that reports from 
CRCL inspections have undermined the results of third-party auditor 
inspection reports. DHS responds to the allegations raised by 
commenters about the July 17, 2018, correspondence from Dr. Scott Allen 
and Dr. Pamela McPherson elsewhere in this document but notes that the 
correspondence from these two CRCL contractors does not reflect the 
complete posture of CRCL inspection reports. In particular, many of the 
broad negative assessments raised in the contractors' correspondence 
are inconsistent with formal findings they provided to ICE in CRCL's 
Expert Reports. More importantly, however, DHS notes that nothing in 
this rule will negatively affect the frequency or manner in which CRCL 
conducts FRC inspections.
    With respect to concerns raised about the use of specific third-
party contractors the Nakamoto Group and Danya, DHS notes that all 
contractors used to conduct inspections of FRCs are required to have 
child welfare experience, a requirement that will not change as a 
result of this rulemaking. DHS declines to identify the names of 
particular contractors that DHS will employ to conduct compliance 
inspections through this rulemaking. DHS complies with Federal 
contracting law and cannot pre-determine which contractors to employ 
via this rulemaking.
    In response to concerns raised by the commenters about transparency 
and accountability in the proposed FRC inspection process, the final 
rule includes a provision requiring the results of third-party audits 
to be posted publicly. Since May 2018, ICE has publicly posted the 
results of all facility inspection reports submitted by third-party 
contractors within 60 days of inspection. See Facility Inspections, 
https://www.ice.gov/facility-inspections, (last updated Mar. 15, 2019). 
The final rule stipulates that third-party inspections of FRCs will be 
posted in the same manner.
    For commenters' concerns about past failures to inspect facilities, 
please see the discussion in Section C. Other Comments Received, DHS 
Track Record with Detention.

 Inspections by Outside Sources

    Comments. Many commenters suggested that in the creation of an 
alternative Federal licensing scheme, the following questions should be 
answered: Which third parties will be conducting audits of such 
facilities; what standards will be applied by those third parties; and 
how will DHS and HHS provide oversight over the third party auditors. A 
few commenters wrote that the proposed rule does not show how the 
third-party oversight system would work in practice. Multiple 
commenters suggested that inspections of detention facilities should be 
inspected by an outside source instead of being run and inspected by 
DHS.
    One commenter stated that under the FSA, the Center for Human 
Rights and Constitutional Law must still be allowed to inspect every 
child detention site and to interview and evaluate the children.
    Another commenter suggested that ICE and ORR consider issuing 
guidance to contractors, non-profits, and faith-based organizations 
that are tasked with assisting the Federal Government in the care or 
education of immigrant youth. The commenter also recommended the 
creation of a Blue Ribbon Panel to Assist with Creation of a new 
Federal Standard for dealing with asylum seekers. The commenter 
specifically suggested that ICE request the National Institute of Child 
Health and Human Development (NICHD) to establish such a panel to 
review standards for detaining family units and UACs.
    Response. DHS declines to include further details about the use of 
third parties to conduct FRC inspections in the text of this rule. DHS 
notes, as stated elsewhere, that the results of these inspections will 
be posted publicly on DHS's website. DHS will require third parties to 
conduct inspections to ensure compliance with the ICE Family 
Residential Standards as well as the terms of this rule. While 
commenters raise concerns about private, for-profit contractors used 
for inspection of DHS facilities, such as the Nakamoto Group and Danya, 
DHS has the ability to penalize contractors for failing to comply with 
ICE's FRS as described further below in the section responding to 
comments on the topic of ``Danger Due to Lack of Oversight.''
    Existing family residential standards were created with a view to 
care for vulnerable populations such as minors. DHS is currently 
working on updating these standards to implement further improvements 
at FRCs. For this reason, DHS declines to adopt commenter's suggestions 
to establish additional panels for this purpose.
 DHS Licensing Is Inconsistent With FSA
    Comments. Several commenters stated that the proposed licensing 
scheme would violate the FSA because it would place children in 
facilities that have not been licensed by state agencies. The 
commenters also contended that DHS proposed the scheme to avoid the FSA 
state licensing requirement. Multiple commenters stated that state 
licensing standards for the care of children in out-of-home settings 
exist to provide a baseline of protection for the health and safety of 
children. The commenters stated, citing researchers, that such 
licensing regulations can mitigate risks of injury or death, reduce the 
spread of communicable diseases, and set up conditions that promote 
positive child development.
    Multiple commenters stated that the myriad of licensing challenges 
that have faced detention facilities demonstrate the importance of the 
state licensing requirement and the crucial role that licensing and 
monitoring can play in guarding against and identifying inappropriate 
conditions for children. The commenters cited, as an example, the 
closing of the T. Don Hutto Center in Texas after three years of 
operation due to lawsuits related to the center's poor conditions. The 
commenters also cited a 2016 revocation of a state child care license 
for the Berks County Residential Center contending that it demonstrated 
DHS's disregard for child care licensure standards and regulations. As 
a final example, the commenters stated that in late 2015, the Texas 
Department of Family Protective Services introduced a regulation called 
the ``FRC rule'' that would allow the Dilley detention center to detain 
children while exempt from statewide health and safety standards but 
that, in June 2016, a judge ruled that such an exemption could put 
children at risk of abuse, particularly due to shared sleeping spaces 
with non-related adults, a decision the commenter stated was upheld by 
a Federal judge in December 2016.

[[Page 44419]]

    Response. DHS reiterates that, to the extent state licensing is 
available, DHS will seek licensure. DHS did not propose this 
alternative licensing process to avoid the FSA state licensing 
requirements. Rather, DHS proposed this process because DHS cannot 
control whether a State will provide such licensing in the first place. 
In States where licensing is unavailable, the minimum requirements of 
this regulation, which mirror those in Exhibit 1 of the FSA, and the 
Family Residential Standards will create conditions that are identical 
to those envisioned by the Agreement. A robust schedule of inspections, 
along with compliance mechanisms that create consequences for 
contractors, and increased transparency through publication of audit 
results, will ensure that these standards are met. In creating 
standards for family detention, DHS has learned from past litigation, 
including In Re Hutto Family Detention Center, No. A-07-CA-164-SS (W.D. 
Tex. Aug. 29, 2007), which was resolved through a settlement agreement 
that terminated in 2009.
    Regarding the Berks FRC, this facility has been licensed since 
December 1, 1999, as a Child Residential and Day Treatment Facility 
under 55 Pa. Code 3800. The facility has been used to house family 
units since 2001 and the State has been regularly subjecting the 
facility to inspections since that time. The license was renewed every 
year until October 22, 2015, when the Pennsylvania Department of Human 
Services sent a letter stating that the agency was unaware that Berks 
housed families and that the license for the facility would not be 
renewed unless it turned into a children-only facility. However, on 
November 9, 2015, a new license was issued for the 2016-2017 operating 
period. The licensing matter has been in active litigation since that 
time, but a state court has temporarily reinstated the license of this 
facility pending litigation. In the Appeal of Berks Cty. Residential 
Ctr., Docket No. 061-15-0025 (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department 
of Human Services, Bureau of Hearings and Appeals filed November 23, 
2015). The Berks facility continues to be regularly inspected by the 
Pennsylvania Department of Human Services.
    In Texas, an appeals court reinstated the regulation that codifies 
licensing for FRCs. Texas Dep't of Family and Protective Servs. v. 
Grassroots Leadership, Inc., No. 03-18-00261-CV, 2018 WL 6187433 (Tex. 
App. Nov. 28, 2018). Texas authorities have inspected the facilities at 
Dilley and Karnes regularly during the pendency of the litigation, and 
the facilities will continue to seek licensure when that becomes 
available.
 Legally Insufficient Authority for Licensing
    Comments. Numerous commenters questioned the legality of section 
236.3(h). Most of these commenters stated that this provision violates 
the FSA and related court rulings. Specifically, commenters asserted 
that the proposed rule is contrary to the FSA because instead of 
expediting the release of children, it provides for the prolonged or 
indefinite detention of children and their families. One commenter 
stated that the arguments used to justify Federal licensure of FRCs in 
place of state licensure were unequivocally rejected on July 24, 2015, 
by the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, 
which found that self-licensure would not satisfy the FSA's mandate to 
place unreleased children in a program, agency, or organization that is 
licensed by an appropriate State agency to provide residential, group, 
or foster care services. This commenter also stated that the 
requirement for state licensure attaches to all facilities used for 
temporary detention or placement of alien children and any attempt by 
DHS and HHS to go around this requirement is not allowed under the FSA. 
A few commenters contended that it would take legislation or judicial 
action to change the feature of the FSA that requires children be 
housed in facilities that are state-licensed for the care of dependent 
children.
    Several commenters also wrote that the Federal Government lacks the 
authority to license facilities for children because ensuring child 
welfare is a police power reserved to the States. The commenters stated 
that, as a result of this responsibility, States have the licensing and 
child welfare infrastructure to care for the health and well-being of 
children in its custody.
    Several commenters also stated that the proposed Federal licensing 
process fails to comply with the requirements of Executive Order 13132, 
which requires consultation with the states and a federalism impact 
statement when a proposed rule raises significant federalism concerns, 
which the commenters state this rule raises.
    Response. DHS reiterates that, to the extent state licensing is 
available, DHS will seek licensure from the State. However, DHS cannot 
control whether states provide such licensing, and in states where this 
option is unavailable, the minimum requirements of this regulation, 
which mirror those in Exhibit 1 of the FSA, and the Family Residential 
Standards will create conditions that are equivalent to those 
envisioned by the FSA. A robust schedule of inspections, along with 
compliance mechanisms that create consequences for contractors, and 
increased transparency through publication, will ensure that these 
standards are met. See sections on ``Danger due to lack of oversight'' 
and ``Self-Licensing and Oversight.'' DHS continues to disagree with 
court interpretations that extend the terms of the FSA to minors 
accompanied by their parents or legal guardians. DHS believes that it 
is preferable for family units to remain together during the pendency 
of immigration proceedings.
    DHS has the sole legal authority to detain aliens for violations of 
immigration law; States do not. For this reason, the existence or non-
existence of licensure in the States does not inform whether DHS can 
detain families who are in removal proceedings under Federal 
immigration law. DHS does not believe this rule raises significant 
federalism concerns under Executive Order 13132 because enforcing 
immigration laws falls within the sole purview of the Federal 
Government.
 Danger Due to Lack of Oversight
    Comments. Commenters stated that the proposed regulations make 
clear that DHS does not intend to increase oversight of family 
detention centers as part of its new licensing authority. A commenter 
stated that DHS asserts in its proposed regulation that ICE currently 
meets the proposed licensing requirements because it currently requires 
family detention facilities to comply with ICE's detention standards 
and hires inspectors to monitor compliance, and therefore DHS would not 
incur additional costs in fulfilling the requirements of the proposed 
alternative licensing process.
    Many commenters stated that holding children in facilities that are 
not licensed by state child welfare agencies is inhumane, dangerous, or 
unethical. Some commenters stated that there is no assurance of quality 
standards when the entity being licensed is setting the licensing 
standards and monitoring compliance with those standards and that there 
must be review or oversight by another entity. One commenter noted that 
the courts have already rejected DHS-licensed facilities and held that 
children who are not released should be housed in state-licensed 
facilities. Another commenter urged DHS to specify clear criteria for 
third party audits to ensure that any third party auditors are 
qualified to oversee

[[Page 44420]]

licensing of facilities holding children and apply appropriate criteria 
for the protection of children. The commenter requested that the public 
have an opportunity to comment on these criteria before a final rule 
was implemented.
    Several commenters argued that DHS and HHS' track record for 
meeting state-licensing requirements heightened concerns that a self-
licensing regime would not afford sufficient protection or oversight 
for children. A few commenters stated that self-inspections by DHS and 
its contractors are much weaker, and do not provide materially 
identical assurances about the conditions or protections that the FSA 
provides. One commenter pointed to its experience with the Pennsylvania 
facilities contracted to provide services to DHS, which had its license 
revoked by the State of Pennsylvania, and in the commenter's opinion 
reinforces the need for state licensing standards.
    Several commenters stated that the lack of licensed facilities is 
due to problems with the facilities themselves, not with state 
licensing regimes. This commenter stated that a Texas judge denied 
licenses to family detention facilities in Karnes and Dilley because 
the emergency rule under which those facilities sought licenses would 
eliminate the minimum child safety standards applicable to childcare 
facilities in Texas. The commenter stated that, without accountability 
standards, there is no way to ensure conditions of care imposed by the 
Federal Government in detention facilities will meet the current 
minimum standard for keeping children safe. Another commenter stated 
that the absence of a general family detention licensing procedure is 
not an unexplained policy gap but the effect of a determination that 
such detention is neither recommended nor typically done.
    Response. DHS disagrees with the assertion that it is incapable of 
providing meaningful oversight for FRCs. DHS employs third-party 
inspectors to ensure that DHS Service Providers (such as the contracted 
entities that run the daily operations of the FRCs) abide by the 
standards that DHS requires. The results of these inspections may 
prompt DHS to take corrective action against the Service Providers if 
necessary. For instance, ICE uses a Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan 
(QASP) for each service provider, and this QASP is based on the premise 
that the Service Provider is responsible for the day-to-day operation 
of the facility, as well as all management and quality control actions 
required to meet the agreed-upon terms of the contract. The role of the 
Government in quality assurance and oversight is to ensure performance 
standards are achieved and maintained. The QASP is designed to provide 
an effective surveillance method to monitor the Service Provider's 
performance. Through the QASP, the Government validates that the 
Service Provider is complying with mandated quality standards in 
operating and maintaining facilities. These performance standards 
address all facets of detainee handling, including but not limited to 
safety, health, legal rights, and facility and records management.
    The QASP contains a Performance Requirements Summary (PRS) which 
communicates what the Federal Government intends to qualitatively 
inspect. The PRS is based on the American Correctional Association 
(ACA) Standards for Adult Local Detention and ICE 2011 Performance 
Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS). The PRS identifies 
performance standards groups into nine functional areas, and quality 
levels essential for successful performance of each requirement. ICE 
uses the PRS when conducting quality assurance surveillance and 
oversight to guide inspections and review processes.
    ICE monitors the Service Provider's compliance with performance 
standards using a variety of methods. All facilities are subject to a 
full annual inspection. Additionally, ICE may conduct routine, follow-
up, or unscheduled ad hoc inspections as necessary (for instance, as a 
result of unusual incidents or data reflected in routine monitoring). 
At FRCs, ICE maintains an on-site presence in order to conduct more 
frequent oversight. Inspections and monitoring may involve direct 
observation of facility conditions and operations, review of 
documentation, and/or interviews with facility personnel and detainees.
    In addition to routine and unscheduled monitoring, financial-based 
incentives are another way ICE holds Service Providers accountable. 
Performance of services and compliance with standards is essential for 
the Service Provider to receive the full payment identified in formal 
agreements or contracts. For example, ICE may withhold or deduct funds 
for unsatisfactory performance by the Service Provider that is recorded 
or observed through site inspections, document review, interviews, or 
other feedback. A Service Provider's performance is rated as either 
acceptable, deficient, or at-risk. Based on this rating, ICE may 
implement financial adjustments or penalties. Financial deductions or 
withholdings may be a one-time event, or alternatively, may continue 
until the Service Provider has corrected the identified deficiency or 
made substantial progress toward correction.
    In response to the commenter's concern about the status and 
availability of state licensure in Texas, DHS notes, as mentioned 
above, that an appeals court recently reinstated the regulation that 
codifies licensing for FRCs. Texas Dep't of Family and Protective 
Servs. v. Grassroots Leadership, Inc., No. 03-18-00261-CV), 2018 WL 
6187433 (Tex. App. Nov. 28, 2018).
    Finally, DHS notes that although family detention is not needed as 
often at the state level does not mean that family detention is 
inappropriate in the Federal immigration context, particularly in 
circumstances involving control of the borders where Congress has 
generally expressed a mandate for detention of aliens pending removal 
proceedings and pending removal pursuant to a final order.
 Conflict of Interest
    Comments. Several commenters asserted that allowing DHS to self-
license facilities would be a conflict of interest ``tantamount to the 
fox guarding the henhouse.'' Many commenters stated that the Federal 
Government lacks the impartiality and expertise to ensure compliance 
with basic standards relating to the custody and care of migrant 
children. Another commenter asserted that the self-licensing process 
exists only to further the Administration's anti-immigration policy, 
and that a lack of oversight will result in facilities such as Tornillo 
in Texas with minimal safety and healthcare standards and several 
abuses. Several commenters contended that DHS would have no incentive 
to ensure compliance with baseline child protection standards since its 
principal objective is imprisonment rather than family detention. Some 
commenters stated that DHS's objective is to discriminate against 
Central American immigrants and one commenter said that removing the 
state licensing requirement is a cover allowing for more racial abuse 
``under the guise of deterrence.''
    Some commenters stated that because of the unique vulnerability of 
children and their high risk for trauma, trafficking, and violence, 
independent licensing standards for detention facilities are of the 
utmost importance. One commenter stated that DHS should not be allowed 
to self-license because ICE's Inspector General has found self-auditing 
methods are ``troubling and

[[Page 44421]]

inadequate.'' \23\ Another commenter stated that reports from 
physicians within DHS CRCL have found serious compliance issues in DHS-
run facilities resulting in imminent risk of significant mental health 
and medical harm. Other commenters stated that the proposed third-party 
monitor is not credible or impartial because the third-party monitor 
would be paid by DHS. Another commenter stated that the proposed rule's 
shift of the licensing authority from experienced and objective state 
licensers to an ICE contractor would have an inherent conflict of 
interest that would not assure the best welfare of traumatized 
children.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ Office of Inspector General, ``ICE's Inspections and 
Monitoring of Detention Facilities Do Not Lead to Sustained 
Compliance or Systemic Improvements'' OIG 18-67 (June 26, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Relying on the alleged conflict of interest, several other 
commenters contended that the proposal would violate the FSA. For 
example, several commenters claimed that the licensing proposal would 
not comply with the FSA's requirements to place detained minors in the 
``least restrictive setting'' and treat minors with ``dignity, respect 
and special concern for their particular vulnerability.'' Another 
commenter stated that the licensing proposal is inconsistent with the 
FSA because it weakens oversight over FRCs and does not provide a way 
to ensure that residential standards set by ICE are a safe replacement 
for state licensing standards.
    Another commenter stated that the purpose of the FSA, as confirmed 
by the district court, is to provide ``the essential protection of 
regular and comprehensive oversight by an independent child welfare 
agency,'' which the commenter stated is absent from the proposed 
regulation.
    Response. Regarding concerns about lack of accountability see 
section on ``Danger due to lack of oversight.'' Concerns about 
incentive to comply and lack of oversight are addressed in the section 
``Self-Licensing and Oversight.''
    DHS reiterates that it will seek state licensing where available. 
However, DHS disagrees with commenters that suggest DHS is unable to 
provide care for families due to perceived conflicts of interest in its 
alternative licensing proposal. DHS notes that the DHS has held 
families (at the Berks FRC) since 2001, long before courts extended the 
protection of the FSA to minors accompanied by their parents. In the 
ensuing decades, DHS has refined its standards to better accommodate 
the needs of family units.
    DHS is statutorily authorized and indeed mandated in many 
circumstances to detain aliens pending their removal from the United 
States. Congress has long been aware of the existence of alien family 
units seeking entry into the United States, but Congress has never 
specified the method through which DHS's detention facilities must 
obtain licensure. Thus while commenters perceive the application of 
standards developed by DHS and other stakeholders as a conflict of 
interest, Congress has not determined that the creation or application 
of these standards constitute a conflict of interest.
    Further, in advocating for state licensure as the only method of 
meeting the ``licensed program'' requirement of the FSA, commenters 
appear to presume that States face no conflict of interest when they 
license facilities for the services or care of dependent children. DHS 
has created detention standards for all other facilities in which it 
detains aliens, just as the Bureau of Prisons has also created 
standards for their own detention operations. DHS believes that the 
Federal Government is equally capable of overseeing compliance with its 
standards, standards which incorporate and in certain cases go beyond 
the minimum requirements of the FSA, without negatively impacting the 
care of minors in its custody due to perceived conflicts of interest. 
Relatedly, the very financial incentive that commenters contend would 
bias third-party examiners is the same financial incentive that DHS 
uses to achieve quality control. If DHS's own inspections (e.g., CRCL, 
OIG, third-party auditors, etc.) reveal that contractors are not 
adequately meeting DHS's standards, such contractors can be penalized 
and replaced.
 Indefinite Detention of Children Due to Alternative Licensing
    Comments. Multiple commenters stated that the proposal to create 
and self-license FRCs contravenes the FSA by attempting to allow for 
children to be placed in detention indefinitely. The commenters stated 
that detention centers are inappropriate long-term (indefinite) housing 
arrangements for families. They contended that the government is 
required to expeditiously release children to a parent or other family 
and if this is not possible, the government must release the child to a 
program licensed by a state child welfare agency program. Several 
commenters suggested that this new rule would restrict the ability to 
release families from government custody, resulting in indefinite 
detention. One commenter stated that indefinite detention would 
increase profits for private companies and be more expensive for 
taxpayers.
    Response. DHS disagrees with these assertions, and discusses 
commenters' mischaracterization of DHS detention authority and 
practices subsequently in this rule. DHS considers that ``indefinite 
detention'' is inconsistent with the mission of the Department. The 
purpose of immigration detention is to effectuate removal, or for the 
alien to establish eligibility for relief, as quickly as possible. If 
the alien establishes that she merits relief from removal, she will be 
released and if not, she will be removed. The period of detention will 
last for as long as it takes to complete removal proceedings and no 
longer. ICE reports that the majority of minor and family unit removals 
involve countries in the Northern Triangle, and removals are normally 
effectuated promptly. Minors and family units are not likely to face 
long periods in detention because immigration proceedings involving 
detained family units and minors are placed on a priority docket by the 
Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review. Family 
units and minors can also benefit from release during the pendency of 
removal proceedings if they qualify for release on recognizance, 
parole, or other conditions.
    Aliens subject to final orders of removal may generally remain 
detained for a reasonable period necessary to effectuate removal. For 
aliens detained pursuant to INA 241, 8 U.S.C. 1231, this includes a 
presumptively reasonable period of 180 days after a final order of 
removal has been issued, and thereafter, the alien must generally be 
released absent a significant likelihood of removal in the reasonably 
foreseeable future (in compliance with current law and regulation).
    As Congress has recognized, detention is an important tool to 
ensure that proceedings are completed and that the immigration laws are 
enforced. EOIR data shows that of closed cases from January 1, 2013 
through March 31, 2019 that started in an FRC, 43 percent of family 
units have received in absentia final orders of removal. DHS OIS has 
found that when looking at all family unit aliens encountered at the 
Southwest Border from FY 2014 through FY 2018, the in absentia rate for 
completed cases as of the end of FY 2018 was 66 percent. As a result, 
exercising the authority to detain minors in family units continues to 
be an important component of immigration enforcement. The ability to 
consider FRCs licensed through adherence to ICE's Family Residential 
Standards is intended to facilitate that component of

[[Page 44422]]

immigration enforcement, not to increase profits for private companies 
at the expense of taxpayers.
 Miscellaneous Concerns
    Comments. Several commenters stated that ICE family detention 
standards which would be utilized in the proposal are typically not as 
stringent as state standards currently utilized. One commenter, for 
example, noted that ICE FRC standards permit the use of mechanical 
restraints on children over 14 years old, whereas the licensing 
regulations in Texas prohibit the use of such devices. The same 
commenter noted that the ICE FRC standard states that the facility must 
meet the ``minimal nutritional needs of toddlers and infants,'' whereas 
the Texas regulation for licensed residential facilities states the 
facility must ``feed an infant whenever the infant is hungry.''
    Several commenters suggested that FRCs do not exist under state 
licenses because States feel they are inadequate to house both adults 
and children. Such commenters noted that state agencies typically 
license only facilities for the care of children who are dependent on 
the State, typically due to child abuse and/or neglect and the need to 
be removed from the care of a parent or parents. The commenters argued 
that if parents are fit and available, a state government would never 
seek to lock up a child with a parent.
    Response. Regarding any conflicts between state regulations and DHS 
standards, DHS will follow state regulations where there is licensing 
available for FRCs. The regulations express a preference for state 
licensing when that option is available at the location of the FRC. For 
example, if Texas licenses FRCs, state standards will be followed. 
Regarding the use of family detention in the state context, the role of 
the States and the Federal Government are different. States do not 
enforce immigration laws, only the Federal Government does so; 
consequently, the presence or absence of state regulations addressing 
the civil detention of family units for immigration purposes is not 
indicative of whether it is appropriate or not to detain family units 
in accordance with Federal law.
Changes to the Final Rule
    In response to public comments, DHS is adding to the definition of 
licensed facility that DHS will make the results of audits publicly 
available. In addition the definition also now includes that audits 
will occur upon the opening of a facility and on a regular basis 
thereafter.
Influx Sec.  236.3(b)(10)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    The NPRM proposed to define influx as a situation when 130 or more 
minors or UACs are eligible for placement in a licensed facility. DHS 
is adopting this definition without change from the FSA except to 
reflect the transfer of responsibilities from legacy INS to DHS and 
ORR, and to reflect that DHS maintains custody of minors, as defined in 
this section, and UACs, for the short period pending their transfer to 
ORR.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Numerous commenters expressed concern that the proposed 
definition of ``influx'' was developed based on data from the 1990s, is 
outdated, and, if implemented, will result in DHS and HHS operating 
within a de facto permanent state of ``influx.'' If able to operate in 
that status, the commenters contended that DHS and HHS would have broad 
discretion to circumvent compliance with the FSA, HSA, and TVPRA 
provisions and the time limits on transferring children out of DHS 
custody.
    Many commenters expressed the view that DHS and HHS disingenuously 
argued that they operate within a constant state of influx even while 
overall border crossings are 20 percent of what they were when that 
term was defined in the FSA and border staffing has increased by almost 
three times.
    A few commenters stated that the 130-influx standard also does not 
account for the expansions and contractions of the number of UACs in 
custody at the border, which have fluctuated by tens of thousands of 
juveniles every year since the peak in 2014. They contended that the 
variable number requires a more flexible influx baseline.
    Some commenters objected to the proposed definition of influx on 
the basis that it enables each agency to excuse noncompliance even 
where it is not itself experiencing influx conditions. Commenters 
stated that DHS conceded in the NPRM that it has been dealing with an 
influx of minors for years. The commenters claimed that as a result, 
even where HHS may not satisfy its own ``influx'' criteria, it may rely 
on DHS ``influx'' conditions because the definition allows HHS criteria 
to be met ``under . . . corresponding provisions of DHS regulations.''
    One commenter recommended that the agencies include a third 
alternative criterion for designation of influx conditions to track the 
meaning of influx in the INA. The INA recognizes the threat posed to 
national security where the Secretary of Homeland Security ``determines 
that an actual or imminent influx of aliens arriving off the coast of 
the United States, or near a land border, presents urgent circumstances 
requiring an immediate federal response. . . .'' 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(10). 
The commenter urged the agencies to consider a regulation that would 
define ``urgent circumstances'' to include the release without bond of 
a significant percentage of such minors, with or without a parent or 
legal guardian, near to the relevant Coast Guard or Border Patrol 
sector. The commenter ultimately proposed that influx conditions could 
exist when some combination of three criteria were present--the legacy 
FSA criterion of 130 minors, an alternative criterion that takes into 
account the problems created by lack of resources other than bed space, 
and a third criterion that aligns influx designations for minors with 
designations of influx conditions applicable to humanitarian entry in 
general. The commenter contended that such a standard would provide 
flexibility to respond to migrant crises that involve minor aliens in 
unpredictably dangerous ways.
    One commenter maintained that, because the proposed rule changes 
the word ``program'' to ``facility,'' it could permit lengthier 
detention by a determination that there is an influx when more than 130 
children are eligible for placement in any of the program's facilities 
even if the program has the capacity to provide placement resources for 
well over 130 children. The commenter viewed the proposed definition of 
influx as placing less focus on the needs of children than on the 
proposed facilities to detain them.
    Some commenters were concerned that the proposed definition of 
influx lifts the requirement that UACs be transferred from DHS to HHS 
custody within three to five days and allows for broad exemptions to 
existing child protections that could impact basic needs, such as the 
provision of snacks and meals to children in custody. The commenters 
stated the rule should be changed to clarify that any such exemptions 
must be limited in scope and ensure that the fundamental needs of 
children are met in a timely manner.
    Response. As stated in the proposed rule, DHS agrees with the 
commenters' observation that the definition of influx in the FSA, which 
was replicated in the proposed rule, renders the agency in an ongoing 
state of influx which has been the status quo for several years. DHS 
regularly has in its custody more than 130 minors and UACs eligible for 
placement in a licensed facility. For

[[Page 44423]]

instance, as described in Table 7, CBP encountered 107,498 minors and 
UACs in FY 2018. Additionally, in May of 2019, the USBP apprehended 
11,507 UACs along the southwest border along with 84,532 family units 
(accompanied minors and their parents).\24\ OFO encountered 386 UACs 
and 4,134 family units during the same time period. Thus, these numbers 
show that CBP regularly has more than 130 minors and UACs in custody 
eligible for placement in a licensed facility. However, DHS disagrees 
with the statement that such an operational reality permits it to 
circumvent compliance with requirements that stem from the FSA, given 
that this definition of ``influx'' was included in the FSA. DHS had 
determined that the definition of ``influx'' as it was written in the 
FSA remains relevant to current operational realities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS believes that the FSA's definition of influx is still relevant 
to today's operations. Indeed, it is obvious that DHS has been in a 
state of influx, and has been for some period of time. As further 
explained in the proposed rule, the main implication of the threshold 
for an influx is that in general, under the FSA, DHS is required to 
transfer non-UAC minors to licensed facilities ``as expeditiously as 
possible'' rather than within either a 3- or 5-day timeframe. This 
makes sense given the need for DHS to have additional flexibility when 
it is dealing with anything other than a very small and manageable 
number of minors in its custody. Given that DHS is currently operating 
under an influx pursuant to the FSA, DHS currently moves to transfer 
all minors into licensed facilities as expeditiously as possible. CBP 
facilities are, as recognized by Congress in the Trade Facilitation and 
Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 (TFTEA), intended to be short-term 
detention facilities, generally designed to hold individuals for 72 
hours or less, during the duration of their immigration processing. See 
6 U.S.C. 211(m)(3) (defining ``short-term detention'' as ``detention in 
a U.S. Customs and Border Protection processing center for 72 hours or 
less, before repatriation to a country of nationality or last habitual 
residence''). CBP makes efforts to transfer all individuals, especially 
minors, out of CBP facilities as expeditiously as possible, and 
generally within 72 hours. Additionally, CBP prioritizes the processing 
of all minors and UACs, as a means to expedite the transfer of custody 
to ICE or HHS, and to adhere to the TFTEA definition of short term 
holding, as well as the requirements currently applicable under the 
FSA, as well as the TVPRA. Thus, the definition of influx as provided 
in this rule would not change any aspect of current CBP operations, and 
therefore would not permit any change to the time that minors and UACs 
should remain in CBP custody.
    DHS reiterates that the transfer time frames for the transfer of 
UACs from DHS to HHS are now governed by the TVPRA, rather than the 
timelines included in the FSA. The TVPRA requires DHS to transfer UACs 
to HHS within 72 hours of determining that an alien is a UAC, absent 
exceptional circumstances. This statute overrides any different period 
set out in the FSA.
    As for the assertion that the proposed definition of influx could 
excuse non-compliance by one agency due to an influx facing the other, 
DHS notes that the definition as provided in the FSA does not establish 
the existence of an influx vis-[agrave]-vis each agency involved in the 
implementation of its terms. The 130 threshold in the FSA is the number 
of ``minors eligible for placement in a licensed program . . . 
including those who have been so placed or are awaiting such 
placement.'' FSA paragraph 12(B).
    DHS disagrees with commenters' contention that changing the term 
``licensed program'' to ``licensed facility'' has any impact on the 
understanding of what constitutes an influx. Changing the term from 
``program'' to ``facility'' does not affect the requirement to transfer 
minors as expeditiously as possible during an influx. As previously 
stated, the definition of influx as proposed is designed to implement 
the terms of the FSA while accounting for current operations of the 
Agency and the TVPRA.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to change its proposed definition of influx in 
response to public comments.
Non-Secure Facility Sec.  236.3(b)(11)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Non-Secure Facility is not defined in the FSA, other than to say 
that ``homes and facilities operated by licensed programs, including 
facilities for special needs minors, shall be non-secure as required 
under state law.'' FSA paragraph 6. DHS proposed to define a non-secure 
facility as a facility that meets the applicable State or locality's 
definition of non-secure. If a State does not define ``non-secure,'' 
then a DHS facility shall be deemed non-secure if egress from a portion 
of the facility's building is not prohibited through internal locks 
within the building or exterior locks and egress from the facility's 
premises is not prohibited through secure fencing around the perimeter 
of the building.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Several commenters provided comments on the DHS 
definition of ``non-secure.'' Comments focused on the definition itself 
and its alignment with the meaning in the FSA, length of stay at a 
facility, reasons for placing an alien juvenile in a secure facility, 
having locked/un-locked areas, and ability of those in custody to come 
and go as they would like.
    One commenter suggested that the proposed definition should 
explicitly defer to the definition of non-secure ``under state law,'' 
in order to comply with the language of FSA paragraph 6.
    Several commenters objected to the idea that the definition would 
allow a family detention center to be a non-secure facility, stating 
that they were opposed to holding children in jail-like settings. One 
commenter stated that the fact that family detention centers are 
patrolled by ICE officers, commonly surrounded by barbed wire fencing, 
and have locked points of ingress and egress, invalidates the 
definition of non-secure. Another commenter stated that an environment 
that contains locks and fences does not align with the FSA which, 
though it did not define non-secure, said that children should be in 
the least restrictive environment. Another commenter expressed 
concerned that there is no provision stating families can come and go 
as they desire, so families would be restricted in their movements or 
freedom.
    Response. DHS notes that the definition of ``non-secure'' was 
intended to be subordinate to any definition that currently exists 
under state law and is applicable to a setting that houses minors. 
Accordingly, DHS accepts the commenter's suggestion to add the language 
``under state law'' into the definition of ``non-secure'' in this final 
rule.
    DHS disagrees with the commenters' assertions that FRCs are ``jail-
like settings.'' Factors identified by commenters that commenters feel 
make FRCs secure do more to prevent unwanted intrusions into FRC 
properties than they do to prevent individuals housed at FRCs from 
leaving the property. Protections such as fencing, staff monitoring, 
and locks on doors that lead to the outside are basic safety measures 
that are often a part of facilities that are responsible for the care

[[Page 44424]]

of children on a regular basis. These measures protect the children 
from strangers who are not FRC residents, and from hazards such as 
traffic and weather in the event they accidentally become separated 
from a parent. Individuals housed at these facilities are free to move 
within the facility on a daily basis, and ICE does not restrict 
individuals' movement within the FRCs for punitive reasons.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS agrees to amend the definition of non-secure facility in 
response to public comments to clarify that facilities will be deemed 
non-secure if they meet the definition of non-secure under state law 
where the facility is located.
Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) Sec.  [thinsp]236.3(b)(12)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    The definition of ORR is not defined in the FSA. DHS proposed to 
define ORR as the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 
Administration for Children and Families, Office of Refugee 
Resettlement.
Public Comments and Response
    DHS received no requests to change the definition as proposed in 
the regulatory text.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS is not changing the definition of ORR in the final rule.
3. Age Determination Sec.  [thinsp]236.3(c)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS proposed to codify in Sec.  236.3(c) the FSA's reasonable 
person standard to determine whether a child is under or over the age 
of 18 and proposed adding that age determinations shall be based on the 
``totality of the evidence and circumstances.'' At times, making age 
determinations could include medical or dental examinations.
Public Comments and Response
    Commenters generally expressed concern about how the proposed 
changes incorporate the FSA's reasonable person standard and standards 
regarding medical and dental examinations. They also questioned whether 
the proposed procedures are consistent with the TVPRA's requirement to 
rely on multiple forms of evidence for determining whether an alien is 
under or over the age of 18. Commenters expressed concern about a lack 
of sufficient guidance informing the totality of the evidence and 
circumstances threshold and an apparent lack of an appeals process for 
challenging incorrect age determinations.
 Reasonable Person Standard
    Comments. Several commenters expressed concern about how DHS would 
interpret and apply the FSA's reasonable person standard. Multiple 
commenters asserted that the proposed language fails to provide 
adequate specificity about the type and amount of evidence used to 
inform the standard. One commenter stated that the reasonable person 
standard must be informed by consideration of multiple forms of 
evidence pursuant to the TVPRA, whereas another commenter suggested 
incorporating informational interviews and attempts to gather 
documentary evidence as part of the standard. Another commenter stated 
that, pursuant to the FSA, the reasonable person standard must include 
consideration of and should be initially informed by the child's own 
statements regarding his or her own age. Multiple commenters expressed 
concern about how medical or dental examinations will or will not 
inform the reasonable person standard, with one commenter stating that 
the inclusion of unreliable medical procedures in the reasonable person 
standard introduces a further layer of arbitrariness to the process of 
age determination.
 Medical and Dental Examinations
    Comments. Several commenters expressed concern about whether the 
proposed regulations adhere to the FSA's standards and medical ethics 
regarding medical and dental examinations. Some of the commenters 
referenced various reports and studies indicating that certain medical 
and dental examinations cannot provide accurate age estimates and that 
radiographs unnecessarily expose children to radiation when used for 
non-medical purposes. One medical professional cautioned against using 
dental radiographs for age determination, contending that such tests 
can only provide an approximate age estimate and may not be able to 
differentiate between an individual in his/her late teens versus an 
individual who is 20 or 21 years of age. The commenter also expressed 
concern about the possibility of the individual administering these 
tests not having the requisite expertise, and not obtaining the consent 
of the patient. One commenter referred to medical and dental 
examinations as ``pseudo-science.''
    Multiple commenters expressed concern that the proposed procedures 
place inappropriate weight on medical tests to determine whether 
children are younger than or older than 18 years of age. The commenters 
stated that the proposed procedures do not match FSA or TVPRA 
requirements for considering medical tests and are inconsistent with 
agency practice. For example, the commenters stated that the proposed 
procedures fail to indicate that medical tests cannot serve as the sole 
basis for age determinations, limit medical testing to bone and dental 
radiographs, and to account for evidence demonstrating the 
unreliability of medical tests to make accurate age determinations. One 
commenter expressed concern about the lack of specificity governing 
when medical and dental examinations will be used, the absence of 
guidance regarding who will make the age determination, and the level 
of training or expertise required to conduct such examinations and 
determinations. Some commenters stated that medical and dental 
examinations have been used abusively by DHS in the past.
    Multiple commenters recommended that age determination procedures 
be used as a last resort, that age determination findings be shared 
with the child in writing and in a language he/she understands, that 
the findings be subject to appeal, and that age determination 
procedures be conducted by an independent, multidisciplinary team of 
medical and mental health professionals, social workers, and legal 
counsel. The commenters also recommended that children have the right 
to refuse a procedure which subjects them to medical risks, pursuant to 
the international norm of what is in the best interest(s) of the child 
as well as medical ethical principles of patient autonomy.
 Totality of the Evidence and Circumstances/TVPRA Standards
    Comments. Several commenters expressed concern about age 
determinations being based on the ``totality of the evidence and 
circumstances'' and questioned whether that basis is consistent with 
the TVPRA's requirement to use multiple forms of evidence for 
determining whether a child is under or over 18 years of age.
    Another commenter expressed support for DHS and HHS personnel 
maintaining the flexibility to use multiple methods for age 
determinations. The commenter stated that the proposed standards and 
thresholds are mandated for jurisdictional as well as medical reasons, 
because ORR does not have

[[Page 44425]]

custodial authority over individuals 18 years of age or older.
 Incorrect Age Determinations/Appeal Process
    Comments. Several commenters expressed concern about the 
possibility of incorrect age determinations. For example, one commenter 
stated that the rule would reduce or eliminate the current ORR policy 
requiring a 75 percent probability threshold for age determinations. 
Other commenters stated that an individual claiming to be a minor 
should continue to be treated as a minor until age is confirmed through 
multiple forms of evidence, pursuant to the FSA. One of these 
commenters stated that it is more dangerous for a minor to be detained 
with adults than to have an individual who claims to be a minor, but is 
not, detained with other minors.
    Many commentators expressed concern that the rule promotes the 
discriminatory and xenophobic treatment of immigrant people based on 
their race, ethnicity, and national origin. Multiple commenters noted 
that differences in race, ethnicity, gender, nutritional standards, and 
poverty impact perceptions of age and may negatively influence the age 
determination process leading to inaccurate age determinations. For 
example, one commenter cited articles concluding that the age of young 
people is often overestimated and exacerbated when there are 
differences in race. This commenter expressed concern that this would 
have disproportionate effects on certain indigenous populations. 
Another commenter cited a study indicating that ``black felony suspects 
were seen as 4.53 years older than they actually were.''
    Multiple commenters expressed concern about the lack of age 
determination appeal procedures. One of the commenters stated that the 
lack of an appeal mechanism compounds the possibility of arbitrary or 
baseless assessments, with serious consequences for minors in terms of 
their placement in and release from detention. Another commenter asked 
what remedy exists for a child falsely categorized as an adult and what 
repercussion a government official would face if he/she negligently or 
intentionally categorizes a child as an adult under this regulation. 
Another commenter stated that the ability to continually redetermine a 
child's age, as permitted under the proposed procedures, puts children 
at risk of losing critical and necessary substantive and procedural 
protections.
    One commenter suggested that providing a presumption of minor 
status when there is doubt, considering only reliable evidence, and 
providing an appeals process would ensure fewer children find 
themselves incorrectly designated as adults. Another commenter 
suggested placing individuals in HHS custody, not DHS custody, during 
the age determination process.
    Finally, one commenter expressed general concern about DHS and HHS 
using different language within the proposed regulations that may lead 
to disparate processes for determining age. The commenter stated that 
the proposed HHS language does not discuss the reasonable person 
standard, does not include a specific evidentiary standard through 
which to assess multiple forms of evidence, does discuss the non-
exclusive use of radiographs where the DHS language does not mention 
radiographs as an option, and does not require a medical professional 
to administer the radiographs. The commenter suggested that DHS and HHS 
propose specific and identical language regarding age determination 
procedures and requirements.
    Response. DHS initially notes that the ``reasonable person'' 
standard for age determination comes directly from the FSA. FSA 
paragraph 13 states that ``[i]f a reasonable person would conclude that 
an alien detained by [DHS] is an adult despite his claims to be a 
minor, the INS shall treat the person as an adult for all purposes, 
including confinement and release on bond or recognizance.'' The 
reasonable person standard does not require DHS to ignore claims made 
by an individual as to his or her age. Given that this language was 
agreed upon by all parties to the FSA as initially drafted, DHS 
disagrees that the standard lacks adequate specificity, and declines to 
further elaborate on the reasonable person standard in the regulatory 
text set forth in this rule.
    DHS also disagrees with commenters that the text of this rule does 
not adhere to the FSA. First, FSA paragraph 13 states that aliens may 
be required to submit to a medical or dental examination or ``other 
appropriate procedures'' to verify his or her age. Second, despite 
commenters' concerns about the use of radiographs, this method of age 
determination is specifically authorized by Congress as one form of 
evidence in the multiple forms of evidence to support a determination 
of age; DHS lacks the authority to amend the TVPRA that codified this 
practice. See 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(4). Third, DHS disagrees with 
commenters' assertions that DHS will place inappropriate weight on the 
use of medical tests in determining the age of an individual. DHS has 
incorporated a totality of the evidence standard into this rule, and 
nowhere states that medical examinations will be the sole factor in 
determining the age of an individual. In fact, DHS internal guidance 
states that medical exams are a last resort after all other avenues 
have been exhausted. The guidance also acknowledges that cultural 
differences make medical examinations for age determination more 
difficult and requires at least a 75 percent probability of an alien 
being older than 18. HHS has similar guidance.
    Commenters who proposed that age determination findings be shared 
with the child in writing, be subject to appeal, and be made by a 
multidisciplinary team of third parties fail to appreciate the 
operational necessity of determining an individual's age as quickly as 
possible. If CBP encounters an individual at a port of entry who claims 
to be a minor, and has no accompanying parent or legal guardian, CBP 
must immediately determine the age of the individual, and accordingly 
whether the individual is a UAC, because DHS must transfer UACs to HHS 
custody within 72 hours of determining that a juvenile is a UAC. The 
volume of apprehensions and encounters at the border has increased so 
significantly in recent months that instituting appeal procedures and 
assessments by third-party committees could unnecessarily delay the UAC 
from receiving the services that he or she is otherwise provided under 
the law. Additionally, while commenters were concerned that the rule 
does not provide for an individual to decline the medical or dental 
examination for the purposes of age determinations, the TVPRA 
authorizes requiring such examinations. DHS also believes that the type 
of medical and dental examinations conducted for the purpose of age 
determination are not so invasive as to present significant medical 
risks such that an individual would want to decline the examination, 
particularly if the results of the examination can help demonstrate 
that the individual is a minor where other evidence would suggest the 
individual is an adult.
    DHS disagrees with commenters that the ``totality of the evidence 
and circumstances'' standard conflicts with the TVPRA's ``multiple 
forms of evidence'' requirement. DHS drafted the text of proposed 8 CFR 
236.3(c)(1) specifically referencing 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(4) to ensure that 
multiple forms of evidence were used in considering the totality of the 
evidence and circumstances. DHS declines to codify more specific 
processes for age determinations given the need for

[[Page 44426]]

flexibility in reviewing various types of evidence to make the most 
accurate age determination as possible.
    Further, DHS notes that medical and dental examinations used in 
conjunction with the FSA's reasonable person standard are designed to 
protect against a situation in which a purported minor, who is in fact 
an adult, is placed in a facility with minors simply because he/she 
claims to be a minor. One commenter asserted that it is more dangerous 
for a minor to be detained with adults than to have an individual who 
claims to be a minor, but is not, detained with other minors. This 
commenter failed to appreciate, however, that the individual who claims 
to be a minor, but is not, is in fact, an adult. Similar to the 
commenter's initial concern, DHS strives to avoid situations in which 
an adult is unintentionally detained with minors simply because the 
adult claimed to be a minor because such situations may present danger 
to the minors. DHS also notes that the reasonable person standard 
coupled with the ability to conduct medical and dental examinations or 
other appropriate procedures is intended to defend against the effect 
of variables such as race, ethnicity, gender, etc., which could 
otherwise negatively impact an age determination. DHS strives to make 
the most accurate age determination possible, and may require various 
forms of evidence in order to make a valid assessment.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory text regarding 
procedures for age determination in response to public comments.
4. Determining Whether an Alien Is a UAC Sec.  [thinsp]236.3(d)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS proposed to determine whether an alien is an UAC at the time of 
encounter or apprehension by an immigration officer and to allow 
immigration officers to re-evaluate a child's UAC status at each 
encounter consistent with the statutory definition of a UAC. Once the 
alien has reached the age of 18, has obtained lawful immigration 
status, or has a parent or legal guardian in the United States 
available to provide care and physical custody to the alien, the alien 
is no longer a UAC. When an alien minor is no longer a UAC, relevant 
ORR and ICE procedures shall apply.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Commenters generally opposed moving ahead with the 
proposed provision because they believe it will result in stripping 
UACs of vital protections mandated by Congress in the HSA and TVPRA. 
One commenter stated that the statutory language, the nature of the 
rights conferred, legislative history, and experience implementing the 
TVPRA, indicate that Congress intended for TVPRA protections to prevail 
throughout a UAC's legal proceedings, which would not be the case if 
UAC status was subject to limitless redeterminations. Another commenter 
stated that neither the HSA nor the TVPRA contain any mechanism for 
rescinding the protections accorded to UACs. The commenters recommended 
that once identified as a UAC, the individual should maintain this 
status for the duration of his/her immigration case. One commenter 
recommended striking proposed Sec.  236.3(d) and the final sentence of 
proposed section 410.101 and codifying the current initial jurisdiction 
policy, set forth in USCIS' 2013 guidance, which provided that USCIS 
would take initial jurisdiction based on a previous UAC determination 
even after the applicant turns 18 or is reunited with a parent or legal 
guardian.
    The commenters provided examples of the proposed provision 
undermining specific protections afforded by the TVPRA. Numerous 
commenters noted that the TVPRA provides UACs with a non-adversarial 
determination of their initial asylum claim at the USCIS Asylum Office, 
whereas the proposed provision would force children reuniting with 
their parent or turning 18 to immediately testify before an immigration 
judge in a more adversarial setting.
    Another commenter stated that the one-year exemption given to UACs 
to file asylum claims is particularly important because it accommodates 
the needs and vulnerabilities of children fleeing persecution, who 
often require time before they feel comfortable confiding with the 
professionals preparing their legal cases.
    Another commenter stated that the TVPRA requires HHS to make 
counsel available to UACs to the greatest extent practicable, including 
the appointment of counsel at government expense, where necessary, for 
all immigration processes and proceedings. The commenter suggested that 
UAC status should remain valid until the UAC's case concludes to ensure 
access to the resources needed to navigate the court system.
    The commenters challenged the rationale for the proposed provision, 
stating that the act of reunifying with a parent or legal guardian or 
turning 18 does not eliminate the trauma and persecution a child may 
have experienced in his/her country or diminish the child's 
vulnerability in the U.S. immigration system. Nor do either of these 
conditions lead to the automatic joinder of the child's case with that 
of the adult. And the commenters contended that UACs often have a need 
for the protections and specialized services that UAC status affords 
them even after reaching age 18 or being reunited with a parent or 
legal guardian. One commenter cited the findings of ``Children on the 
Run,'' a report issued by the United Nations High Commissioner for 
Refugees (UNHCR) that found that the majority of children from the 
Northern Triangle countries and Mexico needed protection under 
international law.
    The commenters expressed concerns over due process and 
administrative costs and delays related to changing UAC status mid-
stream. One commenter contended that the screening of UACs by child 
welfare professionals for protection needs and by legal service 
providers for eligibility for legal relief, facilitates efficient 
filings and adjudications. According to that commenter, stripping 
children of the UAC-related protections would create and compound 
burdens on the system and the child.
    Another commenter predicted a rush to file claims before a change 
in the child's status occurs, resulting in less comprehensive and well-
prepared filings. The commenter stated that the proposed provision 
duplicates the labor of Federal agencies, as claims first filed with 
USCIS may be shifted to the caseload of EOIR.
    Still another commenter stated that UAC's immigration proceedings 
can take several years to conclude, and if a minor reaches 18 in that 
time, this will create logistical burdens for the EOIR and DHS as cases 
currently in process will suddenly need to be handled differently.
    Some commenters complained that Sec.  236.3(d) lacks guidance on 
the methods immigration officers would use to make determinations at 
each encounter, thereby heightening the potential for arbitrary and 
capricious decision-making. They also thought the rule should address 
the consequences of erroneous re-determinations.
    One commenter stated that Sec.  236.3(d) raises due process, 
economic, and judicial resource concerns and DHS should withdraw the 
proposal.
    Response. DHS disagrees with commenters' concerns about the impact 
on juvenile aliens if DHS's proposal is codified as part of the final 
rule. While commenters are correct that individuals

[[Page 44427]]

who no longer meet the definition of UAC will not receive certain 
protections that the law otherwise provides UACs, the Departments have 
the responsibility to promulgate regulations that codify a reasonable 
interpretation of the statutes which they administer. The plain 
language of 6 U.S.C. 279(g)(2) provides criteria for determining 
whether an individual is a UAC, and this regulation applies those 
criteria. With regard to the filing of asylum applications, DHS notes 
that an individual who is a UAC at the time of filing his or her 
application, regardless of the time it takes to adjudicate the 
application, will still be subject to USCIS' initial jurisdiction.
    DHS believes the proposal for immigration officers to make UAC 
determinations at each encounter will ensure greater fidelity to the 
laws affording special legal protections to UACs, including USCIS' 
initial jurisdiction over any asylum application filed by a UAC, by 
limiting treatment of individuals as UACs to those who are, in fact, 
UACs. Ensuring the correct classification and treatment of individuals 
as either a UAC or not for jurisdictional and other purposes is, by 
definition, consistent with and reinforcing of the effective 
administration of judicial (and other) resources. Although in some 
instances the proposal may result in DHS expending additional resources 
to make more UAC determinations and may lead to more asylum claims 
being initially heard in immigration proceedings before EOIR rather 
than adjudicated by an asylum officer, there may also be instances 
wherein UAC redeterminations conserve resources by vesting jurisdiction 
with the proper entity at an earlier juncture. Whether resources are 
ultimately conserved or not will depend on the specific facts of the 
case at hand. Additionally, the TVPRA, 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(5), does not 
require that counsel be provided at government expense to UACs. Rather, 
HHS is encouraged to use pro bono services, and the statute 
specifically says that counsel is at no expense to the government.
Changes to Final Rule
    This final rule adopts the language of the proposed rule without 
change.
5. Transfer of Minors Who Are Not UACs From One Facility to Another 
Sec.  [thinsp]236.3(e)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS proposed that if there is an influx or emergency, DHS would 
transfer a minor who is not a UAC and who does not meet the criteria 
for secure detention to a licensed facility as expeditiously as 
possible. The proposed rule also stated that DHS will abide by written 
guidance detailing all reasonable efforts that it takes to transfer 
non-UACs. The proposed provisions would make ``as expeditiously as 
possible'' a default for all transfers of non-UACs in an influx or 
emergency. The proposed provisions also made it clear that if an influx 
or emergency ceases to exist, the associated timelines for non-UAC 
minors would continue to apply.
Public Comments and Response
    Comment. Commenters disagreed with the proposed language under 
Sec.  236.3(e) for the transfer of minors who are not UACs from one DHS 
facility to another in the case of an emergency or influx. They said 
the proposed language allows DHS discretion that the FSA does not 
allow. In particular, they contended that the proposed language could 
allow DHS the authority to delay transfer or placement of minors, in 
addition to suspending other conditions, and lead to indefinite 
detention. They also stated that the written guidance referred to in 
Sec.  236.3(e)(2) should be published and subject to public comments.
    One commenter objected that the ORR regulation does not clearly 
identify specific behaviors or offenses that allow placement of a 
juvenile in a secure facility. The commenter further contended that the 
broad and non-specific list provided is not clear enough for children 
to understand and thus fails to put them on notice of the rules that 
may result in their being detained in a jail-like setting.
    One commenter stated that the entire transfer section does not 
speak to a minor who is not a UAC being transported to a facility that 
is an FRC or being held with their family. The commenter believes this 
could potentially create situations where children are separated from 
their parents, contrary to the intent of the FSA. The commenter is also 
concerned that future guidance about transportation requirements may 
not align with the FSA after the FSA is terminated. Another commenter 
stated that the proposal excludes transfers between DHS facilities of 
minors who are subject to secure detention, which means that they will 
not be transferred to a licensed facility in case of an emergency or 
influx nor transferred within the required time frame under the FSA.
    One commenter stated that the proposed rule is an attempt to 
undermine DHS's obligations to quickly transfer children out of 
inappropriate facilities and to provide children with care within a 
licensed facility. The commenter opined that not transferring the 
children into licensed facilities quickly would impede the children's 
ability to meet with counsel, have privacy and liberty rights, be 
educated, have access to social services, and protect their due process 
rights. In this commenter's estimation, this would lead to increased 
likelihood of abuse and violations of children's human rights as 
protected under domestic and international law.
    Another commenter stated that this section will result in the 
disparate treatment between accompanied minors and UACs. This commenter 
stated that the perceived disparate treatment is contrary to the FSA 
and not mandated by Federal law and will, therefore, prevent the 
termination of the FSA if left in the final rule.
    Response. DHS emphasizes that this provision does not change the 
FSA-derived transfer timeframes that have applied to non-UAC minors for 
decades. As noted in the proposed rule, DHS has continuously been 
dealing with an ``influx'' of minors and UACs, as the term is defined 
in the FSA. Through this provision, DHS seeks to clarify that the 
requirement to transfer non-UAC minors ``as expeditiously as possible'' 
is only applicable (i.e., the ``default'') insofar as influx or 
emergency conditions persist. Absent influx or emergency conditions, 
this provision requires DHS to adhere to the same three-day and five-
day transfer timeframes set forth in the FSA. For a further discussion 
of the term ``emergency,'' please see the ``emergency'' definition in 
Section A. Definitions.
    In response to one commenter's statement that this provision does 
not speak to FRCs, and another commenter's statement that it fails to 
address secure facilities, DHS notes that the NPRM specifically stated 
that licensed facilities must be non-secure and that ``the only non-
secure facilities in which ICE detains minors who are not UACs are the 
FRCs.'' \25\ This language was intended to demonstrate that under this 
provision, non-UAC minors in DHS custody would generally be transferred 
to licensed, non-secure, FRCs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ See p. 45498 of the NPRM.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes that one commenter expressed concern about disparate 
treatment between accompanied minors and UACs. As noted in the NPRM, 
UAC transfer requirements are specifically governed by the TVPRA, 
whereas this provision codifies transfer requirements of non-UAC minors 
pursuant to

[[Page 44428]]

paragraph 12(A) of the FSA. Absent emergency or influx conditions, this 
provision requires DHS to transfer non-UAC minors to a licensed 
facility within three days if the minor is apprehended in a district in 
which a licensed program is located. This is the same timeframe set 
forth by the TVPRA for transferring UACs into ORR custody.
Changes to Final Rule
    The Department is finalizing this section as proposed with no 
changes.
6. Transfer of UACs From DHS to HHS Sec.  [thinsp]236.3(f)
Summary of the Proposed Rule
    The standards contained in the proposed rule would require DHS to 
transfer UACs apprehended by DHS to ORR for care, custody, and 
placement. DHS would notify ORR of the apprehension within 48 hours 
and, transfer custody within 72 hours of determining that the juvenile 
is a UAC, absent exceptional circumstances. The proposed regulation 
recommended procedures for such transfer. For example, the proposed 
rule required that UACs only be transferred with an unrelated detained 
adult during initial encounter or apprehension to a DHS facility, or if 
separate transportation is impractical or unavailable. The proposal 
also provided that requirements consistent with TVPRA would govern the 
processing and transfer of UACs.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. A few commenters wrote that the FSA allows DHS to 
transport UACs with unrelated adults only if separate transportation 
``impractical,'' but that the language in Sec.  236.3(f) would permit 
DHS to transport UACs with unrelated adults if it is not 
``operationally feasible'' to separate them. The commenters pointed out 
that if ``operationally feasible'' is interpreted to mean 
``convenient,'' it would conflict with the FSA; therefore, they 
recommended that the final rule retain the language of the FSA or more 
clearly define ``operationally feasible.''
    Other commenters also took issue with the use of the word 
``unavailable'' and ``impractical.'' One of these commenters did not 
agree with the government's characterization that ``unavailable'' is 
added for clarification. This commenter contended that statutory 
construction says that every word should be considered, and none 
ignored; therefore, the addition of the word ``unavailable'' is neither 
supplemental nor clarifying and does not comply with the FSA. Another 
commenter was concerned that this provision would allow DHS to 
transport UACs with unrelated adults due to poor planning by DHS 
causing vehicles to be unavailable and placing vulnerable children at 
risk of harm. This commenter also took issue with the use of the term 
``DHS facility'' as a place to which transportation with unrelated 
adults can take place, which could encompass facilities much farther 
away than Border Patrol stations and ports of entry near the site of 
apprehension.
    Response. In response to comments, DHS is making a minor change to 
the regulatory text of Sec.  236.3(f)(4)(i) to make it clear that, as a 
general matter, UACs will not be transported with unrelated adults. 
Specifically, pursuant to CBP's National Standards on Transport, 
Escort, Detention, and Search (TEDS) policy, UACs may not be 
transported with unrelated adults when separate transportation is 
immediately available. FSA paragraph 25A also provides that UACs may be 
transported with unrelated adults ``when being transported from the 
place of arrest or apprehension to an INS office.'' Thus, DHS updates 
the text in Sec.  236.3(f)(4)(i) to reflect the general statement that 
UACs may not be transported with unrelated adults, as well as the two 
potential exceptions to this provision.
    DHS notes that there may be situations in which separate 
transportation for UACs and unrelated adults is unavailable or 
impractical. For instance, in situations in which CBP apprehends a 
large group of aliens in a remote location, it would be impractical to 
transport any UACs in that group separately from unrelated adults in 
separate vehicles. To do so would cause a significant delay in 
transporting all of the aliens to the nearest DHS facility for 
processing and all appropriate amenities (e.g., the provision of food 
and water). Additionally, depending on the number of aliens encountered 
in a particular location or at a particular time, DHS's operational 
realities may result in there not being a sufficient number of vehicles 
with proper security available to transport a UAC separately.
    Additionally, as the proposed regulation notes, where separate 
transportation is impractical or unavailable, DHS is committed to 
ensuring that necessary precautions will be taken to ensure the UAC's 
safety, security, and well-being. One of these precautions is ensuring 
that when a UAC is transported with any unrelated detained adult, DHS 
will separate the UAC from the unrelated adult(s) to the extent 
``operationally feasible.'' In this context, ``operationally feasible'' 
can be described as mitigating all risk factors associated with 
transporting UACs with unrelated adults to the extent that the benefit 
of doing so favors the UAC, other aliens, and DHS. For instance, UACs 
may be separated from unrelated adults by either a separate passenger 
compartment or an empty row of seats.
    With respect to the commenters who were concerned about the 
addition of the term ``or unavailable'' to the conditions of transfer 
standard, DHS reiterates that it considers the term ``unavailable'' to 
be clarification only and not a substantive change to the current 
standard set forth in paragraph 25 of the FSA.
    A commenter also took issue with the term ``DHS facility,'' but 
this language is consistent with paragraph 25A of the FSA, which states 
that ``unaccompanied minors arrested or taken into custody by the INS 
should not be transported by the INS in vehicles with detained adults 
except when being transported from the place of arrest or apprehension 
to an INS office.'' DHS believes that the term ``DHS facility'' is 
equivalent to ``INS office'' after the reorganization under the HSA. As 
described above, there are occasions where it is impractical to 
transport UACs without unrelated adults. For instance, if DHS 
encounters a large group of aliens in a remote area, it is in the best 
interest of both the aliens and DHS to transport the aliens for 
humanitarian reasons to the nearest DHS facility for processing and 
assessment. This provision is not intended to permit DHS to transport 
UACs beyond the minimum distance required to accomplish the operational 
necessity.
    Comment. One commenter stated that this provision is contrary to 
the TVPRA because it does not take into consideration the requirements 
for those from contiguous countries. The commenter explained that under 
the TVPRA, the government must screen children from contiguous 
countries within 48 hours of apprehension or before return to their 
home country and ``if the child does not meet such criteria [of 8 
U.S.C. 1232(a)(2)], or if no determination can be made within 48 hours 
of apprehension,'' these children must be transferred to ORR. This 
commenter feared that these children could face indefinite detention in 
unlicensed facilities in contravention with the TVPRA. This commenter 
also stated that the TVPRA does not allow for the exceptions to the 72-
hour timeframe listed in the proposed rule because they do not meet the 
high bar of ``exceptional circumstances'' as intended under the TVPRA.
    Response. DHS disagrees that proposed Sec.  236.3(f) is contrary to 
the TVPRA provisions, but in light of the comment, is amending the 
regulatory

[[Page 44429]]

text to clarify that UACs from contiguous countries are be treated in 
accordance with the TVPRA. Pursuant to the TVPRA, an agency has 48 
hours to determine if UACs who are nationals or habitual residents of a 
country that is contiguous with the United States meet the criteria 
listed in 8 U.S.C. 1232(a)(2)(A). See 8 U.S.C. 1232(a)(4). If a UAC 
does not meet the criteria, or a determination about the criteria 
cannot be made within 48 hours of apprehension or encounter, the UAC 
must immediately be transferred to HHS in accordance with the 
procedures set forth in 8 U.S.C. 1232(b). The timeframe provided in 
section 1232(b) is the time frame set forth in Sec.  236.3(f). The only 
exception to the 72-hour timeframe is if a UAC is able to withdraw his 
or her application for admission pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 1232(a)(2). 
Therefore, the provisions of Sec.  236.3(f) and the 72-hour timeframe 
apply to UACs who are treated in accordance with the terms of 8 U.S.C. 
1232(a)(4).
    DHS disagrees with the assertion that the proposed rule includes 
exceptions to the 72-hour timeframe that are inconsistent with the 
TVPRA. Section 236.3(f)(3) states that ``unless exceptional 
circumstances are present, DHS will transfer custody of a UAC as soon 
as practicable after receiving notification of an ORR placement, but no 
later than 72 hours after determining that the minor is a UAC.'' This 
strictly conforms to the TVPRA. See 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(3). The emergency 
and influx exceptions are only applicable to minors who are not UACs. 
The only exception to the 72-hour timeframe for the transfer of UACs 
from DHS to HHS (other than those processed in accordance with 8 U.S.C. 
1232(a)(2)) is exceptional circumstances.
Changes to Final Rule
    In response to commenters' concerns about the operation of 8 U.S.C. 
1232(a)(2), DHS is amending the proposed regulatory text in Sec.  
236.3(f)(1) to clarify that UACs from contiguous countries are be 
treated in accordance with the TVPRA; specifically, if a UAC from 
contiguous country is not permitted to withdraw his or her application 
for admission or if no determination can be made within 48 hours of 
apprehension, then the UAC will be immediately transferred to HHS.
    Additionally, DHS is amending the proposed regulatory text in Sec.  
236.3(f)(4)(i) regarding conditions of transfer of UACs with unrelated 
adults. The revisions better reflect current operational practices and 
clarify that generally UACs will not be transported with unrelated 
detained adults. DHS has added the specific reference to unrelated 
``detained'' adults, for clarity on this point.
7. DHS Procedures in the Apprehension and Processing of Minors Sec.  
236.3(g)
Summary of the Proposed Rule
    The proposed rule would require DHS to issue a Notice of Rights 
(Form I-770) and Request for Disposition and Custodial Care. It would 
also require the Form I-770 to be provided, read, or explained to the 
minor or UAC in a language or manner that the minor or UAC understands. 
The proposed regulation would also provide that the minors or UACs who 
enter DHS custody would be able to make a telephone call to a parent or 
close friend. The proposal would also require that every minor who is 
not a UAC and is in DHS custody will be given a list of free legal 
service providers. Additionally, section 236.3(g)(2) provides custodial 
standards immediately following apprehension.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Several commenters asserted that the proposed rule 
disregards important legal protections provided by the TVPRA regarding 
DHS procedures upon apprehension of a minor or UAC. The commenters 
raised concerns about the possibility of indefinite detention, family 
separation, expanding the possibility of placing UACs in secure 
detention, failure of the proposed rule to adequately address 
conditions in CBP processing centers, and the treatment of apprehended 
minors.
    Some commenters found Sec.  236.3(g)(1) problematic because it does 
not provide a timeframe for the processing of children immediately 
following apprehension. A commenter asserted that the use of ``as 
expeditiously as possible'' rather than a specific timeframe will 
result in the indefinite detention of children and violate the 
protections afforded children under the International Covenant on Civil 
and Political Rights (ICCPR) Article 9. The commenter also raised 
concerns about the requirement that a child must request a voluntary 
departure or withdraw their application for admission before they are 
informed about the possibility of administrative or judicial review. 
The commenter asserted that a child has ``no practical mechanism to 
assert his or her rights under the ICCPR until after they are processed 
by DHS, yet the child can be detained for an indefinite period prior to 
processing.''
    Another commenter objected to language in the proposed regulation 
stating that all minors or UACs who enter DHS custody will be issued 
Form I-770, as compared to the requirement that minors be issued the 
form upon apprehension. The commenter stated that apprehension at the 
border does not equate to being in DHS custody nor does it always 
prompt DHS custody. The commenter argued that notifying children of 
their rights at the earliest point of contact with DHS will ensure that 
all children will receive information that will benefit them thereafter 
and that DHS officers are reminded of their obligations when 
apprehending children.
    One commenter claimed that the proposed regulation deviates from 
referenced paragraph 12(A) of the FSA by not requiring notification to 
minors of their rights, including the right to a bond redetermination 
hearing, if applicable, and that the Form I-770 does not include such 
notice.
    Response. Proposed Sec.  236.3(g) preserves the intent of the 
current regulations and is consistent with FSA paragraphs 12(A) and 
24(D), continues to comply with Perez-Funez v. INS, 611 F. Supp. 990 
(C.D. Cal. 1984), and complies with the TVPRA requirements.
    With regard to the TVPRA, DHS currently screens all UACs from 
contiguous countries upon encounter and initial processing to determine 
whether such a UAC may be permitted to withdraw his or her application 
for admission. As stated in the NPRM, a UAC is provided with a Form I-
770 Notice of Rights during this screening and initial processing. UACs 
from non-contiguous countries are not permitted to withdraw their 
application for admission under the TVPRA, but are nevertheless 
provided with a Form I-770 Notice of Rights.
    DHS disagrees with the commenter that the proposed regulations 
violate Article 9 of the ICCPR. Detention under these regulations is in 
accordance with procedures established by law. See, e.g., sections 235, 
236, and 241 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1225, 1226, and 1231. Furthermore, 
all minors and UACs who enter DHS custody are provided with a Form I-
770, Notice of Rights and Request for Disposition. When a minor is 
transferred to or remains in a DHS detention facility, he or she is 
currently provided with a Notice of Right to Judicial Review.
    DHS notes that the notice is confusing is some respects, because 8 
U.S.C. 1226(e) broadly prohibits judicial review of custody 
determinations both in bond hearings and via parole. A regulation (and 
a form) cannot vest Federal courts with jurisdiction. DHS accordingly 
will, in a future action,

[[Page 44430]]

amend this form to more accurately reflect the judicial review limits 
set forth in 8 U.S.C. 1226(e).
    Additionally, the commenter's statement that a child has ``no 
practical mechanism to assert his or her rights under the ICCPR until 
after they are processed by DHS,'' reflects a misunderstanding of 
Article 9 of the ICCPR. Article 9 does not grant an individual the 
right to contest the grounds for his or her detention before he or she 
is detained.
    With respect to paragraph 12(A) of the FSA, DHS reiterates that all 
minors taken into DHS custody will be notified of rights, including a 
bond redetermination hearing where applicable. Section 236.3(g) of the 
final rule preserves the requirement of notification of rights using 
Form I-770, Notice of Rights and Request for Disposition. All minors 
who are not UACs who are transferred to or who remain in DHS custody in 
removal proceedings will be given a Notice of Right to Judicial Review, 
which notifies the minor of the right to seek judicial review in 
appropriate circumstances. In addition, DHS serves all aliens, 
including minors, with a custody determination form that indicates 
whether they have the right to seek a bond redetermination. These 
actions are consistent with the requirements of FSA paragraphs 12(A) 
and 24(A).
    Comments. One commenter noted that the proposed rule failed to 
require that every child be placed in the least restrictive placement 
in the best interests of the child, as required by the TVPRA and 
subsequent HHS policies.
    Response. DHS notes that this section of the regulations applies 
only to minors and UACs when they are held in DHS processing facilities 
immediately following their initial arrest, and thus the TVPRA 
provisions regarding HHS' placement of UACs do not apply. Proposed 
Sec.  236.3(g)(2)(i) states that ``consistent with 6 CFR 115.114, 
minors and UACs shall be held in the least restrictive setting 
appropriate to the minor or UAC's age and special needs, provided that 
such setting is consistent with the need to protect the minor or UAC's 
well-being and that of others, as well as with any other laws, 
regulations, or legal requirements.''
    Comments. Several commenters raised concerns regarding conditions 
in CBP processing facilities, stating that conditions are subpar to 
those outlined in the FSA. Commenters identified a lack of access to 
legal counsel, lack of bedding, forcing children to sleep on cement 
floors, open toilets, confiscation of belongings, constant light 
exposure, insufficient food and water, no bathing facilities, and 
extremely cold temperatures, which are traumatizing for children. 
Several commenters proposed that additional elements of custodial care 
following apprehension should be incorporated in Sec.  236.3(g)(2) of 
the rule, including adding the term ``bedding'' to the listed elements 
facilities will provide; and striking the language ``as appropriate'' 
after ``food and water'' to avoid confusion, as food and water should 
never be withheld. Several commenters also recommended the rule should 
include custodial standards for architectural design, lighting, and 
mental health care services. Other commenters asked that DHS include 
provisions to address adequate temperature control in facilities that 
house children.
    One commenter cited research and experience with family detention 
centers in the U.S. that shows that access to quality medical, dental 
and mental health care is limited for detainees. Specifically, the 
commenter contended that preventative care and mental health services 
are often lacking, and most detention centers relied on expensive 
emergency room visits to provide medical care, often after delay, 
increasing the detainees' severity of illness. The commenter also 
stated that the Infectious Disease Society of America has already found 
outbreaks of chicken pox, scabies and other infections among detainees, 
and that detention facilities are lacking in practices of hygiene and 
infection control, leading to conditions that will fuel the spread of 
infections.
    One commenter also pointed out that contact with family members 
arrested at the same time should not be an issue because the family 
should all be housed together and this section should reflect the 
concept of family unity during apprehension and initial processing.
    Response. DHS notes that the proposed text of Sec.  236.3(g)(2) is, 
in substance, identical to the existing requirements in the FSA. 
Specifically, paragraph 12A of the Agreement requires that ``following 
arrest, the INS shall hold minors in facilities that are safe and 
sanitary and that are consistent with the INS's concern for the 
particular vulnerability of minors. Facilities will provide access to 
toilets and sinks, drinking water and food as appropriate, medical 
assistance if the minor is in need of emergency services, adequate 
temperature control and ventilation, adequate supervision to protect 
minors from others, and contact with family members who were arrested 
with the minor.'' The text proposed in the NPRM at Sec.  236.3(g)(2) 
provided that DHS will hold minors and UACs in facilities that are safe 
and sanitary and that are consistent with DHS's concern for their 
particular vulnerability. Facilities will provide access to toilets and 
sinks, drinking water and food as appropriate, access to emergency 
medical assistance as needed, and adequate temperature and ventilation. 
DHS will provide adequate supervision and will provide contact with 
family members arrested with the minor or UAC in consideration of the 
safety and well-being of the minor or UAC, and operational feasibility. 
Thus, DHS has, through this provision, included the same terms used in 
the FSA, with such changes as are required by the HSA and the TVPRA.
    DHS also notes that CBP policies serve to implement these 
protections and go beyond the requirements of the FSA and these 
regulations. Specifically, CBP's policy states that all individuals who 
may require additional care or oversight while in custody, including 
minors and UACs, will be treated with dignity, respect, and special 
concern for their particular vulnerability. TEDS also addresses the 
provision of all amenities provided for by the FSA. For example, TEDS 
provides that minors and UACs in CBP custody have access to restrooms 
and appropriate toiletry items (e.g., toilet paper and sanitary 
napkins); have access to drinking water at all times; are provided with 
four meals daily; and have access to milk, juice, and snacks at all 
times. TEDS also provides that minors and UACs are provided access to 
basic hygiene items and clean bedding, and that CBP makes reasonable 
efforts to provide showers (including soap and a towel) to minors and 
UACs approaching 48 hours in CBP custody. Additionally, CBP documents 
the provision of all required amenities, as well as welfare checks of 
all minors and UACs, in its electronic systems of records. CBP also 
documents that the temperature is appropriate and that the cleanliness 
of its hold rooms has been checked in its electronic systems of record.
    CBP also notes that it has recently taken several steps to enhance 
the provision of medical care to minors and UACs in its custody. 
Specifically, CBP currently provides medical screening and triage for 
all UACs and minors along the southwest border. Following a screening, 
any minor or UAC who requires emergency medical care is transferred to 
the hospital or other nearby medical facility for appropriate emergency 
treatment.
    DHS declines to add ``bedding'' to the list of items provided by 
facilities, as that term does not appear and is not defined in the FSA. 
DHS notes, however, that generally CBP provides clean bedding to all 
minors and UACs,

[[Page 44431]]

and that the provision of bedding is documented in CBP's electronic 
systems of record. Additionally, as noted above, the TEDS standards 
address these topics and more, and in many ways go over and above the 
requirements of the FSA, and these regulations. DHS also declines to 
delete the words ``as appropriate'' after ``food and drinking water'' 
since this is a reasonable limitation. The ``as appropriate'' phrase is 
derived from FSA paragraph 12A, and might apply in a situation in which 
a minor or UAC is in custody for a very short period of time.
    Comments. One commenter recommended that the rule require that 
processing facilities not only be safe and sanitary but also provide a 
sense of comfort, including by prohibiting the use of wire fencing to 
separate youth and by providing access to beds, blankets, outdoor 
space, and comfort items (e.g., stuffed animals that be taken with the 
child/youth when they transfer to a licensed facility).
    Response. The FSA requires that facilities in which minors and UACs 
are held immediately following arrest be ``safe and sanitary'' and 
reflect DHS's ``concern for the particular vulnerability of minors.'' 
DHS's short-term holding facilities, in which minors and UACs are held 
immediately following arrest, are generally designed to hold 
individuals for 72 hours or less. See 6 U.S.C. 211(m)(3). Thus, they 
are not designed for long-term detention, and do not provide many of 
the characteristics of such long-term detention. As explained elsewhere 
in this rule, DHS makes efforts to transfer all minors and UACs out of 
such facilities as expeditiously as possible. Additionally, the TVPRA 
requires that DHS transfer all UACs to HHS within 72 hours absent 
``exceptional circumstances.'' Additionally, for the duration of time 
that minors and UACs do remain in CBP custody, CBP makes efforts to 
provide minors and UACs with appropriate safe and sanitary conditions, 
including hygiene products, showers where possible, and the opportunity 
to obtain clean clothes.
    DHS notes that CBP facilities are also subject to several areas of 
oversight to ensure compliance with CBP policy and with the FSA 
requirements. First, CBP's Juvenile Coordinator conducts regular visits 
to CBP facilities across the southwest border, both announced and 
unannounced, to monitor compliance with the FSA requirements and with 
CBP policy related to the treatment of minors and UACs in CBP custody 
(including, for instance, determining whether facilities are safe and 
sanitary and whether minors and UACs have access to adequate food and 
water). The Juvenile Coordinator also conducts reviews of juvenile 
custodial records as part of this monitoring roles. CBP also has 
Juvenile Coordinators in its field offices and sectors, who are 
responsible for managing all policies on the processing of juveniles 
within CBP facilities, coordinating within CBP and across DHS 
components to ensure the expeditious placement and transport of 
juveniles placed into removal proceedings by CBP, and informing CBP 
operational offices of any policy updates related to the processing of 
juveniles (e.g., through correspondence, training presentations). 
Moreover, CBP's Juvenile Coordinators serve as internal and external 
agency liaisons for all juvenile processing matters.
    CBP's own Management Inspections Division (MID) also conducts 
visits to CBP facilities and monitors compliance with CBP's policies. 
Additionally, CBP is subject to regular oversight and inspection by 
CBP's Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR), DHS' Office of 
Inspector General, DHS' Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, and 
the Government Accountability Office. Such inspection and oversight 
helps ensure that CBP facilities continue to meet the FSA requirements 
and remain safe and sanitary for minors and UACs.
    Comments. One commenter noted that there is no mention in the rule 
of a minor's or UAC's ability to contact his or her consulate upon 
apprehension. The commenter alleged that consistent with the ABA UC 
Standards, upon apprehension, a child should immediately be informed, 
both orally and in writing, in the child's best language and where 
applicable, dialect, of the right to contact the child's parents and 
consulate.
    Response. Section 236.3(g)(1) codifies requirements that derive 
directly from the FSA. This section, like Paragraph 12(A) of the FSA, 
applies to facilities in which minors and UACs are held during their 
initial processing. Paragraph 12(A) of the FSA provides that, 
immediately following arrest, minors be ``provided with a notice of 
rights.'' And as indicated in Sec.  236.3(g)(1)(i), all minors and UACs 
who enter DHS custody are provided a Form I-770, Notice of Rights and 
Request for Disposition. This form informs the minor or UAC that he or 
she may contact a parent, close relative, or friend. Thus, Sec.  
236.3(g)(1) codifies the requirements under the FSA, and no additional 
changes are required. DHS also notes that existing regulations at 8 CFR 
236.1(e) provide that ``every detained alien shall be notified that he 
or she may communicate with the consular or diplomatic officers of the 
country of his or her nationality in the United States.''
    Comments. One commenter recommended adding language that would keep 
minors together with the family members arrested with them, rather than 
simply providing contact; and recommended adoption of a rule governing 
housing minors with unrelated adults more closely mirroring the rules 
for UACs. The commenters noted that housing UACs with unrelated adults 
upon apprehension is addressed in the proposed rule but minors other 
than UACs are not mentioned in this section. The commenter stated that 
this could be highly problematic, pointing to studies that have shown 
children commingled with adults are more likely to commit suicide and 
to be physically or sexually assaulted.
    Several commenters raised concerns that proposed language in 8 CFR 
236.3(g) stating that children will be provided contact with family 
members only to the extent that it does not pose an ``undue burden on 
agency operations'' will weaken the protections against family 
separation and allow CBP to separate children from their families if 
the agency is merely inconvenienced. One commenter recommended that the 
rule should provide in Sec.  236.3(g)(1) that every minor or UAC must 
receive assistance with contacting his or her parent, legal guardian, 
and/or counsel.
    Another commenter objected to the provision that a child be 
provided contact with family members with whom the child was arrested 
``in consideration of the safety and well-being of the minor or UAC, 
and operational feasibility.'' The commenter claimed the reference to 
``operational feasibility'' is not found in the FSA, which requires 
facilities to provide ``contact with family members who were arrested 
with the minor'' without qualification.\26\ The commenter further 
stated that this language is also not found in existing regulations 
covering juvenile and family detainees.\27\ The commenter concluded 
that the language conflicts with the FSA, as it allows the agency to 
restrict children's access to their families for its own convenience, 
with no specification as to the bounds of the vague term ``operational 
feasibility.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ FSA paragraph 12.
    \27\ See 6 CFR 114.14 (allowing juveniles to be held with adult 
family members ``provided there are no safety or security 
concerns''); 115.114 (allowing unaccompanied juveniles to be held 
temporarily with non-parental adult family members when the agency 
determines it is appropriate).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response. DHS notes that, as explained in the preamble to the NPRM, 
``DHS's use of `operational feasibility' in

[[Page 44432]]

this paragraph does not mean `possible,' but is intended to indicate 
that there may be limited short-term circumstances in which, while a 
minor or UAC remains together with family members in the same CBP 
facility, providing such contact would place an undue burden on agency 
operations.'' 83 FR 45500. The preamble went to provide several 
examples: ``For instance, if a family member arrested with a minor or 
UAC requires short-term, immediate medical attention, CBP may be 
required to temporarily limit contact between that family member and 
the minor or UAC, in order to provide appropriate medical treatment. 
Or, CBP may have a legitimate law enforcement reason to temporarily 
limit contact between a minor or UAC and accompanying family members, 
such as when CBP decides it is in the minor or UAC's best interest to 
interview all family members separately.'' Id.
    DHS reiterates its reasoning from the NPRM that CBP provides 
contact between the minor or UAC and accompanying family members unless 
CBP is concerned about the safety of the minor or UAC or there is a 
legitimate law enforcement reason not to provide contact on a temporary 
basis. It is never a matter of inconvenience. The proposed rule is much 
more detailed than FSA paragraph 12(A), which requires that the 
juvenile be provided contact with family members with whom he or she 
was arrested, and consistent with both FSA paragraph 11 and other DHS 
regulations on the prevention of sexual abuse and assault in its 
facilities. This provision takes into account the safety of the minor 
or UAC, and acknowledges that there may be some limited situations in 
which providing contact may not be in the minor or UAC's best interests 
(e.g., the accompanying family member has been observed to physically 
harm the minor or UAC, or a minor or UAC alleges physical abuse by the 
family member). Additionally, the term ``operational feasibility'' 
covers limited short-term circumstances where providing such contact 
would place an undue burden on agency operations. For example, if a 
family member requires short-term, immediate medical attention, CBP may 
be required to temporarily limit contact between that family member and 
the minor or UAC in order to provide the medical treatment. There may 
also be legitimate law enforcement reasons to interview family members 
separately.
    Comments. Commenters expressed concern about the flexibility given 
to DHS to hold and transport UACs separately from unrelated adults 
based on emergencies or exigent circumstances. Some commenters 
commented that DHS failed to define the ``exigent circumstances'' that 
would allow it to house a UAC with an unrelated adult beyond 24 hours. 
The commentator stated that allowing UACs to be housed with an 
unrelated adult for emergency or exigent circumstances contradicts the 
FSA and endangers children.
    A few commenters stated that the provision allowing DHS to house 
UACs with unrelated adults for more than 24 hours based on emergencies 
or exigent circumstances is inappropriate and is contrary to 6 CFR 
115.14(b), which prohibits the housing of children with adults unless 
the child is in the presence of an adult family member. And a different 
commenter took issue with the proposed rule's distinction between UACs 
and minors when it comes to housing UACs with unrelated adults for up 
to 24 hours because minors should also not have to be housed with 
unrelated adults for more than 24 hours.
    Other commenters focused on the term ``operationally feasible'' for 
purposes of the requirement to separate children from unrelated adults. 
Some commenters argued that the failure to define the term rendered the 
regulation unconstitutionally vague. One commenter requested that DHS 
and HHS clarify the percent of time they expect it will be 
operationally feasible to successfully transport and hold UACs 
separately from unrelated adults. The commenter asked whether DHS and 
HHS intend to rescind this policy and make it compliant with the FSA if 
they find that UACs are not held and transported separately from 
unrelated adults in most cases.
    Another commenter asserted that DHS could dispense with contact 
with family members to accommodate ``operational concerns'' at a time 
when children need their family to insulate them from trauma and 
provide them comfort.
    Response. The proposed regulation is designed to be consistent with 
the existing DHS regulations on the prevention of sexual abuse and 
assault in its facilities without diminishing any key protections set 
forth in the FSA. The proposed regulation at Sec.  236.3(g)(2) contains 
the same limit as the FSA on the amount of time UACs can be housed with 
an unrelated adult (no more than 24 hours). The proposed regulation 
allows DHS to depart from this standard in emergencies, to the extent 
consistent with 6 CFR 115.14(b) and 115.114(b). DHS has decided to 
remove the reference to ``exigent circumstances,'' as DHS has already 
provided an explanation of the types of emergency situations in which 
it may be necessary to hold a UAC with an unrelated adult for more than 
24 hours. Any ``exigent circumstances'' would be largely redundant of 
such emergency situations. Thus, the proposed regulation at Sec.  
236.3(g)(2) is designed to be consistent with the existing DHS 
regulations on the prevention of sexual abuse and assault in its 
facilities without diminishing any key protections set forth in the 
FSA. DHS also notes that the proposed regulation addresses only DHS 
custodial care of UACs immediately following their apprehension. 
Pursuant to the TVRPA (and consistent with the HSA), once an alien 
juvenile is determined to be a UAC, DHS must transfer the UAC to the 
care and custody of HHS within 72 hours, absent exceptional 
circumstances.
    DHS provides examples in the regulations of when it may be 
necessary to hold UACs with unrelated adults for more than 24 hours, 
including during a weather-related disaster or if an outbreak of a 
communicable disease requires the temporary commingling of the detainee 
population. These examples confirm that any emergencies would address 
temporary and unforeseen dangers or public safety threats. DHS is 
unable to provide an exact length of time, beyond 24 hours, that it may 
be necessary to house a UAC with an unrelated adult, as the length of 
time will vary based on the particular emergency warranting such a 
situation. However, DHS will not house a UAC with an unrelated adult 
for any longer than is required based on the specific facts of the 
particular emergency. Moreover, even under emergency circumstances, 
appropriate consideration is given to age, mental condition, physical 
condition, and other factors when placing UACs into space with 
unrelated adults.
    Concerns about recognizing an exception to the 24-hour limit in an 
``emergency'' are unfounded. The exceptions would only apply to the 
extent consistent with the existing DHS regulations on the prevention 
of sexual abuse and assault in DHS facilities at 6 CFR 115.14(b) and 
115.114(b).
    Similarly, the commenter's concerns about distinguishing between 
UACs and minors for this requirement is misplaced because the FSA's 
provision on the amount of time UACs can be housed with an unrelated 
adult applies only to unaccompanied Flores class members. See June 27, 
2017 Order at 31, Flores v. Sessions, No. 85-4544 (C.D. Cal. filed July 
11, 1985) (noting that ``Paragraph 12A of the Agreement states that 
upon apprehension, Defendants

[[Page 44433]]

`will segregate unaccompanied minors from unrelated adults.' '').
    DHS also disagrees with commenters' concerns about the term 
``operationally feasible'' because that term does not appear in the 
proposed regulatory text concerning the amount of time a UAC can be 
housed with an unrelated adult. This term is addressed above, in the 
discussion of providing contact between minors and UACs and family 
members with whom they were apprehended. And the proposed DHS 
regulatory text at Sec.  236.3(f) contains a prohibition on 
transportation of UACs with unrelated adults in keeping with the FSA: A 
``UAC will not be transported with an unrelated detained adult(s) 
unless the UAC is being transported from the place of apprehension to a 
DHS facility or if separate transportation is otherwise impractical or 
unavailable.''
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS is amending the proposed regulatory text to remove the language 
``exigent circumstances'' in response to public comments. DHS is also 
amending the regulatory text to clarify that the Form I-770 will be 
provided, read, or explained to all minors and UACs in a language and 
manner that they understand.
8. Detention of Family Units Sec.  236.3(h)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS proposed to clarify that DHS may, pursuant to existing legal 
authorities, maintain and detain family units together in ICE custody. 
The proposal also provided that DHS would transfer family units to an 
FRC if DHS determined that detention of family units is required. The 
terms contained in the proposed rule set out and clarify requirements 
that must be met for a family to be detained together in an FRC.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Some commenters noted that there may be times when a 
child needs to be detained, such as when no alternative exists that 
meets the needs of the child and ICE's security concerns. But most 
commenters on this topic expressed general opposition to the detention 
of family units. Many commenters discussed the negative impacts of 
detention on the well-being of children, while some commenters also 
stated that family detention has negative impacts on parents and the 
family unit itself. One commenter also stated that DHS has failed to 
justify detaining children because of a misdemeanor crime allegedly 
committed by a parent and that it must exhaust less restrictive 
alternatives. Another stated that family immigration detention should 
only be used as a last resort where necessary to protect the best 
interests of the child, and only following an individualized assessment 
and judicial review.
    With regard to the impact of family detention on family units, 
numerous commenters stated possible effects could include emotional 
distress, damage to family stability, the undermining of a parent's 
ability to appear as an authority figure and provide emotional support, 
and disruption of the parent/child bond, potentially leading to 
attachment issues. Several commenters also noted that, while they 
support the notion of family unity, they disagree with unity being 
created or maintained by family detention. Many commenters described 
the detention of family units as ``inhumane,'' ``immoral,'' ``cruel,'' 
or contrary to our country's values. One commenter stated that the 
detention of family units is rooted in a white nationalist agenda.
 Trauma
    Comments. As a reason for their opposition to the detention of 
family units, numerous commenters stated that the detention of families 
has serious and long-lasting negative impacts on the physical and 
mental well-being of children. Many commenters, including doctors, 
social workers, and organizations specializing in medicine or mental 
health, listed numerous possible negative effects of detention on 
children, such as: Trauma; developmental delays; anxiety; depression; 
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); regressive behaviors; 
withdrawal; self-injury; suicidal ideation; nightmares; night terrors; 
bed-wetting; delayed cognitive development; digestive disturbances; 
panic attacks; clinginess; withdrawal; attachment disorders; loss of 
appetite; and educational delays.
    One commenter stated that parents who find themselves in this 
highly stressful situation are at risk of developing similar emotional 
problems, in addition to being less available and responsive to their 
children which, in turn, can interrupt the natural attachment between 
children and parents. One commenter, relying on such possible effects, 
stated that detention of innocent children should never occur in a 
civilized society, especially if there are less restrictive options, 
such as parole, because the risk of harm to children simply cannot be 
justified.
    Several commenters relied on research in this area to support their 
comments. For example, one commenter cited to a body of research 
linking the trauma of childhood detention with adverse outcomes, and a 
collection of articles that discusses the harm done to children from 
the toxic levels of stress and disruption in normal development that 
are inherent in being detained in U.S. custody.
    Another commenter cited research to show that 44 percent of asylum 
seekers in the United States were torture survivors, and that detention 
was likely to compound the trauma already experienced by these 
individuals. Several commenters noted that detention is likely to re-
traumatize mothers and children fleeing gender-based violence. Some 
commenters cited to the DHS Advisory Committee on Family Residential 
Centers Report that recommended DHS not detain families. One commenter 
suggested changes to the last sentence of the provision, ``If DHS 
determines that detention of a family unit is required by law, or is 
otherwise appropriate, the family unit may be transferred to an FRC 
which is a licensed facility and non-secure.'' Specifically, the 
commenter suggested changing ``may be'' to ``shall be.'' The commenter 
suggested adding ``as available'' or ``as reasonably possible'' to 
address a lack of space in FRCs.
 Indefinite Detention
    Many commenters expressed concern that detention of family units 
would lead to prolonged or indefinite detention. For further discussion 
of this topic, see section ``Indefinite Detention due to Alternative 
Licensing.''
    Response. DHS responses to the issues of alleged indefinite 
detention and the trauma caused by detention are in the sections 
devoted to these topics below. DHS believes that misconceptions about 
FRCs abound, and these misconceptions are reflected in the comments. 
Detention of family units in this context is related only to civil 
immigration proceedings and not criminal charges. FRCs are non-secure, 
meaning that families are not physically prevented from leaving the 
facility if they wish. While leaving an FRC could result in significant 
immigration consequences, the families are not in prison and the 
decision to stay or go is their own. FRCs have classrooms for the 
children's education, cafeterias for family meals, and outdoor and 
indoor recreation areas. There are no cages, prison cells, or prison 
bars. There are, however, windowed bedrooms with plenty of space for 
beds, chests of drawers, and tables. There are also communal areas with 
couches and television sets. There are entire medical

[[Page 44434]]

wings devoted to caring for the families, whether it is their initial 
intake screening where they are screened for communicable diseases, 
high blood pressure, and diabetes, or emergency situations where their 
trip from their home countries to the United States has caused them 
severe harm that requires hospitalization. ICE's Juvenile Family 
Residential Management Unit (JFRMU) is responsible for the ICE Family 
Residential program, and it periodically revises the Family Residential 
Standards that govern the program, consistent with best practices.
    FRCs serve to encourage and strengthen family interaction and 
growth. Parents are expected to be responsible for their children and 
are encouraged to take an active role in their development. FRC staff 
counsel and mentor parents in appropriate non-physical behavior 
management techniques. Family units normally are assigned bedrooms 
together to further familial bonds. Centers provide age-appropriate 
play structures and recreational equipment for all residents. Mental 
health providers conduct weekly wellness checks on all juvenile 
residents. If additional treatment needs are identified during these 
checks, separate therapy sessions may also be established. 
Additionally, mental health providers are available to residents for 
adult counseling and family counseling needs. FRCs are not staffed by 
armed guards or uniformed ICE officers, rather they are staffed by 
facility counselors.
    FRCs also provide liberal access to legal counsel and non-profit 
groups providing legal services. Interpreter services are available 24/
7 via telephone. Private meetings rooms are available as is direct 
communication with the immigration courts.
    FRCs also afford parents the ability to be parents; they exercise 
full parental rights. FRC staff do not make any decisions for the 
parents. If the parents do not want their children to participate in 
group activities, it is their choice. Similarly, if they do not want 
their children to be part of the individual or group mental health 
counseling sessions, it is the parent's choice. FRCs give parents and 
their children a chance to acclimate to the United States, get their 
bearings, find legal counsel, prepare their immigration cases, and in 
many cases be released after a finding of credible fear.
    Medical issues at FRCs are managed by the ICE Health Service Corps 
(IHSC). The IHSC is responsible for providing direct care or oversight 
of care at FRCs to include medical, dental, and behavioral health care, 
and public health services. IHSC is made up of a multi-sector, 
multidisciplinary workforce of over 1,100 employees that include U.S. 
Public Health Service (PHS) Commissioned Corps officers, Federal civil 
servants, and contract health professionals. IHSC provides medical case 
management and oversight of detainees housed at non-IHSC staffed 
detention facilities and also oversees the management of off-site 
specialty and emergency care services for all detainees in ICE custody.
    IHSC utilizes health care standards drawn from the American 
Correctional Association (ACA), the National Commission on Correctional 
Health Care (NCCHC), the ICE National Performance-Based Detention 
Standards (PBNDS), as well as the ICE Family Residential Standards to 
ensure that quality, culturally competent, and trauma-informed care is 
provided to detainees in ICE custody. These standards support IHSC's 
internal quality improvement program. Moreover, IHSC employs staffing 
models at its facilities tailored to the population and needs of the 
community under its care. IHSC's mandate to provide direct care for ICE 
detainees obligates IHSC to deliver individualized care that must be 
properly documented in medical records for the well-being of the 
detainees. IHSC takes seriously all allegations of inappropriate health 
care and investigates these allegations to remedy any identified 
deficiencies and ensure the integrity of the care it provides to ICE 
detainees.
    With respect to the report of that the DHS Advisory Committee on 
Family Residential Centers, DHS notes that the report was issued by a 
committee of private citizens acting outside the scope of the 
committee's charter. The report states that any detention of families 
``should be only long enough to process a family for release into 
alternatives to detention.'' But the report ignored DHS's legal 
authority to detain aliens in removal proceedings when legally required 
and when appropriate to ensure the alien presents himself for removal.
    While DHS respects the views of the writers of the report, 
alternatives to detention (ATD) do not provide a means to effectively 
remove those who subject to a final removal order. For further 
discussion of this topic, see section on Alternatives to Detention.
    Lastly, DHS does not concur with commenters' suggested changes to 
the text of the regulation. The word ``may'' in the proposed regulation 
accounts for the possibility that family units may be released at the 
time of encounter. The language in the regulation that states ``as 
reasonably possible'' also accounts for a lack of bedspace.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to change the proposed regulatory text in response to 
public comments.
9. Detention of Minors Who Are Not UACs in DHS Custody Sec.  236.3(i)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    The Departments proposed that a minor who is not a UAC and not 
released by DHS, may be held in DHS custody where he/she is detained in 
the least restrictive setting appropriate to the minor's age and 
special needs. Additionally, the proposal would permit minors to be 
placed temporarily in a non-secure licensed facility until they are 
released.
    Section 236.3(i)(1) proposed to require that a minor who is not a 
UAC be transferred to state or county juvenile detention facilities, a 
secure DHS detention facility, or a DHS-contracted facility having 
separate accommodations for minors if the minor meets certain criteria, 
including the minor is charged with, is chargeable with, or convicted 
of a crime or has been charged with, is chargeable with, is the subject 
of delinquency proceedings or has been adjudicated as delinquent, 
committing, or making credible threats to commit, a violent or 
malicious act while in custody or while in the presence of an 
immigration officer; engaging, while in a licensed facility, in certain 
conduct that is unacceptably disruptive of the normal functioning of 
the licensed facility; being an escape risk; or for the minor's own 
security.
    Section 236.3(i)(2) proposed to require DHS to place a minor in a 
less restrictive alternative if such an alternative is available and 
appropriate in the circumstances, even if the provisions of Sec.  
236.3(i)(1) apply. Additionally, it would require that the secure 
facilities used by DHS to detain non-UAC minors shall also permit 
attorney-client visits pursuant to applicable facility rules and 
regulations.
    Section 236.3(i)(3) proposed that, unless a detention in a secure 
facility is otherwise required, DHS facilities used for the detention 
of minors would be non-secure.
    Section 236.3(i)(4) proposed that all non-secure facilities used 
for the detention of non-UAC minors abide by the standards for 
``licensed programs.'' At a minimum, these standards must include, but 
are not limited to, proper physical care, including living 
accommodations, food, clothing, routine

[[Page 44435]]

medical and dental care, family planning services, emergency care 
(including a screening for infectious disease) within 48 hours of 
admission, a needs assessment including both educational and special 
needs assessments, educational services including instruction in the 
English language, appropriate foreign language reading materials for 
leisure time reading, recreation and leisure time activities, mental 
health services, group counseling, orientation including legal 
assistance that is available, access to religious services of the 
minor's choice, visitation and contact with family members, a 
reasonable right to privacy of the minor, and legal and family 
reunification services. Additionally, this section would require DHS to 
permit attorney-client visits pursuant to applicable facility rules and 
regulations in all licensed, non-secure facilities in which DHS places 
non-UAC minors.
    Section 236.3(i)(5) would permit ``licensed, non-secure 
facilities'' to transfer temporary physical custody of minors prior to 
securing permission from the Government in the event of an emergency, 
provided that they notify the Government as soon as practicable, but in 
all cases within 8 hours.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Some commenters argued that the proposals would eliminate 
important provisions in the FSA, including a guarantee that the 
standards would incorporate state welfare laws and the requirements to 
provide acculturation and adaptation services, provide family 
reunification services; to provide services in a manner that is 
sensitive to the age, culture, native language, and complex needs of 
each minor; to provide information regarding the right to request 
voluntary departure in lieu of deportation; to create an individualized 
plan for each minor that is tracked through a case-management system; 
to maintain protections to keep minor's personal information 
confidential and avoid unauthorized disclosures; and to maintain 
records and make regular reports to INS to ensure compliance with the 
FSA.
    One commenter stated that Sec.  236.3(i)(4) omits several 
provisions that were standards in the FSA, including family 
reunification services; the prohibition of ``corporal punishment, 
humiliation, mental abuse, or punitive interference with the daily 
functions of living, such as eating or sleeping;'' the development of a 
``comprehensive, realistic individual plan for the care of each 
minor,'' coordinated through a case management system, which should be 
safeguarded to preserve and protect confidential records; and regular 
record keeping and reporting. The commenter acknowledged that these 
provisions are found in other parts of the proposed rule concerning 
children in HHS custody, but asserted that there is no reason for a 
distinction between ``alien minors'' and ``UACs'' when it comes to 
these issues.
    Response. This section is specifically about ICE custody of minors 
once a decision has been made not to release a minor, and the minor is 
not a UAC. The standards described are taken from Exhibit 1 of the FSA. 
The individualized plans, as one commenter calls them, are in Sec.  
236.3(i)(4)(iii), which mirrors Exhibit 1, paragraph 3 of the FSA. 
Family reunification provisions are not needed in this part of these 
regulations because minors in ICE custody are already housed with their 
parents or legal guardians. Similarly, case management services for 
minors in ICE custody are not needed the same way they are needed for 
UACs in HHS custody because minors in ICE custody are supervised by 
their parent or legal guardian. The parent or legal guardian is 
responsible for seeking any services or care that the minor requires 
while in DHS custody and fulfill the role of a case manager in seeking 
a continuum of care and services such as pediatric care, mental health 
services.
    DHS disagrees with the commenter that this regulation does not 
provide services in a manner that is sensitive to the age, culture, 
native language, and complex needs of each minor. DHS has put numerous 
programs in place since the FSA was signed to take into account such 
needs. For example, it can generally provide interpretation services 24 
hours a day via telephone. Further, DHS abides by language access 
policies that comply with the Executive Order 13166, Improving Access 
to Services for Persons with Limited English Proficiency, although DHS 
declines to codify these language access policies in regulation in 
order to maintain necessary operational flexibility. Similarly, DHS 
declines to codify through this regulation any additional of the 
commenters' suggestions: Creating an individualized plan for each minor 
that is tracked through a case-management system; maintaining 
protections to keep minor's personal information confidential and avoid 
unauthorized disclosures; and maintaining records and making regular 
reports to DHS to ensure compliance with the FSA. Technology advances, 
privacy laws, and reporting over the last 20 years have now made these 
suggestions standard operating practices, but codifying them through 
regulatory text limits DHS's operational flexibility to update and 
improve these practices as necessary.
    DHS does not believe there is a need for advisals at FRCs regarding 
a minor's right to request voluntary departure in lieu of deportation. 
This is true because, DHS acknowledges parental rights for family units 
housed at FRCs and families are likely to make such decisions as a 
unit.
    With respect to acculturation programs, DHS notes that the only 
difference between the FSA and the proposed language is that the FSA 
requires that the acculturation services contribute to the ability to 
``live independently and responsibly,'' whereas the proposed language 
requires that the services would contribute to the abilities needed 
``as age appropriate.'' After many years of experience, DHS has found 
that what a five-year-old needs to know about America is different from 
what teenager needs to know to successfully integrate into society.
    DHS agrees to add the prohibitions in the FSA against corporal 
punishment, humiliation, mental abuse, and punitive interference with 
the daily functions of living, such as eating or sleeping to the 
regulation. DHS notes that these prohibitions have always been 
incorporated into personnel policies and contract vehicles with 
contractors who run ICE facilities. There are also mechanisms in place 
to monitor for such abuses. But DHS will add these provisions into the 
text of the regulation in response to commenters noting a lack of 
specific language addressing these issues in the proposed text. Such 
conduct is obviously inappropriate and has no place in any DHS 
facility.
Safety (Sec.  236.3(i))
    Comments. Several commenters stated that there are numerous 
architectural layout and design problems with the facilities used to 
detain minors that would lead to an increase in injuries. DHS medical 
experts and non-profits reported instances of severe finger injuries 
resulting from the closure of heavy doors in a converted prison used as 
a family detention center. A few commenters stated that the facilities 
were likely to be inadequate because they would be hastily constructed. 
Several commenters also stated that the facilities often lack 
sufficient medical space and noted that in one case a gymnasium was 
used as an ad hoc overflow medical space.
    Several commenters stated that there are not standards that limit 
the number

[[Page 44436]]

of room occupants or prevent minors from sharing a room with unrelated 
adults and/or adults of the opposite gender, which increases the risk 
of child abuse. Several commenters detailed that in current FRCs, 
families are typically placed in rooms that accommodate six people, 
which results in children sharing rooms with unrelated adults, 
including sleeping, dressing, and using the restroom without adequate 
privacy. Additionally, one commenter noted that most space in detention 
facilities are reserved for mothers and young children, so fathers and 
older siblings are often separated from their families.
    Several commenters commented that placing children in detention is 
inherently abusive, that children are at an increased risk of physical, 
verbal, mental, and sexual abuse in detention, and cited reports of 
sexual or physical abuse in detention facilities. One commenter 
referenced a guard at the Berks facility who was convicted of raping a 
woman in front of her three-year old son. One commenter referenced a 
ProPublica investigation that found patterns of abuse of immigrant 
children in Federal custody.
    Response. ICE facilities are inspected for safety by state and 
Federal inspectors. The examples put forth by commenters of injuries 
sustained by children are isolated incidences and not a pattern from 
unsafe conditions. DHS is acutely aware of safety standards and 
ensuring that anyone in DHS custody, but especially children, are 
housed in safe and sanitary conditions. With respect to housing at ICE 
facilities, DHS notes that it has systems in place to ensure the safety 
of the minors, such as the ``Standards To Prevent, Detect, and Respond 
to Sexual Abuse and Assault in Confinement Facilities'' (PREA) 
regulations and housing classifications that use restrictions by age 
and gender to inform the placement of families. Children remain in the 
care of their parents while housed at FRCs.
    Regarding the commenter's reference to the incident at Berks, DHS 
followed the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA) protocol and 
other applicable policies to appropriately address the situation. The 
guard involved was immediately terminated from his position and 
ultimately prosecuted for his crime. ICE fully cooperated with local 
law enforcement in all stages of the investigation and prosecution of 
the case. DHS strives to ensure that nothing remotely similar ever 
occurs in its facilities.
    DHS notes that all ICE facilities, including FRCs, are subject to 
PREA regulations. DHS also has several policies on point and requires 
staff to participate in annual training related to PREA and sexual 
abuse and prevention initiatives.
Secure Facilities (Sec.  236.3(i)(1) and (2))
    Comments. Several commenters expressed concern that factors 
proposed in the regulations for determining whether a child belongs in 
secure detention are overly broad, vague, or do not sufficiently 
incorporate the terms of the FSA. One commenter wrote that this section 
is in conflict with the TVPRA's rules for when the government may place 
a child in secure detention, section 235(c)(2) of the TVPRA, because it 
broadens the criteria under which a child may be placed in a secure 
facility beyond the two factors contained in the TVPRA. The commenter 
stated that it is inadequately clear what would constitute a ``pattern 
or practice of criminal activity'' for a minor under this regulation, 
that the term ``probable cause'' is too vague, and the agencies are not 
able or qualified to make such a determination. The commenter also 
argued that the language should include the FSA's list of examples of 
isolated and nonviolent offenses and petty offenses that would not rise 
to the level of justifying secure detention and its required finding 
that the child's action involved violence against a person or the use 
or carrying of a weapon.
    Several commenters wrote that Sec.  236.3(i) affords an 
inappropriate level of discretion to DHS and shelter staff in 
determining a minor's placement in a secure facility. The commenters 
stated that this section provides no clarity as to what would 
constitute an unacceptable level of disruption, how or on what basis 
staff will make the dangerousness determination, and which party will 
be responsible for making the determinations. One commenter recommended 
deleting provisions (i)(1)(i), (ii), (iv), and (v) as unacceptably 
broad and arbitrary language and noted that similar language included 
in the FSA has been interpreted by immigration officers to allow 
placement of a child in secure detention for minor matters such as 
shouting or smoking a cigarette. With respect to the language at 
(i)(1)(vi), the commenter recommended that the proposed rule add a 
separate provision that when a minor is at a demonstrated risk of harm 
from smugglers, traffickers, or others who might seek to victimize or 
otherwise engage him in criminal, harmful, or exploitative activity, 
the minor shall be placed in the least restrictive developmentally 
appropriate placement consistent with his safety and the safety of 
others. A few commenters stated that the rule must include a provision) 
for a periodic reassessment of a minor's placement in a secured 
facility at least every 30 days, as required by the TVPRA and a 
provision for independent review of a placement decision that satisfies 
due process requirements.
    A few commenters wrote that studies show that LGBT youth face 
harsher penalties when engaging in the same behavior as their straight 
and cisgender counterparts, and that therefore the proposed rule's 
inclusion of ``chargeable'' offenses is more likely to subject LGBT 
youth to placement in secure facilities. One of the commenter also 
wrote that including ``engagement in unacceptably disruptive behavior 
that interferes with the normal functioning'' of the shelter as a 
chargeable offense will likely lead to placement of more LGBT in 
secured facilities, because studies have shown that in the juvenile 
justice context LGBT youth are more likely to face criminal 
consequences for engaging in consensual sexual activity than straight 
or cisgender youth, and also that such conduct may be considered 
``unacceptably disruptive behavior'' in detention facilities. These 
commenters also wrote that the placement of more LGBT youth in 
restrictive settings would increase the vulnerability of those minors 
to abuse.
    One commenter wrote that the proposed rule's omission of medium 
security facilities as an alternative detention facility is in 
violation of the FSA. The commenter noted that paragraph 23 of the FSA 
requires medium security facilities as one alternative in certain 
circumstances, but that the proposed rule states that because DHS only 
operates secure and non-secure facilities, a definition for medium 
security facilities is unnecessary. The commenter believed the proposed 
rule should be amended in order to implement the FSA's terms.
    Other commenters argued for additional provisions that should have 
been included relating to the placement of children in restrictive 
settings. This included a proposal that in determining placement in a 
secure facility, threats from a juvenile be ``credible and verified'' 
(as opposed to just credible threats as discussed in the proposed 
rule). Further, one commenter was concerned that ``disruptive 
behavior'' is too subjective as a criterion for placement in a facility 
and should be replaced. Additionally, one commenter proposed that 
secure placements should include the consultation of a mental health 
specialist.
    Response. As explained in the NPRM, the proposed regulation 
reframed the FSA requirements for placing a child in

[[Page 44437]]

a secure facility from a negatively worded list to an affirmatively 
worded list. The FSA says that the provisions ``shall not apply'' in 
many instances. The proposed rule explains exactly when the provisions 
will apply. Not only was this done for clarity, but because the former 
INS and now DHS have found over 20 years of practice, that the FSA 
provisions are confusing enough that they may, in fact, result in 
placing more children in secure facilities than DHS believed should be 
subject to such provisions. DHS has been using this limited 
interpretation to use secure placement even though a different reading 
of the FSA may have resulted in more secure placements.
    DHS also notes that the FSA did not define probable cause and 
neither did the proposed regulation, because this is a legal term of 
art that is already well-defined in case law and does not need to be 
defined in regulation. DHS also disagrees with one commenter's 
assertion that the secure placement provisions conflict with the 
TVPRA's requirements. Section 235(c)(2) of the TVPRA applies 
specifically to UACs, and does not apply to the minors in DHS custody 
who are not UACs.
    One commenter brought up the possible disparity in treatment for 
LGBT youth. Specifically, this commenter presented data that LGBT youth 
are more likely to be charged with crimes because they are more likely 
to get into altercations due to their LGBT status. DHS takes all of 
this into consideration, and as stated above uses its discretion to 
ensure that no one is placed in secure facility that does not need to 
be in one. DHS believes that the proposed text rewording this provision 
actually lowers the chance for LGBT youth to be placed in secure 
facilities, rather than increasing it.
    DHS declines to implement one commenter's suggestion that threats 
be ``verified'' in addition to ``credible.'' The language of the FSA 
permits detention in a secure facility for ``credible threats.'' 
Implementing an additional requirement that the threat be ``verified'' 
imposes a vague, unduly restrictive requirement upon DHS officers that 
is not otherwise required under the law and could ultimately place 
other minors at risk.
    DHS disagrees with one commenter's assertion that FSA paragraph 23 
requires the use of medium security facilities as part of DHS 
operations and that DHS is accordingly failing to implement the terms 
of the FSA by not using medium security facilities. The purpose of FSA 
paragraph 23 is to ensure that minors are not placed in a secure 
facility if less restrictive alternatives are available. Thus the 
paragraph, by its terms, does not require DHS to use medium security 
facilities for this purpose. DHS abides by the criteria of the FSA when 
determining whether a minor should be placed in a secure facility. 
Those requirements are codified in regulation through this final rule.
Non-Secure (Sec.  236.3(i)(3))
    Comments. A commenter stated that the Federal Government should not 
give States the responsibility to determine whether their detention 
facilities are non-secure because this will mean that the definition of 
a non-secure facility may vary state by state.
    Response. FSA paragraph 6 requires a licensed facility to be ``non-
secure as required under state law'' and licensed by an appropriate 
State agency. The proposed regulations generally mirror the FSA. For 
additional discussion of the definition of non-secure, please see the 
non-secure definition in Section B.2. Definitions.
Standards (Sec.  236.3(i)(4))
    Comments. Multiple commenters stated that the proposed regulations 
would result in inadequate conditions that were neither safe nor humane 
for children. Several commenters stated that the proposed standards 
failed to meet the FSA standards for adequate food, water, and medical 
care and that the FSA standards should be retained. Some commenters 
reiterated the Federal Government voluntarily entered into the FSA, 
which requires that facilities provide children in their custody with 
access to sanitary and temperature-controlled conditions, water, food, 
medical assistance, ventilation, and adequate supervision, and contact 
with family members and that facilities ensure that children are not 
held with unrelated adults.
    Numerous commenters raised concerns about reports of children 
suffering from subpar conditions and abusive treatment in detention 
centers. One commenter argued that existing facilities fail to comply 
with nutritional standards of the FSA and that families often do not 
have access to adequate food, water, or clothing. Some commenters 
asserted that the current detention centers fail to provide basic 
necessities, with children being unable to sleep from the lights 
shining all night, a lack of bedding, open toilets, being crammed into 
cages, icy temperatures and a lack of pediatricians, child and 
adolescent psychiatrists and pediatric nurses. Some of these commenters 
stated that constant illumination causes sleep deprivation, affects 
circadian rhythms, and causes loss of muscle strength and inflammation. 
One commenter reported that she had twice toured the Tornillo Port of 
Entry Shelter and witnessed young children suffering from separation 
anxiety and other negative mental and physical effects due to 
incarceration and separation from their families. Two DHS medical 
professionals who had inspected existing facilities reported instances 
of neglect of children caused by failure to assess or accommodate the 
nutritional and medical needs of child detainees, including an infant 
who lost a third of its body weight due to an untreated disease, 
children vaccinated with adult doses, and children not being visited by 
a pediatrician in a timely manner.\28\ An immigration attorney 
commented that her client's nine-month old infant was not treated for 
pneumonia for over two days and that the mother and infant were not 
given any warm clothing and fed only three bologna sandwiches in a two-
day period, which the child could not eat. Another commenter stated 
that in the Berks, Pennsylvania, facility, infants had been sent to the 
emergency room due to dehydration. Several commenters stated that there 
had been misconduct at existing government facilities, and cited a 
court order and a news report stating that facilities had provided 
medication to minors without parental consent, including psychotropic 
drugs, given psychotropic drugs disguised as vitamins and forcibly 
injected minors with sedatives. Commenters cited two DHS experts who 
reported that one facility was using medical housing for punitive 
segregation of families and children, which according to the commenters 
violates the standard of care for any detained person.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ Dr. Scott Allen and Dr. Pamela McPherson, Letter to the 
Senate Whistleblowing Caucus, July 17, 2018, https://www.whistleblower.org/sites/default/files/Original%20Docs%20Letter.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters objected to the proposed regulations on the 
ground that they would permit facilities to deny access to food, water 
or medical care in the event of an emergency. These commenters stated 
that emergency food and water should be readily available in advance of 
such emergencies and that the regulations should be amended to require 
provision for the basic needs of minors, regardless of whether there is 
an emergency. One commenter encouraged DHS to ensure that meals meet 
nutrition standards established by the U.S. Departments of Agriculture 
and Health and Human Services. The commenter said that breast-feeding 
infants should continue to have access to milk from

[[Page 44438]]

their mothers in all situations and DHS should identify those with 
special health care needs and to provide appropriate treatment 
according to evidence-based guidelines for care.
    Response. DHS proposed to adopt the substantive standards of FSA 
Exhibit 1, and thus DHS disagrees with the commenters' characterization 
that the proposed standards fail to meet the requirements for food, 
water, and medical care required by the FSA. DHS proposed simply to 
adopt the substantive standards of FSA Exhibit 1. DHS notes that 
several of these comments appear to misunderstand the different types 
of facilities that are used to house minors by different components of 
DHS as well as its sister agencies.
    DHS reiterates that these standards in Sec.  236.3(i)(4) apply to 
the non-secure, licensed facilities used for housing family units--
FRCs. At least some of the comments, however, appear to describe 
conditions at CBP facilities, which aliens may pass through during 
initial processing when first encountered. These facilities are not 
required to abide by the same Exhibit 1 standards under the FSA, which 
Sec.  236.3(i)(4) incorporates. For instance, CBP processing facilities 
are very different from ICE FRCs. They operate 24/7 and thus need to 
have lights on at all times. These CBP facilities may also have 
temporary holding areas that are divided up that help separate minors 
and UACs from unrelated adults for the safety and protection of the 
children. Regardless of facility type, all DHS facilities (including 
CBP and ICE facilities) will continue to abide by the applicable 
standards that are consistent with the FSA, which are substantively 
incorporated into these regulations. Additionally, as described above, 
all DHS facilities are subject to inspection and monitoring by bodies 
such as the DHS OIG, DHS CRCL, and the GAO. CBP also has various 
internal methods for monitoring compliance with requirements that 
derive from the FSA, including the requirement that agents and officers 
document the provision or availability of all those requirements, as 
well as monitoring and inspection by CBP's Juvenile Coordinator and 
CBP's MID and OPR.
    Regarding the comments relating to specific allegations of 
mistreatment and neglect of individuals in DHS custody, without 
sufficiently detailed information DHS is unable to investigate or 
otherwise substantiate these claims. DHS takes all allegations of 
misconduct seriously, and all allegations are referred to the 
appropriate investigative entity (e.g., the ICE and CBP Offices of 
Professional Responsibility, the DHS OIG) for investigation and 
appropriate action.
    Regarding comments related to emergencies, DHS notes that DHS 
facilities are equipped to provide bare essentials during emergencies; 
however, if evacuation is warranted during weather-related or other 
situations, it may become necessary to abandon everything and move 
minors and UACs to safety, which may include not providing them with a 
meal or snack at the designated time. The FSA does not speak to the 
issue of meals during emergencies. It only spoke to the ability to 
transfer children during an emergency. The proposed regulations speak 
to the same provisions during emergencies, recognizing that true 
emergencies are fluid and it is thus difficult to codify specific 
requirements in regulations in advance.
    Regarding the comments about the use of psychotropic drugs, DHS 
notes that the news articles mentioned referred to allegations against 
HHS. HHS emphasizes that the primary mission and daily commitment of 
its UAC Program is to safeguard the health and wellbeing of children in 
our custody and care. HHS does not condone medicating a child for 
punitive reasons. All ORR staff and contractors engaged in the direct 
care of UACs are mandated reporters with the expectation that they will 
immediately seek to protect any UAC in our care from such harm and 
report to law enforcement and other appropriate authorities any 
allegation of abuse. Many UACs have endured extraordinarily challenging 
and traumatic childhood experiences that can manifest into mental 
illnesses--whether acute or chronic. In some cases, UACs are diagnosed 
and prescribed psychotropic medication by licensed psychiatrists. 
Furthermore, ORR only authorizes UACs to receive psychotropic 
medication to treat the specific diagnosis identified by licensed 
mental health professionals. In cases where ORR is able to locate and 
correspond with a UAC's parent or legal guardian, ORR informs the 
parent of the UAC's diagnosis, seeks their input on the course of 
treatment, and obtains their consent to administer medication. ORR care 
provider facilities are required to abide by state law. State law 
regulates the facility and mental health professionals' usage of 
psychotropic medication as well as the manner and reasons for 
administering the medication.
Interpreting Services (Sec.  236.3(i)(4))
    Comments. Several commenters stated that FRCs would be unable to 
provide adequate medical care because the facilities lack the necessary 
interpretation services for non-English language speakers. Several 
commenters noted that DHS has had difficulty providing language 
services for detained individuals, especially those that speak 
indigenous languages and that even telephonic translation has not been 
available in emergency situations. These commenters explained that 
without adequate interpretation services, individuals will be unable to 
properly communicate with the medical professions or understand their 
medical situations. Additionally, several commenters pointed out that 
in emergency situations, there is no reliable mechanism to allow 
detention center staff members to communicate effectively with all 
detainees.
    Response. As stated above, DHS has put systems in place to provide 
appropriate language services for communications with minors. Whether 
it is during an emergency or during normal business operations, DHS 
typically is able to get the needed interpreter services very quickly 
and efficiently.
Provision of Medical Services (Sec.  236.3(i)(4)(ii))
    Comments. Several comments focused on deficiencies in the existing 
and proposed provision of medical services. A medical doctor commented 
that the standards should include specialized training of medical 
professionals and staff due to the unique and complex problems present 
in a detention setting with children, including language barriers, 
limited resources, and lack of information about previous care. One 
commenter noted that there is no mechanism for health professionals to 
regularly monitor the conditions in DHS facilities and their 
appropriateness for children. Another commenter stated that detained 
minors are not given access to adequate or appropriate immunizations. 
One commenter stated that medication was confiscated and that limited 
medical screenings are conducted by non-medical staff, and another 
commenter observed that DHS has been unable to provide adequate 
observation of minors with suicidal tendencies or screening of minors 
for trauma. Still another commenter objected that the proposed 
regulations fails to require trauma informed care programming and to 
require facilities to screen for trauma, requirements the commenter 
viewed as essential to providing adequate medical care to individuals.
    One commenter stated that the proposed regulations create an

[[Page 44439]]

administrative process that is inconsistent with the health needs of 
infants and young children because detention facilities are 
inadequately staffed with medical, mental health, and nutrition 
professionals. This commenter cited to instances of neglect of infant 
and children's nutritional needs. Additionally, this commenter cited 
articles regarding the benefits of breastfeeding, expressed concern 
that detained infants may lose access to breastmilk because of a 
breastfeeding mother's lack of access to a breast pump, supplemental 
foods that ensure a breastfeeding mother can produce enough breastmilk, 
and complimentary foods that assist the infant with the transition to 
solid food.
    Several commenters stated that while ICE detention facilities are 
legally required to act affirmatively to prevent disability 
discrimination, minors with disabilities in detention centers have not 
been consistently provided appropriate accommodations, specialized 
medical care necessary to treat minors with disabilities and chronic 
health problems is nonexistent, and other critical services such as 
physical, occupational, and speech therapy and other early 
interventions are not generally available. These commenters note that 
these minors are particularly vulnerable, particularly when separated 
from their parents they lose their primary caregivers who possess 
knowledge of their health problems and the care they need. One 
commenter noted that there are reports of children with disabilities 
being restrained or sent to psychiatric hospitals or secure facilities 
because of behavioral issues that they cannot control except with 
proper medical care.
    One commenter wrote that long-term detention of alien children 
constitutes a serious risk for infection disease and that those coming 
from particular geographic regions or at-risk populations are more 
prone to serious, and highly infectious, diseases such as tuberculosis 
and pneumonia. This commenter wrote that a minimum standard of care in 
a detention setting requires administration of appropriate screening 
tests (including for tuberculosis, pneumonia, and sexually transmitted 
diseases), interpretation and patient follow up for at-risk 
individuals, and sufficient resources for separation or isolation of 
potentially infectious individuals.
    Response. The proposed regulations mirrored the FSA requirements 
for medical care. Medical care is provided in accordance with American 
Medical Association standards. As stated above, FRCs have medical staff 
on-site to care for family units. They provide age appropriate vaccines 
and care for minor illnesses. FRCs refer any emergent or serious cases 
to hospitals for care as needed. Medical staff also make referrals to 
specialists as appropriate. Since parents are housed with their 
children at FRCs, they can make decisions regarding the care and 
treatment children receive at FRCs. Minors with special needs are 
evaluated in accordance with the FSA. In addition, individuals with 
disabilities are treated in accordance with specific laws and policies 
that provide for the provision of reasonable accommodations. See the 
section titled ``Standards for Minors with Disabilities'' immediately 
below for a more detailed response.
Standards for Minors With Disabilities (Sec.  236.3(i)(4)(iii))
    Comments. Several comments were submitted concerning the standards 
of care of minors with disabilities. Some commenters stated that the 
proposed regulations do not contain enough guidance regarding the 
consideration of disability as part of placement determinations for 
children, and that requiring a psychologist or psychiatrist to 
determine whether a child is a danger to themselves or others is too 
little, too late to protect those with disabilities. One commenter 
wrote that the proposed rule should take into account studies 
suggesting that youth with disabilities in secure facilities are at 
high risk of unmet health needs, failure to provide appropriate 
accommodations, and harmful conditions, including use of restraints and 
solitary confinement. Another commenter stated that few children, if 
any, are screened for disability-related issues upon transfer from ICE 
to ORR custody, and a different commenter expressed concern that the 
proposed rule fails to guarantee special education for children with 
disabilities, in conflict with the U.S. Supreme Court case Plyer v. 
Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982), and The Individuals with Disabilities 
Education Act.
    Response. The proposed regulatory language requires DHS and HHS to 
consider a minor's special needs, including provisions requiring 
consideration of special needs when determining placement. For example, 
45 CFR 410.208 states that ORR will assess each UAC to determine if he 
or she has special needs and will, whenever possible, place a UAC with 
special needs in a licensed program that provides services and 
treatment for the UAC's special needs. Title 8 CFR 236.3(g)(2) requires 
DHS to place minors and UACs in the least restrictive setting 
appropriate to the minor or UAC's age and special needs. Title 8 CFR 
236.3(i)(4) requires that facilities conduct a needs assessment for 
each minor, which would include both an educational assessment and a 
special needs assessment. Additionally, 8 CFR 236.3(g)(1) requires DHS 
to provide minors with Form I-770 and states that the notice shall be 
provided, read, or explained to the minor or UAC in a language and 
manner that he or she understands. These provisions ensure that a minor 
or UAC's special needs are taken into account, including when 
determining placement.
    In addition to these provisions, ICE has policies and regulations 
in place that protect individuals with disabilities and implement 
section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. For example, 8 CFR part 
15 prohibits discrimination against individuals with a disability, and 
requires that DHS facilities be accessible. In addition, specific 
policies prohibit discrimination and address how detainees with a 
disability may be provided with a reasonable accommodation. The Family 
Residential Standards require that minors have an Initial Education 
Assessment completed within three days of their arrival at the 
facility. Through this process, minors with learning disabilities are 
identified and provided with an Individual Education Program and access 
to special education services.
Education (Sec.  236.3(i)(4)(iv))
    Comments. Multiple commenters stated that the proposed regulations 
would fail to provide adequate educational opportunities for minors and 
that placing minors in detention would negatively impact their 
educational development. A few commenters citied multiple studies to 
show that long-term detention of any form, even with a parent, has 
lasting negative effects on learning and development of minors, and 
especially young children.\29\ Several commenters stated that minors in 
detention facilities are not receiving appropriate and challenging 
coursework that align with state or local educational standards, and as 
a result typically are unable to make meaningful academic progress. One 
commenter stated that children should not be deprived of education 
during detention because that would result in uneducated or illiterate 
future members of the community, who would be a detriment to the 
country.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ R. Kronick et al. Asylum-seeking Children's Experiences of 
Detention in Canada: A Qualitative Study, 85(3) AM. J. 
Orthopsychiatry 287 (2015);

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[[Page 44440]]

    One commenter stated that the minors should be placed in public 
schools in order to obtain necessary health socialization with other 
children and adults and avoid becoming second class citizens. Other 
commenters cited reports to show that children succeed emotionally and 
academically when they live in a stable home with an adult they trust 
and learn in a normal, structured and supportive classroom and not when 
the children are kept in indefinite detention without adequate services 
and protections. Commenters also cited to a study of children in 
immigration detention facilities in Australia, the United Kingdom, and 
the United States that shows that children react to detention with 
extreme distress, fear, and helplessness, all of which can result in a 
deterioration of functioning and impair the ability to learn.
    Commenters stated that the proposed rule provides no assurance that 
the detention facilities will comply with the FSA's minimum standards 
for educational services and that the proposed rule does not address 
how DHS and HHS specifically intend to provide educational services 
appropriate to the minor's level of development in a structured 
classroom setting, as required by the FSA. One commenter stated that 
the proposed standards eliminate the requirement to provide education 
in languages other than English and, as a result, fail to ensure the 
minors are instructed in a language they can understand. Some 
commenters noted that DHS has had problems staffing detention 
facilities with bilingual teachers to meet the necessary educational 
needs, including special education services. Other commenters asserted 
that in unlicensed ``emergency'' or ``influx'' facilities, the 
Departments may opt to provide no educational services at all.
    Response. The proposed regulations mirror Exhibit 1, paragraph 4 of 
the FSA except that the requirement for instruction in the minor's 
native language, which is substituted with a requirement the 
educational program design be appropriate for the minor's estimated 
length of stay and can include the necessary skills appropriate for 
transition into the U.S. school system. In practice, most educators who 
teach at FRCs are bilingual, typically in English and Spanish, and 
provide individualized education in a manner designed to be most 
effective for the minor. However, during a true emergency where 
children are evacuated to a different facility, it is likely that 
educational programs will be suspended just as they would be in the 
local public school system under those same circumstances.
    It is unclear why commenters believe that this regulatory 
requirement would allow DHS not to provide educational services. The 
same requirements for a structured classroom setting are in both the 
FSA and the proposed regulation. There is no requirement in the FSA 
requiring the government to explain how it plans to provide the 
educational services. It has been doing so for 20 years and the 
regulations will mandate that it continue to do so.
Recreation Time (Sec.  236.3(i)(4)(vi))
    Comments. Several commenters stated that the proposed standards 
would provide minors and their families with insufficient opportunity 
for recreational activities. One commenter stated that recreational and 
social enrichment activities, such as opportunities for physical 
activity and creative expression, should be required. This commenter 
stated that at a minimum, the outdoor and major muscle activity 
standards set by the FSA should be retained. Some commenters stated 
that 13,000 children in custody have no recreational and educational 
opportunities in tent cities, but these commenters provided no data to 
support this contention.
    A mental health professional wrote that adequate opportunities for 
play should be provided for young children separated from their parents 
because at that age all psychological issues, including grieving, are 
resolved primarily through play. According to the commenter, younger 
children will need opportunities to focus on grieving to allow them to 
focus on other tasks when needed, and that adolescent children need 
structured opportunities to gain a sense of control in their lives and 
information about their early history so as to avoid suicidal or 
antisocial tendencies.
    A different commenter stated that providing daily activities for 
minors in the detention center means that detention facility staff 
replace parents as authority figures, parents do not have a say in how 
their children are treated, and the staff that interact most with 
minors during their recreation time are the lowest paid staff with the 
least amount of training and experience, which leads to widespread 
behavioral problems and mistreatment of the children by the staff.
    Response. As stated previously, Sec.  236.3(i) is about ICE 
facilities. The proposed regulation reflected all of the requirements 
of paragraph 5 of the FSA in requiring recreation and leisure time 
activities, including outdoor activities when weather permits. The 
commenters did not explain why the FSA requirements are not sufficient 
to implement the FSA. Some commenters stated that children's time was 
being taken up by activities that kept them from their parents, but any 
activities outside the 1-3 hours required by the FSA are strictly 
voluntary on the part of both the parents and children in ICE 
facilities. It is unclear from the examples provided by the commenters 
which particular activities they believe were causing parents to feel 
that they were being deprived of time with their children and creating 
antisocial and suicidal tendencies in their children.
    In response to the comment about ``tent cities,'' DHS believes 
commenters are referring to HHS operations. The commenter may be 
addressing concerns regarding the Tornillo Influx Care Facility, which 
was closed and dismantled in January 2019. HHS notes that at no point 
did ORR house 13,000 UAC in ``tent cities.'' HHS addresses concerns and 
comments on the Tornillo Influx Care Facility in its response below at 
``Procedures During an Emergency or Influx (45 CFR 410.209).''
    The effects of trauma from the journey to the United States and 
detention in general are discussed in the trauma section.
Mental Health and Counseling (Sec.  236.3(i)(4)(vii) and (viii))
    Comments. Several commenters expressed concern that the proposed 
regulations would not ensure appropriate mental health services. One 
commenter stated that detention facilities are not covered by HIPAA and 
thus social workers' notes may be used against the minors and their 
families in their deportation hearings when the children believe that 
the information will be kept confidential. This commenter pointed out 
that minors are unlikely to confide in social workers if they know that 
the information will not be kept confidential and this is detrimental 
to the minors' well-being and mental health. Another commenter stated 
that the proposed language could lead to fewer minors receiving 
counseling and a reduction in the length or quality of group counseling 
because the proposed language only requires a mental health wellness 
interaction and allows to be performed during other activities. The 
commenter also stated that the standards fail to require facilities to 
create appropriate rules and discipline standards and also fail to 
maintain the FSA limits of discipline standards.
    Several commenters expressed concern that the FRCs would be unable

[[Page 44441]]

to provide adequate mental health services in a compassionate and 
responsive manner. One commenter stated that facilities must have 
mental health professionals that speak Spanish, have training in 
cultural diversity, and have experience with trauma. One commenter 
stated that meaningful access to trauma-informed mental health care, 
especially in the cases of sexual assault, is critical. A medical 
association recommended that each facility staff their leadership teams 
with psychiatrists to care for persons suffering post-traumatic 
symptoms and other migration-related syndromes of distress.
    Response. In response to comments expressing concern over alleged 
lack of confidentiality of ICE detainee health records and the 
potential that some minors may forgo mental health treatment because of 
this concern, IHSC advises that, although ICE health records are not 
subject to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 
1996 (HIPAA), ICE detainee health records are kept confidential as a 
matter of policy, and access to such records is restricted. In most 
cases, a detainee's health information will not be released unless the 
detainee signs an Authorization to Disclose/Obtain Information from 
their health record. In addition, employees are required to sign and 
annually affirm a statement to protect and maintain the confidentiality 
and privacy of patient care information. While it is true that detainee 
health records may, in some instances, be disclosed without consent, 
this practice is authorized under the Alien Health System of Records 
Notice (SORN) \30\ consistent with DHS's mission to fully execute its 
law enforcement and immigration functions. In addition, such 
disclosures are also permitted under certain limited routine uses 
identified in the SORN. Pursuant to the SORN, however, DHS notes that 
this information may only be released for a purpose consistent with the 
purpose of the initial information collection. Thus, concerns that 
detainee health records will somehow always be relevant to a minor's 
removal proceeding such that an immigration judge will allow routine 
use of such records as part of a removal case are purely speculative 
and unfounded.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ DHS/ICE-013 Alien Health Records System, see 83 FR 12015 
(Mar. 19, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to the remaining concerns about the provisions related 
to mental health counseling, DHS notes that the proposed regulatory 
text mirrored Exhibit 1, paragraphs 6 and 7 of the FSA regarding 
individual and group counseling sessions. DHS added provisions to allow 
for assessments when minors refused to participate in counseling 
sessions and to combine the group sessions with other structured 
activities to remove the stigma of a ``group counseling session'' and 
encourage all minors to attend. DHS's years of experience have shown 
that too many minors decline to participate in counseling sessions when 
they are designated as such, and that children are more likely to 
participate in DHS group sessions are combined with other events. For 
those instances where children decline individual sessions, a mental 
health wellness interaction at least allows a counselor to do a 
wellness check and may be to get the minor to open up and have what 
professionals would call a counseling session. Adhering to the strict 
requirements of the FSA would not be workable, especially for teenagers 
who do not believe they will benefit from counseling.
Contact With Relatives and Attorneys (Sec.  236.3(i)(4)(xi), (xii), 
(xiii), and (xv))
    Comments. Several commenters expressed concerns about the 
complexity of communications with individuals in detention. One 
commenter stated that it is extremely complicated for individuals, 
particularly children, to make phone calls in the detention center to 
their non-detained family and/or attorney because the detainee must 
either make a collect call or purchase a calling card. This commenter 
also noted that there is no method for non-detained individuals, such 
as attorneys or parents of detained minors, to make a phone call to a 
child in DHS custody. Another commenter stated that minors in existing 
facilities have been denied the opportunity to talk to family on the 
phone. One commenter expressed concern that the language in section 
236.3(i)(4) regarding a minor's right to communicate privately and 
visit with guests, family members, and counsel is too restrictive and 
qualifying. The commenter recommended that detained minors have the 
right to receive regular and frequent visits from family and friends in 
circumstances that respect the minor's needs for privacy, contact, and 
unrestricted communication.
    One commenter stated that proposed Sec.  236.3(i)(4)(xiii) 
inappropriately restricts a child's ability to communicate with adult 
relatives in the United States and abroad to legal issues only when it 
is deemed ``necessary.'' This commenter noted that there is no 
definition of ``necessary'' or who makes that determination, and no 
justification for why detained minors should not universally be 
afforded visitation and contact with family members.
    A foreign government wrote that, in accordance with the provisions 
of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, the proposed rule 
should grant access to consular officials to visit and interview alien 
children in the different stages of their processing.
    Response. Non-secure, licensed ICE facilities must abide by 
standards that are set forth in 8 CFR 236.3(i)(4). A minor has the 
right to visitation and contact with family members, regardless of 
their immigration status. See 8 CFR 236.3(i)(4)(xi). DHS structures the 
visitation and contact with family members to encourage this visitation 
including requiring the staff at the ICE facility to respect the 
minor's privacy while reasonably preventing the unauthorized release of 
the minor and the transfer of contraband. A minor has a reasonable 
right to privacy in the facility which specifically includes the right 
to talk privately on the phone and visit privately with guests, as 
permitted by applicable facility rules and regulations. See 8 CFR 
236.3(i)(4)(xii)(C) and (D). In addition to the right to talk privately 
on the phone, the DHS regulations specifically note that when 
necessary, arrangements will be made for communication with adult 
relatives living in the United States and in foreign countries 
regarding legal issues related to the release and/or removal of the 
minor. See 8 CFR 236.3(i)(4)(xiii). A commenter expressed concern about 
the ``when necessary'' language, but that language is used to convey 
that in most cases there would not be a need to communicate with other 
adult relatives because the minor is in custody with his or her parent. 
But nevertheless, if there is such a need it can be accommodated. 
Additionally, the minor has the right to receive and send uncensored 
mail unless there is a reasonable belief that the mail contains 
contraband. See 8 CFR 236.3(i)(4)(xii)(E). All residents at FRCs have 
access to the internet to receive and send email.
    One commenter stated that the regulations should grant access to 
consular officials to visit and interview minors in the different 
stages of their processing. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 
notes that consular functions include helping and assisting nationals, 
both individual and corporate, of the sending State; safeguarding the 
interests of minors; and representing or arranging appropriate 
representation for nationals of the sending State before tribunals and 
other authorities of the receiving State. See Article 5(e), (h), and 
(i). In addition, the

[[Page 44442]]

Convention states that consular officers shall be free to communicate 
with nationals of the sending State and to have access to them; that 
the receiving State shall inform the consular post, if the national of 
the sending State so requests, of their detention; and that consular 
officers shall have the right to visit a national of the sending State 
who is in prison, custody or detention to converse and correspond with 
the national and to arrange their legal representation. See Article 36. 
DHS is compliant with the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and 
does not believe any changes need to be made to the text of the 
regulations to accomplish this.
Access to Legal Services (Sec.  236.3(i)(4)(xiv) and (xv))
    Comments. Multiple commenters objected to the proposed rule on the 
ground that it would provide fewer legal protections for minors who may 
not understand the concept of the rights they are asked to waive, 
including an example of a five year old signing away her rights. One 
commenter asserted that minors must be provided with access to legal 
representation because children are the most vulnerable individuals in 
society with the most to lose and their human rights will otherwise be 
violated. Another commenter noted that children should never be 
presumed a threat to our society and that expecting minors to make 
legal arguments without an attorney is unreasonable and unacceptable 
when their liberty is at stake.
    Several commenters expressed concern that the proposed rule would 
fail to provide minors with adequate access to legal services. Many 
commenters were concerned about how minors in detention centers would 
obtain access to legal services and whether minors were being properly 
apprised of their legal rights. Several commenters stated that minors 
would not have access to adequate legal services because most detention 
centers are located in rural and remote areas of the country where 
there is limited access to qualified immigration legal assistance. A 
commenter noted that non-profit organizations that provide pro bono 
immigration services to minors have encountered logistical difficulties 
accessing minors in detention and more resources must be allocated for 
each client.
    Multiple commenters stated that numerous studies and data show that 
detention significantly raises barriers to access to legal counsel, but 
that legal representation was critical to obtaining relief before an 
immigration judge. One commenter cited research explaining that in 
Houston from 2007-2012, 13 percent of detained respondents had counsel 
as opposed to 69 percent of those that were not detained. This 
commenter noted that immigrants without counsel are significantly more 
likely to be ordered removed than those with representation and cited 
supporting data including one study that stated that individuals 
without attorneys were granted relief at a rate of 4 percent compared 
to when all indigent immigrants in removal proceedings were provided 
attorneys and the rate increased to 48 percent.
    Some commenters stated that the proposed rule improperly eliminates 
FSA provisions requiring class counsel's right to attorney-client 
visits for all types of placements and counsel's right to access 
facilities where minors have been placed. Another commenter stated that 
paragraph 32(A) of the FSA provided access to counsel to all children 
in custody including those whom counsel may not have met before the 
visit and expressed concern that the proposed regulations do not 
contain comparable language. One commenter recommended that the 
proposed rule should guarantee that minors will be permitted to visit 
with their attorney, child advocate, or other persons necessary for 
their representation, any day of the week, including holidays, and that 
such visits should be permitted at any time during the period of at 
least eight hours a day.
    Response. DHS ensures that all minors know of their rights 
including their right to access counsel by providing them with this 
information during processing and when they are admitted to a detention 
facility.
    Every minor who enters DHS custody, including minors and UACs who 
request voluntary departure or request to withdraw their application 
for admission, will be issued a Form I-770, Notice of Rights and 
Request for Disposition. See 8 CFR 236.3(g)(1)(i). The Form I-770 
includes a statement informing the minor or UAC that they can make a 
telephone call to a parent, close relative, or friend. This is to 
ensure that the minor or UAC can contact an individual who has their 
best interest in mind because, as the above commenter states, children 
are the most vulnerable individuals in society. Additionally, to make 
sure that the minor properly understands their rights, proposed Sec.  
236.3(g)(1)(i) required the notice to be read and explained to the 
minor or UAC in a language and manner he or she understands if it is 
believed (based on all available evidence) that the minor is less than 
14 years old or is unable to understand the information. As explained 
above, DHS is changing this section such that the notice will be 
provided, read, or explained to all minors and UACs in a language and 
manner that they understand. Every minor who is not a UAC transferred 
to or who remains in a DHS facility will also be advised of their right 
to judicial review and will be provided with a current list of free 
legal service providers. See 8 CFR 236.3(g)(1)(ii) and (iii).
    Additional protections support the right to counsel. Upon admission 
to a non-secure facility, a minor is provided with a comprehensive 
orientation including information about the availability of legal 
assistance, the availability of free legal assistance, the right to be 
represented by counsel at no expense to the Government, the right to 
apply to asylum or to request voluntary departure, and the right to 
attorney-client visits in accordance with applicable facility rules and 
regulations. See 8 CFR 236.3(i)(4)(ix), (xiv), and (xv). Minors in 
secure facilities are also permitted attorney-client visits in 
accordance with applicable facility rules and regulations. See 8 CFR 
236.3(i)(2). The Family Residential Standards require access to 
counsel.
    Regarding one commenter's example of a five-year old child signing 
a legal document that deprived her of her rights, the example may be 
referring to a New Yorker article about a child who signed an ORR form 
to indicate she did not need a custody hearing before an immigration 
judge as allowed for by paragraph 24 of the FSA.\31\ This example does 
not speak to DHS custody of children, but HHS has responded to all 
substantive comments about its proposal to replace custody 
determination hearings before immigration judges with independent, 
internal HHS proceedings at section 410.810 of this rule. With respect 
to this specific example, HHS notes that both custody hearings under 
the FSA and the proposed internal hearings under this rule are only for 
UACs whom ORR will not discharge solely because they would be a danger 
to community. ORR did not consider the child in the article to be a 
danger to self or others, nor would it consider any five-year old in 
its care to be a danger.
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    \31\ Available at https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-five-year-old-who-was-detained-at-the-border-and-convinced-to-sign-away-her-rights.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Technical Drafting
    Comments. One commenter noted that Sec.  236.3(i) lists, as an 
exception to the least restrictive setting requirement,

[[Page 44443]]

``the need to ensure the minor's timely appearance before DHS and the 
immigration courts'' and cross-references 6 CFR 115.14 in doing so. The 
commenter noted that no such language is included in 6 CFR 115.14, and 
the group recommended striking the referenced language, as it appears 
to prioritize appearances before DHS over the minor's special needs and 
well-being.
    Response. DHS notes that 6 CFR 115.14 states that minors shall be 
detained in the least restrictive setting in accordance with the 
applicable laws, regulations, or legal requirements. FSA paragraph 14, 
which this section of the rule implements, recognizes that the 
Government has the authority to detain minors if it is necessary to 
secure the minor's timely appearance before the Government or the 
immigration court, or to ensure the minor's safety or that of others. 
DHS declines to amend this section.
Prison-Like Conditions
    Comments. Multiple commenters stated that the proposed standards 
would result in conditions similar to prisons and that such conditions 
were inappropriate for minors. These commenters noted that prison-like 
facilities are antithetical to the healthy development of children and 
undermines the ability of parents to properly care for and nurture 
their children. Several commenters noted that it was never appropriate 
to place minors in prisons, jails, cages, or freezers and that the FSA 
explicitly prohibits jail-like conditions for minors.
    One commenter said that, nevertheless, facilities for minors 
required badge checks three times a day, used electronically locked 
doors for access to basic areas such as the library, and limited and 
monitored access to telephones and email. Other commenters said that 
the detention standards would severely restrict the movement and 
freedom of minors, regulate meal breaks, and result in disruptive bed-
checks every 15 minutes at night. They note that ``non-secure'' as 
defined in the regulation does not mean that families can come and go 
as they please, but rather that only one small portion of the facility 
must be unlocked.
    Response. DHS does not put children in jails, prisons, cages, or 
freezers. Pursuant to Sec.  236.3(i), when minors who are not UACs are 
detained in DHS custody (that is, when they are detained together with 
their parents or legal guardians in a FRC), the minors shall be 
detained in the least restrictive setting appropriate to the minor's 
age and special needs. Unless a secure facility is authorized under 
Sec.  236.3(i), the minor will be placed in a licensed, non-secure 
facility. A non-secure facility means that a facility either meets the 
definition of non-secure in the State in which the facility is located 
or if no such definition exists under state law, a DHS facility is 
deemed non-secure if egress from a portion of the facility's building 
is not prohibited through internal locks within the building or 
exterior locks and egress from the facility's premises is not 
prohibited through secure fencing around the perimeter of the building. 
See 8 CFR 236.3(b)(11). All FRCs allow families open access during the 
day to libraries, gymnasiums, and other activities, and access to 
snacks and telephones in their living areas at all hours.
    Although DHS maintains that its FRCs have been and continue to be 
non-secure, the comments received on this point demonstrate that DHS 
could take additional steps to ensure the public that DHS has no 
intention of running FRCs as secure facilities. To that end, DHS will 
be adding additional points of egress to the Dilley and Karnes 
facilities by September 30, 2019.
Changes to Final Rule
    In response to comments, DHS adds additional language from FSA 
Exhibit 1 to the regulatory text at 8 CFR 236.3(i)(4).
10. Release of Minors From DHS Custody (Sec.  236.3(j))
Summary of Proposed Rule
    The terms contained in paragraph (j)(1) permitted release of a 
minor only to a parent or legal guardian who is available to provide 
care and custody, in accordance with the TVPRA, using the same factors 
for determining whether release is appropriate as are contained in 
paragraph 14 of the FSA, once it is determined that the applicable 
statutes and regulations permit release. Included in the relevant 
factors typically is consideration of whether detention is ``required 
either to secure his or her timely appearance before [DHS] or the 
immigration court, or to ensure the minor's safety or that of others.''
    The terms contained in paragraph (j)(2) required DHS to use all 
available evidence, such as birth certificates or other available 
documentation, to ensure the parental relationship or legal 
guardianship is bona fide when determining whether an individual is a 
parent or legal guardian. Additionally, the terms contained in this 
sub-paragraph required DHS to treat a juvenile as a UAC and transfer 
him or her into HHS custody, if the relationship cannot be established.
    The terms contained in paragraph (j)(3) required DHS to assist with 
making arrangements for transportation and maintaining the discretion 
to provide transportation to the DHS office nearest the parent or legal 
guardian, if the relationship is established, but the parent or legal 
guardian lives far away.
    The terms contained in paragraph (j)(4) required DHS to not release 
a minor to any person or agency whom DHS has reason to believe may harm 
or neglect the minor or fail to comply with requirements to secure the 
minor's timely appearance before DHS or the immigration court.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Commenters generally disagreed with DHS's assertion that 
it does not have the authority to release a minor to anyone other than 
a parent or legal guardian. Several commenters expressed concern that 
the proposed changes codify family separation by not requiring DHS to 
consider releasing a parent and child simultaneously. Several 
commenters pointed to what they generally perceived as flaws in DHS's 
interpretation of the FSA's ``general policy favoring release'' as well 
as the requirement to release minors ``without unnecessary delay.''
 Restricting Release to Parents and Legal Guardians Only
    Comments. Many commenters expressed concern about restricting 
release of minors from DHS custody to parents and legal guardians. 
These commenters pointed to paragraph 14 of the FSA and the current 
language of 8 CFR 236.3, both of which articulate that minors may 
currently be released to parents, legal guardians, as well as other 
``adult relatives.'' These commenters stated that restricting release 
to parents and legal guardians will increase the likelihood of family 
separation and detention time.
    A significant number of commenters expressed concern that the TVPRA 
did not justify changing the conditions imposed by paragraph 14 of the 
FSA with regard to families with children, because the TVPRA only 
addresses unaccompanied children. These commenters further noted that a 
District Court has held that the TVPRA is not inconsistent with the 
FSA, and the government abandoned its appeal.\32\
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    \32\ Flores v. Johnson, 212 F. Supp. 3d at 868-869; Flores v. 
Sessions 2018 U.S. App. LEXIS 20461 (9th Cir. Cal. Apr. 27, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Multiple commenters asked DHS to provide a more detailed 
justification to

[[Page 44444]]

explain why DHS does not have the legal authority to release children 
to anyone other than a parent or legal guardian, especially in light of 
rigorous suitability assessments. One of these commenters asserted that 
``circular citations'' in the NPRM made it difficult to assess the 
rationale behind changing this provision. Other commenters stated that 
there is evidence indicating that placing a child with extended family 
members when parental custody is not viable results in improved 
outcomes for children and that doing so is preferable to detaining 
children in government custody for an undetermined amount of time.
    Multiple commenters stated that the proposed changes create an 
inconsistency between DHS and HHS release procedures. These commenters 
stated that it makes no sense for DHS to separate a child from his or 
her parent, re-designate that child as a UAC, and transfer the child 
into HHS custody, only to have HHS potentially release that same child 
to an adult relative sponsor. They questioned why DHS could not simply 
maintain existing procedures and release minors to adult relatives, as 
appropriate.
    A commenter stated that children who do not have a parent or legal 
guardian to whom they can be released often have a stronger defense 
against removal, including but not limited to eligibility for Special 
Immigrant Juvenile status. One commenter stated that restricting 
release to parents and legal guardians goes against common cultural 
practices in other parts of the world where extended family members 
play a prominent role in providing care and custody of children. 
Another commenter stated that many refugee children do not have parents 
in-country and disallowing extended family members from accepting 
immigrant minors would keep many refugee children in detention 
unnecessarily.
    Multiple commenters expressed concern about DHS not implementing 
paragraph 15 of the FSA, which according to commenters, allows a parent 
to appoint a guardian with a notarized affidavit. One of these 
commenters stated that discontinuing the use of affidavits allowing 
parents to approve release of their child to an adult relative 
unnecessarily limits the options available and goes against the FSA's 
general policy favoring release.
    However, one commenter expressed support for the proposed changes 
and stated that given high absconder rates for minors and UACs, 
releasing minors to parents or legal guardians places the child in the 
best position to prepare for immigration proceedings. This commenter 
noted that the HSA and TVPRA supersede the FSA and therefore DHS does 
not have statutory authority to release minors to anyone other than 
parents, legal guardians, or HHS.
 Simultaneous Release of Parent and Child
    Comments. Several commenters stated that the proposed changes 
further codify family separation by eliminating the current requirement 
that DHS consider releasing a parent and child simultaneously. One 
commenter pointed Supreme Court's opinion in Flores v. Reno, in which 
the majority stated, ``[t]he parties to the present suit agree that the 
[INS] must assure itself that someone will care for those minors 
pending resolution of their deportation proceedings. That is easily 
done when the juvenile's parents have also been detained and the family 
can be released together.'' This commenter questioned how DHS and HHS 
can justify departing from the Supreme Court's opinion under the 
proposed regulations.
    One commenter expressed concern that eliminating current 
requirements to consider simultaneous release of parent and child will 
lead to either longer detention time for children and/or increased 
instances of family separation. Other commenters said the proposed 
changes go too far and eliminate the required evaluation, thereby 
reducing the likelihood of discretionary exercises of this existing 
authority. Another commenter stated that forcible separation of 
children from their parents is generally considered a war crime, or at 
least morally reprehensible.
 FSA's ``General Policy Favoring Release''
    Comments. Several commenters expressed concern about the proposed 
changes not adhering to the FSA's general policy favoring release and 
family reunification. Another commenter stated that the proposed 
regulations codify a change from the FSA's general policy favoring 
release to indefinite detainment. Another commenter expressed concern 
about longer detention times and costs. This commenter cited a report 
noting that the Tornillo detention center began operating in June 2018, 
expanded from 1,200 to 3,800 beds, and now has an estimated monthly 
cost of $100 million.\33\ A commenter expressed concern that the 
proposed changes contradict Congressional intent that children are to 
be reunified with a sponsor in the best interest of the child and in 
the ``least restrictive'' placement.\34\ This commenter stated that the 
existing regulatory language comports with the fundamental right to 
family unity, whereas the proposed changes would interfere with this 
right.
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    \33\ Summary of Proposed Regulations Regarding Children and 
Immigration Detention, National Immigration Forum, https://immigrationforum.org/article/summary-of-proposed-regulations-regarding-children-and-immigration-detention/ (last visited Nov 6, 
2018).
    \34\ See 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(4).
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 FSA's Requirement To Release Children ``Without Unnecessary 
Delay''
    Comments. Several commenters stated that the proposed changes would 
delay release and prolong institutionalization swelling an already 
overburdened HHS shelter system. For example, one expressed concern 
that parents will not be incentivized to come forward and sponsor their 
child once they are transferred to HHS, further adding to increased 
detention times for children. This commenter pointed to an April 2018 
Memorandum of Agreement between DHS and HHS requiring the collection of 
sponsor fingerprints for the purposes of immigration enforcement. 
Another commenter stated that the proposed changes are at odds with 
paragraph 14 of the FSA which is the heart of the settlement's 
protections requiring DHS and HHS to release children without 
unnecessary delay. A commenter stated this would lead to long 
detention, placement in long-term foster care, or detention fatigue, 
potentially forcing a child to accept voluntary departure and risk re-
exposure to the danger he or she fled from in the first place, rather 
than being able to pursue relief in the United States for which the 
child may qualify.
    Response. DHS maintains its position that the FSA, when originally 
drafted, was never intended to apply to alien minors who were 
accompanied by their parents or legal guardians. DHS has also found 
that balancing its enforcement of immigration laws with its obligations 
to comply with the FSA as the courts have interpreted the Agreement has 
presented significant operational challenges. Nevertheless, this rule 
provides for the release of both accompanied minors and UACs, through 
the existing statutes and regulations, in a way that complies with the 
intent of the FSA, while allowing DHS to fulfill its statutory 
requirements.
    The TVPRA mandates that the care and custody of UACs is solely the 
domain of HHS. Absent exceptional circumstances, DHS is required to 
transfer UACs to HHS within 72 hours of determining that an individual 
is a UAC. By definition, a UAC is a child

[[Page 44445]]

who has no lawful immigration status in the United States, has not 
attained 18 years of age, and with respect to whom there is no parent 
or legal guardian in the United States or no parent or legal guardian 
in the United States is available to provide care and physical custody. 
6 U.S.C. 279(g)(2). If a juvenile is encountered with the juvenile's 
parent or legal guardian, DHS is likely to consider the group a family 
unit and is unlikely to consider the juvenile a UAC. However, if the 
parent or legal guardian is required to be detained in a setting in 
which he/she cannot provide care and physical custody of that juvenile, 
for instance in criminal custody, the juvenile may become a UAC by 
operation of law.
    If the juvenile becomes a UAC, DHS no longer has the legal 
authority to provide for the care and custody of the juvenile and must 
transfer the juvenile to HHS. Because DHS has no authority to provide 
for the care and custody of UACs, DHS cannot release a UAC but instead 
must transfer a UAC to HHS.
    Regarding commenters' concerns about the implementation of 
paragraph 15 of the FSA, DHS notes that paragraph 15 does not provide a 
means by which a parent can appoint a guardian; rather, it requires 
that a potential sponsor sign an affidavit of support. With respect to 
the Tornillo facility, DHS notes that it is an HHS facility and Sec.  
236.3 does not apply to HHS facilities.
    Upon consideration of the comments, however, DHS now agrees that 
DHS is not statutorily barred by the HSA and TVPRA from releasing a 
non-UAC minor to someone other than a parent or legal guardian. DHS 
acknowledges that this interpretation of the law differs from the 
interpretation DHS represented to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th 
Circuit in recent litigation,\35\ but after considering the comments 
received on this rulemaking and further reviewing the language of the 
HSA and the TVPRA, DHS has determined that this revised interpretation 
of these statutes is the best reading of them, and that allowing for 
such releases here is necessary and appropriate.
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    \35\ See Brief for Appellants, Flores v. Sessions, No. 17-56297 
(9th Cir. Jan. 5, 2018).
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    The current text of 8 CFR 236.3(b) permits release of a juvenile to 
an adult relative, specifically a brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or 
grandparent, who is not presently in detention. DHS believes that 
release of non-UAC minors to these other adult relatives may be lawful 
and appropriate in certain circumstances, provided that the Government 
has no concerns about the minor's safety upon such release, and it has 
no concerns about the adult relative's ability to secure the non-UAC 
minor's timely appearance before DHS or the immigration courts. 
However, DHS will maintain a presumption for keeping minors with 
parents or legal guardians. Any release of a non-UAC minor to an adult 
relative other than a parent or legal guardian will be within the 
unreviewable discretion of DHS. DHS notes that the TVPRA and HSA 
provisions that apply to UACs cannot be superseded by the FSA or by 
existing regulations. The court decisions cited by commenters state 
that the TVPRA and HSA do not supersede the FSA solely as to the point 
that the FSA applies to both minors and UACs, and the Government is 
currently appealing these decisions.
    DHS reiterates that it does not hold minors for extended periods of 
time without their parents or legal guardians, unless these minors are 
subject to secure detention. Regarding the comments about the FSA 
generally favoring release, DHS must release minors pursuant to the 
existing statutes and regulations; this includes release on parole. 
Consistent with the language of paragraph 14 of the FSA, DHS will 
consider parole for all minors in its custody who are eligible, and 
such consideration will include whether the minor presents a safety 
risk or risk of absconding. DHS believes that paroling such eligible 
minors detained pursuant to INA 235(b)(1)(B)(ii) or 8 CFR 235.3(c) who 
present neither a safety risk or risk of absconding will generally 
present an urgent humanitarian need. For more general concerns about 
parole, see the discussion above regarding Sec.  212.5.
Changes to Final Rule
    Accordingly, DHS amends its proposed regulatory text in 8 CFR 
236.3(j) to not preclude release of a non-UAC minor to an adult 
relative (brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or grandparent) who is not in 
detention and is available to provide care and physical custody. Such 
release, if deemed appropriate, will be effectuated within the 
discretion of DHS. DHS also adds paragraph (j)(4) stating that DHS will 
consider parole for all minors who are detained pursuant to section 
235(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the INA or 8 CFR 235.3(c) and that paroling such 
minors who do not present a safety risk or risk of absconding will 
generally serve an urgent humanitarian reason, and may also consider 
the minor's well-being. Lastly, DHS adds that it may consider aggregate 
and historical data, officer experience, statistical information, or 
any other probative information in making these determinations.
11. Procedures Upon Transfer Sec.  236.3(k)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS proposed revisions to Sec.  236.3(k) state that all minors or 
UACs transferred from one ICE placement to another will be transferred 
with all possessions and legal property. The proposed regulations added 
that a minor or UAC will not be transferred until a notice has been 
provided to their counsel, except in an unusual or compelling 
circumstance.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. One commenter commented that the requirements for 
providing notice to counsel prior to transferring a UAC or minor do not 
align with the ABA UC Standards, which recommends both oral and written 
notice to the child and his or her attorney prior to transfer to 
include, (1) the reason for transfer; (2) the child's right to appeal 
the transfer; and (3) the procedures for an appeal.
    The ABA UC Standards further recommend that the notice include the 
date of transfer and the location, address, and phone number of the new 
detention facility, and the commenter urged DHS to include these 
provisions in the rule.
    The commenter also raised a concern with the use of the terms 
``unusual and compelling circumstance'' without further guidance. The 
commenter suggested that DHS adopt the language from the ABA UC 
Standards, which define ``compelling and unusual circumstances'' as the 
child posing an immediate threat to himself or others or the child 
posing an escape risk. A state agency similarly commented that the 
exception to providing prior notice to counsel in ``unusual and 
compelling circumstances'' is too broad and will ``result in arbitrary 
and capricious application.'' Finally, a commenter urged DHS to include 
language from the ABA UC Standards addressing a right to an independent 
review of a transfer decision that places the burden of persuasion that 
a transfer is necessary on DHS and allows a dissatisfied minor or UAC 
to seek further de novo review in Federal court.
    Response: DHS declines to adopt this suggestion to adopt the ABA UC 
standards because the standards impose requirements on DHS that exceed 
what the FSA requires and may place an undue burden on DHS operations 
or compromise the security of UACs and/or minors or DHS personnel and 
facilities. The proposed regulation at Sec.  236.3(k) incorporates the 
transfer standards required by the FSA, as amended to account for the 
changes in law made by the HSA and TVPRA.

[[Page 44446]]

    The FSA does not require DHS to provide notice of the transfer of a 
UAC or minor to anyone other than legal counsel. The FSA does not 
specify the form in which notice be provided nor does it specify that 
any other details (i.e., date of transfer, location, address and phone 
number of new facility) must be disclosed. The FSA does not require DHS 
to provide an explanation of the reasons for a transfer or provide a 
process of administrative review and appeal of DHS's decision to 
transfer a UAC or a minor. However, paragraph 24B of the FSA provides a 
UAC or minor an opportunity to challenge that placement determination 
by seeking judicial review in any U.S. District Court with jurisdiction 
and venue over the matter, and the proposed regulation in Sec.  
236.3(g)(1)(ii) and (iii) provide that minors will receive notice of 
his or her right to judicial review, as well as be provided with the 
free legal service provider list.
    DHS notes that the commenter's concern about the use of the term 
``unusual and compelling circumstances'' without further guidance is 
misplaced, because the term is taken from paragraph 27 of the FSA. 
Paragraph 27 provides guidance on what could be ``unusual and 
compelling circumstances,'' including ``where the safety of the minor 
or others is threatened, or the minor has been determined to be an 
escape-risk, or where counsel has waived such notice.'' FSA paragraph 
27. These illustrative definitions are included in proposed regulation 
Sec.  236.3(k).
    DHS declines to adopt the commenter's suggestion to substitute 
``unusual and compelling circumstances'' as defined in the FSA with the 
ABA's definition of ``compelling and unusual circumstances''; namely: 
``i. the Child poses an immediate threat to himself or others; or ii. 
the Custodial Agency has made an individualized determination that the 
Child poses a substantial and immediate escape risk.'' UC Standards 
section VII.H.2.c. By imposing a heightened standard of danger and 
escape risk to trigger the exception, the UC Standard definition 
potentially exposes the UAC or minor and others to a risk of harm or 
flight that was otherwise mitigated in the FSA. The definition is also 
unworkable as applied to DHS, because the UC Standards define 
``Custodial Agency'' to exclude an Immigration Enforcement Agency. The 
UC Standards definition places undue burden on DHS operations and 
compromises the security of UACs and/or minors and DHS personnel and 
facilities.
Changes to Final Rule
    Accordingly, DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory 
provisions regarding monitoring based on public comments, and adopts 
the language proposed in the NPRM through this final rule.
12. Notice to Parent of Refusal of Release or Application for Relief 
Sec.  236.3(l)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS proposed to move and clarify current regulatory provisions in 
Sec.  236.3(e) and (f) to a new Sec.  236.3(l) to state that a parent 
shall be notified if a minor or UAC in DHS custody refuses to be 
released to his or her parent; or if the minor or UAC request any type 
of relief from DHS that would terminate the parent-child relationship, 
or the rights or interest are adverse to that of the parent(s). The 
proposed regulation balances the minor's or UAC's desire to take an 
action adverse to the wishes of his/her parent with the parent's or 
legal guardian's right to be notified and present their views to DHS, 
especially if the adverse action would terminate the parent-child 
relationship. The proposed regulatory text, as with existing 
regulations, does not allow the parent to request a hearing on the 
matter before an immigration judge.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. One commenter stated that the provision does not meet the 
stated purpose of this rulemaking because it does not implement the 
FSA, TVPRA, or HSA, but rather continues this dated provision. Several 
commenters stated that the proposed language does not explain how DHS 
will determine when a grant of relief will effectively terminate an 
inherent interest in a parent-child relationship or how DHS will 
determine when a child's rights and interests are adverse to the 
parents' rights and interests. One commenter is also worried that there 
is no provision in the proposed regulation about how DHS would 
determine whether such notification is prohibited by law or would pose 
a risk to the minor's safety or well-being. Another commenter urged a 
right to appeal.
    When the original regulations were promulgated, the INS adjudicated 
applications and had custody of the children. Some commenters believe 
that ICE and CBP inherently lack the knowledge needed to understand the 
risks of revealing the type of application filed by a minor because 
neither organization knows about the content of immigration 
applications and might inadvertently put the child at risk or thwart 
the child's ability to obtain humanitarian relief. These commenters 
suggest that the complex nature of the issues raised by this provision 
underscore the need for appointed counsel in immigration proceedings.
    Several commenters recommended that DHS be required to appoint an 
independent advocate to be appointed for each child; one who represents 
the individual child's best interest and legal needs through the maze 
of bureaucracy.
    Response. DHS has determined that the language of this provision is 
sufficiently detailed to guide decision-makers and that any further 
detailed explanation of terms is more appropriate for guidance 
documents and policies. Given DHS's experience that many legal 
representatives vigorously advocate for children in immigration 
proceedings, DHS declines to commit to appointing an independent child 
advocate at this time.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to expand the provisions of 8 CFR 236.3(l) to provide 
a detailed explanation of the meaning of the terms in this paragraph.
13. Bond Hearings Sec.  [thinsp]236.3(m)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS's proposed revisions to Sec.  236.3(m) state that bond hearings 
are only applicable to minors who are in removal proceedings under INA 
240, to the extent permitted by 8 CFR 1003.19, and who are in DHS 
custody. DHS has also removed the term ``deportation proceeding'' from 
the existing regulation and updated the language with bond hearings to 
be consistent with the changes in immigration law. The proposed rule 
also adds language to specifically exclude certain categories of minors 
over whose custody immigration judges do not have jurisdiction.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Several commenters wrote about the proposal to update the 
provision for bond hearings under DHS proposed 8 CFR 236.3(m) and HHS 
proposed 45 CFR 410.810. Because both provisions related to paragraph 
24(A) of the FSA, comments sometimes transitioned fluidly between being 
directed toward DHS and HHS. The comments submitted can be grouped into 
two main categories: (1) That the changes to the bond hearing provision 
are incompatible with the text of the FSA and case law interpreting it 
and (2) that such changes raise due process concerns.
    The most frequent comment was that the proposed transition of bond 
hearings from an immigration court to an

[[Page 44447]]

administrative setting does not comply with the FSA and applicable case 
law. The commenters reasoned that paragraph 24(A) of the FSA requires 
minors in deportation proceedings to be afforded a bond redetermination 
hearing before an immigration judge in every case. They further pointed 
to the decision in Flores v. Sessions, 862 F.3d 863 (9th Cir. 2017), as 
evidence that the Ninth Circuit, in interpreting and applying the FSA 
had already ruled against the government when it argued that the 
limiting of bond hearings applied to minors in DHS custody only. Many 
of the commenters pointed to a quote from the court's decision 
discussing how the hearing is a ``forum in which the child has the 
right to be represented by counsel, and to have the merits of his or 
her detention assessed by an independent immigration judge.'' Another 
commenter also wrote that the TVPRA and the HSA do not supersede the 
FSA or allow for inconsistent standards, which the commenter believed 
would result from the implementation of the proposed rule.
    Many commenters wrote that the change threatened the due process 
rights of UACs. They stated that the proposed rule reverses a child's 
right to a bond hearing and instead creates an agency-run 
administrative process that poses threats to due process. These 
commenters wrote that as a matter of policy, immigration judges are 
best suited to rule on UAC bond hearings, as they have the relevant 
background and knowledge base to understand the situation and determine 
the appropriate course of action. Some of these commenters objected to 
the standard of proof required in bond hearings and said it should be 
by clear and convincing evidence. They reasoned that the clear and 
convincing evidence standard governs almost all civil detentions, with 
the exception of immigration detention, and a higher standard of proof 
should be applied where children's rights are at stake. Similarly, one 
commenter stated that the burden should never be on the child to show 
that he or she is not a danger to the community or a flight risk and 
asked that the burden be on the government, not the minor. Commenters 
also suggested that children and families should have access to legal 
counsel throughout the ``immigration pathway'' and that alternatives to 
detention, specifically ``community-based case management'' should be 
the government's default policy. Another commenter wrote urging the 
appointment of child advocates, hearings within 48 hours of request by 
child or counsel, and procedures to ensure that all minors are informed 
of their right to request review of continued detention.
    Some commenters who differentiated between the provisions 
applicable to DHS and HHS, supported or acknowledged that proposed 8 
CFR 236.3(m) maintained the process required by FSA paragraph 24(A). 
One commenter wrote in support of proposed 8 CFR 236.3(m) because the 
provision clarifies that minors detained in DHS custody but not in 
section 240 proceedings are ineligible to seek review by an immigration 
judge of their DHS custody determination, consistent with the TVPRA. 
Other commenters did not explicitly endorse the provision, but 
acknowledged that it provided the protections and processes required by 
the FSA.
    Response. For responses to comments relating to the HHS proposed 
hearings in 45 CFR 410.810, please see below in the HHS section by 
section comment analysis under Sec.  410.810.
    DHS agrees with commenters that the proposed regulatory text at 8 
CFR 236.3(m) reflects the requirements of the FSA regarding existence 
of bond redetermination hearings for minors in DHS custody who are in 
removal proceedings pursuant to INA 240. The understanding that the 
term ``deportation hearings'' in paragraph 24(A) of the FSA refers to 
what are now known as removal proceedings has been reiterated 
throughout the Flores litigation. See Order Re: Plaintiff's Motion to 
Enforce at 2 n.2, Flores v. Sessions, No. 85-4544, (C.D. Cal. Jan. 20, 
2017) (``The Court will therefore treat ``deportation proceedings'' as 
written in the Flores Agreement as synonymous with ``removal 
proceedings.''); see also Flores v. Sessions, 862 F.3d 863, 869 n.5 
(9th Cir. 2017) (``Administrative removal proceedings to determine a 
non-citizen's right to remain in the United States have been re-
designated as `removal' rather than `deportation' under the Illegal 
Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), 
Pub. L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009 (1996)''). Accordingly, the terms of 
FSA paragraph 24(A) requires bond redetermination hearings solely for 
those aliens who are in removal proceedings under INA 240 and who are 
otherwise entitled to bond under relevant Executive Office for 
Immigration Review regulations. Minors who are in proceedings other 
than removal proceedings under INA 240 (i.e., expedited removal 
proceedings) are not entitled to bond hearings under the FSA. Under the 
INA, minors in expedited removal proceedings are not afforded bond 
hearings; rather, DHS may parole such aliens on a case-by-case basis. 
See INA 235(b)(l)(B)(iii)(IV); Order Re: Motion to Enforce and Appoint 
a Special Monitor at 23, Flores v. Sessions, No. 85-4544 (C.D. Cal. 
June 27, 2017). DHS also notes that arriving aliens, even those in 
section 240 proceedings, are not entitled to bond. See INA 
235(b)(2)(A); 8 CFR 1003.19(h)(2)(i)(B). DHS, therefore, will maintain 
the proposed language of 8 CFR 236.3(m) in this final rule.
    DHS reiterates that the provision applies to minors in DHS custody; 
DHS has no authority to regulate custody determinations for individuals 
in the custody of another agency. See generally INA 103(a)(3); 5 U.S.C. 
706(2)(c) (considering agency regulations that are ``in excess of 
statutory jurisdiction'' to be unlawful). In accordance with the 
relevant savings and transfer provisions of the HSA, see 6 U.S.C. 279, 
552, 557; see also 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(1), the ORR Director now possesses 
the authority to promulgate regulations concerning ORR's administration 
of its responsibilities under the HSA and TVPRA. Commenters who 
disagree with DHS's limiting proposed 8 CFR 236.3(m) to minors in DHS 
custody cite to a case relating to UACs and seem to disregard the 
distinction between DHS's proposed 8 CFR 236.3(m) and HHS' proposed 45 
CFR 410.810 custody redetermination regulations for UACs. The 
commenters aver that minors other than those in DHS custody are 
entitled to individualized custody hearings. Though it is true under 
governing case law that paragraph 24(A) applies to both accompanied and 
unaccompanied minors in removal proceedings such that those aliens are 
entitled to individualized custody assessments, proposed 8 CFR 
236.3(m)--as a DHS regulation--cannot extend to the cases of UACs in 
ORR custody. The paragraph expressly applies only to ``minors in DHS 
custody;'' by its terms, the group covered in this regulation does not 
overlap with the group addressed in the Ninth Circuit's 2017 Flores 
decision. The Departments refer commenters to HHS' response below, with 
respect to the hearings under 45 CFR 410.810. Though DHS and HHS 
hearings are separate and distinct from one another, both Departments 
are issuing regulations that are consistent with the FSA, HSA, and the 
TVPRA, and are justified by the different roles of each agency.
    Proposed Sec.  236.3(a)(1) codifies the FSA's general policy 
statement, found in paragraph 11 of the FSA, that minors and UACs in 
DHS custody shall be

[[Page 44448]]

treated with dignity, respect, and special concern for their particular 
vulnerability. The proposed language at Sec.  236.3(m) does not 
represent a shifting in the burden of proof applicable in bond 
proceedings for minors in DHS custody. Aliens in DHS custody who are 
seeking bond have the burden to show that they do not present a danger 
or flight risk. See Matter of Guerra, 24 I&N Dec. 37, 40 (BIA 2006). 
Immigration Judges have broad discretion in determining whether an 
alien merits release on bond. See id. But the regulations maintain 
language from the FSA provision which specifies that a minor be given 
notice of the right to judicial review in the United States District 
Court.\36\ Thus, the proposed language does not represent a shift from 
current practices.
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    \36\ As previously stated, the rule does not itself provide for 
the right to judicial review as a regulation cannot vest Federal 
courts with jurisdiction.
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    Moreover, minors in DHS custody are accorded rights in bond 
proceedings that extend to aliens generally. An alien in DHS custody 
who is otherwise entitled to bond may seek a bond hearing before an 
immigration judge prior to the filing of the Notice to Appear 
containing the charges of removability. An alien may submit evidence 
and present arguments as to whether his or her release is authorized 
under the immigration laws and whether he or she merits release as a 
matter of discretion. An alien may be represented by an attorney or 
other representative of his or her choice at no expense to the 
government; Congress has not provided for government-funded counsel in 
bond proceedings, or in fact, in any immigration proceedings. Minors 
subject to 236.3(m) are necessarily not UACs without a parent or legal 
guardian in the United States available to provide for their care and 
physical custody. Moreover, bond hearing standards are not so 
complicated that many minors without representation would be unable to 
participate in a bond hearing with the assistance of an immigration 
judge. Aliens may appeal bond redetermination decisions made by an 
immigration judge to the Board of Immigration Appeals and are informed 
of their right to review. See 8 CFR 1236.1(d)(4); 1003.19(f).
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory provisions regarding 
bond hearings based on public comments.
14. Retaking Custody of a Previously Released Minor Sec.  
[thinsp]236.3(n)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    DHS proposed revisions to Sec.  236.3(n) to state that if a minor 
is an escape-risk (as defined at Sec.  236.3(b)(6)), a danger to the 
community or has a final order of removal, DHS may take the minor back 
into custody. The proposed regulation adds language to explain that if 
the minor no longer has a parent or legal guardian available to provide 
care and physical custody, the minor will be treated as a UAC and DHS 
will transfer him or her to the custody of HHS.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Several commenters discussed Sec.  236.3(n) in the 
proposed rule, which would provide for DHS to retake custody of a child 
when there is a material change of circumstances indicating the child 
is an escape risk, a danger to the community, or has a final order of 
removal. Several commenters expressed concern that Sec.  236.3(n) is 
overly broad, is inconsistent with the FSA, or does not include 
adequate procedural safeguards to protect a child's rights.
    One commenter stated that neither the FSA nor the current 
regulations provide for retaking custody of previously released 
juveniles if a juvenile becomes an escape-risk, becomes a danger to the 
community, or receives a final order of removal after being released. 
The commenter stated that this violates the FSA and lacks any 
limitations or procedural safeguards, including any independent review 
of the decision to retake custody of a child following release from 
ORR. The commenter additionally suggested, without providing any data 
to support this, that for-profit detention facilities would benefit 
from this as it would increase the number of detained persons and DHS 
could use the proposed regulation to retake custody of a child 
following an accidental or erroneous in absentia final order of 
removal.
    Another commenter expressed concern that the proposed rule presents 
a danger for arbitrary application and needless traumatization. In 
considering retaking custody, this commenter recommended applying the 
standards for transfer outlined in the ABA's UC Standards.
    Several commenters also stated concerns about adequate procedural 
protections to challenge DHS's actions after retaking custody of a 
previously released minor. One commenter wrote that the regulation is 
silent on who bears the burden of proof that there is a material change 
in circumstances. Several commenters cited a recent ruling on Saravia 
v. Sessions, No. 18-15114 (9th Cir. 2017), by the U.S. Court of Appeals 
for the Ninth Circuit, which held that immigrant children are entitled 
to prompt hearings in which the Government bears the burden of 
demonstrating why there was a material change in circumstances. One 
commenter recommended the government immediately provide minors and 
UACs who are taken back into custody with an opportunity to contact 
family members as well as their attorneys.
    One commenter stated that children who have been released from 
custody are at risk of receiving a final order of removal, and thus 
subject to DHS retaking custody, because they have a higher risk of 
missing a court appearance for reasons that are not intentional. This 
may be because they are under the control of the sponsor, lack the 
resources to travel to the immigration court, or are unable to 
independently seek legal counsel to assist with attendance. Several 
commenters opined that the rule would result in the increased policing 
of immigrant and non-immigrant members of communities of color in the 
country.
    Response. DHS disagrees with commenters' statements that this 
provision presents a ``danger of arbitrary application.'' Currently, 
there are no regulatory provisions for retaking custody of a previously 
released minor. Therefore, this provision is intended to provide 
regulatory guidance and clarity where it currently does not exist. As 
noted in the NPRM, a material change in circumstances could potentially 
be triggered by a released minor later becoming an escape-risk, 
becoming a danger to the community, receiving a final order of removal, 
and/or if there is no longer a parent or legal guardian available to 
care for the minor. DHS notes that the FSA's definition of escape risk 
allows consideration of, inter alia, whether ``the minor has previously 
absconded or attempted to abscond from INS custody.'' This rule would 
specifically identify absconding from any Federal or state custody as a 
relevant factor, not just the custody of INS or its successor agencies. 
This change is consistent with the FSA, which provides only a non-
exhaustive list of considerations. The purpose of providing this 
regulatory clarity is to ensure that release and custody determinations 
are generally informed by the same factors for consideration (i.e. if a 
minor is determined to be a danger to the community prior to release, 
that minor may not be released. Likewise, if that minor later becomes a

[[Page 44449]]

danger to the community, DHS seeks to regain custody of that minor).
    In response to comments about the lack of procedural safeguards, 
including burden of proof and independent review of custody 
determinations, DHS notes that minors who are not UACs and who are 
taken back into DHS custody may request a custody redetermination 
hearing in accordance with 8 CFR 236.3(m) of this rule and to the 
extent permitted by 8 CFR 1003.19.
    DHS notes the recommendation to ensure that minors and UACs who are 
taken back into custody are immediately provided with an opportunity to 
contact family members or legal counsel. These provisions and other 
detention standards are incorporated into Sec.  236.3(i) describing 
standards for detention of minors in DHS custody who are not UACs.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory provisions regarding 
retaking custody of previously released minors based on public 
comments.
15. Monitoring Sec.  236.3(o)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    The terms contained in the proposed rule required CBP and ICE each 
to identify a Juvenile Coordinator for the purpose of monitoring 
statistics about UACs and minors who remain in DHS custody for longer 
than 72 hours. The statistical information may include, but would not 
be limited to, biographical information, dates of custody, placement, 
transfers, removals, or releases from custody. The juvenile 
coordinators may collect such data, if appropriate, and may also review 
additional data points should they deem it appropriate given 
operational changes and other considerations.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Multiple commenters expressed concern that DHS's proposed 
changes would remove important protections for children by limiting 
monitoring and oversight performed by agencies; decreasing data 
collection requirements; eliminating attorney monitoring 
responsibilities; and implementing vague or broad Juvenile Coordinators 
duties that lack standard and omitted provisions of the FSA.
    Some commenters expressed concern with respect to the proposed 
rule's Juvenile Coordinator monitor provision. Although a few of the 
commenters acknowledged that language in the proposed rule in part 
reflects monitoring provisions in FSA paragraph 28A, the commenters 
argued that the proposed rule omits important collections of 
information regarding the placement of minors in more restrictive or 
secure facilities. Additionally, the commenters claimed that the 
proposed regulation omits associated FSA provisions requiring the 
Juvenile Coordinator to share reports with Plaintiffs' counsel and 
permit Plaintiffs' counsel to engage with the Juvenile Coordinator 
regarding implementation of the FSA. Another commenter complained that 
the proposed rule would direct the collection of information about 
minors who had been held in CBP or ICE custody for longer than 72 
hours, but this scenario would not require DHS to do anything with this 
information or to provide it for independent oversight and review, or 
corrective action. A few commenters cited that paragraph 28(A) of the 
FSA requires a weekly collection of specific data from all ICE and CBP 
district offices and Border Patrol stations; however, the proposed rule 
does not set forth how frequently data collection is required, nor does 
it require CBP/ICE to collect the same types of information. Another 
commenter added that the proposed regulations provided no mandatory 
qualifications for the Juvenile Coordinator and the requirements 
necessary to become one are broad and unclear. As general practice, the 
commenter advised that any government official charged with making 
placement determinations for children, particularly children who have 
experienced trauma, should be required to have child welfare experience 
and qualifications, rather than law enforcement expertise. Another 
commenter recommended expanding immigration courts and appointing 
guardians for children so they are not alone in the process.
    Commenters expressed concern with the Juvenile Coordinators 
provision, which allows for collection of hearing dates and 
``additional data points should they deem it appropriate given 
operational changes and other considerations'' for aliens in DHS 
custody. The commenters voiced concern that statement is extremely 
broad and does not provide meaningful standards for monitoring. The 
commenter cited the legal case of Checkosky v. SEC, 139 F.3d 221, 226 
(D.C. Cir. 1998). This commenter recommended the Government withdraw 
the rule or provide specific information about the persons to whom 
Juvenile Coordinators will report; operational changes and who would 
determine them; accountability; recordkeeping; resources; 
qualifications for Juvenile Coordinators; data sharing; the process to 
receive additional data points or statistical inquiry suggestions; etc.
    Some commenters objected to the elimination of the third-party 
monitoring by Flores plaintiffs' counsel and oversight of compliance 
with the FSA that results when the FSA is terminated. The commenters 
recounted recent reports and lawsuits before and after the proposed 
rule was published that they allege demonstrate the Government has not 
followed the terms of the FSA with respect to monitoring.\37\ Some of 
these examples involved ORR, (i.e., a July 2018 court order in Flores 
v. Sessions regarding Shiloh Residential Treatment Center and 
prescription of psychotropic medications, as well as placement in 
secure and staff-secure shelters and residential treatment centers 
(RTCs), and certain policies regarding release (such as requiring post-
release service providers to be in place prior to release)). The 
commenter also noted the appointment of a Special Master/Independent 
Monitor in October 2018, to monitor compliance with the court's orders 
and to make findings of fact reports and recommendations.\38\ The 
commenter claimed that the ability of Flores counsel to interview 
detained children in a confidential way allows them to share 
information about how they are being treated and has been critical to 
identify ill-treatment and non-compliance with FSA standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ See, e.g., DHS OIG, ICE's Inspection and Monitoring of 
Detention Facilities Do Not Lead to Sustained Compliance or Systemic 
Improvements: DHS OIG Highlights (OIG-18-67), June 26, 2018 https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2018-06/OIG-18-67-Jun18.pdf.
    \38\ Flores v. Sessions, CV 85-4544-DMG, at 2 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 5, 
2018), Order Appointing Special Master/Independent Monitor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response. Although commenters are concerned that the proposed 
regulation Sec.  236.3(o) limits the monitoring and oversight of the 
Government's responsibilities set forth in the FSA, such concerns are 
misplaced. Many of the data collection, monitoring, and oversight 
provisions included in the FSA are provisions that were included to 
guide the operation of the agreement itself and, as such, are not 
relevant or substantive terms of the FSA. The FSA, as modified in 2001, 
provides that it will terminate 45 days after publication of final 
regulations implementing the agreement and accordingly, the terms that 
are not relevant or substantive, such as certain requirements to report 
to plaintiffs' counsel and to the court, will cease to apply to the 
parties to the agreement. DHS, in Sec.  236.3(o), is adopting a policy 
specifically to provide for the data collection and monitoring to

[[Page 44450]]

assist in its own internal monitoring, and while the provisions reflect 
those, as set forth under paragraph 28A of the FSA, such provision is 
an internal agency practice. The provisions of paragraph 28A exist 
solely in order for the Court and plaintiff's counsel to monitor 
compliance with the terms of the Agreement on behalf of the Class (see, 
for example, paragraph 28B regarding what plaintiff's counsel should do 
if the reporting and monitoring lead to reasonable suspicion that a 
minor should have been released.). That of monitoring provision for 
counsel is not appropriate for Federal regulations. Moreover, this rule 
will result in the termination of the FSA making that type of 
monitoring provision inapt.
    The current regulations at 8 CFR 236.3(c) describe the duties of 
the Juvenile Coordinator, including the responsibility of locating 
suitable placements for juveniles. The language proposed at Sec.  
236.3(o) will provide for monitoring by the Juvenile Coordinators. This 
regulation will also eliminate the requirement in the current 
regulations that the Juvenile Coordinator locate a suitable placement 
for minors, as these duties are generally exercised by immigration 
officers and other employees at DHS (or by HHS and its grantees for 
UACs). The Juvenile Coordinator as described in the FSA is tasked with 
overseeing the compliance with the FSA. The CBP and ICE Juvenile 
Coordinators as described in the proposed regulation will be tasked 
with overseeing CBP and ICE's compliance with the regulations. This 
monitoring may involve whatever actions the Juvenile Coordinators 
determine is appropriate to monitor compliance, (including, for 
instance, conducting facility visits, reviewing agency policies and 
procedures, or interviewing employees and/or detainees). They will not 
make placement decisions.
    As the FSA requires, the Juvenile Coordinators will also continue 
to collect data about placement in a detention facility. DHS notes that 
this data is currently collected by the ICE Juvenile Coordinator, as 
CBP does not maintain data about a minor's placement in a detention 
facility. Collecting data will be an additional part of the Juvenile 
Coordinator's duties (in addition to their role monitoring compliance 
with the terms of the regulations). In this final rule, DHS is amending 
the regulatory text to clarify that the Juvenile Coordinator's duty to 
collect statistics is in addition to the requirement to monitor 
compliance with the terms of the regulations.
    The commenters' concerns that this rule omits important collection 
of information regarding the placement of minors in more restrictive or 
secure facilities misapprehends the omission of collection of reasons 
for placement in a detention facility or medium secure facility. In the 
discussion to proposed regulation Sec.  236.3(b)--Definitions, DHS 
explains that it does not propose to adopt the FSA's term ``medium 
security facility'' because DHS does not maintain any medium security 
facilities for the temporary detention of minors and the definition is 
now unnecessary. In addition, Sec.  236.3(o) includes the ``reasons for 
a particular placement'' in the list of statistical information that 
may be collected routinely by the Juvenile Coordinators, and both the 
discussion of the proposed regulation and Sec.  236.3(o) itself propose 
two Juvenile Coordinators--one for ICE and one for CBP--and charge each 
with monitoring compliance with the requirements of these regulations, 
and with monitoring statistics about UACs and minors who remain in DHS 
custody for longer than 72 hours.
    This requirement to collect statistical information about UACs and 
minors who remain in CBP or ICE custody for longer than 72 hours will 
necessarily capture the data set forth in paragraph 28A of the FSA 
without reference to location or frequency of collection. The proposed 
regulation specifies the statistical information to be collected as a 
baseline and allows the Juvenile Coordinators to review additional data 
points as appropriate given operational changes or other 
considerations. DHS believes that the commenter's concern that the 
proposed regulation contains no mandatory qualifications for the 
Juvenile Coordinator and that any government official charged with 
making placement decisions should be required to have child welfare 
experience is misplaced. Section 236.3(o) eliminates the requirement in 
the current regulation at 8 CFR 236.3(c) that the Juvenile Coordinator 
locate suitable placements for minors. DHS declines to adopt the 
commenter's suggestion as the Juvenile Coordinators are not responsible 
for placement determinations.
    DHS rejects the suggestion that the text allowing Juvenile 
Coordinators to collect information on hearing dates if appropriate and 
``additional data points should they deem it appropriate given 
operational changes and other considerations'' is overbroad and ill-
defined. The proposed regulation allows the Juvenile Coordinators to 
collect the statistical information, as under paragraph 28A of the FSA, 
relevant to monitor compliance and allows the Juvenile Coordinators 
flexibility to consider other data points (including immigration court 
hearing dates) as appropriate given operational changes and other 
considerations. Checkosky, 139 F.3d at 226, in which the U.S. Circuit 
Court for the District of Columbia dismissed disciplinary proceedings 
against two accountants after the SEC issued multiple inconsistent 
interpretations of a Commission rule, is inapposite here, since the 
proposed regulation and discussion make clear the statistical 
information to be collected and that the Juvenile Coordinators have 
discretion to collect and review additional data points where 
appropriate. DHS declines to provide more specific information, as the 
proposed regulation already provides information adequate to the task 
of the Juvenile Coordinator and the information covered by paragraph 
28A of the FSA.
    DHS has carefully considered commenters' proposal to continue 
monitoring by and reporting to Flores counsel to enforce the FSA but 
declines to adopt it based on the parties' agreement in 2001 that the 
FSA will terminate 45 days after publication of final regulations 
implementing the agreement. DHS is unable to comment on pending 
litigation concerning the FSA but notes that, though not required, the 
final regulation will codify the monitoring and statistical information 
collection requirements in paragraph 28A of the FSA, which do not exist 
in the current regulations.
    DHS also disagrees with the suggestion that it has failed to 
provide adequate oversight over its detention facilities. DHS is 
committed to ensuring adequate oversight over its facilities. As 
described above, ICE FRCs are subject to regular audits by outside 
entities. Additionally, all DHS facilities (both CBP and ICE) are 
subject to inspection and monitoring by bodies such as the DHS OIG, DHS 
CRCL, and the GAO. DHS is also making it clear in this final rule that 
the CBP and ICE Juvenile Coordinators will have responsibility for 
monitoring compliance with these regulations, and not merely the 
responsibility to maintain statistics. Such monitoring of ongoing 
compliance may include oversight of DHS facilities. The purpose of this 
change is to ensure that an independent monitor will remain in place to 
help to ensure that all DHS facilities satisfy applicable standards at 
all times.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS is amending the regulatory provisions to make it more clear 
that the

[[Page 44451]]

Juvenile Coordinators will monitor compliance with the requirements of 
these regulations and, as an independent requirement, maintain 
statistics related to the placement of minors and UACs.
Section-by-Section Discussion of the HHS Proposed Rule, Public 
Comments, and the Final Rule
Subpart A--Care and Placement of Unaccompanied Alien Children (45 CFR 
part 410) Definitions (45 CFR 410.101)
DHS
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define ``DHS'' as the Department of Homeland 
Security. This term is not defined in the FSA.
Public Comments and Response
    HHS did not receive any comments requesting a change to this 
definition.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to this definition in the final rule.
Director
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define ``director'' as the Director of the Office 
of Refugee Resettlement (ORR), Administration for Children and Families 
(ACF), Department of Health and Human Services. This term is not 
defined in the FSA.
Public Comments and Response
    HHS did not receive any comments requesting a change to this 
definition.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to this definition in the final rule.
Emergency
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define ``emergency'' as an act or event (including, 
but not limited to, a natural disaster, facility fire, civil 
disturbance, or medical or public health concerns at one or more ORR 
facility) that prevents timely transport or placement of UACs, or 
impacts other conditions provided by this part. This definition 
incorporates the existing text of the FSA except for HHS' recognition 
that emergencies may not only delay placement of UACs, but could also 
delay compliance with other provisions of the proposed rule or excuse 
noncompliance on a temporary basis.
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Several commenters expressed concern that the proposed 
``expanded'' definition of ``emergency'' would grant DHS too much 
discretion to suspend compliance with certain FSA provisions relating 
to standards of care and custody for children, such as timely transport 
or placement of minors and other conditions implicating their basic 
services.
    Some commenters expressed concern that events other than a natural 
disaster, facility fire, civil disturbance, medical or public health 
concerns might also qualify as an emergency, leaving significant room 
for interpretation. Several commenters argued that the phrase ``other 
conditions'' would implicate the basic needs of the children, including 
timely transfer, provision of snacks and meals, prolonged detention, 
and would further jeopardize their well-being, health, and safety and 
runs contrary to the explicit placement context of the FSA.
    Other commenters had specific objections to the proposed 
definition. One organization argued that the proposed rule defines 
emergency in a circular manner because the term is primarily defined as 
an event that prevents compliance.
    A coalition expressed concern that the proposed provision that 
minors must be transferred ``as expeditiously as possible,'' can be 
broadly interpreted, instead of a defined period of three to five days. 
The same commenter also argued that this provision contravenes the 
TVPRA because it creates exceptions to the 72-hour timeframe for the 
required transfer of UACs to ORR that do not meet the high bar of 
``exceptional circumstances'' as intended under the TVPRA.
    An organization expressed concern that the proposed rule replaces 
the term ``medical emergencies'' with ``medical or public health 
concerns at one or more facilities,'' which would broaden the possible 
application of emergencies, allowing for a possible emergency in 
instances where several minors lack key vaccinations, or where a few 
minors may require treatment for chronic conditions such as asthma or 
diabetes.
    An organization expressed concern that implementation of the 
proposed definition would take away the ability to monitor or check the 
decision whether to deem a situation as an emergency, as well as the 
conditions that would result from such a determination and recommended 
that the Departments provide the basis arriving at these definitions; 
provide a timeframe for how long may an emergency last; and provide for 
the consequences for invoking the emergency when unwarranted.
    An organization recommended that DHS and HHS provide explanation 
and evidence of the need to expand the current definition and compile a 
comprehensive list of permissible emergency circumstances.
    Two organizations recommended that the proposed rule should clarify 
the circumstances under which emergency waivers would be implemented, 
that any such exemptions be limited in scope and ensure that the 
fundamental needs of children are met, regardless of the circumstances 
requiring a waiver.
    Several organizations and individual commenters recommended that 
from a public health perspective, designation of an emergency should 
trigger additional resources, prepared in advance through contingency 
planning and made available through standing mechanisms.
    Response. HHS notes that paragraph 12(B) of the FSA defines an 
emergency as ``any act or event that prevents the placement of minors 
pursuant to paragraph 19 within the time frame provided'' (i.e., three 
days or five days, as applicable). The FSA also contains a non-
exhaustive list of acts or events that constitute an emergency, such as 
``natural disasters (e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.), facility 
fires, civil disturbances, and medical emergencies (e.g. a chicken pox 
epidemic among a group of minors).'' HHS notes that the definition of 
emergency contained within this provision does not depart from how the 
FSA defines an emergency act or event. Rather, this provision 
recognizes that, in rare circumstances, an emergency may arise, 
possibly unanticipated, that impacts more than just the transfer of 
UACs from one facility to another. As indicated in the NPRM, the 
impact, severity, and timing of a given emergency situation dictate the 
operational feasibility of providing certain elements of care and 
custody to UACs, and thus the regulations cannot capture every possible 
reality HHS will face. The applicability of ``emergency'' is intended 
to be flexible to the extent it fits within the parameters set forth by 
the FSA. Therefore, HHS disagrees with commenters' assertion that the 
definition of emergency creates ``too much discretion'' or allows HHS 
to declare an emergency ``for whatever reason.''
    HHS also notes that, during an emergency situation, it continues to 
make every effort to provide all required services and provide for 
UACs' needs under the FSA as expeditiously as possible. Depending on 
the severity of the emergency, however, the provision of one or more 
FSA requirements may be temporarily delayed for some UACs.

[[Page 44452]]

For instance, if a facility is located in an area that is forecasted to 
be impacted by a hurricane and the UACs must be evacuated to another 
facility, it may be necessary to temporarily delay the provision of 
meals to those UACs during the time required to evacuate the facility. 
However, as soon as the UACs arrive at the other facility, ORR would 
resume the provision of meals to those UACs. Similarly, if a facility 
suffers an electrical failure, such that the air conditioning breaks, 
all UACs in that facility may temporarily be held in temperatures that 
do not comply with the FSA. ORR would work to rectify the problem as 
quickly as possible, and would take steps to mitigate the problem 
(e.g., providing extra fans for the facility). Once the air 
conditioning is fixed, however, the UACs would return to FSA-compliant 
conditions.
    HHS also notes that placing UACs in licensed programs ``as 
expeditiously as possible'' is consistent with the spirit of the FSA's 
language, but is also a more appropriate standard, since it provides 
the flexibility needed to respond to emergencies on a case-by-case 
basis. We interpret ``as expeditiously as possible'' as what is 
reasonably possible considering the circumstances of the particular 
emergency. At the same time, HHS notes that the requirements of the 
TVPRA still apply to transfers of UACs to ORR custody, and that the 
``exceptional circumstances'' standard would still apply even with the 
publication of this final rule.
    In response to one commenter's concern that the proposed rule 
replaces the term ``medical emergencies'' with ``medical or public 
health concerns at one or more facilities,'' which would broaden the 
possible application of emergencies, HHS respectfully disagrees, and 
notes that the rule is consistent with the FSA. The FSA provides, as an 
example of a medical emergency, ``a chicken pox epidemic among a group 
of minors.'' The language of the rule is consistent with this example. 
HHS disagrees that the rule would broaden the scope of medical 
emergencies beyond what is already contemplated by the FSA.
    Although many of the comments are beyond the scope of the FSA and 
the purposes of this rule in implementing the FSA, HHS will consider 
incorporating commenters' recommendations into the written guidance 
implementing this provision, as appropriate and to the extent they do 
not conflict with the FSA or other governing statutes. This includes 
but is not limited to the recommendations to mandate contingency 
planning if an emergency situation can be anticipated, reviewing the 
American Bar Association's UC Standards, and clarifying roles and 
responsibilities regarding the officials who have the authority to 
declare an emergency.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to this definition in the final rule.
Escape Risk
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define ``escape risk'' as a serious risk that a UAC 
will attempt to escape from custody. HHS is adopting this definition 
without change from the FSA.
Public Comments and Response
    HHS did not receive any comments requesting a change to this 
definition that specifically named HHS, although please see the section 
of the preamble discussing Sec.  [thinsp]236.3(b)(6) for responses to 
comments DHS received regarding its definition of escape risk.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS will not be making any changes to this definition in the final 
rule.
Final Rule
    Escape risk means there is a serious risk that an unaccompanied 
alien child (UAC) will attempt to escape from custody.
Influx
Summary of Proposed Rule
    The NPRM proposed to define ``influx'' as a situation when 130 or 
more minors or UACs are eligible for placement in a licensed facility 
under this part or corresponding provisions of DHS regulations, 
including those who have been so placed or are awaiting such placement. 
HHS is adopting this definition without change from the FSA with the 
clarification that DHS will maintain custody of UACs pending their 
transfer to ORR.
Public Comments and Response
    Comment. Numerous commenters expressed concern that the proposed 
definition of ``influx'' was developed based on data from the 1990s and 
is outdated, and, if implemented, will result in DHS and HHS operating 
within a de facto permanent state of ``influx.'' If able to operate in 
that status, the commenters contended that DHS and HHS would have broad 
discretion to circumvent compliance with the FSA, HSA, and TVPRA 
provisions and the time limits on transferring children out of DHS 
custody.
    Many commenters expressed the view that DHS and HHS disingenuously 
argued that they operate within a constant state of influx even while 
overall border crossings are 20 percent of what they were when that 
term was defined in the FSA and border staffing has increased by almost 
three times.
    A few commenters argued that the 130-influx standard also failed to 
account for the expansions and contractions of the number of UACs in 
border custody, which have fluctuated by tens of thousands of juveniles 
every year since the peak in 2014. The variable yearly numbers of UACs 
require a more flexible influx baseline.
    Some commenters objected to the proposed definition of influx on 
the basis that it enables each agency to excuse noncompliance even 
where it is not itself experiencing influx conditions. Commenters 
stated that DHS conceded in the NPRM that it has continuously been 
dealing with an influx of minors for years. The commenters claimed that 
as a result, even where HHS may not satisfy the ``influx'' criteria 
itself, it may rely on DHS's ``influx'' conditions because the 
definition allows HHS criteria to be met ``under . . . corresponding 
provisions of DHS regulations.''
    One commenter recommended that the agencies include a third 
alternative criterion for designation of influx conditions to track the 
meaning of influx in the INA. The INA recognizes the threat posed to 
national security where the Secretary of Homeland Security ``determines 
that an actual or imminent influx of aliens arriving off the coast of 
the United States, or near a land border, presents urgent circumstances 
requiring an immediate federal response.'' 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(10). The 
commenter urged the agencies to consider a regulation that would define 
``urgent circumstances'' to include the release without bond of a 
significant percentage of such minors, with or without a parent or 
legal guardian, near to the relevant Coast Guard or Border Patrol 
sector. The commenter ultimately proposed that influx conditions could 
exist when some combination of three criteria were present--the legacy 
FSA criterion of 130 minors, an alternative criterion that takes into 
account the problems created by lack of resources other than bed space, 
and a third criterion that aligns influx designations for minors with 
designations of influx conditions applicable to humanitarian entry in 
general. The commenter contended that such a standard would provide 
flexibility to respond effectively to migrant crises that involve minor 
aliens in unpredictably dangerous ways.
    One commenter maintained that, because the proposed rule changes 
the

[[Page 44453]]

word ``program'' to ``facility,'' it could permit lengthier detention 
by a determination that there is an influx when more than 130 children 
are eligible for placement in any of the program's facilities, even if 
the program has the capacity to provide placement resources for well 
over 130 children. The commenter viewed the proposed definition of 
influx as placing less focus on the needs of children than on the 
proposed facilities to detain them.
    Some commenters were concerned that the proposed definition of 
influx lifts the requirement that UACs be transferred from DHS to HHS 
custody within three to five days, and allows for broad exemptions to 
existing child protections that could impact basic needs, such as the 
provision of snacks and meals to children in custody. The commenters 
stated the rule should be changed to clarify that any such exemptions 
must be limited in scope and ensure that the fundamental needs of 
children are met in a timely manner.
    Response. When there is a sharp increase, or ``influx,'' in the 
number of UACs entering the United States and Federal agencies are 
unable to transfer them into state-licensed, ORR-funded care provider 
facilities in a timely manner, ORR places certain UACs at an influx 
care facility. It is important to note that HHS does not enforce 
immigration laws or implement immigration policies. HHS provides 
shelter, care, and other essential services to UACs, while working to 
release them to appropriate sponsors, often members of the child's 
family, without unnecessary delay.
    Periodically, ORR operates influx care facilities to meet its 
statutory obligations to care for UACs transferred from DHS, during a 
time of high numbers of arrivals. ORR maintains the ability to rapidly 
set-up, expand, or contract influx infrastructure and services as 
needed. ORR has detailed policies that set forth criteria for when UACs 
may be placed at an influx care facility. Some of the criteria include 
a minor's age (the minor must be between 13 and 17 years of age), 
medical and behavioral health conditions (no known special needs or 
issues), sibling status (no accompanying siblings below the age of 12), 
and pending reunification status (ability to be discharged to a sponsor 
expeditiously), among other considerations. (For a complete list of the 
requirements, please see the ORR Policy Guide, Section 1.7.3 Placement 
into Influx Care Facilities at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied-section-1#1.7.3)
    HHS is the primary regulator of influx care facilities and is 
responsible for their oversight, operations, physical plant conditions, 
and service provision. States do not license or monitor ORR influx care 
facilities because they are located on Federal enclaves. However, ORR 
influx care facilities operate in accordance with applicable provisions 
of the FSA, HSA of 2002, TVPRA, the Interim Final Rule on Standards to 
Prevent, Detect, and Respond to Sexual Abuse and Sexual Harassment 
Involving Unaccompanied Alien Children, as well as ORR policy.
    For the purposes of continuity of joint operations and for the 
reasons DHS explains above, HHS adopts the same definition of influx. 
DHS's response to comments related to the definition of influx can be 
found above in the Section-by-Section Discussion under Influx Sec.  
[thinsp]236.3(b)(10).
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to this definition in the final rule.
Licensed Program
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define a ``licensed program'' as any program, 
agency, or organization that is licensed by an appropriate State agency 
to provide residential, group, or foster care services for dependent 
children, including a program operating group homes, foster homes, or 
facilities for special needs UACs. All homes and facilities operated by 
a licensed program, including facilities for special needs UACs, are 
non-secure as required under State law. However, a facility for special 
needs UACs may maintain a level of security permitted under State law 
which is necessary for the protection of UACs or others in appropriate 
circumstances (e.g., cases in which a UAC has drug or alcohol problems 
or is mentally ill). HHS is adopting this definition without change 
from the FSA with the clarification that the standards a licensed 
program must meet are set forth in Sec.  410.402 of this rule instead 
of Exhibit 1 of the FSA.
Public Comments and Response
    HHS did not receive any comments requesting a change to this 
definition.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to this definition in the final rule.
ORR
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define ``ORR'' as the Office of Refugee 
Resettlement, Administration for Children and Families, Department of 
Health and Human Services. This term is not defined in the FSA.
Public Comments and Response
    HHS did not receive any comments requesting a change to this 
definition.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to this definition in the final rule.
Secure Facility
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define a ``secure facility'' as a State or county 
juvenile detention facility or a secure ORR detention facility, or a 
facility with an ORR contract or cooperative agreement having separate 
accommodations for minors. A secure facility does not need to meet the 
requirements of Sec.  410.402, and is not defined as a ``licensed 
program'' or ``shelter'' under this part. This term is not defined in 
the FSA, but is consistent with the provisions of the FSA applying to 
secure facilities.
Public Comments and Response
    Comment. Most public comments regarding the definition of secure 
were directed towards the DHS portion of the rule. HHS did receive 
several comments regarding the placement of UAC in secure facilities; 
those comments and responses are captured in the discussion of 
Sec. Sec.  410.203 and 410.205. Regarding the definition of secure as 
it relates to the facility's physical plant, one commenter stated that 
the definition of non-secure does not comport with the intent of the 
FSA in the following areas: secure external fencing and locks (internal 
and external) effecting egress.
    Response. The term ``secure'' is not defined in the FSA, however, 
HHS finds that the definition of ``secure'' in the proposed rule is 
consistent with the provisions in the FSA applying to secure 
facilities. In addition, HHS is committed to ensuring the security, 
safety, and well-being of all UACs, many of whom fled dangers in their 
home countries and endured abuse along their journey to the United 
States. Some children remain under threat of continued harm, including 
trafficking, fraud, ransom demands, and gang violence. Therefore, any 
security measures, such as fences and locked points of entry, are for 
the safety of UACs, to supervise public access to children, and protect 
them from harm, in keeping with child welfare practices in State-
licensed facilities.

[[Page 44454]]

Changes to Final Rule
    HHS will not be making any changes to this definition in the final 
rule.
Shelter
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define ``shelter'' as a licensed program that meets 
the standards set forth in Sec.  410.402. Shelters include facilities 
defined as ``licensed facilities'' under the FSA, and also includes 
staff secure facilities (i.e., medium secure facilities as defined by 
the FSA). Other types of shelters might also be licensed, such as long-
term and transitional foster care facilities.
Public Comments and Response
    HHS did not receive any comments requesting a change to this 
definition.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to this definition in the final rule.
Special Needs Minor
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define a ``special needs minor'' as a UAC whose 
mental and/or physical condition requires special services and 
treatment by staff. A UAC may have special needs due to drug or alcohol 
abuse, serious emotional disturbance, mental illness or retardation, or 
a physical condition or chronic illness that requires special services 
or treatment. A UAC who has suffered serious neglect or abuse may be 
considered a special needs minor if the UAC requires special services 
or treatment as a result of neglect or abuse. This definition was 
adopted without change from the FSA.
Public Comments and Response
    Comment. Some commenters asked for expanded definitions of 
``special needs minor'' or additional provisions relating thereto. One 
commenter stated the definition should be broadened to include 
developmental disability and learning disability. The commenter urged 
that it is important for children, particularly unaccompanied children, 
to be able to understand and follow instructions or directions given to 
them by Federal officials, attorneys, and care custodians in licensed 
facilities.
    Another commenter contended that the proposed rule does not 
adequately discuss special needs, even though many immigrant children 
entering the United States have disabilities.
    The commenter also condemned the use of the outdated term 
``retardation'' in the definition of special needs minor, stating that 
the term is used as a slur that dehumanizes, demeans, and does real 
emotional harm to people with mental and developmental disabilities. 
The commenter acknowledged the term was used in the FSA agreement, but 
argued that it is inappropriate in a modern-day regulation.
    Response. The regulatory language adopted the same definition of 
``special needs'' as the definition used in the FSA. This definition 
includes any minor whose mental conditions require special services and 
treatment as identified during an individualized needs assessment. HHS 
disagrees that the definition should be expanded because the definition 
is broad enough to include minors with developmental and learning 
disabilities, if the special needs assessment determines that these 
conditions require special services and treatment.
    The proposed regulatory language contains multiple provisions 
requiring DHS and HHS to consider a UAC's special needs, including 
provisions requiring consideration of special needs when determining 
placement. For example, section 45 CFR 410.208 states that ORR will 
assess each UAC to determine if he or she has special needs and will, 
whenever possible, place a UAC with special needs in a licensed program 
that provides services and treatment for the UAC's special needs. 
Section 8 CFR 236.3(g)(2) requires DHS to place minors and UACs in the 
least restrictive setting appropriate to the minor or UAC's age and 
special needs. Section 8 CFR 236.3(i)(4) requires that facilities 
conduct a needs assessment for each minor, which would include both an 
educational assessment and a special needs assessment. Additionally, 
section 8 CFR 236.3(g)(1) requires DHS to provide minors and UACs with 
Form I-770 and states that the notice shall be provided, read, or 
explained to the minor or UAC in a language and manner that he or she 
understands. These provisions ensure that a minor's or UAC's special 
needs are taken into account, including when determining placement.
    HHS agrees that the term ``retardation'' is outdated and is 
amending the regulatory language to delete this term. DHS has also 
deleted this term in its regulatory language.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS removed the term ``retardation'' from the final rule.
Sponsor
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define ``sponsor'' as an individual (or entity) to 
whom ORR releases a UAC out of ORR custody. Sponsor is comparable to 
the term custodian, which is used but not defined in the FSA.
Public Comments and Response
    HHS did not receive any comments requesting a change to this 
definition.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to this definition in the final rule.
Staff Secure Facility
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define a ``staff secure facility'' as a facility 
that is operated by a program, agency, or organization licensed by an 
appropriate State agency and that meets the standards for licensed 
programs set forth in Sec.  410.402. A staff secure facility is 
designed for a UAC who requires close supervision but does not need 
placement in a secure facility. It provides 24-hour awake supervision, 
custody, care, and treatment. It maintains stricter security measures, 
such as intensive staff supervision, than a shelter in order to control 
problem behavior and to prevent escape. A staff secure facility may 
have a secure perimeter but is not equipped internally with major 
restraining construction or procedures typically associated with 
correctional facilities. The term ``staff secure facility'' is used in 
the same sense as the FSA uses the term ``medium security facility.''
Public Comments and Response
    HHS did not receive any comments requesting a change to this 
definition.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to this definition in the final rule.
Unaccompanied Alien Child (UAC)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    HHS proposed to define a ``UAC'' as provided in 6 U.S.C 279(g)(2), 
which states that a UAC is a child under the age of 18 who has no 
lawful immigration status in the United States and who has no parent or 
legal guardian present in the United States or no parent or legal 
guardian in the United States is available to provide care and physical 
custody. When a child previously determined to have been a UAC has 
reached the age of 18, when a parent or legal guardian in the United 
States is available to provide care and physical custody for such a 
child, or when such a child has obtained lawful immigration status, the 
child is no longer a UAC. A child who is no longer a UAC is not 
eligible to receive legal protections limited to UACs.

[[Page 44455]]

Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Several organizations believed that the proposed rule 
directly contravenes the TVPRA and does not comport with the protective 
principles of the FSA by giving HHS and DHS unconstrained discretion to 
determine who meets the definition of a UAC, which could result in 
minors losing current protections under the FSA and TVPRA.
    One commenter recommended striking proposed Sec.  236.3(d) and the 
final sentence of proposed Sec.  410.101 and codifying the current 
initial jurisdiction policy, as set forth in USCIS' 2013 guidance, 
which provided that USCIS would take initial jurisdiction based on a 
previous UAC determination even after the applicant turns 18 or is 
reunited with a parent or legal guardian.
    Comments related to separate definitions for minor and UAC, as 
proposed by DHS in Sec.  236.3(b)(1), are discussed above under the 
Section-by-Section Discussion of the DHS Proposed Rule, Public 
Comments, and the Final Rule.
    Response. HHS adopted the definition of UAC as written in the HSA, 
6 U.S.C 279(g)(2), with no change. HHS must abide by this definition 
when evaluating if a child in HHS custody meets the definition of a UAC 
and, as such, does not have unconstrained discretion to determine who 
qualifies as a UAC. Operationally, HHS will continuously evaluate 
whether an individual is a UAC, because it is unlawful for HHS to 
maintain custody of any child who has obtained lawful immigration 
status or obtained 18 years of age while in custody. 6 U.S.C. 
279(g)(2). HHS is required to promptly release from its custody any 
individual who no longer meets the HSA definition of a UAC. HHS notes 
that USCIS' initial jurisdiction policy was implemented for the purpose 
of administratively tracking a child's case and is unconnected to the 
services provided to the child. Once a UAC is released from ORR care 
and custody, the child is no longer considered a UAC. HHS only tracks 
released children (former UACs) for the provision of post-release case 
management and a safety and well-being follow-up call. HHS has a system 
by which to track these released children for service provision.
Changes to Final Rule
    Between the FSA and final rule, the only change HHS is making is 
substitution of the word ``minor'' with the word ``UAC.'' The text of 
the FSA only uses the term minors, and HHS has interpreted this term to 
include UACs who may or may not meet the definition of ``minor'' in the 
FSA. Given the subsequent enactment of the TVPRA, and the fact that HHS 
does not have custody of juveniles who are not UAC, HHS is expressly 
stating in this subpart that the provision applies to UACs and not 
``minors'' as a whole.
ORR Care and Placement of Unaccompanied Alien Children (45 CFR 410.102)
Subpart B--Determining the Placement of an Unaccompanied Alien Child 
(45 CFR part 410)
Purpose of This Subpart (45 CFR 410.200)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    As stated in Sec.  410.200, this subpart of the proposed rule set 
forth factors that ORR considers when placing UACs.
Public Comments and Response
    None.
    Changes to the Final Rule. HHS is not making any changes to 
proposed Sec.  410.200 in the final rule.
    Final rule. 45 CFR 410.200--Purpose of this subpart.
    This subpart sets forth what ORR considers when placing a UAC in a 
particular ORR facility, in accordance with the FSA.
Considerations Generally Applicable to the Placement of an 
Unaccompanied Alien Child (45 CFR 410.201)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Section 410.201 of the proposed rule addressed the considerations 
that generally apply to the placement of UAC. The provision generally 
paralleled the FSA requirements. The provision noted that ORR makes 
reasonable efforts to provide placements in the geographic areas where 
DHS apprehends the majority of UACs. ORR complied with this provision, 
as ORR maintains the highest number of UAC beds in the state of Texas 
where most UACs are currently apprehended.
    Comment. Several organizations stated that the proposed rule 
conflicts with the FSA and current laws that encourage the placement of 
children in the least restrictive setting and favor release to a parent 
or family member.
    In jointly submitted comments, multiple legal advocacy 
organizations argued that secure placement based on a lack of 
availability of licensed placements is statutorily barred by the TVPRA. 
The commenters cited the TVPRA's requirement that children under HHS 
custody ``shall be promptly placed in the least restrictive setting 
that is in the best interest of the child.'' 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A). In 
making such placements, ``the [HHS] Secretary may consider danger to 
self, danger to the community, and risk of flight.'' Id. The TVPRA also 
provides that ``[a] child shall not be placed in a secure facility 
absent a determination that the child poses a danger to self or others 
or has been charged with having committed a criminal offense.'' Id. The 
commenters thus argued that Congress made clear that the ``best 
interest of the child'' evaluation permits placement in a secure 
facility only under the limited finding of a `danger to self or others' 
or a criminal charge; no other grounds are permissible, even those 
previously recognized in the FSA. In other words, according to the 
commenters, 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A) prohibits secure placement based on 
issues unrelated to the best interests of the child, such as licensed 
shelter availability. As a result, the commenters argued that 
Sec. Sec.  410.201(e) and 410.205 in the proposed rule are inconsistent 
with the terms of the FSA as amended by Congress by passage of the 
TVPRA.
    Response. HHS notes that consistent with the TVPRA, 8 U.S.C. 
1232(c)(2)(A), under the proposed rule, ``ORR places each UAC in the 
least restrictive setting that is in the best interest of the child and 
appropriate to the UAC's age and special needs, provided that such 
setting is consistent with its interests to ensure the UAC's timely 
appearance before DHS and the immigration court.'' As specified in 
proposed rule Sec.  410.203, however, ORR will only place a UAC in a 
secure facility if the UAC has been charged with or is chargeable with 
a crime, or has been determined to pose a danger to self or others. ORR 
does not place UACs in a secure facility such as a State or county 
juvenile detention facility based on issues unrelated to the best 
interests of the child. ORR does not consider emergency or influx 
facilities to be secure facilities.
    Comment. Section 410.201 of the proposed rule outlined factors that 
determine where a child is placed including the timely appearance of 
children before DHS and the immigration courts. Two organizations 
commented that while this language is included in the FSA, it is not in 
the TVPRA, and this creates a conflict between the proposed regulation 
and Federal law. They argued that a child's appearance in immigration 
court should not be given priority over a child's best interest or 
special needs. One of these advocacy organizations argued that the 
proposed rule does not indicate how to prioritize each factor and that 
it allows HHS and DHS to focus on ``their own

[[Page 44456]]

efficiencies for court and DHS adjudications'' instead of the best 
interest of the child.
    Response. HHS reiterates that this rule implements the terms of the 
FSA, and these comments go beyond the scope of the rule. But in 
response, HHS notes that the TVPRA at 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A), states 
that when placing UAC, the HHS Secretary (whose authority is delegated 
to ORR) may consider not only danger to self, and danger to the 
community, but also risk of flight. Neither the TVPRA nor the FSA 
prescribe how ORR, in its discretion, is to evaluate the permissible 
factors in determining placement of a UAC. Like the TVPRA and the FSA, 
the rule describes general principles that govern placements of UACs. 
Also, ORR notes that per its policy, see ORR Guide, 1.4.1, ``care 
providers must make every effort to place and keep children and youth 
in a least restrictive setting. For children who are initially placed 
in a least restrictive setting, care providers must provide support 
services and effective interventions, when appropriate, to help keep a 
child in the setting.'' Moreover, in the ORR Guide, 1.2.5, ORR 
delineates factors which may indicate that a minor poses a risk of 
escape from ORR custody which it considers in making an informed 
placement decision, such as consideration whether the minor has an 
immigration history that includes failure to appear before DHS or the 
immigration courts. Notably, however, per ORR policy, ``ORR does not 
place a child or youth in secure care solely because he or she may pose 
a risk of escape from ORR custody. However, ORR may place a child in a 
staff secure facility solely because he or she poses a risk of 
escape.'' Id.
    Comment. One advocacy organization commented that proposed Sec.  
410.201(d) did not include children's access to showers or bedding and 
it limited children's access to medical care to only emergencies.
    The commenter further expressed concern that even though a minor 
who is in ORR custody may have contact with their family members who 
are not parents or legal guardians (for example, siblings) with whom 
they traveled to the United States and were arrested, the child should 
be permitted to be housed in family detention with those relatives 
consistent with their best interest.
    Response. The language referenced by the commenter in proposed 
section 410.201 derives directly from paragraph 12 of the FSA, which 
pertains to services provided at emergency or influx facilities, as 
described at Exhibit 3. While State licensing standards do not apply to 
these temporary influx programs, HHS is the primary regulator of influx 
care facilities and is responsible for their oversight, operations, 
physical plant conditions, and service provision. Influx care 
facilities operate in accordance with provisions of the FSA, the HSA, 
the TVPRA, the Interim Final Rule on Standards to Prevent, Detect, and 
Respond to Sexual Abuse and Sexual Harassment Involving Unaccompanied 
Alien Children, as well as ORR policy. UACs at temporary influx 
programs still have access to services to the greatest extent possible 
UACs in ORR care at influx facilities always have access to showers and 
bedding, as well as necessary medical care services.
    Additionally, Sec.  410.101 defines UAC according to the definition 
set forth in the HSA. The HSA and the TVPRA only give ORR the authority 
to provide care and custody to individuals who meet that definition. 
DHS, not ORR, has the authority to detain minors and their family 
members together.
    Comment. Several commenters including medical doctors and mental 
health professionals wrote about abuse allegedly taking place in 
detention facilities. They also mentioned allegations of abuse 
occurring within ORR custody such as in Southwest Key facilities in 
Arizona. An article in Reveal (Aura Bogado, Patrick Michels, Vanessa 
Swales, and Edgar Walters, published June 20, 2018), detailed several 
allegations of abuse at shelters serving children in ORR custody, 
including abuse allegations at Shiloh Treatment Center in Texas. These 
commenters expressed concern that the new rule would allow for longer 
periods of detention, which raises the risk of more abuse.
    Some commenters cited an investigative report which they say showed 
that the Federal Government continues to place alien children in for-
profit residential facilities where allegations of abuse have been 
raised and where the facilities have been cited for serious 
deficiencies. Allegations include failure to treat children's sickness 
and injuries; staff drunkenness; sexual assault; failure to check 
employees' backgrounds; failure to provide appropriate clothing for 
children; drugging; and deaths from restraint. The commenters stated 
that few companies lose grants from HHS based on such allegations.
    Response. HHS agrees with the importance of immediately identifying 
and minimizing the risk that UACs suffer abuse. The rule is consistent 
with HHS' existing obligations to protect the welfare of children. For 
example, the TVPRA requires HHS to establish policies and programs to 
ensure that UACs are ``protected from traffickers and other persons 
seeking to victimize or otherwise engage such children in criminal, 
harmful, or exploitative activity.'' 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(1). Further, HHS 
operates under an Interim Final Rule, which describes HHS' 
comprehensive approach to preventing, detecting, and responding to 
allegations of sexual abuse, sexual harassment, sexually inappropriate 
behavior. See Standards To Prevent, Detect, and Respond to Sexual Abuse 
and Sexual Harassment Involving Unaccompanied Children, 45 CFR part 411 
(the ``IFR''). Finally, in compliance with such IFR, ORR policies are 
designed to address any allegations of abuse swiftly and fully. As 
described in Section 5.5.2 of the ORR Guide, in addition to the routine 
monitoring process, ORR has an Abuse Review Team (ART) to review 
allegations of abuse (physical, sexual, negligent treatment) that are 
particularly serious or egregious. The team is composed of ORR staff 
with the appropriate expertise to assess and identify remedial measures 
to address these allegations, including ORR's Monitoring Team, the 
Division of Health for Unaccompanied Children and ORR's Prevention of 
Sexual Abuse Coordinator.
    Comment. Various commenters wrote about the plight of Lesbian, Gay, 
Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual (LGBTQIA) and 
transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) children in custody. For 
brevity and because the vast majority of commenters used the acronym 
LGBTQ, HHS will do likewise; note that we also use the acronym LGBTQ 
consistent with ORR policy. Commenters expressed concern that LGBTQ 
youths would be mistreated and possibly abused if kept in custody for 
an extended period of time and one commenter was concerned in 
particular that their due process rights might be infringed. One 
commenter noted that youth who are identified as lesbian, gay, 
bisexual, or ``other'' reported a rate of sexual victimization by other 
youth in juvenile detention facilities at a rate of nearly seven times 
higher than straight youth.
    Response. Even after publication of this rule, the IFR will 
continue to require ORR care provider programs to assess and 
periodically reassess UACs for risk of sexual victimization and abuse 
according to certain minimum criteria, including any gender 
nonconforming appearance or manner or identification as lesbian, gay, 
bisexual, transgender, questioning, or intersex and whether the UAC may

[[Page 44457]]

therefore be vulnerable to sexual abuse or sexual harassment; and train 
staff on communicating effectively and professionally with LGBTQ UACs. 
Further, as mandated by law, ORR places each UAC in the least 
restrictive setting that is in the best interests of the child. The 
rule is also consistent with, and would not abrogate existing ORR 
policies protecting LGBTQ youth from mistreatment and abuse. Per ORR 
Guide 1.2.1, when making a placement determination or recommendation, 
ORR and care providers consider whether the child or youth identifies 
as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning or intersex, or is 
gender non-conforming in appearance or manner. Moreover, section 3.5 of 
the ORR Guide articulates guiding principles for the care of UACs who 
identify as LGBTQ: ``are treated with the same dignity and respect as 
other unaccompanied alien children''; ``receive recognition of sexual 
orientation and/or gender identity''; ``are not discriminated against 
or harassed based on actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender 
identity''; and ``are cared for in an inclusive and respectful 
environment.'' ORR care providers must ``house LGBTQI youth according 
to an assessment of the youth's gender identity and housing preference, 
health and safety needs, and State and local licensing standards.'' Id. 
Section 3.5.5 of the ORR guide sets forth specific principles for 
housing LGBTQI children and youth in ORR care in a manner that treats 
them fairly and protects them from discrimination and abuse. Finally, 
Section 4 of the ORR Guide offers further guidance for ORR care 
providers in how to prevent, detect, and respond appropriately to 
sexual abuse and harassment, consistent with the IFR.
    Comment. One commenter noted that the proposed rule failed to 
require that every child be placed in the least restrictive placement 
in the best interests of the child, as required by the TVPRA and 
subsequent HHS policies.
    Response. The proposed rule is consistent with the TVPRA and UACs 
shall be held in the least restrictive setting appropriate to the UAC's 
age and special needs, provided that such setting is consistent with 
the need to protect the minor or UAC's well-being and that of others, 
as well as with any other laws, regulations, or legal requirements.
    Comment. One commenter believes that children should be placed as 
soon as possible in homes with family or community members, not kept in 
shelters or government care for long periods.
    Response. The proposed rule did not impact HHS' policies or 
procedures for placing UACs in foster care, where UACs are placed in 
homes in the community, not in shelters or other ORR facilities. See 
ORR Policy Guide Sections 1.2.1 and 1.2.6. But, shelter placements are 
state-licensed and fully consistent with the FSA, which the rule 
implements.
Changes to the Final Rule
    In response to public comments from multiple legal advocacy 
organizations that the FSA and TVPRA run in contradiction to each other 
on the placing of UACs in secure facilities based solely on the lack of 
appropriate licensed program availability, ORR is striking the 
following clause from Sec.  410.201(e): ``. . . or a State or county 
juvenile detention facility.''
Placement of an Unaccompanied Alien Child in a Licensed Program (45 CFR 
410.202)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Section 410.202 of the proposed rule stated that ORR places a UAC 
into a licensed program promptly after a UAC is referred to ORR 
custody, except in certain enumerated circumstances. The FSA also 
recognized that in some circumstances, a UAC may not be placed in a 
licensed program. These circumstances include emergencies or an influx 
as defined in Sec.  410.101 (in which case the UAC shall be placed in a 
licensed program as expeditiously as possible); where the UAC meets the 
criteria for placement in a secure facility; and as otherwise required 
by any court decree or court-approved settlement. Like the DHS portion 
of the proposed rule, proposed Sec.  410.202 did not include the 
exception, which appears at paragraph 12(A)(4) of the FSA, that allows 
transfer within 5 days instead of 3 days in cases involving transport 
from remote areas or where an alien speaks an ``unusual'' language that 
requires the Government to locate an interpreter. As noted above, DHS 
has matured its operations such that these factors no longer materially 
delay transfer.
    Comment. Commenters stated that unlike licensed shelter placements, 
many of ORR's more restrictive settings closely resemble prison. 
Children may be under constant surveillance, required to wear facility 
uniforms, and have little control. These commenters stated that 
placement decisions have significant consequences for UACs.
    Response. HHS recognizes that, as is consistent with paragraph 21 
of the FSA and the TVPRA 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A), by definition a secure 
facility, such as a State or county juvenile detention facility, is a 
more restrictive setting than a shelter or a staff-secure facility. As 
stated in the proposed definition of ``secure facility'' (see Sec.  
401.101) and as is consistent with paragraph 21 of the FSA and the 
definition of ``licensed program'' in that agreement, such facilities 
do not need to meet the requirements of ``licensed programs'' as 
defined in Sec.  401.101 under this subpart.
    As the proposed rule indicates ORR only places a UAC in a secure 
facility in limited, enumerated circumstances where the UAC has been 
charged with a crime or is chargeable with a crime, or when the UAC is 
similarly a danger to self or others. This will be read in light of the 
other criteria in the regulations. In addition, the proposed rule is 
consistent with and does not abrogate ORR policies, under which the 
decision to place a UAC in a secure facility is then reviewed at least 
once monthly (see ORR Policy Guide, Section 1.4.2) to make sure that a 
less restrictive setting is not more appropriate.
    The criteria for placement of UAC in a secure facility are 
discussed in accordance with section 410.203 of this part.
    Comment. A commenter noted the importance of age determination 
because HHS only has jurisdiction over persons under 18 years of age.
    Response. HHS agrees with the comment. Because HHS' authority is 
only for individuals under 18, if a person is determined to be an 
adult, that person cannot be placed in HHS custody. Procedures for 
determining the age of an individual, and criteria for the treatment of 
an individual who appears to be an adult are discussed at greater 
length in accordance with Sec. Sec.  410.700 and 410.701 of subpart G.
Changes to the Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes in the final rule to proposed Sec.  
410.202 which is consistent with the FSA and the TVPRA. However, HHS 
clarifies that it places UACs in licensed programs except if a 
reasonable person would conclude ``based on the totality of the 
evidence and in accordance with subpart G'' that the UAC is an adult.
Criteria for Placing an Unaccompanied Alien Child in a Secure Facility 
(45 CFR 410.203)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Section 410.203 of the proposed rule set forth criteria for placing 
UACs in secure facilities. HHS followed the FSA criteria, except that 
under the TVPRA, ``[a] child shall not be placed in a secure

[[Page 44458]]

facility absent a determination that the child poses a danger to self 
or others or has been charged with having committed a criminal 
offense.'' 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A). With respect to these regulations, 
therefore, HHS did not include factor of being an escape risk, even 
though that was a permissible ground under the FSA for placement of a 
UAC in a secure facility.
    In addition, HHS chose not to include in the proposed regulatory 
text the specific examples of behavior or offense that could result in 
the secure detention of a UAC under paragraph 21 of the FSA, because 
the examples are non-exhaustive and imprecise. For instance, examples 
listed in paragraph 21 of what may be considered non-violent, isolated 
offenses (e.g., breaking and entering, vandalism, or driving under the 
influence) could be violent offenses in certain circumstances depending 
upon the actions accompanying them. In addition, state law may classify 
these offenses as violent. Including these examples as part of codified 
regulatory text may inadvertently lead to confusion rather than 
clarity, and eliminate the ability to make case-by-case determinations 
of the violence associated with a particular act.
    Under the proposed regulations, a UAC may be placed in a secure 
facility if ORR determines that the UAC has been charged with, is 
chargeable,\39\ or has been convicted of a crime; or is the subject of 
delinquency proceedings, has been adjudicated delinquent, or is 
chargeable with a delinquent act; and where ORR assesses that the 
crimes or delinquent acts were not:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ ``Chargeable'' means that ORR has probable cause to believe 
that the UAC has committed a specified offense.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Isolated offenses that (1) were not within a pattern or 
practice of criminal activity and (2) did not involve violence against 
a person, or the use or carrying of a weapon; or
     Petty offenses, which are not considered grounds for a 
stricter means of detention in any case.
     While in DHS or ORR's custody or while in the presence of 
an immigration officer, has committed, or has made credible threats to 
commit, a violent or malicious act (whether directed at himself/herself 
or others). Note: Because the FSA states that such acts would have 
occurred ``while in INS custody'' or ``in the presence of an INS 
officer,'' we proposed to evaluate such activities in either DHS or HHS 
custody or in the presence of an ``immigration officer.''
     Has engaged while in a licensed program in conduct that 
has proven to be unacceptably disruptive of the normal functioning of 
the licensed program in which the UAC is placed such that transfer is 
necessary to ensure the welfare of the UAC or others, as determined by 
the staff of the licensed program.
    In addition, ORR proposed the following as warranting placement in 
a secure facility, even though the FSA does not specifically mention 
such criteria, if a UAC engages in unacceptably disruptive behavior 
that interferes with the normal functioning of a ``staff secure'' 
shelter, then the UAC may be transferred to secure facility. The FSA 
looks only to such disruptive behavior when it occurs in a ``licensed'' 
facility--which under the strict terms of the FSA does not include 
staff-secure facilities--even though all such facilities are indeed 
state-licensed, and the vast majority of such facilities receive the 
same licenses as non-secure shelters. Thus, under a strict 
interpretation of the FSA, UACs could be immediately transferred to a 
secure facility for disruptive behavior in a non-secure shelter, 
without first evaluating the UAC in a staff secure setting, where 
further disruption might lead a higher level of restriction in care.
    The proposed rule would afford HHS the flexibility to first 
evaluate the UAC in a staff-secure setting, and then, if a UAC is 
significantly disrupting the operations of a staff-secure facility, 
transfer the UAC to protect the other children who remain within the 
staff secure facility.
    In addition to the behaviors listed in paragraph 21 of the FSA as 
unacceptably disruptive--(e.g., drug or alcohol abuse, stealing, 
fighting, intimidation of others, etc.).--HHS adds to this list 
``displays sexual predatory behavior.''
    In keeping with the July 30, 2018 order in Flores v. Sessions, the 
proposed rule stated that placement in a secure RTC may not occur 
unless a licensed psychologist or psychiatrist determined that the UAC 
poses a risk of harm to self or others. The proposed rule also stated 
that ORR may place a UAC in a secure facility if the UAC is ``otherwise 
a danger to self or others,'' which HHS will read in light of the other 
criteria in the FSA and is consistent with the plain language of the 
TVPRA. See 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A).
    Section 410.203 also sets forth review and approval of the decision 
to place a UAC in a secure facility consistent with the FSA. The FSA 
states that the determination to place a minor in a secure facility 
shall be reviewed and approved by the ``regional juvenile 
coordinator.'' The proposed rule used the term ``Federal Field 
Specialist,'' as this is the official closest to such juvenile 
coordinator for ORR. (Note: Although not covered in the proposed rule, 
ORR also recognizes that the TVPRA at 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A) delegates 
to the Secretary of HHS the requirement for prescribing procedures 
governing agency review, on a monthly basis, of secure placements. ORR 
directs readers to sections 1.4.2. and 1.4.7 of the ORR Policy Guide 
(available at: https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied) for these procedurals under the 
TVPRA.)
    Comment. Various organizations expressed concern that proposed 
Sec.  410.203(b) fails to provide that HHS will review all secure 
placements monthly, as required by the TVPRA, and fails to specify how 
placements in staff secure or residential treatment centers will be 
reviewed. Commenting organizations also stated that this section fails 
to take into consideration the best interest of the child.
    Response. HHS intends for proposed Sec.  410.203(b) incorporates 
legal requirements such as monthly review of secure placements required 
by the TVPRA; this is indicated by the provision's statement that 
review of secure placements is performed ``consistent with legal 
requirements.'' In addition, the rule is consistent with and does not 
abrogate current ORR policies and practices. Section 1.4.2 of the ORR 
Policy Guide states that, at least every 30 days, the care provider 
staff, in collaboration with the independent Case Coordinator and the 
ORR/Federal Field Specialist (FFS), reviews the placement of UACs not 
only into secure facilities, but also staff secure and RTC facilities 
in order to determine whether a new, less restrictive level of care is 
more appropriate. ORR refers the reader to Section 1.4.6 of the ORR 
Guide, which discusses RTC placements. Consistent with the TVPRA, see 8 
U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A), ORR generally places UACs in the least 
restrictive setting that is in the best interest of the child. See ORR 
Policy Guide, Section 1.2.1.
    Comment. One advocacy organization stated that the provisions in 
the proposed rule regarding when UACs can be placed in secure 
facilities violates the FSA because it allows HHS to place individuals 
in secure custody based on ``danger to self or others''--a requirement 
not found in the FSA and so vague as to compromise the government's 
obligation to place UACs in the least restrictive setting appropriate 
to their age and special needs.
    Response. HHS notes that this language of ``danger to self or 
others'' as

[[Page 44459]]

permissible criteria for secure placements of UACs comes directly from 
the TVPRA. See 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A). Additionally, as indicated in 
the proposed rule, the July 30, 2018 order in Flores v. Sessions 
mandated that placement of a UAC in a secure RTC may not occur unless a 
licensed psychologist or psychiatrist determined that the UAC poses a 
risk of harm to self or others. However, to respond directly to the 
concern that this provision is overly vague, HHS will add that nothing 
in the provision abrogates requirements to place UACs in the least 
restrictive setting appropriate to their age and special needs.
    Comment. Several organizations stated that the language in Sec.  
410.203 is too vague and gives HHS broad discretion to place children 
in secure settings is contrary to the TVPRA and the FSA. A policy group 
stated, in particular, that the proposed regulation does not clearly 
identify specific behaviors or offenses that allow placement of a UAC 
in a secure facility. And where explanation of placement is authorized, 
it is not clear enough for children to understand because it is a broad 
and non-specific list, which is confusing for children and fails to put 
them on notice of the rules that may result in their being detained in 
a jail-like setting.
    A couple of commenters discussed alleged missing provisions or 
provisions that should have been included related to the placement of 
children in restrictive settings. This included a proposal that HHS 
consider that in determining threats from children who the agency 
sought placement in a secure facility that those threats be ``credible 
and verified'' (as opposed to just credible threats as discussed in the 
proposed rule). Further, the commenter recommended removal of the term 
``disruptive behavior'' as criteria for placement in a secure facility 
as the term is far too subjective. The commenter also stated that 
secure placements should include the consultation of a mental health 
specialist. Another commenter stated that HHS provisions to provide 
placement in the ``least restrictive setting'' require more 
specificity. Similarly, that commenter derided the use of criteria not 
directly related to violence as justification for placement in a 
restrictive setting and objected that there was no monthly review of 
these placements as required by 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(1)(A).
    Response. As explained in the proposed rule preamble, HHS chose not 
to include in the proposed regulatory text the specific examples of 
behavior or offense that could result in the secure detention of a UAC 
listed in paragraph 21 of the FSA, because the examples are non-
exhaustive and imprecise. For instance, examples listed in paragraph 21 
of what may be considered non-violent, isolated offenses (e.g., 
breaking and entering, vandalism, or driving under the influence) could 
be violent offenses in certain circumstances depending upon the actions 
accompanying them. In addition, state law may classify these offenses 
as violent. Including these examples as part of codified regulatory 
text may inadvertently lead to confusion rather than clarity, and 
eliminate the ability to make case-by-case determinations of the 
violence associated with a particular act. Finally, ORR notes that the 
proposed rule does include a list of behaviors that may be considered 
unacceptably disruptive; HHS proposed to add ``displays sexual 
predatory behavior'' to the non-exhaustive list of examples provided at 
paragraph 21 of the FSA, including drug or alcohol abuse, stealing, 
fighting, and intimidation of others.
    HHS discusses notification of secure placement further under Sec.  
410.206--Information for UACs concerning the reasons for his or her 
placement in a secure or staff secure facility. ORR also notes that all 
ORR programs have clinicians (see subpart D) that provide mental health 
services for UAC regardless of program type.
    Comment. Two commenters also add that there is no consideration of 
disability as part of ORR's placement determinations, particularly for 
secure facilities.
    Response. ORR Federal Field Specialists review and approve all 
placements of UACs in secure facilities consistent with legal 
requirements. This review includes consideration of any disabilities 
identified as part of ORR's intake assessment process for every UAC in 
care.
    Comment. The commenter also found it unacceptable to move a child 
from ``the least restrictive setting that is in the best interest of 
the child'' for behaviors related to his or her disability without 
attempting first to ameliorate the need through the provisions of 
accommodations and individualized treatment.
    Response. ORR acknowledges and appreciates the commenter's 
feedback. The proposed rule did not impact ORR's policies and 
procedures for ORR Federal Field Specialists to review and approve all 
placement changes of UAC in ORR care, including UACs with disabilities. 
(See ORR Policy Guide, Section 1.2.) Please see Sec.  410.208 for 
information on the proposed rule regarding special needs minors in ORR 
care.
    Comment. Multiple organizations noted that research shows the 
children with disabilities in secure facilities may not have their 
individual needs met. One disability-rights organization objected that 
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is not addressed in the 
rule.
    Response. ORR acknowledges and appreciates commenters' feedback. 
The proposed rule did not impact ORR assessments or services based on 
each individual UAC needs, including any identified children with 
disabilities placed in any ORR facility, including secure facilities. 
ORR did not directly address Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 
1973, because the proposed rule did not impact ORR's assessments or 
services for disabled children. ORR assessments and services for 
disabled UAC meet all requirements laid out in Section 504 of the 
Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
    Comment. Another commenter stated that the rule does not provide 
adequate notice or opportunity to be heard in the event that a mental 
health professional believes that a youth poses a risk of harm and must 
be moved into a more restrictive setting. The commenter noted that such 
notice and opportunity to be heard is necessary to safeguard against 
violations of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
    Response. HHS agrees that, in situations where an individual poses 
a risk of harm to self or others, it is in the best interest of the 
individual, those detained with the individual, as well as the Federal 
employees overseeing the individual, to ensure a mental health 
professional's concerns are addressed reasonably and efficiently. HHS 
provided specifically for this scenario (for purposes stemming from a 
licensed psychologist or psychiatrist determining the individual poses 
a risk of harm to self or others) in Sec.  410.203(a)(4). Moreover, as 
noted in Sec.  410.203(b), ORR Field Specialists review and approve all 
placements in this context consistent with the relevant legal 
requirements (including all relevant Acts of Congress).
Changes to the Final Rule
    In response to public comments, HHS clarifies that it reviews 
placements of UACs in secure facilities on at least a monthly basis, 
and that, notwithstanding its ability under the rule to place UACs who 
are ``otherwise a danger to self or others'' in secure placements, this 
provision does not abrogate any requirements that HHS place UACs in the 
least restrictive

[[Page 44460]]

setting appropriate to their age and any special needs.
Considerations When Determining Whether an Unaccompanied Alien Child Is 
an Escape Risk (45 CFR 410.204)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Section 410.204 of the proposed rule described the considerations 
ORR takes into account when determining whether a UAC is an escape 
risk. This part is consistent with how the term ``escape risk'' is used 
in the FSA. Although the TVPRA removes the factor of being an escape 
risk as a ground upon which ORR may place a UAC in a secure facility, 
the factor of escape risk is still relevant to the evaluation of 
transfers between ORR facilities under the FSA as being an escape risk 
might cause a UAC to be stepped up from a non-secure level of care to a 
staff secure level of care where there is a higher staff-UAC ratio and 
a secure perimeter at the facility. Notably, an escape risk differs 
from a ``risk of flight,'' which is a term of art used in immigration 
law regarding an alien's risk of not appearing for his or her 
immigration proceedings.
    Comment. One organization noted that the TVPRA does not include 
escape risk as a factor for placement in a secure facility and 
disagrees with section 410.204 including this factor in placement 
decisions.
    Response. HHS acknowledges that the TVPRA does not include escape 
risk as a factor for placement in a secure facility, and ORR does not 
propose to consider escape risk when determining whether to place UAC 
in a secure facility. As specified in proposed rule Sec.  410.203, ORR 
will only place a UAC in a secure facility if the UAC has been charged 
with or is chargeable with a crime, or has been determined to pose a 
danger to self or others.
Changes to the Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to proposed Sec.  410.204 in the 
final rule.
Applicability of Sec.  410.203 for Placement in a Secure Facility (45 
CFR 410.205)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Section 410.205 of the proposed rule provided that ORR does not 
place a UAC in a secure facility pursuant to Sec.  410.203 if less 
restrictive alternatives, such as a staff secure facility or another 
licensed program, are available and appropriate in the circumstances.
    Comment. Several organizations argued the FSA and current laws 
encourage the placement of children in the least restrictive setting 
and favor release to a parent or family member. They argue that the 
proposed rule is designed to place more children in the most 
restrictive setting, which is not in the best interest of the child. 
One commenter stated that that the proposed rule eliminates the 
requirement that all UACs be housed in the least restrictive placement 
available.
    Response. HHS agrees that the FSA and current laws encourage the 
placement of children in the least restrictive setting and that the FSA 
encourages release to a parent or family member. However, HHS disagrees 
that that the proposed rule is inconsistent with these goals. As the 
proposed rule indicates, for the protection of all UACs in its care and 
custody, HHS only places a UAC in a secure facility in limited, 
enumerated circumstances where the UAC has been charged with a crime or 
is chargeable with a crime, or when the UAC is a danger to self or 
others, which HHS reads in light of the other criteria in the FSA. When 
such placement criteria is met, a secure facility is in fact the least 
restrictive setting that is in the best interest of the child. Notably, 
ORR reviews the decision to place a UAC in a secure facility, in 
accordance with the TVPRA, at least once monthly to make sure that a 
less restrictive setting is not more appropriate. See also ORR Policy 
Guide, Section 1.4.2.
    Comment. Several commenters contended that the proposed rule 
violates the TVPRA because it inserts availability and appropriateness 
factors as part of the placement decision. In 2008, Congress enacted a 
requirement that children under HHS custody ``shall be promptly placed 
in the least restrictive setting that is in the best interest of the 
child.'' 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A). In making such placements, ``the [HHS] 
Secretary may consider danger to self, danger to the community, and 
risk of flight.'' Id. But ``[a] child shall not be placed in a secure 
facility absent a determination that the child poses a danger to self 
or others or has been charged with having committed a criminal 
offense.'' Id. These commenters argued that 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A) 
accordingly prohibits secure placement based on issues unrelated to the 
best interests of the child, such as licensed shelter availability.
    Response. Consistent with the TVPRA, 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A), under 
the proposed rule, ``ORR places each UAC in the least restrictive 
setting that is in the best interest of the child and appropriate to 
the UAC's age and special needs, provided that such setting is 
consistent with its interests to ensure the UAC's timely appearance 
before DHS and the immigration court.'' ORR will only place a UAC in a 
secure facility if the UAC has been charged with or is chargeable with 
a crime, or has been determined to pose a danger to self or others. 
Notwithstanding Sec.  410.201(e) of the proposed rule, ORR does not 
place UAC in a secure facility such as a State or county juvenile 
detention facility based on issues unrelated to the best interests of 
the child, such as licensed shelter availability. ORR does not consider 
emergency or influx facilities to be secure facilities.
    Comment. Several organizations stated that the final rule should 
have a mechanism that allows a minor to challenge their placement in a 
facility and whether the facility complies with FSA-required standards.
    Response. HHS notes that nothing in the FSA contains the 
requirements commenters suggest with respect to an administrative 
appeal process (other than the hearings of paragraph 24(A) in the FSA). 
Nevertheless, pursuant to proposed Sec.  410.206, within a reasonable 
period of time, minors transferred or placed in secure facilities are 
provided with a notice of the reasons for the placement in a language 
the UAC understands. In addition, ORR policy states that ``After 30 
days of placement in a secure or RTC facility, UAC may request the ORR 
Director, or the Director's designee, to reconsider their placement. 
The ORR Director, or designee, may deny the request, remand the request 
to the ORR/FFS for further consideration, or approve the request and 
order the youth transferred to a staff secure or other care provider 
facility.'' See ORR Guide, Section 1.4.7. Moreover, subpart H of this 
rule provides UAC with the opportunity to have an independent hearing 
officer review ORR's decision as to whether the UAC presents a danger 
to self or others, or is a risk of flight.
Changes to the Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes in the final rule to proposed Sec.  
410.205 which is consistent with the FSA and the TVPRA.
Information for Unaccompanied Alien Children Concerning the Reasons for 
His or Her Placement in a Secure or Staff Secure Facility (45 CFR 
410.206)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Section 410.206 of the proposed rule specified that, within a 
reasonable period of time, ORR must provide each UAC placed in or 
transferred to a secure or staff secure facility with a notice of the 
reasons for the placement in a language the UAC understands.

[[Page 44461]]

    Comment. A policy group stated that the proposed regulation does 
not clearly identify specific behaviors or offenses that allow 
placement of a UAC in a secure facility. Further, the commenter stated 
that the notice of restrictive placement it is not clear enough for 
children to understand because it is a broad and non-specific list, 
which is confusing for children and fails to put them on notice of the 
rules that may result in their being detained in a jail-like setting.
    Response. As explained in the proposed rule preamble, HHS chose not 
to include in the proposed regulatory text (see proposed rule, Sec.  
410.203) the specific examples of behavior or offense that could result 
in the secure detention of a UAC in paragraph 21 of the FSA because the 
examples are non-exhaustive and imprecise. ORR notes, however, that in 
addition to standard check boxes to indicate reasons why a UAC is being 
placed in a secure, RTC, or staff-secure facility, ORR's Notice of 
Placement in a Restrictive Setting as is required by proposed rule, 
Sec.  410.206, provides a space for a narrative to be included which 
explains in greater detail why a particular restrictive setting is 
being recommended for a given UAC. The ORR form also specifically 
encourages a UAC to seek out assistance from his or her case manager at 
the ORR care provider facility, attorney, or legal service provider, if 
the UAC has have any questions about his or her placement, or their 
right to challenge it.
    Comment. One commenter stated that the rule does not provide 
adequate notice or opportunity to be heard in the event that a mental 
health professional believes that a youth poses a risk of harm and must 
be moved into a more restrictive setting. The commenter stated that 
such notice and opportunity to be heard is necessary to safeguard 
against violations of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
    Response. HHS only places a UAC in an RTC if the youth is 
determined to be a danger to self or others by a licensed psychologist 
or psychiatrist. See ORR Policy Guide, Section 1.4.6. UACs have an 
opportunity to challenge such a placement in an RTC. Per ORR policy 
(see ORR Guide, Section 1.4.7): ``After 30 days of placement in a 
secure or RTC facility, UAC may request the ORR Director, or the 
Director's designee, reconsider their placement. The ORR Director, or 
designee, may deny the request, remand the request to the ORR/FFS for 
further consideration, or approve the request and order the youth 
transferred to a staff secure or other care provider facility.'' The 
right to such administrative review is set forth on ORR's Notice of 
Restrictive Placement form, which is provided to UACs. Included in the 
notice is information on the UAC's right to seek judicial review in a 
Federal District Court with jurisdiction and venue. Immediately upon 
placement in a secure facility, staff secure facility, or RTC, a UAC 
may ask a lawyer to assist him or her in filing a lawsuit in a Federal 
District Court, if he or she believes they have been treated improperly 
and/or inappropriately placed in a restrictive setting. A judge will 
decide whether or not to review the UAC's case to determine whether the 
UAC should remain in a restrictive setting. Requests for 
reconsideration of placement in a restrictive facility is a separate 
process and a separate determination from the 810 hearings, which 
determine whether a UAC is a danger to the community or flight risk if 
released from ORR custody.
    Consistent with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals decision in 
Flores v. Sessions and paragraph 24A of the FSA, UACs also have the 
opportunity to seek a bond hearing with an immigration judge. This 
rule, at Sec.  410.810, creations of an independent hearing officer 
process (``810 hearings'') which would provide substantially the same 
``practical benefits'' as a bond hearing under the FSA, as described by 
the Ninth Circuit. In a bond hearing, an immigration judge decides 
whether the child poses a danger to the community. Similarly, an 
independent hearing officer within HHS would decide on the same 
question in an 810 hearing under this rule. ORR would take such a 
decision into account when determining a UAC's continued placement 
while in care.
    HHS notes that further information about the placement of special 
needs minors in ORR care is found in the discussion regarding proposed 
rule, Sec.  410.208.
    Comment. A commenter noted that there was no provision in the 
proposed rule for a periodic reassessment of a minor's placement at 
least every 30 days, as the commenter contends is required under 8 
U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A), or for independent review of a placement decision 
that satisfies due process requirements. The commenter recommended the 
adoption of standards it developed for providing both of these 
protections, which the commenter believes are necessary to ensure 
secure placements are limited to extreme circumstances only.
    Response. The proposed rule did not impact ORR's policies and 
procedures for the 30 day restrictive placement review, for all UACs 
placed in secure, staff secure, and RTCs. (See ORR Policy Guide Section 
1.4.2). HHS declines to adopt the standards suggested by the commenter 
because the rule implements and codifies both the FSA and other 
existing practices under the HSA and TVPRA.
    Comment. Several commenters also expressed concern that the 
proposed rule Sec.  410.206 weakened notice requirements for children 
placed in secure program.
    Response. The proposed rule did not impact the notice requirements 
for children placed in secure programs. (See ORR Policy Guide Section 
1.4.2)
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes in the final rule to proposed Sec.  
410.206 which is consistent with the FSA.
Custody of an Unaccompanied Alien Child Placed Pursuant to This Subpart 
(45 CFR 410.207)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Section 410.207 of the proposed rule specified who has custody of a 
UAC under subpart B of these rules. The proposed regulation specified 
that upon release to an approved sponsor, a UAC is no longer in the 
custody of ORR. ORR would continue to have ongoing monitoring 
responsibilities under the HSA and TVPRA, but would not be the legal or 
physical custodian. See, e.g., 6 U.S.C. 279(b)(1)(L); 8 U.S.C. 
1232(c)(3)(B). This interpretation accords with ORR's longstanding 
position, as well as provisions of the FSA (see e.g., paragraphs 15 
through 17, discussing ``release'' from custody).
    Comment. No public comments were submitted concerning this section 
of the proposed rule.
Changes to the Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to the proposed rule.
Special Needs Minors (45 CFR 410.208)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    In the proposed rule, ORR described ORR's policy regarding 
placement of a special needs minor. ORR also noted that an RTC may be 
considered a secure level of care and is discussed in proposed Sec.  
410.203.
    Comment. Several comments submitted concerned the standards for 
ORR's care of children with disabilities. Two advocacy groups commented 
that the proposed regulations do not contain enough guidance regarding 
the consideration of a child's disability as part of a placement 
determination, and the provision which requires a psychologist or 
psychiatrist to determine whether a child is a danger

[[Page 44462]]

to themselves or others, is insufficient to protect children with 
disabilities.
    Multiple legal and advocacy organizations noted that research shows 
that children with disabilities placed in secure facilities may not 
have their individual needs met. One of these commenters stated that 
the proposed rule should take into account studies suggesting youth 
with disabilities who are placed in secure facilities are at high risk 
of unmet health needs, fail to receive appropriate accommodations for 
their disabilities, and are subject to harmful conditions, including 
the use of restraints and solitary confinement. Another organization 
asserted that the proposed rule contains inadequate standards to 
address the needs of children with disabilities and fails to guarantee 
special education for children with disabilities, in conflict with the 
U.S. Supreme Court case Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982), and the 
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Another commenter, a 
disability-rights organization noted that Section 504 of the 
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is not addressed in the rule.
    Several organizations commented that education and special needs 
plans for UACs in ORR care are vague and that educational assessment 
needs to be defined. In addition, the organizations contended that the 
proposed rule needs to be more specific regarding how children's 
individualized educational needs will be met.
    Response. Under the rule, ORR will individually assess each UAC to 
determine whether the UAC has special needs and place the UAC in the 
least restrictive setting appropriate to the UAC's age and individual 
special needs. The proposed language also requires ORR, whenever 
possible, to place a UAC with disabilities in licensed programs where 
children without special needs are placed but that can provide the 
services and treatment needed to accommodate such special needs. UACs 
are placed in more restrictive settings, such as a RTC, only if the 
facility is the least restrictive placement available that meets the 
needs of the UAC as required by the TVPRA. See 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A). 
Moreover, consistent with the July 30, 2018 Order in Flores v. 
Sessions, Sec.  410.203 states that ``placement in a secure RTC may not 
occur unless a licensed psychologist or psychiatrist determines that 
the UAC poses a risk of harm to self or others.''
    All UACs in ORR custody are provided access to educational services 
while in care. Under Sec.  410.402, all licensed programs must identify 
a UAC's special needs, including any specific problems that appear to 
require immediate intervention, as well as develop an individualized 
educational assessment and plan for each minor. ORR care providers must 
provide educational services appropriate to the UAC's level of 
development, literacy level, and linguistic or communication skills in 
a structured classroom setting, which concentrate mainly on the 
development of basic academic competencies and secondarily on English 
Language Training (ELT). Further guidance regarding academic 
educational services provided to UAC is included in ORR Guide, section 
3.3.5, which again is consistent with and not abrogated by the rule. 
Care providers adapt or modify local educational standards to develop 
curricula and assessments, which must reflect cultural diversity and 
sensitivity. Remedial education and after school tutoring is provided 
as needed. Academic reports and progress notes are included and updated 
in the UAC's case file.
Changes to the Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to proposed Sec.  410.208 in the 
final rule, which adopts the special needs provision as found in the 
FSA, paragraph 7.
Procedures During an Emergency or Influx (45 CFR 410.209)
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Section 410.209 describes the procedures ORR follows during an 
emergency or influx. The FSA defines ``emergency'' and ``influx.'' 
Consistent with the FSA, the proposed rule states that UACs should be 
placed in a licensed program as ``expeditiously as possible.''
    HHS proposed a written plan describing the reasonable efforts it 
will take to place all UACs as expeditiously as possible into a 
licensed shelter when there is an influx or emergency consistent with 
proposed Sec.  410.209.
    Comment. HHS received several comments on the use of influx 
facilities when there are not enough beds at licensed facilities during 
an emergency or influx. Many individuals wrote that UACs should not be 
detained in unlicensed or non-state licensed ``tent cities,'' but 
instead should be treated with respect and dignity.
    Commenters were concerned with ORR's use of unlicensed soft-sided 
structures to house UACs during an influx, referring to them as ``tent 
cities.'' Commenters were concerned about the location of the Tornillo 
Influx Care Facility, especially the distance from El Paso, available 
services, and accommodations. Another commenter compared ``tent 
cities'' to Japanese and German internment camps.
    The commenters highlighted the facility's exemption from state 
oversight and licensing requirements and described cramped detention 
conditions existing there. Several commenters argued that placement of 
UACs in such facilities would be contrary to the TVPRA and the HSA, and 
undermine the FSA.
    Response. The FSA contemplates scenarios when the U.S. government's 
ability to place every UAC in a licensed facility is not possible 
during an emergency or influx. The HSA and the TVPRA do not prohibit 
the use of unlicensed facilities in some circumstances. The proposed 
rule defines those circumstances in Sec.  410.101--Definitions.
    When there is a sharp increase, or ``influx,'' in the number of 
UACs entering the United States and Federal agencies are unable to 
transfer them into state-licensed, ORR-funded care provider facilities 
in a timely manner, HHS may place certain UACs at influx care 
facilities. HHS has detailed policies for when children can be 
sheltered at a temporary influx care facility. The minor must be a 
youth between 13 and 17 years of age; have no known special medical or 
behavioral health conditions; have no accompanying siblings age 12 
years or younger; and be able to be discharged to a sponsor quickly--
among other considerations. (See ORR Policy Guide: Children Entering 
the United States Unaccompanied, Section 1.3.5).
    HHS is the primary regulator of temporary influx care facilities 
and is responsible for their oversight, operations, physical plant 
conditions, and service provision. While states do not license or 
monitor influx care facilities, they operate in accordance with 
applicable provisions of the FSA, HSA, TVPRA, interim Final Rule on 
Standards to Prevent, Detect, and Respond to Sexual Abuse and Sexual 
Harassment Involving Unaccompanied Alien Children, and ORR policy and 
procedures, and contract requirements.
    HHS monitors temporary influx care facilities through assigned 
Project Officers, Federal Field Specialists, Program Monitors, and an 
Abuse Review Team, and all have the authority to issue corrective 
actions if needed to ensure the safety and wellbeing of all children in 
HHS' care.
    HHS choses locations for temporary influx care facilities based on 
a number of factors relevant to child welfare, which included size, 
types of housing structures, and time considerations. HHS assesses 
possible influx sites for suitability to temporarily house UACs.

[[Page 44463]]

HHS also seeks to limit the use of soft-sided temporary influx 
structures except as a last resort to prevent UACs from lengthy stays 
in U.S. Border Patrol stations or to address any other emergent issues 
that could cause a temporary inability to use one of our regular 
shelters.
    HHS strives to provide a quality of care at temporary influx care 
facilities that is parallel to our state-licensed programs. Children in 
these facilities can participate in recreational activities and 
religious services appropriate to the child's faith, and receive case 
management, on-site education, medical care, legal services, and 
counseling.
    HHS' goal is to place as many UACs as possible into permanent 
state-licensed facilities or transitional foster care while their 
sponsorship suitability determinations or immigration cases are 
adjudicated (in the event there is no sponsor available).
Changes to the Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes in the final rule to proposed Sec.  
410.209.
45 CFR Part 410, Subpart C, Releasing an Unaccompanied Alien Child From 
ORR Custody
    This subpart covers the policies and procedures used to release, 
without unnecessary delay, a UAC from ORR custody to an approved 
sponsor.
45 CFR 410.300--Release a UAC From ORR Custody to an Approved Sponsor
Summary of Proposed Rule
    In the proposed rule, HHS described the policies and procedures 
used to release a UAC from ORR custody to an approved sponsor.
    Comment. HHS did not receive any comments on this section.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS adopts the standard in the proposed rule.
45 CFR 410.301--Sponsors to Whom ORR Releases an Unaccompanied Alien 
Child
Summary of Proposed Rule
    In the NPRM, HHS proposed that it would release a UAC to a sponsor 
without unnecessary delay when ORR determines that continued custody of 
the UAC is not required to either secure the UAC's timely appearance 
before DHS or the Immigration Courts or to ensure the UAC's safety or 
the safety of others. HHS also listed individuals (and entities) to 
whom ORR releases a UAC. HHS refers to the individuals and entities in 
this list as `''approved sponsors,'' regardless of their specific 
relationship with the UAC. The list of approved sponsors follows the 
order of preference set out in the FSA.
    Comment. A few commenters disagreed with HHS' proposed language 
under Sec.  410.301, which they believed afforded ORR broad authority 
to deny family reunification and raises serious due process concerns. 
For instance, the commenters pointed out that Sec.  410.301 permits ORR 
to deny reunification on the basis that the child's sponsor will not 
secure the child's appearance before DHS or the Immigration Courts, 
which they believe improper. They also raised concerns that the 
proposed rule does not establish any process by which the child is 
protected from an erroneous decision by being provided a notice of such 
a determination; presented with evidence supporting ORR's 
determination; or given an opportunity to contest such a determination 
and to present their own evidence in opposition to ORR's determination.
    Two commenters highlighted that the process also lacks a delineated 
timeline for decision-making or release. Multiple organizations argued 
that reuniting children with their families as quickly as possible is 
in the child's best interest. These organizations noted that it is in 
recognition of this interest that the FSA requires ORR to make ``prompt 
and continuous efforts'' towards family reunifications and to release 
children from immigration related custody ``without unnecessary 
delay.''
    Response. As stated above, the purpose of this rulemaking is to 
implement the provisions of the FSA. ORR derived language on denying 
UAC release verbatim from paragraph 14 of the FSA, which in itself was 
intended to address and fully settle Constitutional concerns, including 
due process issues, on behalf of the full class of UACs in INS legal 
custody, now HHS legal custody. The FSA did not include any provisions 
for the process urged by commenters. Similarly, the TVPRA--which 
includes Congress' detailed protections for UACs in the legal custody 
of HHS--did not include the process for challenging reunification urged 
by some commenters. ORR nevertheless notes that the various protections 
specified by commenters are addressed by ORR's existing policies (see 
ORR Policy Guide, section 2.7). Additionally, ORR notes that each case 
is unique and release decisions, by necessity, must be based on 
multiple factors, some of which are outside the agency's control (e.g., 
the time it takes for a sponsor to complete a sponsor application). ORR 
addresses timelines for its decision-making process and release 
recommendations in policies and procedures that interpret ORR's 
authorities and require that the decision-making process and release 
recommendations be made in a timely manner.
    Comment. A commenter who is a former director of ORR stated that 
during his tenure at ORR, the agency interpreted (and implemented) the 
TVPRA mandate of placing UACs in the ``least restrictive setting'' to 
require that children be released from congregate care to parents, 
other family members, or other responsible adults (``sponsors'') as 
promptly as possible. The commenter further stated that sponsors' 
requests for reunification were denied only in narrow circumstances 
where reuniting a child with the sponsor would not be in the child's 
best interest. He also objected to the Director-level review and 
approval policy of the current Administration as needlessly delaying 
the release of children from ORR custody, putting children at risk of 
considerable harm, and violating the TVPRA. The commenter said that in 
circumstances where even short delays can have serious implications for 
child well-being, the delays that necessarily accompany this new layer 
of review pose a serious risk of harm. He also asserted that the 
Director-level review for dangerousness of the entire category of 
children previously in staff-secure or secure placements serves no 
conceivable purpose and was put into place in a manner contrary to any 
notion of responsible agency administration and management.
    Response. HHS notes that the language regarding denying release of 
a minor derives from paragraph 14 of the FSA, and does not specify a 
regulatory requirement for a Director-level review. Likewise, ORR's 
current release policy, see ORR Policy Guide, section 2.7, does not 
include such a mandate for Director-level review. Additionally, ORR has 
an appeals process for when sponsorship is denied in ORR Policy Guide, 
section 2.7.7. This rule does not affect the appeals process for 
denying sponsorship.
Changes to Final Rule
    While recognizing that ORR policy includes some of the process 
urged by commenters, the purpose of this final rule is to implement 
provisions of the FSA. HHS accordingly is not deviating from the 
language of the proposed rule. The rule adopts the substantive terms of 
the corresponding release provisions of the FSA, paragraph 14.

[[Page 44464]]

45 CFR 410.302--Sponsor Suitability Assessment Process Requirements 
Leading to Release of an Unaccompanied Alien Child From ORR Custody to 
a Sponsor
Summary of Proposed Rule
    In the proposed rule, HHS outlined the process requirements leading 
to release of a UAC from ORR custody to a sponsor (also referred to as 
a ``custodian''). The FSA at paragraph 17 allows ORR the discretion to 
require a suitability assessment prior to release, and the TVPRA 
provides that ORR may not release a UAC to a potential sponsor unless 
ORR makes a determination that the proposed custodian is ``capable of 
providing for the child's physical and mental well-being. Such 
determination shall, at a minimum, include verification of the 
custodian's identity and relationship to the child, if any, as well as 
an independent finding that the individual has not engaged in any 
activity that would indicate a potential risk to the child.'' 8 U.S.C. 
1232(c)(3)(A). As such, the proposed rule requires a background check, 
including at least a verification of identity for potential sponsors in 
all circumstances. In accordance with the FSA, under the proposed rule, 
suitability assessments can include an investigation of the living 
conditions in which the UAC would be placed; the standard of care he or 
she would receive; interviews of household members; a home visit if 
necessary; and, follow-up visits after the child's release from care. 
Furthermore, where the TVPRA requires a home study, as specified in 8 
U.S.C. 1232(c)(3)(B), the proposed regulations acknowledge such 
requirement. The FSA says that the proposed sponsor must agree to the 
conditions of release by signing a custodial affidavit (Form I-134) and 
release agreement. However, the Form I-134 is a DHS form, and ORR does 
not use this form. Therefore, the proposed rule would have the sponsor 
sign an affirmation agreeing to abide by the sponsor care agreement, 
which is the agreement and accompanying form ORR has used so that the 
sponsor acknowledges his or her responsibilities.
    Further, consistent with the FSA and the TVPRA, ORR's suitability 
assessment includes biographic background checks (such as public 
records checks and sex offender registry checks) of potential sponsors, 
including biological parents, and household members, as well as 
fingerprinting only as is needed to ensure that release of a UAC to 
prospective sponsors is safe. Of note is that, in many, if not most 
cases, as well, while a sponsor may be a biological parent, the child 
arrived unaccompanied, and may not have lived with the parent for much 
or a significant portion of his or her childhood, so background checks 
remain important for safety reasons. Such background checks of all 
potential sponsors and household members are consistent with various 
state child welfare provisions. For example, all states require 
background checks for prospective foster care and adoptive parents, and 
kinship caregivers typically must meet most of these same requirements. 
See ``Background Checks for Prospective Foster, Adoptive, and Kinship 
Caregivers,'' available at: https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/background.pdf#page=2&view=Who Aug. 4, 2018). As of the time of the 
publication of the report, in 48 states, all adults residing in the 
home also were subject to background checks. A criminal records check 
for adult sponsors and other household members will check the 
individual's name in State, local or Federal law enforcement agencies' 
records, including databases of records for any history of criminal 
convictions. Moreover, nearly all states require a check of national 
criminal records. See also 42 U.S.C. 671(a)(20) (providing that states 
receiving Federal funding for foster care and adoption assistance 
provide ``procedures for criminal records checks, including 
fingerprint-based checks of national crime information databases (as 
defined in section 534(e)(3)(A) 1 of title 28), for any prospective 
foster or adoptive parent before the foster or adoptive parent may be 
finally approved for placement of a child.'').
    In Sec.  410.302(e), HHS ORR proposed a list of conditions and 
principles of release. ORR also invited public comment on whether to 
set forth in the final rule ORR's general policies concerning the 
following:
    1. Requirements for home studies (see 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(3)(B) for 
statutory requirements for a home study);
    2. Denial of release to a prospective sponsor, criteria for such 
denial, and appeal; and
    3. Post-release services requirements.
    Note: In accordance with the Flores v. Sessions July 30, 2018 court 
order, ORR stated in the preamble that it will not have a blanket 
policy of requiring post release services to be scheduled prior to 
release--for those UACs who required a home study--but will evaluate 
such situations on case-by-case basis, based on the particularized 
needs of the UAC as well as the evaluation of the sponsor, and whether 
the suitability of the sponsor may depend upon having post release 
services in place prior to any release. It is not necessary to include 
the policy on post-release services being in place, discussed above, 
explicitly in the regulation text, as the requirement for release 
without ``unnecessary delay'' is already included in the substantive 
rule, and this process is an interpretation of that requirement. 
Current policies are set forth in the ORR Policy Guide available at 
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/children- entering-the-united-
states-unaccompanied at: Sections 2.4 through 2.7.
    Comment. Some organizations disagreed with HHS' proposed language 
under Sec.  410.302 because they thought it lacked accountability and 
oversight for ORR and establishes discretionary factors ripe for 
discriminatory application. The commenters noted that Sec.  410.302(a) 
fails to establish any timeline requirements or requirements for prompt 
release. One commenter noted that HHS lacked requirements to make 
continuous efforts at release, and referenced agency practice as 
opposed to statutory and Flores requirements.
    Response. HHS wishes to reiterate that this final rule is intended 
to implement the terms of the FSA (and the TVPRA and HSA to the extent 
such statutes directly affect FSA provisions). It is not designed to 
address litigation related to children separated from their parents. 
HHS disagrees with commenters who indicated that the agency did not 
follow statutory or FSA requirements; the language in Sec.  410.302 is 
verbatim of language in paragraph 18 of the FSA that the licensed 
program ``shall make and record the prompt and continuous efforts on 
its part toward family reunification and the release of the minor.'' 
Issues of timeline requirements are not included in the FSA. With 
respect to separated children, HHS notes that this rule is intended to 
implement the FSA, and it is beyond the scope of this rulemaking to 
incorporate any requirements stemming from ongoing litigation. Such 
requirements govern how a Federal agency interacts with, monitors, and 
oversees its grantees and contractors and are more appropriately 
discussed and defined in ORR policy while this rule focuses exclusively 
on codifying the FSA.
    Comment. Organizations and commenters raised concerns that Sec.  
410.302(b) may lead to discrimination on account of economic status due 
to the lack of specificity in describing what standard of care is 
satisfactory for reunification, and what living conditions would raise 
concerns. They argue that poverty alone should not prevent a child's 
release from government custody.

[[Page 44465]]

    Response. HHS disagrees with the commenter's characterization of 
this requirement. Paragraph 17 of the FSA states specifically that the 
suitability assessment may include: ``verification of identity and 
employment of the individuals offering support.'' ORR notes that the 
employment check is only one factor among many in the suitability 
assessment to ensure that the potential placement is in the child's 
best interest. Poverty, alone, will not prevent a UAC's release, but 
the TVPRA prohibits HHS from releasing a UAC unless it determines that 
a potential sponsor is ``capable'' of caring for the minor's ``physical 
and mental well-being.'' Part of such analysis requires determining the 
sponsor's means to do so, which may include employment.
    Comment. Many commenters believed that Sec.  410.302(c) allows ORR 
to unnecessarily and inappropriately require a further suitability 
assessment and delay a child's placement with a sponsor. Several 
organizations argued that information obtained by ORR during the 
suitability assessment of a sponsor should not be shared with DHS for 
immigration enforcement purposes. In addition, some organizations said 
that sponsors should receive notice of the additional requirements and 
an opportunity to contest their necessity or to satisfy concerns in an 
alternate manner. One commenter suggested HHS could get the information 
it needs through its own Central Index System or the Executive Office 
for Immigration Review Hotline, which provides immigration hearing 
information. The commenter argued that the procedures in the proposed 
rule are contrary to children's best interests, which the law requires 
HHS to prioritize.
    Response. The FSA does not include provisions for sponsors 
contesting the necessity of additional conditions. Instead, paragraph 
17 of the FSA provides the discretion for the agency to conduct a 
suitability assessment prior to release. Such suitability assessment 
may include interviews of household members and may require home 
visits. In addition, ORR adheres to the TVPRA, which states that, 
``[b]efore placing the child with an individual, the Secretary of 
Health and Human Services shall determine whether a home study is first 
necessary.'' 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(3)(B). ORR policies similarly allow the 
Office to use its discretion to provide home studies when it is in the 
best interest of the child, see ORR Policy Guide, section 2.4. Home 
studies--a common practice in State foster care systems--ensure that a 
home is investigated, especially in cases where there is concern about 
the sponsor, or the UAC is especially vulnerable.\40\ The agency is 
required to balance timely releases with ensuring the safety of UACs, 
including that they are not released to traffickers or others who would 
abuse or exploit them. Further, HHS notes section 224(a) of DHS's 
current fiscal year 2019 Appropriations Act \41\ bars DHS, except in 
certain limited circumstances, from taking certain enforcement actions 
``against a sponsor, potential sponsor, or member of a household of a 
sponsor or potential sponsor of an unaccompanied alien child [`UAC'] . 
. . based on information shared by [HHS].'' \42\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ See https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/outofhome/foster-care/fam-foster/foster-care-home-studies/#sl_examples for discussion 
of home studies in foster care. The interstate compact on the 
placement of children (ICPC) state pages also allows a comparison of 
individual states with respect to requirements for foster care. The 
Texas state page shows that the state requires a home study even 
when a relative will be caring for a foster child. http://icpcstatepages.org/texas/relativestudies/. The page for California 
shows that relative caregivers must be licensed, must receive a home 
study, must receive a criminal records check, must receive a child 
abuse and neglect check, and that the wait time is ``3-6 Months'' 
for ``Complete applications for licensure and/or approval that do 
not have complications,'' and that ``This process may take longer 
based on delays resulting from criminal background checks, 
exceptions and waivers, and need for corrections to foster family 
homes.'' http://icpcstatepages.org/california/relativestudies/.
    \41\ Consolidated Appropriations Act 2019, Public Law 116-6, 
section 224, 133 Stat. 13.
    \42\ CONSOLIDATED APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2019, Public Law 116-6, 
February 15, 2019, 133 Stat 13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ORR notifies sponsors following its policies and procedures on the 
home study process.
    Lastly, with regard to obtaining information through the Central 
Index System, HHS notes that this system is actually maintained by the 
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service, an agency within DHS.
    Comment. Commenters also referred to the expanded suitability 
assessments, as described in Sec.  410.302(c) and in the Memorandum of 
Agreement (MOA) between ORR, ICE, and CBP concerning information 
sharing (see ORR-ICE-CBP Memorandum of Agreement Security Regarding 
Consultation and Information Sharing in Unaccompanied Alien Children 
Matters (Apr. 13, 2018)), as unnecessary, likely to deter potential 
sponsors from coming forward, and violative of DHS's own privacy policy 
and the privacy rights of potential sponsors. One commenter stated that 
HHS and DHS have never convincingly articulated why immigration status 
determinations merit the privacy risk to parents and relatives. Several 
commenters believed that HHS' pre-MOA suitability assessments were 
sufficiently robust without expanding data collection and exchange and 
argued that the proposed rule fails to justify why additional steps are 
necessary to assess sponsor suitability. To support the assertion that 
pre-MOA suitability assessment policies were sufficient, the commenters 
referenced three reports published by the Government Accountability 
Office (dated 4/26/2018, 2/5/2016, and 7/14/2015) recommending 
improvements to HHS' care of UACs and pointed out that none of the 
reports made recommendations calling for enhancements to HHS' sponsor 
suitability assessments. One commenter also referenced a report written 
by the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (dated 8/15/
2018) that focused on procedures for distant relatives or non-relatives 
but made no recommendations for procedures for parental or close 
relative sponsors. The commenters pointed out that neither the TVPRA or 
the FSA require HHS to collect immigration status information on 
sponsors or other adult members of the household. They argued that the 
expanded collection and sharing of information about potential 
sponsors' immigration status serves no legitimate purpose in that, per 
the ORR Policy Guide, immigration status is not used to disqualify a 
potential sponsor. They also mentioned that there are alternative 
methods to obtain immigration status information that does not involve 
ICE, such as USCIS's Central Index System or the Executive Office for 
Immigration Review Hotline. The commenters posited that the practice of 
using information collected under the MOA for immigration enforcement 
purposes deters and/or delays family reunification because potential 
sponsors, many of whom are in the United States without legal 
immigration status, fear coming forward to sponsor children. The 
commenters also theorized that individuals who are lawfully present, 
including U.S. citizens, may also be deterred from sponsoring UAC in 
order to avoid interacting with ICE or exposing others living with or 
near them who lack legal immigration status to potential immigration 
enforcement. One commenter highlighted that further complications can 
arise when a household member refuses to undergo a background check. 
The commenter explained that sponsors may be forced to choose between 
leaving their home and leaving their child or loved one in Federal 
custody. The commenters suggested that HHS restrict access and use of 
data only to the vetting of potential sponsors. The commenters stated 
repurposing the data will

[[Page 44466]]

contribute to the fear that interacting with any government agency will 
bring about an enforcement action.
    Response. Consistent with the FSA and TVPRA, the proposed rule 
would codify the FSA standard to release UACs to sponsors promptly and 
without unnecessary delay. HHS disagrees with the commenters' assertion 
that additional information, such as information about a sponsor's 
immigration status, or fingerprinting in certain cases, is unnecessary. 
The TVPRA requires HHS to conduct a suitability assessment and is clear 
that the standards it requires (verification of the custodian's 
identity and relationship to the child, if any, as well as a 
determination that a proposed sponsor is ``capable of providing for the 
child's physical and mental well-being,'' including an ``independent 
finding that the individual has not engaged in any activity that would 
indicate a potential risk to the child'') are the minimum standards 
required. The TVPRA also sets forth a general principle that HHS 
``establish policies and programs to ensure that unaccompanied alien 
children in the United States are protected from traffickers and other 
persons seeking to victimize or otherwise engage such children in 
criminal, harmful, or exploitative activity.'' 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(1).
    In order to carry out the Department's mission to ensure safe 
release of UAC to their sponsors, while protecting vulnerable children 
from traffickers or others seeking to victimize or exploit them, ORR 
must be able to fingerprint or apply suitability assessments as 
appropriate. The rule does not require fingerprinting or immigration 
status checks for all cases; ORR uses the information from background 
check results to make release decisions in the child's best interest. 
ORR also engages in information sharing with other Federal agencies to 
ensure that children are protected from smugglers, traffickers, or 
others who might seek to victimize or otherwise engage the child in 
criminal, harmful or exploitative activity, as required by the TVPRA, 8 
U.S.C. 1232(c)(1). HHS acknowledges that some requirements of 
suitability assessments and information sharing are factors that may 
contribute to a longer reunification process in some cases, however, 
HHS must balance its mandate to promptly release the child with its 
equally important mandate of ensuring that the child be released into a 
safe environment.
    HHS continuously evaluates its UAC Program and operations. As part 
of this ongoing review process, ORR evaluated the effect expanded 
suitability assessments had on its mission of safe and timely release 
of UACs. This included evaluation of whether the expanded biometric 
background checks, as described in the ORR-ICE-CBP Information Sharing 
Memorandum of Agreement (Apr. 2018), yielded new information that 
enabled ORR to identify child welfare risks that the office would not 
have found under the prior policy, as well as whether a correlation 
existed between the expanded biometric background checks and UAC length 
of care in ORR custody (``length of care'' refers to the total time 
that a UAC is under ORR care and custody; whereas ``length of stay'' 
refers to a UAC's placement at one specific care provider facility and 
does not account for time a UAC may have been placed at another care 
provider facility). ORR then issued a series of four operational 
directives (one in December 2018, one in March 2019, and two in June 
2019) that modified the suitability assessment process to achieve an 
appropriate balance between safety and timeliness under the operating 
conditions faced by ORR.
    Under the operational directives, ORR completes individualized 
suitability assessments of sponsors without obtaining fingerprints from 
all household members, or all parent/legal guardian or close relative 
sponsors in appropriate cases. ORR also permits under certain 
circumstances the release of children to other relatives who were their 
primary caregivers prior to receiving the results of a fingerprinting 
background check. Further, ORR no longer requires verification of 
immigration status information before releasing UAC to sponsors, or 
mandates Child Abuse and Neglect (CA/N) checks unless there is a 
specific and substantial child welfare concern.
    Congress has prohibited HHS from using funds provided in the 
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Humanitarian Assistance and 
Security at the Southern Border Act, 2019 (Pub. L. 116-26) or 
previously appropriated funding to reverse the procedures of the first 
three operational directives, unless the Secretary determines that a 
change is necessary to protect an unaccompanied alien child from being 
placed in danger. Further the Secretary is required to submit the 
justification for the change in writing to the HHS/Office of Inspector 
General and to Congress prior to implementation of the proposed change. 
See section 403 of Public Law 116-26.
    HHS disagrees with the commenters' assertion that immigration 
status checks are unnecessary. While ORR does not use immigration 
status to disqualify a proposed sponsor, ORR does use the proposed 
sponsor's immigration status to determine whether a sponsor care plan 
is necessary in the event the sponsor is required to leave the United 
States.
    Additionally, HHS notes section 224(a) of DHS's fiscal year 2019 
appropriations bars DHS from taking certain enforcement actions 
``against a sponsor, potential sponsor, or member of a household of a 
sponsor or potential sponsor of an unaccompanied alien child [`UAC'] . 
. . based on information shared by'' HHS. Per the June 10, 2019 
Operational Directive, case managers working with ORR grantee care 
providers are to share this information with persons subject to 
fingerprint background checks.
    Comment. Another commenter urged HHS to resist cooperating with DHS 
enforcement activities relating to sponsors, citing several immigration 
related contexts in which access to data has been limited to further a 
greater societal need. This commenter shared that numerous police 
departments resist working with or sharing information with immigration 
enforcement entities because doing so has demonstrably limited their 
ability to respond to crime; that individuals who applied for Deferred 
Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) were promised that the data in 
their DACA applications would not be proactively shared with ICE for 
enforcement purpose; and that there are also restrictions on what data 
the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) can share with DHS, despite mounting 
pressure to enable DHS to use IRS data for enforcement purposes. 
Similarly, another commenter proposed that HHS require information that 
relates to sponsors' and household members' criminal status and 
immigration status be sealed upon the conclusion of a suitability 
assessment.
    Response. The MOA and information sharing with other agencies is 
not the subject of the FSA and the rules implementing such Agreement. 
In addition, HHS does not control how another Federal agency may use 
information HHS shares in order for HHS to carry out its FSA and/or 
TVPRA requirements. However, HHS notes that section 224(a) of DHS's 
fiscal year 2019 appropriations bars DHS from taking certain 
enforcement actions ``against a sponsor, potential sponsor, or member 
of a household of a sponsor or potential sponsor of an unaccompanied 
alien child [`UAC'] . . . based on information shared by [HHS].''
    Comment. One organization asserted that HHS would be violating the 
Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPP)

[[Page 44467]]

and the privacy rights of potential sponsors by using information from 
background checks to deport sponsors and other relatives. The 
commenters cited an April 27, 2017, memorandum issued by DHS in which 
DHS extended FIPPs protections to all persons regardless of citizenship 
or legal status; the commenters stated that HHS is aiding DHS in 
violating the spirit of two of the FIPPs principles: Individual 
participation and use limitation.
    The commenters believe that meaningful consent is impossible here 
because HHS presents parents with a Hobson's choice: Either consent to 
the release of your personal information to DHS and face possible 
deportation, or allow your child to languish in Federal custody until 
he or she turns 18 and is transferred into ICE custody.
    Response. HHS disagrees that any information it shares with DHS 
would violate FIPPs. Once again, HHS does not share information with 
DHS for law enforcement purposes and notes that section 224(a) of DHS's 
fiscal year 2019 appropriations bars DHS from taking certain 
enforcement actions ``against a sponsor, potential sponsor, or member 
of a household of a sponsor or potential sponsor of an unaccompanied 
alien child [`UAC'] . . . based on information shared by [HHS].'' 
Additionally, HHS' March and June 10, 2019 Operational Directives, 
specifically exempts the vast majority of parent (and legal guardian) 
and close relative sponsors from fingerprint background check 
requirements.
    Comment. The commenters pointed out that Sec.  410.302(f) of the 
proposed rule permits ORR to deny reunification on the basis that the 
child's sponsor will not secure the child's appearance before DHS or 
the immigration courts; does not establish any process by which the 
child may be protected from an erroneous decision; or be provided 
notice of such a determination or the evidence used to make it.
    One organization proposed expanding the use of affidavits to 
require sponsors of children to submit sworn statements attesting that 
their homes are safe for children. Additionally, the commenter proposed 
that HHS create an appeals process for denying sponsorship and produce 
aggregated annual reports on sponsors it denies. Another commenter 
urged HHS to put requirements regarding home studies, denial of release 
to sponsors, and post release services in the policy and procedure 
guide, not the final rule.
    Response. HHS notes that the language regarding denying release of 
a minor derives from paragraph 14 of the FSA. HHS refers readers to 
earlier responses regarding including additional process or timelines 
that were not outlined or included in the FSA. Regarding the various 
denial procedures specified by commenters, the safety of UACs and 
others is paramount when deciding whether to approve or deny release to 
a sponsor, and the sponsor denial procedures which ORR implements 
appear in section 2.7 of the ORR Policy Guide. ORR notes that is not 
possible to have specific timeframes for release because each case is 
unique, and decisions are based on multiple factors. However, ORR will 
address timelines for decision-making or release in policies and 
procedures interpreting the regulations with the understanding that all 
decisions be made in a timely manner. Historically, ORR utilizes a 
sponsor care agreement, in which the sponsor signs and affirms 
responsibility to provide for the physical and mental well-being of the 
minor, and the proposed rule will not affect this agreement. To ensure 
a sponsor's home is safe and appropriate for a UAC, ORR has policies 
and procedures in place to conduct a home study (see Section 2.4.2 of 
the ORR Policy Guide) and to provide post release services (see Section 
6.2 of the ORR Policy Guide). ORR also has an appeal process for 
denying sponsorship (see section 2.7.7 of the ORR Policy Guide). The 
rule does not impact the requirements regarding home studies, post 
release services, and denial of release to sponsors in ORR's policies 
and procedures, nor the aggregated data reported by ORR in annual 
reports.
Changes to Final Rule
    The rule adopts the substantive terms of the corresponding release 
and suitability provisions of the FSA, paragraphs 14 and 17. However, 
in response to commenters' concerns, HHS clarifies that the licensed 
program providing care for a UAC shall make continual efforts at family 
reunification as long as the UAC is in the care of the licensed 
program.
45 CFR Part 410, Subpart D, Licensed Programs
45 CFR 410.400--Purpose of This Subpart
Summary of Proposed Rule
    In this subpart, HHS described the standards that licensed programs 
must meet in keeping with the FSA, including the general principles of 
the settlement agreement of treating all minors in custody with 
dignity, respect, and special concern for their particular 
vulnerability.
    Comment. A commenter said that the United States government should 
utilize international rights-based standards for the care and treatment 
of children, who need special protections given their vulnerability.
    Response. HHS notes that the proposed rule does not replace the 
requirements ORR has for licensed programs to provide a high-quality 
standard of care as outlined in ORR's Policy Guide. Rather, the rule 
adopts the FSA's minimum standards for licensed programs, found at 
Exhibit 1. Please see the introduction to the ORR Policy Guide and 
section 3.3 of the ORR Policy Guide for more information about ORR's 
special protections for vulnerable children.
Changes to the Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes in the final rule to Sec.  410.400.
45 CFR 410.401--Applicability of This Subpart
Summary of Proposed Rule
    This subpart applies to all ORR licensed facilities providing care 
in shelters, staff secure facilities, residential treatment centers, or 
foster care and group homes.
    Comment. Some commenters cited research indicating that the best 
practice is to place immigrant youth in foster family placements and 
not large detention or shelter settings. A different commenter 
suggested that children be placed in orphanages until they reached a 
certain age.
    Response. ORR has foster care programs for some immigrant youth, 
and the proposed rule does not impact minimum standards for those 
programs. See Exhibit 1 of the FSA; see also ORR Guide, Sections 1.4.4 
and 3.6. ORR does not place children in orphanages; orphanages in the 
U.S. have been replaced by foster care systems.
Changes to the Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes in the final rule to Sec.  410.401.
45 CFR 410.402--Minimum Standards Applicable to Licensed Programs
Summary of Proposed Rule
    In this subpart, ORR described the specific minimum standards of 
care each licensed program must follow.
    Section 410.402 reflected the minimum standards of care listed in 
Exhibit 1 of the FSA, which are consistent with the Flores v. Sessions 
Court order of July 30, 2018, as they require that licensed programs 
comply with applicable state child welfare laws and regulations and 
that UACs be

[[Page 44468]]

permitted to ``talk privately on the phone, as permitted by the house 
rules and regulations.'' ORR expected licensed programs to easily meet 
those minimum standards and, in addition, to strive to provide 
additional care and services to the UACs in their care.
    Comment. Many commenters stated that holding children in facilities 
that are not licensed by state child welfare agencies is inhumane and 
dangerous. Several commenters suggested that the proposed rule is vague 
and would harm children by overturning longstanding conditions that the 
government previously agreed to and which have effectively protected 
children.
    Response. The rule adopts the FSA's provisions regarding placement 
of UACs in state-licensed programs. Each licensed program must meet the 
minimum standards outlined by the FSA, which will effectively protect 
children.
    Comment. One commenter urged HHS and DHS to protect the FSA, 
stating that knowingly exposing migrant children to prison like 
conditions, while simultaneously removing existing mechanisms for court 
monitoring and independent oversight, would be a deliberate violation 
of their human rights.
    Response. ORR's standards for licensed care provider programs are 
adopted from the FSA. For the UAC program, all licensed facilities must 
meet the minimum standards set forth in Exhibit 1 of the FSA.
    Comment. Commenters noted that even under the current requirements 
around licensing, conditions could result in trauma. Commenters contend 
that children's rooms are cramped and subject to uncomfortable 
temperatures and they cannot access medical attention right away. 
Commenters stated that unlike licensed shelter placements, many of 
ORR's more restrictive settings closely resemble prison. Children may 
be under constant surveillance, required to wear facility uniforms, and 
have little control.
    Response. In Sec.  410.402 of the proposed rule, HHS outlined all 
the minimum standards applicable to licensed care provider programs for 
children in ORR's care, and included requirements to comply with child 
welfare laws and regulations and all State and local building, fire, 
health, and safety codes. These minimum standards were adopted directly 
from Exhibit 1 of the FSA. Further, the proposed rule is consistent 
with and does not abrogate ORR's policies and procedures for UAC 
services, including items provided to each UAC, safety planning, and 
living arrangements (see ORR Policy Guide, Section 3).
    Comment. Several commenters wrote about allegations of abuse taking 
place in detention facilities. They also mentioned allegations of abuse 
occurring within ORR custody such as in Southwest Key facilities in 
Arizona. Commenters also submitted an article from Reveal (Aura Bogado, 
Patrick Michels, Vanessa Swales, and Edgar Walters, published June 20, 
2018) that detailed several allegations of abuse at shelters serving 
children in ORR custody, including abuse allegations at Shiloh 
Treatment Center in Texas. These commenters expressed their concern 
that the new rule would allow for longer periods of detention, which 
would raise the risk of abuse.
    Response. HHS takes any and all allegations of abuse of UACs 
seriously. The proposed rule will not change ORR's standards of care or 
reporting requirements. See IFR; ORR Guide, sections 3, 4, and 5.
    Comment. Commenters wrote that many of the migrants who arrive in 
the United States have experienced trauma and thus, it is important for 
facilities to provide trauma-informed care to migrants to help them 
heal and achieve self-sufficiency.
    Response. The proposed rule does not affect ORR's mental health 
services for UACs. It adopts the FSA's requirement that licensed 
programs provide appropriate mental health interventions when necessary 
and weekly individual counseling sessions by trained social services 
staff. Individual counseling sessions address crisis-related needs, 
including trauma. See also ORR Guide, section 3.3 for more information 
on counseling services for UAC.
    Comment. Several commenters argued that education and special needs 
plans are vague and that educational assessment needs to be defined. In 
addition, they contended that the proposed rule needs to be more 
specific regarding how children's specific education needs will be met. 
One commenter noted that few children, if any, are screened for 
disability-related issues upon transfer from ICE to ORR custody. 
Another commenter advocated that ORR should take into account the 
special needs of children, as is required under the Individuals with 
Disabilities Education Act (34 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.) and 34 CFR 300.7.
    Response. The provision adopts the standards of Exhibit 1, 
including a requirement for licensed programs to deliver services in a 
manner sensitive to the complex needs of each individual UAC. HHS takes 
into account the special needs of children, through education 
assessments and education services. See ORR Guide, sections 3.3 and 
3.3.5. The proposed rule will not affect assessments and services.
    Comment. One medical faculty group recommended that HHS strive to 
reduce trauma among families by adopting Substance Abuse and Mental 
Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) guidelines for a trauma-
informed approach, which include: (1) Safety; (2) trustworthiness and 
transparency; (3) peer support; (4) collaboration and mutuality; (5) 
empowerment, voice and choice; and (6) sensitivity to cultural, 
historical, and gender issues. The commenters believe that the proposed 
changes to current regulations violate standards of trustworthiness, 
transparency, collaboration, and empowerment, and they and they urge 
that the current FSA standards be retained.
    Response. HHS notes that it provides care for UACs, not adults. The 
proposed rule does not impact ORR's policies and procedures for ORR 
services to UACs, as outlined. The proposed rule keeps the FSA minimum 
standards for licensed facilities. For responses regarding DHS FRCs, 
refer to Section 8 ``Detention of Families.''
    Comment. Several commenters argued that HHS omitted certain minimum 
standards. For instance, one organization found the minimum standards 
at section 410.402 did not provide sufficient safeguards for children's 
health and safety, while another contended that HHS does not address 
the educational service requirement. Another interest group commented 
that the minimum standards do not address basic services such as the 
provision of food, water, and medical care.
    Response. HHS notes that the proposed rule keeps the FSA standards 
for licensed facilities, including the provision of food, water, and 
medical care. The proposed rule does not impact the safeguards for 
child health and safety. See ORR Guide, sections 3.3 and 3.4. ORR's 
policies and procedures also address the education service requirement. 
See ORR Guide, section 3.3.5. The proposed rule does not impact ORR's 
education services.
    Comment. An organization representing multiple welfare agencies 
recommended that HHS include trauma screenings and developmental 
learning; that outdoor activity time frames be expanded; that clinical 
services be trauma-informed; that celebration of cultural and religious 
celebrations be included; and that internet access for correspondence 
be required.

[[Page 44469]]

    Response. HHS will address specific changes to UAC services through 
its policies and procedures.
    Comment. Another organization found that service provisions in the 
proposed rule did not address the needs of victims of violence and 
sexual abuse, victims who are most likely going to be women and 
children.
    Response. Because it adopted the provisions of Exhibit 1 of the 
FSA, the proposed rule did not change ORR's mental health services for 
UAC in care, including weekly individual counseling sessions by trained 
social work staff. Individual counseling sessions address any crisis-
related needs, including sexual abuse and violence. See ORR Policy 
Guide, section 3.3.
    Comment. One commenter contended that ``the proposed rules are, at 
worst, expressly prohibited by the FSA and, at best, incompatible with 
the letter and spirit of the agreement.'' It also argued that the 
proposed new layer of Federal rules was duplicative of State law 
requirements already in place.
    Response. HHS disagrees that the rule is prohibited by or 
incompatible with the FSA. In fact, the proposed rule adopts the FSA's 
minimum standards for ORR licensed facilities. HHS recognizes that the 
proposed rule may be duplicative of State licensing requirements in 
some respects, and any duplication issues will be addressed in ORR 
policies and procedures.
    Comment. Several commenters asserted that UACs are housed in 
prison-like conditions, sleeping on cement floors, using open toilets, 
and suffering from exposure to extreme cold and insufficient food and 
water.
    Response. HHS believes these public comments specifically refer to 
allegations about CBP facilities (see Sec.  236.3(g)). HHS provides 
living standards meeting the minimum standards of the FSA. The proposed 
rule, as well as ORR policies and procedures, address food and water 
for UACs in care.
    Comment. Many commenters and organizations argued the rule removes 
child protections set in both U.S. child welfare standards and the FSA, 
undermining the safety, development, and well-being of children. The 
commenter argued that the procedures that the proposed rule would 
codify are contrary to children's best interests, which the law 
requires HHS to prioritize.
    One commenter stated harms may surface or be aggravated when 
unaccompanied minors are placed in confined, institutional settings and 
are separated from family members and other community affiliations.
    Response. HHS notes that the proposed rule adopts FSA standards for 
licensed facilities. It requires licensed facilities to comply with all 
applicable state child welfare laws and regulations. The proposed rule 
also did not change ORR's services for UAC, which prioritize safety, 
development, and well-being of children. ORR's services for UAC are 
outlined in section 3.3 of the ORR Policy Guide. The proposed minimum 
standards for licensed facilities do not change ORR's policies for UACs 
to have a minimum of two phone calls per week with their family, and 
access to community outings. Please see section 3.3 of the ORR Policy 
Guide for more details.
    Comment. A commenter advocated hiring of Spanish speaking 
counselors to hear asylum claims and provide education on birth 
control.
    Response. HHS notes that it is not an immigration enforcement or 
adjudication agency, and does not hear asylum claims. The proposed rule 
did not impact HHS' services for UACs, and it adopts the FSA's 
requirement to deliver services in a manner sensitive to UACs' cultures 
and native languages. The proposed rule did not impact ORR's UAC family 
planning services. See ORR Guide, section 3.3.
    Comment. A commenter suggested that ICE and ORR consider issuing 
guidance to contractors, non-profits and faith-based organizations that 
are tasked with assisting the Federal Government in the care or 
education of immigrant youth.
    Response. HHS notes that ORR already issues guidance in the form of 
policies and procedures to the grantees it funds to support the 
provision of care and custody to UACs in its custody. The minimum 
standards ORR communicates are based on the FSA's minimum standards, 
which the proposed rule has adopted. As a result, the proposed rule did 
not impact ORR's guidance to contractors, non-profits, and faith-based 
organizations regarding services for UAC. For more information on ORR's 
guidance for UAC services, please see section 3.3 of the ORR Policy 
Guide.
    Comment. One commenter said that children, whether unaccompanied or 
accompanied, should receive timely, comprehensive medical care that is 
culturally and linguistically-sensitive by medical providers trained to 
care for children. The commenter said that trauma-informed mental 
health screening should be conducted once a child is in the custody of 
US officials via a validated mental health screening tool, with 
periodic re-screening, additional evaluation, and care available for 
children and their parents.
    Response. The proposed rule did not impact medical services or 
mental health services for UAC, which are culturally- and 
linguistically-appropriate as required by the FSA. See also ORR Guide, 
sections 3.4 and 3.3. The proposed rule does not impact ORR's mental 
health screening tools.
    Comment. One organization objected that the proposed rule did not 
include provisions for ensuring availability of licensed programs in 
geographic areas where children are apprehended.
    Response. The proposed rule did not impact the location of ORR 
licensed programs, nor the cultural and linguistic requirements for UAC 
services in ORR care.
    Comment. One commenter is concerned that the proposed rule will put 
LGBTQ youth in more restrictive settings, increasing their 
vulnerability to abuse. Other commenters noted that due to negative 
stereotypes about LGBTQ people as being more likely to engage in 
coercive sexual activity, LGBTQ youth are more likely than their 
straight and cisgender counterparts to face criminal consequences for 
consensual sexual activity. Commenters also asserted that, in the 
juvenile justice system, LGBTQ youth are sometimes even classified as 
sexual offenders at intake.
    Response. HHS recognizes that LGBTQ youth may have unique needs and 
concerns, which its care providers must provide for, under both the FSA 
and the proposed rule. In addition, the IFR requires staff training and 
efforts to protect LGBTQ youth from abuse. Further, the proposed rule 
is consistent with and does not abrogate existing ORR policies to 
protect and care for LGBTQ youth. See ORR Guide, section 3.5. The 
proposed minimum standards for licensed facilities do not impact the 
quality of care for these vulnerable youth.
    Comment. One commenter claimed that the proposed rule is immoral as 
well as illegal under international law. The commenter cited to a 
portion of Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 
which states: ``No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference 
with his privacy, family, home, or correspondence, nor to attacks upon 
his honor or reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of 
the law against such interference or attacks.''
    Response. HHS notes that the proposed rule adopts the FSA's minimum 
standards for licensed programs, which explicitly include a UAC's 
reasonable right to privacy. Because the rule adopts the FSA's 
standards, this provision does not impact the privacy standards set 
forth by the FSA for licensed facilities.

[[Page 44470]]

    Comment. One organization recommended the government immediately 
provide minors and UACs who are taken back into custody with an 
opportunity to contact family members as well as their attorneys.
    Response. As stated in both the FSA and the proposed rule, all UACs 
are provided the opportunity to talk privately on the phone subject to 
house rules. The proposed minimum standards for licensed facilities do 
not change ORR's policies for UAC to have a minimum of two phone calls 
per week with their families, and unrestricted access to preprogrammed 
phone to contact legal service providers. Please see section 3.3 and 
4.10.1 of the ORR Policy Guide for more details.
    Comment. One commenter noted that in a study of immigration court 
cases involving unaccompanied minors over a two year period, the 
presence of an attorney proved crucial to the fate of the children in 
those cases. In nearly three quarters of the cases (73 percent) where 
the child was represented, the court allowed the child to remain in the 
United States. The child was ordered removed in only 12 percent of 
these cases while the remaining 15 percent filed a voluntary departure 
order. Where the child appeared in immigration court alone without 
legal representation, only 15 percent were allowed to remain in the 
country. The rest of the unrepresented minor children in immigration 
court were ordered deported, 80 percent through the entry of a removal 
order, and 5 percent with a voluntary departure order.
    Several commenters cited government statistics 43 44 
that show that between 1997-2017, border arrests decreased from 
1,412,953 to 310,531, while the number of border agents increased from 
6,895 to 19,437. For unaccompanied children's cases in FY2017, nearly 
60% were unrepresented.\45\ Without an attorney, children are five 
times more likely to be deported.\46\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ United States Border Patrol, Nationwide Illegal Alien 
Apprehensions Fiscal Years 1925-2017, https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Total%20Apps%20FY1925-FY2017.pdf.
    \44\ United States Border Patrol, Border Patrol Agent Staffing 
by Fiscal Year, https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2017-Dec/BP%20Staffing%20FY1992-FY2017.pdf.
    \45\ See TRAC Immigration, ``Juveniles--Immigration Court 
Deportation Proceedings'' Tracker, http://trac.syr.edu/phptools/immigration/juvenile/. Select ``Fiscal Year Began'' from first drop-
down menu and click ``2017''; select ``Outcome'' from the middle 
pull-down menu, click ``All''; select ``Represented'' from the last 
drop-down menu. Starting in FY2018, cases in TRAC include all 
juveniles, unaccompanied children and children who arrive as a 
family unit. This change was made because it is no longer possible 
to reliably distinguish these two separate groups in the court's 
records.
    \46\ Syracuse University, TRAC Immigration, ``Representation for 
unaccompanied children in immigration court'' (Nov. 24, 2014), 
http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/371/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response. HHS notes that the proposed rule does not change ORR's 
policies for UAC in licensed facilities to have access to legal service 
providers. The proposed rule for minimum standards in licensed 
facilities states UAC in licensed facilities receive ``Legal services 
information regarding the availability of free legal assistance, the 
right to be represented by counsel at no expense to the government, the 
right to a removal hearing before an immigration judge, the right to 
apply for asylum or to request voluntary departure in lieu of 
removal.''
    Comment. Another commenter supported locating children in 
facilities near relatives slated to receive custody, and streamlining 
the custody process.
    Response. The proposed rule does not impact the location of ORR 
licensed programs, nor the procedures to approve release to appropriate 
sponsors.
Changes to the Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes in the final rule to Sec.  410.402.
45 CFR 410.403--Ensuring That Licensed Programs are Providing Services 
as Required by These Regulations
    In this subpart, HHS describes how ORR will ensure licensed 
programs are providing the services required under Sec.  410.402. As 
stated in this section, to ensure that licensed programs continually 
meet the minimum standards and are consistent in their provision of 
services, ORR monitors compliance with these rules. The FSA does not 
contain standards for how often monitoring shall occur, and this 
regulation does not propose to do so. At present, ORR provides further 
information on such monitoring in section 5.5 of the ORR Policy Guide 
(available at: https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/children-entering-theunited-states-unaccompanied-section-5#5.5).
    Comment. One commenter stated that having State licensing is 
important to ensure that facilities are investigated and violations are 
brought to light. The commenter noted that the Texas State health 
regulators documented roughly 150 standards violations at more than a 
dozen Southwest Key migrant children shelters across Texas, including: 
Children left unsupervised and harming themselves; staff members 
belittling children and shoving them; keeping kids in un-air 
conditioned rooms in hot weather; and improper medical care. In the 
past five years, the commenter stated, police have responded to at 
least 125 calls reporting sex abuse offenses at shelters in Texas that 
primarily serve immigrant children, though psychologists have said that 
such records likely undercount the problems because many immigrant 
children do not report abuse for fear of affecting their immigration 
cases.
    Commenters also cited an investigative report claiming that the 
Federal Government continues to place migrant children in for-profit 
residential facilities where allegations of abuse have been raised and 
where the facilities have been cited for serious deficiencies. 
Allegations include failure to treat children's sickness and injuries; 
staff drunkenness; sexual assault; failure to check employees' 
backgrounds; failure to provide appropriate clothing for children; 
drugging; and deaths from restraint. According to the commenters, few 
companies lose grants from DHS and HHS based on such allegations.
    Response. HHS takes all and any allegations of abuse of UAC 
seriously. The proposed rule did not change ORR's standards of care of 
UAC and reporting requirements, as outlined in sections 3, 4, and 5 of 
the ORR Policy Guide. As under the FSA, licensed programs operating 
under the proposed rule are subject to state licensing standards, 
monitoring, and investigations. In addition, the proposed rule would 
not impact ORR's monitoring of licensed facilities for compliance with 
ORR policies and procedures, which occurs in addition to state 
monitoring. Please see section 5.5 of the ORR Policy Guide for more 
information on ORR monitoring of licensed facilities.
    Comment. One commenter advocated HHS and other Federal departments 
should be held accountable for the fear and life-long psychological 
damage the commenter believes is being inflicted on alien minors coming 
into this country.
    Response. HHS is committed to the physical and emotional safety and 
wellbeing of all children in ORR's care. HHS recognizes that many 
children and youth who come into the United States unaccompanied have 
experienced traumatic childhood events and that migration and 
displacement can contribute significantly to ongoing stressors and 
trauma in children. ORR care providers are trained in techniques for 
child-friendly and trauma-informed interviewing, assessment, and 
observation, and they deliver services in a manner that is sensitive to 
the age, culture, native, language, and needs of each child. In 
addition, when

[[Page 44471]]

discharging UACs, ORR may connect them with ongoing services as 
appropriate, for up to six months, at the discretion of the sponsor.
Changes to the Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes in the final rule to Sec.  410.403.
45 CFR Part 410, Subpart E--Transportation of an Unaccompanied Alien 
Child
45 CFR 410.500--Conducting Transportation for an Unaccompanied Alien 
Child in ORR's Custody
Summary of Proposed Rule
    In the proposed rule, HHS described how ORR conducts transportation 
for UACs in ORR's custody, substantively adopting the two provisions of 
the FSA that govern transportation. ORR proposed that UACs cannot be 
transported with unrelated detained adult aliens. The proposed rule 
also stated that when ORR plans to release a UAC from its custody under 
family reunification provisions (found in Sec. Sec.  410.201 and 
410.302), ORR assists without undue delay in making transportation 
arrangements. ORR may, in its discretion, provide transportation to a 
UAC.
Public Comments and Response
    Comment. One commenter recommended that if an emergency or influx 
changes transportation rules, then such guidance, which is alluded to 
in the regulation, should be published and open to public comment or 
included in the regulatory text. The commenter is concerned that future 
guidance may not align with the FSA after the FSA is terminated.
    Response. The proposed rule did not change the transportation rules 
for ORR transporting UACs during an emergency or influx. All ORR 
policies on influx facilities, including transportation, are publically 
online, in Section 1.7 of the ORR Guide. The proposed rule did not 
change ORR's policy of posting guidance publically online, including 
any future guidance that aligns with the proposed rule and the FSA, in 
the ORR Policy Guide.
    Comment. An individual commenter stated that DHS did not define 
``operationally feasible,'' in Sec.  236.3(f) for purposes of the 
requirement to transport and hold children separately from unrelated 
adults, and that DHS and HHS should clarify the percent of time they 
expect it will take to be operationally feasible to successfully 
transport and hold UAC separately from unrelated adults. The commenter 
asked whether DHS and HHS intend to rescind this policy and make it 
compliant with the FSA if they find that UACs are not transported and 
held separately from unrelated adults in most cases.
    Another individual suggested that the government should provide 
families and minors transportation to and from their immigration 
hearings.
    Several advocacy organizations and a state's department of social 
services provided comments specific to DHS regarding a similar 
transportation provision in DHS's proposed rule as it related to 
transportation of children with unrelated detained adults. For more 
information on those comments please refer to the DHS comment sections 
regarding 8 CFR 236.3(f).
    Response. The comments received by the Departments on 
transportation issues were more substantively concerned with DHS 
provisions than with ORR provisions. Although both ORR and DHS provided 
similar regulatory rules, HHS notes that it does not provide care to 
adult aliens but only for UACs as defined at 6 U.S.C. 279(g)(2).
    There are only a few instances where ORR might transport an adult 
alien--in extremely limited emergency circumstances (i.e., emergency 
medical care or evacuation); unknowingly, if ORR believes the person is 
a minor but he or she is later found to be an adult after making an age 
determination (see 8 CFR 236.3(c) and 45 CFR 410.700); or if a UAC 
turns 18 while in ORR custody.
    Generally speaking, existing protocols between HHS and DHS provide 
that DHS is responsible for transferring a detained adult alien from 
ORR's care to DHS custody. See DHS-HHS Joint Concept of Operations, I. 
Transportation, July 31, 2018. In certain episodic emergencies, ORR may 
be required to transport an adult alien prior to DHS assuming custody 
of and transferring that adult alien to ICE detention. For instance, if 
the adult alien requires emergency medical care or evacuation from an 
ORR care provider facility due to a natural disaster, and transfer 
cannot possibly be completed by DHS due to the emergency, ORR may be 
responsible for transporting the adult alien to an emergency medical 
provider or assist in evacuating the adult alien. In these latter 
episodic emergencies (which are not exhaustive), under the rule, ORR 
does not transport UAC with unrelated adults in the agency's care.
    In response to the comments regarding assisting UACs with 
transportation to immigration hearings, HHS notes that it is already 
required to transport UACs to immigration hearings by statute. See 6 
U.S.C. 279(b)(2). HHS also notes that these provisions of the rule are 
consistent with and do not abrogate existing ORR policies on 
transportation. See ORR Policy Guide, section 3.3.14 Transportation 
Services. As these provisions are intended to implement the FSA, HHS 
believes further specification in the final rule is unnecessary and 
redundant.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not deviating from the language of the proposed rule. The 
rule adopts the substantive terms of the corresponding transportation 
provisions of the FSA, paragraphs 25 and 26.
45 CFR Part 410, Subpart F, Transfer of an Unaccompanied Alien Child
    In this subpart, HHS set forth provisions for transferring a UAC 
between HHS facilities. In some cases, HHS may need to change the 
placement of a UAC. This may occur for a variety of reasons, including 
a lack of detailed information at the time of apprehension, a change in 
the availability of licensed placements, or a change in the UAC's 
behavior, mental health situation, or immigration case.
45 CFR 410.600--Principles Applicable to Transfer of an Unaccompanied 
Alien Child
Summary of Proposed Rule
    As specified in 45 CFR 410.600, HHS would adopt the FSA provisions 
concerning transfer of a UAC to ensure: (1) That a UAC is transferred 
with all of his or her possessions and legal papers, and (2) that the 
UAC's attorney, if the UAC has one, is notified prior to a transfer, 
with some exceptions.

Public Comments and Response

    Comment. Two organizations commented that UACs should receive 
notice of placement in a more restrictive facility (i.e., a ``staff 
secure'' facility) with enough time to protest the transfer before it 
happens.
    Response. See generally response in Sec.  410.206. With respect to 
the organizations' recommendation that UACs receive notice of placement 
in a more restrictive facility in such a manner as to allow them to 
argue against transfer before it occurs, HHS notes that the comment 
goes beyond the scope of the FSA, which this rule is intended to 
implement. As both the FSA and the proposed rule indicate, some 
circumstances necessitate quickly transferring a UAC (e.g., threats to 
the safety of UACs or others). As a result, HHS will not add any new 
requirements to this provision. But HHS appreciates the commenter's 
contribution and will consider methods to enable greater

[[Page 44472]]

notice to UACs through subsequent policies.
    Comment. One commenter stated that the rule does not provide 
adequate notice or opportunity to be heard in the event that a mental 
health professional believes that a youth poses a risk of harm and must 
be moved into a more restrictive setting. The commenter said that such 
notice and opportunity to be heard is necessary to safeguard against 
violations of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 
794).
    Response. HHS disagrees with the characterization that the final 
rule does not provide adequate notice or opportunity to be heard 
regarding a transfer to a more restrictive setting. In accordance with 
45 CFR 410.206 of the final rule, ORR provides each UAC placed or 
transferred to a secure or staff secure facility with a notice of the 
reasons for the placement in a language the UAC understands, and does 
so within a reasonable amount of time. In addition, any UAC in ORR care 
also has an opportunity to challenge ORR Placement decisions in Federal 
District Court.
    Comment. One commenter said that the requirements for providing 
notice to UAC counsel prior to transferring a UAC or minor do not align 
with the American Bar Association's standards for the custody, 
placement, care, legal representation, and adjudication of UACs, which 
recommends both oral and written notice to the child and the child's 
attorney prior to transfer to include the reason for transfer; the 
child's right to appeal the transfer; and the procedures for an appeal. 
The American Bar Association's standards further recommend that the 
notice include the date of transfer and the location, address, and 
phone number of the new facility.
    The same commenter, along with a state agency, raised a concern 
that the exception to providing prior notice to counsel in ``unusual 
and compelling circumstances'' is too broad and will ``result in 
arbitrary and capricious application.''
    Response. HHS declines to adopt the comment's suggestion that ORR 
adopt the ABA's standard for transfer of UAC in the ``Standards for the 
Custody, Placement and Care; Legal Representation; and Adjudication of 
Unaccompanied Alien Children in the United States.'' The language used 
in Sec.  410.600 pulls its language directly from the FSA (paragraph 
27), and the only difference between the ABA's suggested standard for 
transfer of UAC and the proposed rule is that counsel may be notified 
within 24 hours after a UAC is transferred as opposed to 24 hours 
before. Specifically, under this rule, counsel maybe notified within 24 
hours after a UAC is transferred (1) where the safety of the UAC or 
others has been threatened; (2) the UAC has been determined to be an 
escape risk consistent with Sec.  410.204; or (3) where counsel has 
waived such notice. In all other circumstances, counsel will have 
advance notice of any transfers. HHS is not changing the final rule to 
include the American Bar Association's standard for the transfer of 
UAC.
Changes to Final Rule
    In the proposed rule, HHS stated that it would take all necessary 
precautions for the protection of UAC during transportation with 
adults. This language runs in contradiction to 45 CFR 410.500(a), which 
states that ORR does not transport UAC with unrelated detained adult 
aliens. Therefore, the sentence from 45 CFR 410.600(a) that, ``ORR 
takes all necessary precautions for the protection of UACs during 
transportation with adults,'' will be struck from the final rule.
    HHS notes that there will be instances when UACs are transferred 
with adult staff members. These situations are covered under 45 CFR 
411.13(a) of the Interim Final Rule (IFR) on the Standards to Prevent, 
Detect, and Respond to Sexual Abuse and Sexual Harassment Involving 
Unaccompanied Children. The IFR states, ``Care provider facilities must 
develop, document, and make their best effort to comply with a staffing 
plan that provides for adequate levels of staffing, and, where 
applicable under State and local licensing standards, video monitoring, 
to protect [UACs] from sexual abuse and sexual harassment.'' This 
provision applies to transfers as well.
45 CFR Part 410, Subpart G--Age Determinations
45 CFR 410.700--Conducting Age Determinations
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Section 410.700 incorporates both the provisions of the TVPRA, 8 
U.S.C.1232(b)(4), and the requirements of the FSA, in setting forth 
standards for age determinations. These take into account multiple 
forms of evidence, including the non-exclusive use of radiographs, and 
may involve medical, dental, or other appropriate procedures to verify 
age.
Public Comments and Response
    Comment. A number of commenters expressed concern about whether the 
proposed regulations adhere to the FSA's standards and medical ethics 
regarding medical and dental examinations. Some of the commenters 
referenced reports and studies indicating that certain medical and 
dental examinations cannot provide accurate age estimates and that 
radiographs unnecessarily expose children to radiation when used for 
non-medical purposes. One medical professional cautioned against using 
dental radiographs for age determination, contending that such tests 
can only provide an approximate age estimate and may not be able to 
differentiate between an individual in his/her late teens versus an 
individual who is 20 or 21 years of age. The commenter also expressed 
concern about the possibility of the individual administering these 
tests not having the requisite expertise, and not obtaining informed 
consent of the patient. One commenter referred to medical and dental 
examinations as ``pseudo-science.''
    Multiple commenters expressed concern that the proposed procedures 
place inappropriate weight on medical tests to determine whether 
children are younger than or older than 18 years of age. The commenters 
stated that the proposed procedures do not match FSA or TVPRA 
requirements for considering medical tests and are inconsistent with 
agency practice. For example, the commenters stated that the proposed 
procedures fail to indicate that medical tests cannot serve as the sole 
basis for age determinations, limit medical testing to bone and dental 
radiographs, and to account for evidence demonstrating the 
unreliability of medical tests to make accurate age determinations.\47\ 
One commenter expressed concern about the lack of specificity governing 
when medical and dental examinations will be used, the absence of 
guidance regarding who will make the age determination, and the level 
of training or expertise required to conduct such examinations and 
determinations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ Section 235(b)(4) of the TVPRA (``to make a prompt 
determination of the age of an alien, which shall be used by the 
Secretary of Homeland Security and the Secretary of HHS for children 
in their respective custody. At a minimum, these procedures shall 
take into account multiple forms of evidence, including the non-
exclusive use of radiographs, to determine the age of the 
unaccompanied alien.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Multiple commenters recommended that age determination procedures 
be used as a last resort, that age determination findings be shared 
with the child in writing and in a language he/she understands, that 
the findings be subject to appeal, and that age

[[Page 44473]]

determination procedures be conducted by an independent, 
multidisciplinary team of medical and mental health professionals, 
social workers, and legal counsel. The commenters also recommended that 
children have the right to refuse a procedure that subjects them to 
medical risks, pursuant to the international norm of what is in the 
best interest(s) of the child as well as medical ethical principles of 
patient autonomy.
    Several commenters expressed concern about age determinations being 
based on the ``totality of the evidence and circumstances'' and 
questioned whether that basis is consistent with the TVPRA's 
requirement to use multiple forms of evidence for determining whether a 
child is under or over 18 years of age. Another commenter expressed 
support for DHS and HHS personnel maintaining the flexibility to use 
multiple methods for age determinations. The commenter stated that the 
proposed standards and thresholds are mandated for jurisdictional as 
well as medical reasons, because ORR does not have custodial authority 
over individuals 18 years of age or older.
    A number of commenters expressed concern about the possibility of 
incorrect age determinations. For example, one commenter stated that 
the rule would reduce or eliminate that the current ORR policy 
requiring a 75 percent probability threshold for age determinations.
    Multiple commenters noted that differences in race, ethnicity, 
gender, nutritional standards, and poverty impact perceptions of age 
and may negatively influence the age determination process leading to 
inaccurate age determinations. For example, one commenter cited 
articles concluding that the age of young people is often overestimated 
and exacerbated when there are differences in race. This commenter 
expressed concern that this would have disproportionate effects on 
certain indigenous populations. Another commenter cited a study 
indicating that ``black felony suspects were seen as 4.53 years older 
than they actually were.''
    Multiple commenters expressed concern about the lack of age 
determination appeal procedures. One of the commenters stated that the 
lack of an appeal mechanism compounds the possibility of arbitrary or 
baseless assessments, with serious consequences for minors in terms of 
their placement in and release from detention. Another commenter asked 
what remedy exists for a child falsely categorized as an adult and what 
repercussion a government official would face if he/she negligently or 
intentionally categorizes a child as an adult under this regulation. 
Commenters and organizations argued that the continual re-determination 
of a child's UAC status would deny children of their right to due 
process, legal protections and access to social services if they were 
determined to not be a UAC.
    One organization noted that the reassessment of a child exacerbates 
their vulnerability and contradicts the very purpose of U.S. anti-
trafficking law. Organizations and commenters further noted if a child 
was determined to not be a UAC, many rights would be stripped from the 
child, including the right to have their asylum claims heard before the 
asylum office and the exception to the one-year filing deadline.
    One commenter suggested that providing a presumption of minor 
status when there is doubt, considering only reliable evidence, and 
providing an appeals process would ensure fewer children find 
themselves incorrectly designated as adults. Another commenter 
suggested placing individuals in HHS custody, not DHS custody, during 
the age determination process.
    One commenter expressed general concern about DHS and HHS using 
different language within the proposed regulations that may lead to 
disparate processes for determining age. The commenter stated that the 
proposed HHS language does not discuss the reasonable person standard, 
does not include a specific evidentiary standard through which to 
assess multiple forms of evidence, does discuss the non-exclusive use 
of radiographs whereas the DHS language does not mention radiographs as 
an option, and does not require a medical professional to administer 
the radiographs. The commenter suggested that DHS and HHS propose 
specific and identical language regarding age determination procedures 
and requirements.
    Organizations and commenters argued that HHS should not have the 
authority to re-determine if a minor is a UAC or not because it impacts 
their immigration benefits and this is contrary to Federal law, see 
e.g., 6 U.S.C. 279(a). They further argued that this would cause 
confusion to UAC on how and when they meet certain legal immigration 
obligations and it would likely impact their access to legal 
assistance. They noted that UAC receive access to pro bono legal 
services because of their UAC designation and by allowing ORR to re-
determine their status would undercut ORR's responsibility to 
facilitate access to legal services which is not in the best interest 
of the child.
    Response. HHS disagrees with commenters who stated that HHS' 
proposals did not accord with the FSA, which states as follows: ``If a 
reasonable person would conclude that an alien detained by the INS is 
an adult despite his claims to be a minor, the INS shall treat the 
person as an adult for all purposes, including confinement and release 
on bond or recognizance. The INS may require the alien to submit to a 
medical or dental examination conducted by a medical professional or to 
submit to other appropriate procedures to verify his or her age. If the 
INS subsequently determines that such an individual is a minor, he or 
she will be treated as a minor in accordance with this Agreement for 
all purposes.'' FSA paragraph 13. The FSA uses a ``reasonable person'' 
standard and specifically states that the INS ``may require'' 
submitting to a medical or dental examination. Such language does not 
place restrictions on the authority for ORR to require a medical or 
dental examination. In addition, the TVPRA states: ``The Secretary of 
Health and Human Services, in consultation with the Secretary of 
Homeland Security, shall develop procedures to make a prompt 
determination of the age of an alien, which shall be used by the 
Secretary of Homeland Security and the Secretary of Health and Human 
Services for children in their respective custody. At a minimum, these 
procedures shall take into account multiple forms of evidence, 
including the non-exclusive use of radiographs, to determine the age of 
the unaccompanied alien.'' Again, nothing in such language places 
limits on when radiographs may be required, although it does state that 
procedures shall take into account multiple forms of evidence, which is 
also reiterated in the rules at Sec.  410.700.
    Commenters suggested types of information that an agency can use in 
addition to medical and dental examinations and radiographs. While the 
FSA, the TVPRA and the proposed rule specifically list medical and 
dental examinations and radiographs, HHS provides, in policy, a list of 
additional information that can be considered, including the types of 
evidence suggested by commenters like the child's statements.\48\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ Office of Refugee Resettlement, Children Entering the 
United States Unaccompanied: Section 1, U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUM. 
SERV. (Jan. 30, 2015, rev. Jul. 5, 2016), https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied-
section-1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    HHS believes the commenters' concerns about the reliability of

[[Page 44474]]

radiographs and medical or dental examinations as part of an age 
determination process are addressed by the regulatory text requiring 
multiple forms of evidence, including ``non-exclusive use of 
radiographs,'' to determine age. Recognizing that there is no one test 
appropriate for every child in every case, HHS, in compliance with the 
TVPRA, requires in its rule ``multiple'' forms of evidence when 
conducting age determination. HHS interprets ``multiple forms of 
evidence'' to mean a totality of the evidence. Here, HHS is trying to 
avoid an instance where those determining age simply rely on two or 
three pieces of evidence, and ignore potentially reliable evidence 
merely because a standard of two or more pieces of evidence have been 
presented. But HHS notes that Congress chose to include radiographs as 
a type of evidence that agencies can use, and HHS will not exclude 
their consideration in this rule.
    In addition, ORR states through guidance that the medical and 
dental examinations and radiographs, will be conducted by medical 
professionals with experience conducting age determinations and will 
take into account the child's ethnic and genetic background.\49\ 
Relying on experienced medical professionals also addresses concerns 
raised by commenters that the proposed rule fails to specify 
reliability standards or who will perform the tests. HHS depends on the 
experience and professional opinion of the medical professional 
choosing and performing an examination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ Office of Refugee Resettlement, Children Entering the 
United States Unaccompanied: Section 1, U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUM. 
SERV. (Jan. 30, 2015, rev. Jul. 5, 2016), https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied-
section-1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, HHS expects those professionals who perform those tests 
to do so in accordance with medical and ethical standards. HHS declines 
to add additional standards beyond the current standards that apply to 
all medical professionals.
    HHS agrees with the commenter who noted the importance of age 
determination because HHS only has jurisdiction over persons under 18. 
If a person is determined to be an adult, that person cannot be placed 
in HHS custody even if that person is undergoing an age 
redetermination. If DHS has determined that an individual in its 
custody is an adult, but the individual claims otherwise, HHS cannot 
place an alien into HHS custody while the individual contests DHS's 
determination.
    Many commenters wrote about the requirement that age determinations 
be based on the ``totality of the evidence and circumstances'' DHS 
proposed in Sec.  236.3(c). One commenter noted that HHS did not 
include this language in subpart G and expressed concern that this 
might create disparate processes. Based on the TVPRA, which requires 
HHS and DHS to use the same procedures, HHS has added the totality of 
the circumstances language to Sec.  410.700 in this final rule. The 
explicit instruction that agencies use the totality of the evidence and 
circumstances when making an age determination enhances the TVPRA's 
language of ``multiple sources.''
    In response to the request for additional clarity about what 
constitutes the totality of the evidence and the circumstances, HHS 
notes that each age determination is an adjudication, where the ORR 
responsible staff review the evidence in its totality. The ORR Guide at 
section 1.6 provides ample description of how ORR reviews the age 
determination process. While some evidence may be weighted more than 
other evidence, HHS will only make an age determination adjudication 
after weighing all of the evidence. Adding more specificity would take 
away from the holistic approach envisioned with the totality language 
and could lead to a situation where the agency is unable to consider 
relevant information because it was not listed.
    One commenter was concerned that the totality of the evidence and 
circumstances language would impact HHS' 75 percent probability 
threshold for age determinations. Under current HHS policy, ``[I]f an 
individual's estimated probability of being 18 or older is 75 percent 
or greater according to a medical age assessment, and this evidence has 
been considered in conjunction with the totality of the evidence, ORR 
may refer the individual to DHS.'' \50\ Adopting the totality of the 
evidence and circumstances language would not eliminate the 75 percent 
threshold because similar language already exists with that threshold 
in policy. ORR does not intend to revise its policy in this regard. The 
75 percent threshold is consistent with totality of the evidence and 
circumstances language, and adds an additional requirement on the 
agency when making an age determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ Office of Refugee Resettlement, Children Entering the 
United States Unaccompanied: Section 1, U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUM. 
SERV. (Jan. 30, 2015, rev. Jul. 5, 2016), https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied-
section-1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters raised concerns that the rule does not provide 
for an appeals process or a limit on the number of age determinations, 
allowing for continuous redeterminations. HHS policy allows an 
individual or his/her designated legal representative to present new 
information or evidence related to an age determination at any 
time.\51\ A limitation on the number of times an age determination can 
occur is inappropriate. An arbitrary limit may negatively affect an 
individual who wishes to have an age redetermination. And if there is 
reason to believe that an individual is not in an appropriate 
placement, then safety concerns and statutory limits on jurisdiction 
may demand that an age determination take place. Additionally, the 
totality of the evidence and circumstances language requires the agency 
to consider all new evidence, regardless of whether there has already 
been an age determination. Therefore, HHS does not believe a formal 
appeals process or limitation on the number of age determinations is 
necessary or in the best interest of the agencies or UACs. Moreover, 
neither the FSA nor the TVPRA requires an appeals process for the age 
determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ Office of Refugee Resettlement, Children Entering the 
United States Unaccompanied: Section 1, U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUM. 
SERV. (Jan. 30, 2015, rev. Jul. 5, 2016), https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied-
section-1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Changes to Final Rule
    HHS will add the ``totality of the evidence and circumstances'' 
language into Sec.  410.700 so that the age determinations decisions by 
HHS and DHS have the same standard. While the language of the DHS 
regulation differs slightly from the HHS language, primarily because 
DHS transfers adults and HHS does not, both provisions contain the same 
fundamental standards. These standards are the use of a totality of the 
evidence standard, including the non-exclusive use of radiographs; 
compliance with the FSA reasonable person standard; and authorization 
to require an individual to submit to a medical or dental examination 
conducted by a medical professional or to submit to other appropriate 
procedures to verify age.
45 CFR 410.701--Treatment of an Individual Who Appears To Be an Adult
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Section 410.701 states that if the procedures of Sec.  410.700 
would result in a reasonable person concluding that an individual is an 
adult, despite his or her claim to be a minor, ORR must treat that 
person as an adult for all purposes. As

[[Page 44475]]

with Sec.  410.700, ORR may take into account multiple forms of 
evidence, including the non-exclusive use of radiographs, and may 
require such an individual to submit to a medical or dental examination 
conducted by a medical professional or other appropriate procedures to 
verify age.
Public Comments
    Several commenters expressed concern about how DHS would interpret 
and apply the FSA's reasonable person standard and pointed to what they 
perceived as a lack of clarity on how the standard is defined. Multiple 
commenters expressed concern that the proposed language fails to 
provide adequate specificity about the type and amount of evidence used 
to inform the standard. For example, one commenter stated that the 
reasonable person standard must be informed by consideration of 
multiple forms of evidence pursuant to the TVPRA, whereas another 
commenter suggested incorporating informational interviews and attempts 
to gather documentary evidence as part of the standard. Another 
commenter stated that, pursuant to the FSA, the reasonable person 
standard must be initially informed by the child's own statements 
regarding his or her own age. Multiple commenters expressed concern 
about how medical or dental examinations will or will not inform the 
reasonable person standard, with one commenter stating that the 
inclusion of unreliable medical procedures in the reasonable person 
standard introduces a further layer of arbitrariness to the process of 
age determination.
    Other commenters stated that an individual claiming to be a minor 
should continue to be treated as a minor until age is confirmed through 
multiple forms of evidence. One of these commenters stated that it is 
more dangerous for a minor to be detained with adults than to have an 
individual who claims to be a minor, but is not, detained with other 
minors.
    Organizations noted that in the interest of administrative 
consistency, children designated as UACs should keep this designation 
throughout their removal proceedings.
    Response. HHS notes that neither the FSA nor the TVPRA require that 
a specific amount of evidence be considered in an age determination; 
the TVPRA simply requires HHS to use multiple forms of evidence. 
Practically speaking, the same amount of evidence will not be available 
in every case, and requiring a specific amount of evidence would be 
arbitrary and operationally impractical. Relatedly, creating a specific 
list of evidence that can be considered may lead to the exclusion of 
relevant information. Thus, HHS declines to make the suggestions made 
by the commenters; however, HHS has changed the proposed rule at Sec.  
410.700 to add the ``totality of the circumstances'' standard proposed 
by DHS to ensure that all evidence is included in the age determination 
process.
    HHS declines to adopt a presumption that an individual is a minor 
until proven otherwise. Section 410.701 requires HHS to treat a person 
determined to be an adult as an adult and to follow the process 
outlined in Sec.  410.700 to change an individual's status from a minor 
to adult. Additionally, in policy, HHS provides ``[u]ntil the age 
determination is made, the unaccompanied alien child is entitled to all 
services provided to UAC in HHS care and custody.'' \52\ While it is 
not clear what commenters intended by the phrases ``presumption'' and 
``proven otherwise,'' the commenters appeared to intend something more 
extensive than the ORR age determination process--such as, perhaps a 
judicial review or a standard higher than the reasonable person 
standard of the FSA. However, setting a presumption that individuals 
are minors until proven otherwise is not contemplated in the FSA nor by 
Congress. A presumption of minority is not consistent with the 
reasonable person standard, which allows for the agencies to look at 
the totality of the evidence and circumstances and determine whether 
someone is under 18. Thus, HHS declines to include this recommendation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ Office of Refugee Resettlement, Children Entering the 
United States Unaccompanied: Section 1, U.S. DEP'T OF HEALTH & HUM. 
SERV. (Jan. 30, 2015, rev. Jul. 5, 2016), https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied-
section-1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Relatedly, a commenter raised a concern that it is more dangerous 
for a minor to be housed with adults than it is for an adult to be 
housed with minors. However, this comment focused only on the 
individual adult who is the subject of the age determination and not 
the other UACs housed alongside him or her in a group home setting. HHS 
believes that both scenarios present a risk of harm and will not 
transfer a person until an age determination has been made.
    Commenters wrote that, for administrative consistency, agencies 
should not conduct age determinations and the designation of UAC should 
last through the individual's removal proceedings. The comment about 
the UAC designation lasting throughout removal proceedings is not 
related to the age determination regulation--which is about the proper 
placement of an individual (in DHS or ORR legal custody) and not 
removal proceedings. In addition, the suggestion is inconsistent with 
the FSA, which set standards specifically for people under 18. The 
suggestion also would violate the HSA and the TVPRA, both of which 
intended specific protections for people under 18. Congress also 
granted HHS and DHS the authority to conduct age determinations in 8 
U.S.C. 1232(b)(4). The fact that Congress created the authority for DHS 
and HHS to conduct age determinations demonstrates that Congress 
recognized that children need protection and intended accuracy over 
administrative consistency.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS is not making any changes to the rule for Sec.  410.701, but 
states that because such regulation refers back to Sec.  410.700, it 
also will incorporate a totality of the evidence and circumstances 
standard.
45 CFR Part, 410 Subpart H, Unaccompanied Alien Children's Objections 
to ORR Determinations
45 CFR 410.800-410.801--Procedures
Summary of Proposed Rule
    While the FSA at paragraph 24(B) and 24(C) contains procedures for 
judicial review of a UAC's shelter placement (including in secure or 
staff-secure), and a standard of review, the agreement is clear that a 
reviewing Federal District Court must have both ``jurisdiction and 
venue.'' Once these regulations are finalized and the FSA is 
terminated, it would be even clearer that any review by judicial action 
must occur under a statute where the government has waived sovereign 
immunity, such as the Administrative Procedure Act. Therefore, HHS did 
not propose regulations for most of paragraphs 24(B) and 24(C) of the 
FSA, although it did propose that all UACs continue to receive a notice 
stating as follows: ``ORR usually houses persons under the age of 18 in 
an open setting, such as a foster or group home, and not in detention 
facilities. If you believe that you have not been properly placed or 
that you have been treated improperly, you may call a lawyer to seek 
assistance. If you cannot afford a lawyer, you may call one from the 
list of free legal services given to you with this form.'' The proposed 
rule also contained a requirement parallel to that of the FSA that when 
UACs are placed in a more restrictive level of care, such as a secure 
or staff secure facility, they receive a notice--

[[Page 44476]]

within a reasonable period of time--explaining the reasons for housing 
them in the more restrictive level of care. Consistent with the July 
30, 2018 order of the Flores court, the proposed rule stated that the 
notice must be in a language the UAC understands. Finally the proposed 
provision required that ORR promptly provide each UAC not released with 
a list of free legal services providers compiled by ORR and provided to 
UAC as part of a Legal Resource Guide for UAC (unless previously given 
to the UAC).
Public Comments and Response
    Comment. Some commenters wrote that the proposed rule does not give 
UACs enough notice or access to information about his or her placement 
in a staff secure or secure facility; that UACs should be provided 
notice of the reasons for their placement in secure or staff secure 
placements, and have the opportunity to contest such placement, before 
they are referred to such facilities; and that placements must be 
accompanied by periodic reviews.
    Response. This section is consistent with current ORR practice 
implementing statutory and FSA requirements (see paragraph 24A), by 
which children are provided a written explanation of the reasons for 
their placement at secure or staff secure care providers in a language 
they understand, within a reasonable time either before or after ORR's 
placement decision, see ORR Policy Guide, section 1.2.4 and 1.4.2. In 
many cases, ORR places children in restrictive placements because of 
new information or a child's disruptive behavior, which makes it 
impossible for the child to remain at a shelter care facility. For 
example, some shelter care providers are prohibited under their State 
licensing requirements to house children with violent criminal 
histories. When ORR discovers new information indicating such a 
history, it must immediately ensure the child is transferred or risk 
jeopardizing the shelter's licensing. Under ORR policy, care providers 
must provide written notice of the reasons for placement in secure or 
staff secure settings at least every 30 days a child is in such a 
placement. This requirement goes beyond the TVPRA, 8 U.S.C. 
1232(c)(2)(A), which requires the Secretary to prescribe procedures to 
review placements in secure facilities, such as juvenile detention 
centers. The TVPRA is silent on staff-secure facilities--which 
generally are much like non-secure shelter facilities, but may include 
a higher staff-UAC ratio to manage behavior. In practice, care 
providers continuously assess a child's behavior in order to ensure the 
child is properly placed in the least restrictive setting that is 
appropriate for the child's needs.
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS has made no changes to the rule text at Sec. Sec.  410.800-
410.801 because the rule fully the relevant requirements of the FSA and 
TVPRA.
45 CFR 410.810 ``810 Hearings''
Summary of Proposed Rule
    Consistent with subpart C, see Sec.  410.301(a), HHS proposed an 
internal administrative hearing process to serve the relevant functions 
of bond redetermination hearings described in paragraph 24A of the FSA.
    The proposed rule made no provision for immigration judges employed 
by the DOJ to conduct bond redetermination hearings for UACs under 
paragraph 24(A) of the FSA. DOJ has concluded that it no longer has 
statutory authority to conduct such hearings. In the HSA, Congress 
assigned responsibility for the ``care and placement'' of UACs to HHS' 
ORR, and specifically barred ORR from requiring ``that a bond be posted 
for [a UAC] who is released to a qualified sponsor.'' 6 U.S.C. 
279(b)(1)(A), (4). In the TVPRA, Congress reaffirmed HHS' 
responsibility for the custody and placement of UACs. 8 U.S.C. 
1232(b)(1), (c), and imposed detailed requirements on ORR's release of 
UACs to proposed custodians--including, for example, a provision 
authorizing ORR to consider a UAC's dangerousness and risk of flight in 
making placement decisions. 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A). Congress thus 
appears to have vested HHS, not DOJ, with control over the custody and 
release of UACs, and to have deliberately omitted any role for 
immigration judges in this area.
    Although in Flores v. Sessions, the Ninth Circuit concluded that 
neither the HSA nor the TVPRA superseded the FSA's bond-hearing 
provision. 862 F.3d at 881. The court did not identify any affirmative 
statutory authority for immigration judges employed by DOJ to conduct 
the custody hearings for UACs. ``[A]n agency literally has no power to 
act . . . unless and until Congress confers power upon it.'' La. Pub. 
Serv. Comm'n v. FCC, 476 U.S. 355, 374 (1986). HHS, however, as the 
legal custodian of UACs who are in Federal custody, clearly has the 
authority to conduct the hearings envisioned by the FSA. It also is 
sensible, as a policy matter, for HHS to conduct the hearings 
envisioned by the FSA, because unlike immigration courts, HHS as an 
agency has expertise in social welfare best practices, including child 
welfare practices. Further, having an independent hearing process take 
place within the same Department is consistent the FSA at the time it 
was implemented, when both the former INS and EOIR were housed within 
DOJ.
    HHS thus proposed regulations to afford the same type of hearing 
paragraph 24(A) calls for, while recognizing the transfer of 
responsibility of care and custody of UAC from the former INS to HHS 
ORR. Specifically, the proposed rule included provisions whereby HHS 
would create an independent hearing process that would be guided by the 
immigration judge bond hearing process currently in place for UACs 
under the FSA. The idea was to provide essentially the same substantive 
protections as immigration court custody hearings, but through a 
neutral adjudicator at HHS rather than DOJ.
    Under the proposal, the Secretary would appoint independent hearing 
officers to determine whether a UAC, if released, would present a 
danger to community (or flight risk). The hearing officer would not 
have the authority to release a UAC, as the Flores court has already 
recognized that paragraph 24(A) of the FSA does not permit a 
determination over the suitability of a sponsor. Specifically, the 
Ninth Circuit explained that ``as was the case when the Flores 
Settlement first went into effect, [a bond hearing] permits a system 
under which UACs will receive bond hearings, but the decision of the 
immigration judge will not be the sole factor in determining whether 
and to whose custody they will be released. Immigration judges may 
assess whether a minor should remain detained or otherwise in the 
government's custody, but there must still be a separate decision with 
respect to the implementation of the child's appropriate care and 
custody.'' Flores, 862 F.3d at 878. The Flores district court, too, 
stated: ``To be sure, the TVPRA addresses the safety and secure 
placement of unaccompanied children. . . . But identifying appropriate 
custodians and facilities for an unaccompanied child is not the same as 
answering the threshold question of whether the child should be 
detained in the first place--that is for an immigration judge at a bond 
hearing to decide. . . . Assuming an immigration judge reduces a 
child's bond, or decides he or she presents no flight risk or danger 
such that he or she needs to remain in HHS/ORR custody, HHS can still 
exercise its coordination and placement duties under the TVPRA.'' 
Flores v. Lynch, No. CV 85-4544 DMG at 6 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 20, 2017).

[[Page 44477]]

    Thus, the hearing officer would decide only the issues presented by 
paragraph 24(A) of the FSA--whether the UAC would present a danger to 
the community or a risk of flight (that is, not appearing for his or 
her immigration hearing) if released. For the majority of UACs in ORR 
custody, ORR has determined they are not a danger and therefore has 
placed them in shelters, group homes, and in some cases, staff secure 
facilities. For UACs that request a hearing, but ORR does not consider 
a danger, ORR will concur in writing and a hearing will not need to 
take place. In these cases, a hearing is not necessary or even 
beneficial and would simply be a misuse of limited government 
resources. However, for some children placed in secure facilities (or 
otherwise assessed as a danger to self or others), the hearing may 
assist them in ultimately being released from ORR custody in the event 
a suitable sponsor is or becomes available.
    As is the case now, under section 2.9 of the ORR Policy Guide 
(available at: https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-statesunaccompanied-section-2#2.9), the hearing officer's 
decision that the UAC is not a danger to the community will supersede 
an ORR determination on that question. HHS does not have a two-tier 
administrative appellate system that mirrors the immigration judge-BIA 
hierarchy. To provide similar protections without such a rigid 
hierarchy, the proposed rule would allow appeal to the Assistant 
Secretary of ACF (if the appeal is received by the Assistant Secretary 
within 30 days of the original hearing officer decision). The Assistant 
Secretary would review factual determinations using a clearly erroneous 
standard and legal determinations on a de novo basis. Where ORR 
appeals, there would be no stay of the hearing officer's decision 
unless the Assistant Secretary finds, within 5 business days of the 
hearing officer decision, that a failure to stay the decision would 
result in a significant danger to the community presented by the UAC. 
That written stay decision must be based on clear behaviors of the UAC 
while in care, and/or documented criminal or juvenile behavior records 
from the UAC. Otherwise, a hearing officer's decision that a UAC would 
not be dangerous (or a flight risk) if released, would require ORR to 
release the UAC pursuant to its ordinary procedures on release as soon 
as ORR determined a suitable sponsor.
    In accordance with the Flores district court's order analogizing 
Flores custody hearings to bond hearings for adults, immigration judges 
currently apply the standard of Matter of Guerra, 24 I&N Dec. 37 (BIA 
2006).\53\ Thus, under current practice, the burden is on the UAC to 
demonstrate that he or she would not be a danger to the community (or 
flight risk) if released. Due to the unique vulnerabilities of children 
and subsequent enactment of the TVPRA, however, HHS requested comments 
on whether the burden of proof should be on ORR to demonstrate that the 
UAC would be a danger or flight risk if released.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ The Flores District Court specifically cited the law of 8 
U.S.C. 1226 and 8 CFR 1003.19, 1236.1(d). See Flores v. Sessions, 
2:85-cv-04544, supra at 2, 6.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the proposed rule, ORR also would take into consideration the 
hearing officer's decision on a UAC's level of dangerousness when 
assessing the UAC's placement and conditions of placement, but, 
consistent with current practice under the FSA, the hearing officer 
would not have the authority to order a particular placement for a UAC.
    If the hearing officer determines that the UAC would be a danger to 
the community (or a flight risk) if released, the decision would be 
final unless the UAC later demonstrates a material change in 
circumstances to support a second request for a hearing. Similarly, 
because ORR might not have yet located a suitable sponsor at the time a 
hearing officer issues a decision, ORR might find that circumstances 
have changed by the time a sponsor is found such that the original 
hearing officer decision should no longer apply. Therefore, the 
proposed regulation stated that ORR could request the hearing officer 
to make a new determination if at least one month had passed since the 
original decision, and ORR could show that a material change in 
circumstances meant the UAC should no longer be released due to danger 
(or flight risk).
    Requests for hearings under this section (``810 hearings'') could 
be made by the child in ORR care, by a legal representative of the 
child, or by parents/legal guardians on their child's behalf. These 
parties could submit a written request for the 810 hearing to the care 
provider using an ORR form \54\ or through a separate written request 
that provides the same information requested in the ORR form, because 
the questions to be adjudicated at 810 hearings are relevant mainly to 
UACs placed in secure, RTC, and staff secure facilities. ORR would 
provide a notice of the right to request the 810 hearing to these UACs. 
Technically, a UAC in any level of care may request an 810 hearing, but 
hearings for children in non-restrictive placements (e.g., shelter 
placements) would likely be unnecessary, because ORR would likely 
stipulate that such children, by virtue of their placement type are not 
dangerous or flight risks. HHS also stated that it expected that the 
hearing officer would create a process for UACs or their 
representatives to directly request a hearing to determine danger (or 
flight risk). During the 810 hearing, the UAC could choose to be 
represented by a person of his or her choosing, at no cost to the 
government. The UAC could present oral and written evidence to the 
hearing officer and could appear by video or teleconference. ORR could 
also choose to present evidence either in writing, or by appearing in 
person, or by video or teleconference.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ The form currently used under the FSA is available at 
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/orr/request_for_a_flores_bond_hearing_01_03_2018e.pdf (last visited Aug. 
12, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because the 810 hearing process would be unique to ORR and HHS, if 
a UAC turned 18 years old during the pendency of the hearing, the 
deliberations would have no effect on DHS detention (if any).
    HHS invited public comment on whether the hearing officers for the 
810 hearings should be employed by the Departmental Appeals Board, 
either as Administrative Law Judges or hearing officers, or whether HHS 
would create a separate office for hearings, similar to the Office of 
Hearings in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. See https://www.cms.gov/About-CMS/Agency-Information/CMSLeadership/Office_OHI.html.
    While the FSA contains procedures for judicial review of a UAC's 
placement in a secure or staff secure shelter, and a standard of 
review, once these regulations are finalized and the FSA is vacated, 
HHS did not propose any regulations for such review by Federal courts 
should occur under extant statutory authorizations, including, where 
applicable, the APA, and not via HHS regulations or a consent decree.
Public Comments and Response
    Several commenters wrote about the proposal to update the provision 
for bond hearings under DHS proposed 8 CFR 236.3(m) and ``810 
hearings'' under HHS proposed 45 CFR 410.810. Because both provisions 
related to paragraph 24A of the FSA, comments sometimes transitioned 
fluidly between being directed toward DHS and HHS. As with the comments 
related to 8 CFR 236.3(m), the comments related to 810 hearings largely 
concerned compatibility with the text of the FSA and case law 
interpreting the FSA, and due process concerns. However,

[[Page 44478]]

commenters expressed various other concerns as well.
    Comment. Many comments argued that the proposed transition of bond 
hearings from a DOJ-based administrative immigration court to an 
administrative setting in HHS does not comply with the FSA and 
applicable case law. The commenters reasoned that paragraph 24(A) of 
the FSA requires minors in deportation proceedings to be afforded a 
bond redetermination hearing before an immigration judge in every case. 
They further pointed to the decision in Flores v. Sessions, 862 F.3d 
863 (9th Cir. 2017) as evidence that the Ninth Circuit, in interpreting 
and applying the FSA had already ruled against the government when it 
argued that the limiting of bond hearings applied to minors in DHS 
custody only. Many of the commenters pointed to a quote from the 
court's decision discussing how the hearing is a ``forum in which the 
child has the right to be represented by counsel, and to have the 
merits of his or her detention assessed by an independent immigration 
judge.'' Another commenter also wrote that the TVPRA and the HSA do not 
supersede the FSA or allow for inconsistent standards, which the 
commenter believed would result from the implementation of the proposed 
rule.
    Response. HHS disagrees with commenters who suggested that Sec.  
410.810 does not comply with the FSA and applicable case law. HHS 
submits that 810 hearings provide substantively the same functions as 
bond hearings under paragraph 24A of the FSA, as expressed by the 
Flores court and the Ninth Circuit (e.g., independent review of ORR 
determinations as they relate to a child's dangerousness and risk of 
flight and due process protections). The Ninth Circuit found that bond 
hearings under paragraph 24A of the FSA ``do not afford unaccompanied 
minors the same rights that may be gained through an ordinary bond 
hearing,'' and that a favorable finding does not entitle minors to 
release; however, it also stated that bond hearings provide UACs with 
certain ``practical benefits.'' Flores, 862 F.3d at 867. These benefits 
include providing a forum in which a child has the right to be 
represented by counsel to examine and rebut the government's evidence, 
and build a record regarding the child's custody. Id. 810 hearings 
provide UACs with all of these benefits, and take place before an 
independent adjudicator in a role similar to immigration judges under 
current practice. In addition, commenters are incorrect that the 
immigration judge is any more independent than would be the hearing 
officer under the 810 hearing process. As noted below, at the time the 
FSA was signed, INS and the immigration courts both resided within the 
DOJ--similar to what HHS is finalizing in this rule, where an 
independent HHS office would operate the hearings. Moreover, 
immigration judges are not administrative law judges, but rather are 
``attorneys whom the Attorney General appoints as administrative 
judges.'' 8 CFR 1003.10(a). Immigration judges act as the Attorney 
General's ``delegates'' in the cases that come before them. Immigration 
judges are governed by decisions by the Attorney General (through a 
review of a decision of the BIA, by written order, or by determination 
and ruling pursuant to section 103 of the Immigration and Nationality 
Act). 8 CFR 1003.10(d). Thus, HHS does not believe that the 
administrative process of Sec.  410.810 is any less independent than 
the process the Parties agreed to in the FSA.
    Comment. A couple of commenters wrote that moving bond 
redetermination hearings from EOIR to HHS is inconsistent with 
protections for UACs in the FSA, the HSA, and the TVPRA--which protect 
children from prolonged detention.
    Response. As stated above, HHS disagrees with commenters regarding 
the FSA, HSA, and TVPRA. Section 810 hearings would provide both 
practical benefits and due process in a manner consistent with 
paragraph 24A of the FSA, as interpreted most recently by the Ninth 
Circuit. The rule would allow requests to be made by UACs themselves, 
or their parents, legal guardians, or legal representatives. HHS notes 
that this provision mirrors current practice, and so there is no reason 
to expect a reduction in the number of UACs receiving 810 hearings, as 
compared to those who receive bond hearings. Since the Ninth Circuit 
held in 2017 that paragraph 24A of the FSA would require bond hearings 
for determinations of dangerousness and risk of flight, every child in 
ORR custody has been afforded the opportunity to request a bond 
hearing. In addition, legal service providers funded by ORR have 
explained the nature of bond hearings, including procedures to request 
them, to UACs during orientation and legal screenings. The alternative 
to allowing UACs to request such hearings would be to place every UAC 
in an 810 hearing as a default. This would impose a heavy burden on 
government resources while providing no benefit for the overwhelming 
majority of UACs, most of whom are in shelter-level care and therefore 
are not considered dangerous or flight risks to begin with. The 
alternative to allowing UACs to request such hearings would be to place 
every UAC in an 810 hearing as a default. This would impose a heavy 
burden on government resources while providing no benefit for the 
overwhelming majority of UACs, most of whom are in shelter-level care 
and therefore are not considered dangerous or flight risks to begin 
with. The best solution is, as written in the rule, to notify children 
in more restrictive placements of their right to request 810 hearings, 
connect them with legal service providers, and allow them to decide 
whether to request a hearing. Consistent with existing practice, the 
rule does not impose any timeframe within which UACs must request 810 
hearings. Also, if UACs can demonstrate a material change in 
circumstances, they are free to request 810 hearings even if they 
previously had one that resulted in a negative decision.
    Comment. A commenter noted that that under the proposed rule, the 
hearing officers cannot make decisions on placement or release. To the 
commenter, this limitation does not make sense because in other child 
welfare determinations, judges do make decisions about placement and 
reunification for children that are not in the custody of their 
parents. This commenter also wrote that the limitation is inconsistent 
with the Ninth Circuit's interpretation of the FSA because the court 
rejected ORR's argument that it has sole authority to determine 
placement and make release decisions.
    Response. HHS does agree that the original Flores court ruling 
created a bond hearing procedure whose utility relates mainly to 
providing due process protections to UACs, but does not extend to the 
ability to order ORR to release a child. However, that is explicit in 
the text of the Ninth Circuit's ruling, which HHS is now attempting to 
incorporate into this rule implementing the FSA.
    Comment. A group of commenters recognized the distinction between 
the DHS and HHS provisions relating to bond hearings, but disagreed 
that proposed 8 CFR 236.3(m) properly implemented section 24(A) of the 
FSA in light of Flores, 862 F.3d 863. They restated the court's 
discussion of the important policy interests served by allowing 
children a bond hearing.
    Response. These comments refer to the bond hearings proposed by 
DHS, which are separate and distinct from the 810 hearings proposed by 
HHS. HHS has proposed an independent adjudication process responsive to 
the policy interests served by immigration

[[Page 44479]]

judges in bond redetermination hearings. In 810 hearings, UACs, their 
legal representatives, or their parents or legal guardians would be 
able to request review of ORR findings regarding a child's danger to 
self or others, and the child's flight risk. The child's independent 
hearing officers would not have the authority to order release of UACs 
from ORR custody, and would not have authority to make placement 
decisions. See Flores v. Sessions, 862 F.3d 863, 867 (9th Cir. 2017) 
(acknowledging that a favorable finding in a hearing under paragraph 
24A does not entitle minors to release because ``the government must 
still find a safe and secure placement into which a child can be 
released.'') The UAC would be permitted to have representation of his 
or her choosing at no cost to the government; and the UAC would be able 
to present oral and written evidence. The proposed rule would both 
provide these practical benefits while at the same time streamlining 
the current process. For example, under the current system, if a UAC is 
moved to a different venue during the pendency of a bond 
redetermination hearing, the case must also be transferred to the new 
venue, typically resulting in a delay of weeks. In contrast, such a 
case would not be interrupted under the proposed rule, because the 
proposed rule would establish a centralized hearing office.
    Comment. Multiple commenters opposed the language proposed under 
Sec.  410.810 because bond redetermination hearings would be conducted 
by HHS, not EOIR, a change that would, in the opinion of the 
commentators, remove the opportunity for a ruling by an independent or 
neutral arbiter. Commenters wrote that HHS would be the ``judge and 
jailer'' of UACs and that there would be no meaningful independent 
review of HHS decisions. Commenters argued that immigration judges, who 
are employed by DOJ can serve as neutral arbiters and afford UACs a 
meaningful opportunity to challenge HHS' decisions. Commenters wrote 
that the lack of independence undermines due process protections for 
UACs, and for this reason, immigration judges should continue to 
conduct bond redetermination hearings.
    Response. HHS notes that by its own terms, Sec.  410.810 calls for 
an independent hearing officer to preside over these hearings. This is 
a departure from what was envisioned in the FSA, because in 1997, both 
INS and EOIR were located within DOJ. In other words, Flores counsel 
agreed that immigration judges in EOIR were sufficiently independent 
from INS, such that they could make independent bond redetermination 
rulings. Arguably, one of the reasons for inserting paragraph 24A into 
the FSA was to provide exactly the kind of independent review of 
decisions made by the former INS, which at the time was responsible for 
both the care of minors, and for initiating immigration enforcement 
actions against them. If they were sufficiently independent at that 
time, then having independent hearing officers located within HHS under 
the proposed rule should also be acceptable now, especially since ORR 
is not a law or immigration enforcement agency, and 810 hearings are 
not related to removal proceedings initiated by DHS. The same reasoning 
applies to comments questioning the independence of any appeal of 810 
hearing decisions. Just as the BIA, like immigration courts, is an 
administrative appellate body within DOJ, so too in this case another 
office within the same department would serve as the appellate body for 
810 hearings.
    Comment. Other commenters were concerned simply with the change in 
process. They stated that the NPRM reverses a child's right to a bond 
hearing and instead creates an agency-run administrative process that 
poses threats to due process. While most of these commenters did not 
provide a justification for their opposition to the proposed change, 
one commenter stated he opposed the jailing of children and families on 
moral grounds and suggested the government focus on keeping families 
together, alternatives to detention, and full due process. Finally, in 
addition to the Flores v. Sessions justification, several groups wrote 
that as a matter of policy, immigration judges are best suited to rule 
on UAC bond hearings as they have the relevant background and knowledge 
base to understand the situation and determine the appropriate course 
of action--or, alternatively, that HHS lacks the appropriate expertise 
or experience with the issues associated with child custody or child 
welfare to conduct such hearings.
    Response. HHS is unable to respond to comments stating that 810 
hearings would violate due process, but offering no specifics. 
Ultimately the benefit of an administrative process is for the agency 
to avoid erroneous determinations, and HHS believes that the 810 
hearings meet any relevant due process requirements for that process. 
HHS again notes that the rule provides substantially ``practical 
benefits'' as described by the Ninth Circuit, which largely described 
provision of due process (e.g., an independent decision-making 
authority to review ORR child welfare decisions, access to counsel, the 
ability for children to confront the evidence and establish a record).
    With respect to comments arguing that the government has a moral 
duty to keep families together, HHS believes that these comments are 
really about other issues addressed in this preamble, not about the 810 
hearings and exceed the scope of this rulemaking, especially because 
neither bond hearings under the FSA nor 810 hearings, in and of 
themselves, prevent family reunification. In providing for an 
independent review of ORR determinations of a child's dangerousness and 
risk of flight, 810 hearings serve a similar function to the bond 
hearings described by the Ninth Circuit in 2017 and thus may serve to 
promote family integrity. But ultimately, ORR has a statutory duty to 
ensure safe release of UACs under the HSA and TVPRA, and a similar duty 
under the FSA.
    With respect to the comment that immigration judges are best 
situated to decide on the questions raised by these hearings, HHS 
respectfully disagrees. HHS believes that an independent hearing office 
within HHS, the government agency with specific and relevant expertise 
in child welfare, would be best suited to adjudicate 810 hearings. As 
acknowledged by the Ninth Circuit, in Flores custody hearings, even 
favorable rulings do not entitle UACs to release. This is because, 
under the HSA and TVPRA, the government must still identify safe and 
secure placements for UACs in its care. Id. In light of the separation 
of the former INS's functions in the HSA and TVPRA, at least one court 
has distinguished ORR custody of UACs, which it termed ``child welfare 
custody,'' from immigration detention. See Beltran v. Cardall, 222 F. 
Supp. 3d 476, 488 (E.D. Va. 2016) (internal citations omitted) (noting 
that ORR does not withhold discharge of UACs to sponsors due to pending 
removal proceedings, but does withhold discharge due to child welfare 
concerns as established in the TVPRA; and noting that Congress 
intentionally withheld from ORR any role in removal proceedings pending 
against UACs). ORR's purposes for assessing a child's dangerousness and 
flight risk relate to its duty to effect safe releases of children, and 
not to any immigration detention purpose. This makes 810 hearings 
fundamentally a review of child welfare determinations, and we believe 
such reviews more appropriately occur within the government agency with 
direct child welfare expertise, rather than in immigration courts.

[[Page 44480]]

    Congress itself endorsed HHS' child welfare expertise when it 
transferred responsibility for the care and custody of UACs from the 
former INS to HHS Immigration courts adhere closely to the language of 
the 9th Circuit decision in 2017 on bond hearings, including its 
understanding of the limited scope of the hearings (i.e., to decide 
only on questions of dangerousness and flight risk, not on release or 
sponsor suitability). Especially with respect to issues associated with 
child custody or child welfare, an internal HHS hearing office could 
fulfill the same role as immigration judges, only with greater 
familiarity and expertise than judges trained to adjudicate cases 
relating more directly to immigration status and detention.
    Comment. Several commenters wrote that the proposed rule would 
prolong detention of UACs, which is detrimental to the UACs. Some 
commenters wrote that detention would be prolonged because of the lack 
of process provided to UACs under the rule and a lack of access to 
counsel. Another commenter claimed that by placing the onus on UACs--
who lack familiarity with their rights and the immigration process in 
general--to request a redetermination hearing, the rule will inevitably 
lead to fewer minors receiving such hearings and, therefore, prolonged 
detention.
    Response. HHS notes that 810 hearings as described in the rule are 
modeled substantively after existing bond hearing practices. Under 
current practice, UACs do not receive automatic hearings before 
immigration judges. Also, like bond hearings, favorable 810 hearing 
decisions in and of themselves do not result in discharge of UACs from 
ORR custody. Also as with bond hearings, UACs are entitled to be 
represented by counsel at no expense to the government. HHS does not 
intend to use 810 hearings to prolong ``detention'' of UACs in ORR 
custody. As indicated already, ORR does not detain UACs, rather, it 
provides temporary care and custody of UACs and has a general policy 
favoring release to suitable sponsors. For these reasons, HHS disagrees 
that instituting the 810 hearings as proposed would prolong the length 
of time UACs remain in ORR custody.
    Comment. Another commenter wrote regarding the practices that 
should be adopted to protect due process of minors in bond hearings 
including: Appointment of child advocates, hearings within 48 hours of 
request by child or counsel, and ensuring all minors are informed of 
their right to request review of their continued detention.
    Response. Although this comment appears to be directed to bond 
hearings for minors in DHS custody, HHS responds as follows with 
respect to 810 hearings for UACs in ORR custody. HHS notes that, as 
previously discussed, 810 hearings preserve the substantive benefits of 
bond hearings as described by the Flores court and the Ninth Circuit. 
Regarding child advocates, HHS notes that ORR already appoints child 
advocates, where they are available, for victims of trafficking and 
other vulnerable children. HHS may establish further policies that 
include children seeking 810 hearings as another category of children 
for whom ORR should appoint child advocates, but believes it is not 
possible to mandate child advocates for all children requesting 
hearings because child advocates are not available in all ORR care 
provider locations. In any case, nothing in the FSA, or TVPRA, or case 
law requires child advocates during the bond or 810 hearings.
    Regarding the commenter's suggestion that hearings be scheduled 
within 48 hours of request, HHS notes that bond hearings in the 
immigration court have rarely, if ever, occurred within 48 hours of the 
initial request. Where there have been special circumstances (e.g., a 
child with an imminent 18th birthday), courts have made special 
arrangements to hear such cases. HHS intends that the independent 
hearing officer in 810 hearings will similarly prioritize such cases. 
But it would be inappropriate to apply a one-size-fits-all timeframe on 
these scheduling matters, and nothing in the FSA or TVPRA includes such 
time limits.
    Regarding review of placement, Sec.  410.810 already states that 
UACs placed in secure or staff secure facilities will receive a notice 
of the procedures under this section and may use a form to make a 
written request for an 810 hearing. Because the questions at issue in 
810 hearings are dangerousness and flight risk, 810 hearings are 
relevant in almost all cases only to children in secure, and 
potentially staff secure facilities. For purposes of 810 hearings, HHS 
plans to treat RTCs as secure facilities. HHS does not consider 
children in shelter or other less restrictive placements to be 
dangerous or flight risks; if they were, they would not be placed 
there. As a result, such children would not require 810 hearings--
though the rule would not preclude such children from requesting them. 
Based on HHS' experiences with bond hearings, except in unusual 
circumstances, in these cases ORR would stipulate to the independent 
hearing officer that it does not consider the children to be dangerous 
or flight risks.
    Comment. One commenter noted that if the only review of HHS 
decisions happens within HHS' apparatus, there is a high chance that 
due process rights will be violated and that Federal courts have struck 
down similar agency actions.
    Response. HHS has already discussed both the procedural guarantees 
and other practical benefits that 810 hearings would afford UAC sand 
incorporates those discussions here. Similarly, HHS has discussed at 
length the point about the independence of 810 hearing officers and 
incorporates that discussion here as well.
    With respect to the commenter's claim that this rule would violate 
a 2016 decision of the Eastern District of Virginia,\55\ HHS notes that 
the process at issue in that case was distinguishable from 810 
hearings. That case concerned ORR's release process with respect to a 
parent seeking to sponsor her child. In contrast, as already discussed, 
under the Ninth Circuit ruling in Flores v. Sessions, the purpose of 
custody hearings, and 810 hearings by extension, is to decide on the 
questions of a UAC's dangerousness and flight risk--not release from 
ORR custody. Considering that different context and the ``practical 
benefits'' for UACs discussed by the Ninth Circuit, HHS is confident 
that 810 hearings satisfy any applicable due process requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \55\ See Beltran v. Cardall, 222 F. Supp. 3d 476 (E.D. Va. 
2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment. Several commenters wrote that under the proposed rule UACs 
do not have adequate notice of the hearing, time to prepare for the 
hearing, or access to the evidence supporting HHS' determination of 
dangerousness and/or flight risk.
    Response. HHS notes that under the rule, UACs have notice of their 
right to request an 810 hearing as soon as they enter a secure or staff 
secure care provider facility. Further, they have the right to counsel, 
and counsel has the ability request the child's full case file at any 
time. Even if a UAC who requests an 810 hearing does not have an 
attorney, ORR will provide the UAC with the information and evidence it 
used as its basis for determining dangerousness and flight risk. In 
HHS' experience participating in custody hearings before the 
immigration courts, representatives for UACs (almost all UACs 
requesting bond hearings have had free legal representation), and ORR 
have cooperated to ensure hearings take place promptly and that all 
stakeholders have access to the evidence provided by

[[Page 44481]]

both parties. HHS anticipates that the 810 hearing process would 
similarly allow the parties and counsel for the parties to cooperate.
    Comment. Some commenters claimed that HHS is incapable of or not 
authorized to provide a bond redetermination hearing.
    Response. Under the proposed rule, 810 hearings would not mimic the 
proceedings of an Article 3 court but would instead serve to review ORR 
child welfare-based determinations regarding dangerousness and flight 
risk. Child welfare determinations are clearly within the 
responsibility vested in the Secretary of HHS under the TVPRA for the 
care and custody of UACs.
    Comment. Many commenters wrote that without more information about 
procedures to protect due process rights in 810 hearings, the hearing 
process does not meet the requirements set out in the APA for agency 
decision making.
    Response. disagrees with the suggestion that the proposed rule 
provides inadequate information about procedures in 810 hearings. As 
explained in the rule, 810 hearings will decide on specific questions 
noted in the rule, allow for the introduction of evidence, be subject 
to a preponderance of the evidence standard, result in a written 
decision, and subject to appeal.
    810 hearings are not removal hearings, nor adjudications required 
by statute to be determined on the record after opportunity for an 
agency hearing. Where matters of immigration detention and removal are 
involved, this rule provides for bond hearings for accompanied children 
in Sec.  236.3(m). HHS notes that 810 hearings flow from HHS' duty to 
provide care and custody to UACs, and the APA is satisfied by HHS' 
promulgation of this rule after notice and comment.
    Comment. Commenters wrote that the role of a UAC's attorney in an 
810 hearing was unclear. They also contended that UACs would not have 
adequate assistance because UACs would not receive government appointed 
attorneys to represent them during the 810 hearings.
    Response. HHS anticipates that counsel for UACs would have the same 
role and ability to represent their clients in 810 hearings as they do 
for UACs in bond hearings. For example, they will be able to request 
their clients' case files, present evidence, and cross-examine the 
government's evidence. In practice, essentially all UACs in bond 
hearings have had counsel. Nevertheless, Congress did not require the 
government to pay for counsel in any circumstance, and that counsel may 
be present at no expense to the Government. 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(5), 
incorporating 8 U.S.C. 1362.
    Comment. Several commenters took exception with placing the burden 
of proof in 810 hearings on the UAC, and with the standard of evidence 
applicable to hearings. Some commenters expressed concerns that the 
rule would result in a shifting of the burden of proof from the 
government to prove that the child is a safety or flight risk to the 
alien child to prove that he or she is not. The commenters suggest this 
is inconsistent with the FSA and Flores v. Sessions, 862 F.3d at 867-
68.
    Response. HHS believes that it may, in this rule, recognize the 
child welfare nature of ORR care and custody of UAC. As a result, 
although HHS will not place the burden of proof on the government in 
810 hearings, it has modified the rule to state that the government 
does bear an initial burden to produce evidence supporting its 
determination of the UAC's dangerousness or flight risk. Once the 
government produces its evidence, the UAC bears the burden of 
persuading the hearing officer to overrule the government's 
determination, under a preponderance of the evidence standard.
    Comment. Several commenters urged HHS to both assume the burden of 
proof and adopt a clear and convincing standard of proof for bond 
hearings. They stated that the clear and convincing evidence standard 
is the governing standard in almost all civil detentions, with the 
exception of immigration detention. Specifically, the standard of 
evidence for the government should be clear and convincing, which is a 
higher standard than preponderance of the evidence.
    Response. HHS will assume the burden of producing documentation and 
evidence supporting its finding of a UAC's dangerousness or flight 
risk, which the UAC must then successfully rebut before an 810 hearing 
officer, under a preponderance of the evidence standard. See Flores v. 
Lynch, No. CV854544DMGAGRX, 2017 WL 6049373AsAsA20, 2017, at *2 (citing 
Matter of Guerra, 24 I & N Dec. 37 (BIA 2006) to support the 
proposition that aliens in custody must establish that they do not 
present a danger to persons or property and are not flight risks). 
Although ORR and EOIR implemented Flores bond redetermination hearings 
by immigration judges equivalent to bond hearings in the adult context 
(where the burden is on the alien to demonstrate they are not a danger 
or risk of flight), in practice ORR has produced the evidence 
supporting its determination of the UAC's dangerousness or level of 
flight risk, which the UAC has then attempted to rebut. HHS believes it 
is closest to current bond hearings to have the burden of persuasion on 
the UAC, and to apply a preponderance of the evidence standard rather 
than a clear and convincing standard.
    Requiring UACs to bear the burden of persuasion under a 
preponderance of the evidence standard allows HHS to balance the 
equities of UACs in care with its responsibility under the FSA to 
ensure public safety. See FSA paragraph 14 (describing ORR's general 
policy favoring release, together with its responsibility to ensure the 
safety of the UAC and others when it releases a UAC). To the extent the 
courts have ordered ORR to provide bond hearings to UAC under Paragraph 
24A of the FSA, they have not imposed a standard of evidence. Rather, 
one of the cases cited by the Flores district court, Matter of Guerra, 
stated, ``An Immigration Judge has broad discretion in deciding the 
factors that he or she may consider in custody redeterminations. The 
Immigration Judge may choose to give greater weight to one factor over 
others, as long as the decision is reasonable.'' 24 I & N Dec. at 40. 
Further, ORR custody of UACs is not the equivalent of civil detention 
or immigration detention; and even if it were, determining the proper 
standard of proof for Paragraph 24A bond hearings or the proposed 
section 810 hearings would depend first on the text of any applicable 
statutes and case law.\56\ The TVPRA and HSA do not speak to the issue 
of bond hearings or their equivalent for UAC in ORR custody, but the 
relevant case law has applied existing immigration court practices 
calling for broad discretion by the hearing officer in these cases. 
Finally, we also note that the regulation specifically provides that 
UACs will have access to counsel for 810 hearings.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ See Jennings v. Rodriguez, 138 S. Ct. 830, 847 (2018) 
(finding in part, with respect to certain adult bond hearings, that 
nothing in the text of the relevant statute ``even remotely 
support[ed]'' the imposition of clear and convincing standard of 
proof).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment. Organizations noted Sec.  410.810 fails to take the best 
interest of the child into consideration. Another organization argued 
that the hearing officer's work should be reviewed under ``substantial 
evidence'' to ensure they considered the best interest of the child.
    Response. As mentioned above, Congress recognized that HHS has 
expertise in child welfare and is the most capable agency to make 
decisions that factor in the best interest of the child. In 2008, 
Congress enacted a requirement that children under HHS custody ``shall 
be promptly placed in

[[Page 44482]]

the least restrictive setting that is in the best interest of the 
child.'' 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(2)(A). In making such placements, ``the [HHS] 
Secretary may consider danger to self, danger to the community, and 
risk of flight.'' Id. The 810 hearing does not require a formal best 
interest determination, just as immigration courts and the FSA do not 
require a best interest determination for a bond hearing nor does the 
FSA require this. As noted above, the scope of an 810 hearing is also 
limited to the question of whether the UAC poses a danger or a flight 
risk, although these are not the only factors when determining release. 
ORR takes the best interest of the child into account, in addition to 
potential danger or flight risk, when making a decision about release.
    HHS declines to require the hearing officer's work be reviewed 
under ``substantial evidence.'' As already explained, HHS will apply a 
preponderance of the evidence standard of evidence for 810 hearings.
    Comment. Other comments concerned the appeals process for 810 
hearings. Several commenters expressed concern about the proposed 
appeals of HHS hearing officers going to the Assistant Secretary for 
Children and Families. One commenter wrote the Assistant Secretary 
would create a bottleneck for cases, but others were concerned that, 
because the Assistant Secretary is a political appointee, the appeal 
decisions would be politicized.
    Response. HHS believes that directing all 810 hearings appeals 
through a dedicated office will result in efficiencies. Only a limited 
number of bond hearings have been requested each year--approximately 70 
in the past year--and an even smaller number were appealed. HHS 
anticipates a manageable number of appellate cases in any given year, 
not a bottleneck. In addition, HHS does not believe that it is improper 
to vest an appellate decision of this sort in the Assistant Secretary, 
who is an Officer of the United States and therefore legitimately 
exercises significant authority pursuant to our laws. See Lucia v. 
SEC., 138 S.Ct. 2044 (2018).
    Comment. Several commenters argued that 810 hearings should only 
occur in person because video or telephonic conferencing is not child 
friendly and that they should follow best practices used in state 
juvenile custody determinations.
    Response. HHS anticipates that the procedures governing 810 
hearings to develop more fully with experience. As written, the rule 
provides for minimum requirements. But HHS declines to impose the sorts 
of protocols recommended by the commenters recommended by the 
commenters. Just as ORR makes child welfare decisions on an 
individualized basis, so too does HHS envision a process by which the 
individual needs of UACs requesting 810 hearings can be accommodated. 
HHS accordingly declines to require all hearings to take place in 
person, or to state that video or telephonic conferencing is 
necessarily not child friendly. Neither the FSA nor the TVPRA impose 
such a requirement.
    Comment. One commenter complained that the proposed rule does not 
provide information about the qualifications for HHS hearing officers.
    Response. As indicated above, HHS invited comments on whether 
hearing officers should be employed by the Departmental Appeals Board, 
either as Administrative Law Judges or hearing officers, or whether HHS 
would create a separate office for hearings, similar to the Office of 
Hearings in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. But the 
comments received did not make responsive suggestions. As a result, HHS 
maintains that 810 hearings will be conducted by independent hearing 
officers to be identified by HHS.
    Comment. Two commenters wrote that creating a new custody 
redetermination process at HHS would create a fragmented and 
uncoordinated administrative processes resulting in confusion and 
contradictory results between HHS and EOIR. One commenter wrote that in 
addition to bond redetermination cases remaining with EOIR, immigration 
judges should be charged with informing UACs of their rights, and 
appeals to the BIA should be heard and decided within 48 or 72 hours of 
the appeal.
    Response. As an initial matter HHS disagrees with the commenter 
that housing hearings within HHS will result in a fragmented process. 
One of the benefits of moving these child welfare hearings to an 
independent HHS office is to allow continuity of child welfare 
decision-making within the Department. Moreover, HHS proposed an 
independent hearing process to replace the current regime of custody 
hearings before immigration judges. Immigration judges would play no 
role in informing UACs of their rights regarding 810 hearings, 
including information on the opportunity for appeal, which are distinct 
from immigration enforcement proceedings. HHS has, however, considered 
this comment with respect to the 810 hearing process and notes that, 
typically, immigration judges have informed UACs and ORR of their 
rights to appeal bond hearing decisions concurrently with the issuance 
of those decisions. HHS anticipates that it will create a new bilingual 
form that will explain the 810 hearings process, notify UACs of their 
rights within the administrative process, and allow UACs to formally 
request an 810 hearing--or withdraw a request. If a child speaks a 
language other than English or Spanish, HHS will use interpretation 
services to convey the form's meaning and content to the UAC. But the 
timetable for appellate decisions proposed by the commenter is not 
practically feasible, nor even required by regulations governing BIA 
appeals of bond determinations by immigration judges.
    Comment. One commenter argued that according to his observations of 
bond redetermination hearings, the process is currently disorganized 
and inefficient, and insufficiently protects UACs. He further contended 
that that in the hearings he observed, the immigration judge disagreed 
with HHS' assessment of the dangerousness of the child. The commenter 
concluded that HHS officials are thus incapable of providing an 
adequate bond hearing to a UAC.
    Response. Based on the context of this comment, the commenter 
appears to have confused bond hearings under paragraph 24A of the FSA, 
with Saravia hearings. See Saravia v. Sessions, 280 F. Supp. 3d 1168 
(N.D. Cal. 2017), aff'd sub nom. Saravia for A.H. v. Sessions, 905 F.3d 
1137 (9th Cir. 2018). Saravia hearings originated in a case in which 
DHS had re-apprehended based on gang affiliation certain UACs whom ORR 
had discharged to sponsors. The District Court for the Northern 
District of California ordered that, going forward, any such UACs must 
be afforded a hearing before an immigration judge, in which the burden 
is on the government to demonstrate that circumstances changed 
sufficiently to justify re-apprehension and referral to ORR custody. 
ICE counsel, not HHS, represents the government in Saravia hearings. In 
contrast, ICE counsel does not represent the government in UAC bond 
redetermination hearings under the FSA; HHS does. Anecdotal information 
that an immigration judge disagreed with ORR's original judgment to 
release a particular child to a sponsor, in the context of a Saravia 
hearing, is insufficient to establish that an independent hearing 
officer unaffiliated with ORR is unable to make an appropriate child 
welfare determination.
    Comment. One commenter objected that the 810 hearings do not 
provide an opportunity for sponsors to participate in the bond 
redetermination case to

[[Page 44483]]

show that the child has an appropriate sponsor.
    Response. HHS reiterates that neither bond hearings nor the 
proposed 810 hearings make determinations on release, let alone release 
to particular sponsors. Sponsor suitability determinations are within 
ORR's statutory mandate, and are a separate question from the analysis 
done in the current bond hearings or the proposed 810 hearings. As a 
result, potential sponsors need not always be afforded the right to 
participate in 810 hearings. Having said that, UACs are frequently 
sponsored by their parents, and the rule allows parents or legal 
guardians to request 810 hearings on their children's behalf, just as 
they are able to request bond hearings on their children's behalf 
presently. In these situations, the rule would not prevent parents from 
participating in the hearings. For example, they could testify or 
present evidence, or could argue on behalf of their children.
    Comment. Some commenters disagreed with the agency's analysis that 
EOIR lacks the authority to hear UAC bond redetermination hearings 
because Congress did not authorize EOIR to hear these cases and because 
release authority for UAC rests solely with HHS. These commentators 
supported their objection by citing to the Ninth Circuit's analysis of 
these issues. One commenter noted that the BIA has held that 
immigration courts can rule on UAC bond redeterminations cases.
    Response. HHS disagrees with the commenter's conclusion regarding 
the Ninth Circuit's analysis as it pertains to the bond hearing 
requirement under paragraph 24A of the FSA (for the reasons stated 
above, as well as in the NPRM). In addition, Congress also has already 
determined that HHS is the agency with expertise in child-welfare 
issues, including in making release determinations that are in best 
interest of the child. Immigration judges--sitting in a different 
Department of the Executive Branch, and generally able to release 
individuals ``on bond'' on their own recognizance, are unfamiliar with 
the HHS system and do not always recognize the limits of their 
authorities (i.e., to determine only dangerousness or risk of flight, 
without necessarily being able to release a child for whom a suitable 
custodian has not yet been determined). While the Ninth Circuit itself 
recognized that the ``bond hearing'' under FSA paragraph 24A would not 
result in a dispositive release decision, this limitation on the 
authority of immigration courts is not a limitation typically 
experienced with such administrative courts. Thus, not only do the 
statutory authorities support an HHS administrative process for the 
hearings that will affect HHS legal custody, but also, even if the 
statutes could be read to allow EOIR to retain authority over the UAC 
bond hearings, the Government nonetheless has the authority to 
implement the FSA by moving the hearings to an HHS framework. The 
language of the HSA shows that Congress knows how to preserve DOJ 
authorities where it chooses to do so. In the rule of construction 
governing immigration benefits, Congress stated that ``Nothing in this 
section may be construed to transfer the responsibility for 
adjudicating benefit determinations under the Immigration and 
Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.) from the authority of any 
official of the Department of Justice, the Department of Homeland 
Security, or the Department of State.'' 6 U.S.C. 279(c). No similar 
language exists for bond hearings. Such a discrepancy shows that where 
Congress wished to preserve DOJ authority for UACs, it did so 
explicitly. In addition, Congress has recognized that HHS would assume 
responsibilities that previously resided within the Department of 
Justice. See 6 U.S.C. 279(f)(1) (authorizing Federal officials to 
perform the functions, and exercise the authorities under ``any other 
provision of law,'' that were ``available with respect to the 
performance of that function to the official responsible for the 
performance of the function immediately before the effective date'' of 
the HSA). Finally, even assuming commenters are correct in their 
analysis (which HHS disputes), binding HHS (and EOIR) to the 
commenters' reading of Paragraph 24A would mean that the Government is 
indefinitely bound by a decades-old consent decree--a consent decree 
signed by an Administration no longer in office, that can never be 
altered, even through Congress' sanctioned method of adopting binding 
policies through notice and comment rulemaking under the Administrative 
Procedure Act. HHS does not believe such an unyielding and indefinite 
hold on agency policy-making, across Administrations, can arise from a 
consent decree, especially where, as here, Congress abolished the 
signatory to the Agreement and divided its responsibilities among new 
Parties. Decisions on whether a minor must be maintained in HHS custody 
solely due to his or her danger or risk of flight are properly within 
the purview of the very agency charged with making child-welfare 
determinations. Once Congress made clear that UACs are to be the 
responsibility of an agency not involved in immigration enforcement, it 
does not make sense for the immigration courts--which are primarily 
involved in aspects of such immigration enforcement--to retain 
jurisdiction.
    BIA precedent is not dispositive on the question of whether 
immigration judges may review custodial determinations of ORR. While 
the district court and Ninth Circuit may have altered this ruling as it 
pertained to implementation of the FSA, a final rule that provides the 
substantive elements and practical benefits of bond hearings, 
especially protection of UACs' due process rights, settles the matter 
as it relates to HHS custody of UACs. DHS immigration detention is a 
separate matter, and this rule provides for bond hearings for minors in 
DHS custody.
    Comment. Commenters argue that it would be inefficient and more 
expensive to create a new type of tribunal system for UAC bond 
redetermination cases.
    Response. Although it would arguably be less expensive for HHS to 
preserve UAC bond redetermination hearings in the immigration court 
system rather than creating a new process within HHS, there are at 
least two efficiencies that would result from a new independent hearing 
process. First, removing these cases from immigration court dockets 
would allow the courts to focus on cases within their expertise and 
authority (i.e., immigration detention and removal hearings). It is 
well known that the immigration courts face an extreme backlog of 
cases, with many aliens waiting months if not longer for their 
hearings. The sudden addition of UAC custody hearings in 2017, which 
the immigration courts prioritized in terms of scheduling, only added 
to the already heavy caseload placed on the immigration courts. Second, 
placing 810 hearings within an independent HHS office would also 
promote the speed of adjudications and appeals through the development 
of specific expertise, and through centralization. Currently, bond 
hearings take place around the country, in courtrooms with varying 
rules and scheduling demands. By centralizing all 810 hearings in an 
independent office within HHS, protocols would be standardized. In 
addition, the independent hearing office would accrue specialized 
expertise and at least in theory be able to make adjudications more 
quickly and effectively than immigration judges who remain largely 
unfamiliar with ORR policies and practices.
    Comment. One commenter asserted that 810 hearings fail to protect 
rights

[[Page 44484]]

under the INA and international customary law.
    Response. As noted above, the purpose of this final rule is to 
promulgate final rules implementing the FSA, and HHS believes the 810 
hearing process does so. HHS is not aware of any provision in the INA 
or customary international law that would preclude this process and so 
it does not accept that 810 hearings are governed by customary 
international law. The commenter appears to suggest that there are 
requirements of impartial custodial review under customary 
international law, but it is not clear what the commenter's argument 
is. Without taking a position on this assertion and as HHS already 
stated, 810 hearings will be conducted by independent hearing officers.
    Comment. One commenter wrote that the proposed 810 hearings ignore 
the interest that state courts may have in the custody of a child in 
the state, particularly if state courts had previously been involved in 
the child's life through, for example, a custody hearing.
    Response. State courts have no jurisdiction over UACs, who are in 
Federal custody, other than that which ORR specifically consents to in 
writing. See, e.g., FSA at paragraph 24B (permitting UACs to seek 
judicial review of placement decisions not in state court, but rather 
in the United States District Court with jurisdiction and venue). See 
also Perez-Olano, et al. v. Eric Holder et al., Case No. CV 05-3604 
(C.D. Cal., Dec. 14, 2010) (creating a uniform notification process for 
notifying UAC in Federal custody of their right to seek Special 
Immigrant Juvenile status; establishing procedures for the Federal 
Government and UAC and UAC representatives to follow for filing 
specific consent requests to juvenile court jurisdiction).
Changes to Final Rule
    HHS has changed the final rule text to make clear that once the UAC 
has made a claim that s/he is not dangerous or a risk of flight, HHS 
bears the initial burden to produce evidence supporting its 
determination of dangerousness or flight risk; however, the UAC, who 
may introduce his or her own evidence, bears the burden of persuading 
the independent hearing officer to overrule HHS, under a preponderance 
of the evidence standard.

C. Other Comments Received

1. Detention as Deterrent
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Many commenters stated the Government failed to provide 
data and/or methodologies used to make an assessment regarding 
detention as a deterrent, and multiple others stated that detention has 
been shown to be an ineffective deterrent. Several commenters stated 
that while harsher enforcement may impact migration flows, so do push 
factors, something for which they say the proposed rule did not 
account.
    Various commenters asserted that using detention of families or 
individuals as a way to deter migration is unlawful. One commenter 
added that deterrence is a concept that applies in the criminal justice 
system, not the civil immigration context. Commenters pointed out that 
the Supreme Court has ruled that civil detention may not be used as a 
mechanism for deterrence and that detention used as a deterrent 
abandons the protections of the due process clause of the Fifth 
Amendment. A few commenters insisted that the government must show the 
justification for detaining immigrants outweighs countervailing liberty 
interests and that detaining asylum seekers to deter other migrants 
does not meet the standard. A few commenters stated that detention as a 
deterrent has been both proven ineffective and decried as unlawful by a 
Federal judge.\57\ Others stated that when the previous administration 
attempted a similar policy of detaining families for the purpose of 
deterring future migration, a Federal court issued a preliminary 
injunction blocking the practice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ R.I.L.R. v. Johnson, 80 F. Supp. 3d 164, (D.D.C. 2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Multiple commenters stated that DHS makes a flawed assertion in the 
proposed rule by stating that a 20-day limit on family detention 
imposed as part of a July 2015 court ruling ``correlated with a sharp 
increase in family migration.'' These commenters argued that available 
evidence indicates the increase in migration is more directly related 
to root causes of poverty and violence in migrants' home countries and 
that the NPRM erroneously presented correlation as causation.
    Numerous commenters cited research and testimonials indicating that 
the migration trend from the Northern Triangle is due to high rates of 
violence in that region. They cited statistics about significant danger 
accompanying travel to the United States to underscore the severity of 
the situation that they are fleeing. Several commenters asserted that 
the families who would be affected by this rule have grounds for 
asylum, citing USCIS data showing that nearly 88 percent of families in 
its detention centers have exhibited credible fear. The commenters 
stated that the rules set forth in the NPRM will not deter these 
individuals who are trying to save their lives and the lives of their 
children. Commenters suggested that by ignoring violence and 
persecution as a migratory cause, DHS evades its responsibilities as a 
signatory to the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees; 
increases likely litigation regarding protection of asylum seekers; 
risks returning asylum seekers to persecutory harm; and risks 
undermining confidence in the rule of law in the United States by both 
asylum seekers and U.S. citizens.
    Several commenters mentioned that the migrants have no or minimal 
knowledge of U.S. immigration laws, while others noted that the policy 
is ineffective even if migrants are aware of the consequences of 
entering the United States illegally.
    One commenter stated that the NPRM shows the government is 
struggling to comply with the FSA and is attempting to alter the 
standards agreed upon by the parties in the FSA. The commenter stated 
that the FSA was focused on establishing procedures and conditions that 
meet child welfare principles, but the purposes demonstrated in the 
NPRM are in direct contrast to the FSA's intent. The commenter asserted 
that the proposed rule cannot be interpreted as a good faith attempt to 
be consistent with the FSA's provisions.
    Commenters also stated concern with family ``incarceration.'' For 
example, one commenter stated that incarceration of families is a cruel 
response to the humanitarian crisis at the border and will exacerbate 
the trauma that survivors of violence have endured. The commenter 
stated that many women and children arriving at the border from the 
Northern Triangle are fleeing terrible violence at the hands of 
intimate partners, criminal gangs, or police or other authorities, who 
perpetrate these acts of violence without any accountability.
    Response. As DHS specified in the proposed rule, the primary 
objective of the rule is to implement the FSA in regulations, thereby 
terminating the FSA; it is not to utilize detention as a deterrent to 
migration. Congress has authorized DHS, as a general matter, to detain 
aliens during the immigration enforcement process to ensure that, at 
the conclusion of that process, they can be removed if so ordered. In 
some

[[Page 44485]]

circumstances, detention is at the discretion of DHS and, in others, 
detention is mandatory. Detained cases are handled by the immigration 
courts on a priority basis, and DHS's policy preference is to be able 
to exercise its discretion to maintain custody in appropriate family 
unit cases pending the completion of removal proceedings. This rule 
will enable DHS to maintain family unity while also enforcing the laws 
passed by Congress, including appropriately exercising the enforcement 
discretion Congress has vested in DHS. To the extent that the effect of 
enforcing the laws passed by Congress is to deter some migrants from 
making the journey to the United States, that effect is merely a result 
of enforcing the laws currently in place.
    Commenters misinterpreted DHS's position concerning the operational 
consequences of the FSA. In particular, the absence of state licensing 
for FRCs has prevented the Government from maintaining custody of many 
families for a period of time sufficient to resolve their immigration 
cases, including expedited removal proceedings. This often leads to the 
release of families, many of whom abscond, adding to a large alien 
fugitive backlog, as discussed elsewhere in this rule. DHS has 
encountered cases where this confluence of the FSA and its 
interpretation have created an incentive for adults to bring minors to 
the United States with the aim of securing prompt release from custody. 
That being said, consistent with the view expressed by many commenters, 
DHS acknowledges that the incentive structure informing the decision of 
migrants whether to travel to the United States is complex and 
multifaceted, and that potential detention for criminal or civil 
violations of U.S. law is not the only consideration at issue. This 
rule does not purport to--and indeed, cannot--address all potential 
incentives for migrants to travel to the United States, including 
``push factors'' such as those described in the comments.
    DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory text in the final 
rule in response to these public comments.
2. Indefinite Detention
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Many commenters stated that they were concerned that 
minors, particularly accompanied minors, could be detained indefinitely 
under the proposed rule. They requested that DHS maintain a fixed 
detention limitation for children and that families with children be 
released rather than detained. Many commenters also requested that DHS 
maintain the existing list of relatives to whom it will release 
children.
    Many commenters stated that the proposed rule is contrary to the 
principles underlying the FSA, namely that immigrant children are 
uniquely vulnerable and, thus, should be released from detention as 
quickly as possible. These commenters expressed concern that the 
proposed rule fails to prioritize community placement, and they argued 
that elimination of the 20-day limitation on detention conflicts with 
the FSA's general policy favoring release as ``expeditiously as 
possible'' without ``unnecessary delay.'' Many commenters wrote that 
the proposed rule constitutes a modification of the FSA, rather than a 
codification of it, and could not be used to justify termination of the 
FSA. These commenters noted that the FSA's detention limitation applies 
to both accompanied and unaccompanied children under a 2015 District 
Court ruling.
    Several other commenters stated that the proposed rule violates the 
FSA's requirement that children be placed in the least restrictive 
setting, along with additional Federal laws. One commenter stated that 
the least restrictive setting requirement should be interpreted 
consistently with similar language in the Individuals with Disabilities 
Education Act (IDEA), which requires that students with disabilities be 
placed in the least restrictive appropriate setting possible. The 
commenter wrote that the IDEA and the FSA are both intended to prevent 
disadvantaged children from being taken advantage of by those in power, 
and that the FSA's ``least restrictive setting'' language should 
therefore be interpreted to prohibit detention in most circumstances. 
Another commenter stated that indefinite detention of children would 
violate the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, a Federal law 
which prohibits caretakers of children from causing, or failing to 
mitigate serious imminent threats of, physical and emotional harm. 
Still other commenters wrote that indefinite detention runs contrary to 
the spirit of the Family First Prevention Services Act, a Federal law 
which attempted to reduce the number of children in congregate 
settings. These commenters stated that indefinite detention contradicts 
best practices, state policy, and Federal policy in the criminal 
justice, juvenile detention, and child welfare areas.
    Other commenters recommended specific changes to the language of 
the rule to avoid the prospect of indefinite detention. One commenter 
recommended adding language regarding continuing efforts to release 
minors and reunify families for the duration of a child's time in 
custody to Sec.  410.201(f). Another commenter wrote that the 
possibility of indefinite detention is exacerbated by the use of 
permissive and future-tense verbs (``may'' and ``will'') rather than 
the mandatory verbs found in the FSA (``shall'' and ``must''). This 
commenter recommended retaining the verbs used in the FSA. This 
commenter also wrote that the ``or is otherwise appropriate'' clause 
should be stricken from Sec.  236.3(h) because it provides an 
opportunity for indefinite detention.
    Many commenters stated that the TVPRA did not justify changing the 
conditions imposed by paragraph 14 of the FSA with regard to 
accompanied minors, because the TVPRA only addresses UACs and, in any 
event, is not inconsistent with the FSA.
    Many commenters expressed concern that indefinite detention would 
violate detained children's human rights or civil liberties. These 
commenters asserted that detaining migrants in order to deter migration 
violates international prohibitions on torture. One commenter stated 
that prolonged detention of asylum seekers violates Article 31(1) of 
the UN Refugee Convention. Another commenter stated that detaining 
children for prolonged periods of time violates international law 
protecting the dignity of the family unit as well as guidance from the 
United Nations that children should not be detained due to migration 
status. Another commenter wrote that the indefinite detention of 
children violates Articles 37, 22, and 9 of the United Nations 
Convention on the Rights of the Child. One commenter wrote that the 
proposed rule should explicitly mandate consideration of the best 
interest of the child in order to comply with these provisions of 
international law. This commenter also stated that indefinite detention 
violates Article V of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties 
of Man.
    Many commenters expressed concern that prolonged or indefinite 
detention would negatively impact detained children's health, growth, 
and development. These commenters stated that, while there is no safe 
amount of detention, harms to children from detention increase as the 
length of detention increases. They argued that the conditions in 
existing detention facilities are inappropriate for, and dangerous to, 
children and do not provide sufficient medical and developmental 
services to children.
    Specific concerns were raised with respect to the mental health of 
children including the prospect that detention

[[Page 44486]]

could cause depression, suicidal ideation, and anxiety. Many commenters 
stated that indefinite detention could cause behavioral changes in 
children after release and inhibit their educational attainment and 
success in life. Several commenters worried that prolonged detention 
may cause ``toxic stress,'' and one commenter stated that the trauma 
caused by detention could require years of psychotherapy and 
medications. Another commenter stated that, although parents can 
typically buffer children from stressful situations, when the parent is 
also experiencing intense stress, the parent's ``buffering capacity'' 
may be undermined and lead to additional harm to the child.
    One commenter expressed concern that prolonged family detention 
would force children and their families to give up their culture. This 
commenter described a state's experience with Native American 
assimilation and Japanese-American internment and the negative effects 
these events had on those communities and noted that it does not want 
the United States to return to this past practice of childhood 
detention.
    Finally, one commenter expressed concern that indefinite detention 
of immigrant children could lead to indefinite confinement of U.S. 
citizen children abroad because the proposed rule would damage the 
reputation and credibility of the United States abroad.
    Response. This rule does not contemplate or authorize ``indefinite 
detention'' of anybody, much less minors. ``Indefinite detention'' is 
inconsistent with DHS's mission. The purpose of immigration detention 
is to effectuate removal and to keep custody over an alien while a 
decision is made on whether removal should occur. If the alien 
establishes that she merits relief from removal, she will be released 
at the end of the proceedings; if not, she will be removed. That is not 
``indefinite detention'' because it has a definite end point, namely, 
the end of proceedings and removal itself. See Jennings v. Rodriguez, 
138 S. Ct. 830, 846 (2018); Demore v. Kim, 538 U.S. 510, 529 (2003). 
ICE notes that the majority of minor and family unit removals involve 
countries in the Northern Triangle, and removals are normally 
effectuated promptly in these countries. DHS notes that minors and 
family units are not likely to face long periods in detention because 
immigration proceedings involving detained family units and minors are 
placed on a priority docket by EOIR. Family units and minors can also 
benefit from release during the pendency of removal proceedings if they 
qualify for release on recognizance, bond, or parole.
    Aliens subject to final orders of removal may remain in custody 
until removal can be effectuated. For those aliens detained pursuant to 
INA 241, this includes a presumptively reasonable period of 180 days 
after a final order of removal has been issued, and thereafter, the 
alien must generally be released absent a significant likelihood of 
removal in the reasonably foreseeable future (in compliance with 
current law and regulation).
    Detention remains an important tool to ensure that proceedings are 
completed. EOIR found that for completed cases from January 1, 2014, 
through March 31, 2019 that started at an FRC, 43 percent of family 
unit members were issued final orders of removal in absentia out of a 
total of 5,326 completed cases. DHS OIS has found that when looking at 
all family unit aliens encountered at the Southwest Border from FY 2014 
through FY 2018, the in absentia rate for completed cases as of the end 
of FY 2018 was 66 percent. As a result, the authority to detain minors 
in family units continues to be an important component of immigration 
enforcement. But ``indefinite detention'' is not consistent with DHS's 
mission.
    DHS reiterates that while this rule would allow DHS to hold non-UAC 
minors with their parents or legal guardians at FRCs for more than 20 
days, this intent does not clash with the intent of the FSA. The FSA 
provides that minors subject to its provisions will all be transferred 
to a licensed program until they can be released. FSA paragraphs 12A, 
14, 19. The provisions of this rule will allow properly managed FRCs to 
qualify as licensed, non-secure facilities once its terms go into 
effect, and the FSA itself provides no specific time limit for a minor 
to be in a licensed program. That ICE generally does not hold family 
units in FRCs beyond approximately 20 days is a result of a district 
court opinion holding that ICE's FRCs, as they currently exist under 
law, are not appropriately licensed and are not ``non-secure.'' Once 
this rule permits properly managed FRCs to qualify as licensed, non-
secure facilities, their operation will be consistent with the 
operation of licensed programs under the FSA. Importantly, as explained 
previously, FRCs are designed to be a safe location where families can 
be together in an environment that will foster their children's 
development during the pendency of immigration proceedings. They are 
not secure facilities--which means that, while it is discouraged, 
individuals in those facilities can exit them. Doing so, however, may 
give rise to arrest given that those in the facilities are subject to 
apprehension under the immigration laws and, in many instances, 
mandatory immigration detention.
    Bond determinations will be made pursuant to the ordinary statutory 
and regulatory standards, under which an alien is released if he can 
establish he is not a flight risk or danger. See INA 236(a). The rule 
here would not alter such authorities governing custody, but instead 
would allow the determination of whether to detain a family to be made 
under all appropriate legal authorities, and not under the FSA system 
through which a different set of rules applies to the minor and another 
to his parent(s) even though they are being held together in the same 
place.
    DHS has added new language at Sec.  236.3(j)(4) to state clearly 
that paroling minors in DHS custody pursuant to section 
235(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the INA or 8 CFR 235.3(c) who do not present a 
safety risk or risk of absconding will generally serve an urgent 
humanitarian reason. DHS adds that it may also consider aggregate and 
historical data, officer experience, statistical information, or any 
other probative information in determining whether detention of a minor 
is required to secure the minor's timely appearance before DHS or the 
immigration court or to ensure the minor's safety and well-being or the 
safety of others. Furthermore, current limitations on bed space in FRCs 
are significant and will likely mean that, as a practical matter, 
unless the amount of bed space is significantly expanded or the number 
of families drops dramatically, families that have established a 
credible fear and who are not a flight risk or danger will often be 
released from detention. For a discussion release of minors from DHS 
custody, please see Section B.10., Release of Minors from DHS Custody.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS is amending Sec.  236.3(j)(4) to state that paroling minors in 
DHS custody pursuant to section 235(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the INA or 8 CFR 
235.3(c) who do not present a safety risk or risk of absconding will 
generally serve an urgent humanitarian reason.
3. Alternatives to Detention
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Many commenters proposed alternatives to keeping family 
units or unaccompanied minors in detention. Several commenters pointed 
to the Juvenile Detention Alternatives

[[Page 44487]]

Initiative (JDAI) as evidence that alternatives to detention are 
effective and preferable over detention. Numerous commenters 
recommended use of the Family Case Management Program instead of 
detention, because the program is significantly cheaper and is 
effective at ensuring that a family appears for their immigration 
proceedings.
    Commenters compared ATD programs such as the Intensive Supervision 
Appearance Program (ISAP) at $4 per day per person and the Family Case 
Management Pilot Program (FCMP) at approximately $36 per family per day 
to the cost of detention, which they cited as approximately $319 per 
individual per day in FY 2019. One commenter estimated that the costs 
of detention for a family of two in an FRC for 40 days, the average 
time to process an individual on the detained docket costs would be 
$25,520 ($319 x 2 people x 40 days). The commenter estimated the costs 
of ISAP for the head of household at $3,008 for 752 days, the average 
time to process an individual on the non-detained docket ($4 x 752 = 
$3,008).
    The commenters noted that participants in the FCMP had a 100 
percent attendance record at court hearings and a 99 percent rate of 
check-ins and appointments with ICE.\58\ The commenters also stated 
that the FCMP would have fewer negative impacts on the well-being of 
minors when compared to detention, and that the Program resulted in, 
among other things, lower return-rates of children into foster programs 
and lower rates of abuse, neglect, or other crimes when compared to 
minors and families in detention.
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    \58\ Citing the U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security Office of 
Inspector General, Rep. No. OIG-18-22, U.S. Immigration and Customs 
Enforcement's Award of the Family Case Management Program Contract 
(2017).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Relatedly, several commenters stated that DHS should utilize a 
community-based, case-management program as an alternative to 
detention. The commenters stated that such a program should provide 
case management services, facilitate access to legal counsel, and 
facilitate access to safe and affordable housing. They cited studies 
showing that a sense of belonging in schools and neighborhoods is a 
strong factor for positive health outcomes for immigrant and refugee 
families. The commenters also stated that such a program has been shown 
to substantially increase program compliance, without the extensive use 
of electronic monitoring, and cited pilot programs conducted by the 
Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service and the Vera Institute of 
Justice as support. Still other commenters presented alternatives to 
detention. Some commenters stated DHS should more heavily rely on NGOs, 
non-profits, and religious organizations to provide necessary services, 
including housing, to immigrants and ensure that they attend their 
immigration hearings. One commenter focused on foster family placement, 
stating that it would provide better outcomes for youth than detention 
or large shelter placement.
    Several commenters stated that DHS should release more aliens on 
bond, or if the aliens lack any indicia of being a flight risk, on 
their own recognizance. Several commenters supported electronic 
monitoring as an alternative to detention. Other commenters, however, 
expressed concern that electronic monitoring can be stigmatizing for 
aliens and interfere in daily life activities, and stated that such 
monitoring, while preferable to detention, should only be used as a 
last resort, such as when the alien is a flight risk, presents a safety 
concern, or otherwise would be a candidate for secure detention.
    One commenter expressed support for a program that includes a 
combination of electronic ankle monitors, voice-recognition software, 
and unannounced home visits, and stated that similar programs have been 
found to be affordable and highly effective. One commenter, citing a 
GAO report,\59\ noted that a similar program resulted in over 99 
percent of aliens with a scheduled court hearing appearing at their 
scheduled court hearings, and more than 95 percent of aliens with a 
scheduled final hearing appearing at their final removal hearing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ Report to Congressional Committees, Alternatives to 
Detention: Improved Data Collection and Analyses Needed to Better 
Assess Program, U.S. Government Accountability Office, Nov. 2014.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters stated that providing needed services to alien 
families and minors would help ensure their attendance at court 
hearings. Several commenters stated that DHS should provide legal 
orientation programs to aliens to help ensure their appearance at 
hearings, as well as inform families of their legal rights and 
obligations. These commenters expressed a belief that the high rate of 
in absentia removal orders is because asylum seekers lack basic 
information about the immigration process. Another commenter suggested 
that the government provide the families and minors with case workers, 
transportation to and from their hearings, and a small financial 
incentive for showing up at their hearings. The commenter also 
suggested that aliens who appear at their hearings should also have 
their immigration cases looked upon more favorably.
    Finally, commenters cited to a report on a non-profit 
organization's case management program, the Family Placement 
Alternatives (FPA), piloted in 2015. The commenters present the FPA as 
a human-centric alternative to detention through a holistic social 
service approach. The report highlights the benefits of community-based 
services and cites several examples of immigrants who were able to 
navigate the asylum system better with the help of an assigned case 
manager. The report also annexes several findings directly related to 
compliance with removal proceedings, discusses the cost-effectiveness 
of running the program and recommends its adoption on a larger scale.
    Response. DHS agrees with the commentators that ATD has an 
important role to play as an effective compliance tool for some aliens. 
DHS accordingly uses ATD in some cases, consistent with resource 
limitations, and will continue to do so. But ATD is only a partial 
solution, not a complete answer. Congress has authorized, and in some 
instances required, immigration detention as a tool for fulfilling 
ICE's mission. Although ATD can be used as an effective compliance 
tool, unlike detention, such alternatives generally do not provide a 
means to effectively remove those who are illegally present and have a 
final order of removal. Moreover, DHS does not have the resources to 
keep aliens on ATD throughout proceedings, or to locate and arrest 
those who abscond. Enrolling aliens in ATD instead of detaining and 
removing them also contributes to the growing immigration court 
backlog. Many of those in the program are enrolled for years (as 
opposed to an average length of stay in detention of 30-40 days). ATD 
thus cannot completely replace immigration detention.
    ICE is, however, currently utilizing ATD for certain qualified 
family units. The current ATD--Intensive Supervision Appearance Program 
(ISAP) is a flight-mitigation program that uses technology and case 
management tools to facilitate compliance with release conditions, 
court appearance, and final orders of removal while allowing aliens to 
remain in their community--contributing to their families and community 
organizations and, if necessary, wrapping-up their affairs in the 
United

[[Page 44488]]

States--as they move through immigration proceedings.
    ATD-ISAP may be appropriate for aliens who are in some stage of 
removal proceedings and released from DHS custody pursuant to an order 
of release on recognizance, an order of supervision, or a grant of 
parole or bond, e.g., individuals considered not to be a danger to the 
community or a high flight risk. The ATD-ISAP contractor provides case 
managers who supervise participants utilizing a combination of home 
visits, office visits, alert response, court tracking, and technology. 
Case managers also provide referrals to a multitude of social services. 
Because of the nature of the program, juveniles cannot be participants, 
but family units (at least one adult and minor children) can be 
enrolled via an adult Head of Household. Of the approximately 100,000 
participants currently enrolled in ATD-ISAP, about 50 percent are 
family units.
    Data maintained by ICE show that historically family units on ATD 
tend to abscond at a higher rate than non-family unit participants. ICE 
considers an absconder from the ATD program to be an individual who has 
failed to report, who has been unresponsive to attempts by the 
Government to contact him or her, and whom the Government has been 
unable to locate. In FY 2018, the absconder rate for family units was 
30 percent, significantly higher than the 19 percent absconder rate for 
non-family unit participants. Because ICE lacks sufficient resources to 
locate, arrest, and remove the tens of thousands of family units who 
have been ordered removed but are not in ICE custody, most of these 
aliens remain in the country, contributing to the more than 564,000 
fugitive aliens as of September 8, 2018. Such at-large apprehensions 
present a danger to ICE officers, who are the victims of assaults in 
the line of duty, and significantly increases the operational burden of 
effectuating removal. Therefore, although ATD-ISAP is useful and indeed 
used by ICE for many families, it is not a complete answer for the 
enforcement of immigration law with respect to family units.
    The Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiatives (JDAI), was 
developed as a pilot project in the early 1990s by a private 
philanthropy based in Baltimore, and has since expanded to over 300 
jurisdictions. The purpose of JDAI is to reduce reliance on local 
confinement of youth involved in the penal system, based on the premise 
that placing juveniles in locked detention pending court hearings 
increases the odds that the child would be found delinquent and 
committed to corrections facilities, in turn damaging prospects for 
future success. The JDAI's core strategies include collaboration with 
juvenile court officers, prosecutors and defense counsel, and objective 
risk assessment of the youth to determine whether home confinement and 
self-reporting instead of detention will assure compliance with court 
appearances. JDAI is essentially a flight mitigation tool for the penal 
system with some similarities to ATD-ISAP in administrative removal 
proceedings. Accordingly, the JDAI is not suitable for managing family 
units and/or juveniles who are not otherwise involved in the penal 
system.
    Commenters referenced the FCMP as a much cheaper alternative than 
detention. While the ATD-ISAP program has some elements of a case 
management program, the FCMP itself is a program no longer used by DHS. 
The FCMP was launched by DHS in early 2016, as an alternative to 
detention for family units who illegally entered the United States with 
a credible fear that might qualify them for protection from removal. 
The FCMP, which was implemented in only a few cities, aimed to promote 
compliance with immigration obligations for Heads of Household who are 
a low public-safety risk and who were residing or intending to reside 
in those few cities, and who were not considered appropriate for 
traditional ATD programs or who were not eligible for placement in 
FRCs, e.g., pregnant or nursing women, or mothers with young children. 
Under the program, families were given a caseworker who helped educate 
them on their rights and responsibilities, and helped families settle 
in, assisting with things like accessing medical care and attorneys, 
and ensuring they made it to their court appearances.
    ICE terminated the FCMP in June 2017, after completing a top-down 
review of the pilot year (January 2016--June 2017), based on the 
finding that the FCMP cost around $38.47 per family, per day (or 
roughly $16.73 per individual), while traditional ATD--Intensive 
Supervision Appearance Program (ISAP III) cost ICE approximately $4.40 
per individual, per day. FCMP subcontracted out many of its case 
management services to NGOs, non-profits and religious organization 
which drove up the average cost per participant. ICE concluded that 
money it would save by discontinuing the FCMP could be better used by 
instead supporting other ATD services for more families.
    While it is true that per day, any ATD program could be less 
expensive than the daily cost of detention, immigration judges process 
the cases of those in custody much faster than those on the non-
detained docket \60\ meaning that the ultimate gap in cost is often 
considerably smaller than appears when looking only at the per day 
costs. Indeed, in some circumstances where a non-detained case takes 
unusually long, detention can be more cost effective in the long run 
even though the per day cost is higher.\61\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ See Trac Immigration, Table 1. Pending Cases and Wait Times 
Until Hearings Scheduled by Court Location, Report date June 8, 2018 
https://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/516/include/table1.html.
    \61\ See Congressional Budget Justification FY 2018--Volume II, 
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, page 50, ``An average 
daily rate for family beds can be calculated by dividing the total 
funding requirement of $291.4 million by the projected average daily 
population (ADP) of 2,500 for a rate of $319.37.'' https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS%20FY18%20CJ%20VOL%20II.PDF.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, in the long run, the most important factor that 
determines if an alien is removed when a final order is issued is 
whether the person is in detention when this occurs. If an alien is not 
detained at the time, in many cases ICE will have to expend significant 
resources to locate, detain, and subsequently remove the alien in 
accordance with the final order.
    Regarding commenters' reference to the non-profit organizations' 
Family Placement Alternatives program, such a program, as with the 
FCMP, is not suitable for the purpose of effectuating removal.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory provisions in the 
final rule in response to these public comments.
4. DHS Track Record With Detention
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Several commenters discussed DHS's track record with 
detention. In general, comments focused on the following areas: 
Inadequate conditions at existing facilities; and problems hiring staff 
in remote DHS facilities.
    Multiple commenters stated that ICE-run facilities have a history 
of poor conditions and compliance issues and stated that ICE could not 
be trusted to detain families in adequate and safe conditions. Some 
commenters contended that governmental facilities had failed to provide 
adequate access to care and safety for children in DHS and HHS custody, 
even though those facilities were presumably operating in accordance 
with current FSA stipulations. These commenters stated

[[Page 44489]]

that given the less rigorous standards and oversight envisaged by the 
proposed regulations, these breaches are likely to continue and 
proliferate if the FSA is weakened.
    According to these commenters, a report by Human Rights First \62\ 
supports their contention that ICE-run detention facilities 
historically and routinely fail to meet even their own minimum 
standards of care. Some commenters reported that visits to family 
detention centers reveal discrepancies between the standards outlined 
by ICE and the actual services provided, including inadequate or 
inappropriate immunizations, delayed medical care, inadequate education 
services, and limited mental health services.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ Human Rights First, ``Family Detention: Still happening, 
Still Damaging,'' (October 2015 Human Rights First report) 
(discussing reports of substandard care at family detention centers 
including Karnes, Dilley, and Berks).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Multiple commenters referenced a letter from two DHS physicians to 
the Senate Whistleblowing Caucus, in which the experts stated that 
after conducting ten investigations over four years at ICE family 
detention facilities, they had concluded that children housed in ICE 
family detention centers are at high risk of harm, due to serious 
compliance issues such as lack of timely access to medical care, lack 
of sufficient medical staffing, inadequate trauma care and counseling, 
and inadequate access to language services.\63\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \63\ Id. at 4; see also Academic Pediatric Association, et al., 
July 24, 2018 Letter to Congress (letter submitted by 14 medical and 
mental health associations seeking congressional oversight of DHS-
run facilities, and stressing that conditions in DHS facilities, 
which include open toilets, constant light exposure, insufficient 
food and water, no bathing facilities, extremely cold temperatures, 
and forcing children to sleep on cement floors, are traumatizing for 
children.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Several commenters stated that DHS has been unable to staff 
facilities in a timely manner with qualified pediatricians, 
psychiatrists, child and adolescent psychiatrists, mental health 
clinicians, and pediatric nurses, particularly in remote areas. These 
commenters stated that without adequate staffing, the facilities could 
not provide adequate health services. Commenters cited to several 
incidents that they believe exhibited this lack of adequate care.
    Commenters relied on several reports for these arguments. They 
pointed to a DHS Inspector General report on an ICE-run adult detention 
facility that they stated revealed astonishingly substandard and 
harmful conditions,\64\ and to July 2018 reports filed in Federal court 
that allegedly documented unsafe and unhealthy conditions in DHS-run 
facilities where children were housed after being separated from their 
parents at the border.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ See September 27, 2018 Office of Inspector General 
Management Alert--Issues Requiring Action at the Adelanto ICE 
Processing Center in Adelanto, California, OIG-18-86.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters also pointed out that in January 2016, the Pennsylvania 
Department of Human Services revoked the child care license of the 
Berks County Residential Center because DHS was found to be using its 
license inappropriately. Yet, the facility continued to operate for a 
year with a suspended license. According to one of the commenters, the 
Berks County facility amassed an atrocious record of health concerns, 
inadequate medical attention, alleged sexual misconduct, and other 
harmful conditions because there was no proper oversight.
    Response. DHS agrees with the commentators that it is critical that 
conditions in DHS facilities live up to applicable standards, 
particularly when it involves the treatment of children. That is the 
whole point of the standards. The proposed rule here would do nothing 
to weaken them.
    To further emphasize its commitment to its standards, DHS is adding 
regulatory text to confirm that it will publicly post the results of 
the third-party inspections of ICE FRCs on DHS's website to ensure as 
much transparency as possible within the inspection and alternative 
licensing process. See discussion of inspection comments and responses. 
Moreover, DHS is modifying the regulatory text to provide that audits 
of licensed facilities will take place at the opening of a facility and 
take place on an ongoing basis, and DHS is modifying the language 
regarding the juvenile coordinators, to be clear that their role 
includes ongoing monitoring of compliance with the standards in the 
regulations.
    DHS further notes that under this rule, FRCs will not be exempt 
from state licensing standards, so long as the State in which they are 
located maintains a licensing process for facilities that hold minors 
together with their parents. Accordingly, the Berks FRC will continue 
to receive regular scheduled and unscheduled inspections by the 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania even after this rule goes into effect. 
CRCL conducted an onsite investigation at Berks in 2017 and sent the 
Expert Reports with Recommendations to ICE on July 21, 2017. The 
Medical Expert did not find alarming incidents of medical care 
failures. DHS notes that the only facilities required to be licensed 
under this rule (and under the FSA) are the FRCs. Thus, these licensing 
requirements--and the public reporting of inspections--do not apply to 
DHS' short-term holding facilities (such as CBP facilities). DHS notes, 
however, as described above, that CBP facilities are subject to 
inspection and monitoring by outside entities.
    DHS also disagrees with some of the commenters' specific 
assertions. Many of the commenters made broad, generalized allegations 
that ICE has abused children in detention, failed to uphold its own 
Family Residential Standards, and generally failed to provide care and 
safety to the minors in its custody, among other issues. Even though 
those commenters cited to studies such as the one provided by Human 
Rights First \65\ or the American Academy of Pediatrics \66\ and 
asserted that these studies supported their allegations, DHS review of 
these studies uncovered no specific instances of abuse, neglect, or 
failure to abide by standards provided with enough detail for DHS to 
investigate. For those generalized allegations that did not provide 
details sufficient for DHS to substantiate the allegations, DHS cannot 
respond to the commenters effectively. DHS declines to amend the 
proposed regulatory text of this rule based on those broad, 
unsubstantiated allegations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/family-detention-still-happening-still-damaging.
    \66\ https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/lens/pediatrics/139/5/e20170483#content/citation_reference_63.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, DHS does have a complaint and grievance process in place. 
Aliens in DHS custody who have a specific complaint about a staff 
member can file a grievance either directly with OIG by emailing 
[email protected] or to the facility's grievance committee or 
designated grievance staff. Grievance forms are available in common 
areas along with a locked box where residents can deposit the 
grievances. Detailed procedures for filing grievances at FRCs are in 
the FRS. The procedures make accommodations for language barriers as 
well as physical and mental disabilities and allow for help with 
filling the forms by other staff members and legal representatives. 
They provide for informal and formal grievances, emergency grievances, 
and appeals. The FRS also prohibit retaliation by staff against 
residents for filing grievances.
    Aliens in DHS custody, community faith-based organizations, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), community leaders, immigration 
lawyers, and members of the public

[[Page 44490]]

with allegations regarding conditions at DHS facilities can file 
complaints with either the DHS Office of the Inspector General (OIG) or 
with CRCL via the internet at https://www.dhs.gov/file-civil-rights-complaint or through the CBP infocenter (OIG and CBP forward the 
complaints to CRCL). Complaints filed with CRCL are processed and 
uploaded into a database housing all complaints. The CRCL team meets 
weekly to discuss all complaints received that week. They decide which 
allegations will be opened for formal investigation. Allegations that 
are not open for investigation, remain in the database and are reviewed 
quarterly to identify trends or systemic issues. If trends or systemic 
issues are found, then those cases can be opened for investigation.
    Another method of receiving complaints is through DHS's CRCL 
Community Engagement Team. Team Members go out into community, develop 
a rapport with NGOs, faith-based organization leaders, lawyers, and 
community members. Team Members hold community roundtable events at 
which they discuss DHS policies, procedures implemented across the 
Department, and what it means for the community. The community in turn 
has the ability to identify how it has affected them and if necessary 
file complaints through these Team Members.
    When CRCL opens a formal investigation, the OIG is contacted and 
given the right of first refusal to investigate. If OIG turns down the 
opportunity to investigate, then CRCL performs the investigation. 
Depending on the type of complaint, the investigation could be 
conducted offsite or onsite. If offsite, CRCL will work with the 
respective DHS component to gather documentation specific to the 
allegations. If onsite, CRCL will conduct the investigation at the 
facility, which, for ICE, includes interviewing ICE detainees.
    On-site investigations are of the facility policy and operations, 
and do not address personnel misconduct issues. The CRCL Compliance 
Branch goes to the ICE or CBP facilities to conduct on-site 
investigations. The team is comprised of a combination of the 
following, depending on the allegations presented: Policy advisors with 
investigative authority, a medical consultant, a corrections 
consultant, an environmental health and safety consultant, a suicide 
prevention consultant, and a mental health consultant. The team will 
always look into medical care/treatment, and the overall conditions of 
detention (food preparation, cleanliness, safety issues, grievance 
process, and the use of segregation). The team reviews the facilities 
policy and procedures to ensure the center is properly documenting its 
actions and incidences at the center and is in compliance with 
applicable standards. If problems are found at the facility, the team 
compiles a report of expert recommendations. The expert recommendations 
are issued to the relevant DHS component, who then has opportunity to 
concur, partially concur, or non-concur with recommendations and 
perform remediation. If recommendations are not implemented, CRCL has 
the ability to re-inspect facilities, and if necessary can issue a 
recommendation that DHS close a facility, or remove ICE detainees from 
a detention facility.
    The public can find highlights of these Expert Recommendations in 
CRCL's Annual Report to Congress. CRCL also has a Transparency 
Initiative in which they are moving documents to the internet. As of 
this publication, two reports have been uploaded, but more are expected 
in the future.
    CRCL conducts 10-12 site visits a year at ICE facilities with 1-2 
of them at FRCs. These visits have brought about major improvements in 
recent years, and CRCL continues to monitor implementation of their 
Expert Recommendations.
Changes to Final Rule
    For purposes of clarity, DHS is adding language to the final rule 
at 8 CFR 236.3(i)(4)(xx) explaining that licensed facilities will 
maintain a grievance filing process and requiring aliens in these 
facilities to avail themselves of this process if they wish to report a 
formal grievance. DHS also is adding language in 8 CFR 236.3(o) to make 
it more clear that the juvenile coordinator will monitor compliance 
with the regulation.
5. Due Process, Constitutional, Administrative Procedure Act, and 
International Law Violations
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Numerous commenters made general allegations that the 
rule was arbitrary and capricious and does not withstand the 
requirements of the APA. As case law makes clear, arbitrary and 
capricious review requires that an agency apply reasoned decision 
making when proposing new regulations and provide a rational 
explanation of the changes.\67\ The commenters claimed that the 
Departments had failed to do so with respect to the cost calculations 
(response in the E.O. 12866 section of this final rule), new licensing 
process, hearings, definitions of influx and emergency, age 
determinations, and redetermining of UAC status at every encounter. The 
commenters also faulted the Departments for allegedly not taking into 
account the trauma detention causes children and various reports 
related to detention.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \67\ Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of the U.S., Inc. v. State Farm 
Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter asserted that the failure to discuss the preliminary 
injunction in the Saravia v. Sessions, lawsuit is per se arbitrary and 
capricious because it is a relevant source of law that governs their 
obligations on this issue.
    Response. Many of these commenters' concerns about arbitrary and 
capricious decision-making will not be addressed in this section of the 
rule, but have been addressed throughout this rule in response to 
specific comments. This rule represents the result of reasoned decision 
making, and the Departments have provided rational explanations of 
their choices throughout. In particular, the Departments have discussed 
the Saravia injunction above and noted that it addressed a discrete 
legal issue not addressed by the FSA and therefore not the focus of 
this rule. See Saravia v. Sessions, 280 F. Supp. 3d 1168 (N.D. Cal. 
2017), aff'd sub nom. Saravia for A.H. v. Sessions, 905 F.3d 1137 (9th 
Cir. 2018). The purpose of this rule is to implement the FSA in light 
of the changed circumstances and accumulated agency experience since 
the signing of the agreement over 20-years ago. In doing so, DHS has 
carefully assessed and explained its changes. The Departments will 
continue to abide by all relevant court orders.
    Comments. Some commenters raised due process concerns. These 
comments included general attacks on the supposed ``deterrence 
rationale'' of the rule and the prospect of longer detention, which 
some commenters claimed would reduce access to legal services or 
prevent children from participating in their immigration proceedings. 
The comments also included more specific objections to the ongoing 
redetermination of UAC status, hearing provisions, and process 
surrounding re-taking custody of a previously released minor.
    Response. The Departments disagree that the proposed regulations 
violate the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment for all of the 
reasons explained throughout the preamble. Multiple procedural 
safeguards exist in this context, including those contained in section 
462 of the HSA and section 235 of the TVPRA with respect to UACs, the 
INA more broadly, and the

[[Page 44491]]

provisions of this rule implementing the relevant and substantive terms 
of the FSA.
    Regarding comments that detention will impact access to legal 
services, the rule specifically provides for attorney-client visits (in 
accordance with applicable facility rules and regulations) for those 
minors in ICE FRCs, as well as a comprehensive orientation session upon 
admission, including information on the availability of legal 
assistance. See 8 CFR 236.3(i)(4)(ix). While in a licensed facility 
each UAC in ORR custody will also be provided with information 
regarding the right to a removal hearing before an immigration judge, 
the right to apply for asylum, and the right to request voluntary 
departure in lieu of removal. See 45 CFR 410.402(c)(14). HHS care and 
custody will not prevent access to legal assistance or the possibility 
of administrative hearings.
    DHS also disagrees that detention in FRCs will make it harder for 
children accompanied by their parents or legal guardians to 
meaningfully participate in their immigration proceedings; rather, 
keeping families together in custody as a unit will remove the 
possibility of the family missing a hearing, while also ensuring that 
the family can decide as a unit how to handle their ongoing removal 
proceedings.
    When it comes to redetermining UAC status upon each encounter, DHS 
notes that the statutory definition of UAC indicates that the status 
could change if an individual turns 18, gains legal status, or is 
placed with a parent or legal guardian. See 6 U.S.C. 279(g). Reflecting 
that plain language, two circuit courts have held that an individual 
who was initially designated as a UAC can subsequently cease to be a 
UAC. See e.g., Mazariegos-Diaz v. Lynch, 605 Fed. Appx. 675, 676 (9th 
Cir. 2015) (unpublished) (finding a 20-year-old was no longer a UAC for 
purposes of applying for asylum under the TVPRA); see also, Harmon v. 
Holder, 758 F.3d 728, 733-34 (6th Cir. 2014) (finding asylum 
applications filed under TVPRA UAC provisions must be filed while the 
applicant remains in that status). And the Office of General Counsel 
for the Department of Justice, EOIR, has found that immigration judges 
have authority to assess whether a UAC continues to meet the statutory 
definition. See DOJ EOIR OGC Memorandum, Legal Opinion re: EOIR's 
Authority to Interpret the Term Unaccompanied Alien Child for Purpose 
of Applying Certain Provisions of the TVPRA, Sept. 19, 2017, at 9 
(``Our interpretation is consistent with the purpose of the TVPRA, 
which is to provide protections and rights to individuals who remain 
unaccompanied, under the age of eighteen, and without legal status 
during removal proceedings.''). Notably, however, a redetermination 
will not affect USCIS jurisdiction over an asylum application where it 
had initial jurisdiction based on the applicant's classification on the 
date of filing.
    The proposed regulations on bond hearings also comport with due 
process. The proposed regulations (Sec.  236.3(m)) provide for a bond 
hearing by an immigration judge (to the extent permitted by 8 CFR 
1003.19) for minors who are in removal proceedings under the INA 240 
and who are in DHS custody. Those who are not in section 240 
proceedings are ineligible to seek review by an immigration judge of 
their DHS custody determination, but may be considered for release on 
parole. And DHS is modifying the regulatory text to provide that parole 
of minors detained pursuant to section 235(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the INA or 8 
CFR 235.3(c) who are not a flight risk or a danger will generally serve 
an urgent humanitarian reason. Separately, Sec.  410.810 provides for 
an independent hearing officer process, guided by the immigration judge 
bond hearing process currently in place for UACs in ORR custody under 
the FSA.
    The Department disagrees that the lack of a specific time frame in 
the rule governing re-apprehension of a previously released minor 
violates the minor's due process rights. Section 236.3(n) sets out the 
scenarios in which a previously released minor becomes an escape-risk, 
a danger to the community, subject to a final removal order, or lacking 
a parent or legal guardian available to care for the minor and must be 
taken back into custody. A custody redetermination hearing may be 
requested in accordance with Sec.  236.3(m) (to the extent permitted by 
8 CFR 1003.19). And although the regulations are silent as to how long 
after re-apprehension a redetermination hearing will occur, it will be 
within a reasonable time frame and any issues regarding the 
justification for the re-apprehension will be appropriately dealt with 
in the hearing (if necessary).
    Comments. One individual stated that the proposed regulations 
violate the Constitution's separation of powers. The commenter stated 
that the Naturalization Clause in Article I, section 8, clause 4 gives 
Congress plenary power to establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization, 
and that the provisions contained in the proposed regulation are wholly 
within Congress' purview. This commenter stated the proposed 
regulations also usurp the role of the judiciary in ensuring compliance 
with the FSA.
    Response. As stated in the NPRM, Congress provided authority for 
DHS to detain certain aliens for violations of the immigration laws 
through the INA and expanded legacy INS's detention authority in 
IIRIRA. See 83 FR 45486 at 45490 (Sept. 7, 2018). As stated elsewhere 
in this document, this rulemaking is designed to implement the relevant 
and substantive terms of the FSA, in keeping with the terms of the FSA 
itself. For more detailed information regarding the authority to 
promulgate these regulations, please see the discussion of the 
statutory and regulatory authority in the NPRM. Id.
    Comments. Another commenter stated that the proposed regulations 
``implicate the Constitution's Article III prohibition on Advisory 
Opinions'' because the rule ``undermine[s] and nullif[ies]'' the FSA. 
This commenter also stated the proposed regulations implicate 
violations of the Fourth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Amendments, but 
did not provide an explanation for this assertion. A second commenter 
stated that the proposed regulations violate the Eighth Amendment 
because, in the commenter's view, the proposed regulations can lead to 
indefinite detention in violation of the principle of proportionate 
sentencing.
    Response. This rule does not implicate the Constitutional 
prohibition on Article III courts issuing advisory opinions. These 
regulations are being issued by Federal agencies, not courts, and the 
FSA itself provides that it will terminate upon issuance of 
regulations.
    DHS cannot reply to vague assertions regarding violations of 
certain amendments without further explanations from the commenters, 
which were not provided. Regarding proportionate sentencing, this 
rulemaking does not address sentencing at all. DHS does not impose any 
kind of criminal punishment. Immigration detention is civil in nature 
and effectuates enforcement of the immigration laws. For a discussion 
on commenters' concerns regarding indefinite detention, see the section 
on this issue entitled ``Indefinite Detention due to Alternative 
Licensing.''
    Comments. One commenter stated that the proposed regulations are in 
contravention of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
    Response. The Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause applies to 
States, not the Federal Government.
    Comments. One commenter also stated that the proposed regulations 
do not provide for any notice to the UAC

[[Page 44492]]

of a custody determination or the evidence used to make it.
    Response. As stated in the NPRM, independent hearing officers would 
determine whether a UAC, if released, would present a danger or a 
flight-risk and issue the decision in writing. See 83 FR 45486 at 45490 
(Sept. 7, 2018). The government bears the initial burden of production, 
thereby giving the UAC notice of the custody determination and the 
evidence supporting it. The UAC then would bear the ultimate burden of 
proof would shift to the government, which would use a preponderance of 
the evidence standard.
    Comments. Several commenters contended that the proposed 
regulations are unconstitutionally vague, ultra vires, overbroad, and 
``generally lack enforcement and oversight of the Government's 
actions.'' Specifically, the commenters stated that the rule is vague 
insofar as it fails to define the implications of giving DHS the power 
to handle immigration benefits and enforcement, unconstitutional 
insofar as it lacks specific standards of care and due process 
protections, and overbroad in failing to establish concrete guidelines 
with respect to ``ongoing'' determination of UAC qualifications.
    Response. General comments regarding DHS's authority to handle 
immigration benefits and enforcement are beyond the scope of this 
rulemaking. With respect to the specific regulations at issue here, the 
Departments reject the suggestion that they are vague, ultra vires, or 
overbroad for all of the reasons already discussed above. The 
regulations contain appropriate standards of care and due process 
protections, as well as concrete guidelines with respect to the 
assessment of an individual's UAC status, consistent with the statutory 
protections and FSA that the regulations are designed to implement. The 
Departments also disagree with the commenter stating that the 
regulations lack enforcement and oversight, especially considering the 
portions of the rulemaking regarding licensed programs standards that 
licensed programs must meet in keeping with the principles of treating 
minors and UACs in custody with dignity, respect, and special concern 
for their particular vulnerability. See e.g., Sec.  410.402 concerning 
the minimum standards applicable for licensed programs. DHS is also 
modifying the regulatory text in several respects, in response to 
comments, to clarify requirements of oversight and monitoring to ensure 
that DHS facilities satisfy applicable standards.
    Comments. Several commenters argued that the rule violates 
international laws, pointing to provisions of international documents 
relating to privacy, special care and concern for the wellbeing of 
children, and torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or 
punishment. Multiple commenters emphasized that the U.N. Special 
Rapporteur on torture has stated that ill treatment can amount to 
torture if it is ``intentionally used to deter, intimidate, or punish 
migrants or their families . . . or to coerce people into withdrawing 
asylum requests.'' One commenter stated that the FSA is grounded in 
international human rights law principles, and therefore that these 
regulations must not violate them.
    Response. The provisions codified in this rule are consistent with 
the FSA and international law. Nothing in the proposed rule authorizes 
the intentional infliction of ill treatment on families or anybody 
else, and much less for the purpose of intimidating, punishing, or 
coercing migrants and their families. To the contrary, consistent with 
the basic goal of the FSA, the proposed rule aims to avoid ill 
treatment of families who remain in custody by requiring FRCs to abide 
by stringent standards regarding conditions of confinement, and 
providing for third-party auditing of compliance and the public posting 
of the results of those audits.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory provisions to the 
final rule in response to these public comments, but notes that DHS is 
modifying the regulatory text in places to clarify oversight and 
monitoring requirements.
6. Adherence to the Flores Settlement Agreement
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Many commenters provided comments regarding whether the 
proposed rule sufficiently implemented the FSA to trigger the 
termination of the FSA. Some commenters stated that the government 
cannot change the terms of the FSA through rulemaking, but can only do 
so with a motion to the court that approved the FSA. Others voiced 
opposition to ending the FSA at all, stating that it had sufficiently 
protected the well-being of minors.
    Many commenters suggested that the rule did not adequately 
implement the FSA sufficient to trigger its termination. Some of these 
commenters stated that the rule removed mandatory terms, such as 
``shall'' or ``must,'' when describing the obligations of the 
government, and that removing such terms would transform specific FSA 
provisions from express obligations into non-binding statements of 
agency activity.
    One commenter stated that the government's proposed standards 
violate paragraph 12 of the FSA by creating exceptions for when the 
government will place minors with their family members based on the 
``well-being'' of the minor or operational feasibility and expanding 
the emergency exception that would allow a minor to be detained with an 
unrelated adult for more than 24 hours. Another commenter stated that 
the provisions regarding when UACs can be placed in secure facilities 
violates the FSA because it allows HHS to place individuals in secure 
custody based on ``danger to self or others''--a requirement the 
commenter stated is not found in the FSA. The commenter also expressed 
concern that the proposed rule fails to provide that HHS will review 
all secure placements monthly and to specify how placements in staff 
secure or residential treatment centers will be reviewed.
    Several commenters stated that the final rule should have a 
mechanism such as paragraph 24B of the FSA that allows minors to 
challenge their placement in a facility and whether the facility 
complies with FSA-required standards. One of these commenters 
criticized the explanation in the NPRM that a child could utilize the 
legal procedures under the APA to challenge her placement as woefully 
lacking the protections afforded by the FSA. This commenter also states 
that any arguments by DHS or HHS that they are not subject to all of 
the provisions in the FSA is inaccurate because the FSA explicitly 
extends to any successors, therefore, these provisions must be included 
in the regulations of both agencies.
    One commenter stated that the proposed regulations add additional 
requirements to the custodian affidavit that are not required by the 
FSA, and which could lead to a decrease in the number of willing 
custodians. Specifically, the requirements that the custodian ensure 
the UAC report for removal, if so ordered, and that the custodian 
report to ORR and DHS no later than 24 hours after learning that the 
UAC has disappeared are not required by the FSA, and could have 
negative impacts on the custodian/UAC relationship, which is not in the 
best interests of the minor. The commenter suggested that any required 
reporting after the disappearance of a UAC be made to the local police, 
who are better suited to find a missing person.

[[Page 44493]]

    Response. It was never the intent of the Government when signing 
the original FSA or its modification in 2001 that the agreement would 
remain in place permanently, and the FSA expressly provides for 
termination upon issuance of regulations implementing the agreement. 
The public generally was not given a chance to comment on the FSA as it 
can with notice and comment rulemaking. Notice and comment rulemaking 
allows people to influence policy by providing thoughtful comments on 
proposed regulatory text so that agencies can make, where appropriate, 
corresponding changes in the final rule. Merely publishing the FSA 
online would not provide the safeguards and review process of a 
rulemaking that has gone through notice and comment and is published in 
the Code of Federal Regulations. Indeed, DHS and HHS are making several 
changes to this final rule based on comments received from the public.
    Some commenters opined that the government cannot change the FSA 
without court approval and that this rulemaking process is, therefore, 
not valid. But the regulations here are not themselves changing the 
FSA; they are implementing it with appropriate modifications to reflect 
changes in circumstance and accumulated agency experience. The FSA also 
plainly contemplates that a notice-and-comment process would occur, 
which presupposes some flexibility in how to implement the agreement in 
regulations.
    Commenters claimed that DHS (and presumably HHS) did not use 
mandatory implementation language such as ``will'' and ``shall.'' But 
in those provisions that require the government to provide services or 
benefits to minors or UACs, the regulatory text does indeed use the 
words ``will,'' ``shall,'' and ``must.'' For example, in Sec.  
236.3(i)(4) that replicates the requirements of Exhibit 1 of the FSA, 
it clearly states that the ``standards shall include . . .'' and then 
lists everything that must be provided when in ICE facilities. On the 
other hand, when it could benefit the minor or UAC that the government 
not act in a strict manner, the regulatory text uses ``may.'' For 
example, in discussing re-assumption of custody by DHS of a previously 
released minor section, Sec.  236.3(n), states ``DHS may take a minor 
back into custody if there is a material change in circumstances . . 
.'' DHS is also modifying the language of Sec.  236.3(j) to provide 
that for minors detained pursuant to INA 235(b)(1)(B)(ii) or 8 CFR 
235.3(C), parole ``will'' generally be warranted when the minor is not 
a flight risk or danger. Therefore, DHS does not agree with the 
commenter's assessment. As for HHS' portion of the rule, the 
regulations are binding on the shelters that ORR regulates, whether or 
not the rule uses the words ``will,'' ``shall,'' and ``must.''
    One commenter also stated that DHS is not complying with paragraph 
12 of the FSA because it is carving out exceptions that do not appear 
in the FSA such as taking into consideration the well-being of a child 
or expanding the meaning of emergency in the FSA. DHS disagrees with 
this commenter. The provisions of paragraph 12 state that a child who 
could not be released according to paragraph 14 or transferred to a 
licensed program pursuant to paragraph 19 cannot be held with unrelated 
adults for more than 24 hours. The solution in such cases, according to 
paragraph 12, is that the INS could transfer the unaccompanied minor to 
a county juvenile detention center or any other INS detention facility. 
The proposed provision gives DHS some leeway to avoid such transfers in 
cases of emergencies, while maintaining the requirement that UACs are 
provided adequate supervision and that their safety and well-being is 
taken into consideration. The definition of emergency in paragraph 12B 
speaks to exactly the same principles as the proposed definition, i.e. 
natural disasters, facility fires, civil disturbances, and medical 
emergencies that prevent the timely transfer or placement of minors or 
UACs. Nothing in the proposed definition would allow the government the 
ability to house UACs with unrelated adults beyond 24 hours as a matter 
of course.
    Commenters expressed concern over the HHS criteria that allows for 
UACs to be placed in a secure facility, asserting that the criteria--
``danger to self or others''--is not found in the FSA. In Paragraph 21, 
the FSA defines conditions on which a minor may be placed in a State or 
juvenile detention facility (i.e., a secure facility), which include a 
determination that the minor ``has committed, or has made credible 
threats to commit, a violent or malicious act (whether directed at 
himself or others)'' while in custody; ``has engaged, while in a 
licensed program, in conduct that has proven to be unacceptably 
disruptive of the normal functioning of the licensed program in which 
he or she has been placed and removal is necessary to ensure the 
welfare of the minor or others;'' and/or ``must be held in a secure 
facility for his or her own safety.'' HHS' own policy and this rule's 
criteria on UAC placements in secure facilities parallel the conditions 
set forth in Paragraph 21 of the FSA.
    Commenters also asserted that minors should have a mechanism for 
challenging their placement in a facility. Immediately upon placement 
in an HHS secure facility, staff secure facility, or residential 
treatment center (RTC), UACs have the right to file an APA claim in 
Federal District Court, if they believe they have been treated 
improperly and/or inappropriately placed in a restrictive setting. A 
judge will then decide whether or not to review the UAC's case to 
determine whether they should remain in a restrictive setting. After 30 
days of placement of an HHS secure or RTC setting, UACs may request the 
ORR Director, or his or her designee, reconsider their placement, as 
described in ORR's Policy Guide at section 1.4.2. This policy also 
describes the requirements for 30 day placement reviews for UACs in 
restrictive settings.
    Commenters also believed that DHS needs to add specific language 
similar to paragraph 24B of the FSA into the rule. But the provisions 
in Sec.  236.3(g)(1)(ii) speak to this by stating that a minor will be 
given the same Notice of Right to Judicial Review under the regulation 
as is given under the FSA regarding judicial review in the United 
States District Court if the facility where he or she is housed does 
not meet the standards in Sec.  236.3(i). And the preamble specifically 
stated that the Notice of Right to Judicial Review will be the same as 
in Exhibit 6 of the FSA (see 83 FR 45500). The Notice in Exhibit 6 
states: ``The INS usually houses persons under the age of 18 in an open 
setting, such as a foster or group home, and not in detention 
facilities. If you believe that you have not been properly placed or 
that you have been treated improperly, you may ask a Federal judge to 
review you case. You may call a lawyer to help you do this. If you 
cannot afford a lawyer, you may call one from the list of free legal 
services given to you with this form.'' Moreover, a regulation cannot 
confer jurisdiction on Federal court
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory provisions in the 
final rule in response to these public comments.
7. Appearance at Hearings
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Multiple commenters stated that the proposed regulation 
provides no support for its claim that families present a flight risk, 
fail to appear to the required proceedings, or do not seek asylum 
relief.

[[Page 44494]]

    Commenters provided empirical research or anecdotal evidence 
indicating that asylum-seekers released from detention have a high 
appearance rate for their immigration hearings. For example, one 
commenter cited results from a 2016 study which used immigration court 
data from the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC) at 
Syracuse University, which estimated an overall appearance rate of 76.6 
percent at immigration court in 2015 and found that releasing 
individuals on bond did not make a significant impact on who absconds. 
Another commenter cited a recent study published in the California Law 
Review, which found that 86 percent of families, and 96 percent of 
families applying for asylum, who were released from detention attended 
all their court hearings.
    Commenters further pointed to the high compliance rates of those 
enrolled in an ATD program. In particular, commenters quoted from DHS's 
May 2017 Congressional Budget Justification, in which ICE stated that, 
historically, DHS has experienced strong cooperation from aliens in ATD 
through their immigration proceedings. The commenter added that any 
lack of data on rates of compliance or removal for those on ATD is a 
failure of the department for not collecting the information.
    Response. ICE's objective and mission is to effectuate removals of 
individuals with final orders of removal. The most effective means to 
achieve this is using detention. This rule creates a path to ensure 
that individuals comply with their appearance obligations and are not 
issued orders of removal in absentia. In particular, through the 
alternative Federal licensing system, the rule enables ICE to hold 
families in custody during the full course of immigration proceedings, 
consistent with Congress's mandate of detention for certain aliens. The 
rule would also provide for custody (through the denial of bond or 
parole, as applicable) if a minor poses a flight risk or danger to the 
community.
    DHS does not dispute that many families who are released thereafter 
appear at all their hearings throughout their immigration proceedings, 
but many fail to appear, which is a serious concern. The studies and 
data cited by commenters regarding percentage of final orders issued in 
absentia to members of a family unit are skewed by the fact that they 
review data over a period from 2001-2016. Several variables changed in 
the year 2014 that render the data from before that time an inaccurate 
reflection of current ICE operational concerns. With the exception of 
the T. Don Hutto Residential Center between 2006-2009, the only 
facility used as an FRC from 2001-2014 was the Berks FRC (Berks) in 
Berks County, Pennsylvania, which has had a capacity of no more than 96 
residents since its inception. In response to the influx of UACs and 
family units in 2014 in the Rio Grande Valley, ICE opened FRCs in 
Artesia, New Mexico, in June 2014 (closed in December 2014), Karnes 
County, Texas, in July 2014, and Dilley, Texas, in December 2014. The 
Artesia facility had a capacity of approximately 700 during its time as 
an FRC, while the Dilley FRC opened with a capacity of 2,400, and the 
Karnes FRC opened with a capacity of 830. Given that FRC capacity, the 
number of family units with the potential to be detained was 
drastically larger by mid-2014 than for the thirteen years prior. 
Accordingly, the data on in absentia removal order rates from 2014 to 
the present is a more reliable source of information for the purposes 
of this rulemaking. EOIR found that for completed cases from January 1, 
2014 through March 31, 2019 that started at an FRC, 43 percent of 
family unit members were issued final orders of removal in absentia out 
of a total of 5,326 completed cases. DHS OIS has found that when 
looking at all family unit aliens encountered at the Southwest Border 
from FY 2014 through FY 2018, the in absentia rate for completed cases 
as of the end of FY 2018 was 66 percent.
    While DHS does not dispute the data presented on past ATD programs, 
there continued to be a significant portion of participants who did not 
comply fully with final removal orders. The ATD program is not 
sufficiently resourced to ensure that all family units can be enrolled 
in ATD through the duration of their proceedings, or to ensure that ICE 
can quickly respond to alerts or provide adequate oversight of program 
participants. ATD is less effective than detention at ensuring 
compliance with removal orders issued by immigration judges, although 
the ATD program is effective at more closely monitoring a small segment 
of the non-detained population and allows for much greater oversight 
than traditional release with very little supervision at all.
    Even if the commenters' studies and data accurately reflected the 
rates at which alien family unit members fail to show up to their 
immigration hearings, however, the number of aliens who fail to abide 
by immigration law and disappear into the interior of the United States 
would still be a significant problem. See Demore, 538 U.S. at 523 
(describing as ``striking'' statistics indicating that one in four to 
one in five released aliens failed to appear). . ICE cannot carry out 
its mission to enforce the immigration laws if aliens fail to attend 
their immigration hearings and abscond into the interior in the United 
States. DHS's approach to immigration detention of family units 
reflected in this rule, which allows for immigration officers to make 
decisions about parole on a case-by-case basis, will allow ICE to 
appropriately use the statutorily-authorized tools to carry out its 
mission.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory provisions in the 
final rule in response to these public comments.
8. Asylum Is a Right
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Many commenters submitted comments declaring that the 
government is obligated to uphold the rights of asylum seekers and 
accordingly: Asylum seekers should not be detained; should be given 
temporary asylum pending a formal determination; and should not be put 
at a disadvantage in pursuing their asylum claim through detention.
    Some commenters stated that any person seeking asylum is not an 
illegal immigrant, but one who should be protected under international 
law and given temporary asylum with an opportunity to contribute to our 
society. One commenter stated that seeking asylum is a humanitarian 
right, not a crime, and it is inhumane to jail children to punish their 
families for seeking safety. The commenter further stated, citing 
Plyler, that the government cannot control the conduct of adults by 
punishing their children.
    Response. Nothing in this rule changes an asylum-seeker's legal 
right to apply for asylum, nor prevents asylum-seekers from availing 
themselves of the procedures to which they are entitled under U.S. law. 
This rule also does not and cannot amend statutory provisions regarding 
the asylum process for minor aliens, their accompanying parents or 
legal guardians, or UACs.
    DHS disagrees with the suggestion that detention infringes upon the 
asylum application process. Congress expressly provided for detention 
of certain aliens during section 240 removal proceedings, see 8 U.S.C. 
1225(b)(2)(A) (``shall'' detain), including for consideration of an 
application for asylum, 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(ii). See also 8 U.S.C. 
1226(a) (``may'' detain, without any exception for aliens seeking 
asylum). Family units housed at FRCs have access to legal service 
providers

[[Page 44495]]

and law libraries to pursue their asylum claims during their stay. 
Furthermore, this rule codifies the FSA requirement that FRCs provide 
legal services information and allow attorney-client visits at the FRC 
itself. USCIS asylum officers can conduct credible-fear assessments on-
site at FRCs or through virtual teleconferencing while the individuals 
are housed at FRCs. Similarly, UACs are able to file for asylum after 
they are issued Notices to Appear and placed into immigration 
proceedings under section 240 of the INA. And as stated in the proposed 
rule, USCIS maintains initial jurisdiction over their claims.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend its proposed regulatory text in response to 
these public comments.
9. Legal Authority Questioned
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Thousands of commenters asked the Departments to withdraw 
the proposed rule. Most stated it did not comply with the principles in 
the FSA. Some even went so far as to say that ICE should be abolished. 
Many commenters stated that if the government believed the terms of the 
FSA were no longer appropriate or practicable it should file a motion 
under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 60(b)(5) for relief from 
judgment in the district court that has retained jurisdiction over the 
implementation and enforcement of the FSA. One commenter stated that 
this regulation was a unilateral attempt to overturn a stipulated 
agreement and suggested that the administration should respond to 
comments by explaining under what legal authority it seeks to change 
the stipulated agreement.
    Response. This regulation implements the relevant and substantive 
terms of the FSA. Codification of the regulations is authorized by the 
Agreement and needed to preserve the terms of the Agreement while 
adapting to the statutory changes made by the HSA and TVPRA that affect 
the processing and care of minors in DHS custody and UACs in HHS 
custody, as well as substantial changes in circumstance and agency 
experience. Codification of these regulations will allow DHS and HHS to 
realistically manage the treatment of minors and UACs, respectively, in 
their custody in a way that affords substantively equivalent 
protections as those in the settlement agreement while enforcing the 
immigration laws effectively. These regulations largely parallel the 
FSA, often in language borrowed verbatim from the FSA, and DHS and HHS 
have noted the ways in which these regulations deviate from the precise 
scheme set forth in the FSA, as well as the reasons for the changes.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory provisions of the 
final rule in response to these public comments.
10. LGBTQ
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Various commenters wrote about the plight of Lesbian, 
Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual (LGBTQIA) and 
transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) children in custody. For 
brevity and because the vast majority used the acronym LGBTQ, we will 
do likewise. Several commenters were worried that LGBTQ youths would be 
mistreated and possibly abused if kept in custody for an extended 
period of time, and one was concerned that their due process rights 
might be infringed. Some stated that detention centers often segregate 
the LGBTQ population because they are more likely to be subject to 
violence, including sexual abuse and assault. Others said that ICE's 
method of placing the LGBTQ population in solitary confinement is 
inappropriate and causes irreparable psychological harm. Others 
suggested that LGBTQ people, particularly those living with HIV, face 
delays in receiving life-saving treatment while in detention. Still 
others expressed concern that detention puts LGBTQ individuals at a 
disadvantage for establishing the facts of their asylum claims. 
Multiple commenters said that more and more LGBTQ individuals will be 
fleeing the Northern Triangle countries because civil society 
organizations there are reporting that LGBTQ people are at high risk 
for violence and extortion by gangs and organized criminal groups, hate 
crimes, and abuse by authorities.
    Response. DHS takes very seriously the safety of LGBTQ individuals 
in ICE custody. Because this rule does not address the circumstances of 
detention for all aliens in ICE custody, and only addresses the 
circumstances of minors, their accompanying family members, and UACs, 
DHS limits the response that follows to the concerns raised by 
commenters as it pertains to these distinct categories of LGBTQ aliens.
    DHS notes that the requirements of PREA and its implementing 
regulations apply to FRC operations and include provisions on LGBTQ 
screening and safety. ICE ERO also promulgated a Transgender Care 
Memorandum that it provides to several facilities as a set of best 
practices. DHS notes that it has responded to concerns about medical 
care delays in the section on ``DHS Track Record With Detention.''
    ICE does not segregate LGBTQ aliens in FRCs from the rest of the 
population. Minors are with their accompanying parents and would not be 
segregated. While segregation may occur in a secure juvenile facility, 
ICE only employs such measures for the alien's own safety.
    DHS disagrees with the commenter's suggestion that LGBTQ 
individuals are disproportionately disadvantaged in establishing their 
claim to asylum while housed at an FRC. LGBTQ individuals have the same 
access to legal service providers and law libraries as any other alien 
housed at an FRC; there is no segregation.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend the proposed regulatory provisions of the 
final rule in response to these public comments.
11. Family Reunification
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. A few commenters disagreed with the proposed language 
under Sec.  410.302(c), in which ORR may require further suitability 
assessment of proposed sponsors, including fingerprint-based background 
and criminal records checks on the prospective sponsors and on adult 
residents of the prospective sponsor's household. The commenters 
believed that expanded suitability assessments, as described in Sec.  
410.302(c) and in the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between ORR, ICE, 
and CBP concerning information sharing (see, ORR-ICE-CBP Memorandum of 
Agreement Security Regarding Consultation and Information Sharing in 
Unaccompanied Alien Children Matters (April 13, 2018)), are unnecessary 
and cause needless delays in the release of UAC by deterring potential 
sponsors from coming forward and violate DHS's own privacy policy and 
the privacy rights of potential sponsors.
    Response. Under 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(3)(C), ``Not later than 2 weeks 
after receiving a request from the Secretary of Health and Human 
Services, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall provide information 
necessary to conduct suitability assessments from appropriate Federal, 
State, and local law enforcement and immigration databases.'' The 
provisions in Sec.  410.302(c) pertaining to suitability assessments 
are consistent with paragraph 17 of the FSA; and to the extent the 
section updates the language

[[Page 44496]]

of the FSA, does so to follow the requirements for safety and 
suitability assessments in the TVPRA. However, as noted previously, in 
its ongoing effort to streamline suitability assessments so as to 
reduce the time UAC spend in ORR care and prevent any unnecessary delay 
in releasing them safely to an appropriate sponsor, ORR has recently 
issued four new Operational Directives that eliminate the burden of 
fingerprinting for many sponsors, including most parents or legal 
guardians and close relatives, and allow for UAC to be released to 
other relative sponsors under most circumstances before fingerprint 
results are available. And, again, ORR refers to section 224(a) of 
DHS's current fiscal year 2019 Appropriations Act which generally 
preclude DHS from taking certain enforcement actions ``against a 
sponsor, potential sponsor, or member of a household of a sponsor or 
potential sponsor of an unaccompanied alien child [`UAC'] . . . based 
on information shared by [HHS].'' \68\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ CONSOLIDATED APPROPRIATIONS ACT, 2019, Pub. L. 116-6, 
February 15, 2019, 133 Stat 13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. Executive Order 12866, 13563 and 13771
Comments. Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Several commenters stated that the NPRM violates 
Executive Orders 12866, 13563, and 13771.
    With respect to E.O. 12866, commenters stated that the rule should 
have been deemed economically significant. An economically significant 
rule is one where the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs 
determines that the rule may have an impact of $100 million or more in 
any given year. Rules designated as such are reviewed by the Office of 
Information and Regulatory Affairs. Commenters complained that the rule 
did not provide a cost estimate, consider alternatives to detention, or 
account for construction costs of facilities or health related costs. 
They also said that HHS had not reasonably estimated the cost of the 
rule and that DHS failed to maximize net benefits as required by E.O. 
12866. With respect to E.O. 13563, commenters similarly stated that the 
agencies had failed to provide a reasonable cost estimate, bypassing or 
violating the requirements of both E.O. 12866 and E.O. 13563. With 
respect to E.O. 13771, which directs the executive branch to prudently 
manage the cost of planned regulations, the commenter said the proposed 
rule creates an increased burden to the Federal Government to create 
and operationalize the new licensing process and reduces states' 
flexibility in determining how facilities in their states should meet 
legal mandates.
    Response. Because this rule codifies current HHS operations, 
including those regarding secure HHS facilities and UAC health-related 
costs, HHS anticipates no significant cost effect from this rule. HHS 
notes that the costs for implementing the 810 hearings is described 
later in this rule and are estimated to average $250,000 per year.
    DHS disagrees that it failed to adequately assess the costs and 
benefits of this rule. DHS provided the costs of the current operations 
and procedures for implementing the terms of the FSA, the HSA, and the 
TVPRA in the NPRM at 83 FR 45513, discussed reasonable alternatives to 
the proposed rule at 83 FR 45520, and considered qualitative benefits 
such as protecting the safety of minors and the public at 83 FR 45520. 
In addition, as described in the proposed rule, a primary source of new 
costs due to this rule will be as a result of the alternative FRC 
licensing process and changes to ICE's current practice for parole 
determinations. These changes may result in additional or longer 
detention for certain minors and their accompanying adult, thereby 
increasing the per-person, per-day variable FRC costs paid by ICE. DHS 
provided an estimated number of minors in FY 2017 that would have been 
affected had the rule been in place, and per-person, per-day unit costs 
for each of the current FRCs. For those costs and benefits that DHS was 
not able to quantify and monetize, the NPRM included a qualitative 
description and a reasoned discussion about why they could not be 
quantified. DHS provided enough information on the unit costs of the 
rule so that commenters could provide meaningful comments. In fact, 
some commenters used the data DHS provided, along with their own 
assumptions, to make their own estimates of the cost of the rule.
    DHS agrees with commenters, however, that this rule may result in 
costs, benefits, or transfers in excess of $100 million in any given 
year and therefore is economically significant, particularly in light 
of the urgent crisis at the border. DHS acknowledged in the proposed 
rule that, as the rule itself allows greater flexibility for 
operational decisions, but does not itself make those decisions, it did 
not know if this rule would result in the development of new FRCs, how 
many individuals would be detained at FRCs after the rule is effective, 
or for how much longer individuals will be detained, because such facts 
depend on many unknown factors including the population of aliens 
crossing the border and how many aliens are processed for expedited 
removal, express a fear of return, are found to have a credible fear, 
and ultimately seek asylum. Since the proposed rule was published, DHS 
has seen a large spike in the number of family units apprehended or 
found inadmissible at the Southwest Border. As of June 2019, with three 
months remaining in FY 2019, CBP has apprehended over 390,000 family 
units between the ports of entry on the southwest border, as compared 
to 107,212 family units in all of FY 2018.\69\ Consequently, because 
the costs of this rule are dependent on a number of factors outside of 
this rulemaking, some of which have changed since the NPRM was 
published, the Departments consider this rule to be economically 
significant. DHS has assessed the costs and benefits of the rule 
accordingly in the E.O. 12866 section of this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ See United States Border Patrol Southwest Border Migration 
FY2018 at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration/fy-2018 (last visited June 13, 2019). See also Southwest Border 
Migration FY 2019 at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration (last visited June 5, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS responds to comments about ATD earlier in the rule.
    Finally, DHS notes that E.O. 13771 determinations are made at the 
final rule stage of the rulemaking process. The Office of Information 
and Regulatory Affairs has determined that this is a regulatory action 
under E.O. 13771.
Changes to Final Rule
    In this final rule, the Departments now consider this rule to be 
economically significant.
13. Alternative Methodology To Estimate Impacts
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Many commenters who stated the rule would lead to 
increased detention periods and a need to expand detention capacity 
cited the estimated costs derived from the published report by the 
Center for American Progress, The High Costs of the Proposed Flores 
Regulation, by Philip Wolgin, published on October 19, 2018, by the 
Center for American Progress.
    That report estimated that, under the proposed rule, DHS would 
incur new annual costs of between $201 million and $1.3 billion. The 
paper considered two scenarios to establish this range of estimated 
costs. The first scenario included four assumptions: That the amount of 
people booked into FRCs

[[Page 44497]]

would remain the same as in FY 2017, that the average length of stay 
for all individuals in FRCs would increase from 14.2 days to 47.4 days, 
that children who received negative credible fear determinations or 
final orders of removal would be held for longer periods of time, and 
that the average daily cost of a family detention bed would stay the 
same. Based on these assumptions, the paper estimated DHS would incur 
additional detention costs of approximately $194 million annually.
    Under scenario two, the paper assumed that every alien apprehended 
in a family unit would be detained in an FRC; that the number of 
individuals apprehended as a part of a family unit in FY 2018 (which 
the paper indicated to be 107,063), would remain the same, and that the 
average length of detention would be 47.4 days. Applying an average 
daily cost, the paper estimated additional detention costs of 
approximately $1.24 billion annually.
    Additionally, the paper assumed that ICE would need to acquire new 
facilities or beds in either scenario one or two, and it estimated that 
cost to be between $72 million and $520 million. It did so by modeling 
its anticipated daily detention populations from the scenarios above, 
factoring out the current detention capacity, and then estimating the 
number of new beds needed to house the number of detainees it projected 
under each of the two scenarios. Using the cost of converting the 
Karnes facility and the opening of the Dilley facility as baselines, 
the paper estimated ICE would need to spend between $72 million and 
$104 million in one-time startup costs to increase detention capacity 
for scenario one. For scenario two, the paper estimated that range to 
be between $468 million and $520 million. The paper concluded that as a 
result of the proposed rule, DHS would spend between $2 billion and 
$12.9 billion over a decade.
    Response. While DHS appreciates the paper's input and further 
analysis, DHS does not believe that it supports a reliable quantified 
estimate. For example, the paper used average length of stay data from 
FY 2014 to assume the average length of stay after this rule would be 
47.4 days, despite DHS's explanation in the NPRM that the average 
length of stay in the past is not a reliable source for future 
projections because it reflects other intervening policy decisions not 
directly affected by this rule. Additionally, the paper assumes that 
all family units will have their average length of stay increased as a 
result of this rule, but the proposed rule explained that generally 
only certain groups of aliens are likely to have their length of stay 
at an FRC increased as a result of this rule, such as those who 
received a negative credible fear determination. The paper also assumes 
that ICE operates in an environment free of resource constraints and 
would be able to detain without regard to the agency's finite resource 
availability; as DHS explains in the final rule, expanding FRC capacity 
would require additional appropriations. This regulation alone is not 
sufficient. For more information about these groups of people, please 
see the E.O. 12866 section of this rule. The paper's estimates of the 
additional number of facilities needed relied upon these same 
questionable assumptions. This rule does not mandate operational 
requirements pertaining to new FRCs. Many factors, including factors 
outside of the scope of the final rulemaking that cannot be predicted 
(such as future congressional appropriations) or are presently too 
speculative, would need to be considered by DHS prior to opening new 
detention space. For example, DHS decisions to increase FRC capacity 
would consider the costs associated with housing families and the 
availability of future Congressional appropriations.
    This commenter's analysis makes assumptions about the average 
length of stay, the population to be detained, and the need for and 
size of additional facilities, that ICE cannot reliably predict due to 
other factors outside the scope of this rulemaking, as discussed in the 
NPRM at 83 FR 45518 and 83 FR 45519. The large spike in the number of 
family units apprehended or found inadmissible at the Southwest Border 
since the publication of the proposed rule underscores the difficulties 
in reliably making quantitative estimates in this space. For all the 
reasons discussed above, DHS declines to incorporate in this final rule 
the commenter's proposed assumptions about the average length of stay, 
the increased number of family units held at FRCs, and the increased 
number of beds needed as a result of this rule.
Changes to Final Rule
    As discussed previously, the Departments now consider this rule to 
be economically significant.
14. Congressional Review Act
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Relying on the same position paper discussed above, many 
commenters stated that the new costs of the rule would exceed $100 
million annually, and it thus constitutes a major rule under the terms 
of the Congressional Review Act.
    Response. The CRA delays implementation, and provides a mechanism 
for congressional disapproval, of regulations designated as ``major 
rules'' by the Administrator of the Office of Management and Budget's 
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. Such a designation is 
made where OMB finds the rule has resulted in or is likely to result in 
(a) an annual effect on the economy of $100,000,000 or more; (b) a 
major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, 
Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions; or 
(c) significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, 
productivity, innovation, or on the ability of United States-based 
enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises in domestic and 
export markets. 5 U.S.C. 804(2). Determinations by OMB under the CRA 
are not subject to judicial review. 5 U.S.C. 805.
    This regulation does not represent a decision on whether and in 
which circumstances to detain families for longer periods of time, 
though it does allow for such a decision to be made. Such decisions 
depend on operational and other considerations outside the scope of 
this regulation. For instance, DHS notes that it recently made the 
decision to use Karnes FRC for the detention of single adult women 
temporarily to deal with the ongoing migration influx.
    While DHS cannot conclusively determine the impact on detention 
costs due to factors outside of the scope of this regulation, beginning 
with the fluctuating number of families apprehended at the Southwest 
border, it does acknowledge the three existing FRCs could potentially 
reach capacity as a result of additional or longer detention for 
certain individuals. There are many factors that would be considered in 
opening a new FRC or expanding a current FRC, some of which are outside 
the scope of this regulation, such as whether such a facility would be 
appropriate based on the population of aliens crossing the border, 
anticipated capacity, projected average daily population, competing 
detention needs for non-family populations, and projected costs. 
Moreover, such a decision depends on receiving additional resources 
from Congress, and ICE has to balance the detention of families with 
the detention and removal of single adults. If bed space were increased 
following this rule, the cost would depend on the type of facility, 
facility size, location, and a number of

[[Page 44498]]

other variables. However, ICE notes as an example that an additional 
960 beds at Dilley would cost approximately $80 million.
    While Executive Order 12866 has a standard of whether the rule may 
have an impact of $100 million or more in any given year, the CRA 
standard is whether a rule has or is likely to have an impact of $100 
million or more. In the vast majority of cases, if a rule is 
economically significant it is also major. In this case, however, given 
budget uncertainties, ICE's overall need to prioritize bed space for 
operational considerations (such as the recent use of the Karnes FRC 
for single adult female detention), and other operational flexibilities 
left in place under the rule, it does not appear likely that this rule 
will result in an economic impact of $100 million or more. The Office 
of Information and Regulatory Affairs has thus determined that this 
rule is not major under 5 U.S.C 805.
Changes to Final Rule
    Based in part on the developments discussed above, OIRA has 
determined that this rule is economically significant.
15. Cost Analysis
    Comments and responses pertaining to the Departments' costs 
analysis, costs to taxpayers, data, and proposed alternatives follow.
Public Comments and Response
    Many commenters objected that the Departments did not provide an 
estimated total cost for the proposed rule. Other commenters added that 
various issues should have been addressed in the rule's cost benefit 
analysis, such as the impact to detention costs, the need to quantify 
benefits, and other generalized statements about the added cost that 
would result from the proposed rule. Some commenters mistakenly 
suggested that the NPRM concluded that there would be no additional 
costs due to the proposed rule.
a. Costs Not Included in the Analysis
    Comments. Multiple commenters suggested that the final rule should 
not proceed until HHS re-analyzes the cost of imposing the final rule. 
They said it could cost ORR as much as $800/day to house a UAC and 
thus, even without increase in the number of UACs housed in ORR 
shelters, it would cost ORR more than $5.1 million a day to house UACs, 
or $1.87 billion annually. This is more than $800 million beyond the 
requested amount for FY 2019, and does not take into account any other 
functions of ORR.
    Commenters implored HHS to provide a justification that the 
proposed rule does not create any significant new costs.
    Commenters stated that DHS conceded that the proposed regulations 
could lead to ``additional or longer detention for certain minors'' and 
that the Departments could not evade their responsibility to assess the 
economic and other impacts of the proposal by referring to 
uncertainties largely of its own making. Various commenters stated the 
Departments should have considered the additional costs of providing 
education, food, medical care, and other services families in prolonged 
detention.
    Three commenters requested that ORR specifically look into the cost 
of housing children at its secure facilities like Yolo County Juvenile 
Detention Facility, which can be significantly more expensive than 
shelter placements.
    Others said that the Departments should quantify the social costs 
of care for the children who may experience trauma as a result of 
indefinite detention, including the potential lifetime economic burden 
for children who experienced maltreatment, which one commenter 
estimated to cost $124 billion.
    Another commenter estimated that the cost to detain migrant 
children would be similar to the cost to incarcerate an juvenile, which 
the commenter asserted, without supporting detail, to be $148,767 per 
year, though the commenter also added that infants and toddlers would 
require additional costs.
    Commenters stated the Departments should also have developed a cost 
analysis of the zero-tolerance policy for each state it impacted and 
the cost of the proposed new alternative licensing and auditing process 
for DHS facilities.
    Response. The cost for education, food, medical care, unique care 
needs for infants and toddlers, or other services families are part of 
the current DHS operational costs described in the baseline of the 
rule. DHS agrees that there will be additional costs resulting from 
additional or longer detention for some families, as discussed in the 
proposed rule and in the E.O. 12866 section of this rule. Although 
current FRCs are largely funded through fixed-price agreements and thus 
generally are not dependent on the number of beds filled, there are 
some variable costs added on a monthly basis that depend on the number 
of individuals held at certain FRCs (e.g. a per student, per-day 
education cost). DHS discusses increased variable costs at these FRCs 
in the NPRM and in the E.O. 12866 section of this final rule. A cost 
analysis of the zero-tolerance policy is not part of the scope of this 
rulemaking. The fixed costs for current FRCs would generally not change 
as a result of additional or longer detention for some families. If ICE 
awarded additional contracts for expanded bed space as a result of this 
rule, ICE would also incur additional fixed costs and variable costs.
    DHS disagrees that this rule need account for the social economic 
impacts of indefinite detention and maltreatment, because this rule 
will not result in either indefinite detention or maltreatment of 
minors in DHS custody. While this rule may result in some minors being 
detained for a longer period of time, that detention (like the 
detention that currently occurs) will occur with those minors' parents 
or legal guardians and will be consistent with both the statutory 
frameworks governing detention and the DHS policies for parole of 
aliens, including family units who have demonstrated a credible fear. 
Such detention is also consistent with the FSA's recognition that the 
government may need to detain minors to secure their timely appearance 
in immigration proceedings or to ensure their safety, as has been 
underscored by the significant numbers of final orders of removal that 
have recently been entered in absentia for family units. Neither 
Congress nor the Flores court has ever taken the position that 
detention of minors is per se maltreatment; to the contrary, both the 
immigration statutes and the FSA recognize that detention may be 
appropriate in some circumstances. And any detention carried out by DHS 
is done while immigration proceedings are ongoing or removal orders 
effectuated; DHS is not in the business of indefinite detention and 
nothing in this rule authorizes it to be.
    Families and minors often arrive at the border having faced trauma 
in their journey, and these are costs not attributed to this rule. 
Although numerous commenters have proffered arguments and evidence 
about potential trauma that may result from immigration detention 
itself, Congress has already made a judgment that detention of alien 
minors in some circumstances is appropriate. This rule merely 
facilitates DHS's efforts to comply with that judgment while 
maintaining the discretion that DHS has long exercised to parole 
families. DHS recognizes that detention and custody may have negative 
impacts for some individuals, but as experience has

[[Page 44499]]

shown a high rate of absconding for family units, detention is an 
important enforcement tool. DHS notes that this final rule does not 
mandate detention for all family units; on the contrary, parole will be 
considered for all minors in detention, and the minor's well-being will 
be considered when determining whether release may be appropriate.
    Because this rule codifies current HHS operations, including those 
regarding secure HHS facilities and UAC health-related costs, HHS 
anticipates no significant cost effect from this rule. (HHS notes that 
the costs for implementing the 810 hearings is described later in this 
rule and could average $250,000.) Rather, the primary cost driver for 
HHS is the migration patterns that influence the number of children 
referred to HHS and the rate at which HHS discharges children to 
sponsors. Neither of those factors are influenced by this rule.
    Additionally, DHS currently audits its FRCs in how they meet the 
standards of its Family Residential Standards and will continue to use 
this existing process, so that cost is included in the baseline of the 
rule and would not change as a result of the new licensing process. The 
new licensing process will not change the standards used in the audits 
and will not result in new costs.
b. Benefits Analysis
    Comments. Commenters maintained that the benefits discussed in the 
proposed rule do not justify the costs. A commenter stated the benefits 
described in the proposed rule are not tangible benefits of 
implementing the rule and that any accounting of the benefits should 
include a contrasting of the current costs such as an estimate of the 
medical attention required for families and juveniles who DHS has 
apprehended, and how many would be dis-incentivized by the proposed 
rule to attempt entry to the United States. One commenter stated that 
although the proposed regulation claims to promote family unity, it is 
missing current ``baseline'' data on family unity (i.e., how often 
accompanied minors are released with their parents, versus to a 
relative or family friend).
    Response. DHS included a qualitative explanation of the benefits of 
this rule in the NPRM at 83 FR 45520. The primary purpose of the rule 
is to ensure that applicable regulations reflect the current conditions 
of DHS detention, release, and treatment of minors and UACs, in 
accordance with the relevant and substantive terms of the FSA, the HSA, 
and the TVPRA, as well as changed circumstances and operational 
experience. There is a benefit to having set rules (in the CFR), such 
as the ability for the Departments to move from judicial governance via 
a settlement agreement to executive governance via regulation. Under 
the FSA, the government operates in an uncertain environment subject to 
future court interpretations of the FSA that may be difficult or 
operationally impractical to implement or could otherwise hamper 
operations. With the regulations, DHS and HHS, along with members of 
the public, would have certainty as to the agencies' legal obligations.
    After considering the relevant factors, DHS believes the benefits 
of this rule justify the costs. ICE's objective and mission is to 
enforce immigration laws and effectuate removals. As discussed 
previously, the in absentia rate from EOIR of family unit members with 
completed cases that started at an FRC from January 1, 2014 through 
March 31, 2019 has been approximately 43 percent. DHS OIS has found 
that when looking at all family unit aliens encountered at the 
Southwest Border from FY 2014 through FY 2018, the in absentia rate for 
completed cases as of the end of FY 2018 was 66 percent. Restrictions 
placed on ICE's ability to detain families at FRCs through the pendency 
of their removal proceedings have stymied the effectiveness of FRCs as 
an immigration enforcement tool. The costs associated with this rule 
will thus ensure family detention remains an effective enforcement tool 
(NPRM at 83 FR 45520). The rule will thereby contribute to public 
safety and maintain the integrity of the U.S. immigration system by 
allowing ICE to better enforce immigration laws and effectuate 
removals.
c. Cost of New FRC
    Comments. Commenters stated that DHS would need to increase the 
capacity of its current facilities to detain families, resulting in the 
acquisition or construction of a new FRC, and the cost of which was not 
specified in the NPRM.
    Response. In the proposed rule, ICE said at that time it was unable 
to determine with certainty how the number of FRCs will change due to 
this rule because of the factors discussed in the NPRM at 83 FR 45519, 
such as whether a such a facility would be appropriate based on the 
population of aliens crossing the border, anticipated capacity, 
projected average daily population, projected costs, and available 
funding from Congress. ICE is still unable to determine how the number 
of FRCs may change due to the rule. Instead, this rule allows for the 
possibility of the existing FRCs to be used to effectively enforce 
immigration consequences. If bed space were increased as a result of 
this rule, the cost would depend on the type of facility, facility 
size, location, and a number of other variables. ICE notes as an 
example that a buildout of 960 beds at Dilley would cost approximately 
$80 million.
d. Increased Length of Detention and Increased Detention Costs
    Comments. Some commenters stated the rule would result in longer 
detention periods and an increased number of families detained. The 
commenters noted that immigration cases are currently waiting for 
review an average of 721 days, or multiple years, and immigrants would 
stay in detention during the process.
    One commenter said that even minors in expedited removal 
proceedings could experience extended periods of detention based on the 
availability of asylum officers to conduct the credible-fear interview, 
the time to obtain a review from an immigration judge for a negative 
decision, and delays in filing a Notice to Appear. Another commenter 
said that detaining families during the entirety of their immigration 
proceedings, would likely cause the expensive costs of family detention 
to skyrocket by $2 billion at the low end, and as much as $12.9 billion 
at the high end.
    Response. DHS agrees that this rule may result in longer detention 
of some minors, and their accompanying parent or legal guardian in FRCs 
as discussed in the proposed rule. But DHS continues to believe that 
the average effect of this rule on the length of stay cannot be 
predicted using historical data because of many factors, such as the 
number of arriving family units in a facility at a given day, the 
timing and outcome of immigration court proceedings before an 
immigration judge, whether an individual is eligible for and granted 
parole or bond, issuance of travel documents by foreign governments, 
transportation schedule and availability, the availability of bed space 
in an FRC, a family's composition (for instance, Dilley currently only 
houses families with female heads of household, Karnes is currently 
holding single adults, but was previously designated for families with 
male heads of household), and other laws, regulations, guidance, and 
policies regarding removal not subject to this rule (NPRM at 83 FR 
45518). In addition, the average length of stay in the past, prior to 
the court decisions in 2015 and 2017, is not a reliable source for 
future projections because it reflects other intervening policy 
decisions made

[[Page 44500]]

but that will not be directly affected by this rule (NPRM at 83 FR 
45518).
e. Population in Detention Is Greater Than Estimated
    Comments. Commenters stated the proposed rule would result in more 
families and minors being detained, citing data about the increase in 
CBP family unit apprehensions from 14,855 at the Southwest border in FY 
2013 to 77,802 in FY 2018. Another commenter cited from an article in 
the New York Times that said since the summer of 2017, the number of 
migrant children being detained increased to 12,800, which was 
described as a concern given the proposal to detain more children.
    Commenters lamented that HHS had failed to adjust its UAC residency 
growth rate or adjust any of the costs associated with increased UAC in 
the ORR system. The commenters claimed that HHS would need to shift 
essential resources away from their appropriated purpose to make up for 
the lack of funding.
    Response. While the urgent humanitarian crisis at the border 
continues, the population in DHS custody will continue to change. But 
this rule will not result in prolonged detention of all family unit 
members encountered by CBP; as discussed previously, generally only 
certain groups of aliens are likely to have their length of stay in an 
ICE FRC increased as a result of this rule, among other factors.
    HHS reiterates that, aside from 410.810 hearings for which HHS will 
incur some initial start-up costs, estimated at an average of $250,000, 
the rule codifies current HHS operations, including regarding secure 
HHS facilities as well as UAC health-related costs. There is no 
significant cost effect from the rule for HHS. Rather, the primary cost 
drivers for HHS are migration patterns that influence the number of 
UACs referred to HHS and the rate at which HHS discharges children to 
sponsors, and--neither of these factors is influenced by this rule.
f. Rule Should Have Total Cost Estimate
    Comments. Many commenters stated the NPRM should have included a 
total cost estimate. A few commenters stated the Department could have 
been made a cost estimate with the available data on detention 
operations discussed in the NPRM, as was done by a third party who 
applied the variable costs to estimate total detention costs. Another 
commenter indicated DHS has access to data sources that would have 
enabled DHS to provide a total cost estimate, or it could have 
consulted with vendors who could provide facilities that would adhere 
to the proposed licensing standards.
    Lastly, in response to the request for comments, on calculating 
costs to the government and individuals and on costs for 810 hearings, 
commenters added that the variables DHS sought comment on are under 
DHS's control.
    Response. DHS explained in the proposed rule the many factors that 
would influence total costs are not within government--particularly the 
executive branch's--control. DHS described and monetized where possible 
the types of costs that would result from this rule. DHS provided the 
per-person, per-day variable costs that DHS would incur as a result of 
additional or longer detention for certain minors and their 
accompanying adult. DHS also provided an estimate of the number of 
minors who in FY 2017 comprised the groups of aliens who would likely 
have been detained longer at an FRC had this rule been in effect. In 
this final rule DHS has added the number of such minors for FY 2018. 
But DHS cannot provide a reliable forecast of the future number of such 
minors, the availability of bed space in an environment of finite 
resources, or the increased length of stay, and both are necessary to 
calculate a total cost for increased detention costs. DHS also cannot 
say with certainty if this rule will result in an increase in family 
beds.
    DHS notes that some commenters have used unsupported assumptions 
about the important cost drivers of this rule and then applied such 
assumptions to the per-person, per-day costs in order to calculate a 
total cost. These commenters have not calculated a total cost of the 
rule. As previously explained, DHS is unable to forecast the future 
total number of such minors that may experience additional or longer 
detention as a result of this rule or for how much longer individuals 
may be detained because there are many other variables that may affect 
such estimates. In addition, DHS does not know how this rule might 
impact the number of FRCs as factors outside of the scope of the 
rulemaking cannot be predicted (such as future congressional 
appropriations). Consequently, providing a reliable total cost estimate 
of this rule is not possible given the many factors outside of the 
government's control.
    This rule codifies current HHS operations--with the exception of 
Sec.  410.810--so there is no significant cost effect from the rule for 
HHS. Rather, the primary cost drivers for HHS are migration patterns 
that influence the number of children referred to HHS and the rate at 
which HHS discharges children to sponsors, and neither of these factors 
is influenced by this rule.
g. Scope of Impact Should Include Parents
    Comments. A commenter stated the data presented in Table 12 of the 
NPRM at 83 FR 45519, estimating the number of minors likely to 
experience an extended detention period, was inaccurate. The commenter 
explained that it was only because of the FSA licensing requirement 
that the 99 percent of the detained population in FRCs estimated in the 
NPRM were released, and allowing DHS-licensed facilities could prolong 
detention. In addition, the commenter stated that DHS had not 
calculated the costs of increased detention of parents in the rule.
    Response. DHS agrees that Table 12 of the NPRM at 83 FR 45519 
represents minors only, and stated as such in the title of the table: 
``FY 2017 Minors at FRCs Who Went Through Credible Fear Screening 
Process.'' The FSA only applies to juveniles. This rule parallels the 
FSA and is principally concerned with minors. The adults detained at 
FRCs are included in the number of book-ins (Table 9), average length 
of stay (Table 10), and release reasons (Table 11).
    With respect to the 99 percent of the 14,993 minors who were found 
to have credible fear and released on parole or on their own 
recognizance, DHS disagrees with the commenter's assertion that they 
were released solely due to the practice of applying a 20-day limit for 
unlicensed facilities; other factors were relevant to those 
determinations, including limitations on bed space and decisions 
regarding release on bond or parole. This rule generally would not 
change how DHS exercises its authority to release minors with credible 
fear. The analysis in this final rule has been updated with FY 2018 
data. See the E.O. 12866 section of this final rule. DHS's estimates of 
the impact of the rule on detention of families are discussed above.
Changes to Final Rule
    The Departments decline to amend the final rule analysis as 
proposed by commenters.
h. Costs to Taxpayers
    Comments. Multiple commenters stated the proposal's use of long-
term detention would be expensive and burdensome for taxpayers, 
significantly expanding the Federal deficit. Many commenters stated 
that this use of taxpayer money would be wasteful, a

[[Page 44501]]

misuse of financial resources, and unnecessary given the less costly 
alternatives to detention available Some commenters stated that they 
did not want their or any other American's tax dollars, to pay for the 
detention of people seeking a better life.
    Several commenters stated the government should re-direct those 
resources toward addressing root causes of child and family migration 
from Central America. This commenter recommended re-establishing the 
Central American Minors program instead of expanding detention 
capacity.
    Several commenters raised specific fiscal concerns with utilizing 
soft-sided structures for influx purposes and transferring funds for 
that purpose from the National Institutes of Health, Head Start, 
Centers for Disease Control, or the National Cancer Institute.
    Response. DHS acknowledges that this rule could increase costs to 
taxpayers, such as higher variable costs at FRCs, but believes the 
benefits of the ability of ICE to effectuate removal and carry out its 
mission justify the costs. The agency publishes detailed budget reports 
of the operations and resources required to fulfill its mission, 
including the current costs of family detention and alternatives to 
detention. The agency utilizes multiple types of resources in the 
course of enforcing immigration laws as needed to maximize the use of 
its budget.
    The alternative uses of funds suggested by commenters do not meet 
the objectives of the proposed rule. As circumstances change at the 
southern border the agency can redirect resources in order to react in 
a timely manner.
    HHS disagrees that using soft-sided structures during an influx 
necessitates exercising the Secretary's transfer authority as described 
in the comments.
Changes to Final Rule
    The Departments decline to amend the final rule analysis as 
proposed by commenters.
i. Comments Regarding the Cost of Litigation
    Comments. Several commenters stated that the proposed regulation 
will be enjoined by the Federal courts. One of these commenters stated 
that DHS is ignoring the history of the last 30 years and inviting 
expensive and time-consuming litigation.
    Response. DHS notes that the original complaint in Flores v. Meese, 
No. 85-4544 (C.D. Cal.) was filed on July 11, 1985--more than 30 years 
ago. In 1996, the parties entered into the FSA, which was approved by 
the court on January 28, 1997. There has been litigation over the 
meaning and enforcement of the FSA for many years, including six 
separate motions to enforce, one motion for relief, and one temporary 
restraining order. Recent litigation regarding the FSA began in 
February 2015 after the Federal Government's response to the surge of 
aliens crossing the U.S.-Mexico border in 2014, including the use of 
family detention at FRCs. DHS faces perpetual, recurring, and open-
ended litigation over the FSA and its implementation, especially in 
light of the judicial determination that the FSA applies to accompanied 
minors, and the government anticipates litigation related to this 
rulemaking. Indeed, the Flores Plaintiffs already filed a motion 
alleging anticipatory breach of the FSA based on the publication of the 
NPRM. See Flores v. Barr, No. 85-4544 (C.D. Cal.) (ECF No. 516). The 
court deferred ruling on the motion until the publication of final 
regulations. Id. at ECF No. 525. Nevertheless, the clearest path 
forward to reduce the litigation burden and establish consistency with 
statutory law and to enhance the sound administration of the 
immigration laws is through the promulgation of regulations, governing 
the subjects that are committed to the authority of DHS and HHS, and to 
terminate the FSA, as the FSA itself contemplates. Among other things, 
the promulgation of regulations provides a single vehicle for further 
updates while allowing for future modification to adapt to operational 
and legal changes and to reflect appropriate input from the public as 
provided for by the APA.
    As indicated in the NPRM, the Departments considered not 
promulgating this rule but ultimately concluded that continuing to 
operate absent regulatory action would likely require the Government to 
operate through non-regulatory means in an uncertain environment 
subject to unknown future court interpretations of the FSA that may be 
difficult or operationally impracticable to implement or could 
otherwise hamper operations. Failing to promulgate this rule also would 
leave unaddressed the statutory amendments in the HSA and TVPRA that 
have affected certain portions of the FSA. HHS, having not been an 
original party to the FSA but as a successor agency with respect to 
some of its requirements, will benefit from rules that clearly 
delineate ORR's responsibilities from that of other Federal partners.
    Finally, DHS notes that legacy INS's successors are obligated under 
the FSA to initiate action to publish the relevant and substantive 
terms of the FSA as regulations, pursuant to the 2001 Stipulation.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS declines to amend the final rule analysis as proposed by 
commenters.
j. GAO Report on Improving Cost Estimates for Detention
    Comments. Commenters suggested that DHS implement the U.S. 
Government Accountability Office (GAO) guidelines for reliable cost 
estimates of detention resources. The commenters stated that GAO 
previously identified errors and inconsistencies in ICE's budgets and 
estimated costs and made recommendations for improvements. The 
commenters suggested that DHS improve its process for estimating costs 
of detention resources before promulgating regulations that would 
result in the expansion of its existing programs.
    Response. As explained above, ICE is unable to estimate how the 
number of FRCs may change due to this rule alone. There is no reliable 
method to estimate what number of families encountered would be 
detained at an FRC, or for how long, due to factors outside of the 
scope of this rule, including the number of families apprehended or 
found inadmissible, the composition of families, the need of bed space 
for detention of single adults (such as with the conversion of Karnes 
to a single adult facility), funding, the need to balance the detention 
of families with the detention and removal of single adults, and 
outcomes from the credible fear process. However, this rule will allow 
DHS to use existing FRCs effectively. As a result, some families will 
experience longer detention periods, but--given finite resources and 
bed space--this also means that many other families will experience 
less detention than they do in the status quo.
Changes to Final Rule
    Accordingly, DHS declines to change the final rule analysis as 
proposed by commenters.
k. Comments on Additional Costs to Sponsors
    Comments. One commenter expressed concern that the proposed rule 
failed to account for the additional costs to HHS and to potential 
sponsors of UACs--which the commenter characterized as 
``astronomical''--due to the additional burden on potential sponsors to 
secure release of their children and the increasing population of UACs 
in ORR custody resulting from the proposed rule.

[[Page 44502]]

    The commenter contended that the expanded definitions of 
``emergency'' and ``influx,'' along with recently promulgated 
sponsorship review procedures, will require sponsors to spend more time 
and money to secure the release of children in HHS custody. This 
commenter expressed concern that the NPRM does not account for the 
public burden caused by sponsors dropping out of the onerous 
sponsorship process or being rejected from sponsorship.
    Response. The proposed regulations for assessing a sponsor are 
consistent with the Departments' current operations and procedures for 
implementing the terms of the FSA, the HSA, and the TVPRA. As a result, 
there are no new burdens to sponsors based on this rule. Indeed, the 
DHS and HHS definitions of emergency and influx substantively mirror 
the definition in the FSA, and HHS' sponsorship review procedures are 
part of the baseline costs of existing operations. As a result, there 
are no new burdens to sponsors based on this rule.
Changes to Final Rule
    The Departments decline to amend the final rule analysis as 
proposed by commenters.
l. Comments on Impact on Private Detention Centers
    Comments. Various commenters said that the rule was partially 
driven by private companies who would profit from the widened use of 
detention.
    One commenter added that the government historically has 
prioritized the profits of private companies ahead of the care for 
immigrant families. As an example of this profit motive, another 
commenter said that the GEO Group and its lobbyist attempted to have 
the Texas legislature pass a bill that would have waived the standards 
for childcare facilities, enabling the facility in Karnes County to 
hold families for longer periods.
    Some commenters explicitly stated they did not want for profit 
facilities to be used, because it would lead to traumatized children, 
and families.
    Response. The government is not adopting this rule to increase any 
third-party's profits. The government is adopting this rule for the 
many reasons discussed above. This rule would directly regulate DHS and 
HHS, indirectly affecting private entities to the extent that DHS or 
HHS contract with them. As permitted by Federal law, DHS contracts with 
private contractors and a local government to operate and maintain 
FRCs, and with private contractors to provide transportation of minors 
and UACs. Nothing in this rule alters any aspect of government 
contracting law.
    DHS does not exclusively contract with for-profit entities.
    HHS currently contracts with one private contractor to operate and 
maintain an influx facility for UACs. Because this rule serves to 
implement and codify both the FSA and other existing practices under 
the HSA and TVPRA, HHS does not anticipate that publication of the rule 
would cause an increase in costs, as compared to anticipated costs in 
the absence of a rule.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS and HHS decline to amend the final rule as proposed by 
commenters.
m. Recommendations To Redirect Resources
    Comments. Multiple commenters made alternative policy 
recommendations they deemed a better use of resources, to resolve the 
humanitarian crisis at the border.
    Some commenters proposed hiring additional immigration judges to 
address the backlog of cases and urged the use of social workers and 
the provision of legal services to assist asylum seekers.
    Several commenters stated the government should focus on addressing 
the root causes of migration from Central America by providing 
additional assistance in the region to strengthen the protection 
systems. They highlighted the Central American Minors Program as a 
means of avoiding children from having to migrate and make the 
dangerous journey without any guarantee of admission. Some of these 
commenters also suggested supporting infrastructure projects and job 
creation in the countries migrants are leaving or exploring solutions 
like the Marshall Plan, the American aid package provided in 1948 to 
rebuild Western Europe post World War II.
    Another commenter stated the funds used for family detention would 
be better spent on domestic programs to benefit the American people 
such as infrastructure jobs, provide slots in a Head Start program, or 
fund healthcare for low income adults.
    Response. These recommendations do not meet the objectives of the 
rulemaking and are largely beyond its scope. DHS has statutory 
obligations to fulfill with respect to immigration enforcement and 
custody of minors, including detention in some circumstances. HHS' 
statutory obligations govern the care and custody of UACs. This rule 
will better enable the Departments to carry out these statutory 
obligations in the light of operational realities. Many of these 
objections would be better addressed to Congress.
Changes to Final Rule
    The Departments declines to amend the final rule in response to 
these comments.
16. Executive Order 13045
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. One commenter agreed with the Departments' assessment 
that the proposed rule would not create an environmental risk to 
children's health or safety. This commenter stated that the rule did 
not address the abuse and drugging of children at the Shenandoah Valley 
Juvenile Center or the Shiloh RTC (or at other detention facilities 
around the country). This commenter cited two articles from the website 
of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, which is part of 
the United States National Library of Medicine, and stated that the 
government's own data shows that detaining children is a risk to the 
children's health and development. Without providing support or 
specifics, the commenter said that ``the claim that detention is not a 
risk to children's health or their safety is as false as it is 
absurd.''
    Response. E.O. 13045 applies to economically significant rules, and 
the Departments have now determined that this rule is economically 
significant. Executive Order 13045 addresses environment health risks 
and safety risks to children, which it defines as ``risks to health or 
to safety that are attributable to products or substances that the 
child likely to come in contact with or ingest (such as air we breathe, 
the food we eat, the water we drink or use for recreation, soil we live 
on the products we use or are exposed.'' The commenter does not 
reference any such ``products or substances.'' The Departments have 
determined that this rule does not create an environmental health risk 
or safety risk that may disproportionately affect children. The rule is 
largely codifying the Departments' current procedures and policies for 
implementing the FSA, HSA, and TVPRA.
Changes to Final Rule
    The Departments are not making changes in the final rule in 
response to these comments.
17. Family Assessment
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. One commenter disagreed specifically with DHS's 
assessment

[[Page 44503]]

under section 654 of the Treasury General Appropriations Act that the 
rule will not have an impact on family well-being and might even 
``strengthen the stability of the family and the authority and rights 
of parents in the education, nurture, and supervision of their 
children. . . .'' 83 FR at 45524. The commenter relied on the finding 
of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's Advisory Committee on 
Family Residential Centers that ``detention is generally neither 
appropriate nor necessary for families--and . . . detention or the 
separation of families for purposes of immigration enforcement or 
management are never in the best interest of children.''
    Response. DHS has reviewed this final rule in light of the comment 
received and in accordance with the requirements of section 654 of the 
Treasury General Appropriations Act, 1999, Public Law 105-277. With 
respect to the criteria specified in section 654(c)(1), for DHS, the 
rule places a priority on the stability of the family and the authority 
and rights of parents in the education, nurture, and supervision of 
their children, within the immigration detention context, as parents 
maintain parental rights and supervision of their children within FRCs. 
This rule provides an option for families to stay together where 
detention is required. With respect to family well-being, this final 
rule codifies current requirements of settlement agreements, court 
orders, and statutes.
Changes to Final Rule
    The Departments are not making changes in the final rule in 
response to this comment.
18. Family Separation
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Commenters wrote about the long-lasting effects of family 
separation on children and their families. Commenters stated that 
separating children from their parents causes toxic stress, which may 
place children at risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder 
(PTSD) and substance abuse in later life.
    Many commenters stated that evidence-based research has shown that 
even a short period of family separation is extremely harmful to 
infants and young children and a more prolonged separation can result 
in depression, high levels of anxiety and other symptoms including 
incessant crying, lack of appetite, failure to achieve cognitive and 
social learning, and loss of previously acquired skills. Commenters 
referenced letters from mothers separated from their young children at 
the border of the United States where they sought asylum about the 
traumatic effects of such separation.
    Some commenters believed that the trauma children experience from 
family separation and prolonged detention can turn into 
intergenerational trauma in families and cultural communities.
    Response. DHS is sympathetic to the difficulties created by family 
separation, especially to children. This is precisely why the 
government's preference is to keep families together so that they can 
provide the necessary emotional support for each other as they go 
through their immigration proceedings, and thus to have the option to 
keep a family in detention as a unit, when detention rather than 
release is warranted for a family unit. This rule aims to ameliorate 
the disparate treatment of a parent and minor in the immigration system 
under the FSA. This rule does not address the circumstances in which it 
may be necessary to separate a parent from his or her child. For more 
on the services provided by FRCs see Section V. A. 8. Detention of 
Family Units above.
Changes to Final Rule
    DHS is not making changes in the final rule in response to these 
comments.
19. Trauma
Public Comments and Response
    Comments. Similar to the comments discussed above, the Departments 
received many comments about trauma associated with detention. Multiple 
commenters wrote that detaining children causes trauma, with some 
expressing the view that it amounts to abuse or child maltreatment and 
violates prohibitions against torture and ill treatment under U.S. and 
international law.
    Many of these commenters referenced a policy statement by the 
American Academy of Pediatrics which stated ``there is no evidence 
indicating that any time in detention is safe for children,'' and 
opined that ``[q]ualitative reports about detained unaccompanied 
immigrant children in the United States found high rates of post-
traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, and 
other behavioral problems.'' \70\ Another commenter wrote that 
extending detention beyond 20 days increases the risk for toxic stress 
which can negatively impact the child's health and well-being. One 
commenter stated that traumas experienced by children are the most 
difficult to treat, particularly traumas that occurred before the child 
was able to talk about his or her feelings. Commenters also referred to 
studies that show detained children suffer from physical illnesses such 
as sleep disorders, loss in appetite, headaches and abdominal pain in 
addition to mental health illnesses such as depression and post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several commenters referred to a 2004 
study conducted by the Australian Human Rights Commission and Equal 
Opportunities Commission that highlighted similar negative 
developmental and physical health consequences of detention for 
children.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ American Academy of Pediatrics, ``Detention of Immigrant 
Children'' Pediatrics Volume 139, number 4, Apr. 2017.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter referenced a statement by the United Nations High 
Commissioner for Human Rights that states UNHCR is opposed to detention 
of children for immigration reasons because of the negative health 
impacts.
    Additional commenters wrote that detention constitutes a type of 
adverse childhood experience (ACE) that can cause irreparable harm 
including negative health outcomes in adulthood, higher rates of mental 
health problems, substance abuse, poorer educational outcomes, and 
poorer vocational outcomes. Commenters also asserted that detention can 
have a negative effect on the academic, cognitive, and social 
development of children, leading to impaired or delayed cognitive 
development that continues after a child is released from detention. 
Commenters cited several studies reaching similar conclusions. Several 
commenters also wrote that the trauma experienced by children in 
detention can be passed through generations.
    Commenters also wrote that detention negatively impacts family 
relationships because it undermines parental authority and parental 
capacity to respond appropriately to children's needs.
    Response. DHS understands that trauma is an issue for asylum-
seekers and others who have entered the United States, and tries to 
mitigate it where possible. But not all factors are in the control of 
DHS. For example, a study conducted by Danish scientists found that 
relocating several times during the asylum process and the length of 
the pendency of the asylum case contributed to the mental health issues 
experienced by asylum-seeking children, even children detained with 
their parents in Red Cross facilities. The study also stated that 
additional studies are needed to determine if other factors such as 
parental stress and previous

[[Page 44504]]

trauma cause additional trauma for those seeking asylum.\71\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \71\ Signe S. Nielsen, ``Mental health among children seeking 
asylum in Denmark--the effect of length of stay and number of 
relocations: A cross-sectional study,'' BMC Public Health, Aug. 19, 
2008.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with the recommendations of scientists, ICE provides 
medical care and educational services in ICE facilities. CBP also 
provides medical screening to all minors and UACs who enter CBP custody 
along the southwest border. CBP's medical screenings are designed to 
ensure that any minors or UACs with emergent health needs are 
immediately referred for appropriate emergency care. It is difficult to 
gauge how much experiences in the juvenile's home country and the harsh 
trip to the United States, which is ripe with exploitation and abuse, 
affected a particular juvenile before he or she ever arrives at the 
border. But DHS has taken several important steps to address these 
issues.
    The research on child detention states that children who are 
detained are at a significantly higher rate of psychological distress. 
Multiple accommodations for a Family Centered and Trauma Informed 
Approach are being implemented within the ICE residential facilities in 
order to decrease the effects of trauma on minors in detention.
    Research of the Australian Psychological Society (APS) recommends 
that children and families should be accommodated separately from other 
detainees. Appropriate resources with indoor and outdoor spaces should 
be provided for children. The APS suggests that mental health services 
be offered to detainees, including children, which includes access to 
appropriately trained clinical providers. Educational opportunities 
should be available, along with medical care.
    ICE currently has three facilities that house alien family units. 
From the outset, minors in FRCs are detained along with their parent or 
legal guardian, who can provide care and support. DHS believes that 
affording parents full control over their children at FRCs and 
respecting their rights as parents plays an important role in 
minimizing and addressing trauma.
    Furthermore, all ICE-detained individuals have access to care on a 
24/7 basis. Mental health services include crisis-intervention, various 
therapeutic treatment modalities to include, talk therapy, educational 
group behavior modification, medication treatment and case management 
services. Also included are groups on trauma, domestic violence, grief 
and loss, parenting skills and information regarding minors in a 
residential setting. For minors there is a focus on Bullying Prevention 
and Social Skills Training. Each facility works with a local school 
providing education for each grade level along with IEP's if needed. 
Minors attend class and have access to both indoor and outdoor 
recreation. There is space for minors to play and explore in order to 
properly socialize among their peers. In a case where there may be 
abuse allegations, an investigation is documented under PREA Protocol 
and a minor will have both a medical and mental health evaluation. If 
necessary, Child Protective Services (CPS) will be contacted to do a 
full investigation. The parent and the minor will both be offered 
treatment as required or not by CPS. Children's Advocacy Centers will 
also be contacted to aid the minor and parent through the legal process 
and the forensic interview.
    In addition, all minors along with their accompanying parent or 
legal guardian caregiver are seen weekly by a licensed mental health 
care provider through ``Weekly Mental Health Checks.'' Mental health 
providers include psychiatrists, clinical social workers and 
psychologists and pediatricians.
    Everyone entering an FRC is screened for both physical and mental 
health issues and trauma. ICE also maintains mental health 
professionals on staff to conduct both individual and group sessions to 
help residents with their trauma issues. Additionally, FRCs provide 
safe settings for minors to access educational services year round.
    DHS believes affording parents full control over their children at 
FRCs and respecting their rights as parents can also play a role in 
addressing this problem.
    DHS argues that this rule is about ensuring the care of minors in 
government custody while enforcing the immigration laws as laid out by 
Congress, in light of the FSA and operational realities. And those 
immigration laws set out detention as a key component of immigration 
enforcement. Enforcement of the immigration laws is a core DHS mission 
that cannot be ignored and must be balanced with the needs to ensure 
the care of minors in DHS custody and relevant legal obligations.
    Separately, as the nation's leading immigrant child welfare agency, 
ORR is deeply committed to the physical and emotional safety and 
wellbeing of all UACs in its temporary care. ORR-funded care providers 
must be aware of the physical and psychological impacts of forced 
displacement, migration, and childhood trauma and conduct holistic, 
child-centered assessments of the medical and behavioral health needs 
of UACs. Care providers must also understand the developmental stages 
of children and adolescents and how the stressors of temporary 
government custody affect children at each stage. UAC clinical services 
should be evidence-based therapeutic interventions and be structured so 
that clinicians have continuous supervision and access to the support 
they need as they work with vulnerable and traumatized children and 
youth.
    DHS acknowledges that it must try to balance its mission of 
promoting homeland security and public safety against the 
vulnerabilities of many aliens in its custody, including juveniles in 
particular. HHS is committed to continuously reassessing its policies, 
procedures, and operations to align with state-of-the-science research 
and best practices in child welfare service provision.
Changes to Final Rule
    The Departments are not making changes in the final rule in 
response to these comments.

VI. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements

A. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563: Regulatory Review and Executive 
Order 13771

    Executive Orders 12866 (``Regulatory Planning and Review'') and 
13563 (``Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review'') direct agencies 
to assess the costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives 
and, if regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that 
maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, 
public health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). 
Executive Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both 
costs and benefits, of reducing costs, of harmonizing rules, and of 
promoting flexibility. Executive Order 13771 (``Reducing Regulation and 
Controlling Regulatory Costs'') directs agencies to reduce regulation 
and control regulatory costs and provides that ``for every one new 
regulation issued, at least two prior regulations be identified for 
elimination, and that the cost of planned regulations be prudently 
managed and controlled through a budgeting process.''
    This rule has been designated a ``significant regulatory action'' 
that is economically significant under section 3(f)(1) of Executive 
Order 12866.

[[Page 44505]]

Accordingly, this rule has been reviewed by the Office of Management 
and Budget (OMB). This rule is a regulatory action per Executive Order 
13771.
Changes From the Proposed Rule
    In response to commenters, DHS has made the following changes to 
the proposed rule in this final rule. Most of these changes are points 
of clarification and do not add costs or change the impact of the rule. 
Section 212.5(b) now considers that DHS is not precluded from releasing 
a minor who is not a UAC to someone other than a parent or legal 
guardian, specifically a brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or grandparent 
who is not in detention.
    Section 236.3(b)(2), which defines Special Needs Minor, used the 
term ``retardation.'' Commenters noted this was an outdated term, and 
DHS agrees to replace it with ``intellectual disability.'' This 
clarification does not add new costs to the rule.
    Section 236.3(b)(9), which defines Licensed Facility, includes the 
requirement that DHS employ third parties to conduct audits of FRCs to 
ensure compliance with the Family Residential Standards. Commenters 
stated that DHS has previously not shared the results of such audits. 
Although ICE has shared these results publicly, DHS is expressly 
providing that ``DHS will make the results of these audits publicly 
available.'' DHS also adds to the final rule that the audits of 
licensed facilities will take place at the opening of a facility and 
take place on an ongoing basis. Since this procedure is already in 
practice, there is minimal burden from this change.
    In Sec.  236.3(b)(11), which defines a Non-Secure Facility, DHS 
agrees with commenters that a non-secure facility means a facility that 
meets the definition of non-secure under state law in the state in 
which the facility is located, as was intended by the language of the 
proposed rule, and is adding ``under state law'' to the definition to 
clarify this point. This clarification does not add new costs to the 
rule.
    In Sec.  236.3(f)(1) regarding transfer of UACs from DHS to HHS, 
DHS agrees to amend the proposed regulatory text to clarify that a UAC 
from a contiguous country who is not permitted to withdraw his or her 
application for admission or for whom no determination can be made 
within 48 hours of apprehension, will be immediately transferred to 
HHS. This clarification does not add new costs to the rule.
    In Sec.  236.3(f)(4)(i), DHS clarifies that UACs will generally not 
be transported with unrelated detained adults, subject to certain 
exceptions spelled out in the rule. This is a clarification and thus 
does not add any new costs to the rule.
    In Sec.  236.3(g)(1)(i) regarding DHS procedures in the 
apprehension and processing of minors or UACs, Notice of Rights and 
Request for Disposition, DHS is removing a qualification on the 
requirement that the notice be read and explained to a minor or UAC in 
a language and manner the minor or UAC understands if the minor is 
believed to be under 14 or is unable to comprehend the information on 
the form. DHS had proposed to do so only for minors or UACs believed to 
be less than 14 years of age, or unable to comprehend the information 
contained in the Form I-770. DHS is changing this language to make it 
clear that the form will be provided, read, or explained to all minors 
and UACs in a language and manner that they understand. DHS is making 
this change to avoid confusion related to DHS's legal obligations 
regarding this notice while still acknowledging that it may be 
necessary to implement slightly different procedures depending on the 
particular minor or UAC's age and other characteristics. This change 
will result in some additional operational burden. Specifically, while 
the Form I-770 is already issued to all minors and UACs, the updated 
language makes clear that the form will both be issued to all minors 
and UACs, and that CBP has some obligation to make sure that all minors 
and UACs understand the form's contents. The exact method by which this 
will happen may vary based on the particular minor or UAC. Thus, this 
language will require some degree of operational change, although CBP 
is not able to quantify the operational burden.
    In Sec.  236.3(g)(2)(i) regarding DHS custodial care immediately 
following apprehension, the proposed rule that UACs ``may be housed 
with an unrelated adult for no more than 24 hours except in the case of 
an emergency or exigent circumstances.'' Commenters objected to the use 
of the term ``exigent circumstances'' as it was not defined. DHS 
believes ``exigent circumstances'' because it is redundant to 
``emergency'' and thus agrees to delete the term. This is a 
clarification and does not add new costs to the rule.
    In Sec.  236.3(i)(4), commenters requested additional language 
tracking the verbatim text of FSA Ex. 1. In response to these comments, 
DHS added language of FSA Ex. 1 paragraph B and C. These standards have 
always been in place and thus will not result in new costs to the rule.
    Section 236.3(j) and (n) now provide that DHS is not precluded from 
releasing a minor who is not a UAC to someone other than a parent or 
legal guardian, specifically a brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or 
grandparent who is not in detention and is otherwise available to 
provide care and physical custody.
    DHS has added new paragraphs at Sec.  236.3(j)(2)-(4) to identify 
the specific statutory and regulatory provisions that govern the 
custody and/or release of non-UAC minors in DHS custody based on the 
type and status of immigration proceedings.
    DHS has added a new Sec.  236.3(j)(4) to state clearly that the 
Department will consider parole for all minors in its custody pursuant 
to section 235(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the INA or 8 CFR 235.3(c) and that 
paroling such minors who do not present a safety risk or risk of 
absconding will generally serve an urgent humanitarian reason. DHS adds 
that it may also consider aggregate and historical data, officer 
experience, statistical information, or any other probative information 
in determining whether detention of a minor is required to secure the 
minor's timely appearance before DHS or the immigration court. This 
change is a point of clarification on the process for discretionary 
release and does not add new costs or change the impact of the rule.
    DHS clarifies in Sec.  236.3(o) that the Juvenile Coordinator's 
duty to collect statistics is in addition to the requirement to monitor 
compliance with the terms of the regulations. This is a clarification 
point and does not add new costs or change the impact of the rule.
    In response to comments on the status of the Dilley and Karnes FRCs 
to be non-secure, ICE has agreed to add several new points of egress 
along their perimeters by September 30, 2019. The estimated 
construction cost at Dilley is between $5,000 and $6,000. There is no 
additional cost to DHS for this construction at Karnes, and the private 
contractor, the GEO Group, did not provide an estimate of the cost they 
would incur for adding the new points of egress and thus DHS is unable 
to quantify this cost.
    DHS agrees with commenters that this rule may result in costs, 
benefits, or transfers in excess of $100 million in any given year and 
therefore is economically significant. DHS stated in the proposed rule 
that the cost of this rule depended on a number of unknown factors, 
including the population of aliens crossing the border. Since the 
proposed rule was published, DHS has

[[Page 44506]]

seen a large spike in the number of family units apprehended or found 
inadmissible at the Southwest Border. As of June 2019, with three 
months remaining in FY 2019, CBP has apprehended over 390,000 family 
units between ports of entry on the Southwest Border, as compared to 
107,212 family units in all of FY 2018.\72\ Consequently, as noted in 
the NPRM, because the costs of this rule are dependent on a number of 
factors outside of this rulemaking, some of which have changed since 
the NPRM, the Departments now consider this rule to be economically 
significant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ See United States Border Patrol Total Family Unit 
Apprehensions By Month--FY 2013 through FY 2018 at https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-Mar/bp-total-monthly-family-units-sector-fy13-fy18.pdf (last visited May 10, 
2019). See also Southwest Border Migration FY 2019 at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration (last visited June 5, 
2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to commenters, HHS has made the following changes to 
the proposed rule in this final rule. Most of these changes are points 
of clarification and do not add costs or change the impact of the rule.
    Section 410.101, which defines Special Needs Minor, included the 
term ``retardation.'' Commenters noted this was an outdated term, and 
HHS agrees to replace it with ``intellectual disability.'' This 
clarification does not add new costs to the rule.
    In Sec.  410.203, HHS is making a change to make more explicit the 
fact that ORR reviews placements of minors in secure facilities on at 
least a monthly basis. HHS is also making a change to make more 
explicit the fact that, notwithstanding its ability under the rule to 
place UACs who are ``otherwise a danger to self or others'' in secure 
placements, this provision does not abrogate any requirements to place 
UACs in the least restrictive setting appropriate to their age and 
special needs. This clarification does not add new costs to the rule.
    In 45 CFR 410.600(a), HHS stated that it would take all necessary 
precautions for the protection of UAC during transportation with 
adults. This language runs in contradiction to 45 CFR 410.500(a), which 
states that ORR does not transport UAC with adult detainees. Therefore, 
the sentence from 45 CFR 410.600(a) that reads, ``ORR takes all 
necessary precautions for the protection of UACs during transportation 
with adults,'' will be struck from the final rule. This revision does 
not add new costs to the rule.
    ORR notes that there will be instances when UACs are transferred 
with adult staff members. These situations are covered under 45 CFR 
411.13(a) of the Interim Final Rule (IFR) on the Standards to Prevent, 
Detect, and Respond to Sexual Abuse and Sexual Harassment Involving 
Unaccompanied Children. The IFR states, ``Care provider facilities must 
develop, document, and make their best effort to comply with a staffing 
plan that provides for adequate levels of staffing, and, where 
applicable under State and local licensing standards, video monitoring, 
to protect UCs from sexual abuse and sexual harassment.'' This 
provision applies to transfers as well.
    In Sec.  410.700 relating to age determination decisions, HHS will 
add ``totality of the evidence and circumstances'' language so that the 
age determinations decisions by HHS and DHS are based on the same 
standard, as required by law (see 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(4)). This addition 
does not add costs to the rule.
    The NPRM proposed to include that bond hearings for UACs be 
transferred from the immigration courts to a hearing officer housed 
within HHS, where the burden would be on the UAC to show that s/he will 
not be a danger to the community (or risk of flight) if released, using 
a preponderance of the evidence standard. HHS declines to shift the 
ultimate burden of proof to itself. However, it clarifies that HHS 
bears the burden of initial production, under which it must present 
evidence supporting its determination of the UAC's dangerousness or 
flight risk. The UAC would bear the burden of persuasion, rebutting 
HHS' evidence to the hearing officer's satisfaction under a 
preponderance of the evidence standard. The changes to the 810 hearing 
process do not add new costs to the rule in beyond those that will be 
incurred by the Department to perform the hearings as envisioned in the 
NPRM.
1. Quantitative Background
    The FSA has been in place for more than two decades and sets limits 
on the length of time and conditions under which children can be held 
in immigration detention. In 1985, two organizations filed a class 
action lawsuit on behalf of alien children detained by the former INS 
challenging procedures regarding the detention, treatment, and release 
of children. After many years of litigation (including an appeal to the 
United States Supreme Court) and advocacy (civil society organizations, 
including human rights groups, faith-based institutions, political 
leaders, and concerned citizens) the parties reached a settlement in 
1997. HHS assumed responsibility of UACs and created, within ORR, the 
UAC Program in 2003. The FSA has served as the foundation for ORR's UAC 
Program since its inception.
    The FSA itself anticipated that its terms would be implemented 
through Federal regulations issued in accordance with the APA: ``Within 
120 days of the final district court approval of this Agreement, the 
INS shall initiate action to publish the relevant and substantive terms 
of this Agreement as a Service regulation. The final regulations shall 
not be inconsistent with the terms of this Agreement.'' This rule aims 
to codify the terms of the FSA as envisioned by the parties to the 
settlement more than 20 years ago, taking into account current 
circumstances and changes in the law since that time. The original FSA 
had a termination clause that terminated the agreement the earlier of 
five years from court approval of the agreement, or three years after 
the court determines the INS is in substantial compliance with the 
agreement. In 2001, the parties modified the agreement and agreed that 
it would terminate 45 days after the promulgation of regulations 
implementing the agreement. By codifying current requirements of the 
FSA and court orders enforcing terms of the FSA, as well as relevant 
provisions of the HSA and TVPRA, the Departments are implementing the 
intent of the FSA and make permanent the requirements to protect 
children and provide them with safe and sanitary accommodations. The 
Federal Government's care of minors and UACs has complied with the FSA 
and related court orders for more than 20 years, and complies with the 
HSA and TVPRA.
    The rule applies to minors and UACs encountered by DHS, and in some 
cases, their families. CBP and ICE encounter minors and UACs in 
different manners. CBP generally encounters minors and UACs at the 
border. Generally, ICE encounters minors either upon transfer from CBP 
to an FRC, or during interior enforcement actions.
CBP
    CBP's facilities at Border Patrol stations and ports of entry 
(POEs) are processing centers, designed for the temporary holding of 
individuals. CBP's facilities are not designed to accommodate large 
numbers of minors and UACs waiting for transfer to ICE or ORR, even for 
the limited period for which CBP generally expected to have custody of 
minors and UACs, 72 hours or less. Although minors and UACs in CBP 
facilities are not provided the same amenities that will be available 
to them in longer-term facilities, all minors and UACs in CBP 
facilities are provided access to safe and sanitary facilities;

[[Page 44507]]

functioning toilets and sinks; food; drinking water; emergency medical 
assistance, as appropriate; and adequate temperature control and 
ventilation. Minors and UACs are also provided access to basic hygiene 
items and clean bedding, and CBP makes reasonable efforts to provide 
minors and UACs with showers where approaching 48 hours in custody, and 
clean clothes. To ensure their safety and well-being, UACs in CBP 
facilities are supervised and are generally segregated from unrelated 
adults; older, unrelated UACs are generally segregated by gender. 
Additionally, CBP provides medical screening to all minors and UACs 
along the southwest border, and refers any minor or UAC with an 
emergent medical need to the hospital or other nearby medical facility 
for appropriate emergency treatment.
    CBP has apprehended or encountered 65,593 minors accompanied by 
their parent(s) or legal guardian(s), and 56,835 UACs on average 
annually for the last three complete fiscal years. In FY 2018, CBP 
apprehended or encountered approximately 107,498 alien minors or UACs. 
Apprehensions or encounters in FY 2019 to date have surpassed FY 2018 
annual totals.\73\ The table below shows the annual number of 
accompanied minors (that is, minors accompanied by their parent(s) or 
legal guardian(s)) and UACs CBP has apprehended or encountered in FYs 
2010 through 2018.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ See U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Southwest Border 
Migration FY 2019 at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration.

   Table 7--U.S. Customs and Border Protection Accompanied Minors and Unaccompanied Alien Children Nationwide
                                  Apprehensions and Encounters FY 2010-FY 2018
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Accompanied
                      Fiscal year                              minors              UACs              Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2010...................................................             22,937             19,234             42,171
2011...................................................             13,966             17,802             31,768
2012...................................................             13,314             27,031             40,345
2013...................................................             17,581             41,865             59,446
2014...................................................             55,644             73,421            129,065
2015...................................................             45,403             44,910             90,313
2016...................................................             74,798             71,067            145,865
2017...................................................             64,628             49,292            113,920
2018...................................................             57,353             50,145            107,498
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    CBP makes a case by case determination as to whether an alien is a 
UAC based upon the information and evidence available at the time of 
encounter. When making this determination, CBP follows section 
462(g)(2) of the HSA, which defines a UAC as a child who--(A) has no 
lawful immigration status in the United States; (B) has not attained 18 
years of age; and (C) with respect to whom--(i) there is no parent or 
legal guardian in the United States; or (ii) no parent or legal 
guardian in the United States is available to provide care and physical 
custody.
    Once CBP determines that an alien is a UAC, CBP must process the 
UAC consistent with the provisions of the TVPRA, which requires the 
transfer of a UAC who is not statutorily eligible to withdraw his or 
her application for admission into the custody of ORR within 72 hours 
of determining that the juvenile meets the definition of a UAC, except 
in exceptional circumstances.
    If, upon apprehension or encounter, CBP determines that an alien is 
a minor who is part of a family unit, the family unit is processed 
accordingly and transferred out of CBP custody. If appropriate, the 
family unit may be transferred to an ICE FRC. If the FSA were not in 
place, CBP would still make a determination of whether an alien was a 
UAC or part of a family unit upon encountering an alien, in order to 
determine appropriate removal proceedings pursuant to the TVPRA.
ICE
    When ICE encounters a juvenile during an interior enforcement 
action, ICE performs an interview to determine the juvenile's 
nationality, immigration status, and age. Pursuant to the TVPRA, an 
alien who has been encountered and has no lawful immigration status in 
the United States, has not attained 18 years of age, and has no parent 
or legal guardian in the United States available to provide care and 
physical custody will be classified as a UAC. The number of juvenile 
arrests made by ICE is significantly smaller than CBP across all fiscal 
years as shown in below. A non-UAC minor would have to be arrested to 
be booked into an FRC.

 Table 8--FY 2014-FY 2018 Juvenile Book-Ins With ICE as Arresting Agency
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            Book-ins of
               Fiscal year                  accompanied    UAC book-ins
                                              minors
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2014....................................               3             285
2015....................................               8             200
2016....................................             108             164
2017....................................             123             292
2018....................................             102             343
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Once ICE determines that an alien is a UAC, ICE must process the 
UAC consistent with the provisions of the TVPRA, which requires the 
transfer of a UAC into the custody of ORR within 72 hours of 
determining that the juvenile meets the definition of a UAC, except in 
exceptional circumstances.
    At the time that the FSA was agreed to in 1997, INS enforcement 
efforts mainly encountered single adults, and only adult detention 
facilities were in operation. Prior to 2001, when a decision was made 
to detain an adult family member, the other family members were 
generally separated from that adult. However, beginning in 2001, in an 
effort to maintain family unity, INS began opening FRCs to accommodate 
families who were seeking asylum but whose cases had been drawn out. 
INS initially opened what today is the Berks FRC (Berks) in Berks, 
Pennsylvania, in 2001. ICE also operated the T. Don Hutto medium-

[[Page 44508]]

security facility in Taylor, Texas as an FRC from 2006 to 2009. In 
response to the influx of UACs and family units in 2014 in the Rio 
Grande Valley, ICE opened FRCs in Artesia, New Mexico in June of 2014; 
Karnes County, Texas in July of 2014; and Dilley, Texas in December of 
2014. The Artesia facility, which was intended as a temporary facility 
while more permanent facilities were contracted for and established, 
was closed on December 31, 2014.
    The South Texas FRC in Dilley, Texas (Dilley) has 2,400 beds, Berks 
has 96 beds, and the Karnes County Residential Center in Karnes County, 
Texas (Karnes) has 830 beds. The capacity of the three FRCs provide for 
a total of 3,326 beds. Currently, the Karnes FRC houses male heads of 
household, the Berks FRC houses dual parent families, and the Dilley 
FRC houses female heads of household (though ICE has transitioned 
Karnes to housing single adult females as of the time of this rule to 
reflect operational considerations). As a practical matter, given 
varying family sizes and compositions, and housing standards, not every 
available bed will be filled at any given time, and the facilities may 
still be considered to be at capacity even if every available bed is 
not filled. ICE did not maintain a consistent system of records of FRC 
intakes until July 2014. Since 2015, there has been an annual average 
of 35,032 intakes of adults and minors at the FRCs. The count of FRC 
intakes from July 2014 through FY 2019 Year-to-Date (YTD) is shown in 
Table 9 below.

                                    Table 9--FRC Intakes FY 2014-FY 2019 YTD
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                      Fiscal year                           FRC intakes     FRC adult intakes  FRC minor intakes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q4 2014 *..............................................              1,589                711                878
2015...................................................             13,206              5,964              7,242
2016...................................................             43,342             19,452             23,890
2017...................................................             37,825             17,219             20,606
2018...................................................             45,755             21,490             24,265
2019 YTD **............................................             26,869             12,654             14,215
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* 2014 only includes the fourth quarter of FY 2014: July, August, and September.
** Through April 4, 2019.

    Due to court decisions in 2015 and 2017, DHS ordinarily uses its 
FRCs for the detention of non-UAC minors and their accompanying 
parent(s) or legal guardian(s) for periods of up to approximately 20 
days. This is generally the period of time required for USCIS to 
conduct credible fear proceedings. Since 2016, the average number of 
days from the book-in date to the release date at all FRCs for both 
minors and adults has been less than 15 days. Table 10 shows the 
average number of days from book-in date to release date at FRCs for FY 
2014 through FY 2019 YTD (April 4, 2019), based on releases by fiscal 
year. Data on releases are available for all four quarters of FY 2014.

         Table 10--Average Number of Days From Book-In Date to Release Date at FRCs FY 2014-FY 2019 YTD
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                             Average days for   Average days for
                      Fiscal year                        Average number of  minors (<18 years     adults (>=18
                                                                days               old)            years old)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2014...................................................               47.4               46.7               48.4
2015...................................................               43.5               43.1               44.0
2016...................................................               13.6               13.6               13.6
2017...................................................               14.2               14.2               14.1
2018...................................................               17.1               17.1               17.1
2019 YTD *.............................................               12.4               12.3               12.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Through April 4, 2019.

    Table 11 shows the reasons for the release of adults and minors 
from FRCs in FY 2017 and FY 2018. As it indicates, the large majority 
of such individuals were released on an order of their own recognizance 
or paroled.

                      Table 11--Reasons for Release
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       FY 2017   FY 2018
                 Reason for release                    percent   percent
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Order of Recognizance...............................      76.9      76.7
Paroled.............................................      21.3      22.1
Order of Supervision................................       1.7       1.1
Bonded Out..........................................       0.1      <0.0
Prosecutorial Discretion............................      <0.0      <0.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 12 shows the number of adults and minors removed from the 
United States from FRCs since FY 2014. Removals include returns. 
Returns include Voluntary Departures (including Voluntary Returns) \74\ 
and Withdrawals Under Docket Control.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \74\ For the purposes of this table, Voluntary Return refers to 
the DHS grant of permission for an alien to depart the United 
States, while Voluntary Departure refers to the immigration judge's 
grant of permission for an alien to depart the United States.

            Table 12--Removals From FRCs FY 2014-FY 2019 YTD
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Fiscal year                           Removals
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q4 2014 *...............................................             390
2015....................................................             430
2016....................................................             724
2017....................................................             977
2018....................................................             968
2019 YTD **.............................................             496
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* 2014 only includes the fourth quarter of 2014: July, August, and
  September.
** Includes October 2018-March 2019.

    The FSA does not impose requirements on secure facilities used for 
the detention of juveniles. Juveniles may be placed in secure 
facilities if they meet the criteria listed in paragraph 21 of the FSA.

[[Page 44509]]

    The rule also applies to UACs who have been transferred to HHS care 
and custody. Upon referral, HHS promptly places UACs in the least 
restrictive setting that is in the best interests of the child, taking 
into consideration danger to self or others and risk of flight. HHS 
considers the unique nature of each child's situation and incorporates 
child welfare principles when making placement and release decisions 
that are in the best interest of the child.
    HHS places UACs in a network of more than 100 shelters in 17 
states. For the first nine years of the UAC Program at HHS, less than 
8,000 UACs were served annually. Since FY 2012, this number has 
increased dramatically, with a total of 13,625 children referred to HHS 
by the end of FY 2012. Between FY 2012 and FY 2018, HHS received a 
total of 316,454 UACs.

             Table 13--UAC Referrals to HHS FY 2008-FY 2018
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Fiscal year                           Referrals
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2008........................................................       6,658
2009........................................................       6,089
2010........................................................       7,383
2011........................................................       6,560
2012........................................................      13,625
2013........................................................      24,668
2014........................................................      57,496
2015........................................................      33,726
2016........................................................      59,170
2017........................................................      40,810
2018........................................................      49,100
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For FY 2018 the average length of care (the time a child has been 
in custody, since the time of admission) for UACs was approximately 60 
days. The majority (more than 85 percent) of UACs are released to 
suitable sponsors who are family members within the United States. UACs 
who are not released to a sponsor typically age out or receive an order 
of removal and are transferred to DHS; are granted voluntary departure 
and likewise transferred to DHS for removal; or, obtain immigration 
legal relief and are no longer eligible for placement in ORR's UAC 
program.

          Table 14--Percentage of UACs by Discharge Type FY 18
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Percentage
                       Discharge type                          of UACs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Age Out....................................................          4.0
Age Redetermination........................................          2.2
Immigration Relief Granted.................................          0.2
Local Law Enforcement......................................          0.0
Ordered Removed............................................          0.2
Other......................................................          4.5
Runaway from Facility......................................          0.4
Runaway on Field Trip......................................          0.1
Reunified (Individual Sponsor).............................         85.8
Reunified (Program/Facility)...............................          0.7
Voluntary Departure........................................          2.0
                                                            ------------
  Total....................................................        100.0
------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Baseline of Current Costs
    In order to properly evaluate the benefits and costs of 
regulations, agencies must evaluate the costs and benefits against a 
baseline. OMB Circular A-4 defines the ``no action'' baseline as ``the 
best assessment of the way the world would look absent the proposed 
action.'' It also specifies that the baseline ``should incorporate the 
agency's best forecast of how the world will change in the future,'' 
absent the regulation. The Departments consider their current 
operations and procedures for implementing the terms of the FSA, the 
HSA, and the TVPRA to be the primary baseline for this analysis, from 
which they estimate the costs and benefits of the rule. The Departments 
also consider how current operations and procedures could change, in 
the absence of this rule, depending on a number of factors.
    The baseline encompasses the FSA that was approved by the court on 
January 28, 1997. It also encompasses the 2002 HSA legislation 
transferring the responsibility for the care and custody of UACs, 
including some of the material terms of the FSA, to ORR, as well as the 
substantive terms of the 2008 TVPRA. Finally, it includes the July 6, 
2016 decision of the Ninth Circuit affirming the district court's 
finding that the FSA applies to both accompanied and unaccompanied 
minors, and that such minors shall not be detained in unlicensed and 
secure facilities that do not meet the requirements of the FSA. See 
Flores v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2016). The section below 
discusses some examples of the current cost for the Departments' 
operations and procedures under the baseline. Because the costs 
described below are already being incurred, they are not costs of this 
rule.
DHS
    CBP incurs costs to comply with the FSA, including those related to 
facility configurations, custodial requirements, and compliance 
monitoring. To comply with the terms of the FSA, for example, CBP 
reallocates space in its facilities to allow for separate holding areas 
for families and/or UACs. Pursuant to the FSA, CBP provides minors and 
UACs access to food; drinking water; functioning toilets and sinks; 
adequate temperature and ventilation; emergency medical care, if 
needed; and safe and sanitary facilities. Thus, CBP incurs costs for, 
among other things, the purchase of food; bottled water; first aid 
kits; hygiene items; blankets, mats, or cots; and age-appropriate 
transport and bedding. To ensure compliance with the FSA, CBP has also 
added fields in its electronic systems of records, so that CBP officers 
and Border Patrol agents can continuously record the conditions of the 
hold rooms and all custodial activities related to each minor or UAC, 
such as medical care provided, welfare checks conducted, and any 
separation from accompanying family members.
    CBP experiences other baseline costs from its national and field 
office Juvenile Coordinators. Under current practice, as described 
above, the national CBP Juvenile Coordinator oversees agency compliance 
with the FSA requirements and with policy related to the treatment of 
minors and UACs in CBP custody. The national CBP Juvenile Coordinator 
monitors CBP facilities and processes through site visits and review of 
juvenile custodial records. Along with the national CBP Juvenile 
Coordinator role, CBP has field office and sector Juvenile Coordinators 
who are responsible for managing all policies on the processing of 
juveniles within CBP facilities, coordinating within CBP and across DHS 
components to ensure the expeditious placement and transport of 
juveniles placed into removal proceedings by CBP, and informing CBP 
operational offices of any policy updates related to the processing of 
juveniles (e.g., through correspondence, training presentations). 
Moreover, CBP's Juvenile Coordinators serve as internal and external 
agency liaisons for all juvenile processing matters.
    CBP's baseline costs also include the use of translation services, 
including contracts for telephonic interpretation services.
    ICE also incurs facility costs to comply with the FSA. The costs of 
operation and maintenance of the ICE FRCs for FY 2015-2019 are listed 
in Table 15, provided by the ICE Office of Acquisition Management. The 
costs account for the implementation of the FSA requirements, including 
the cost for the facility operators to abide by all relevant state 
standards. Two of the FRCs are operated by private contractors, while 
one is operated by a local government, under contract with ICE. These 
are the amounts that have been paid to private contractors or to the

[[Page 44510]]

local government to include beds, guards, health care, and education.

                    Table 15--Current Costs for FRCs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Fiscal year                           FRC costs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2015....................................................    $323,264,774
2016....................................................     312,202,420
2017 *..................................................     232,244,792
2018....................................................     224,321,766
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Revised from NPRM at 83 FR 45513 with final costs.

    The FRC costs are fixed-price agreements with variable costs added 
on a monthly basis. Overall, the fixed-price agreements are not 
dependent on the number of detainees present or length of stay, with 
some exceptions. At Berks, the contract includes a per-person, per-day 
fee charged in addition to the monthly fixed rate. At two of the FRCs, 
Berks and Karnes, education is provided per the standards of a licensed 
program set forth in the FSA, at a per-student, per-day cost. Since 
FRCs are currently at limited available capacity and the configuration 
of limited available capacity varies from day to day across all FRCs, 
the number of children and adults vary at Berks day to day and the 
number of children at Karnes vary day to day. Thus, these costs charged 
to ICE vary from month to month.
    In addition to the above example of baseline costs to operate the 
FRCs DHS (particularly CBP and ICE) incurs costs to process, transfer, 
and provide transportation of minors and UACs from the point of 
apprehension to DHS facilities; from the point of apprehension or from 
a DHS facility to HHS facilities; between facilities; for the purposes 
of release; and for all other circumstances, in compliance with the 
FSA, HSA, and TVPRA.
    The baseline costs also include bond hearings for minors and family 
units who are eligible for such hearings. When a minor or family unit 
seeks a bond, ICE officers must review the request and evaluate the 
individuals' eligibility as well as, where appropriate, set the initial 
bond amount. Further, should the minor or family unit seek a bond 
redetermination hearing before an immigration judge, ICE must transport 
or otherwise arrange for the individuals to appear before the 
immigration court. ICE's baseline costs also include the use of 
translation services, including contracts for telephonic interpretation 
services.
    ICE also incurs baseline costs related to its Juvenile and Family 
Residential Management Unit (JFRMU), which was created in 2007. JFRMU 
manages ICE's policies affecting alien juveniles and families. The role 
of ICE's Juvenile Coordinator is within JFRMU. In addition to the 
national ICE Juvenile Coordinator role, ICE has field office and sector 
Juvenile Coordinators whose responsibilities mirror those of CBP's. In 
addition, compliance with the Flores court's mandate is monitored by 
weekly reports identifying any minors in custody over 20 days at FRCs 
and reviewing the reasons provided by the field office. Additionally, 
weekly audits of 5 percent of the FRC population is done by reviewing 
files and ensuring that minors are served with the required forms--
Notice of Rights, Designated Sponsor Form, and the Parole Review 
Worksheet. JFRMU consists of specialized Federal staff, as well as 
contract subject matter experts in the fields of child psychology, 
child development, education, medicine, and conditions of confinement. 
JFRMU establishes policies on the management of family custody, UACs 
pending transfer to the ORR, and UACs applying for Special Immigrant 
Juvenile status. JFRMU continues to pursue uniform operations 
throughout its program through implementation of family residential 
standards. These standards are continually reviewed and revised as 
needed to ensure the safety and welfare of families awaiting an 
immigration decision while housed in a family residential facility. DHS 
conducts an inspection of each FRC at least annually to confirm that 
the facility is in compliance with ICE Family Residential Standards.
    The baseline costs include the monitoring of FSA compliance and 
reporting to the court. Since 2007, JFRMU has submitted Flores Reports 
annually, bi-annually, or monthly for submission to the court through 
DOJ.
    In addition, DHS considered how DHS's current procedures and 
operations might change in the future in the absence of this rule. For 
example, DHS has seen a large spike in the number of family units 
apprehended or found inadmissible at the Southwest Border.\75\ As of 
June 2019, with three months remaining in FY 2019, CBP has apprehended 
over 390,000 family units between the ports of entry on the Southwest 
Border, so far this fiscal year, as compared to 107,212 family units in 
all of FY 2018. As of this same date, 33,950 family units have been 
found inadmissible at ports of entry along the Southwest border. This 
spike in numbers has placed significant strains on ICE and CBP. In 
light of this ongoing, urgent humanitarian crisis, and apart from this 
rule, ICE could potentially build out the existing space at the Dilley 
facility. An additional 960 beds at Dilley would cost approximately $80 
million. The decision for a buildout would be based on emerging 
operational, policy, and agency needs and available funding. ICE could 
also require additional transportation funding to transport these 
family units out of CBP custody. CBP may also expend additional funding 
to build and maintain any appropriate temporary facilities. Because 
these change could happen in the absence of this rule, they would not 
be an impact of this rule but would be part of baseline costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ See United States Border Patrol Total Family Unit 
Apprehensions By Month--FY 2013 through FY 2018 at https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/assets/documents/2019-Mar/bp-total-monthly-family-units-sector-fy13-fy18.pdf (last visited May 10, 
2019). See also Southwest Border Migration FY 2019 at https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration (last visited June 5, 
2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    HHS' baseline costs were $1.4 billion in FY 2017. HHS funds private 
non-profit and for-profit agencies to provide shelter, counseling, 
medical care, legal services, and other support services to UACs in 
custody. Funding levels for non-profit organizations totaled 
$912,963,474 in FY 2017. Funding levels for for-profit agencies totaled 
$141,509,819 in FY 2017. Program funded facilities receive grants or 
contracts to provide shelter, including therapeutic care, foster care, 
shelter with increased staff supervision, and secure detention care. 
The majority of program costs (approximately 80 percent) are for bed 
capacity care. Other services for UACs, such as medical care, 
background checks, and family reunification services, make up 
approximately 15 percent of the budget. In addition, some funding is 
provided for limited post-release services to certain UACs. 
Administrative expenses to carry out the program total approximately 
five percent of the budget.
    Influx costs to the program vary year to year, and are dependent on 
migration patterns and the resulting numbers of UACs cared for by HHS. 
In FY 2016, for instance, HHS total approved funding for the UAC 
program was $743,538,991, with $224,665,994 going to influx 
programming. In FY 2017, the total funding was $912,963,474, with 
$141,509,819 for influx.
    These are examples of the types of costs the Departments incur 
under current operations, and are not a result of this rule.
3. Costs
    This rulemaking would implement the relevant and substantive terms 
of the FSA, with limited changes necessary to implement closely related 
provisions of

[[Page 44511]]

the HSA and TVPRA, and to ensure that the regulations set forth a 
sustainable operational model of immigration enforcement in light of 
changes in law, circumstance, as well as agency experience. While this 
rule itself does not require in any particular outcome, it does allow 
for several policy outcomes, to include longer detention periods for 
some individuals, in particular families during expedited removal 
proceedings or families in section 240 proceedings who pose a flight 
risk or danger, which may lead to the construction of additional bed 
space or facilities, given other external factors. This section 
assesses the cost of these possible policy outcomes as compared to the 
current operational environment (the Departments' primary assessment of 
what the world would be like absent this rule).
    The primary changes to the current operational environment 
resulting from this rule are implementing an alternative licensing 
process, making changes to ICE parole determination practices to align 
them with applicable statutory and regulatory authority, and shifting 
hearings from DOJ to HHS. The alternative license for FRCs and changes 
to parole determination practices may result in additional or longer 
detention for certain individuals, but DHS is unable to estimate the 
costs of this to the Government or to the individuals being detained 
because DHS is not sure how many individuals will be detained at FRCs 
after this rule is effective or for how much longer individuals may be 
detained because there are so many other variables that may affect such 
estimates. It is possible that some families will experience longer 
detention periods, but--given finite resources and bed space at FRCs--
this also means that many other families will experience less detention 
than under the current status in which DHS generally detains for only 
20 days. DHS is also unable to provide an estimate of the cost of any 
increased detention on the individuals being detained. ICE notes that 
while longer detention for certain family units could result in the 
need for additional space, the decision to increase bed space would be 
based on a number of factors, and at this time ICE is unable to 
determine if this rule would result in additional bed space. This rule 
does not require the addition of new bed space, but by allowing 
alternative licensing for FRCs it does remove a barrier to DHS's use of 
its Congressionally-authorized detention authority, allowing families 
to stay together through the duration of their immigration proceedings. 
If bed space were increased, the cost would depend on the type of 
facility, facility size, location, available funding, and a number of 
other variables. However, ICE notes as an example that an additional 
960 beds at Dilley would cost approximately $80 million.
    Table 16 shows the changes to the DHS current operational status 
compared to the FSA. It contains a preliminary, high-level overview of 
how the rule would change DHS's current operations, for purposes of the 
economic analysis. The table does not provide a comprehensive 
description of all provisions and their basis and purpose.

                                Table 16--FSA and DHS Current Operational Status
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Description of FSA                                        DHS change from
       FSA paragraph No.                provision                DHS cite (8 CFR)            current practice
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1, 2, 3........................  ``Party, ``plaintiff''   N/A...........................  None. (Note: These
                                  and ``class member''                                     definitions are only
                                  definitions.                                             relevant to the FSA
                                                                                           insofar as the FSA
                                                                                           exists in the form of
                                                                                           a consent decree.
                                                                                           Following
                                                                                           promulgation of a
                                                                                           final rule, the
                                                                                           definitions would no
                                                                                           longer be relevant.
                                                                                           As a result, the rule
                                                                                           does not include
                                                                                           these definitions.)
4..............................  ``Minor'' definition...  236.3(b)(1)...................  None.
5..............................  ``Emancipated minor''    236.3(b)(1)(i)................  None.
                                  definition.
6..............................  ``Licensed program''     236.3(b)(9)...................  FSA defines a
                                  definition.                                              ``licensed program''
                                                                                           as one licensed by an
                                                                                           appropriate State
                                                                                           agency. DHS would not
                                                                                           define ``licensed
                                                                                           program,'' but
                                                                                           instead would define
                                                                                           a ``licensed
                                                                                           facility'' as an ICE
                                                                                           detention facility
                                                                                           that is licensed by
                                                                                           the state, county, or
                                                                                           municipality in which
                                                                                           it is located. DHS
                                                                                           would also add an
                                                                                           alternative licensing
                                                                                           process for FRCs, if
                                                                                           the state, county, or
                                                                                           municipality where
                                                                                           the facility is
                                                                                           located does not have
                                                                                           a licensing process
                                                                                           for such facilities.
                                                                                           (Note: In response to
                                                                                           comments, DHS will
                                                                                           post the results of
                                                                                           third-party audits of
                                                                                           its licensed facility
                                                                                           standards on a public-
                                                                                           facing website. The
                                                                                           definition now
                                                                                           specifies that audits
                                                                                           will occur upon the
                                                                                           opening of an FRC and
                                                                                           on a regular ongoing
                                                                                           basis thereafter).
6+ Exhibit 1...................  Exhibit 1, standards of  236.3(i)(4)...................  DHS provides
                                  a licensed program.                                      requirements that
                                                                                           licensed facilities
                                                                                           must meet. (Note:
                                                                                           Compared with Exhibit
                                                                                           1, these requirements
                                                                                           contain a slightly
                                                                                           broadened educational
                                                                                           services description
                                                                                           to capture current
                                                                                           operations and add
                                                                                           that program design
                                                                                           should be appropriate
                                                                                           for length of stay
                                                                                           (see paragraph
                                                                                           (i)(4)(iv)); amend
                                                                                           ``family
                                                                                           reunification
                                                                                           services'' provision
                                                                                           to more appropriately
                                                                                           offer communication
                                                                                           with adult relatives
                                                                                           in the U.S. and
                                                                                           internationally,
                                                                                           since DHS only has
                                                                                           custody of
                                                                                           accompanied minors so
                                                                                           reunification is
                                                                                           unnecessary (see Sec.
 
                                                                                           236.3(i)(4)(iii)(H)).
                                                                                           )
7..............................  ``Special needs minor''  236.3(b)(2)...................  None. (Note: In
                                  definition and                                           response to public
                                  standard.                                                comments, DHS
                                                                                           replacing the term
                                                                                           ``retardation'' with
                                                                                           the term
                                                                                           ``intellectual
                                                                                           disability.'')
8..............................  ``Medium security        N/A...........................  None. (Note: DHS only
                                  facility'' definition.                                   has secure or non-
                                                                                           secure facilities, so
                                                                                           a definition of
                                                                                           ``medium security
                                                                                           facility'' is
                                                                                           unnecessary. As a
                                                                                           result, the rule
                                                                                           lacks such a
                                                                                           definition, even
                                                                                           though the FSA
                                                                                           contains one.)

[[Page 44512]]

 
9..............................  Scope of Settlement      N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  Agreement, Effective                                     provision imposes a
                                  Date, and Publication.                                   series of deadlines
                                                                                           that passed years
                                                                                           ago, and/or do not
                                                                                           impose obligations on
                                                                                           the parties that
                                                                                           continue following
                                                                                           termination of the
                                                                                           FSA. As a result, the
                                                                                           rule does not include
                                                                                           this provision.)
10.............................  Class Definition.......  N/A...........................  None. (Note: Provision
                                                                                           is specific to the
                                                                                           litigation and is not
                                                                                           a relevant or
                                                                                           substantive term of
                                                                                           the FSA, so it is not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule.)
11.............................  Place each detained      236.3(g)(2)(i), (i), (j)(4)...  None. (Note: Sec.
                                  minor in least                                           236.3(j) tracks FSA
                                  restrictive setting                                      paragraph 14, which
                                  appropriate for age                                      is consistent with
                                  and special needs. No                                    FSA paragraph 11 but
                                  requirement to release                                   uses different
                                  to any person who may                                    terms.)
                                  harm or neglect the
                                  minor or fail to
                                  present minor before
                                  the immigration court.
11.............................  The INS treats, and      236.3(a)(1)...................  None.
                                  shall continue to
                                  treat, all minors in
                                  its custody with
                                  dignity, respect and
                                  special concern for
                                  their particular
                                  vulnerability as
                                  minors.
12(A)..........................  Expeditiously process    236.3(e), (f), & (g)(2)(i)....  None. (Note: The rule
                                  the minor.                                               reflects the fact
                                                                                           that the TVPRA
                                                                                           (rather than the FSA)
                                                                                           governs the
                                                                                           processing and
                                                                                           transfer of UACs. The
                                                                                           rule also makes clear
                                                                                           that generally,
                                                                                           unless an emergency
                                                                                           or influx ceases to
                                                                                           exist, the transfer
                                                                                           timelines associated
                                                                                           with an emergency or
                                                                                           influx continue to
                                                                                           apply for non-UAC
                                                                                           minors.)
12(A)..........................  Shall provide the minor  236.3(g)(1)(i)................  None (with the
                                  with notice of rights.                                   exception that the
                                                                                           Form I-770 will be
                                                                                           provided, read, or
                                                                                           explained to all
                                                                                           minors and UACs in a
                                                                                           language and manner
                                                                                           that they
                                                                                           understand).
12(A)..........................  Facilities must be safe  236.3(g)(2)(i)................  None.
                                  and sanitary including
                                  toilets and sinks,
                                  water and food,
                                  medical assistance for
                                  emergencies,
                                  temperature control
                                  and ventilation,
                                  adequate supervision
                                  to protect minor from
                                  others.
12(A)..........................  Contact with family      236.3(g)(2)(i)................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  members who were                                         contains a slightly
                                  arrested with the                                        different standard
                                  minor.                                                   than appears in the
                                                                                           FSA. The rule
                                                                                           provides for contact
                                                                                           with family members
                                                                                           apprehended with both
                                                                                           minors and UACs.
                                                                                           Additionally, the
                                                                                           rule invokes
                                                                                           operational
                                                                                           feasibility and
                                                                                           consideration of the
                                                                                           safety or well-being
                                                                                           of the minor or UAC
                                                                                           in facilitating
                                                                                           contact. The FSA
                                                                                           generally prioritizes
                                                                                           the safety and well-
                                                                                           being of the minor
                                                                                           and that of others,
                                                                                           but does not include
                                                                                           these provisos.)
12(A)..........................  Segregate unaccompanied  236.3(g)(2)(i)................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  minors from unrelated                                    would allow UACs to
                                  adults, unless not                                       be held with
                                  immediately possible                                     unrelated adults for
                                  (in which case an                                        no more than 24 hours
                                  unaccompanied minor                                      except in cases of
                                  may not be held with                                     emergency.)
                                  an unrelated adult for
                                  more than 24 hours).
12(A), 12(A)(1)-(3), 12(B).....  Transfer in a timely     236.3(b)(5), (b)(10), (e)(1)..  None. (Note: Following
                                  manner: Three days to                                    the TVPRA, the
                                  five days max with                                       transfer provisions
                                  exceptions, such as                                      in FSA paragraph
                                  emergency or influx,                                     12(A) apply to DHS
                                  which requires                                           only for accompanied
                                  placement as                                             minors. In addition,
                                  expeditiously as                                         the 'rule's
                                  possible.                                                definition of
                                                                                           ``emergency''
                                                                                           clarifies that an
                                                                                           emergency may create
                                                                                           adequate cause to
                                                                                           depart from any
                                                                                           provision of Sec.
                                                                                           236.3, not just the
                                                                                           transfer timeline.)
12(A)(4).......................  Transfer within 5 days   N/A...........................  None. (Note: Although
                                  instead of 3 days in                                     DHS is not proposing
                                  cases involving                                          a change in practice,
                                  transport from remote                                    it does not propose
                                  areas or where an                                        to codify this
                                  alien speaks an                                          exception from the
                                  ``unusual'' language.                                    FSA in Sec.
                                                                                           236.3(e) because
                                                                                           operational
                                                                                           improvements have
                                                                                           rendered the
                                                                                           exception
                                                                                           unnecessary.)
12(C)..........................  Written plan for         236.3(e)(2)...................  None. (Note: Like the
                                  ``emergency'' or                                         FSA, the rule
                                  ``influx''.                                              requires a written
                                                                                           plan. The written
                                                                                           plan is contained in
                                                                                           a range of guidance
                                                                                           documents.)
13.............................  Age determination......  236.3(c)......................  None. (Note: The rule
                                                                                           includes a ``totality
                                                                                           of the
                                                                                           circumstances''
                                                                                           standard; the FSA
                                                                                           does not contain a
                                                                                           standard that
                                                                                           conflicts with
                                                                                           ``totality of the
                                                                                           circumstances.'')
14.............................  Release from custody     236.3(j) (release generally)..  The rule details the
                                  where the INS                                            statutory and
                                  determines that the                                      regulatory provisions
                                  detention of the minor                                   that govern the
                                  is not required either                                   custody and release
                                  to secure his or her                                     of non-UAC minors.
                                  timely appearance                                        The rule also
                                  before the INS or the                                    clarifies that for
                                  immigration court, or                                    minors detained
                                  to ensure the minor's                                    pursuant to INA
                                  safety or that of                                        235(b)(1)(B)(ii) or 8
                                  others. Release is to,                                   CFR 235.3(c), parole
                                  in order of                                              will generally serve
                                  preference: Parent,                                      an urgent
                                  legal guardian, adult                                    humanitarian reason
                                  relative, adult or                                       if DHS determines
                                  entity, licensed                                         that detention is not
                                  program, adult seeking                                   required to secure
                                  custody.                                                 the minor's timely
                                                                                           appearance before DHS
                                                                                           or the immigration
                                                                                           court, or to ensure
                                                                                           the minor's safety
                                                                                           and well-being or the
                                                                                           safety of others. In
                                                                                           addition, the rule
                                                                                           codifies the list of
                                                                                           individuals to whom a
                                                                                           non-UAC minor can be
                                                                                           released. Per the
                                                                                           TVPRA, DHS does not
                                                                                           have the authority to
                                                                                           release UACs.
15.............................  Before release from      N/A...........................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  custody, Form I-134                                      does not codify this
                                  and agreement to                                         portion of the FSA,
                                  certain terms must be                                    because (1) the TVPRA
                                  executed. If                                             has overtaken this
                                  emergency, then minor                                    provision in part,
                                  can be transferred                                       and (2) these
                                  temporarily to                                           requirements, which
                                  custodian but must                                       are primarily for
                                  notify INS in 72 hours.                                  DHS's benefit, are
                                                                                           not currently
                                                                                           implemented.)

[[Page 44513]]

 
16.............................  INS may terminate the    N/A...........................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  custody if terms are                                     does not codify this
                                  not met.                                                 portion of the FSA,
                                                                                           because (1) the TVPRA
                                                                                           has overtaken this
                                                                                           provision in part,
                                                                                           and (2) these
                                                                                           requirements, which
                                                                                           are primarily for
                                                                                           DHS's benefit, are
                                                                                           not currently
                                                                                           implemented.)
17.............................  Positive suitability     N/A...........................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  assessment.                                              does not codify this
                                                                                           portion of the FSA,
                                                                                           because the TVPRA has
                                                                                           overtaken this
                                                                                           provision. Per the
                                                                                           TVPRA, DHS does not
                                                                                           have the authority to
                                                                                           release UACs.)
18.............................  INS or licensed program  236.3(j)......................  None.
                                  must make and record
                                  the prompt and
                                  continuous efforts on
                                  its part toward family
                                  reunification efforts
                                  and release of minor
                                  consistent with FSA
                                  paragraph 14.
19.............................  INS custody in licensed  236.3(i), (i)(5)..............  None.
                                  facilities until
                                  release or until
                                  immigration
                                  proceedings are
                                  concluded. Temporary
                                  transfers in event of
                                  an emergency.
20.............................  INS must publish a       N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  ``Program                                                provision imposes a
                                  Announcement'' within                                    deadline that passed
                                  60 Days of the FSA's                                     years ago. As a
                                  approval.                                                result, the rule does
                                                                                           not include this
                                                                                           provision.)
21.............................  Transfer to a suitable   236.3(i)(1)...................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  State or county                                          clarifies some of the
                                  juvenile detention                                       exceptions to secure
                                  facility if a minor                                      detention, consistent
                                  has been charged or                                      with current practice
                                  convicted of a crime                                     and in line with the
                                  with exceptions.                                         intent underlying FSA
                                                                                           paragraph 21(A)(i)-
                                                                                           (ii). The rule also
                                                                                           removes the specific
                                                                                           examples used in
                                                                                           FSA.)
22.............................  Escape risk definition.  236.3(b)(6)...................  None. (Note: The rule
                                                                                           uses final order of
                                                                                           ``removal'' rather
                                                                                           than deportation or
                                                                                           exclusion, and
                                                                                           considers past
                                                                                           absconding from state
                                                                                           or Federal custody;
                                                                                           and not just DHS or
                                                                                           HHS custody.)
23.............................  Least restrictive        236.3(i)(2)...................  None.
                                  placement of minors
                                  available and
                                  appropriate.
24(A)..........................  Bond redetermination     236.3(m)......................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  hearing afforded.                                        adds language to
                                                                                           specifically exclude
                                                                                           those aliens for
                                                                                           which IJs do not have
                                                                                           jurisdiction, as
                                                                                           provided in 8 CFR
                                                                                           1003.19.)
24(B)..........................  Judicial review of       N/A...........................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  placement in a                                           does not expressly
                                  particular type of                                       provide for judicial
                                  facility permitted or                                    review of placement/
                                  that facility does not                                   compliance, as a
                                  comply with standards                                    regulation cannot
                                  in Ex. 1.                                                confer jurisdiction
                                                                                           on Federal court.)
24(C)..........................  Notice of reasons        N/A...........................  None.
                                  provided to minor not
                                  in a licensed program/
                                  judicial review.
24(D)..........................  All minors ``not         236.3(g)(1)...................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  released'' shall be                                      requires DHS to
                                  given Form I-770,                                        provide the notice of
                                  notice of right to                                       right to judicial
                                  judicial review, and                                     review and list of
                                  list of free legal                                       counsel to those
                                  services.                                                minors who are not
                                                                                           UACs and who are
                                                                                           transferred to or
                                                                                           remain in a DHS
                                                                                           detention facility.
                                                                                           The corresponding FSA
                                                                                           provisions apply to
                                                                                           minors ``not
                                                                                           released.'' The
                                                                                           difference in scope
                                                                                           is a result of the
                                                                                           TVPRA and reflects
                                                                                           the relationship
                                                                                           between paragraph
                                                                                           12(A), which applies
                                                                                           to the provision of
                                                                                           certain rights
                                                                                           (largely contained on
                                                                                           the I-770)
                                                                                           immediately following
                                                                                           arrest, and Paragraph
                                                                                           28(D), which applies
                                                                                           to all minors who are
                                                                                           ``not released,'' and
                                                                                           so are detained by
                                                                                           DHS. The language
                                                                                           does not reflect a
                                                                                           change in practice.
                                                                                           The rule also
                                                                                           includes more
                                                                                           detailed language
                                                                                           with respect to the
                                                                                           Form I-770 than the
                                                                                           FSA; this language
                                                                                           comes from current 8
                                                                                           CFR 236.3, and is
                                                                                           consistent with the
                                                                                           requirements of
                                                                                           Paragraph 12(A).)
24(E)..........................  Additional information   N/A...........................  None. (Note:
                                  on precursors to                                         Responsibilities of
                                  seeking judicial                                         the minor prior to
                                  review.                                                  bringing litigation
                                                                                           are not relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule.)
25.............................  Unaccompanied minors in  236.3(f)(4)...................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  INS custody should not                                   makes a clarifying
                                  be transported in                                        change: The rule adds
                                  vehicles with detained                                   ``or unavailable'' as
                                  adults except when                                       an exception to
                                  transport is from                                        ``impractical.'')
                                  place of arrest/
                                  apprehension to an INS
                                  office, or when
                                  separate
                                  transportation would
                                  otherwise be
                                  impractical.
26.............................  Provide assistance in    236.3(j)(3)...................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  making transportation                                    would remove the
                                  arrangement for                                          reference to release
                                  release of minor to                                      to a ``facility.''
                                  person or facility to                                    Referral to HHS is a
                                  whom released.                                           transfer, not a
                                                                                           release.)
27.............................  Transfer between         236.3(k)......................  None.
                                  placements with
                                  possessions, notice to
                                  counsel.
28(A)..........................  INS Juvenile             236.3(o)......................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  Coordinator to monitor                                   requires collection
                                  compliance with FSA                                      of relevant data for
                                  and maintain records                                     purposes of
                                  on all minors placed                                     monitoring
                                  in proceedings and                                       compliance. The list
                                  remain in custody for                                    of data points is
                                  longer than 72 hours.                                    similar to the list
                                                                                           in 28(A) but not
                                                                                           identical.)
28(B)..........................  Plaintiffs' counsel may  N/A...........................  This provision would
                                  contact INS Juvenile                                     no longer apply
                                  Coordinator to request                                   following termination
                                  an investigation on                                      of the FSA. (Note:
                                  why a minor has not                                      Special provisions
                                  been released.                                           for Plaintiffs'
                                                                                           counsel are not
                                                                                           relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule.)
29.............................  Plaintiffs' counsel      N/A...........................  This provision would
                                  must be provided                                         no longer apply
                                  information pursuant                                     following termination
                                  to FSA paragraph 28 on                                   of the FSA. (Note:
                                  a semi-annual basis;                                     Special provisions
                                  Plaintiffs' counsel                                      for Plaintiffs'
                                  have the opportunity                                     counsel are not
                                  to submit questions.                                     relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule.)

[[Page 44514]]

 
30.............................  INS Juvenile             N/A...........................  This provision would
                                  Coordinator must                                         no longer apply
                                  report to the court                                      following termination
                                  annually.                                                of the FSA. (Note:
                                                                                           Special provisions
                                                                                           for reporting to the
                                                                                           court are not
                                                                                           relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule.)
31.............................  Defendants can request   N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  a substantial                                            provision imposed a
                                  compliance                                               timeframe related to
                                  determination after                                      court supervision of
                                  one year of the FSA.                                     the FSA. As a result,
                                                                                           the rule does not
                                                                                           include this
                                                                                           provision.)
32(A), (B), and (D)............  Attorney-client visits   N/A...........................  Special provisions for
                                  with class members                                       Plaintiffs' counsel
                                  allowed for                                              are not relevant or
                                  Plaintiffs' counsel at                                   substantive terms of
                                  a facility.                                              the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the rule.
32(C)..........................  Agreements for the       236.3(i)(4)(xv)...............  None. (Note: Special
                                  placement of minors in                                   provisions for
                                  non-INS facilities                                       Plaintiffs' counsel
                                  shall permit attorney-                                   are not relevant or
                                  client visits,                                           substantive terms of
                                  including by class                                       the FSA, so the
                                  counsel.                                                 reference to class
                                                                                           counsel is not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule.)
33.............................  Plaintiffs' counsel      N/A...........................  Special provisions for
                                  allowed to request                                       Plaintiffs' counsel
                                  access to, and visit                                     are not relevant or
                                  licensed program                                         substantive terms of
                                  facility or medium                                       the FSA, and are not
                                  security facility or                                     included in the rule.
                                  detention facility.
34.............................  INS employees must be    N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  trained on FSA within                                    provision imposed a
                                  120 days of court                                        deadline that passed
                                  approval.                                                years ago. As a
                                                                                           result, the rule does
                                                                                           not include this
                                                                                           provision.)
35.............................  Dismissal of action      N/A...........................  None. (Note:
                                  after court has                                          Provisions specific
                                  determined substantial                                   to terminating the
                                  compliance.                                              action are not
                                                                                           relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule.)
36.............................  Reservation of Rights..  N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                                                                           provision is only
                                                                                           relevant to the FSA
                                                                                           insofar as the FSA
                                                                                           exists in the form of
                                                                                           a consent decree.
                                                                                           Following
                                                                                           promulgation of a
                                                                                           final rule, it would
                                                                                           no longer be
                                                                                           relevant. As a
                                                                                           result, the rule does
                                                                                           not include this
                                                                                           provision.)
37.............................  Notice and Dispute       N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  Resolution.                                              provision provides
                                                                                           for ongoing
                                                                                           enforcement of the
                                                                                           FSA by the district
                                                                                           court. As a result,
                                                                                           the rule does not
                                                                                           include this
                                                                                           provision.)
38.............................  Publicity--joint press   N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  conference.                                              provision relates to
                                                                                           an event that
                                                                                           occurred years ago.
                                                                                           As a result, the rule
                                                                                           does not include this
                                                                                           provision.)
39.............................  Attorneys' Fees and      N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  Costs.                                                   provision imposed a
                                                                                           deadline that passed
                                                                                           years ago. As a
                                                                                           result, the rule does
                                                                                           not include this
                                                                                           provision.)
40.............................  Termination 45 days      N/A...........................  None. (Note:
                                  after publication of                                     Provisions specific
                                  final rule.                                              to terminating the
                                                                                           FSA are not relevant
                                                                                           or substantive terms,
                                                                                           and are not included
                                                                                           in the rule.)
41.............................  Representations and      N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  Warranty.                                                provision is only
                                                                                           relevant to the FSA
                                                                                           insofar as the FSA
                                                                                           exists in the form of
                                                                                           a consent decree.
                                                                                           Following
                                                                                           promulgation of a
                                                                                           final rule, it would
                                                                                           no longer be
                                                                                           relevant. As a
                                                                                           result, the rule does
                                                                                           not include this
                                                                                           provision.)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                Table 17--FSA and HHS Current Operational Status
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Description of FSA                                        HHS change from
       FSA paragraph No.                provision                HHS cite (45 CFR)           current practice
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1, 2, 3........................  ``Party, ``plaintiff''   N/A...........................  None. (Note: These
                                  and ``class member''                                     definitions are only
                                  definitions.                                             relevant to the FSA
                                                                                           insofar as the FSA
                                                                                           exists in the form of
                                                                                           a consent decree.
                                                                                           Following
                                                                                           promulgation of a
                                                                                           final rule, the
                                                                                           definitions would no
                                                                                           longer be relevant.
                                                                                           As a result, the rule
                                                                                           does not include
                                                                                           these definitions).
4..............................  ``minor''..............  N/A...........................  HHS uses the statutory
                                                                                           term ``unaccompanied
                                                                                           alien child'' (UAC)
                                                                                           as HHS only provides
                                                                                           care and custody to
                                                                                           UAC as defined under
                                                                                           6 U.S.C. 279(g)(2)
                                                                                           pursuant to 8 U.S.C.
                                                                                           1232(b)(1).
5..............................  ``emancipated minor''..  N/A...........................  Term only has
                                                                                           significant for DHS
                                                                                           portion of the joint
                                                                                           rule.
6..............................  ``licensed program''...  410.101.......................  Adopted in relevant
                                                                                           part, but replaces
                                                                                           ``minor'' with
                                                                                           ``UAC'' as HHS only
                                                                                           provides care and
                                                                                           custody to UAC.
7..............................  ``special needs minor''  410.101; 410.208..............  None. (Note: In
                                                                                           response to public
                                                                                           comments, HHS
                                                                                           replacing the term
                                                                                           ``retardation'' with
                                                                                           the term
                                                                                           ``intellectual
                                                                                           disability.'').
8..............................  ``medium secure          N/A...........................  None. (Note: ORR does
                                  facility''.                                              not use medium secure
                                                                                           facilities).
9..............................  Scope of Settlement      N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  Agreement, Effective                                     provision imposes a
                                  Date, and Publication.                                   series of deadlines
                                                                                           that passed years
                                                                                           ago, and/or do not
                                                                                           impose obligations on
                                                                                           the parties that
                                                                                           continue following
                                                                                           termination of the
                                                                                           FSA. As a result, the
                                                                                           rule does not include
                                                                                           this provision).
10.............................  Class Definition.......  N/A...........................  None. (Note: Provision
                                                                                           is specific to the
                                                                                           litigation and is not
                                                                                           a relevant or
                                                                                           substantive term of
                                                                                           the FSA, so it is not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule).

[[Page 44515]]

 
11.............................  Statements of General    410.102.......................  None. (Note: The HHS
                                  Applicability.                                           portion of the rule
                                                                                           only applies to UAC
                                                                                           in HHS care and
                                                                                           custody).
12(A)..........................  Procedures and           410.201(a)-(d); 410.209.......  None. (Note: ORR is
                                  Temporary Placement                                      not involved in the
                                  Following Arrest.                                        apprehension of UAC
                                                                                           or their immediate
                                                                                           detention following
                                                                                           arrest. HHS adopts
                                                                                           standards of 12A for
                                                                                           its care provider
                                                                                           facilities).
12(B); 12(C)...................  Defining ``emergency''   410.101.......................  None.
                                  and ``influx''.
13.............................  Placing aliens who       410.202(a)(4); 410.700-410.701  None (Note: Section
                                  appear to be adults;                                     410.202(a)(4)
                                  age determinations.                                      conforms with the FSA
                                                                                           requirement that
                                                                                           allows the government
                                                                                           to not place an alien
                                                                                           who appears to the
                                                                                           reasonable person to
                                                                                           be an adult in HHS
                                                                                           custody. Sections
                                                                                           410.700-410.701 set
                                                                                           forth the
                                                                                           requirements for age
                                                                                           determinations in
                                                                                           compliance with 8
                                                                                           U.S.C. 1232(b)(4)).
14.............................  Release from custody     410.300-410.301...............  None.
                                  where the INS
                                  determines that the
                                  detention of the minor
                                  is not required either
                                  to secure his or her
                                  timely appearance
                                  before the INS or the
                                  immigration court, or
                                  to ensure the minor's
                                  safety or that of
                                  others. Release is to,
                                  in order of
                                  preference: Parent,
                                  legal guardian, adult
                                  relative, adult or
                                  entity, licensed
                                  program, adult seeking
                                  custody.
15.............................  Before release from      410.302(e)....................  None.
                                  custody, Form I-134
                                  and agreement to
                                  certain terms must be
                                  executed. If
                                  emergency, then minor
                                  can be transferred
                                  temporarily to
                                  custodian but must
                                  notify INS in 72 hours.
16.............................  INS may terminate the    N/A...........................  N/A.
                                  custody if terms are
                                  not met.
17.............................  Positive suitability     410.302(c)-(d)................  None.
                                  assessment.
18.............................  INS or licensed program  410.201(f); 410.302(a)........  None.
                                  must make and record
                                  the prompt and
                                  continuous efforts on
                                  its part toward family
                                  reunification efforts
                                  and release of minor
                                  consistent with FSA
                                  paragraph 14.
19.............................  INS custody in licensed  410.207.......................  None.
                                  facilities until
                                  release or until
                                  immigration
                                  proceedings are
                                  concluded. Temporary
                                  transfers in event of
                                  an emergency.
20.............................  INS must publish a       N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  ``Program                                                provision imposes a
                                  Announcement'' within                                    deadline that passed
                                  60 Days of the FSA's                                     years ago. As a
                                  approval.                                                result, the rule does
                                                                                           not include this
                                                                                           provision).
21.............................  Transfer to a suitable   410.203.......................  None. (Note: Pursuant
                                  State or county                                          to 8 U.S.C.
                                  juvenile detention                                       1232(c)(2)(A), HHS
                                  facility if a minor                                      can only place a UAC
                                  has been charged or                                      in a secure facility
                                  convicted of a crime                                     (which are state or
                                  with exceptions.                                         county juvenile
                                                                                           detention facilities)
                                                                                           if they are a danger
                                                                                           to self or others or
                                                                                           has been charged with
                                                                                           committing a criminal
                                                                                           offense. Therefore
                                                                                           HHS has removed the
                                                                                           factors listed in FSA
                                                                                           paragraph 21C-D as
                                                                                           considerations for a
                                                                                           secure placement
                                                                                           (escape-risk and to
                                                                                           protect UAC from
                                                                                           smugglers,
                                                                                           respectively).
                                                                                           Additionally, HHS
                                                                                           adds the requirements
                                                                                           of the TVPRA to place
                                                                                           a UAC in the least
                                                                                           restrictive setting
                                                                                           appropriate).
22.............................  Escape risk definition.  410.101; 410.204..............  None. (Note: HHS does
                                                                                           not use escape risk
                                                                                           as a factor for
                                                                                           placing a minor in an
                                                                                           unlicensed ``secure''
                                                                                           facility as explained
                                                                                           above).
23.............................  Least restrictive        410.201(a); 410.203(d);         None. (Note: HHS adds
                                  placement of minors      410.205.                        that placement in the
                                  available and                                            least restrictive
                                  appropriate.                                             setting include the
                                                                                           best interest
                                                                                           standard which was
                                                                                           not included into the
                                                                                           FSA. Additionally, as
                                                                                           noted previously ORR
                                                                                           does not maintain
                                                                                           ``medium secure''
                                                                                           facilities.
24(A)..........................  Bond redetermination     410.800-410.801; 410.810......  HHS is transferring
                                  hearing afforded.                                        bond hearings to an
                                                                                           independent hearing
                                                                                           officer housed within
                                                                                           HHS who uses the same
                                                                                           standards as
                                                                                           immigration judges in
                                                                                           bond hearings to
                                                                                           determine whether a
                                                                                           UAC is a danger to
                                                                                           others or risk of
                                                                                           flight.
24(B)..........................  Judicial review of       N/A...........................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  placement in a                                           does not expressly
                                  particular type of                                       provide for judicial
                                  facility permitted or                                    review of placement/
                                  that facility does not                                   compliance, as a
                                  comply with standards                                    regulation cannot
                                  in Ex. 1.                                                confer jurisdiction
                                                                                           on Federal court).
24(C)..........................  Notice of reasons        410.206; 410.207..............  None. (Note: ORR
                                  provided to minor not                                    provides UAC in
                                  in a licensed program/                                   secure or staff-
                                  judicial review.                                         secure the reasons
                                                                                           for their placement
                                                                                           and notice of
                                                                                           judicial review).
24(D)..........................  All minors ``not         410.801(b)....................  Provides
                                  released'' shall be                                      administrative review
                                  given Form I-770,                                        notice for UAC.
                                  notice of right to
                                  judicial review, and
                                  list of free legal
                                  services.
24(E)..........................  Additional information   N/A...........................  None. (Note:
                                  on precursors to                                         Responsibilities of
                                  seeking judicial                                         the minor prior to
                                  review.                                                  bringing litigation
                                                                                           are not relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule).
25.............................  Unaccompanied minors in  410.500(a)....................  None. (Note: HHS does
                                  INS custody should not                                   not have adults in
                                  be transported in                                        custody).
                                  vehicles with detained
                                  adults except when
                                  transport is from
                                  place of arrest/
                                  apprehension to an INS
                                  office, or when
                                  separate
                                  transportation would
                                  otherwise be
                                  impractical.
26.............................  Provide assistance in    410.500(b)....................  None. (Note: The
                                  making transportation                                    provision references
                                  arrangement for                                          UAC sponsors).
                                  release of minor to
                                  person or facility to
                                  whom released.

[[Page 44516]]

 
27.............................  Transfer between         410.600.......................  None.
                                  placements with
                                  possessions, notice to
                                  counsel.
28(A)..........................  INS Juvenile             410.403.......................  None. (Note: This
                                  Coordinator to monitor                                   provision is mainly
                                  compliance with FSA                                      specific to DHS. HHS
                                  and maintain records                                     monitors compliance
                                  on all minors placed                                     to the rules
                                  in proceedings and                                       provisions through
                                  remain in custody for                                    its policies and
                                  longer than 72 hours.                                    procedures that
                                                                                           implement the FSA).
28(B)..........................  Plaintiffs' counsel may  N/A...........................  This provision would
                                  contact INS Juvenile                                     no longer apply
                                  Coordinator to request                                   following termination
                                  an investigation on                                      of the FSA. (Note:
                                  why a minor has not                                      Special provisions
                                  been released.                                           for Plaintiffs'
                                                                                           counsel are not
                                                                                           relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule).
29.............................  Plaintiffs' counsel      N/A...........................  This provision would
                                  must be provided                                         no longer apply
                                  information pursuant                                     following termination
                                  to FSA paragraph 28 on                                   of the FSA. (Note:
                                  a semi-annual basis;                                     Special provisions
                                  Plaintiffs' counsel                                      for Plaintiffs'
                                  have the opportunity                                     counsel are not
                                  to submit questions.                                     relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule).
30.............................  INS Juvenile             N/A...........................  This provision would
                                  Coordinator must                                         no longer apply
                                  report to the court                                      following termination
                                  annually.                                                of the FSA. (Note:
                                                                                           Special provisions
                                                                                           for reporting to the
                                                                                           court are not
                                                                                           relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule).
31.............................  Defendants can request   N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  a substantial                                            provision imposed a
                                  compliance                                               timeframe related to
                                  determination after                                      court supervision of
                                  one year of the FSA.                                     the FSA. As a result,
                                                                                           the rule does not
                                                                                           include this
                                                                                           provision).
32(A), (B), (C), and (D).......  Attorney-client visits   N/A...........................  Special provisions for
                                  with class members                                       Plaintiffs' counsel
                                  allowed for                                              are not relevant or
                                  Plaintiffs' counsel at                                   substantive terms of
                                  a facility.                                              the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the rule.
33.............................  Plaintiffs' counsel      N/A...........................  Special provisions for
                                  allowed to request                                       Plaintiffs' counsel
                                  access to, and visit                                     are not relevant or
                                  licensed program                                         substantive terms of
                                  facility or medium                                       the FSA, and are not
                                  security facility or                                     included in the rule.
                                  detention facility.
34.............................  INS employees must be    N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  trained on FSA within                                    provision imposed a
                                  120 days of court                                        deadline that passed
                                  approval.                                                years ago. As a
                                                                                           result, the rule does
                                                                                           not include this
                                                                                           provision).
35.............................  Dismissal of action      N/A...........................  None. (Note:
                                  after court has                                          Provisions specific
                                  determined substantial                                   to terminating the
                                  compliance.                                              action are not
                                                                                           relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the
                                                                                           rule).
36.............................  Reservation of Rights..  N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                                                                           provision is only
                                                                                           relevant to the FSA
                                                                                           insofar as the FSA
                                                                                           exists in the form of
                                                                                           a consent decree.
                                                                                           Following
                                                                                           promulgation of a
                                                                                           final rule, it would
                                                                                           no longer be
                                                                                           relevant. As a
                                                                                           result, the rule does
                                                                                           not include this
                                                                                           provision).
37.............................  Notice and Dispute       N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  Resolution.                                              provision provides
                                                                                           for ongoing
                                                                                           enforcement of the
                                                                                           FSA by the district
                                                                                           court. As a result,
                                                                                           the rule does not
                                                                                           include this
                                                                                           provision).
38.............................  Publicity--joint press   N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  conference.                                              provision relates to
                                                                                           an event that
                                                                                           occurred years ago.
                                                                                           As a result, the rule
                                                                                           does not include this
                                                                                           provision).
39.............................  Attorneys' Fees and      N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  Costs.                                                   provision imposed a
                                                                                           deadline that passed
                                                                                           years ago. As a
                                                                                           result, the rule does
                                                                                           not include this
                                                                                           provision).
40.............................  Termination 45 days      N/A...........................  None. (Note:
                                  after publication of                                     Provisions specific
                                  final rule.                                              to terminating the
                                                                                           FSA are not relevant
                                                                                           or substantive terms,
                                                                                           and are not included
                                                                                           in the rule).
41.............................  Representations and      N/A...........................  None. (Note: This
                                  Warranty.                                                provision is only
                                                                                           relevant to the FSA
                                                                                           insofar as the FSA
                                                                                           exists in the form of
                                                                                           a consent decree.
                                                                                           Following
                                                                                           promulgation of a
                                                                                           final rule, it would
                                                                                           no longer be
                                                                                           relevant. As a
                                                                                           result, the rule does
                                                                                           not include this
                                                                                           provision).
Exhibit 1......................  Minimum Standards for    410.402.......................  None.
                                  Licensed Programs.
Exhibit 2......................  Instructions to Service  N/A...........................  None (Note: ORR
                                  Officers re:                                             provides notice to
                                  Processing, Treatment,                                   its Federal,
                                  and Placement of                                         contractor, and care
                                  Minors.                                                  provider staff of
                                                                                           provisions for the
                                                                                           processing,
                                                                                           treatment, and
                                                                                           placement of UAC in
                                                                                           the ORR Policy Guide
                                                                                           and Manual of
                                                                                           Procedures. The
                                                                                           provisions specified
                                                                                           in Ex. 2 are
                                                                                           incorporated into
                                                                                           these documents).
Exhibit 3......................  Contingency Plan.......  410.209.......................  None. (Note: The rule
                                                                                           also makes provisions
                                                                                           for influx care
                                                                                           facilities).
Exhibit 4......................  Agreement Concerning     N/A...........................  Special provisions for
                                  Facility Visits Under                                    Plaintiffs' counsel
                                  Paragraph 33.                                            are not relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the rule.
Exhibit 5......................  List of Organization to  N/A...........................  Special provisions for
                                  Receive Information.                                     Plaintiffs' counsel
                                                                                           are not relevant or
                                                                                           substantive terms of
                                                                                           the FSA, and are not
                                                                                           included in the rule.
Exhibit 6......................  Notice of Right to       N/A...........................  None. (Note: The rule
                                  Judicial Review.                                         does not expressly
                                                                                           provide for judicial
                                                                                           review of placement/
                                                                                           compliance, as a
                                                                                           regulation cannot
                                                                                           confer jurisdiction
                                                                                           on Federal court.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. DHS
    A primary change to DHS's current operational environment resulting 
from this rule is implementing an alternative licensing process. To 
codify the requirements of the FSA, facilities that hold minors obtain 
state, county, or municipal licensing where appropriate licenses are 
available. If no such

[[Page 44517]]

licensing regime is available, however, DHS will employ an outside 
entity to ensure that the facility complies with family residential 
standards established by ICE and that meet the requirements for 
licensing under the FSA, thus fulfilling the intent of obtaining a 
license from a state or local agency. This provides effectively the 
same substantive assurances that the state-licensing requirement exists 
to provide.
    ICE currently meets the licensing requirements established by this 
rule by requiring FRCs to adhere to the Family Residential Standards 
and monitoring the FRCs' compliance through an existing contract. Thus, 
DHS will not incur additional costs in fulfilling the requirements of 
the alternative licensing process, given the third party licensing will 
continue to perform auditing reports that currently take place. 
However, most states do not offer licensing for facilities like the 
FRCs.\76\ Therefore, to meet the terms of the FSA, minors who are not 
UACs are generally held in FRCs for less than approximately 20 days 
(see Table 10). As all FRCs would be licensed, or considered licensed, 
under this rule, the rule would allow the government to extend 
detention of some minors, and their accompanying parent or legal 
guardian, in FRCs beyond the approximate 20 day point.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \76\ See the discussion of the definition of ``licensed 
facility'' supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ICE is unable to estimate how long detention would be extended for 
some categories of minors and their accompanying adults in FRCs due to 
this rule. The average length of stay in the past is not a reliable 
source for future projections, and the average length of stay prior to 
the court decisions in 2015 and 2017 reflect other policy decisions 
that will not be directly affected by this rule. The number of days 
some minors and their accompanying adults may be detained depends on 
several factors, including a number of factors that are beyond the 
scope of this rule. These may include the number of minors and their 
accompanying adults who arrive in a facility on a given day; the timing 
and outcome of immigration court proceedings before an immigration 
judge; whether an individual is eligible for and granted parole or 
bond; issuance of travel documents by foreign governments; 
transportation schedule and availability; the availability of bed space 
in an FRC; and other laws, regulations, guidance, and policies 
regarding removal not subject to this rule.
    Although DHS cannot reliably predict the increased average length 
of stay for affected minors and their accompanying parents or legal 
guardians in FRCs, DHS recognizes that generally only certain groups of 
aliens are likely to have their length of stay in an FRC increased as a 
result of this rule, among other factors. For instance, aliens who have 
received a positive credible fear determination, and who are a flight 
risk or danger, may be more likely to be held throughout their asylum 
proceedings. Likewise, aliens who have received a negative credible 
fear determination, have requested review of the determination by an 
immigration judge, had the negative determination upheld, and are 
awaiting removal, are likely to be held until removal can be 
effectuated. In FY 2017, 16,807 minors in FRCs went through the 
credible fear screening process and were released. In FY 2018, 22,352 
minors in FRCs went through the credible fear screening process and 
were released. Table 18 shows for FY 2017 and FY 2018 the number of 
minors who went through the credible fear screening process who were 
released from FRCs. It does not include those minors who were removed 
while detained at an FRC. Those minors who were removed from an FRC 
would not have their lengths of stay increased pursuant to the changes 
in this rule.

  Table 18--FY 2017 & FY 2018 Minors at FRCs Who Went Through Credible
                         Fear Screening Process
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                             Numbers of minors at FRCs
                                         -------------------------------
                                              FY 2017         FY 2018
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Positive Credible Fear Determinations...          14,993          20,219
Negative Credible Fear Determinations...             349             358
Immigration Judge Review Requested......             317             309
Immigration Judge Review Not Requested..              32              49
Administratively Closed.................           1,465           1,775
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Of the 14,993 minors in FY 2017 and the 20,219 in FY 2018 who had 
positive credible fear determinations, about 99 percent were paroled or 
released on their own recognizance. The remaining one percent of minors 
are those in categories that might have their length of stay in an FRC 
increased due to this rule.
    Separate from the population of minors referenced in Table 18, 
members of a family unit with administratively final orders of removal 
are likely to be held until removed after this rule is finalized. 842 
such minors who were detained and released at FRCs during FY 2017 and 
1,434 such minors who were detained and released at FRCs during FY 2018 
either had final orders of removal at the time of their release or 
subsequently received final orders of removal following their release 
within the same FY. Minors like these 842 in FY 2017 and 1,434 in FY 
2018 may be held in detention longer as a result of this rule. While 
DHS generally expects an increase in the average length of stay to 
affect only these groups, there may be others who may be affected such 
as family units who are not eligible for parole.
    In FY 2017, the total number of minors who might have been detained 
longer at an FRC is estimated to be the number of minors in an FRC who 
were not paroled or released on order of their own recognizance (131), 
plus the number of such minors who had negative credible fear 
determinations (349), plus administratively closed cases (1,465), plus 
those who were released and either had final orders of removals at the 
time of their release or subsequently received final orders following 
their release (842), or 2,787. In FY 2018, the total number of minors 
who might have been detained longer at an FRC is estimated to be the 
number of minors in an FRC who were not paroled or released on their 
own recognizance (96), plus the number of such minors who had negative 
credible fear determinations (358), plus administratively closed cases 
(1,775), plus those who were released and either had final orders of 
removal at the time of their release or subsequently received

[[Page 44518]]

final orders following their release (1,434), or 3,663. While the above 
analysis reflects the number of minors in these groups in the FY 2017 
and 2018, DHS is unable to forecast the future total number of such 
minors. The numbers of accompanying parents or legal guardians are not 
included in this estimate. The 3,663 minors and their parents or legal 
guardians will not all be encountered at the same time, but over the 
course of a year, and would be detained at one of the three existing 
FRCs during their removal proceedings.
    The remaining factor in estimating the costs attributed to a 
potentially increased length of stay for these groups of minors and 
their accompanying parent or legal guardian are the per-person per-day 
cost to provide detention services. As discussed previously, current 
FRCs are largely funded through fixed-price agreements based on the 
full capacity of our current facilities and thus are not primarily 
dependent on the number of beds filled. Accordingly, facilities are 
generally ready to accommodate the number of families stipulated in 
their contracts. Therefore, DHS believes the best proxy for the 
marginal cost of services for filling any available bed space at 
current FRCs are the variable contract costs paid by ICE to the private 
contractor and government entity who operate and maintain the FRCs. The 
fixed and variable contract costs were obtained from ICE Office of 
Acquisition Management. For Berks, there is a $16 per-person, per-day 
fee in addition to the monthly fixed contract rate. Assuming that the 
contract terms are the same in the future, an increased number of days 
that all individuals would be at an FRC may also increase this total 
variable fee amount. Due to the uncertainty surrounding estimating an 
increased length of stay and the number of aliens this may affect, the 
total incremental cost of this per-day per-person fee is not estimated.
    Educational services are provided at the Berks and Karnes FRCs at a 
variable cost per-student, per-day. The cost at Karnes is $75 per-
student, per-day. The FY 2018 costs for education at Berks was $75,976 
per month. The FY 2017 costs at Berks for education was $79 per-
student, per-day. There is a fixed monthly cost for educational 
services at Dilley of $342,083; it is not dependent on the number of 
students per day. Assuming again that future contract terms are the 
same, the total education cost may increase if certain aliens, like the 
groups described above, are detained longer. However, the incremental 
variable education cost is not estimated because of the uncertainty 
surrounding the factors that make up the estimate of the average length 
of stay and the number of minors that may have an increased length of 
stay.
    These variable costs represent the marginal cost for filling any 
available bed space at current facilities. They are not, however, 
representative of the total additional cost for bed space beyond 
existing contracts. If ICE awarded additional contracts for expanded 
bed space as a result of this rule, ICE would also incur additional 
fixed costs and variable costs. ICE estimates under existing contracts 
it would spend $319.37 per person per day ($319.37 includes both fixed 
and variable) to provide contracted services at an FRC and assumes a 
similar per-person per-day cost were ICE to expand the number of beds 
beyond current FRC capacity as a result of this rule.\77\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ See Congressional Budget Justification FY 2018--Volume II, 
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, page 50, ``An average 
daily rate for family beds can be calculated by dividing the total 
funding requirement of $291.4 million by the projected average daily 
population (ADP) of 2,500 for a rate of $319.37.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes that while additional or longer detention could result in 
the need for additional bed space--another potential policy outcome as 
a result of this rule--at this time, ICE is unable to determine how the 
number of FRCs may change due to this rule and thus if this rule would 
result in costs for building additional bed space. There are many 
factors that would be considered in opening a new FRC, some of which 
are outside the scope of this regulation, such as whether such a 
facility would be appropriate, based on the population of aliens 
crossing the border, anticipated capacity, projected average daily 
population, and projected costs. Moreover, such a decision depends on 
receiving additional resources from Congress, and ICE has to balance 
the detention of families with the detention and removal of single 
adults.
    While DHS cannot conclusively determine the impact on detention 
costs due to factors outside of the scope of this regulation, beginning 
with the fluctuating number of families apprehended at the Southwest 
border, it does acknowledge the three existing FRCs could potentially 
reach capacity as a result of additional or longer detention for 
certain individuals. This estimate is based on current contract terms 
staying the same in the future and reflects an increase in the average 
length of stay for the affected groups of minors, potentially up to 
2,878 using FY 2017 data and 3,663 using FY 2018 data, plus their 
accompanying parent or legal guardian. If bed space were increased as a 
result of this rule, the cost would depend on the type of facility, 
facility size, location, and a number of other variables. ICE notes as 
an example that an additional 960 beds at Dilley would cost 
approximately $80 million.
    This rule also changes current ICE practices for parole 
determinations to align them with applicable statutory and regulatory 
authority. ICE is currently complying with the June 27, 2017, court 
order while it is on appeal. In complying, every detained minor in 
expedited removal proceedings and awaiting a credible fear 
determination or determined not to have a credible fear receives an 
individualized parole determination under the considerations laid out 
in 8 CFR 212.5(b). However, under the rule, ICE would revert to its 
practice prior to the 2017 court order for those minors in expedited 
removal proceedings, using its parole authorities under 8 CFR 235.3 for 
this category of aliens in accordance with the standards implemented by 
Congress. See 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(IV) (``Any alien subject to 
[expedited removal] shall be detained pending a final determination of 
credible fear of persecution and, if found not to have such a fear, 
until removed.''). For aliens who are in expedited removal proceedings 
and are pending a credible fear determination or who have been found 
not to have such fear, release on parole can only satisfy this standard 
when there is a medical necessity or a law enforcement need. This 
change may result in fewer such minors or their accompanying parent or 
legal guardians being released on parole. Aliens in expedited removal 
proceedings are not generally detained in mandatory custody for long 
periods of time. Either a removal order is issued within a short amount 
of time or a Notice to Appear is issued, which may make the alien 
eligible for various forms of release. Consequently, DHS does not 
anticipate that these changes will result in extended periods of 
detention for minors who are in expedited removal proceedings.
    The TVPRA reinterpretation may also change the current DHS 
operations of releasing minors only to parents or legal guardians by 
adding language to permit release of a minor to someone other than a 
parent or legal guardian, specifically an adult relative (brother, 
sister, aunt, uncle, or grandparent) not in detention. DHS is unable to 
estimate the potential costs and burden of training CBP and ICE 
officers to operationalize this change in regards to vetting these 
adult relatives and coordinating the releases. DHS expects that this 
change may increase the releases of accompanied minor children from DHS 
custody in

[[Page 44519]]

FRCs and could increase the detention of single adults.
    With respect to CBP, the rule is not anticipated to have an impact 
on current operations because CBP is currently implementing the 
relevant and substantive terms of the FSA, the HSA, and the TVPRA.
b. HHS
    HHS has complied with the FSA since the HSA's transfer of 
responsibility to ORR for the care and custody of UAC in 2002. The rule 
would implement the provisions of the FSA, and related statutes. 
Accordingly, HHS does not expect this rule to impose any additional 
costs, beyond those costs incurred by the Federal Government to 
establish the 810 hearings process within HHS.
    This rule will shift responsibility for custody redetermination 
hearings for UACs, now to be referred to as 810 hearings, from DOJ to 
HHS. We estimate that some resources will be required to implement this 
shift. We believe that this burden will fall on DOJ and HHS staff, and 
we estimate that it will require approximately 2,000-4,000 hours to 
implement. This estimate reflects six to 12 staff, at the Federal 
General Schedule (GS)13-15 pay level, working full-time for two months 
to create the new system. The costs to implement the 810 hearings could 
average $250,000 or more, paid for by ORR out of the Refugee and 
Entrant Assistance Appropriation Account. Ongoing annual costs would 
include one administrative judge or hearing officer, one full-time 
administrative assistant or law clerk, an estimated 50 hours of 
interpretation services based on an average of 70 cases per year (half 
of which the government anticipates that it will not dispute), and 1.5 
FTE for ORR staff at the GS 13 level. HHS estimates annual costs to be 
an average of $445,000. After this shift in responsibility has been 
implemented, we estimate that the rule will lead to no change in net 
resources required for 810 hearings, and therefore estimate no 
incremental costs or savings.
4. Benefits
    The primary purpose of the rule is to adopt uniform standards for 
the custody and care of alien juveniles during their immigration 
proceedings and to ensure that they are treated with dignity and 
respect, in light of intervening changes in law, circumstance, and 
agency experience. The rule would thus implement the FSA and thereby 
terminate it. There are added benefits of having set rules (in the 
CFR), such as the ability for the Departments to move from judicial 
governance via a consent decree and shift to executive government via 
regulation. Under the FSA, the government operates in an uncertain 
environment subject to future court interpretations of the FSA that may 
be difficult or operationally impractical to implement or could 
otherwise hamper operations. With the regulations, DHS and HHS, along 
with members of the public, would have certainty as to the agencies' 
legal obligations and operations.
    Without codifying the FSA as in this rule, family detention is a 
less effective tool to meet the enforcement mission of ICE. In many 
cases, families do not appear for immigration court hearings after 
being released from an FRC, and even when they do, many more fail to 
comply with the lawfully issued removal orders from the immigration 
courts and some families engage in dilatory legal tactics when ICE 
works to enforce those orders. In addition, if an alien is not detained 
at the time a final order of removal is issued, in many cases ICE will 
have to expend significant resources to locate, detain, and 
subsequently remove the alien in accordance with the final order.
    Further, according to EOIR, since January 1, 2014, there have been 
3,969 final removal orders issued for 5,326 cases that began in FRCs 
and were completed as of March 31, 2019. Of these final removal orders, 
2,281 were issued in absentia. In other words, of completed cases that 
began in FRCs, 43 percent were final orders of removal issued in 
absentia. (See Table 2). DHS OIS has found that when looking at all 
family unit aliens encountered at the Southwest Border from FY 2014 
through FY 2018, for family units who were detained at FRCs and for 
those who were not detained at FRCs, the in absentia rate for completed 
cases as of the end of FY 2018 was 66 percent. (See Table 3). Based on 
the similar timeframes of these two rates, DHS can assume that family 
units who did not start their cases in FRCs have a higher in absentia 
rate. However, this does not account for other factors that may or may 
not have an impact the likelihood of appearance, such as enrollment in 
a monitoring program or access to representation. However, DHS still 
concludes that the in absentia rates of family units even who started 
their cases at an FRC warrants detention throughout proceedings.
    By departing from the FSA in limited cases to reflect the 
intervening statutory and operational changes and agency experience, 
DHS is reflecting its existing discretion to detain families together, 
as appropriate, given enforcement needs, which will ensure that family 
detention remains an effective enforcement tool.
    This rule does not require the addition of new bed space, but by 
allowing alternative licensing for FRCs it does remove a barrier to 
DHS's use of its Congressionally-authorized detention authority, 
allowing families to stay together through the duration of their 
immigration proceedings.
    By codifying the FSA, HHS has opened the underlying basis for its 
policies and procedures for notice and comment. The discussion our 
final rule in the preamble explains that HHS is and large adopting the 
specific text from the FSA with little variance. The main exception 
would be the transfer bond redetermination hearings from courts to a 
hearing officer within HHS. HHS believes this will result in more 
expedient review of cases, with new added protections for UAC (by 
placing the burden of initial production on the government) to deny 
release of a UAC based on danger or risk of flight.
    The regulations are also designed to eliminate judicial management, 
through the FSA, of functions Congress delegated to the executive 
branch.
5. Conclusion
    This rule implements the provisions of the FSA, the HSA, and the 
TVPRA, in light of current circumstances and considering public input 
received on the NPRM. The Departments consider current operations and 
procedures for implementing the terms of the FSA, the HSA, and the 
TVPRA to be the baseline for this analysis. Because these costs are 
already being incurred, they are not costs of this rule. The primary 
source of new costs for the rule would be a result of the alternative 
licensing process, changes to current ICE parole determination 
practices to align them with applicable statutory and regulatory 
authority, and the costs of shifting hearings from DOJ to HHS. ICE 
expects the alternative licensing process and changes to current parole 
determination practices to extend detention of certain minors in FRCs. 
This may result in additional or longer detentions for certain minors, 
increasing annual variable costs paid by ICE to the operators of 
current FRCs and costs to the individuals being detained. In addition, 
if ICE awarded additional contracts for expanded bed space as a result 
of this rule, ICE would also incur additional fixed costs and variable 
costs. But due to the uncertainty surrounding estimating an increased 
length of stay and the number of aliens this may affect, this 
incremental cost is not quantified.

[[Page 44520]]

6. Alternatives
a. No Regulatory Action
    The Departments considered not promulgating this rule. The 
Departments had been engaged in this alternative prior to proposing 
this rule, which has required the Government to adhere to the terms of 
the FSA, as interpreted by the courts, which also rejected the 
Government's efforts to amend the FSA to help it better conform to 
existing legal and operational realities. Continuing with this 
alternative would likely require the Government to operate through non-
regulatory means in an uncertain environment subject to currently 
unknown future court interpretations of the FSA that may be difficult 
or operationally impracticable to implement and that could otherwise 
hamper operations. The Departments also reject this alternative because 
it does not address the current conflict between certain portions of 
the FSA, the HSA, and the TVPRA or the current operational environment, 
as the FSA is over twenty years old.
b. Comprehensive FSA/TVPRA/Asylum Regulation
    The Departments considered proposing within this regulatory action 
additional regulations addressing further areas of authority under the 
TVPRA, to include those related to asylum proceedings for UACs. The 
Departments rejected this alternative in order to focus this regulatory 
action on implementing the terms of the FSA, and provisions of the HSA 
and TVPRA where they intersect with the FSA's provisions. Promulgating 
this more targeted regulation does not preclude the Departments from 
subsequently issuing regulations to address broader issues.
c. Promulgate Regulations--Preferred Alternative
    Legacy INS's successors are obligated under the FSA to initiate 
action to publish the relevant and substantive terms of the FSA as 
regulations. In the 2001 Stipulation, the parties agreed to a 
termination of the FSA ``45 days following the defendants' publication 
of final regulations implementing this Agreement.'' Under this 
alternative, the Departments are proposing to implement the FSA and 
thereby to terminate it. In particular, the Departments are publishing 
regulations that generally mirror the relevant and substantive terms of 
the FSA as regulations, while maintaining the operational flexibility 
necessary to continue operations and ensuring that minors and UACs 
continue to be treated in accordance with the HSA, and the TVPRA, and 
accounting for changes in law, agency expertise, current operational 
circumstances, and public comment pursuant to the rulemaking provisions 
of the APA.
B. Regulatory Flexibility Act
    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 601-612, as 
amended, requires Federal agencies to consider the potential impact of 
regulations on small entities during rulemaking. The term ``small 
entities'' comprises small business, not-for-profit organizations that 
are independently owned and operated and are not dominant in their 
fields, and governmental jurisdictions with populations of less than 
50,000. Individuals are not considered by the RFA to be a small entity.
    A final regulatory flexibility analysis follows.
    1. A statement of the need for, and objectives of, the rule.
    The purpose of this action is to promulgate regulations that 
implement the relevant and substantive terms of the FSA. This rule 
implements the relevant and substantive terms of the FSA and provisions 
of the HSA and TVPRA where they necessarily intersect with the FSA's 
provisions. Publication of final regulations will result in termination 
of the FSA, as provided for in FSA paragraph 40.
    2. A statement of the significant issues raised by the public 
comments in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis, a 
statement of the assessment of the agency of such issues, and a 
statement of any changes made in the proposed rule as a result of such 
comments.
    DHS did not receive any public comments raising issues in response 
to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis and did not make any 
revisions to the final rule for small entities.
    Section 462 of the HSA also transferred to the ORR Director 
``functions under the immigration laws of the United States with 
respect to the care of unaccompanied alien children that were vested by 
statute in, or performed by, the Commissioner of Immigration and 
Naturalization.'' 6 U.S.C. 279(a). The ORR Director may, for purposes 
of performing a function transferred by this section, ``exercise all 
authorities under any other provision of law that were available with 
respect to the performance of that function to the official responsible 
for the performance of the function'' immediately before the transfer 
of the program. 6 U.S.C. 279(f)(1).
    Consistent with provisions in the HSA, and 8 U.S.C. 1232(a), the 
TVPRA places the responsibility for the care and custody of UACs with 
the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Prior to the transfer of 
the program, the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, 
through a delegation from the Attorney General, had authority ``to 
establish such regulations . . . as he deems necessary for carrying out 
his authority under the provisions of this Act.'' INA sec. 103(a)(3), 8 
U.S.C. 1103(a)(3) (2002); 8 CFR 2.1 (2002). In accordance with the 
relevant savings and transfer provisions of the HSA, see 6 U.S.C. 279, 
552, 557; see also 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(1); the ORR Director now possesses 
the authority to promulgate regulations concerning ORR's administration 
of its responsibilities under the HSA and TVPRA.
    The response of the agency to any comments filed by the Chief 
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration in response 
to the proposed rule, and a detailed statement of any change made to 
the proposed rule in the final rule as a result of the comments.
    DHS did not receive comments from the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of 
the Small Business Administration in response to the proposed rule.
    4. A description of and an estimate of the number of small entities 
to which the rule will apply or an explanation of why no such estimate 
is available.
    This rule would directly regulate DHS and HHS. DHS contracts with 
private contractors and a local government to operate and maintain 
FRCs, and with private contractors to provide transportation of minors 
and UACs. This rule would indirectly affect these entities to the 
extent that DHS contracts with them under the terms necessary to 
fulfill the FSA. To the degree this rule increases contract costs to 
DHS private contractors, it would be incurred by the Federal Government 
in the cost paid by the contract.
    ICE currently contracts with three operators of FRCs, two of which 
are businesses and the other a local governmental jurisdiction. ICE and 
CBP also each have one contractor that provides transportation. To 
determine if the private contractors that operate and maintain FRCs and 
the private contractors that provide transportation are small entities, 
DHS references the Small Business Administration (SBA) size standards 
represented by business average annual receipts. SBA's Table of Small 
Business Size Standards is matched to the North American Industry 
Classification System (NAICS)

[[Page 44521]]

for these industries.\78\ To determine if the local government that 
operates and maintains an FRC is a small entity, DHS applies the 50,000 
size standard for governmental jurisdictions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \78\ U.S. Small Business Administration, Tables of Small 
Business Size Standards Matched to NAICS Codes (Oct. 1, 2017), 
available at https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Size_Standards_Table_2017.xlsx.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS finds that the revenue of the private contractors that operate 
and maintain two of the three FRCs to be greater than the SBA size 
standard of the industry represented by NAICS 531110: Lessors of 
Residential Buildings and Dwellings. The size standard classified by 
the SBA is $38.5 million for lessors of buildings space to the Federal 
Government by Owners.\79\ The county population of the local government 
that operates and maintains the other FRC is over 50,000, based on 2018 
U.S. Census Bureau annual resident population estimates.\80\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ DHS obtained NAICS codes and 2018 annual sales data from 
Hoovers.com.
    \80\ Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: 
April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 
Population Division, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-counties-total.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS finds that the revenue of the two private contractors that 
provide transportation to minors, in some cases their family members, 
and to UACs for DHS to be greater than the SBA size standard of these 
industries.\81\ The SBA size standard for NAICS 561210 Facilities 
Support Services is $38.5 million. The SBA size standards for NAICS 
561612 Security Guards and Patrol Services is $20.5 million.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \81\ DHS obtained NAICS codes and 2018 annual sales data from 
Hoovers.com and ReferencesUSA.com.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The changes to DHS regulations would not directly impact any small 
entities.
    Currently, HHS funds 53 grantees to provide services to UACs. HHS 
finds that most of the 53 current grantees, the majority of which are 
non-profits (49 out of 53), do not appear to be dominant in their 
field. Consequently, HHS believes all 53 grantees are likely to be 
small entities for the purposes of the RFA.
    5. A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping, and 
other compliance requirements of the rule, including an estimate of the 
classes of small entities which will be subject to the requirement and 
the type of professional skills necessary for preparation of the report 
or record.
    The rule would implement the relevant and substantive terms of the 
FSA in regulations. ICE believes the FRCs, which are operated and 
maintained by private contractors or a local government, comply with 
these provisions, and will continue to comply through future contract 
renewals. To the extent this rule increases variable contract costs, 
such as a per student per day education cost, to any detention 
facilities, the cost increases would be passed along to the Federal 
Government in the cost paid for the contract. However, DHS cannot say 
with certainty how much, if any, increase in variable education costs 
would result from this rule.
    A primary source of new costs for the rule is as a result of the 
alternative licensing process. ICE currently fulfills the requirements 
being finalized as an alternative to licensing through its existing FRC 
contracts. To codify the requirements of the FSA, this rule requires 
that facilities that hold minors obtain state, county, or municipal 
licensing where appropriate licenses are available. If no such 
licensing regime is available, however, DHS will employ an outside 
entity with relevant audit experience to ensure that the facility 
complies with family residential standards established by ICE and that 
meet the requirements for licensing under the FSA. That would fulfill 
the goals of obtaining a license from a state or local agency. Most 
States do not offer licensing for facilities like the FRCs.\82\ 
Therefore, to meet the terms of the FSA, minors are generally held in 
FRCs for less than 20 days (see Table 10). As all FRCs would be 
licensed under this rule, the rule may result in extending detention of 
some minors and their accompanying parent or legal guardian in FRCs 
beyond 20 days. Additionally, this rule would change ICE parole 
determination practices, which may result in fewer aliens being 
paroled.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ See the discussion of the definition of ``licensed 
facility'' supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    An increase in the average length of detention may increase the 
variable costs paid by ICE to the private contractors who operate and 
maintain current FRCs, as compared to the current operational 
environment. In addition, if ICE awarded additional contracts for 
expanded bed space as a result of this rule, ICE would also incur 
additional fixed costs and variable costs. Due to many uncertainties 
surrounding the forecast, DHS is unable to estimate the incremental 
variable costs due to this rule. Refer to Section VI.A. Executive 
Orders 12866 and 13563: Regulatory Review for the description of the 
uncertainties. In addition, DHS notes that additional or longer 
detention could result in the need for additional bed space; however, 
there are many factors that would be considered in opening a new FRC 
and at this time ICE is unable to determine if this rule would result 
in additional bed space.
    As discussed above, DHS would incur these potential costs through 
the cost paid for the contract with these facilities, and could incur 
costs to build new facilities or add additional beds. There are no cost 
impacts on the contracts for providing transportation because this rule 
codifies current operations.
    6. A description of the steps the agency has taken to minimize the 
significant economic impact on small entities consistent with the 
stated objectives of applicable statutes, including a statement of the 
factual, policy, and legal reasons for selecting the alternative 
adopted in the final rule and why each of the other significant 
alternatives to the rule considered by the agency which affect the 
impact on small entities was rejected.
    The Departments are not aware any alternatives to the rule which 
accomplish the stated objectives that would minimize economic impact of 
the rule on small entities.

C. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996

    As indicated in the Executive Orders 12866, 13563: Regulatory 
Review, Section VII, the rule may have an effect on the government and 
its contractors who provide operation and maintenance of its family 
residential facilities. DHS and HHS prepared both initial and final RFA 
analyses.

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public Law 104-4, 
109 Stat. 48 (codified at 2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.), is intended, among 
other things, to curb the practice of imposing unfunded Federal 
mandates on State, local, and tribal governments. Title II of the Act 
requires each Federal agency to prepare a written statement assessing 
the effects of any Federal mandate in a proposed or final agency rule 
that may result in the expenditure of $100 million or more (adjusted 
annually for inflation) in any 1 year by State, local, and tribal 
governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector. 2 U.S.C. 
1532(a). The value equivalent of $100 million in 1995 adjusted for 
inflation to 2017 levels by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban 
Consumer (CPI-U) is $161 million.
    This rule may not exceed the $100 million expenditure threshold in 
any 1 year when adjusted for inflation. Though this rule would not 
result in such an expenditure, the Departments discuss the effects of 
this rule elsewhere

[[Page 44522]]

in this preamble. Additionally, UMRA excludes from its definitions of 
``Federal intergovernmental mandate,'' and ``Federal private sector 
mandate'' those regulations imposing an enforceable duty on other 
levels of government or the private sector which are a ``condition of 
Federal assistance.'' 2 U.S.C. 658(5)(A)(i)(I), (7)(A)(i). The FSA 
provides the Departments with no direct authority to mandate binding 
standards on facilities of state and local governments or on operations 
of private sector entities. Instead, these requirements would impact 
such governments or entities only to the extent that they make 
voluntary decisions to contract with the Departments. Compliance with 
any standards that are not already otherwise in place resulting from 
this rule would be a condition of ongoing Federal assistance through 
such arrangements. Therefore, this rulemaking contains neither a 
Federal intergovernmental mandate nor a private sector mandate.

E. Congressional Review Act

    While Executive Order 12866 has a standard of whether the rule may 
have an impact of $100 million or more in any given year, the CRA 
standard is whether a rule has or is likely to have an annual impact of 
$100 million or more. In the vast majority of cases, if a rule is 
economically significant it is also major. In this case, however, given 
budget uncertainties, ICE's overall need to prioritize bed space for 
operational considerations (such as the recent use of the Karnes FRC 
for single adult female detention), and other operational flexibilities 
preserved under this rule, it is not likely that this rule will result 
in an annual economic impact of $100 million or more. The Office of 
Information and Regulatory Affairs has thus determined that this rule 
is not major under 5 U.S.C. 804.
    The Departments note, however, that the rule will still be 
published with a 60-day delayed effective date.

F. Paperwork Reduction Act

    All Departments are required to submit to OMB for review and 
approval, any reporting or recordkeeping requirements inherent in a 
rule under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13, 109 
Stat. 163 (1995) (codified at 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule does 
not create or change a collection of information, therefore, is not 
subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act requirements.
    However, as required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 
U.S.C. 3507(d)), ACF submitted a copy of this section to OMB for its 
review. This rule complies with settlement agreements, court orders, 
and statutory requirements, most of whose terms have been in place for 
over 20 years. This rule would not require additional information 
collection requirements beyond those requirements. The reporting 
requirements associated with those practices have been approved under 
the requirements of the Paperwork Reduction Act and in accordance with 
5 CFR part 1320. ACF received approval from OMB for use of its forms on 
June 26, 2019, with an expiration date of June 30, 2022 (OMB Control 
Number 0970-0278). Separately, ACF received approval from OMB for its 
placement and service forms on July 6, 2017, with an expiration date of 
July 31, 2020 (OMB Control Number 0970-0498); a form associated with 
the specific consent process is currently pending approval with OMB 
(OMB Control Number 0970-0385).

G. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    This final rule does not have substantial direct effects on the 
States, on the relationship between the National Government and the 
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the 
various levels of government. This final rule implements the FSA by 
codifying the Departments' practices that comply with the terms of the 
FSA and relevant law for the processing, transfer, and care and custody 
of alien juveniles. In codifying these practices, the Departments were 
mindful of their obligations to meet the requirements of the FSA while 
also minimizing conflicts between State law and Federal interests.
    Insofar as the rule sets forth standards that might apply to 
immigration detention facilities and holding facilities operated by 
contract with State and local governments and private entities, this 
rule has the potential to affect the States, although it would not 
affect the relationship between the National Government and the States 
or the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various 
levels of government and private entities. With respect to the State 
and local agencies, as well as the private entities, that contract with 
DHS and operate these facilities across the country, the FSA provides 
DHS with no direct authority to mandate binding standards on their 
facilities. But these requirements will impact the State, local, and 
private entities only to the extent that they make voluntary decisions 
to contract with DHS for the processing, transportation, care, or 
custody of alien juveniles. This approach is fully consistent with 
DHS's historical relationship to State and local agencies in this 
context.
    Typically, HHS enters into cooperative agreements or contracts with 
non-profit organizations to provide shelter, care, and physical custody 
for UACs in a facility licensed by the appropriate State or local 
licensing authority. Where HHS enters into cooperative agreements or 
contracts with a state licensed facility, ORR requires that the non-
profit organization administering the facility abide by all applicable 
State or local licensing regulations and laws. ORR designed agency 
policies and these regulations as well as the terms of HHS cooperative 
agreements and contracts with the agency's grantees/contractors to 
complement appropriate State and licensing rules, not supplant or 
replace the requirements.
    Therefore, in accordance with section 6 of Executive Order 13132, 
it is determined that this rule does not have sufficient federalism 
implications to warrant the preparation of a federalism summary impact 
statement.

H. Executive Order 12988: Civil Justice Reform

    This rule meets the applicable standards set forth in sections 3(a) 
and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform, to minimize 
litigation, eliminate ambiguity, and reduce burden.

I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use

    Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to consider the impact of 
rules that significantly impact the supply, distribution, and use of 
energy. DHS has reviewed this rule and determined that it is not a 
``significant energy action'' under the order because, while it is a 
``significant regulatory action'' under Executive Order 12866, it does 
not have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or 
use of energy. The Administrator of the Office of Information and 
Regulatory Affairs has not designated it as a significant energy 
action. Therefore, this rule does not require a Statement of Energy 
Effects under Executive Order 13211.

J. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    The Departments certified that the proposed rule did not require an 
Environmental Assessment or Environmental Impact Statement under the 
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) because it is an action that 
does

[[Page 44523]]

not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human 
environment and it is covered within each Department's list of 
Categorically Excluded (CATEX) actions.
    Comments. The Departments received two comments representing the 
views of eight organizations on this certification. The commenters 
contend that:
     None of the cited CATEXs apply to the proposed rule;
     the rulemaking will likely have significant effects 
resulting from the expansion of the detention system that would 
constitute ``extraordinary circumstances'' invalidating the use of any 
categorical exclusions;
     the rulemaking is part of a larger action, invalidating 
the reliance on a categorical exclusion;
     NEPA applies to broad Federal actions, such as the 
adoption of new agency programs;
     that the proposed rule significantly changes DHS's 
operation with regard to unaccompanied alien children and family units 
entering the United States;
     the proposed rule will cause the construction of dozens of 
new facilities;
     that the proposed rule, if implemented, would require 
indefinite detention of family units.
    The commenters contend that if the final rule adopts everything in 
the proposed rule, new facilities will be required to be built, and the 
construction and operation of these facilities will produce 
environmental effects such as pollution, increased flooding risk, and 
destruction of wildlife habitats, wetlands, and scenic areas. The 
commenters also suggested that surrounding communities, migrant 
children, and construction workers might be exposed to toxic 
contaminants and increased traffic and garbage from the operations of 
these facilities.
    One of the commenters stated that DHS was incorrect in its 
application of a CATEX to the proposed rule because DHS was evaluating 
the proposed rule only (the implementation of the FSA), instead of 
considering the rulemaking as part of a larger action that includes the 
Zero Tolerance Policy \83\ and the implementation of Executive Order 
13841, Affording Congress an Opportunity to Address Family Separation, 
June 20, 2018.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ See Memorandum from Jeff Sessions to Federal Prosecutors 
along the Southwest Border, Zero-Tolerance for Offenses under 8 
U.S.C. 1325(a) (Apr. 6, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One commenter stated that neither DHS CATEX identified in the 
proposed rule, CATEX A3(b) or A3(d), is applicable and that the 
proposed rule is a new policy and regulation that would require 
indefinite detention, which affects the quality of the human 
environment. Another commenter stated that neither the HHS CATEX nor 
the two DHS CATEXs identified in the proposed rule apply. The commenter 
said that HHS relied on a CATEX for grants for social services because 
its state licensed facilities are operated under social service grants, 
but that the CATEX includes an exception for projects that involve 
construction, renovation, or any changes in land use. The commenter 
suggested that HHS' contention that the exception does not apply 
because HHS lacks construction authority is simply an attempt to evade 
further NEPA review. Additionally, this commenter contended that HHS' 
authority and actions with respect to UACs reach beyond giving grants 
to state-licensed facilities because they make age determinations, 
transfer children between HHS facilities, determine if a child is an 
escape risk, and release the children from HHS custody. The same 
commenter claimed that the Departments' CATEXs fail because NEPA makes 
it unlawful to apply CATEXs if there is the potential for significant 
impacts.
    Response. The commenters suggested that the proposed rule will 
likely have significant environmental effects resulting from the 
expansion of the detention system, but neither the proposed rule nor 
the final rule specify or compel any expansion in detention capacity. 
DHS has indicated in the NPRM that it is unable to determine how the 
number of FRCs might change due to this final rule. Many factors, 
including factors outside of the scope of the final rulemaking that 
cannot be predicted (such as congressional appropriations) or are 
presently too speculative, would need to be considered by DHS prior to 
opening new detention space.
    While the new construction, renovation, or repurposing of 
facilities for FRCs is one potential future consequence of the final 
rule, the final rule itself does not prescribe increases in FRC 
capacity or propose any locations where new facilities might be built. 
The final rule also does not require longer detention of family units. 
Although longer detention is made possible by the final rule, the 
environmental impacts from the operation of existing FRCs would not 
foreseeably change with longer periods of detention for members of 
alien family units. Potentially longer detention times do not translate 
to changes in capacity of FRCs; it could just mean that certain members 
of alien family units are detained for longer periods of time whilst 
others are released. Thus, existing FRC capacity levels would not 
necessarily change.
    Substantive proposals regarding FRC space that could be 
meaningfully analyzed in accordance with the NEPA have not been 
proposed. The extent to which new FRCs are constructed, or existing 
FRCs are utilized, is dependent on numerous factors outside the scope 
of the final rule, which does not mandate operational requirements 
pertaining to new FRCs. For example, DHS/ICE decisions to increase FRC 
capacity would consider the costs associated with housing families and 
the availability of Congressional appropriations. The final rule 
neither prescribes expansion of detention space nor describes any 
substantive, reliable information regarding change in detention 
capacity that could be reasonably evaluated under NEPA. Thus, the 
commenters' suggestions that the proposed rule will result in 
``tremendous growth'' in detention capacity with ``cumulatively 
significant impacts on the human environment'' or that it will result 
in the ``construction of dozens of new encampments and detention 
facilities'' are highly speculative and not supported by the 
rulemaking.
    The commenters also suggested that extraordinary circumstances 
exist due to the degree to which the proposed rule will affect 
sensitive environments, public health and safety, and cumulative 
impacts. But again, the final rule has no immediate significant effect 
on the environment, and any future effect related to hypothetical 
circumstances is too speculative to evaluate. The final rule does not 
compel the new development or repurposing of FRCs or changes in FRC 
capacity. Thus, there is no substantive nexus of the final rule with 
environmental health and safety at FRCs that would pose an 
extraordinary circumstance.
    One commenter suggested that an EIS should be prepared because the 
effects of the regulatory changes are highly controversial, but highly 
controversial for NEPA purposes means there is a substantial dispute as 
to the size, nature, or effect of an action. The existence of public 
opposition to a use does not of itself make a proposal highly 
controversial. DHS has determined that the effects of the final rule 
are not highly controversial in terms of scientific validity, are not 
likely to be highly uncertain, and are not likely to involve unique or 
unknown environmental risks. If, in the future, DHS were to propose the 
construction or renovation of facilities for FRCs, those projects would 
be subjected to

[[Page 44524]]

appropriate NEPA analysis for their potential environmental impact at 
that time. DHS has determined that this action is not highly 
controversial and does not require an environmental impact statement 
(EIS). No extraordinary circumstances exist that preclude reliance upon 
CATEX A3(d).
    The final rule is not part of a larger action as some have 
suggested. The final rule is not a part of a larger action because it 
does not trigger other actions and does not depend on concurrent, 
previous, or future actions for its rationale. The final rule does not 
compel a program of detaining children and families. As noted in the 
NPRM, DHS currently has three primary options for purposes of 
immigration custody: (1) Release all family members into the United 
States, (2) detain the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) and either 
release the juvenile to another parent or legal guardian or suitable 
adult relative, or transfer the child to HHS to be treated as UAC, or 
(3) detain the family unit together by placing them at an appropriate 
FRC during their immigration proceedings.
    If, in the future, DHS proposes to commit funds to acquire, build, 
or renovate facilities to house family units, DHS might be considering 
actions beyond administrative and regulatory activities falling under 
CATEX A3(d), and would need to evaluate the proper level of 
environmental review required under NEPA at that time. However, as 
noted previously, this final rule does not compel or prescribe that DHS 
commit funds for family residential detention space, and no substantive 
proposals for additional FRC space that could be meaningfully analyzed 
under NEPA have been proposed.
    The final rule promulgates regulations that will reflect changes in 
the authorities governing the detention of unaccompanied alien children 
and alien family units. The final rule neither proposes any actions 
that would significantly impact the human environment nor compels 
irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources. The final rule 
fits completely within CATEX A3(d), and there are no extraordinary 
circumstances that would preclude the application of this CATEX. 
Therefore, it is appropriate for DHS to exclude the final rule from 
further environmental review using CATEX A3(d).
    HHS disagrees with commenters who contend NEPA applies to the HHS 
portion of the rule or requires an environmental assessment or impact 
statement for such portion. NEPA does not apply to the HHS portion of 
the rule, because that portion does not change HHS' UAC Program's 
procedures. The UAC Program is already run in compliance with the FSA 
and applicable statutes, including as set forth in this final rule. 
NEPA applies when there are ``major Federal actions significantly 
affecting the quality of the human environment.'' 42 U.S.C. 4332. 
However, in this rule HHS is not taking any Federal action that makes 
major changes the status quo or changes government policy such that it 
would ``affect'' the quality of the human environment. Rather, HHS 
merely memorializes some of the existing UAC program procedures in a 
regulation, rather than where they reside now, in a settlement 
agreement, statutes, and the ORR UAC policy guide. Because the rule 
does not change the UAC Program, it does not significantly affect the 
quality of the human environment to implicate NEPA. Some commenters 
have pointed out that the section ``810'' hearings as a change from the 
Flores settlement agreement. With respect to 810 hearings, those 
hearings also already occur, but at one component of the government--
DOJ--instead of at HHS, as set forth in this rule.
    The rule neither increases nor fundamentally changes the nature of 
those hearings, and transferring the hearings process has no 
environmental effect. Moreover, hearings, in themselves, do not affect 
human environment. Therefore, NEPA also does not apply to that part of 
the rule.
    In addition, to the extent the HHS portion of the rule could be 
considered subject to NEPA, HHS has determined that it falls into 
several exclusions. First, it falls into a programmatic exclusion, by 
which HHS has determined that the rule will not significantly affect 
the human environment or affect an asset. Under HHS policy programmatic 
exclusions are available in instances where the program has reviewed 
the actions being taken and concluded that the program or activity will 
not normally ``significantly affect'' the human environment; or will 
not normally affect an asset. In this case, again, HHS is merely 
codifying provisions already found in a settlement agreement and thus 
has concluded that the final rule does not affect the human 
environment, because it does not change the human environment as 
compared to functions currently in operation. In addition, HHS is 
subject to the categorical exclusion listed in section 30-20-40 of the 
General Administration Manual (available at: https://www.hhs.gov/hhs-manuals/gam-part-30/302000/index.html) for grants for social services, 
as the UAC program operates pursuant to grants--and for adoption of 
regulations and guidelines pertaining to such grants. It is notable 
that both the Homeland Security Act and the TVPRA encouraged HHS to use 
grant programs to carry out the program. 6 U.S.C. 279(b)(3) 
(encouraging ORR to use the ``refugee children foster care system 
program'' established using grants for unaccompanied refugee minors); 8 
U.S.C. 1232(i) (authorizing use of grants to carry out the UAC 
program).
    If, in the future, HHS will commit funds for projects involving 
construction, renovation, or changes in land use, HHS would go beyond 
the CATEX at 30-20-40, and thus would need to evaluate the proper level 
of environmental review required under NEPA at that time.
    HHS disagrees with commenters who contend the HHS portion of the 
rule will involve a change in the capacity of the UAC program or will 
change activities such as the construction of facilities. Changes to 
the UAC program's capacity and need for facilities occur, or do not 
occur, under the norms that govern the UAC program preexisting this 
rule--the FSA, applicable statutes, and ORR's UAC policy guide. This 
rule does not change those norms, but merely places some in 
regulations. Changes to capacity of the program or to construction or 
use of facilities occur for other reasons, such as because of increases 
in UAC crossing the border, and are not attributable to the 
codification of these rules.

K. Executive Order 12630: Governmental Actions and Interference With 
Constitutionally Protected Property Rights

    This final rule will not cause a taking of private property or 
otherwise have taking implications under Executive Order 12630, 
Governmental Actions and Interference with Constitutionally Protected 
Property Rights.

L. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    Executive Order 13045 requires agencies to consider the impacts of 
environmental health risk or safety risk that may disproportionately 
affect children. The Departments have reviewed this final rule and 
determined that this rule is an economically significant rule but does 
not create an environmental risk to health or risk to safety that may 
disproportionately affect children. Therefore, the Departments have not 
prepared a statement under this executive order.

[[Page 44525]]

M. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act

    The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 
U.S.C. 272 note) directs agencies to use voluntary consensus standards 
in their regulatory activities unless the agency provides Congress, 
through OMB, with an explanation of why using these standards would be 
inconsistent with applicable law or otherwise impracticable. Voluntary 
consensus standards are technical standards (e.g., specifications of 
materials, performance, design, or operation; test methods; sampling 
procedures; and related management systems practices) that are 
developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies. This rule 
does not use technical standards. Therefore, the Departments did not 
consider the use of voluntary consensus standards.

N. Family Assessment

    The Departments have reviewed this rule in accordance with the 
requirements of section 654 of the Treasury General Appropriations Act, 
1999, Public Law 105-277. The impacts of the rule on families and 
family well-being are myriad and complex, and discussed in greater 
detail elsewhere in the preamble. In general, with respect to family 
well-being, this final rule substantially codifies current requirements 
of settlement agreements, court orders, and statutes, most of whose 
terms have been in place for over 20 years, as well as HHS' related 
authorities. The changes implemented by this rule are a result of 
intervening statutes or operational realities. With respect to the 
criteria specified in section 654(c)(1), for DHS, the rule places a 
priority on the stability of the family and the authority and rights of 
parents in the education, nurture, and supervision of their children, 
within the immigration detention context, as parents maintain parental 
rights and supervision of their children within FRCs. This rule 
provides an option for families to stay together where detention is 
required and appropriate, but also provides for release in some 
circumstances. The rule also codifies in regulation certain statutory 
policies with respect to the treatment of UACs. For HHS, the primary 
specific change in the rule beyond current practice is the movement of 
hearings from DOJ to HHS pursuant to Sec.  410.810. That specific 
change does not have a particular impact on family well being.

List of Subjects

8 CFR Part 212

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration, 
Passports and visas, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

8 CFR Part 236

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration.

45 CFR Part 410

    Administrative practice and procedure, Child welfare, Immigration, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Unaccompanied alien children.

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

8 CFR Chapter I

    For the reasons set forth in the preamble, parts 212 and 236 of 
chapter I of title 8 are amended as follows:

PART 212--DOCUMENTARY REQUIREMENTS; NONIMMIGRANTS; WAIVERS; 
ADMISSION OF CERTAIN INADMISSIBLE ALIENS; PAROLE

0
1. The authority citation for part 212 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  6 U.S.C. 111, 202(4) and 271; 8 U.S.C. 1101 and 
note, 1102, 1103, 1182 and note, 1184, 1185 note (section 7209 of 
Pub. L. 108-458), 1187, 1223, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1255, 1359; 8 CFR 
part 2.


0
2. Amend Sec.  212.5 by revising paragraphs (b) introductory text, 
(b)(3) introductory text, and (b)(3)(i) and (ii) to read as follows:


Sec.  212.5  Parole of aliens into the United States.

* * * * *
    (b) The parole of aliens within the following groups who have been 
or are detained in accordance with Sec.  235.3(c) of this chapter would 
generally be justified only on a case-by-case basis for ``urgent 
humanitarian reasons or ``significant public benefit,'' provided the 
aliens present neither a security risk nor a risk of absconding:
* * * * *
    (3) Aliens who are defined as minors in Sec.  236.3(b) of this 
chapter and are in DHS custody. The Executive Assistant Director, 
Enforcement and Removal Operations; directors of field operations; 
field office directors, deputy field office directors; or chief patrol 
agents shall follow the guidelines set forth in Sec.  236.3(j) of this 
chapter and paragraphs (b)(3)(i) through (ii) of this section in 
determining under what conditions a minor should be paroled from 
detention:
    (i) Minors may be released to a parent, legal guardian, or adult 
relative (brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or grandparent) not in 
detention.
    (ii) Minors may be released with an accompanying parent or legal 
guardian who is in detention.
* * * * *

PART 236--APPREHENSION AND DETENTION OF INADMISSIBLE AND DEPORTABLE 
ALIENS; REMOVAL OF ALIENS ORDERED REMOVED

0
3. The authority citation for part 236 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301, 552, 552a; 6 U.S.C. 112(a)(2), 
112(a)(3), 112(b)(1), 112(e), 202, 251, 279, 291; 8 U.S.C. 1103, 
1182, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1231, 1232, 1357, 1362; 18 U.S.C. 
4002, 4013(c)(4); 8 CFR part 2.

0
4. Section 236.3 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  236.3  Processing, detention, and release of alien minors.

    (a) Generally. (1) DHS treats all minors and unaccompanied alien 
children (UACs) in its custody with dignity, respect and special 
concern for their particular vulnerability.
    (2) The provisions of this section apply to all minors in the legal 
custody of DHS, including minors who are subject to the mandatory 
detention provisions of the INA and applicable regulations, to the 
extent authorized by law.
    (b) Definitions. For the purposes of this section:
    (1) Minor means any alien who has not attained eighteen (18) years 
of age and has not been:
    (i) Emancipated in an appropriate state judicial proceeding; or
    (ii) Incarcerated due to a conviction for a criminal offense in 
which he or she was tried as an adult.
    (2) Special needs minor means a minor whose mental and/or physical 
condition requires special services and treatment as identified during 
an individualized needs assessment as referenced in paragraph 
(i)(4)(iii) of this section. A minor may have special needs due to drug 
or alcohol abuse, serious emotional disturbance, mental illness or 
intellectual disability, or a physical condition or chronic illness 
that requires special services or treatment. A minor who has suffered 
serious neglect or abuse may be considered a minor with special needs 
if the minor requires special services or treatment as a result of the 
neglect or abuse.
    (3) Unaccompanied alien child (UAC) has the meaning provided in 6 
U.S.C. 279(g)(2), that is, a child who has no

[[Page 44526]]

lawful immigration status in the United States and who has not attained 
18 years of age; and with respect to whom: There is no parent or legal 
guardian present in the United States; or no parent or legal guardian 
in the United States is available to provide care and physical custody. 
An individual may meet the definition of UAC without meeting the 
definition of minor.
    (4) Custody means within the physical and legal control of an 
institution or person.
    (5) Emergency means an act or event (including, but not limited to, 
a natural disaster, facility fire, civil disturbance, or medical or 
public health concerns at one or more facilities) that prevents timely 
transport or placement of minors, or impacts other conditions provided 
by this section.
    (6) Escape-risk means that there is a serious risk that the minor 
will attempt to escape from custody. Factors to consider when 
determining whether a minor is an escape-risk include, but are not 
limited to, whether:
    (i) The minor is currently subject to a final order of removal;
    (ii) The minor's immigration history includes: A prior breach of 
bond, a failure to appear before DHS or the immigration courts, 
evidence that the minor is indebted to organized smugglers for his 
transport, or a voluntary departure or previous removal from the United 
States pursuant to a final order of removal; or
    (iii) The minor has previously absconded or attempted to abscond 
from state or Federal custody.
    (7) Family unit means a group of two or more aliens consisting of a 
minor or minors accompanied by his/her/their adult parent(s) or legal 
guardian(s). In determining the existence of a parental relationship or 
a legal guardianship for purposes of this definition, DHS will consider 
all available reliable evidence. If DHS determines that there is 
insufficient reliable evidence available that confirms the 
relationship, the minor will be treated as a UAC.
    (8) Family Residential Center (FRC) means a facility used by ICE 
for the detention of family units.
    (9) Licensed facility means an ICE detention facility that is 
licensed by the state, county, or municipality in which it is located, 
if such a licensing process exists. Licensed facilities shall comply 
with all applicable state child welfare laws and regulations and all 
state and local building, fire, health, and safety codes. If a 
licensing process for the detention of minors accompanied by a parent 
or legal guardian is not available in the state, county, or 
municipality in which an ICE detention facility is located, DHS shall 
employ an entity outside of DHS that has relevant audit experience to 
ensure compliance with the family residential standards established by 
ICE. Such audits will take place at the opening of a facility and on a 
regular, ongoing basis thereafter. DHS will make the results of these 
audits publicly available.
    (10) Influx means a situation in which there are, at any given 
time, more than 130 minors or UACs eligible for placement in a licensed 
facility under this section or corresponding provisions of ORR 
regulations, including those who have been so placed or are awaiting 
such placement.
    (11) Non-secure facility means a facility that meets the definition 
of non-secure under state law in the state in which the facility is 
located. If no such definition of non-secure exists under state law, a 
DHS facility shall be deemed non-secure if egress from a portion of the 
facility's building is not prohibited through internal locks within the 
building or exterior locks and egress from the facility's premises is 
not prohibited through secure fencing around the perimeter of the 
building.
    (12) Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) means the U.S. Department 
of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, 
Office of Refugee Resettlement.
    (c) Age determination. (1) For purposes of exercising the 
authorities described in this part, DHS shall determine the age of an 
alien in accordance with 8 U.S.C. 1232(b)(4). Age determination 
decisions shall be based upon the totality of the evidence and 
circumstances.
    (2) If a reasonable person would conclude that an individual is an 
adult, despite his or her claim to be under the age of 18, DHS may 
treat such person as an adult for all purposes, including confinement 
and release on bond, recognizance, or other conditions of release. In 
making this determination, an immigration officer may require such an 
individual to submit to a medical or dental examination conducted by a 
medical professional or other appropriate procedures to verify his or 
her age.
    (3) If an individual previously considered to have been an adult is 
subsequently determined to be under the age of 18, DHS will then treat 
such individual as a minor or UAC as prescribed by this section.
    (d) Determining whether an alien is a UAC. (1) Time of 
determination. Immigration officers will make a determination as to 
whether an alien under the age of 18 is a UAC at the time of encounter 
or apprehension and prior to the detention or release of such alien.
    (2) Aliens who are no longer UACs. When an alien previously 
determined to have been a UAC has reached the age of 18, when a parent 
or legal guardian in the United States is available to provide care and 
physical custody for such an alien, or when such alien has obtained 
lawful immigration status, the alien is no longer a UAC. An alien who 
is no longer a UAC is not eligible to receive legal protections limited 
to UACs under the relevant sections of the Act. Nothing in this 
paragraph affects USCIS' independent determination of its initial 
jurisdiction over asylum applications filed by UACs pursuant to section 
208(b)(3)(C) of the Act.
    (3) Age-out procedures. When an alien previously determined to have 
been a UAC is no longer a UAC because he or she turns 18 years old, 
relevant ORR and ICE procedures shall apply.
    (e) Transfer of minors who are not UACs from one facility to 
another. (1) In the case of an influx or emergency, as defined in 
paragraph (b) of this section, DHS will transfer a minor who is not a 
UAC, and who does not meet the criteria for secure detention pursuant 
to paragraph (i)(1) of this section, to a licensed facility as defined 
in paragraph (b)(9) of this section, which is non-secure, as 
expeditiously as possible. Otherwise, to the extent consistent with law 
or court order, DHS will transfer such minor within three (3) days, if 
the minor was apprehended in a district in which a licensed program is 
located, or within five (5) days in all other cases.
    (2) In the case of an emergency or influx, DHS will abide by 
written guidance detailing all reasonable efforts that it will take to 
transfer all minors who are not UACs as expeditiously as possible.
    (f) Transfer of UACs from DHS to HHS. (1) All UACs apprehended by 
DHS, except those who are processed in accordance with 8 U.S.C. 
1232(a)(2), will be transferred to ORR for care, custody, and placement 
in accordance with 6 U.S.C. 279 and 8 U.S.C. 1232.
    (2) DHS will notify ORR within 48 hours upon the apprehension or 
discovery of a UAC or any claim or suspicion that an unaccompanied 
alien detained in DHS custody is under 18 years of age.
    (3) Unless exceptional circumstances are present, DHS will transfer 
custody of a UAC as soon as practicable after receiving notification of 
an ORR placement, but no later than 72 hours after determining that the 
minor is a UAC per paragraph (d) of this section. In the case of 
exceptional circumstances, DHS will abide by

[[Page 44527]]

written guidance detailing the efforts that it will take to transfer 
all UACs as required by law.
    (4) The following relate to the conditions of transfer of UACs with 
unrelated detained adults:
    (i) UACs will not generally be transported with unrelated detained 
adults. A UAC will not be transported with an unrelated detained 
adult(s) unless the UAC is being transported from the place of 
apprehension to a DHS facility or if separate transportation is 
otherwise impractical or unavailable.
    (ii) When separate transportation is impractical or unavailable, 
necessary precautions will be taken to ensure the UAC's safety, 
security, and well-being. If a UAC is transported with any unrelated 
detained adult(s), DHS will separate the UAC from the unrelated 
adult(s) to the extent operationally feasible and take necessary 
precautions for protection of the UAC's safety, security, and well-
being.
    (g) DHS procedures in the apprehension and processing of minors or 
UACs--(1) Processing--(i) Notice of rights and request for disposition. 
Every minor or UAC who enters DHS custody, including minors and UACs 
who request voluntary departure or request to withdraw their 
application for admission, will be issued a Form I-770, Notice of 
Rights and Request for Disposition, which will include a statement that 
the minor or UAC may make a telephone call to a parent, close relative, 
or friend. The notice shall be provided, read, or explained to the 
minor or UAC in a language and manner that he or she understands. In 
the event that a minor or UAC is no longer amenable to voluntary 
departure or to a withdrawal of an application for admission, the minor 
or UAC will be issued a new Form I-770 or the Form I-770 will be 
updated, as needed.
    (ii) Notice of Right to Judicial Review. Every minor who is not a 
UAC who is transferred to or remains in a DHS detention facility will 
be provided with a Notice of Right to Judicial Review, which informs 
the minor of his or her right to seek judicial review in United States 
District Court with jurisdiction and venue over the matter if the minor 
believes that his or her detention does not comply with the terms of 
paragraph (i) of this section. The Notice shall be read and explained 
to the minor in a language and manner that he or she understands.
    (iii) Current list of counsel. Every minor who is not a UAC who is 
transferred to or remains in a DHS detention facility will be provided 
the free legal service provider list, prepared pursuant to section 
239(b)(2) of the Act.
    (2) DHS custodial care immediately following apprehension. (i) 
Following the apprehension of a minor or UAC, DHS will process the 
minor or UAC as expeditiously as possible. Consistent with 6 CFR 
115.114, minors and UACs shall be held in the least restrictive setting 
appropriate to the minor or UAC's age and special needs, provided that 
such setting is consistent with the need to protect the minor or UAC's 
well-being and that of others, as well as with any other laws, 
regulations, or legal requirements. DHS will hold minors and UACs in 
facilities that are safe and sanitary and that are consistent with 
DHS's concern for their particular vulnerability. Facilities will 
provide access to toilets and sinks, drinking water and food as 
appropriate, access to emergency medical assistance as needed, and 
adequate temperature and ventilation. DHS will provide adequate 
supervision and will provide contact with family members arrested with 
the minor or UAC in consideration of the safety and well-being of the 
minor or UAC, and operational feasibility. UACs generally will be held 
separately from unrelated adult detainees in accordance with 6 CFR 
115.14(b) and 115.114(b). In the event that such separation is not 
immediately possible, UACs in facilities covered by 6 CFR 115.114 may 
be housed with an unrelated adult for no more than 24 hours except in 
the case of an emergency.
    (ii) Consistent with the statutory requirements, DHS will transfer 
UACs to HHS in accordance with the procedures described in paragraph 
(f) of this section.
    (h) Detention of family units. DHS's policy is to maintain family 
unity, including by detaining families together where appropriate and 
consistent with law and available resources. If DHS determines that 
detention of a family unit is required by law, or is otherwise 
appropriate, the family unit may be transferred to an FRC which is a 
licensed facility and non-secure.
    (i) Detention of minors who are not UACs in DHS custody. In any 
case in which DHS does not release a minor who is not a UAC, said minor 
shall remain in DHS detention. Consistent with 6 CFR 115.14, minors 
shall be detained in the least restrictive setting appropriate to the 
minor's age and special needs, provided that such setting is consistent 
with the need to protect the minor's well-being and that of others, as 
well as with any other laws, regulations, or legal requirements. The 
minor shall be placed temporarily in a licensed facility, which will be 
non-secure, until such time as release can be effected or until the 
minor's immigration proceedings are concluded, whichever occurs 
earlier. If immigration proceedings are concluded and result in a final 
order of removal, DHS will detain the minor for the purpose of removal. 
If immigration proceedings result in a grant of relief or protection 
from removal where both parties have waived appeal or the appeal period 
defined in 8 CFR 1003.38(b) has expired, DHS will release the minor.
    (1) A minor who is not a UAC referenced under this paragraph (i)(1) 
may be held in or transferred to a suitable state or county juvenile 
detention facility, or a secure DHS detention facility, or DHS 
contracted facility having separate accommodations for minors, whenever 
the Field Office Director and the ICE supervisory or management 
personnel have probable cause to believe that the minor:
    (i) Has been charged with, is chargeable with, or has been 
convicted of a crime or crimes, or is the subject of delinquency 
proceedings, has been adjudicated delinquent, or is chargeable with a 
delinquent act or acts, that fit within a pattern or practice of 
criminal activity;
    (ii) Has been charged with, is chargeable with, or has been 
convicted of a crime or crimes, or is the subject of delinquency 
proceedings, has been adjudicated delinquent, or is chargeable with a 
delinquent act or acts, that involve violence against a person or the 
use or carrying of a weapon;
    (iii) Has committed, or has made credible threats to commit, a 
violent or malicious act (whether directed at himself or others) while 
in Federal or state government custody or while in the presence of an 
immigration officer;
    (iv) Has engaged, while in the licensed facility, in conduct that 
has proven to be unacceptably disruptive of the normal functioning of 
the licensed facility in which the minor has been placed and transfer 
to another facility is necessary to ensure the welfare of the minor or 
others, as determined by the staff of the licensed facility;
    (v) Is determined to be an escape-risk pursuant to paragraph (b)(6) 
of this section; or
    (vi) Must be held in a secure facility for his or her own safety.
    (2) DHS will not place a minor who is not a UAC in a secure 
facility pursuant to paragraph (i)(1) if there are less restrictive 
alternatives that are available and appropriate in the circumstances, 
such as transfer to a facility which would provide intensive staff 
supervision and counseling services or another licensed facility. All 
determinations to place a minor in a

[[Page 44528]]

secure facility will be reviewed and approved by the ICE Juvenile 
Coordinator referenced in paragraph (o) of this section. Secure 
facilities shall permit attorney-client visits in accordance with 
applicable facility rules and regulations.
    (3) Unless a secure facility is otherwise authorized pursuant to 
this section, ICE facilities used for the detention of minors who are 
not UACs shall be non-secure facilities.
    (4) Non-secure, licensed ICE facilities to which minors who are not 
UACs are transferred pursuant to the procedures in paragraph (e) of 
this section shall abide by applicable family residential standards 
established by ICE. At a minimum, such standards shall include 
provisions or arrangements for the following services for each minor 
who is not a UAC in its care:
    (i) Proper physical care and maintenance, including suitable 
living, accommodations, food and snacks, appropriate clothing, and 
personal grooming items;
    (ii) Appropriate routine medical, mental health and dental care, 
family planning services, and emergency health care services, including 
a complete medical examination (including screening for infectious 
disease) within 48 hours of admission, excluding weekends and holidays, 
unless the minor was recently examined at another facility; appropriate 
immunizations in accordance with the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS), 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; administration of 
prescribed medication and special diets; appropriate mental health 
interventions when necessary;
    (iii) An individualized needs assessment which includes:
    (A) Various initial intake forms;
    (B) Essential data relating to the identification and history of 
the minor and family;
    (C) Identification of the minor's special needs including any 
specific problem(s) which appear to require immediate intervention;
    (D) An educational assessment and plan;
    (E) An assessment of family relationships and interaction with 
adults, peers and authority figures;
    (F) A statement of religious preference and practice;
    (G) An assessment of the minor's personal goals, strengths and 
weaknesses; and
    (H) Identifying information regarding immediate family members, 
other relatives, godparents, or friends who may be residing in the 
United States and may be able to assist in family reunification;
    (iv) Educational services appropriate to the minor's level of 
development and communication skills in a structured classroom setting, 
Monday through Friday, which concentrates primarily on the development 
of basic academic competencies and secondarily on English Language 
Training (ELT). The educational program should include subjects similar 
to those found in U.S. programs and include science, social studies, 
math, reading, writing, and physical education. The program design 
should be appropriate for the minor's estimated length of stay and can 
include the necessary skills appropriate for transition into a U.S. 
school district. The program should also include acculturation and 
adaptation services which include information regarding the development 
of social and inter-personal skills that contribute to those abilities 
as age appropriate;
    (v) Appropriate reading materials in languages other than English 
for use during the minor's leisure time;
    (vi) Activities according to a recreation and leisure time plan 
which shall include daily outdoor activity, weather permitting, at 
least one hour per day of large muscle activity and one hour per day of 
structured leisure time activities (this should not include time spent 
watching television). Activities should be increased to a total of 
three hours on days when school is not in session;
    (vii) At least one individual counseling session or mental health 
wellness interaction (if the minor does not want to participate in a 
counseling session) per week conducted by trained social work staff 
with the specific objectives of reviewing the minor's progress, 
establishing new short-term objectives, and addressing both the 
developmental and crisis-related needs of each minor;
    (viii) Group counseling sessions at least twice a week. This is 
usually an informal process and takes place with all the minors present 
and can be held in conjunction with other structured activities. It is 
a time when new minors present in the facility are given the 
opportunity to get acquainted with the staff, other children, and the 
rules of the program. It is an open forum where everyone gets a chance 
to speak. Daily program management is discussed and decisions are made 
about recreational activities, etc. It is a time for staff and minors 
to discuss whatever is on their minds and to resolve problems;
    (ix) Upon admission, a comprehensive orientation regarding program 
intent, services, rules (written and verbal), expectations and the 
availability of legal assistance;
    (x) Whenever possible, access to religious services of the minor's 
choice;
    (xi) Visitation and contact with family members (regardless of 
their immigration status) which is structured to encourage such 
visitation. The staff shall respect the minor's privacy while 
reasonably preventing the unauthorized release of the minor and 
preventing the transfer of contraband;
    (xii) A reasonable right to privacy, which shall include the right 
to:
    (A) Wear his or her own clothes, when available;
    (B) Retain a private space in the residential facility for the 
storage of personal belongings;
    (C) Talk privately on the phone, as permitted by applicable 
facility rules and regulations;
    (D) Visit privately with guests, as permitted by applicable 
facility rules and regulations; and
    (E) Receive and send uncensored mail unless there is a reasonable 
belief that the mail contains contraband;
    (xiii) When necessary, communication with adult relatives living in 
the United States and in foreign countries regarding legal issues 
related to the release and/or removal of the minor;
    (xiv) Legal services information regarding the availability of free 
legal assistance, the right to be represented by counsel at no expense 
to the Government, the right to apply for asylum or to request 
voluntary departure;
    (xv) Attorney-client visits in accordance with applicable facility 
rules and regulations;
    (xvi) Service delivery is to be accomplished in a manner which is 
sensitive to the age, culture, native language, and the complex needs 
of each minor;
    (xvii) Parents/legal guardians will be responsible for supervising 
their children and providing parental support in managing their 
children's behavior. Licensed facility rules and discipline standards 
shall be formulated with consideration for the range of ages and 
maturity in the program and shall be culturally sensitive to the needs 
of alien minors. DHS shall not subject minors to corporal punishment, 
humiliation, mental abuse, or punitive interference with the daily 
functions of living, such as eating or sleeping. Any sanctions employed 
shall not adversely affect a minor's health, or physical or 
psychological well-being; or deny minors regular meals, sufficient 
sleep, exercise, medical care, correspondence privileges, or legal 
assistance;

[[Page 44529]]

    (xviii) Licensed facilities will maintain and safeguard individual 
case records. Agencies and organizations will maintain a system of 
accountability which preserves the confidentiality of client 
information and protects the records from unauthorized use or 
disclosure;
    (xix) Licensed facilities will maintain adequate records and make 
regular reports as required by DHS that permit DHS to monitor and 
enforce the regulations in this part and other requirements and 
standards as DHS may determine are in the best interests of the minors; 
and
    (xx) Licensed facilities will maintain a grievance and complaint 
filing process for aliens housed therein and post information about the 
process in a common area of the facility. Aliens will be required to 
follow the proscribed process for filing formal and informal grievances 
against facility staff that comports with the ICE Family Residential 
Standards Grievance Procedures. Complaints regarding conditions of 
detention shall be filed under the procedures required by the DHS 
Office of the Inspector General or the DHS Office of Civil Rights and 
Civil Liberties. Staff is prohibited from retaliating against anyone 
who files, or on whose behalf is filed, a grievance or complaint. In 
the event of an emergency, a licensed, non-secure facility described in 
this paragraph (i) may transfer temporary physical custody of a minor 
prior to securing permission from DHS, but shall notify DHS of the 
transfer as soon as is practicable thereafter, but in all cases within 
8 hours.
    (j) Release of minors who are not UACs from DHS custody. (1) DHS 
will make and record prompt and continuous efforts on its part toward 
the release of the minor who is not a UAC.
    (2) If a minor who is not a UAC is in expedited removal proceedings 
(including if he or she is awaiting a credible fear determination), or 
is subject to a final expedited removal order, custody is governed by 
Sec.  235.3(b)(2)(iii) or (b)(4)(ii) of this chapter, as applicable.
    (3) If a minor who is not a UAC is subject to pending removal 
proceedings under section 240 of the Act, DHS will consider whether to 
release the minor pursuant to section 212(d)(5) or section 236(a), and 
the implementing regulations in 8 CFR 212.5 and Sec.  235.3, as 
applicable.
    (4) The parole of minors who are not UACs who are detained pursuant 
to section 235(b)(1)(B)(ii) of the Act or Sec.  235.3(c) of this 
chapter will generally serve an urgent humanitarian reason warranting 
release on parole if DHS determines that detention is not required to 
secure the minor's timely appearance before DHS or the immigration 
court, or to ensure the minor's safety and well-being or the safety of 
others. In making this determination, DHS may consider aggregate and 
historical data, officer experience, statistical information, or any 
other probative information. The determination whether to parole a 
minor who is not a UAC is in the unreviewable discretion of DHS.
    (5) If DHS determines to release a minor who is not a UAC during 
removal proceedings under section 240 of the Act, the following 
procedures shall apply:
    (i) If a parent or legal guardian is available to provide care and 
physical custody, DHS will make prompt and continuous efforts to 
release the minor to that parent or legal guardian. Nothing in this 
paragraph (j)(5)(i) precludes the release of a minor who is not a UAC 
to an adult relative (brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or grandparent) who 
is not in detention and is available to provide care and physical 
custody. Release of a minor who is not a UAC to an adult relative other 
than a parent or legal guardian is within the unreviewable discretion 
of DHS.
    (ii) Prior to releasing a minor who is not a UAC to an adult 
relative pursuant to paragraph (j)(5)(i) of this section, DHS will use 
all available reliable evidence to determine whether the relationship 
is bona fide. If no reliable evidence is available that confirms the 
relationship, DHS may continue to keep the minor who is not a UAC in 
custody or treat the minor as a UAC and transfer the UAC to HHS 
custody, as outlined in paragraph (f) of this section.
    (iii) DHS shall assist without undue delay in making transportation 
arrangements to the DHS office nearest the location of the relative to 
whom a minor is to be released. DHS may, in its discretion, provide 
transportation to minors.
    (iv) Nothing herein shall require DHS to release a minor to any 
person or agency whom DHS has reason to believe may harm or neglect the 
minor or fail to present him or her before DHS or the immigration 
courts when requested to do so.
    (k) Procedures upon transfer--(1) Possessions. Whenever a minor or 
UAC is transferred from one ICE placement to another, or from an ICE 
placement to an ORR placement, he or she will be transferred with all 
possessions and legal papers; provided, however, that if the minor or 
UAC's possessions exceed the amount normally permitted by the carrier 
in use, the possessions shall be shipped to the minor or UAC in a 
timely manner.
    (2) Notice to counsel. A minor or UAC who is represented will not 
be transferred from one ICE placement to another, or from an ICE 
placement to an ORR placement, until notice is provided to his or her 
counsel, except in unusual and compelling circumstances, such as where 
the safety of the minor or UAC or others is threatened or the minor or 
UAC has been determined to be an escape-risk, or where counsel has 
waived such notice. In unusual and compelling circumstances, notice 
will be sent to counsel within 24 hours following the transfer.
    (l) Notice to parent of refusal of release or application for 
relief. (1) A parent shall be notified of any of the following requests 
if the parent is present in the United States and can reasonably be 
contacted, unless such notification is otherwise prohibited by law or 
DHS determines that notification of the parent would pose a risk to the 
minor's safety or well-being:
    (i) A minor or UAC in DHS custody refuses to be released to his or 
her parent; or
    (ii) A minor or a UAC seeks release from DHS custody or seeks 
voluntary departure or a withdrawal of an application for admission, 
parole, or any form of relief from removal before DHS, and that the 
grant of such request or relief may effectively terminate some interest 
inherent in the parent-child relationship and/or the minor or UAC's 
rights and interests are adverse with those of the parent.
    (2) Upon notification, the parent will be afforded an opportunity 
to present his or her views and assert his or her interest to DHS 
before a determination is made as to the merits of the request for 
relief.
    (m) Bond hearings. Bond determinations made by DHS for minors who 
are in removal proceedings pursuant to section 240 of the Act and who 
are also in DHS custody may be reviewed by an immigration judge 
pursuant to 8 CFR part 1236 to the extent permitted by 8 CFR 1003.19. 
Minors in DHS custody who are not in section 240 proceedings are 
ineligible to seek review by an immigration judge of their DHS custody 
determinations.
    (n) Retaking custody of a previously released minor. (1) In 
addition to the ability to make a UAC determination upon each encounter 
as set forth in paragraph (c) of this section, DHS may take a minor 
back into custody if there is a material change in circumstances 
indicating the minor is an escape-risk, a danger to the community, or 
has a final

[[Page 44530]]

order of removal. If the minor is accompanied, DHS shall place the 
minor in accordance with paragraphs (e) and (i) of this section. If the 
minor is a UAC, DHS shall transfer the minor into HHS custody in 
accordance with paragraph (e) of this section.
    (2) DHS may take a minor back into custody if there is no longer a 
parent, legal guardian, or other adult relative (brother, sister, aunt, 
uncle, or grandparent) available to care for the minor. If the minor is 
a UAC, DHS will transfer custody to HHS as outlined in paragraph (e) of 
this section.
    (3) Minors who are not UACs and who are taken back into DHS custody 
may request a custody redetermination hearing in accordance with 
paragraph (m) of this section and to the extent permitted by 8 CFR 
1003.19.
    (o) Monitoring. (1) CBP and ICE each shall identify a Juvenile 
Coordinator for the purpose of monitoring compliance with the terms of 
this section.
    (2) In addition to the monitoring required by paragraph (o)(1) of 
this section, the Juvenile Coordinators shall collect and periodically 
examine relevant statistical information about UACs and minors who 
remain in CBP or ICE custody for longer than 72 hours. Such statistical 
information may include but not necessarily be limited to:
    (i) Biographical information;
    (ii) Dates of custody; and
    (iii) Placements, transfers, removals, or releases from custody, 
including the reasons for a particular placement.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

45 CFR Chapter IV

0
For the reasons set forth in the preamble, chapter IV of title 45 of 
the Code of Federal Regulations is amended by adding part 410 to read 
as follows:

PART 410--CARE AND PLACEMENT OF UNACCOMPANIED ALIEN CHILDREN

Subpart A--Care and Placement of Unaccompanied Alien Children
Sec.
410.100 Scope of this part.
410.101 Definitions.
410.102 ORR care and placement of unaccompanied alien children.
Subpart B--Determining the Placement of an Unaccompanied Alien Child
Sec.
410.200 Purpose of this subpart.
410.201 Considerations generally applicable to the placement of an 
unaccompanied alien child.
410.202 Placement of an unaccompanied alien child in a licensed 
program.
410.203 Criteria for placing an unaccompanied alien child in a 
secure facility.
410.204 Considerations when determining whether an unaccompanied 
alien child is an escape risk.
410.205 Applicability of Sec.  410.203 for placement in a secure 
facility.
410.206 Information for unaccompanied alien children concerning the 
reasons for his or her placement in a secure or staff secure 
facility.
410.207 Custody of an unaccompanied alien child placed pursuant to 
this subpart.
410.208 Special needs minors.
410.209 Procedures during an emergency or influx.
Subpart C--Releasing an Unaccompanied Alien Child From ORR Custody
Sec.
410.300 Purpose of this subpart.
410.301 Sponsors to whom ORR releases an unaccompanied alien child.
410.302 Sponsor suitability assessment process requirements leading 
to release of an unaccompanied alien child from ORR custody to a 
sponsor.
Subpart D--Licensed Programs
Sec.
410.400 Purpose of this subpart.
410.401 Applicability of this subpart.
410.402 Minimum standards applicable to licensed programs.
410.403 Ensuring that licensed programs are providing services as 
required by the regulations in this part.
Subpart E--Transportation of an Unaccompanied Alien Child
Sec.
410.500 Conducting transportation for an unaccompanied alien child 
in ORR's custody.
Subpart F--Transfer of an Unaccompanied Alien Child
Sec.
410.600 Principles applicable to transfer of an unaccompanied alien 
child.
Subpart G--Age Determinations
Sec.
410.700 Conducting age determinations.
410.701 Treatment of an individual who appears to be an adult.
Subpart H--Unaccompanied Alien Children's Objections to ORR 
Determinations
Sec.
410.800 Purpose of this subpart.
410.801 Procedures.
410.810 Hearings.

    Authority: 6 U.S.C. 279, 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1232.

Subpart A--Care and Placement of Unaccompanied Alien Children


Sec.  410.100  Scope of this part.

    This part governs those aspects of the care, custody, and placement 
of unaccompanied alien children (UACs) agreed to in the settlement 
agreement reached in Jenny Lisette Flores v. Janet Reno, Attorney 
General of the United States, Case No. CV 85-4544-RJK (C.D. Cal. 1996). 
ORR operates the UAC program as authorized by section 462 of the 
Homeland Security Act of 2002, Public Law 107-296, 6 U.S.C. 279, and 
section 235 of the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection 
Reauthorization Act of 2008 (TVPRA), Public Law 110-457, 8 U.S.C. 1232. 
This part does not govern or describe the entire program.


Sec.  410.101  Definitions.

    DHS means the Department of Homeland Security.
    Director means the Director of the Office of Refugee Resettlement 
(ORR), Administration for Children and Families, Department of Health 
and Human Services.
    Emergency means an act or event (including, but not limited to, a 
natural disaster, facility fire, civil disturbance, or medical or 
public health concerns at one or more facilities) that prevents timely 
transport or placement of UACs, or impacts other conditions provided by 
this part.
    Escape risk means there is a serious risk that an unaccompanied 
alien child (UAC) will attempt to escape from custody.
    Influx means a situation in which there are, at any given time, 
more than 130 minors or UACs eligible for placement in a licensed 
facility under this part or corresponding provisions of DHS 
regulations, including those who have been so placed or are awaiting 
such placement.
    Licensed program means any program, agency, or organization that is 
licensed by an appropriate State agency to provide residential, group, 
or foster care services for dependent children, including a program 
operating group homes, foster homes, or facilities for special needs 
UAC. A licensed program must meet the standards set forth in Sec.  
410.402. All homes and facilities operated by a licensed program, 
including facilities for special needs minors, are non-secure as 
required under State law. However, a facility for special needs minors 
may maintain that level of security permitted under State law which is 
necessary for the protection of a UAC or others in appropriate 
circumstances, e.g., cases in which a UAC has drug or alcohol problems 
or is mentally ill.
    ORR means the Office of Refugee Resettlement, Administration for 
Children and Families, Department of Health and Human Services.

[[Page 44531]]

    Secure facility means a State or county juvenile detention facility 
or a secure ORR detention facility, or a facility with an ORR contract 
or cooperative agreement having separate accommodations for minors. A 
secure facility does not need to meet the requirements of Sec.  
410.402, and is not defined as a ``licensed program'' or ``shelter'' 
under this part.
    Shelter means a licensed program that meets the standards set forth 
in Sec.  410.402.
    Special needs minor means a UAC whose mental and/or physical 
condition requires special services and treatment by staff. A UAC may 
have special needs due to drug or alcohol abuse, serious emotional 
disturbance, mental illness, intellectual disability, or a physical 
condition or chronic illness that requires special services or 
treatment. A UAC who has suffered serious neglect or abuse may be 
considered a special needs minor if the UAC requires special services 
or treatment as a result of neglect or abuse.
    Sponsor, also referred to as custodian, means an individual (or 
entity) to whom ORR releases a UAC out of ORR custody.
    Staff secure facility means a facility that is operated by a 
program, agency or organization licensed by an appropriate State agency 
and that meets the standards for licensed programs set forth in Sec.  
410.402. A staff secure facility is designed for a UAC who requires 
close supervision but does not need placement in a secure facility. It 
provides 24-hour awake supervision, custody, care, and treatment. It 
maintains stricter security measures, such as intensive staff 
supervision, than a shelter in order to control problem behavior and to 
prevent escape. A staff secure facility may have a secure perimeter but 
is not equipped internally with major restraining construction or 
procedures typically associated with correctional facilities.
    Unaccompanied alien child (UAC) means:
    (1) An individual who: Has no lawful immigration status in the 
United States; has not attained 18 years of age; and with respect to 
whom:
    (i) There is no parent or legal guardian in the United States; or
    (ii) No parent or legal guardian in the United States is available 
to provide care and physical custody.
    (2) When an alien previously determined to have been a UAC has 
reached the age of 18, when a parent or legal guardian in the United 
States is available to provide care and physical custody for such an 
alien, or when such alien has obtained lawful immigration status, the 
alien is no longer a UAC. An alien who is no longer a UAC is not 
eligible to receive legal protections limited to UACs.


Sec.  410.102  ORR care and placement of unaccompanied alien children.

    (a) ORR coordinates and implements the care and placement of UAC 
who are in ORR custody by reason of their immigration status.
    (b) For all UACs in ORR custody, DHS and DOJ (Department of 
Justice) handle other matters, including immigration benefits and 
enforcement matters, as set forth in their respective statutes, 
regulations and other authorities.
    (c) ORR shall hold UACs in facilities that are safe and sanitary 
and that are consistent with ORR's concern for the particular 
vulnerability of minors.
    (d) Within all placements, UACs shall be treated with dignity, 
respect, and special concern for their particular vulnerability.

Subpart B--Determining the Placement of an Unaccompanied Alien 
Child


Sec.  410.200  Purpose of this subpart.

    This subpart sets forth what ORR considers when placing a UAC in a 
particular ORR facility, in accordance with the Flores settlement 
agreement.


Sec.  410.201  Considerations generally applicable to the placement of 
an unaccompanied alien child.

    (a) ORR places each UAC in the least restrictive setting that is in 
the best interest of the child and appropriate to the UAC's age and 
special needs, provided that such setting is consistent with its 
interests to ensure the UAC's timely appearance before DHS and the 
immigration courts and to protect the UAC's well-being and that of 
others.
    (b) ORR separates UACs from delinquent offenders.
    (c) ORR makes reasonable efforts to provide placements in those 
geographical areas where DHS apprehends the majority of UAC.
    (d) Facilities where ORR places UACs will provide access to toilets 
and sinks, drinking water and food as appropriate, medical assistance 
if a UAC is in need of emergency services, adequate temperature control 
and ventilation, adequate supervision to protect UAC from others, and 
contact with family members who were arrested with the minor.
    (e) If there is no appropriate licensed program immediately 
available for placement of a UAC pursuant to this subpart, and no one 
to whom ORR may release the UAC pursuant to subpart C of this part, the 
UAC may be placed in an ORR-contracted facility, having separate 
accommodations for minors, or a State or county juvenile detention 
facility. In addition to the requirement that UACs shall be separated 
from delinquent offenders, every effort must be taken to ensure that 
the safety and well-being of the UAC detained in these facilities are 
satisfactorily provided for by the staff. ORR makes all reasonable 
efforts to place each UAC in a licensed program as expeditiously as 
possible.
    (f) ORR makes and records the prompt and continuous efforts on its 
part toward family reunification. ORR continues such efforts at family 
reunification for as long as the minor is in ORR custody.


Sec.  410.202  Placement of an unaccompanied alien child in a licensed 
program.

    ORR places UACs into a licensed program promptly after a UAC is 
transferred to ORR legal custody, except in the following 
circumstances:
    (a) A UAC meeting the criteria for placement in a secure facility 
set forth in Sec.  410.203;
    (b) As otherwise required by any court decree or court-approved 
settlement; or,
    (c) In the event of an emergency or influx of UACs into the United 
States, in which case ORR places the UAC as expeditiously as possible 
in accordance with Sec.  410.209; or
    (d) If a reasonable person would conclude that the UAC is an adult 
despite his or her claims to be a minor.


Sec.  410.203  Criteria for placing an unaccompanied alien child in a 
secure facility.

    (a) Notwithstanding Sec.  410.202, ORR may place a UAC in a secure 
facility if the UAC:
    (1) Has been charged with, is chargeable, or has been convicted of 
a crime, or is the subject of delinquency proceedings, has been 
adjudicated delinquent, or is chargeable with a delinquent act, and 
where ORR deems those circumstances demonstrate that the UAC poses a 
danger to self or others. ``Chargeable'' means that ORR has probable 
cause to believe that the UAC has committed a specified offense. The 
provision in this paragraph (a)(1) does not apply to a UAC whose 
offense is:
    (i) An isolated offense that was not within a pattern or practice 
of criminal activity and did not involve violence against a person or 
the use or carrying of a weapon; or
    (ii) A petty offense, which is not considered grounds for stricter 
means of detention in any case;
    (2) While in DHS or ORR's custody or while in the presence of an 
immigration officer, has committed, or has made credible threats to 
commit, a violent or

[[Page 44532]]

malicious act (whether directed at himself/herself or others);
    (3) Has engaged, while in a licensed program or staff secure 
facility, in conduct that has proven to be unacceptably disruptive of 
the normal functioning of the licensed program or staff secure facility 
in which he or she has been placed and removal is necessary to ensure 
the welfare of the UAC or others, as determined by the staff of the 
licensed program or staff secure facility (e.g., drug or alcohol abuse, 
stealing, fighting, intimidation of others, or sexually predatory 
behavior), and ORR determines the UAC poses a danger to self or others 
based on such conduct;
    (4) For purposes of placement in a secure residential treatment 
centers (RTC), if a licensed psychologist or psychiatrist determines 
that the UAC poses a risk of harm to self or others; or
    (5) Is otherwise a danger to self or others.
    (b) ORR Federal Field Specialists review and approve all placements 
of UAC in secure facilities consistent with legal requirements.
    (c) ORR reviews, at least monthly, the placement of a UAC into a 
secure, staff secure, or RTC facility to determine whether a new level 
of care is more appropriate.
    (d) Notwithstanding ORR's ability under the rules in this subpart 
to place UACs who are ``otherwise a danger to self or others'' in 
secure placements, the provision in this section does not abrogate any 
requirements to place UACs in the least restrictive setting appropriate 
to their age and special needs.


Sec.  410.204  Considerations when determining whether an unaccompanied 
alien child is an escape risk.

    When determining whether a UAC is an escape risk, ORR considers, 
among other factors, whether:
    (a) The UAC is currently under a final order of removal;
    (b) The UAC's immigration history includes:
    (1) A prior breach of a bond;
    (2) A failure to appear before DHS or the immigration court;
    (3) Evidence that the UAC is indebted to organized smugglers for 
his or her transport; or
    (4) A voluntary departure or a previous removal from the United 
States pursuant to a final order of removal; and
    (c) The UAC has previously absconded or attempted to abscond from 
state or Federal custody.


Sec.  410.205  Applicability of Sec.  410.203 for placement in a secure 
facility.

    ORR does not place a UAC in a secure facility pursuant to Sec.  
410.203 if less restrictive alternatives are available and appropriate 
under the circumstances. ORR may place a UAC in a staff secure facility 
or another licensed program as an alternative to a secure facility.


Sec.  410.206  Information for unaccompanied alien children concerning 
the reasons for his or her placement in a secure or staff secure 
facility.

    Within a reasonable period of time, ORR provides each UAC placed or 
transferred to a secure or staff secure facility with a notice of the 
reasons for the placement in a language the UAC understands.


Sec.  410.207  Custody of an unaccompanied alien child placed pursuant 
to this subpart.

    A UAC who is placed in a licensed program pursuant to this subpart 
remains in the custody of ORR, and may only be transferred or released 
under its authority. However, in the event of an emergency, a licensed 
program may transfer temporarily the physical placement of a UAC prior 
to securing permission from ORR, but must notify ORR of the transfer as 
soon as possible, but in all cases within eight hours of the transfer. 
Upon release to an approved sponsor, a UAC is no longer in the custody 
of ORR.


Sec.  410.208  Special needs minors.

    ORR assesses each UAC to determine if he or she has special needs, 
and if so, places the UAC, whenever possible, in a licensed program in 
which ORR places unaccompanied alien children without special needs, 
but which provides services and treatment for such special needs.


Sec.  410.209  Procedures during an emergency or influx.

    In the event of an emergency or influx that prevents the prompt 
placement of UAC in licensed programs, ORR makes all reasonable efforts 
to place each UAC in a licensed program as expeditiously as possible 
using the following procedures:
    (a) ORR maintains an emergency placement list of at least 80 beds 
at programs licensed by an appropriate state agency that are 
potentially available to accept emergency placements.
    (b) ORR implements its contingency plan on emergencies and 
influxes.
    (c) Within one business day of the emergency or influx, ORR, if 
necessary, contacts the programs on the emergency placement list to 
determine available placements. To the extent practicable, ORR will 
attempt to locate emergency placements in geographic areas where 
culturally and linguistically appropriate community services are 
available.
    (d) In the event that the number of UAC needing placement exceeds 
the available appropriate placements on the emergency placement list, 
ORR works with governmental and nongovernmental organizations to locate 
additional placements through licensed programs, county social services 
departments, and foster family agencies.
    (e) ORR maintains a list of UACs affected by the emergency or 
influx including each UAC's:
    (1) Name;
    (2) Date and country of birth;
    (3) Date of placement in ORR's custody; and
    (4) Place and date of current placement.
    (f) Each year ORR reevaluates the number of regular placements 
needed for UAC to determine whether the number of regular placements 
should be adjusted to accommodate an increased or decreased number of 
UAC eligible for placement in licensed programs.

Subpart C--Releasing an Unaccompanied Alien Child from ORR Custody


Sec.  410.300  Purpose of this subpart.

    This subpart covers the policies and procedures used to release, 
without unnecessary delay, a UAC from ORR custody to an approved 
sponsor.


Sec.  410.301  Sponsors to whom ORR releases an unaccompanied alien 
child.

    (a) ORR releases a UAC to an approved sponsor without unnecessary 
delay, but may continue to retain custody of a UAC if ORR determines 
that continued custody is necessary to ensure the UAC's safety or the 
safety of others, or that continued custody is required to secure the 
UAC's timely appearance before DHS or the immigration courts.
    (b) When ORR releases a UAC without unnecessary delay to an 
approved sponsor, it releases in the following order of preference:
    (1) A parent;
    (2) A legal guardian;
    (3) An adult relative (brother, sister, aunt, uncle, or 
grandparent);
    (4) An adult individual or entity designated by the parent or legal 
guardian as capable and willing to care for the UAC's well-being in:
    (i) A declaration signed under penalty of perjury before an 
immigration or consular officer; or
    (ii) Such other document that establishes to the satisfaction of 
ORR, in

[[Page 44533]]

its discretion, the affiant's parental relationship or guardianship;
    (5) A licensed program willing to accept legal custody; or
    (6) An adult individual or entity seeking custody, in the 
discretion of ORR, when it appears that there is no other likely 
alternative to long term custody, and family reunification does not 
appear to be a reasonable possibility.


Sec.  410.302  Sponsor suitability assessment process requirements 
leading to release of an unaccompanied alien child from ORR custody to 
a sponsor.

    (a) The licensed program providing care for the UAC shall make and 
record the prompt and continuous efforts on its part towards family 
reunification and the release of the UAC pursuant to the provisions of 
this section.
    (b) ORR requires a background check, including verification of 
identity and which may include verification of employment of the 
individuals offering support, prior to release.
    (c) ORR also may require further suitability assessment, which may 
include interviews of members of the household, investigation of the 
living conditions in which the UAC would be placed and the standard of 
care he or she would receive, a home visit, a fingerprint-based 
background and criminal records check on the prospective sponsor and on 
adult residents of the prospective sponsor's household, and follow-up 
visits after release. Any such assessment also takes into consideration 
the wishes and concerns of the UAC.
    (d) If the conditions identified in TVPRA at 8 U.S.C. 1232(c)(3)(B) 
are met, and require a home study, no release to a sponsor may occur in 
the absence of such a home study.
    (e) The proposed sponsor must sign an affidavit of support and a 
custodial release agreement of the conditions of release. The custodial 
release agreement requires that the sponsor:
    (1) Provide for the UAC's physical, mental, and financial well-
being;
    (2) Ensure the UAC's presence at all future proceedings before DHS 
and the immigration courts;
    (3) Ensure the UAC reports for removal from the United States if so 
ordered;
    (4) Notify ORR, DHS, and the Executive Office for Immigration 
Review of any change of address within five days following a move;
    (5) Notify ORR and DHS at least five days prior to the sponsor's 
departure from the United States, whether the departure is voluntary or 
pursuant to a grant of voluntary departure or an order of removal;
    (6) Notify ORR and DHS if dependency proceedings involving the UAC 
are initiated and also notify the dependency court of any immigration 
proceedings pending against the UAC;
    (7) Receive written permission from ORR if the sponsor decides to 
transfer legal custody of the UAC to someone else. Also, in the event 
of an emergency (e.g., serious illness or destruction of the home), a 
sponsor may transfer temporary physical custody of the UAC prior to 
securing permission from ORR, but the sponsor must notify ORR as soon 
as possible and no later than 72 hours after the transfer; and
    (8) Notify ORR and DHS as soon as possible and no later than 24 
hours of learning that the UAC has disappeared, has been threatened, or 
has been contacted in any way by an individual or individuals believed 
to represent an immigrant smuggling syndicate or organized crime.
    (f) ORR is not required to release a UAC to any person or agency it 
has reason to believe may harm or neglect the UAC or fail to present 
him or her before DHS or the immigration courts when requested to do 
so.

Subpart D--Licensed Programs


Sec.  410.400  Purpose of this subpart.

    This subpart covers the standards that licensed programs must meet 
in keeping with the principles of treating UACs in custody with 
dignity, respect and special concern for their particular 
vulnerability.


Sec.  410.401  Applicability of this subpart.

    This subpart applies to all licensed programs, regardless of 
whether they are providing care in shelters, staff secure facilities, 
residential treatment centers, or foster care and group home settings.


Sec.  410.402  Minimum standards applicable to licensed programs.

    Licensed programs must:
    (a) Be licensed by an appropriate State agency to provide 
residential, group, or foster care services for dependent children;
    (b) Comply with all applicable state child welfare laws and 
regulations and all state and local building, fire, health and safety 
codes;
    (c) Provide or arrange for the following services for each UAC in 
care, including:
    (1) Proper physical care and maintenance, including suitable living 
accommodations, food, appropriate clothing, and personal grooming 
items;
    (2) Appropriate routine medical and dental care, family planning 
services, and emergency health care services, including a complete 
medical examination (including screening for infectious disease) within 
48 hours of admission, excluding weekends and holidays, unless the UAC 
was recently examined at another facility; appropriate immunizations in 
accordance with the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS), Center for 
Disease Control; administration of prescribed medication and special 
diets; appropriate mental health interventions when necessary;
    (3) An individualized needs assessment that must include:
    (i) Various initial intake forms;
    (ii) Essential data relating to the identification and history of 
the UAC and family;
    (iii) Identification of the UAC's special needs including any 
specific problems that appear to require immediate intervention;
    (iv) An educational assessment and plan;
    (v) An assessment of family relationships and interaction with 
adults, peers and authority figures;
    (vi) A statement of religious preference and practice;
    (vii) An assessment of the UAC's personal goals, strengths and 
weaknesses; and
    (viii) Identifying information regarding immediate family members, 
other relatives, godparents or friends who may be residing in the 
United States and may be able to assist in family reunification;
    (4) Educational services appropriate to the UAC's level of 
development and communication skills in a structured classroom setting, 
Monday through Friday, which concentrate primarily on the development 
of basic academic competencies and secondarily on English Language 
Training (ELT), including:
    (i) Instruction and educational and other reading materials in such 
languages as needed;
    (ii) Instruction in basic academic areas that include science, 
social studies, math, reading, writing, and physical education; and
    (iii) The provision to a UAC of appropriate reading materials in 
languages other than English for use during the UAC's leisure time;
    (5) Activities according to a recreation and leisure time plan that 
include daily outdoor activity, weather permitting, at least one hour 
per day of large muscle activity and one hour per day of structured 
leisure time activities, which do not include time spent watching 
television. Activities must be increased to at least three hours on 
days when school is not in session;

[[Page 44534]]

    (6) At least one individual counseling session per week conducted 
by trained social work staff with the specific objectives of reviewing 
the UAC's progress, establishing new short-term objectives, and 
addressing both the developmental and crisis-related needs of each UAC;
    (7) Group counseling sessions at least twice a week. This is 
usually an informal process and takes place with all the UACs present. 
This is a time when new UACs are given the opportunity to get 
acquainted with the staff, other children, and the rules of the 
program. It is an open forum where everyone gets a chance to speak. 
Daily program management is discussed and decisions are made about 
recreational and other program activities, etc. This is a time for 
staff and UACs to discuss whatever is on their minds and to resolve 
problems;
    (8) Acculturation and adaptation services that include information 
regarding the development of social and inter-personal skills that 
contribute to those abilities necessary to live independently and 
responsibly;
    (9) Upon admission, a comprehensive orientation regarding program 
intent, services, rules (provided in writing and verbally), 
expectations and the availability of legal assistance;
    (10) Whenever possible, access to religious services of the UAC's 
choice;
    (11) Visitation and contact with family members (regardless of 
their immigration status) which is structured to encourage such 
visitation. The staff must respect the UAC's privacy while reasonably 
preventing the unauthorized release of the UAC;
    (12) A reasonable right to privacy, which must include the right 
to:
    (i) Wear his or her own clothes, when available;
    (ii) Retain a private space in the residential facility, group or 
foster home for the storage of personal belongings;
    (iii) Talk privately on the phone, as permitted by the house rules 
and regulations;
    (iv) Visit privately with guests, as permitted by the house rules 
and regulations; and
    (v) Receive and send uncensored mail unless there is a reasonable 
belief that the mail contains contraband;
    (13) Family reunification services designed to identify relatives 
in the United States as well as in foreign countries and assistance in 
obtaining legal guardianship when necessary for release of the UAC; and
    (14) Legal services information regarding the availability of free 
legal assistance, the right to be represented by counsel at no expense 
to the government, the right to a removal hearing before an immigration 
judge, the right to apply for asylum or to request voluntary departure 
in lieu of removal;
    (d) Deliver services in a manner that is sensitive to the age, 
culture, native language and the complex needs of each UAC;
    (e) Formulate program rules and discipline standards with 
consideration for the range of ages and maturity in the program and 
that are culturally sensitive to the needs of each UAC to ensure the 
following:
    (1) UAC must not be subjected to corporal punishment, humiliation, 
mental abuse, or punitive interference with the daily functions of 
living, such as eating or sleeping: And
    (2) Any sanctions employed must not:
    (i) Adversely affect either a UAC's health, or physical or 
psychological well-being; or
    (ii) Deny UAC regular meals, sufficient sleep, exercise, medical 
care, correspondence privileges, or legal assistance;
    (f) Develop a comprehensive and realistic individual plan for the 
care of each UAC in accordance with the UAC's needs as determined by 
the individualized needs assessment. Individual plans must be 
implemented and closely coordinated through an operative case 
management system;
    (g) Develop, maintain and safeguard individual client case records. 
Licensed programs must develop a system of accountability that 
preserves the confidentiality of client information and protects the 
records from unauthorized use or disclosure; and
    (h) Maintain adequate records and make regular reports as required 
by ORR that permit ORR to monitor and enforce the regulations in this 
part and other requirements and standards as ORR may determine are in 
the interests of the UAC.


Sec.  410.403  Ensuring that licensed programs are providing services 
as required by the regulations in this part.

    ORR monitors compliance with the terms of the regulations in this 
part.

Subpart E--Transportation of an Unaccompanied Alien Child


Sec.  410.500  Conducting transportation for an unaccompanied alien 
child in ORR's custody.

    (a) ORR does not transport UACs with adult detainees.
    (b) When ORR plans to release a UAC from its custody under the 
family reunification provisions at Sec. Sec.  410.201 and 410.302, ORR 
assists without undue delay in making transportation arrangements. ORR 
may, in its discretion, provide transportation to UAC.

Subpart F--Transfer of an Unaccompanied Alien Child


Sec.  410.600  Principles applicable to transfer of an unaccompanied 
alien child.

    (a) ORR transfers a UAC from one placement to another with all of 
his or her possessions and legal papers.
    (b) If the UAC's possessions exceed the amount permitted normally 
by the carrier in use, the possessions are shipped to the UAC in a 
timely manner.
    (c) ORR does not transfer a UAC who is represented by counsel 
without advance notice to his or her legal counsel. However, ORR may 
provide notice to counsel within 24 hours of the transfer in unusual 
and compelling circumstances such as:
    (1) Where the safety of the UAC or others has been threatened;
    (2) The UAC has been determined to be an escape risk consistent 
with Sec.  410.204; or
    (3) Where counsel has waived such notice.

Subpart G--Age Determinations


Sec.  410.700  Conducting age determinations.

    Procedures for determining the age of an individual must take into 
account the totality of the circumstances and evidence, including the 
non-exclusive use of radiographs, to determine the age of the 
individual. ORR may require an individual in ORR's custody to submit to 
a medical or dental examination conducted by a medical professional or 
to submit to other appropriate procedures to verify his or her age. If 
ORR subsequently determines that such an individual is a UAC, he or she 
will be treated in accordance with ORR's UAC regulations in this part 
for all purposes.


Sec.  410.701  Treatment of an individual who appears to be an adult.

    If, the procedures in Sec.  410.700 would result in a reasonable 
person concluding that an individual is an adult, despite his or her 
claim to be under the age of 18, ORR must treat such person as an adult 
for all purposes.

Subpart H--Unaccompanied Alien Children's Objections to ORR 
Determinations


Sec.  410.800  Purpose of this subpart.

    This subpart concerns UACs' objections to ORR placement.


Sec.  410.801   Procedures.

    (a) For UACs not placed in licensed programs, ORR shall--within a

[[Page 44535]]

reasonable period of time--provide a notice of the reasons for housing 
the minor in secure or staff secure facility. Such notice shall be in a 
language the UAC understands.
    (b) ORR shall promptly provide each UAC not released with:
    (1) A list of free legal services providers compiled by ORR and 
that is provided to UAC as part of a Legal Resource Guide for UAC 
(unless previously given to the UAC); and
    (2) The following explanation of the right of potential review:
    ``ORR usually houses persons under the age of 18 in an open 
setting, such as a foster or group home, and not in detention 
facilities. If you believe that you have not been properly placed or 
that you have been treated improperly, you may call a lawyer to seek 
assistance. If you cannot afford a lawyer, you may call one from the 
list of free legal services given to you with this form.''


Sec.  410.810  Hearings.

    (a) A UAC may request that an independent hearing officer employed 
by HHS determine, through a written decision, whether the UAC would 
present a risk of danger to the community or risk of flight if 
released.
    (1) Requests under this section may be made by the UAC, his or her 
legal representative, or his or her parent or legal guardian.
    (2) UACs placed in secure or staff secure facilities will receive a 
notice of the procedures under this section and may use a form provided 
to them to make a written request for a hearing under this section.
    (b) In hearings conducted under this section, HHS bears the initial 
burden of production to support its determination that a UAC would pose 
a danger or flight risk if discharged from HHS' care and custody. The 
burden of persuasion is then on the UAC to show that he or she will not 
be a danger to the community or flight risk if released, using a 
preponderance of the evidence standard.
    (c) In hearings under this section, the UAC may be represented by a 
person of his or her choosing, at no cost to the government. The UAC 
may present oral and written evidence to the hearing officer and may 
appear by video or teleconference. ORR may also choose to present 
evidence either in writing, or by appearing in person, or by video or 
teleconference.
    (d) A hearing officer's decision that a UAC would not be a danger 
to the community (or risk of flight) if released is binding upon ORR, 
unless the provisions of paragraph (e) of this section apply.
    (e) A hearing officer's decision under this section may be appealed 
to the Assistant Secretary of the Administration for Children and 
Families. Any such appeal request shall be in writing, and must be 
received within 30 days of the hearing officer decision. The Assistant 
Secretary will reverse a hearing officer decision only if there is a 
clear error of fact, or if the decision includes an error of law. 
Appeal to the Assistant Secretary shall not affect a stay of the 
hearing officer's decision to release the UAC, unless within five 
business days of such hearing officer decision, the Assistant Secretary 
issues a decision in writing that release of the UAC would result in a 
significant danger to the community. Such a stay decision must include 
a description of behaviors of the UAC while in care and/or documented 
criminal or juvenile behavior records from the UAC demonstrating that 
the UAC would present a danger to community if released.
    (f) Decisions under this section are final and binding on the 
Department, and a UAC may only seek another hearing under this section 
if the UAC can demonstrate a material change in circumstances. 
Similarly, ORR may request the hearing officer to make a new 
determination under this section if at least one month has passed since 
the original decision, and ORR can show that a material change in 
circumstances means the UAC should no longer be released.
    (g) This section cannot be used to determine whether a UAC has a 
suitable sponsor, and neither the hearing officer nor the Assistant 
Secretary may order the UAC released.
    (h) This section may not be invoked to determine the UAC's 
placement while in HHS custody. Nor may this section be invoked to 
determine level of custody for the UAC.

Kevin K. McAleenan,
Acting Secretary, Department of Homeland Security.
Alex M. Azar II,
Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services.
[FR Doc. 2019-17927 Filed 8-22-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 9111-28-P; 4184-45-P