[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 157 (Wednesday, August 14, 2019)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 41292-41508]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-17142]



[[Page 41291]]

Vol. 84

Wednesday,

No. 157

August 14, 2019

Part III

Book 3 of 3 Books

41291-41594





Department of Homeland Security





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8 CFR Parts 103, 212, 213, et al.



Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 84 , No. 157 / Wednesday, August 14, 2019 / 
Rules and Regulations  

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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

8 CFR Parts 103, 212, 213, 214, 245 and 248

[CIS No. 2637-19; DHS Docket No. USCIS-2010-0012]
RIN 1615-AA22


Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds

AGENCY: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, DHS.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: This final rule amends DHS regulations by prescribing how DHS 
will determine whether an alien applying for admission or adjustment of 
status is inadmissible to the United States under section 212(a)(4) of 
the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA or the Act), because he or she 
is likely at any time to become a public charge. The final rule 
includes definitions of certain terms critical to the public charge 
determination, such as ``public charge'' and ``public benefit,'' which 
are not defined in the statute, and explains the factors DHS will 
consider in the totality of the circumstances when making a public 
charge inadmissibility determination. The final rule also addresses 
USCIS' authority to issue public charge bonds under section 213 of the 
Act in the context of applications for adjustment of status. Finally, 
this rule includes a requirement that aliens seeking an extension of 
stay or change of status demonstrate that they have not, since 
obtaining the nonimmigrant status they seek to extend or change, 
received public benefits over the designated threshold, as defined in 
this rule.
    This rule does not create any penalty or disincentive for past, 
current, or future receipt of public benefits by U.S. citizens or 
aliens whom Congress has exempted from the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. This rule does not apply to U.S. citizens, even if the 
U.S. citizen is related to an alien subject to the public charge ground 
of inadmissibility. The rule also does not apply to aliens whom 
Congress exempted from the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
(such as asylees, refugees, or other vulnerable populations listed as 
exempt in this final rule). Nor does this rule apply to aliens for whom 
DHS has statutory discretion to waive this ground of inadmissibility, 
if DHS has exercised such discretion.
    In addition, this includes special provisions for how DHS will 
consider the receipt of public benefits, as defined in this rule, by 
certain members of the U.S. Armed Forces and their families; certain 
international adoptees; and receipt of Medicaid in certain contexts, 
especially by aliens under the age of 21, pregnant women (and women for 
up to 60 days after giving birth), and for certain services funded by 
Medicaid under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 
or in a school setting. Aliens who might qualify for these exemptions 
should study the rule carefully to understand how the exemptions work.
    This final rule also clarifies that DHS will only consider public 
benefits received directly by the alien for the alien's own benefit, or 
where the alien is a listed beneficiary of the public benefit. DHS will 
not consider public benefits received on behalf of another. DHS also 
will not attribute receipt of a public benefit by one or more members 
of the alien's household to the alien unless the alien is also a listed 
beneficiary of the public benefit.
    This final rule supersedes the 1999 Interim Field Guidance on 
Deportability and Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds.

DATES: This final rule is effective at 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time on 
October 15, 2019. DHS will apply this rule only to applications and 
petitions postmarked (or, if applicable, submitted electronically) on 
or after the effective date. Applications and petitions already pending 
with USCIS on the effective date of the rule (i.e., were postmarked 
before the effective date of the rule and were accepted by USCIS) will 
not be subject to the rule.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mark Phillips, Residence and 
Naturalization Division Chief, Office of Policy and Strategy, U.S. 
Citizenship and Immigration Services, Department of Homeland Security, 
20 Massachusetts NW, Washington, DC 20529-2140; telephone 202-272-8377.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary
    A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action
    B. Legal Authority
    C. Summary of the Proposed Rule
    D. Summary of Changes in the Final Rule
    1. Definitions
    2. Public Benefits
    3. Applicability to Nonimmigrants
    4. Totality of the Circumstances Determination
    5. Public Charge Bond for Adjustment of Status Applicants
    6. Other Changes
    E. Summary of Costs and Benefits
II. Background
    A. Public Charge Inadmissibility and Public Charge Bonds
    B. Current Public Charge Standards
    C. Final Rule
III. Public Comments on the Proposed Rule
    A. Summary of Public Comments
    B. Requests To Extend Comment Period
    C. Comments Expressing General Support for the NPRM
    D. Comments Expressing General Opposition to the NPRM
    1. Purpose of the Rule and Self Sufficiency
    2. Requests for Reconsideration and Withdrawal of NPRM
    3. Alternatives to the Public Charge Rule
    4. Discrimination and Disparate Impact
    5. Potential Disenrollment Impacts
     Choice Between Public Benefits and Immigration Status
     General Assertions as to Effects
     Housing Benefit-Related Effects
     Food and Nutrition Benefit-Related Effects
     Health Benefit-Related Effects
     Effects on Vulnerable Populations
     Effects on U.S. Citizens
     Increased Costs to Health Care Providers, States, and 
Localities
    6. Inconsistent With American Values and Historic Commitment to 
Immigrants
    7. Contributions to American Society and Consideration of Self-
Sufficiency
    8. Adjudication and Processing
    9. Privacy Concerns
    E. General Comments Regarding Legal Authority and Statutory 
Provisions
    1. Lack of Statutory Authority/Inconsistent With Congressional 
Intent
    2. Additional Legal Arguments
    a. Allegations That the Rule Is Arbitrary and Capricious
    b. Alternatives
    c. Retroactivity
    d. Due Process/Vagueness and Equal Protection
    e. Coordination With Other Federal Agencies
    f. International Law and Related Issues
    g. Contract Law
    F. Applicability of the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility, 
and the Public Benefit Condition to Extension of Stay and Change of 
Status
    1. Applicability of the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility 
Generally
    2. Applicability and Content of the Public Benefits Condition
    a. Nonimmigrant Students and Exchange Visitors
    b. Workers
    d. Compact of Free Association Migrants
    3. Exemptions and Waivers With Respect to the Rule Generally
    a. General Comments
    b. Special Immigrant Juvenile
    c. Certain Employment Based Preference Categories, or National 
Interest Waiver
    d. Violence Against Women Act, T, and U
    4. Summary of Applicability, Exemptions, and Waivers
    G. Definitions
    1. Public Charge
    a. Threshold Standard
    ``Primarily dependent'' Based on Cash Public Benefit Receipt or 
Long-Term Institutionalization at Government Expense
    b. Standards for Monetizable and Non-Monetizable Benefits

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    Numerical Percentage Threshold
    Valuation
    Alternatives to the Duration Standard
    Combination Standard
    2. Public Benefits
    a. Specific Groups and Public Benefits
    Individuals With Disabilities
    Vulnerable Populations
    Receipt of Public Benefits by Children
    b. Supplemental Security Income
    c. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
    d. State, Local and Tribal Cash Assistance
    e. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
    CalFresh
    f. Housing
    g. Institutionalization
    h. Medicaid
    Individuals With Disabilities Education Act
    Emergency Services Exclusion
    Vaccinations
    Substance Abuse
    i. Medicare, Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy
    j. Additional Considerations
    Exhaustive List
    Additional Programs
    Dependents
    Tax Credits
    Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and 
Children
    School Breakfast/Lunch Programs
    State and Local Benefits
    Head Start
    Healthy Start, The Emergency Food Assistance Program, and 
Similar Programs
    Pell Grants
    Children's Health Insurance Program
    Disaster Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
    Social Security Disability Insurance
    3. Likely at Any Time To Become a Public Charge
    4. Household
    H. Public Charge Inadmissibility Determination Based on Totality 
of Circumstances
    I. Age
    1. Standard
    2. Age Discrimination
    J. Health
    1. Standard
    2. Health and Disability Discrimination
    K. Family Status
    L. Assets, Resources, and Financial Status
    1. Income Standard
    2. Evidence of Assets and Resources
    3. Public Benefits
    4. Fee Waivers for Immigration Benefits
    5. Credit Report and Score
    6. Financial Means To Pay for Medical Costs
    M. Education and Skills
    1. Education
    2. Language Proficiency
    3. Skills
    4. Employment
    N. Affidavit of Support
    O. Additional Factors To Consider
    P. Heavily Weighted Factors General Comments
    Q. Heavily Weighted Negative Factors
    1. Lack of Employability
    2. Current Receipt of One of More Public Benefit
    3. Receipt of Public Benefits Within 36 Months Before Filing
    4. Financial Means To Pay for Medical Costs
    5. Alien Previously Found Inadmissible or Deportable Based on 
Public Charge
    R. Heavily Weighted Positive Factors
    1. Proposed Standard
    2. Additional Positive Heavily Weighted Factors
    a. Affidavit of Support
    b. Family Relationships
    c. English Ability
    d. Education
    e. Private Health Insurance
    f. Work History
    g. Receipt of Grants, Contracts, and Licensures
    h. Caregivers
    i. Ability To Work in the Future
    S. Public Charge Bonds for Adjustment of Status Applicants
    1. Standard
    2. Bond Amount
    3. Public Charge Bond Cancellation
    4. Breach of Public Charge Bond
    T. Effective Date(s)
    Benefits Received Before Effective Date and Previously Excluded 
Benefits
    U. Other Comments
    V. Public Comments and Responses to the NPRM's Statutory and 
Regulatory Requirements Section
    1. Comments on Costs and Benefits
    a. Population Seeking Extension of Stay or Change of Status
    b. Other Comments on Affected Population
    c. Determination of Inadmissibility Based on Public Charge 
Grounds
    d. Other Comments on Baseline Estimates
    e. Costs to Applicants To Adjust Status
    f. Lack of Clarity
    g. Other Comments on Costs to Applicants
    h. Costs Related to Public Charge Bond
    i. Costs Related to Program Changes and Public Inquiries
    j. Costs Related to States and Local Governments, and Public 
Benefit-Granting Agencies
    k. Regulatory Familiarization Costs
    l. Costs to the Federal Government
    m. Costs to Non-Citizens and Their Communities
    n. Healthcare-Related Costs
    o. Housing and Homelessness-Related Costs
    p. Economic Costs
    r. Economic Impact and Job Loss
    s. Economic Impact on Healthcare System
    t. Impact on U.S. Workforce
    u. Economic Impacts Related to Nutrition Programs
    v. Other Economic Impacts
    w. DHS Estimates of Discounted Direct Costs and Reduced Transfer 
Payments
    x. Benefits of Proposed Regulatory Changes
    y. Cost Benefit Analysis Issues
    2. Federalism Comments
    3. Family Assessment Comments
    4. Paperwork Reduction Act Comments
IV. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements
    A. Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), 
Executive Order 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review), 
and Executive Order 13771 (Reducing Regulation and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs)
    1. Summary
    B. Regulatory Flexibility Act
    1. Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
    a. A Statement of the Need for, and Objectives of, the Rule
    b. A statement of the significant issues raised by the public 
comments in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis, 
a statement of the assessment of the agency of such issues, and a 
statement of any changes made in the proposed rule as a result of 
such comments.
    c. The response of the agency to any comments filed by the Chief 
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration in 
response to the proposed rule, and a detailed statement of any 
change made to the proposed rule in the final rule as a result of 
the comments.
    d. A description of and an estimate of the number of small 
entities to which the rule will apply or an explanation of why no 
such estimate is available.
    e. A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping, and 
other compliance requirements of the rule, including an estimate of 
the classes of small entities that will be subject to the 
requirement and the type of professional skills necessary for 
preparation of the report or record.
    f. Description of the steps the agency has taken to minimize the 
significant economic impact on small entities consistent with the 
stated objectives of applicable statutes, including a statement of 
factual, policy, and legal reasons for selecting the alternative 
adopted in the final rule and why each one of the other significant 
alternatives to the rule considered by the agency which affect the 
impact on small entities was rejected.
    C. Congressional Review Act
    D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
    E. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)
    F. Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform)
    G. Executive Order 13175 Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments
    H. Family Assessment
    I. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
    J. Paperwork Reduction Act
V. List of Subjects and Regulatory Amendments

Table of Abbreviations

AAO--Administrative Appeals Office
ACA--Affordable Care Act
ACTC--Additional Child Tax Credit
AFM--Adjudicator's Field Manual
ASEC--Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current 
Population Survey
BIA--Board of Immigration Appeals
BLS--U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
CDC--Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CBP--U.S. Customs and Border Protection

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CFR--Code of Federal Regulations
CHIP--Children's Health Insurance Program
CNMI--Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
DACA--Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals
DD Act--The Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights 
Act of 2000
DHS--U.S. Department of Homeland Security
DOJ--U.S. Department of Justice
DOS--U.S. Department of State
EITC--Earned Income Tax Credit
E.O.--Executive Order
EOIR--Executive Office for Immigration Review
FAM--Foreign Affairs Manual FCRA--Fair Credit Reporting Act
FPG--Federal Poverty Guidelines
FPL--Federal Poverty Level
Form DS-2054--Medical Examination for Immigrant or Refugee Applicant
Form I-129--Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker
Form I-129CW--Petition for a CNMI-Only Nonimmigrant Transitional 
Worker
Form I-130--Petition for Alien Relative
Form I-140--Immigrant Petition for Alien Workers
Form I-290B--Notice of Appeal or Motion
Form I-356--Request for Cancellation of Public Charge Bond
Form I-407--Record of Abandonment of Lawful Permanent Resident 
Status
Form I-485--Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust 
Status
Form I-539--Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status
Form I-539A--Supplemental Information for Application to Extend/
Change Nonimmigrant Status
Form I-600--Petition to Classify Orphan as an Immediate Relative
Form I-601--Application for Waiver of Grounds of Inadmissibility
Form I-693--Report of Medical Examination and Vaccination Record 
Form
I-800--Petition to Classify Convention Adoptee as an Immediate 
Relative
Form I-864--Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA
Form I-864A--Contract Between Sponsor and Household Member
Form I-864EZ--Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the Act
Form I-864P--HHS Poverty Guidelines for Affidavit of Support
Form I-864W--Request for Exemption for Intending Immigrant's 
Affidavit of Support
Form I-912--Request for Fee Waiver
Form I-94--Arrival/Departure Record
Form I-944--Declaration of Self-Sufficiency
Form I-945--Public Charge Bond
Form N-600--Application for Certificate of Citizenship
Form N-600K--Application for Citizenship and Issuance of Certificate 
Under Section 322
GA--General Assistance
GAO--U.S. Government Accountability Office
HHS--U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
HOPWA--Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS
HCV--Housing Choice Voucher
ICE--U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
IEFA--Immigration Examinations Fee Account
IIRIRA--Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act 
of 1996
INA--Immigration and Nationality Act
INS--Immigration and Naturalization Service
IRCA--Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
IRS--Internal Revenue Service
LIHEAP--Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program
LIS--Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy
LPR--Lawful Permanent Resident
NEPA--National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
NHE--National Health Expenditure
NOID--Notice of Intent to Deny
NPRM--Notice of Proposed Rulemaking
PRA--Paperwork Reduction Act
PTC--Premium Tax Credit
PRWORA--Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation 
Act of 1996
RFE--Request for Evidence
RFRA--Religious Freedom Restoration Act
SAVE--Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements Secretary--
Secretary of Homeland Security
SIPP--Survey of Income and Program Participation
SNAP--Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
SORN--System of Records Notice
SSA--Social Security Administration
SSI--Supplemental Security Income
TANF--Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
TPS--Temporary Protected Status
USDA--U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S.C.--United States Code
USCIS--U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
VAWA--Violence Against Women Act
VAWA 2013--Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013
WAP--Weatherization Assistance Program
WIC--Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and 
Children

I. Executive Summary

A. Purpose of the Regulatory Action

    This rule changes how the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) 
interprets and implements the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.\1\ The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA or the 
Act) renders inadmissible and therefore (1) ineligible for a visa, (2) 
ineligible for admission and (3) ineligible for adjustment of status, 
any alien \2\ who, in the opinion of the DHS (or the Departments of 
State (DOS) or Justice (DOJ), as applicable),\3\ is likely at any time 
to become a public charge.\4\ The statute does not define the term 
``public charge,'' but in a related statute, Congress has articulated a 
national policy that (1) ``aliens within the Nation's borders not 
depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on 
their own capabilities and the resources of their families, their 
sponsors, and private organizations,'' and (2) ``the availability of 
public benefits not constitute an incentive for immigration to the 
United States.'' \5\ In addition, the public charge statute provides 
that in making the inadmissibility determination, administering 
agencies must ``at a minimum consider the alien's age; health; family 
status; assets, resources, and financial status; and education and 
skills.'' \6\ The agencies may also consider any affidavit of support 
under section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, i.e., Form I-864, 
Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA, submitted on the 
alien's behalf.\7\
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    \1\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \2\ Congress has by statute exempted certain categories of 
aliens, such as asylees and refugees, from the public charge ground 
of inadmissibility. See, e.g., INA sections 207(c)(3) and 209(c), 8 
U.S.C. 1157(c)(3), 1159(c). A full list of exemptions is included in 
this rule.
    \3\ Three different agencies are responsible for applying the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility, each in a different context 
or contexts. DHS primarily applies the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility at ports of entry and when adjudicating certain 
applications for adjustment of status. This rule amends the 
standards applicable to those contexts, and also sets forth 
evidentiary requirements applicable to the adjustment of status 
context.
    DOS Consular officers are responsible for applying the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility as part of the visa application 
process and for determining whether a visa applicant is ineligible 
for a visa on public charge grounds. This rule does not directly 
revise DOS standards or processes. DHS is working with DOS to ensure 
that the Foreign Affairs Manual appropriately reflects the standards 
in this rule.
    DOJ is responsible for applying the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility in immigration court, where DHS may bring and 
prosecute the charge against certain inadmissible aliens. 
Immigration judges adjudicate matters in removal proceedings, and 
the Board of Immigration Appeals and in some cases the Attorney 
General adjudicate appeals arising from such proceedings. This rule 
does not directly revise DOJ standards or processes. DHS understands 
that the DOJ plans to conduct rulemaking to ensure that the 
standards applied in immigration court are consistent with the 
standards in this rule.
    \4\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(A).
    \5\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(2).
    \6\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B)(i).
    \7\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(B)(ii).
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    Since 1999, the prevailing approach to public charge 
inadmissibility has been dictated primarily by the May 26, 1999, Field 
Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds 
(1999 Interim Field Guidance), issued by the former Immigration and 
Naturalization Service (INS).\8\ Under

[[Page 41295]]

that approach, ``public charge'' has been interpreted to mean a person 
who is ``primarily dependent on the Government for subsistence, as 
demonstrated by either the receipt of public cash assistance for income 
maintenance or institutionalization for long-term care at Government 
expense.'' \9\ As a consequence, an alien's reliance on or receipt of 
non-cash benefits such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 
(SNAP), or food stamps; Medicaid; and housing vouchers and other 
housing subsidies are not currently considered by DHS in determining 
whether an alien is deemed likely at any time to become a public 
charge.
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    \8\ See Field Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on 
Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28689 (May 26, 1999). Due to a printing 
error, the Federal Register version of the field guidance appears to 
be dated ``March 26, 1999'' even though the guidance was actually 
signed May 20, 1999, became effective May 21, 1999 and was published 
in the Federal Register on May 26, 1999.
    \9\ See Field Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on 
Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28689, 28692 (May 26, 1999).
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    DHS is revising its interpretation of ``public charge'' to 
incorporate consideration of such benefits, and to better ensure that 
aliens subject to the public charge inadmissibility ground are self-
sufficient, i.e., do not depend on public resources to meet their 
needs, but rather rely on their own capabilities, as well as the 
resources of family members, sponsors, and private organizations.\10\ 
This rule redefines the term ``public charge'' to mean an alien who 
receives one or more designated public benefits for more than 12 months 
in the aggregate within any 36-month period (such that, for instance, 
receipt of two benefits in one month counts as two months). This rule 
defines the term ``public benefit'' to include cash benefits for income 
maintenance, SNAP, most forms of Medicaid, Section 8 Housing Assistance 
under the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) Program, Section 8 Project-Based 
Rental Assistance, and certain other forms of subsidized housing. DHS 
has tailored the rule to limit its effects in certain ways, such as for 
active duty military members and their families, and children in 
certain contexts.
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    \10\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(1), (2)(A).
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    This rule also explains how DHS will interpret the minimum 
statutory factors for determining whether ``in the opinion of'' \11\ 
the officer, the alien is likely at any time to become a public charge. 
Specifically, the rule contains a list of negative and positive factors 
that DHS will consider as part of this determination, and directs 
officers to consider these factors in the totality of the alien's 
circumstances. For instance, with respect to the statutory factor for 
the alien's age, DHS would generally consider it to be a negative 
factor if the alien is younger than 18 or older than 61, and a positive 
factor if the alien is between the ages of 18 and 61. These positive or 
negative factors operate as guidelines to help the officer determine 
whether the alien is likely at any time to become a public charge, 
i.e., is more likely than not at any time in the future to receive one 
or more designated public benefits for more than 12 months in the 
aggregate within any 36-month period. The rule also contains lists of 
heavily weighted negative factors and heavily weighted positive 
factors. For example, the rule includes a heavily weighted negative 
factor for an alien who is not a full-time student and is authorized to 
work, but is unable to demonstrate current employment, recent 
employment history, or a reasonable prospect of future employment. DHS 
believes that these circumstances should be accorded heavy negative 
weight in a public charge inadmissibility determination because, as 
discussed in the preamble to the NPRM and in the preamble to this final 
rule, the presence of these circumstances suggests a greater likelihood 
that the alien will become a public charge than other negative factors 
suggest. The presence of a single positive or negative factor, or 
heavily weighted negative or positive factor, will never, on its own, 
create a presumption that an applicant is inadmissible as likely to 
become a public charge or determine the outcome of the public charge 
inadmissibility determination. Rather, a public charge inadmissibility 
determination must be based on the totality of the circumstances 
presented in an applicant's case.
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    \11\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(A).
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    With respect to applications for adjustment of status in 
particular, this rule also provides a more comprehensive evidentiary 
framework under which U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) 
will consider public charge inadmissibility. Under this rule, 
applicants for adjustment of status who are subject to the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility must file a Declaration of Self-
Sufficiency (Form I-944) with their Application to Register Permanent 
Residence or Adjust Status (Form I-485) to demonstrate they are not 
likely to become a public charge. The Form I-944 only applies to 
adjustment applicants and not applicants for admission at a port of 
entry.
    In addition, applicants required to submit Form I-864, Affidavit of 
Support Under Section 213A of the INA, in accordance with section 
212(a)(4)(C) or (D), must generally submit Form I-944 with the Form I-
485. Failure to submit each form, where required, may result in a 
rejection or a denial of the Form I-485 without a prior issuance of a 
Request for Evidence or Notice of Intent to Deny.\12\
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    \12\ See 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7), (b)(8)(ii).
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    This rule also revises DHS regulations governing the discretion of 
the Secretary of Homeland Security (Secretary) to accept a public 
charge bond under section 213 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183, for those 
seeking adjustment of status. Additionally, this rule contains 
additional provisions that will render certain nonimmigrants ineligible 
for extension of stay or change of status if she or he received one or 
more public benefits for more than 12 months in the aggregate within 
any 36-month period since obtaining the status he or she wishes to 
extend or change.
    Finally, DHS notes that the INA also contains a separate public 
charge ground of deportability.\13\ This rule does not interpret or 
change DHS's implementation of the public charge ground of 
deportability.
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    \13\ See INA section 237(a)(5), 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(5).
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B. Legal Authority

    DHS's authority for making public charge inadmissibility 
determinations and related decisions is found in several statutory 
provisions. Section 102 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002,\14\ 6 
U.S.C. 112, and section 103 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1103, charge the 
Secretary with the administration and enforcement of the immigration 
and naturalization laws of the United States. In addition to 
establishing the Secretary's general authority for the administration 
and enforcement of immigration laws, section 103 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1103, enumerates various related authorities, including the Secretary's 
authority to establish regulations and prescribe such forms of bond as 
are necessary for carrying out such authority. Section 212 of the Act, 
8 U.S.C. 1182, establishes classes of aliens that are ineligible for 
visas, admission, or adjustment of status; paragraph (a)(4) of that 
section establishes the public charge ground of inadmissibility, 
including the minimum factors the Secretary must consider in making a 
determination that an alien is likely to become a public charge. 
Section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), also establishes the 
enforceable affidavit of support requirement, as applicable, to certain 
family-based and employment-based

[[Page 41296]]

immigrants, and exempts certain aliens from both the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility and the affidavit of support requirement. 
Section 213 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183, provides the Secretary with 
discretion to admit into the United States an alien who is determined 
to be inadmissible as a public charge under section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), but is otherwise admissible, upon the giving 
of a proper and suitable bond. That section authorizes the Secretary to 
establish the amount and conditions of such bond. Section 213A of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, sets out requirements for the sponsor's affidavit 
of support, including reimbursement of government expenses where the 
sponsored alien received means-tested public benefits. Section 214 of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1184, addresses requirements for the admission of 
nonimmigrants, including authorizing the Secretary to prescribe the 
conditions of such admission through regulations and when necessary, 
establish a bond to ensure that those admitted as nonimmigrants or who 
change their nonimmigrant status under section 248 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1258, depart if they violate their nonimmigrant status or after such 
status expires. Section 245 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1255, generally 
establishes eligibility criteria for adjustment of status to lawful 
permanent residence. Section 248 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1258, authorizes 
the Secretary to prescribe conditions under which an alien may change 
his or her status from one nonimmigrant classification to another. The 
Secretary promulgates the changes in this rule under all of these 
authorities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ Public Law 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, 2142-44 (Nov. 25, 
2002).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Summary of the Proposed Rule

    On October 10, 2018, DHS published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 
(NPRM) entitled Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds.\15\ The NPRM 
identified the groups of individuals generally subject to, or exempt 
from, the public charge inadmissibility ground. Further, DHS proposed 
definitions for the terms ``public charge,'' ``likely at any time to 
become a public charge,'' ``public benefit,'' and ``alien's 
household.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114 
(proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As part of the definition of public benefit, DHS proposed to 
designate an exhaustive list of public benefits that would be 
considered for purposes of a public charge inadmissibility 
determination, as well as for purposes of extension of stay and change 
of nonimmigrant status applications. DHS recognized that the universe 
of public benefits is quite large, and that some benefits are more 
commonly used, at greater taxpayer expense, than others. In seeking to 
provide clear notice of the effects of the rule, and to limit certain 
indirect costs that may be associated with the rule, DHS elected to 
limit the number and types of non-cash public benefits that it would 
designate. DHS therefore proposed to designate just a few means-tested 
non-cash benefits related to food and nutrition, housing, and 
healthcare, which bear directly on the recipient's self-sufficiency and 
together account for significant federal expenditures on low-income 
individuals. DHS's proposed list of public benefits included cash 
benefits for income maintenance, institutionalization for long-term 
care at government expense, SNAP, most forms of Medicaid, Premium and 
Cost Sharing Subsidies for Medicare Part D (Medicare Part D LIS), 
Section 8 Housing Assistance under the HCV Program, Section 8 Project-
Based Rental Assistance, and certain other forms of subsidized housing. 
DHS also sought comment on the potential inclusion of other public 
benefits programs. As noted below, this final rule designates each of 
the above-referenced public benefits, except for institutionalization 
for long-term care at government expense and Medicare Part D LIS. DHS 
is not designating any additional programs.
    DHS proposed to limit its consideration of an alien's receipt of 
these designated public benefits in two main ways, each of which DHS 
incorporated into the definition of public benefit. First, DHS proposed 
to establish ``thresholds'' for the amount or duration of public 
benefits that the alien must receive, before DHS will consider the 
alien to have received a public benefit. In other words, DHS proposed 
that it would not consider an alien's receipt of a given public benefit 
at all, unless the alien received the benefit in an amount, or for a 
duration, that met an applicable threshold. Specifically, DHS proposed 
the following thresholds:
     For public benefits that are ``monetizable'' (such as cash 
benefits, SNAP, and housing vouchers and rental assistance), DHS 
proposed a threshold of 15 percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines 
(FPG) for a household of one within a period of 12 consecutive months.
     For public benefits that cannot be monetized (such as 
Medicaid, Medicare Part D LIS, subsidized housing, and 
institutionalization for long-term care at government expense), DHS 
proposed a threshold of receipt during more than 12 months in the 
aggregate within a 36-month period.
     DHS also proposed a threshold to address circumstances 
where an alien receives a combination of monetizable benefits equal to 
or below the 15 percent threshold, together with one or more benefits 
that cannot be monetized. In such cases, DHS proposed that the 
threshold for duration of receipt of the non-monetizable benefits would 
be more than 9 months in the aggregate within a 36-month period.
    DHS expressly sought comment on these proposed thresholds, 
including whether DHS should consider an alien's receipt of benefits 
below any given threshold, as part of DHS's totality of the 
circumstances determination. As noted below, this final rule adopts a 
single threshold for all designated public benefits (including those 
that were considered ``monetizable'' under the proposed rule): More 
than 12 months in the aggregate within a 36-month period. And this 
final rule authorizes officers to consider receipt of benefits below 
that threshold, to the extent relevant in the totality of the 
circumstances.
    Second, DHS proposed to tailor its rule to limit its effects in 
certain ways, for a range of reasons. For instance, DHS proposed to not 
consider the receipt of public benefits by certain aliens who, at the 
time of receipt, filing, or adjudication, are enlisted in the U.S. 
Armed Forces, serving in active duty or in the Ready Reserve, or if 
received by such an individual's spouse or children. DHS also proposed 
to not consider emergency Medicaid or Medicaid received for services 
provided under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 
and to not consider any school-based benefits provided to individuals 
who are at or below the maximum eligible age for secondary education, 
as determined under State law. Lastly, DHS proposed to exempt from 
consideration Medicaid benefits received by children of U.S. citizens 
whose lawful admission for permanent residence and subsequent residence 
in the custody of U.S. citizen parents will result automatically in the 
child's acquisition of citizenship, or upon finalization of adoption in 
the United States by the U.S. citizen parents (or upon meeting 
eligibility criteria) or children entering the United States for the 
prime purpose of attending a citizenship interview under the Child 
Citizenship Act of 2000.\16\ As noted below, this final rule revises 
these

[[Page 41297]]

provisions in certain ways, and also includes an additional provision 
exempting Medicaid receipt by aliens under the age of 21 and pregnant 
women (including women for 60 days after the last day of pregnancy).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ See Public Law 106-395, 114 Stat. 1631, 1631-33 (Oct. 30, 
2000) (codified at INA 320(a)-(b), 8 U.S.C. 1431(a)-(b)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition to proposing new definitions, DHS proposed a regulatory 
framework for analyzing the aforementioned statutory factors that must 
be considered for purposes of the public charge inadmissibility 
determination. DHS also proposed to amend its existing regulations 
addressing public charge bonds. In addition, DHS proposed to require 
applicants seeking an extension of stay or change of nonimmigrant 
status to demonstrate that they have not received and are not currently 
receiving, nor are they likely to receive public benefits, as defined 
in the regulation, for the duration of their stay. Again, as noted 
below, this final rule revises these provisions in certain ways.
    DHS received 266,077 comments on the proposed rule, the vast 
majority of which opposed the rule. The preamble to this final rule 
includes summaries of the significant issues raised by the comments, 
and includes responsive explanations, and policy changes.

D. Summary of Changes in the Final Rule

    Following careful consideration of public comments received and 
relevant data provided by stakeholders, DHS has made several changes to 
the regulatory text proposed in the NPRM.\17\ As discussed in detail 
elsewhere in this preamble, the changes in this final rule include the 
following:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114 
(proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Definitions
     Definitions of ``Public Charge'' and ``Public Benefit.'' 
DHS has revised the definition of ``public charge'' and ``public 
benefit'' to clarify the threshold of public benefit receipt that 
renders an alien a public charge. As noted above, the proposed rule 
defined a public charge as an alien who receives one or more public 
benefits as defined in the proposed rule. The proposed rule 
incorporated the threshold concept into the definition of public 
benefit, and proposed different thresholds for ``monetizable'' and 
``non-monetizable'' benefits. Following receipt of public comments 
regarding a variety of issues, including the complexity of the proposed 
standard for monetizing certain public benefits, DHS has revised the 
definitions for public charge and public benefits, and will now 
evaluate all benefits with a single duration-based standard (i.e., the 
proposed standard for non-monetizable benefits). DHS has also 
incorporated the single duration standard into the definition of 
``public charge,'' rather than the definition of ``public benefit.'' 
Consequently, under this simplified duration standard, a public charge 
is an alien who receives one or more public benefit for more than 12 
months in the aggregate within any 36-month period (such that, for 
instance, receipt of two public benefits in one month counts as two 
months).
     Consideration of Receipt of Public Benefits below the 
Threshold, in the Totality of the Circumstances. Under the proposed 
rule, DHS would not have considered the receipt of benefits below the 
applicable threshold in the totality of the circumstances. As a 
consequence, USCIS would have been unable to consider an alien's past 
receipt of public benefits below the threshold at all, even if such 
receipt was indicative, to some degree, of the alien's likelihood of 
becoming a public charge at any time in the future. Under this final 
rule, adjudicators will consider and give appropriate weight to past 
receipt of public benefits below the single durational threshold 
described above in the totality of the circumstances.\18\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ As stated in the Benefits Received Before Effective Date 
and Previously Excluded Benefits section of this rule, DHS will not 
apply this rule to benefits received before the effective date of 
the rule, except for those benefits that would have been considered 
under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Receipt of Public Benefits. DHS has added a definition of 
``receipt'' of public benefits, consistent with the explanation in the 
proposed rule preamble. The new definition clarifies that an 
application or certification for benefits does not constitute receipt, 
although it may serve as evidence of the alien's likelihood of 
receiving public benefits in the future. It also clarifies that when an 
alien receives, applies for, or obtains a certification for public 
benefits solely on behalf of another person, DHS does not consider the 
alien to have received the benefit.
     Likely at Any Time to Become a Public Charge. DHS has 
amended the definition of ``likely at any time to become a public 
charge'' to clarify that an alien is likely at any time to become a 
public charge if the alien is more likely than not at any time in the 
future to become a public charge, as determined based on the totality 
of the alien's circumstances.
     Primary Caregiver. DHS has included a new definition of 
``primary caregiver'' to account for a new consideration in the 
totality of the circumstances for aliens who may not be currently 
employed or have employment history but are nonetheless contributing to 
their households by caring for others. DHS defines primary caregiver as 
an alien who is 18 years of age or older and has significant 
responsibility for actively caring for and managing the well-being of a 
child or an elderly, ill, or disabled person in the alien's household.
2. Public Benefits
     Medicaid Received by Aliens Under Age 21 and Pregnant 
Women. Following receipt of public comments addressing the nature of 
the Medicaid benefit for children and pregnant women. DHS has revised 
provisions under which DHS would have considered an alien's receipt of 
Medicaid, regardless of the alien's age. For purposes of this final 
rule, DHS has excluded consideration of the receipt of Medicaid by 
aliens under the age of 21 and pregnant women during pregnancy and 
during the 60-day period after pregnancy.
     Medicare Part D Low-Income Subsidy. The NPRM's definition 
for public benefit included Medicare Part D LIS. Following receipt of 
public comment regarding the nature of the Medicare Part D LIS, which 
is part of an overall benefit scheme that contains extensive work 
requirements, DHS has decided to exclude an alien's receipt of such 
subsidies from the public benefit definition for purposes of the public 
charge inadmissibility determination.
     Benefits Received by Military Servicemembers and their 
Spouses and Children. The NPRM's definition for public benefit excluded 
the consideration of public benefits received by an alien who at the 
time of receipt of the public benefit, filing, or adjudication, is 
enlisted in the U.S. Armed Forces, serving in the active duty or in the 
Ready Reserve component of the U.S. Armed Forces, or is the spouse or 
child of such servicemember. The NPRM did not make clear what 
immigration benefit types this provision applies to. DHS has revised 
the public benefit definition to clarify that this provision applies 
with respect to applications for admission, adjustment of status, and 
extension of stay or change of status.
     Benefits Received while in a Status that is Exempt from 
the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility. DHS has revised the public 
benefit definition to clarify that DHS will not consider any public 
benefits received by an alien during periods in which the alien was 
present in the United States in a classification that is exempt from 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility or for which the alien 
received a waiver

[[Page 41298]]

of the public charge inadmissibility ground.
     Public Benefits Received by Children Eligible for 
Acquisition of Citizenship. DHS has revised the proposed definition of 
public benefit that excluded from consideration Medicaid received by 
children of U.S. citizens whose lawful admission for permanent 
residence and subsequent residence in the legal and physical custody of 
their U.S. citizen parent will result automatically in the child's 
acquisition of citizenship, or whose lawful admission for permanent 
residence will result automatically in the child's acquisition of 
citizenship upon finalization of adoption in the United States by the 
U.S. citizen parent(s) or, upon meeting other eligibility criteria as 
required.\19\ DHS has changed this provision to clarify that public 
benefits, as defined in the rule, do not include any public benefits 
that were or will be received by such children.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ See Child Citizenship Act of 2000, Public Law 106-395, 114 
Stat. 1631, 1631-33 (Oct. 30, 2000) (codified at section 320(a)-(b) 
of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1431(a)-(b)), in accordance with 8 CFR part 
320.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Benefits Provided for Institutionalization. The NPRM's 
definition of public benefit included benefits for long-term 
institutionalization at government expense. Following receipt of public 
comment regarding specific benefits considered to provide for 
institutionalization, DHS has removed the reference to long-term 
institutionalization within the definition of public benefit, as the 
long-term institutionalization benefits that DHS has in the past 
considered, and intends to consider under this rule, are already part 
of the public benefit definition, i.e., Temporary Assistance for Needy 
Families (TANF), Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and Medicaid.
3. Applicability to Nonimmigrants
     ``Likely to Receive'' Public Benefits and ``Currently 
Receiving'' Public Benefits Condition. Following receipt of public 
comments addressing the public benefit condition for nonimmigrants 
seeking extension of stay or change of status, DHS has revised this 
provision. Under the proposal, DHS would have considered whether such 
an alien has received, is currently receiving, or is likely to receive 
public benefits in excess of the designated thresholds since obtaining 
the nonimmigrant status the alien seeks to attend or from which the 
alien seeks to change. DHS has modified the provision by removing the 
future-looking requirement. DHS will only consider whether the alien 
has received designated benefits for more than 12 months in the 
aggregate within a 36-month period since obtaining the nonimmigrant 
status they wish to extend or change, up until the time of adjudication 
of the extension of stay or change of status request.
     Victim of Severe Form of Trafficking in Persons (T) 
Nonimmigrants Exemption. DHS has revised several regulatory provisions 
relating to individuals who have a pending application setting forth a 
prima facie case for eligibility for T nonimmigrant status, or who are 
present in the United States in valid T nonimmigrant status. In the 
proposed rule, DHS provided that T nonimmigrants applying for 
adjustment of status were subject to the public charge inadmissibility 
ground and could request a waiver of inadmissibility. DHS has modified 
the provisions with respect to T nonimmigrants to accurately reflect 
changes codified by Congress in the Violence Against Women 
Reauthorization Act of 2013 (VAWA 2013).\20\ DHS has revised the public 
charge inadmissibility exemption provision proposed in the NPRM and 
created new provisions to align these regulations with the changes to 
the law made by VAWA 2013. T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of 
status will no longer need to submit a waiver of inadmissibility for 
public charge purposes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ See Public Law 113-4, 127 Stat. 54 (Mar. 7, 2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Victims of Criminal Activity (U) Nonimmigrants Exemption. 
DHS has revised the regulatory provisions relating to the exemption 
from public charge inadmissibility for individuals who have a pending 
application for U nonimmigrant status, or who are granted U 
nonimmigrant status, to align these regulations with the changes to the 
law made by VAWA 2013. In the proposed rule, U nonimmigrant petitioners 
or those granted U nonimmigrant status were exempted from the public 
charge inadmissibility ground for purposes of U nonimmigrant status or 
for purposes of adjustment of status under section 245(m) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1255(m). DHS has clarified that, in general, U visa petitioners 
and those granted U nonimmigrant status are exempt from a public charge 
inadmissibility determination in any future immigration benefit request 
that requires a finding of admissibility, not only adjustment of status 
under section 245(m) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1255(m).
     VAWA 2013 Public Charge Exemptions and the Affidavit of 
Support Requirement for Certain Employment-Based Petitions. DHS has 
revised several regulatory provisions relating to T nonimmigrants, U 
nonimmigrants, VAWA self-petitioners, and qualified aliens as described 
in 8 U.S.C. 1641(c). The proposed rule was silent on the applicability 
of section 212(a)(4)(D) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(D), which 
requires an affidavit of support as described in section 213A of the 
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, for certain employment-based immigrant petitions. 
DHS has modified the exemption provisions at 8 CFR 212.23(a) with 
respect to T nonimmigrants, U nonimmigrants, VAWA self-petitions, and 
certain qualified aliens to accurately reflect changes codified by 
Congress in VAWA 2013.\21\ An alien who falls under one of the VAWA 
2013 exemptions from public charge inadmissibility would not need to 
demonstrate that he or she is not likely at any time to become a public 
charge, but would need to submit a sufficient affidavit of support 
described in 213A of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, if adjusting under an 
employed-based category that requires one by statute.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ See Public Law 113-4, 127 Stat. 54 (Mar. 7, 2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Totality of the Circumstances Determination
     The Alien is a Primary Caregiver for Household Member as a 
Consideration in the Education and Skills Factor: DHS has added a 
provision that would take into consideration whether an alien is a 
primary caregiver of another in the alien's household, for example a 
child or elderly relative. This factor is intended to take into 
consideration difficult-to-monetize contributions by aliens who may 
lack current employment or an employment history due to their full 
time, unpaid care of household members.
     Heavily Weighted Negative Factor for Receipt of Public 
Benefits above the Threshold. Under the proposed rule, in conducting 
the public charge inadmissibility determination, there were two 
separate heavily weighted factors related to the receipt of public 
benefits: (1) The alien is currently receiving or is currently 
certified or approved to receive one or more public benefits and (2) an 
alien has received one or more public benefits above the applicable 
threshold within the 36-months immediately preceding the alien's 
application for a visa, admission or adjustment of status. DHS has 
consolidated these factors within one

[[Page 41299]]

heavily weighted negative factor. The factor will apply in cases where 
the alien has received or has been certified or approved to receive one 
or more public benefits for more than 12 months within any 36-month 
period, beginning no earlier than 36 months prior to the alien's 
application for admission or adjustment of status.
     Heavily Weighted Positive Factor for Private Health 
Insurance. In this final rule DHS added a new heavily weighted positive 
factor for when the alien has private health insurance appropriate for 
the expected period of admission, and for which the alien does not 
receive subsidies in the form of premium tax credits (including advance 
premium tax credits) under the ACA. This heavily weighted positive 
factor is in addition to the positive factor that would apply in 
circumstances where an alien has sufficient household assets and 
resources (including health insurance not considered to be a public 
benefit under 8 CFR 212.22(b)) to cover reasonably foreseeable medical 
costs, including costs related to a medical condition that is likely to 
require extensive medical treatment or institutionalization or that 
will interfere with the alien's ability to provide care for himself or 
herself, to attend school, or to work.
     Evidence of the Alien's Health. In response to concerns 
regarding the qualifications of USCIS adjudicators to evaluate the 
alien's health, DHS has revised the rule to clarify that, if the alien 
is required to undergo an immigration medical examination from a civil 
surgeon or panel physician, DHS will generally defer to the immigration 
medical examination report when assessing whether the alien is more 
likely than not at any time in the future to become a public charge on 
account of a diagnosed medical condition unless there is evidence that 
the report is incomplete. DHS, however, continues to permit the use of 
other documentation regarding the alien's medical conditions, as 
proposed in the NPRM, to assess whether the alien's health makes the 
alien more likely than not to become a public charge at any time in the 
future.
     Household Assets. DHS has revised the rule to clarify that 
DHS considers an alien's ownership of significant assets similar to the 
standards in the affidavit of support regulations under 8 CFR 
213a.2(c)(2)(iii)(B).
     Household Income and Servicemembers of the Armed Forces. 
DHS has revised the rule to clarify that if the applicant is on active 
duty, other than training, in the Armed Forces of the United States, 
the applicant's gross household income may be 100 percent of the most 
recent FPG for the alien's household size, and not 125 percent of the 
FPG for the alien's household size, as proposed in the NPRM, in order 
to serve as a positive factor in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination.
     Household Income and Public Benefits. DHS has revised the 
rule to clarify that the applicant's gross household income does not 
include any household income from public benefits, as defined in this 
rule.
     Household Income from Illegal Activities. DHS has revised 
the rule to clarify that household income from illegal activity or 
sources will not be considered as part of the income, assets, or 
resources factor in the public charge inadmissibility determination. 
DHS has also consolidated the consideration of income from sources 
other than household members into a single provision.
     Household Income and Evidentiary Considerations. DHS 
amended the rule to clarify that when assessing the alien's annual 
gross household income, DHS considers the most recent federal tax-year 
transcripts from the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for 
each household member whose income will be considered. Additionally, 
DHS also clarified that if the most recent tax-year transcripts from 
the IRS are unavailable, DHS will consider other credible and probative 
evidence of the household member's income, including an explanation why 
the evidence is not available.
     Fee Waivers and Categories Excluded from Public Charge. 
DHS has revised the rule to state that a fee waiver request or receipt 
would not be considered for purposes of determining public charge 
inadmissibility if the fee waiver was applied for, or granted, as part 
of an application for which a public charge inadmissibility 
determination was not required.
     Public Benefit Disenrollment and Eligibility. DHS has 
clarified in the rule how USCIS will consider past public benefits 
receipt, in the totality of the circumstances. USCIS will consider 
whether an alien has disenrolled or requested to be disenrolled from 
the public benefit(s). USCIS will also consider, as part of the 
totality of the circumstances, any evidence that the alien submits from 
a Federal, State, local, or tribal agency administering a public 
benefit, that the alien has specifically identified as showing that the 
alien does not qualify or would not qualify for such public benefit by 
virtue of, for instance, the alien's annual gross household income or 
prospective immigration status, or length of stay. While an alien's 
prospective ineligibility for a given benefit would not be outcome-
determinative, USCIS will consider the information in the totality of 
the circumstances.
     Education and Skills. To clarify additional types of 
documentation that establish a steady employment history, DHS has 
revised the evidentiary considerations for the education and skills 
factor, to require that applicants submit, with their adjustment of 
status applications, federal tax return transcripts for the previous 
three years or, if such transcripts are unavailable, other credible and 
probative evidence, including an explanation of the unavailability of 
such transcripts.
5. Public Charge Bond for Adjustment of Status Applicants
     Breach of Bonds and Threshold of Public Benefit Receipt. 
In the NPRM, DHS proposed that a public charge bond is considered 
breached if the bonded alien had used public benefits in the amount or 
for the duration established as the threshold in the proposed public 
benefits definition. In this final rule, DHS has modified the threshold 
to a single duration-based threshold and has moved that threshold from 
the proposed public benefits definition into the public charge 
definition. To ensure that the bond breach conditions remain the same 
in this final rule, DHS has revised the rule, and incorporated the 
single duration threshold ``for more than 12 months in the aggregate 
within any 36-month period (such that, for instance, receipt of two 
benefits in one month counts as two months)'' in the bond breach 
determination.
     Substitution. DHS has revised proposed 8 CFR 213.1 to 
indicate that DHS will only offer public charge bonds of unlimited 
duration. Correspondingly, DHS has removed text that references bonds 
of limited durations or provisions that addressed the substitution of a 
bond of limited duration. DHS has retained, however, the general bond 
substitution provision.
     Cancellation on the basis of Permanent Departure from the 
United States. DHS has clarified that an alien is only considered to 
have voluntarily lost lawful permanent resident status for the purposes 
of bond cancellation based on a permanent departure when the alien has 
submitted a record of abandonment of lawful permanent resident status 
on the form prescribed by DHS and in accordance with the form's 
instructions, while the alien is outside of the United States.
     Discretionary Cancellation. DHS has added language to this 
final rule to clarify that DHS retains discretion to cancel a public 
charge bond,

[[Page 41300]]

notwithstanding an absence of a written request from the obligor or 
alien, if DHS determines that an alien otherwise meets the applicable 
eligibility requirements.
     Bond Amount. In response to public comment, DHS has 
revised proposed 8 CFR 213.1 to reduce the minimum amount in which a 
public charge bond may be offered to $8,100, annually adjusted for 
inflation based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers 
(CPI-U), and rounded up to the nearest dollar.
     Bond Breach and Public Benefits Received while in a Status 
that is Exempt from the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility. DHS 
has revised this rule to clarify that DHS will not consider, as part of 
a public charge bond breach determination, any public benefits received 
by an alien during periods for which the alien received a waiver of the 
public charge inadmissibility ground. In the NPRM, DHS had already 
proposed that public benefits received while in a public charge exempt 
status following the initial grant of status as a lawful permanent 
resident, and any public benefits received after the alien obtained 
U.S. citizenship, would not be counted towards the bond breach 
determination. These exemptions remain unchanged in this final rule.
6. Other Changes
     Prospective Application of the Rule. DHS clarified in 8 
CFR 212.20, 214.1, and 248.1 that this final rule applies prospectively 
to applications and petitions postmarked (or, if applicable, submitted 
electronically) on or after the effective date. (DHS retained and 
further refined provisions addressing how it will consider receipt of 
public benefits before the effective date of this rule.)
     Technical Changes. DHS has also made miscellaneous 
technical edits to reduce redundancy and improve readability and 
clarity.
     Changes to Form I-539A. DHS has made non-substantive 
changes to Supplemental Information for Application to Extend/Change 
Nonimmigrant Status (Form I-539A), which collects biographical 
information about derivative beneficiaries named on an applicant's 
Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status (Form I-539). Form I-
539A was published as a new form on March 8, 2019, to replace 
Supplement A of Form I-539. In light of the creation of Form I-539A, 
DHS has moved the information collection regarding public benefits 
received by the derivative beneficiaries from Form I-539 to Form I-
539A. Each derivative beneficiary of a Form I-539 will need to complete 
a separate Form I-539A, and provide information regarding the 
derivative beneficiary's applications for, or receipt of, public 
benefits, except where the nonimmigrant classification that the 
derivative beneficiary seeks to extend, or to which the alien seeks to 
change, is exempted from the public charge ground of inadmissibility.

E. Summary of Costs and Benefits

    This rule will impose new costs on the population applying to 
adjust status using Form I-485 that are subject to the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility. DHS will now require any adjustment 
applicants subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility and 
who are applying for adjustment of status on or after the effective 
date of this final rule to submit a Form I-944 with their Form I-485 to 
demonstrate they are not likely to become a public charge. Failure to 
submit the form, where required, may result in a rejection or a denial 
of the Form I-485 without a prior issuance of a Request for Evidence or 
Notice of Intent to Deny.\22\ Additionally, the associated time burden 
estimate for completing Form I-485 will increase.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ See 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7), (b)(8)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The rule will also impose additional costs for those seeking 
extension of stay or change of status by filing a Petition for a 
Nonimmigrant Worker (Form I-129); Petition for a CNMI-Only Nonimmigrant 
Transitional Worker (Form I-129CW); or Form I-539 and Form I-539A, as 
applicable. The associated time burden estimate for completing these 
forms will increase because these applicants will be required to 
demonstrate that they have not received, since obtaining the 
nonimmigrant status that they seek to extend or from which they seek to 
change, and through the adjudication, public benefits as described in 
final 8 CFR 212.21(b) for more than 12 months in the aggregate within 
any 36-month period (such that, for instance, receipt of two benefits 
in one month counts as two months). Moreover, the rule will impose new 
costs associated with the new public charge bond process, including new 
costs for completing and filing a Public Charge Bond (Form I-945), and 
Request for Cancellation of Public Charge Bond (Form I-356).
    DHS estimates that the additional total cost of the rule will be 
approximately $35,202,698 annually. This cost includes the population 
applying to adjust status who are also required to file Form I-944, the 
opportunity costs of time associated with such filings, as well the 
increased time burden estimates for completing Forms I-485, I-129, I-
129CW, and I-539, and for requesting or cancelling a public charge bond 
using Form I-945 and Form I-356, respectively.
    Over the first 10 years of implementation, DHS estimates the total 
quantified new direct costs of the final rule will be about 
$352,026,980 (undiscounted). In addition, DHS estimates that the 10-
year discounted total direct costs of this final rule will be about 
$300,286,154 at a 3 percent discount rate and about $247,249,020 at a 7 
percent discount rate.
    Simultaneously, DHS is eliminating the use and consideration of the 
Request for Exemption for Intending Immigrant's Affidavit of Support 
(Form I-864W), currently applicable to certain classes of aliens. In 
lieu of Form I-864W, the alien will indicate eligibility for the 
exemption of the affidavit of support requirement on Form I-485.
    The final rule will also potentially impose new costs on obligors 
(individuals or companies) if an alien has been determined to be likely 
at any time in the future to become a public charge and will be 
permitted to submit a public charge bond, for which USCIS will use the 
new Form I-945. DHS estimates the total cost to file Form I-945 will 
be, at minimum, about $34,166 annually.\23\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ Calculation: $35.59 (cost per obligor to file Form I-945) * 
960 (estimated annual population who would file Form I-945) = 
$34,166.40 = $34,166 (rounded) annual total cost to file Form I-945.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, the final rule will potentially impose new costs on 
aliens or obligors who submit Form I-356 as part of a request to cancel 
the public charge bond. DHS estimates the total cost to file Form I-356 
would be approximately $824 annually.\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ Calculation: $33.00 (cost per obligor to file Form I-356) * 
25 (estimated annual population who would file Form I-356) = $825.00 
annual total cost to file Form I-356.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule will also result in a reduction in transfer payments 
from the Federal Government to individuals who may choose to disenroll 
from or forego enrollment in a public benefits program. Individuals who 
might choose to disenroll from or forego future enrollment in a public 
benefits program include foreign-born non-citizens, as well as U.S. 
citizens who are members of mixed-status households,\25\ who may 
otherwise be eligible for public benefits. DHS estimates that the total 
reduction in transfer payments from the Federal and State governments 
will be

[[Page 41301]]

approximately $2.47 billion annually due to disenrollment or foregone 
enrollment in public benefits programs by foreign-born non-citizens who 
may be receiving public benefits. DHS estimates that the 10-year 
discounted federal and state transfer payments reduction of this final 
rule will be approximately $21.0 billion at a 3 percent discount rate 
and about $17.3 billion at a 7 percent discount rate. However, DHS 
notes there may be additional reductions in transfer payments that we 
are unable to quantify.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ DHS uses the term ``foreign-born non-citizen'' since it is 
the term the Census Bureau uses. DHS generally interprets this term 
to mean alien in this analysis. In addition, DHS notes that the 
Census Bureau publishes much of the data used in this analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There also may be additional reductions in transfer payments from 
states to individuals who may choose to disenroll from or forego 
enrollment in public benefits program. For example, the Federal 
Government funds all SNAP food expenses, but only 50 percent of 
allowable administrative costs for regular operating expenses.\26\ 
Similarly, Federal Medical Assistance Percentages (FMAP) in some U.S. 
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) programs, like Medicaid, 
can vary from between 50 percent to an enhanced rate of 100 percent in 
some cases.\27\ Since the state share of federal financial 
participation (FFP) varies from state to state, DHS uses the average 
FMAP across all states and U.S. territories of 59 percent to estimate 
the amount of state transfer payments. Therefore, the 10-year 
undiscounted amount of state transfer payments of the provisions of 
this final rule is about $1.01 billion annually. The 10-year discounted 
amount of state transfer payments of the provisions of this final rule 
would be approximately $8.63 billion at a 3 percent discount rate, and 
about $7.12 billion at a 7 percent discount rate. Finally, DHS 
recognizes that reductions in federal and state transfers under federal 
benefit programs may have impacts on state and local economies, large 
and small businesses, and individuals. For example, the rule might 
result in reduced revenues for healthcare providers participating in 
Medicaid, companies that manufacture medical supplies or 
pharmaceuticals, grocery retailers participating in SNAP, agricultural 
producers who grow foods that are eligible for purchase using SNAP 
benefits, or landlords participating in federally funded housing 
programs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ Per section 16(a) of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, 
Public Law 110-234, tit. IV, 122 Stat. 923, 1092 (May 22, 2008) 
(codified as amended at 7 U.S.C. 2025). See also USDA, FNS Handbook 
901, at p. 41 (2017). Available at: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/apd/FNS_HB901_v2.2_internet_Ready_Format.pdf, 
(last visited July 26, 2019).
    \27\ See Dep't of Health and Human Servs. Notice, Federal 
Financial Participation in State Assistance Expenditures; Federal 
Matching Shares for Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance 
Program, and Aid to Needy Aged, Blind, or Disabled Persons for 
October 1, 2016 through September 30, 2017, 80 FR 73779 (Nov. 25, 
2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the final rule will have new direct and indirect 
impacts on various entities and individuals associated with regulatory 
familiarization with the provisions of the rule. Familiarization costs 
involve the time spent reading the details of a rule to understand its 
changes. A foreign-born non-citizen (such as those contemplating 
disenrollment or foregoing enrollment in a public benefits program) 
might review the rule to determine whether he or she is subject to the 
provisions of the final rule and may incur familiarization costs. To 
the extent that an individual or entity directly regulated by the rule 
incurs familiarization costs, those familiarization costs are a direct 
cost of the rule. In addition to those individuals or entities the rule 
directly regulates, a wide variety of other entities would likely 
choose to read and understand the rule and, therefore, would incur 
familiarization costs. For example, immigration lawyers, immigration 
advocacy groups, health care providers of all types, non-profit 
organizations, non-governmental organizations, and religious 
organizations, among others, may need or want to become familiar with 
the provisions of this final rule. DHS believes such non-profit 
organizations and other advocacy groups might choose to read the rule 
to provide information to those foreign-born non-citizens that might be 
affected by a reduction in federal and state transfer payments. 
Familiarization costs incurred by those not directly regulated are 
indirect costs.
    DHS estimates the time that would be necessary to read this final 
rule would be approximately 16 to 20 hours per person depending on an 
individual's average reading speed and level of review, resulting in 
opportunity costs of time. An entity, such as a non-profit or advocacy 
group, may have more than one person that reads the rule. Using the 
average total rate of compensation as $36.47 per hour for all 
occupations, DHS estimates that the opportunity cost of time will range 
from about $583.52 to $729.40 per individual who must read and review 
the final rule.
    The final rule will produce some quantified benefits due to the 
regulatory changes DHS is making. The final rule will produce some 
benefits for T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status based on 
their T nonimmigrant status, as this population will no longer need to 
submit Application for Waiver of Grounds of Inadmissibility (Form I-
601) seeking a waiver of the public charge ground of inadmissibility. 
DHS estimates the total benefit for this population is $15,176 
annually.\28\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ Calculation: $14,880 (Filing fees for Form I-601) + $296.48 
(Opportunity cost of time for Form I-601) = $15,176.48 = $15,176 
(rounded) total current estimated annual cost for filing T 
nonimmigrants filing Form I-601 seeking a waiver of grounds of 
inadmissibility. Therefore, the estimated total benefits of the 
final rule for T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status 
using Form I-601 seeking a waiver on grounds of inadmissibility will 
equal the current cost to file Form I-601 for this population.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The primary benefit of the final rule would be to better ensure 
that aliens who are admitted to the United States, seek extension of 
stay or change of status, or apply for adjustment of status will be 
self-sufficient, i.e., will rely on their own financial resources, as 
well as the financial resources of the family, sponsors, and private 
organizations.\29\ DHS also anticipates that the final rule will 
produce some benefits from the elimination of Form I-864W. The 
elimination of this form will potentially reduce the number of forms 
USCIS would have to process. DHS estimates the amount of cost savings 
that will accrue from eliminating Form I-864W would be about $36.47 per 
petitioner.\30\ However, DHS is unable to determine the annual number 
of filings of Form I-864W and, therefore, currently is unable to 
estimate the total annual cost savings of this change. Additionally, a 
public charge bond process will also provide benefits to applicants as 
they potentially will be given the opportunity for adjustment if 
otherwise admissible, at the discretion of DHS, after a determination 
that he or she is likely to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(1), (2)(A).
    \30\ Calculation of savings from opportunity cost of time for no 
longer having to complete and submit Form I-864W: ($36.47 per hour * 
1.0 hours) = $36.47.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 1 provides a more detailed summary of the final provisions 
and their impacts.

[[Page 41302]]



                   Table 1--Summary of Major Provisions and Economic Impacts of the Final Rule
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Provision                            Purpose                   Expected impact of final rule
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Revising 8 CFR 212.18. Application for  To clarify that T               Quantitative:
 Waivers of Inadmissibility in           nonimmigrants seeking          Benefits:
 connection with an application for      adjustment of status are not    Benefits of $15,176 annually to
 adjustment of status by T               subject to public charge        T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment
 nonimmigrant status holders.            ground of inadmissibility.      of status who will no longer need to
Revising 8 CFR 245.23. Adjustment of                                     submit Form I-601 seeking a waiver on
 aliens in T nonimmigrant                                                public charge grounds of
 classification.                                                         inadmissibility.
                                                                        Costs:
                                                                         None.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adding 8 CFR 212.20. Purpose and        To define the categories of     Quantitative:
 applicability of public charge          aliens that are subject to     Benefits:
 inadmissibility.                        the public charge               Benefits of $36.47 per
Adding 8 CFR 212.21. Definitions......   determination.                  applicant from no longer having to
Adding 8 CFR 212.22. Public charge      To establish key definitions,    complete and file Form I-864W.
 determination.                          including ``public charge,''   Costs:
                                         ``public benefit,'' ``likely    DHS anticipates a likely
                                         to become a public charge,''    increase in the number of denials for
                                         ``household,'' and ``receipt    adjustment of status applicants based
                                         of public benefits.''.          on public charge inadmissibility
                                        Clarifies that evaluating        determinations due to formalizing and
                                         public charge is a              standardizing the criteria and process
                                         prospective determination       for inadmissibility determinations.
                                         based on the totality of the   Quantitative:
                                         circumstances..                Benefits:
                                        Outlines minimum and             Better ensure that aliens who
                                         additional factors considered   are seeking admission to the United
                                         when evaluating whether an      States or apply for adjustment of
                                         alien immigrant is              status are self-sufficient through an
                                         inadmissible based on the       improved review process of the
                                         public charge ground.           mandatory statutory factors.
                                         Positive and negative factors
                                         are weighed to determine an
                                         individual's likelihood of
                                         becoming a public charge at
                                         any time in the future..
Adding 8 CFR 212.23. Exemptions and     Outlines exemptions and
 waivers for public charge ground of     waivers for inadmissibility
 inadmissibility.                        based on the public charge
                                         ground.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adding 8 CFR 214.1(a)(3)(iv) and        To provide, with limited        Quantitative:
 amending 8 CFR 214.1(c)(4)(iv).         exceptions, that an            Costs:
 Nonimmigrant general requirements.      application for extension of    $6.1 million annually for an
Amending 8 CFR 248.1(a) and adding 8     stay or change of               increased time burden for completing
 CFR 248.1(c)(4). Change of              nonimmigrant status will be     and filing Form I-129;
 nonimmigrant classification             denied unless the applicant     $0.12 million annually for an
 eligibility.                            demonstrates that he or she     increased time burden for completing
                                         has not received public         and filing Form I-129CW;
                                         benefits since obtaining the    $2.4 million annually for an
                                         nonimmigrant status that he     increased time burden for completing
                                         or she is seeking to extend     and filing Form I-539.
                                         or change, as defined in       Quantitative:
                                         final 8 CFR 212.21(b), for 12  Benefits:
                                         months, in the aggregate,       Better ensures that aliens who
                                         within a 36 month period.       are seeking to extend or change to a
                                                                         status that is not exempt from the
                                                                         section 212(a)(4) inadmissibility
                                                                         ground who apply for extension of stay
                                                                         or change of status continue to be self-
                                                                         sufficient during the duration of their
                                                                         nonimmigrant stay.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amending 8 CFR 245. Adjustment of       To outline requirements that    Quantitative:
 status to that of person admitted for   aliens submit a declaration    Direct Costs:
 lawful permanent residence.             of self-sufficiency on the      Total annual direct costs of
                                         form designated by DHS and      the final rule will range from about
                                         any other evidence requested    $45.5 to $131.2 million, including:
                                         by DHS in the public charge     $25.8 million to applicants who
                                         inadmissibility determination.  must file Form I-944;
                                                                         $0.69 million to applicants
                                                                         applying to adjust status using Form I-
                                                                         485 with an increased time burden;
                                                                            $0.34 million to public
                                                                            charge bond obligors for filing Form
                                                                            I-945; and
                                                                            $823.50 to filers for filing
                                                                            Form I-356.
                                                                         Total costs over a 10-year
                                                                         period will range from:
                                                                            $352.0 million for
                                                                            undiscounted costs;
                                                                            $300.1 million at a 3
                                                                            percent discount rate; and
                                                                            $247.2 million at a 7
                                                                            percent discount rate.
                                                                        Transfer Payments
                                                                         Total annual transfer payments
                                                                         of the final rule would be about $2.47
                                                                         billion from foreign-born non-citizens
                                                                         and their households who disenroll from
                                                                         or forego enrollment in public benefits
                                                                         programs. The federal-level share of
                                                                         annual transfer payments will be about
                                                                         $1.46 billion and the state-level share
                                                                         of annual transfer payments will be
                                                                         about $1.01 billion.

[[Page 41303]]

 
                                                                         Total transfer payments over a
                                                                         10-year period, including the combined
                                                                         federal- and state-level shares, will
                                                                         be:
                                                                            $24.7 billion for
                                                                            undiscounted costs;
                                                                            $21.0 billion at a 3 percent
                                                                            discount rate; and
                                                                            $17.3 billion at a 7 percent
                                                                            discount rate.
                                                                        Quantitative:
                                                                        Benefits:
                                                                         Potential to make USCIS' in the
                                                                         review of public charge inadmissibility
                                                                         more effective.
                                                                        Costs:
                                                                         DHS anticipates a likely
                                                                         increase in the number of denials for
                                                                         adjustment of status applicants based
                                                                         on public charge inadmissibility
                                                                         determinations due to formalizing and
                                                                         standardizing the criteria and process
                                                                         for public charge determination.
                                                                         Costs to various entities and
                                                                         individuals associated with regulatory
                                                                         familiarization with the provisions of
                                                                         the final rule. Costs will include the
                                                                         opportunity cost of time to read the
                                                                         final rule and subsequently determine
                                                                         applicability of the final rule's
                                                                         provisions. DHS estimates that the time
                                                                         to read this final rule in its entirety
                                                                         would be 16 to 20 hours per individual.
                                                                         DHS estimates that the opportunity cost
                                                                         of time will range from about $583.52
                                                                         to $729.40 per individual who must read
                                                                         and review the final rule. However, DHS
                                                                         cannot determine the number of
                                                                         individuals who will read the final
                                                                         rule.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Public Charge Bond Provisions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amending 8 CFR 103.6. Public charge     To set forth the Secretary's    Quantitative:
 bonds.                                  discretion to approve bonds,   Costs:
                                         cancellation, bond schedules,   $34,166 annually to obligors
                                         and breach of bond, and to      for submitting Public Charge Bond (Form
                                         move principles governing       I-945); and
                                         public charge bonds to final    $823.50 annually to filers for
                                         8 CFR 213.1.                    submitting Request for Cancellation of
                                                                         Public Charge Bond (Form I-356).
Amending 8 CFR 103.7. Fees............  To add fees for new Form I-      Fees paid to bond companies to
                                         945, Public Charge Bond, and    secure public charge bonds. Fees could
                                         Form I-356, Request for         range from 1-15 percent of the public
                                         Cancellation of Public Charge   charge bond amount based on an
Amending 8 CFR 213.1. Admission or       Bond.                           individual's credit score.
 adjustment of status of aliens on      In 8 CFR 213.1, to add          Quantitative:
 giving of a public charge bond.         specifics to the public        Benefits:
                                         charge bond provision for       Potentially enable an alien who
                                         aliens who are seeking          was found inadmissible only on the
                                         adjustment of status,           public charge ground to adjust his or
                                         including the discretionary     her status by posting a public charge
                                         availability and the minimum    bond with DHS.
                                         amount required for a public
                                         charge bond.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: USCIS analysis.

    DHS has prepared a full analysis of this rule according to 
Executive Orders (E.O.) 12866 and 13563. This analysis can be found in 
the docket for this rulemaking or by searching for RIN 1615-AA22 on 
www.regulations.gov.

II. Background

A. Public Charge Inadmissibility and Public Charge Bonds

    Under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), an alien 
who is an applicant for a visa, admission, or adjustment of status is 
inadmissible if he or she is likely at any time to become a public 
charge. The public charge ground of inadmissibility, therefore, applies 
to any alien applying for a visa to come to the United States 
temporarily or permanently, for admission, or for adjustment of status 
to that of a lawful permanent resident.\31\ Section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) does not directly apply to nonimmigrants 
seeking extension of stay or change of status,\32\ because extension of 
stay and change of status applications are not applications for a visa, 
admission, or adjustment of status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \32\ See INA section 214 and 248, 8 U.S.C. 1184 and 1258.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The INA does not define ``public charge.'' It does specify that 
when determining if an alien is likely at any time to become a public 
charge, consular officers and immigration officers must consider the 
alien's age; health; family status; assets, resources, and financial 
status; and education and skills, at a minimum.\33\ Some immigrant and 
nonimmigrant categories are exempt from the public charge 
inadmissibility ground and other applicants may apply for a waiver of 
the public charge inadmissibility ground.\34\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B)(i).
    \34\ See proposed 8 CFR 212.23.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), 
permits the consular officer, immigration officer, or an immigration 
judge to consider any affidavit of support submitted under section 213A 
of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, on the applicant's behalf when determining 
whether the applicant may become a public charge.\35\ In fact, with

[[Page 41304]]

very limited exceptions, aliens seeking family-based immigrant visas 
and adjustment of status, and a limited number of employment-based 
immigrant visas and adjustment of status, must have a sufficient 
affidavit of support or will be found inadmissible as likely to become 
a public charge.\36\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(B)(ii). When required, the applicant must submit an 
Affidavit of Support Under Section 213A of the INA (Form I-864).
    \36\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(C), (D), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(C), 
(D). A sufficient affidavit of support is one in which the sponsor 
has demonstrated that he or she has enough income and/or assets to 
maintain the sponsored alien and the rest of the sponsor's household 
at 125% of the FPG for that household size (or at 100 percent of the 
FPG if the sponsor is active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces or U.S. 
Coast Guard).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In general, if DHS has determined that an alien is inadmissible 
based on public charge, but is otherwise admissible, DHS may admit the 
alien at DHS's discretion upon the alien posting a suitable and proper 
bond as determined by DHS.\37\ The purpose of issuing a public charge 
bond is to ensure that the alien will not become a public charge in the 
future.\38\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183; see also 8 CFR 103.6; 8 
CFR 213.1.
    \38\ Matter of Viado, 19 I&N Dec. 252, 253 (BIA 1985).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Current Public Charge Standards

    As discussed in the NPRM,\39\ DHS currently makes public charge 
determinations in accordance with the 1999 Interim Field Guidance.\40\ 
This guidance explains how the agency determines if a person is likely 
at any time to become a public charge under section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a), for admission and adjustment of status purposes, 
and whether a person has become a public charge within five years of 
entry from causes not affirmatively shown to have arisen since entry, 
and therefore deportable under section 237(a)(5) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1227(a)(5).\41\ On May 26, 1999, INS issued a proposed rule that would 
have codified these policies in regulation. Ultimately, however, INS 
did not publish a final rule conclusively addressing these issues.\42\ 
DOS also issued a cable to its consular officers at that time, 
implementing similar guidance for visa adjudications, and its Foreign 
Affairs Manual (FAM) was similarly updated.\43\ USCIS has continued to 
follow the 1999 Interim Field Guidance in its adjudications, and DOS 
has continued following the public charge guidance set forth in the 
FAM.\44\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51133 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \40\ See 64 FR 28689 (May 26, 1999).
    \41\ See 64 FR 28689 (May 26, 1999). In addition to the 1999 
Interim Field Guidance, INS proposed promulgating these policies 
through rulemaking, which was never concluded. See Inadmissibility 
and Deportability on Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28676 (proposed 
May 26, 1999).
    \42\ See Inadmissibility and Deportability on Public Charge 
Grounds, 64 FR 28676 (proposed May 26, 1999).
    \43\ See Inadmissibility and Deportability on Public Charge 
Grounds, 64 FR 28676, 28680 (proposed May 26, 1999).
    \44\ See Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act 
of 2009, Public Law 111-3, sec. 214, 123 Stat. 8, 56 (Feb. 4, 2009); 
9 FAM 302.8-2(B)(2), Determining ``Totality of Circumstances,'' (g) 
Public Charge Bonds, https://fam.state.gov/fam/09fam/09fam030208.html (last visited July 26, 2019). Note, on July 10, 
2018, DOS amended 9 FAM 302.8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, public charge is defined to 
mean an alien who is likely to become primarily dependent \45\ on the 
government for subsistence, as demonstrated by either:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ Former INS defined ``primarily dependent'' as ``the 
majority'' or ``more than 50 percent.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Receipt of public cash assistance for income maintenance; 
or
     Institutionalization for long-term care at government 
expense.
    Under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, DHS did not consider receipt 
of non-cash, supplemental and certain limited cash, and special purpose 
benefits. Similarly, DHS did not consider institutionalization for 
short periods of rehabilitation because it does not constitute primary 
dependence.\46\ As discussed in the NPRM, the use of public charge 
bonds has decreased since the introduction of enforceable affidavits of 
support in section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a.\47\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ Similar to DHS, DOS has been making public charge 
inadmissibility determinations using the same legal framework, as 
reflected in the FAM. See 9 FAM 302.8, Public Charge--INA 212(a)(4), 
https://fam.state.gov/FAM/09FAM/09FAM030208.html (last visited July 
26, 2019).
    \47\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51219 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Final Rule

    Following careful consideration of public comments received, DHS 
has made modifications to the regulatory text proposed in the NPRM, as 
described above. The rationale for the proposed rule and the reasoning 
provided in the background section of that rule remain valid, except as 
described in this regulatory preamble. Section III of this preamble 
includes a detailed summary and analysis of the public comments. 
Comments may be reviewed at the Federal Docket Management System (FDMS) 
at http://www.regulations.gov, docket number USCIS-2010-0012.

III. Public Comments on the Proposed Rule

A. Summary of Public Comments

    On October 10, 2018, DHS, USCIS published a proposed rule in docket 
USCIS-2010-0012. The comment period associated with the proposed rule 
closed at the end of December 10, 2018. DHS received a total of 266,077 
public comment submissions in Docket USCIS-2010-0012 in response to the 
proposed rule. The majority of comment submissions were from individual 
or anonymous commenters. Other commenters included healthcare 
providers; research institutes and universities; law firms and 
individual attorneys; federal, state, local, and tribal elected 
officials; State and local government agencies; religious and community 
organizations; advocacy groups; unions; Federal Government officials; 
and trade and business organizations. While some commenters provided 
support for the rule, the vast majority of commenters opposed the rule.

B. Requests To Extend Comment Period

    Comment: Some commenters requested that DHS extend the comment 
period. An individual commenter said the 60-day comment period is not 
enough time for such a drastic policy and asserted it would be unfair 
to American people to proceed with the proposed changes. Another 
individual commenter asked USCIS to extend the notice and comment 
period for an additional 90 days. A commenter wrote that the 60-day 
comment period provided inadequate time for its members to meaningfully 
comment on the proposed rule, and requested a further 60-day extension. 
Another commenter urged that DHS consider extending the notice and 
comment period for the docket until all interested individuals have the 
opportunity to provide input. The commenter said it is standard 
practice for an agency to extend a notice and comment period when 
circumstance suggest that additional input may be beneficial.
    Response: DHS believes that the 60-day comment period provided an 
adequate opportunity for public input, and declines to extend the 
comment period. The Administrative Procedure Act (APA) is silent 
regarding the duration of the public comment period, and does not 
establish a minimum duration.\48\ However, the 60-day comment period is 
in line with E.O. 12866, which encourages agencies to provide at least 
60 days for the public

[[Page 41305]]

to comment on economically significant rules. The sufficiency of the 
60-day comment period provided in this rule is supported by the over 
266,000 public comments received. The public, including attorneys; 
federal, state, local, and tribal elected officials; and advocacy 
organizations provided a great number of detailed and informative 
comments. In addition, DHS notes that the proposed rule had been listed 
in the publicly available Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and 
Deregulatory Actions since the Fall 2017 publication. Given the 
quantity and quality of comments received in response to the proposed 
rule, and other publicly available information regarding the rule, DHS 
believes that the 60-day comment period has been sufficient.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ See 5 U.S.C. 553(c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C. Comments Expressing General Support for the NPRM

    Comment: Many commenters stated that immigrants should be self-
sufficient. Many commenters stated that aliens should not be permitted 
to accept government benefits or depend on U.S. taxpayer money to 
support themselves if they want to obtain green cards. Commenters 
stated that immigrants should be productive members of society to gain 
admission to the United States and should not be a burden on the state. 
One commenter said that migrants should not be able to obtain welfare 
unless they have a minimum working record in the United States. Another 
commenter supported the rule and said that illegal immigration needs to 
stop. One commenter said that this country does not need more poor 
people. A commenter said that immigrants who cannot support themselves 
should not come to the United States. Other commenters said that the 
United States should not be responsible for taking care of people from 
other countries. One commenter noted that this rule will address the 
problem of public assistance use by unauthorized aliens seeking to 
legalize their status, DACA recipients, and any other immigrants who 
want to legalize their status but who are unable to support themselves 
or their families. Another commenter indicated that the rule will 
encourage immigrants to work hard and become self-sufficient.
    Response: DHS agrees that applicants for admission and adjustment 
of status who are subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility should be self-sufficient and should not depend on the 
government to meet their needs, and this rule seeks to better ensure 
self-sufficiency. DHS firmly believes that this was Congress' intent in 
enacting section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), including 
the changes to this ground made in 1996.\49\ DHS, however, disagrees 
with comments suggesting that this rule addresses, or should address, 
eligibility for government benefits programs. DHS also disagrees that 
the rule addresses eligibility for public benefits by certain specified 
groups, such as aliens unlawfully present, or DACA recipients. Neither 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility nor this final rule govern 
eligibility for public benefits; they govern which aliens are 
inadmissible or ineligible for admission or adjustment of status. This 
final rule does not address the government's responsibility to care for 
foreign nationals and does not address which aliens are, or should be, 
eligible to receive public benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ See IIRIRA, Public Law 104-208, div. C, sec. 531, 110 Stat. 
3009-546, 3009-674 (Sept. 30, 1996) (amending INA section 212(a)(4), 
8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)); H.R. Rep. No. 104-828 at 240-41 (1996) (Conf. 
Rep.) (``This section amends INA section 212(a)(4) to expand the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility. . . . Self-reliance is one 
of the most fundamental principles of immigration law.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees with suggestions that this rule is aimed at 
making sure poor people are not able to enter the United States. As 
noted previously, the rule aims to ensure that aliens subject to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility are self-sufficient. An alien's 
assets, resources, and financial status is one factor that is 
considered in the totality of the circumstances when making a public 
charge inadmissibility determination and is not outcome determinative.
    Comment: Some commenters stated that the rule will have a positive 
impact on the U.S. economy and job creation, and will protect the 
social safety net. Numerous commenters mentioned that public assistance 
should be reserved for U.S. citizens who need help and not immigrants 
who arrive unable to contribute to the nation's well-being.
    Other commenters stated that as more immigrants look to come to the 
United States, the proposed public charge rule is needed to preserve 
the ``American Dream'' for future generations and to prevent the 
current generation from having to shoulder the financial burden of 
paying for foreign nationals who cannot provide for themselves.
    Response: This rule does not aim to address the U.S. economy, job 
creation, protection of the social safety net or the ``American 
dream,'' curtail spending on public assistance, or ensure that public 
assistance will be reserved for U.S. citizens. This rule also does not 
attempt to curtail efforts to address broader economic and health 
problems, including with respect to people outside the United States. 
Rather, the purpose of this rule is to implement the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility consistent with the principles of self-
sufficiency set forth by Congress, and to minimize the incentive of 
aliens to attempt to immigrate to, or to adjust status in, the United 
States due to the availability of public benefits.\50\ While the rule 
may result in reductions in overall alien enrollment in certain public 
benefit programs, improve the ability of U.S. citizens to obtain public 
benefits for which they are eligible, or otherwise benefit the U.S. 
economy, this rule does not directly regulate these matters.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters stated that there should be more stringent 
immigration standards generally and reductions in the number of 
immigrants in the United States. Some commenters stated that immigrants 
are ``abusing'' the U.S. welfare system. Other commenters offered 
general support for the NPRM without further explanation.
    Response: DHS does not intend this rule to reduce overall 
immigration levels to the United States. Instead, this rule is an 
exercise of DHS's authority to interpret the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. Fraud or abuse in alien enrollment in public benefits 
programs is of course problematic, but the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility applies to an alien who is likely at any time to become 
a public charge, regardless of whether such alien is likely to 
fraudulently obtain public benefits or abuse the public benefits 
system. With respect to comments about an alien receiving public 
benefits for which he or she was not eligible, DHS notes that to the 
extent that an alien obtains such a benefit by falsely claiming to be a 
U.S. citizen, the alien may be inadmissible for falsely claiming U.S. 
citizenship (section 212(a)(6)(C)(ii) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(6)(C)(ii)), depending on the circumstances by which he or she 
received the benefits improperly. Additionally, to the extent that an 
applicant who has obtained public benefits through fraud or 
misrepresentation subsequently applies for an immigration benefit for 
which a favorable exercise of discretion is required, the fraud or 
misrepresentation can be considered in deciding whether to favorably 
exercise that discretion. However, public benefits that an alien 
obtains unlawfully are outside of the scope of this rulemaking, which 
only addresses inadmissibility based on the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.

[[Page 41306]]

D. Comments Expressing General Opposition to the NPRM

1. Purpose of the Rule and Self Sufficiency
    Comment: Commenters stated that the proposed rule represented an 
ineffective solution to a non-existent problem--a lack of self-
sufficiency among immigrants. A commenter indicated that the proposed 
rule emphasized that the self-sufficiency of immigrants is a long-
standing congressional policy, yet did not provide sufficient data that 
dependency on the government and/or government benefits is a problem 
within immigrant communities, especially in light of data showing that 
immigrants have been shown generally to make very strong economic 
contributions to the country. The commenter stated that, for example, 
in 2014 immigrant-led households in Massachusetts paid nearly $10 
billion dollars in federal, state, and local taxes, and represented 
nearly $28 billion dollars in spending power.
    Additionally, commenters expressed concern that the text of the 
rule suggests that it is the main responsibility of our nation's 
immigration system--and the agencies which run it--to cultivate or 
maintain a national ethos of ``self-sufficiency.'' A commenter 
indicated that immigration policies and systems are meant to achieve a 
number of different goals, such as family unity, diversity, 
humanitarian assistance, and ensuring sufficient labor. Commenters 
stated that safeguarding our nation from individuals that may at some 
point need government support is not the singular or even primary 
purpose of our system of immigration.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenters that ensuring the self-
sufficiency of immigrants is unnecessary, or that a lack of self-
sufficiency is a non-existent problem. As outlined in the NPRM, 
Congress clearly declared, in its policy statement in PRWORA, that 
self-sufficiency has been a basic principle of United States 
immigration law since this country's earliest immigration statutes and 
that it should continue to be a governing principle in the United 
States.\51\ Congress also has maintained the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility in law since 1882. DHS believes that applicants for 
admission and adjustment of status who are subject to the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility should be self-sufficient and should not 
depend on the government to meet their needs, and DHS firmly believes 
that this was Congress' intent in enacting section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), including as recently as 1996.\52\ DHS agrees 
with the commenter that immigration laws and policies serve many 
purposes, including goals such as family unity, diversity, humanitarian 
assistance. However, U.S. immigration laws balance competing values. 
For example, the criminal grounds of inadmissibility\53\ are designed 
to protect the United States and its citizens from harm and threats to 
public safety,\54\ while health-related grounds of inadmissibility are 
intended to protect the health of the United States population.\55\ 
These grounds of inadmissibility are valid exercises of congressional 
authority, notwithstanding that such grounds of inadmissibility may 
sometimes impede family unity, and notwithstanding that in many 
individual aliens' cases, such grounds of inadmissibility may not be 
implicated. Similarly, here, Congress, though legislation, addressed 
various policy considerations when determining whether a foreign 
national should be admitted to the United States, including whether an 
individual who is likely at any time in the future to become a public 
charge should be admitted to the United States. Therefore, while self-
sufficiency may not be the primary purpose of U.S. immigration laws, it 
is one consideration put into place by Congress.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
    \52\ See IIRIRA, Public Law 104-208, div. C, sec. 531, 110 Stat. 
3009-546, 3009-674 (Sept. 30, 1996) (amending INA section 212(a)(4), 
8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)); H.R. Rep. No. 104-828 at 240-41 (1996) (Conf. 
Rep.) (``This section amends INA section 212(a)(4) to expand the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility. . . . Self-reliance is one 
of the most fundamental principles of immigration law.'').
    \53\ See INA section 212(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2).
    \54\ See INA section 212(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2).
    \55\ See INA section 212(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS is under no obligation to demonstrate that all or most aliens 
in the United States are not self-sufficient. To the extent that an 
alien is self-sufficient, the alien is unlikely to be affected by this 
rule. In the NPRM, DHS did provide extensive data on the lack of self-
sufficiency among certain aliens, and showed how the minimum statutory 
factors identified by Congress relate to the self-sufficiency of 
individuals and their receipt of public benefits.\56\ DHS acknowledges 
that immigrants provide significant contribution to the United States 
as a whole and within their communities, as demonstrated by data and 
information provided by many commenters. However, the focus of the 
inquiry for public charge purposes is whether an individual alien, who 
is seeking to be admitted to the United States or who is applying for 
adjustment of status, is likely to become a public charge at any time 
in the future. This determination is made following consideration of 
the totality of the alien's individual circumstances and is a 
predictive assessment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ See throughout the NPRM, Inadmissibility on Public Charge 
Grounds, 83 FR 51114 (proposed October 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) neither mentioned or discussed self-sufficiency nor 
identified self-sufficiency as a criteria in the determination and 
therefore disagreed with primary purpose of the rule outlined in the 
NPRM. Given the close proximity in time when PRWORA and Illegal 
Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) 
passed, the commenter considered it significant that Congress 
restricted an immigrant's eligibility for public benefits with PRWORA, 
yet IIRIRA codified the minimum mandatory factors without PRWORA's 
articulated self-sufficiency principles as relied on by DHS in the 
NPRM. The commenter indicated that both PRWORA and IIRIRA, were 
considered in the 1999 Interim Field Guidance because PRWORA and IIRIRA 
had created widespread confusion about permissible public benefit 
receipt in relation to public charge inadmissibility. The commenter 
stated that the current rule failed to identify post-1999 laws, data, 
or experience, such as congressional authorities or other information 
not already taken into account by INS in developing the 1999 Interim 
Field Guidance that informed DHS's development of the proposed rule. 
The commenter therefore requested that DHS in its final rule identify 
and describe legal authorities or information other than the 
authorities which predated the 1999 Interim Field Guidance and that 
were relied on by INS, which DHS considered in developing its proposed 
definition of public charge. The commenter stated that if Congress had 
wanted to achieve the self-sufficiency or cost-savings goals identified 
by the NPRM it could alter the eligibility rules for the enumerated 
programs, but has not changed the public benefit eligibility 
requirements, and expanded eligibility for some programs following the 
enactment of PRWORA and IIRIRA in 1996, such as in 2002, when Congress 
restored SNAP eligibility for all qualified immigrant children.
    Response: Although DHS agrees with the commenter that self-
sufficiency is not mentioned in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), DHS maintains, as outlined in the NPRM,

[[Page 41307]]

that this principle, a congressional' policy objective, informs and has 
informed public charge determinations. Based on the administrative and 
legislative context discussed in the NPRM,\57\ including congressional 
records relating to debates addressing self-sufficiency prior to 
Congress' passing of IIRIRA,\58\ DHS's view of self-sufficiency and its 
role in the public charge determination remains unchanged. In fact, DHS 
considers the proximity of the passage of both PRWORA and IIRIRA as an 
indication that Congress associated public charge closely with the 
principles governing PRWORA, and that Congress must have recognized 
that it made certain public benefits available to some aliens who are 
also subject to the public charge grounds of inadmissibility, even 
though receipt of such benefits could render the alien inadmissible as 
likely to become a public charge. Additionally, as outlined in the 
NPRM, DHS does not believe that the plain text of section 212(a)(4) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), INS's discussion of PRWORA and IIRIRA, 
and the case law cited by INS or DHS requires the adoption of the 
legacy INS interpretations for purposes of public charge. As discussed 
in detail throughout the NPRM and below, the term public charge is 
ambiguous, and neither the statute nor case law prescribe the degree to 
which an alien must be receiving public benefits to be considered a 
public charge. DHS remains convinced that its interpretation is 
permissible and reasonable.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ See 83 FR 51114 (Oct. 10, 2018).
    \58\ See 142 Cong. Rec. S4609 (May 2, 1996) (statement of Sen. 
Byrd) (``[S]elf-sufficiency will be the watchword for those coming 
to the United States. By making noncitizens ineligible for Federal 
means-tested programs, and by `deeming' a sponsor's income 
attributable to an immigrant, the American taxpayer will no longer 
be financially responsible for new arrivals.''), available at 
https://www.congress.gov/crec/1996/05/02/CREC-1996-05-02-pt1-PgS4592.pdf. (last visited July 26. 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS disagrees with the commenter that the NPRM failed to identify 
post-1999 laws, data, or experience, such as congressional authorities 
or other information not already taken into account by INS in 
developing current public charge policy that informed DHS's development 
of the proposed rule. Post-PRWORA, Congress did restore some public 
benefit eligibility for aliens. DHS acknowledged these developments in 
the NPRM preamble.\59\ For example, DHS incorporated the discussion 
that in 2002, the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, 
Public Law 107-17, (May 13, 2002), Section 4401, restored SSI benefits 
for any person who was lawfully residing in the United States on August 
22, 1996; restored SNAP for all children under 18; and provided that 
``qualified aliens'' \60\ were eligible for SNAP after five years of 
entry into the United States. In 2007, Section 525 of the Consolidated 
Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 \61\ provided for Iraqi 
and Afghan foreign nationals to obtain benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51126-51133 (proposed October 10, 2018).
    \60\ ``Qualified aliens'' generally includes lawful permanent 
resident aliens, refugees/asylees, and other non-temporary legal 
residents (such as Cuban/Haitian entrants).
    \61\ Public Law 110-161 (Dec. 26, 2007).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These provision and others restoring or providing public benefit 
access to immigrants are incorporated to the statutory provisions 
governing PRWORA, 8 U.S.C. 1611. Therefore, this rule is informed by 
all the documentation and data presented before the 1999 Interim Field 
Guidance, as well as relevant subsequent legislation, and relevant case 
law. DHS would note that precedential decisions and other materials 
cited by DHS do not lose persuasive value for purposes of DHS's 
interpretation simply because they were also addressed in the 1999 
proposed rule and 1999 Interim Guidance.\62\ Further, although 
subsequent legislation, such as Congress's expansion of SNAP, expanded 
eligibility of public benefits to certain aliens, Congress has not 
subsequently changed the section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182, 
which governs the public charge inadmissibility determination.\63\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ For example, precedent decisions issued by the Executive 
Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) and the Attorney General are 
binding on DHS until overruled. See 8 CFR 103.3(c), 103.10(b), 
1003.1(g); see, e.g., Matter of E-L-H-, 23 I&N Dec. 814, 817 (BIA 
2005) (finding that a published Board decision has precedential 
effect unless and until modified or overruled by the Attorney 
General, the Board, Congress, or a Federal court.).
    \63\ Cf. Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver Cty. Emp. Ret. Fund, 138 S. Ct. 
1061, 1070 (2018) (explaining that, if Congress had wanted to 
deprive state courts of jurisdiction over certain class actions, it 
could have easily done so by inserting a provision).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that Congress, not DHS, may change 
statutory eligibility requirements for federally-administered public 
benefits programs, including the ones listed in the NPRM. The commenter 
stated that DHS's regulatory framework was designed to achieve the same 
effects as changing eligibility requirements--decreased and foregone 
enrollment in public benefit programs by certain populations--and 
therefore, usurped Congress' role.
    Response: DHS strongly disagrees with the comment that that DHS's 
regulatory framework was designed to achieve the same effects as 
changing eligibility requirements--decreased and foregone enrollment in 
public benefit programs by certain populations--and therefore, usurped 
Congress' role. Although DHS acknowledges that the rule, once 
effective, may lead individuals to disenroll or choose to forego 
enrollment from public benefits, the rule does not change eligibility 
requirements for public benefits. The rule only provides for whether an 
alien is admissible into the United States, which is a matter of 
immigration law for the Federal Government and delegated to DHS.
2. Requests for Reconsideration and Withdrawal of NPRM
    Comment: Several commenters asked that DHS reconsider the rule and 
withdraw it, stating that the rule is unnecessary and would place an 
undue burden on DHS and immigrants. One commenter stated the proposed 
rule's preamble does not establish a sufficient justification for the 
proposed revisions. Another commenter stated that the NPRM was too long 
and discouraged the public from commenting on the proposed rule. Some 
commenters expressed concern that the rule conflicts with local, state, 
and federal initiatives, including undermining community-based, non-
profit efforts, and making the immigration system inefficient. Several 
commenters stated that DHS should focus on promoting a rule that 
strengthens, rather than undermines, immigrants' ability to support 
themselves. Some commenters requested that the rule be withdrawn in its 
entirety, and that the 1999 Interim Field Guidance remain in effect.
    Response: DHS will not retract the proposed rule and is concluding 
the public charge inadmissibility rulemaking through the publication of 
this final rule. DHS is committed to implementing section 212(a)(4) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), consistent with the principles of self-
sufficiency set forth by Congress. As required by the statute and 
reflected in this rule, DHS's public charge inadmissibility 
determinations will involve an assessment of the mandatory factors as 
they relate to the likelihood of an applicant becoming a public charge 
at any time in the future.
    Comment: Multiple commenters said the rule should be withdrawn, the 
1999 Interim Field Guidance should remain in place, and that the 
proposed rule is a drastic change from the 1999 Interim Field Guidance. 
Many said that the 1999

[[Page 41308]]

Interim Field Guidance is consistent with congressional intent and case 
law and should not be abandoned. One commenter noted that the 1999 
Interim Field Guidance's exclusion of certain public health, nutrition, 
and in-kind community service programs was consistent with the intent 
of Congress as expressed in its 1996 Conference Report regarding PRWORA 
and that rule was a departure from this intent.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the 1999 Interim Field Guidance should 
remain in place. DHS has chosen to define public charge more broadly 
than in the 1999 NPRM and 1999 Interim Field Guidance. DHS believes 
this broader definition is consistent with Congress' intention that 
aliens should be self-sufficient. Self-sufficiency is, and has long 
been, a basic principle of immigration law in this country.\64\ DHS 
believes that this rule aligns DHS regulations with that principle.\65\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(1).
    \65\ See Southern S.S. Co. v. N.L.R.B., 316 U.S. 31, 47 (1942) 
(``Frequently the entire scope of Congressional purpose calls for 
careful accommodation of one statutory scheme to another. . . .'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter urged DHS to either withdraw the proposed rule 
or if moving to finalize it, to provide a full and complete analysis of 
all public comments received on the proposed rule, including the total 
number of comments, (and the number of those signing individual 
comments), composition of, relative numbers of commenters supporting 
and opposing the overall proposal, the volume and nature of comments 
regarding specific provisions, and the rationale for specific choices 
made by DHS in light of comments. The commenter stated that doing so 
would provide transparency regarding the extent to which DHS considered 
public input in accordance with the APA.
    Response: DHS declines to withdraw the NPRM and will conclude 
rulemaking with the publication of this final rule. DHS has responded 
to public comments that raise substantive issues or offer significant 
alternatives.\66\ In this final rule, DHS is providing both an overview 
of public comments and commenters, and a complete analysis of public 
comments including those addressing specific aspects of the proposed 
rule. DHS has fully considered the public input on this rule in 
accordance with the APA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \66\ Reytblatt v. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm'n, 105 F.3d 715, 
722 (D.C. Cir. 1997); Northside Sanitary Landfill, Inc. v. Thomas, 
849 F.2d 1516 (D.C. Cir 1988).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters stated that DHS's position is inconsistent with 
the 1999 NPRM.
    Response: DHS agrees that this rule takes a different approach to 
interpreting the public charge ground of inadmissibility than the 1999 
NPRM, and withdrew the 1999 NPRM as part of the 2018 NPRM.\67\ The 2018 
NPRM explained DHS's proposed change of position. DHS is not bound by a 
twenty-year-old proposed rule, and believes that this rule represents a 
permissible implementation of the public charge inadmissibility 
standard that Congress provided when it enacted section 212(a)(4) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). This public charge inadmissibility rule 
provides long-absent guidance on how to interpret key statutory terms, 
which have never been fully defined by Congress, and which the agency 
has the authority and responsibility to define.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \67\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114 
(proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Alternatives to the Public Charge Rule
    Comment: An individual commenter proposed creating a ``self-
sufficiency program'' in place of the proposed rule, modeled after the 
Office of Refugee Resettlement's (ORR) Voluntary Agencies Matching 
Grant Program that provides intensive case management, English language 
and vocational training, and a variety employment services, which would 
serve as an alternative to public benefits receipt by immigrants and 
nonimmigrants. A commenter suggested that rather than creating this 
rule to disincentivize receipt of public assistance by revoking or 
denying citizenship status based on receipt of public assistance, DHS 
should instead create classes or provide resources to aliens to help 
them understand the importance of self-sufficiency.
    Response: DHS notes that this rule does not address eligibility for 
citizenship and neither the statute nor this final rule permit 
revocation or denial of citizenship status based on the public charge 
inadmissibility ground. This rule establishes guidelines for 
determining whether aliens who are applicants for admission or 
adjustment of status, and who are subject to section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, are inadmissible as likely to become a public charge at any time 
in the future.\68\ DHS further notes that it will not create programs 
in lieu of this rule that will help aliens attain self-sufficiency, as 
DHS believes, consistent with Congress's intent set forth in PRWORA, 
that aliens should be self-sufficient before they seek admission or 
adjustment of status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \68\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter requested a national stakeholder workgroup be 
convened to accomplish the Administration's goals rather than 
proceeding with the public charge rule, which the commenter asserted 
will have a negative impact on the health and financial security of 
aliens.
    Response: DHS disagrees that a stakeholder working group is an 
alternative to this rulemaking. As indicated elsewhere in this rule, 
DHS is exercising its authority to interpret the INA consistent with 
its congressional mandate. This final rule provides necessary guidance 
for purposes of implementing section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), including, by defining statutory terms that have never been 
defined by Congress in the over 100 years since the public charge 
inadmissibility ground first appeared in the immigration laws.
    The rulemaking process allowed for ample public participation. DHS 
notes that it received over 266,000 public comments. DHS also 
participated in over 20 OMB E.O. 12866 meetings with public 
stakeholders related to the proposed rule. Therefore, DHS does not 
believe that national stakeholder group would work as substitute for 
this rulemaking.
    In addition, DHS notes that USCIS has a robust stakeholder 
communication and engagement program that covers all aspects of the 
agency's operations. This program will engage stakeholders when this 
rule becomes final to help ensure that applicants for immigration 
benefits and their representatives fully understand the new rule.
4. Discrimination and Disparate Impact
    Comment: Several commenters stated that this rule discriminates 
against both aliens and citizens and unduly affects certain 
individuals. Commenters stated that the rule discriminates against 
immigrants based on age, gender, income, race, health, and social 
status. Some commenters expressed concerns that the proposed changes to 
the definition of public charge are inhumane and discriminatory to 
immigrants, particularly minors, the elderly, the poor, those will 
chronic medical conditions and disabilities, immigrants with limited 
English proficiency, Latinos, Black families, and other communities of 
color, and goes against core American values. A number of commenters 
stated this rule would discriminate against individuals with chronic 
health conditions, such as heart disease. Some commenters stated that 
the new definition of ``likely at any time in the future to become a 
public charge'' in 8 CFR 212.21(c) would be discriminatory towards 
blind individuals who rely on public

[[Page 41309]]

assistance to make ends meet, due to the 70 percent unemployment rate 
for blind individuals. The commenters stated that the proposed 
definition exhibits a clear and inherent bias against the blind and 
other individuals with a disability and urged DHS to abandon the rule.
    Commenters generally stated the rule creates an ageist system that 
favors wealthy, healthy, and highly educated individuals. One commenter 
said that this rule creates a ``merit-based'' system that punishes 
immigrants and discriminates against them based on their race, 
religion, and ethnicity. A commenter stated that the rule's 
consideration of an applicant's English proficiency amounts to 
discrimination.
    Several commenters observed that U.S. born children often qualify 
for and receive assistance, because their immigrant parents are 
struggling. The commenters stated that DHS should not penalize the 
parents or the children for accepting public benefits that were legally 
available to them. One commenter questioned the legality of the rule 
and stated that the Supreme Court in Plyler v. Doe \69\ held that 
states cannot discriminate against children on the basis of 
undocumented status. The commenter said numerous other cases have held 
that children cannot be penalized for their parentage (e.g., Levy v. 
Louisiana, 391 U.S. 68 (1968) and Clark v. Jeter, 486 U.S. 456 (1988)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ 457 U.S. 202 (1982).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: To the extent that this rule, as applied, may result in 
negative outcomes for certain groups, DHS notes that it did not codify 
this final rule to discriminate against aliens based on age, race, 
gender, income, health, and social status, or to create an ``ageist'' 
system that selectively favors wealthy, healthy, and highly educated 
individuals. Rather, this rule is intended to better ensure that aliens 
subject to this rule are self-sufficient. To the extent that this rule 
specifically or disproportionately affects those of a particular age or 
those with lower incomes, less education, limited English proficiency, 
or poor health, DHS notes that Congress requires DHS to consider, among 
other factors, an applicant's age, assets, resources, financial status, 
education, and skills as part of the public charge inadmissibility 
determination.
    Additionally, this rule does not create a merit-based system more 
broadly or apply a wealth or poverty litmus test to make public charge 
inadmissibility determinations. Instead, DHS has established a 
systematic approach to implement Congress' totality of the 
circumstances standard and has given the mandatory statutory factors 
meaning, value, and weight strictly in relationship to determining 
whether or not an alien who is otherwise admissible of eligible for 
adjustment of status in the context of the existing system is likely at 
any time in the future to become a public charge. DHS acknowledges that 
one likely outcome of this change is that some individuals who would 
may have been able to immigrate under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance 
will now be deemed inadmissible as likely public charges.
    Section 212(a)(4) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), sets forth the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility that makes aliens ineligible 
for visas, admission, and adjustment of status. Section 212(a)(4) of 
the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), also requires DHS to consider minimum 
factors in the public charge inadmissibility analysis. The Federal 
Government is responsible for ``regulating the relationship between the 
United States and our alien visitors,'' which includes regulating the 
manner and conditions of entry, as well as the residence of aliens.\70\ 
DHS is the federal agency with the authority to establish regulations 
regarding the public charge inadmissibility determination.\71\ As 
required by statute, DHS must consider how an alien's age, health, 
family status, assets and resources, financial status, education, and 
skills impact the alien's likelihood at any time of becoming a public 
charge. Under the statute, DHS may also consider an applicant's 
affidavit of support, if applicable. The statute does not direct DHS to 
consider an alien's race, gender, or social status. Consequently, DHS 
will not consider an alien's race, gender, or social status when making 
a public charge inadmissibility determination. Other than an absent or 
insufficient affidavit of support, where required, DHS will not find an 
alien inadmissible based on any single factor without consideration of 
all of the other factors and the totality of their effect on an 
applicant's likelihood of becoming a public charge at any time in the 
future.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \70\ Mathews v. Diaz, 426 U.S. 67, 81-82 (1976).
    \71\ See Homeland Security Act of 2002, Public Law 107-296, sec. 
102, 116 Stat. 2135, 2142-44 (Nov. 25, 2002) (codified at 6 U.S.C. 
112); INA section 103, 8 U.S.C. 1103.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, rational basis scrutiny generally applies to 
immigration regulations applicable to aliens.\72\ As set forth in 
NPRM,\73\ DHS's public charge rule is rationally related to the 
government's interest to minimize the incentive of aliens to immigrate 
to the United States because of the availability of public benefits and 
to promote the self-sufficiency of aliens within the United States.\74\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ See Korab v. Fink, 797 F.3d 572, 577-79 (9th Cir. 2014) 
(``[F]ederal statutes regulating alien classifications are subject 
to the easier-to-satisfy rational-basis review . . . Although aliens 
are protected by the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses, this 
protection does not prevent Congress from creating legitimate 
distinctions either between citizens and aliens or among categories 
of aliens and allocating benefits on that basis . . . The difference 
between state and federal distinctions based on alienage is the 
difference between the limits that the Fourteenth Amendment places 
on discrimination by states and the power the Constitution grants to 
the federal government over immigration.'') (citation omitted); 
Lewis v. Thompson, 252 F.3d 567, 570 (2d Cir. 2001), citing Lake v. 
Reno, 226 F.3d 141, 148 (2d Cir. 2000) (``We have recently 
recognized that a `highly deferential' standard is appropriate in 
matters of immigration . . . .''). Generally, laws and regulations 
that neither involve fundamental rights nor include suspect 
classifications are reviewed under rational basis scrutiny, under 
which the person challenging the law must show that the government 
has no legitimate interest in the law or policy or that there is no 
rational link between the interest and the challenge law or 
regulation. See also Heller v. Doe by Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 319 (1993).
    \73\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51122-23 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \74\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Equally important, the public charge inadmissibility rule does not 
discriminate against or penalize U.S. citizens, including children. The 
public charge inadmissibility rule does not directly regulate the 
conduct of U.S. citizens because the grounds of inadmissibility do not 
apply to U.S. citizens. Moreover, this rule does not regulate 
eligibility for, or access to, public benefits. Neither the NPRM nor 
this final rule take into consideration receipt of public benefits by 
U.S. citizens who are part of the alien's household, including benefits 
received by U.S. citizen children. The receipt of public benefits by 
household members is not considered as part of an alien's application, 
although such receipt is excluded from the alien's household income, 
assets, and resources.
    Furthermore, DHS disagrees that this rule is inconsistent with 
Plyler v. Doe and the other cited cases. Plyler does not apply to this 
rule. As courts have recognized, Plyler relates to distinctions made by 
states rather than the Federal Government.\75\ Similarly, neither Levy 
v. Louisiana nor Clark v. Jeter is applicable here. These cases did not 
address the immigration status of children or Federal regulations. 
Instead, both cases

[[Page 41310]]

dealt with impacts of state laws on illegitimate children.\76\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \75\ See, e.g., Aleman v. Glickman, 217 F.3d 1191, 1198 (9th 
Cir. 2000) (``Plyler [is] inapposite, however, because [it] 
involve[s] state classifications of aliens.'' (emphasis in the 
original)); Rodriguez ex rel. Rodriguez v. U.S., 169 F.3d 1342, 1350 
(11th Cir. 1999) (``Plyler is inapposite because it deals with a 
Fourteenth Amendment challenge to a state's classification of 
aliens.'' (emphasis in the original).
    \76\ Levy v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 68 (1968); Clark v. Jeter, 486 
U.S. 456 (1988).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Potential Disenrollment Impacts
    Numerous commenters raised concerns about the rule's asserted 
``chilling effect.'' Commenters indicated that the rule would cause 
aliens and citizens to either disenroll from public benefit programs or 
forego enrollment in public benefit programs, which would negatively 
impact the nation, states, local communities, families, vulnerable 
populations, and health care providers. Because most of these comments 
reflect the same theme, the discussion below provides a detailed 
breakdown of public comments separated by topic, followed by a 
consolidated DHS response.
Choice Between Public Benefits and Immigration Status
    Commenters stated that the rule puts the country at risk by forcing 
choices no family should have to make. Commenters noted that alien 
parents will limit or forego their U.S. citizen children's receipt of 
public benefits to avoid adverse immigration consequences. Commenters 
stated that the rule would force eligible immigrants to withdraw their 
families from assistance programs for fear of adverse immigration 
consequences, which would undermine access to essential health, 
nutrition, and other critical benefits and services. Several 
commenters, expressing the view that no person in the United States 
should be denied federal assistance programs or public benefits, said 
that immigrants should not have to make impossible choices between 
their health or providing for their family's immediate needs and 
risking their immigration status or keeping their family together. Some 
commenters said that the proposed rule would cause patients diagnosed 
with cancer or HIV to choose between accessing needed health services 
or suffering adverse consequences with respect to their immigration 
status. A commenter stated that their state had the highest rate of 
insurance coverage in the nation, and that it is vital that patients 
and families continue to access care without fear of adverse 
immigration consequences. A number of commenters expressed concerns 
that families must choose between public housing or citizenship as a 
result of this rule.
    Many commenters provided studies or data related to the current or 
potential number of individuals who will forego and/or disenroll from 
public benefit programs, including specific groups of individuals, such 
as children. Commenters involved in social services reported that they 
were already seeing immigrants refraining from accessing services in 
clinics, food banks, childcare centers, emergency shelters, and local 
school districts, including immigrants who are exempt from public 
charge inadmissibility. Several commenters said that the chilling 
effect would not be limited to immigrants subject to the proposed rule 
and would discourage many legal residents from utilizing services to 
which they are legally entitled, leading to negative health and 
economic outcomes. For example, a commenter said that refugees, who are 
automatically enrolled in Medicaid upon arrival in its state, may 
believe they will be deported if they re-enroll in Medicaid after their 
initial resettlement period. Some commenters said the rule may provide 
an incentive for U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents to 
terminate their subsidized health care in order to remain eligible to 
petition for their family members living abroad.
General Assertions as to Effects
    Commenters said that the rule's disenrollment effect would have 
lasting impacts on the health and safety of our communities and that 
immigrant families are experiencing significant levels of fear and 
uncertainty that has a direct impact on the health and well-being of 
children. Citing studies and research, many commenters asserted that 
the chilling effect will increase hunger, food insecurity, homelessness 
and poverty. They added that the chilling effect will also decrease 
educational attainment and undermine workers' ability to acquire new 
skills for in-demand occupations. Many commenters stated that negative 
public health, social, and economic outcomes (e.g., hunger, food 
insecurity, decreased nutrition, unmet physical and mental health 
needs, unimmunized individuals, disease, decreased school attendance 
and performance, lack of education, poverty, homelessness) collectively 
damage the prosperity and health of our communities, schools, and 
country. Several commenters said that the rule would drive up 
uncompensated care costs, increase use of medical emergency 
departments, increase healthcare costs, endanger maternal and infant 
health and heighten the risk of infectious disease epidemics. One 
commenter indicated that the rule would make child poverty worse and 
harm communities as well as infrastructure that serves all of us.
Housing Benefit-Related Effects
    Many commenters said some individuals will leave public housing as 
a result of this rule and become homeless or face housing instability. 
Commenter stated that the rule will cause disenrollment from subsidized 
housing programs, which will create additional costs for local 
governments. Commenters stated that the chilling effect on using HCVs 
will cause the loss of ``wraparound services'' for residents, including 
case management, mental healthcare, peer support, and child care. 
Commenters raised concerns about the effects of housing insecurity in 
specific cities, including health problems and downstream economic 
impacts. One commenter stated that while the proposed public charge 
rule does not directly count benefits received by the U.S. citizen 
children of immigrant parents, it would still interfere with the 
ability of U.S. citizens to receive housing assistance, because many 
citizens live in mixed-status households with individuals who are 
subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility.
Food and Nutrition Benefit-Related Effects
    Commenters noted that disenrollment from programs like SNAP would 
worsen food insecurity in the United States. Some commenters provided 
estimates of the number of children in certain states or cities 
currently accessing SNAP benefits who could be affected by the rule. 
Several commenters stated that the proposed rule would force millions 
of children and families to disenroll from the SNAP program. For 
example, one commenter cited a study that found that 2.9 million U.S. 
citizen children would forego SNAP benefits as a result of the proposed 
public charge rule. Another commenter stated that research shows that 
immigrants' loss of eligibility reduced participation in the ``Food 
Stamp Program'' among U.S.-born children of immigrants by 50 percent 
and reduced the average benefits they received by 36 percent. Some 
commenters stated that including SNAP in the public charge 
determination would worsen food insecurity primarily among families 
with older adults, children, and people with disabilities. Many 
commenters opined that the inability of individuals in need to access 
food assistance programs like SNAP would impact health outcomes and 
those health outcomes would impact healthcare utilization rates and 
costs. A few commenters emphasized that disenrollment from programs 
such as SNAP and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, 
Infants,

[[Page 41311]]

and Children, (WIC) would specifically put children at risk for 
learning difficulties, increased emergency room visits, chronic asthma, 
and other diseases and would cause a steep decline in the health and 
well-being of pregnant women and infants.
    Several commenters noted that the rule would increase the number of 
individuals seeking help from state and local non-profit feeding 
programs, which would burden local government facilities, volunteer-
lead organizations and food pantries and compromise the amount and 
quality of nutritious food provided. Some commenters added that 
restricting access to nutrition benefits could make things harder in 
communities with high volumes of homeless residents.
    Some commenters said decreased participation in SNAP or Medicaid 
will likely have a profound impact on WIC's ability to serve all 
eligible participants by introducing new barriers to access and heaping 
additional costs on WIC agencies. A few commenters stated that 
disenrollment from WIC could be as high as 20 percent. A commenter 
stated that enrollment in WIC dropped from 7.4 million to 6.8 million 
from January to May 2018, and the commenter stated that families feel 
forced to decide between their safety as immigrants and the food and 
services that their children need.
Health Benefit-Related Effects
    A commenter opposed the rule, stating that DHS failed to present 
anything in the proposed rule that would discredit, or justify 
ignoring, the evidence in the 1999 Interim Field Guidance that aliens' 
reluctance to receive benefits for which they are eligible will have a 
negative impact on public health and general welfare. Commenters 
expressed concern that the rule would undo historic gains in health 
coverage and associated positive health outcomes over the past few 
years. Some commenters stated that the proposed rule would result in 
immigrants staying away from social service agencies and will 
negatively impact health in many ways. Another commenter noted that the 
rule will cause people to get sick or go hungry and indicated that 
``penalizing'' immigrants who utilize benefits to support their family 
only worsens racial, gender, and economic inequality.
    A number of commenters cited the Kaiser Family Foundation study, 
which provided estimates on Medicaid/Children's Health Insurance 
Program (CHIP) disenrollment. The Kaiser Family Foundation estimated 
that if the proposed rule leads to Medicaid disenrollment rates ranging 
from 15 percent to 35 percent, then between 2.1 million and 4.9 million 
Medicaid/CHIP enrollees living in a family with at least one noncitizen 
would disenroll. Many commenters said that DHS vastly underestimates 
the numbers of people who will disenroll from Medicaid and warned that 
DHS was underestimating the ``negative consequences'' in the proposed 
rule. Collectively, these commenters described the positive health and 
economic benefits associated with health coverage through programs like 
Medicaid. They also highlighted research findings about the dangers 
associated with being uninsured. They warned that decreased 
participation in Medicaid would lead to decreased utilization of 
preventative services, worse health outcomes and financial standing for 
families and children, increased health spending on preventable 
conditions, and heightened strain on the healthcare system.
    Other commenters said the inclusion of Medicare Part D in the rule 
will cause affected individuals to disenroll or otherwise be restricted 
from Medicare access, resulting in negative health outcomes for 
individuals and communities (e.g., increased uninsured rated, decreased 
access to prescriptions). Another commenter said that seniors who use 
Medicare Part D will be deterred from filling prescriptions, which 
could increase acute care and overall healthcare costs. Several 
commenters stated that the sanctions associated with the use of 
Medicaid and Medicare Part D benefits would result in reduced access to 
medical care and medications for vulnerable populations, including 
pregnant women, children, people with disabilities, and the elderly. A 
couple of commenters said the inclusion of Medicare Part D would punish 
immigrants for accessing healthcare services. Another commenter said 
the proposed rule would dissuade thousands of low-income residents in 
its state from seeking health coverage.
Effects on Vulnerable Populations
    Many commenters said that reduced enrollment in federal assistance 
programs would most negatively affect vulnerable populations, including 
people with disabilities, the elderly, children, survivors of sexual 
and domestic abuse, and pregnant women. Some of these commenters 
suggested that the chilling effect associated with the proposed rule 
would cause vulnerable individuals and families to avoid accessing 
services, even if they are legally residing in the United States and 
not subject to the proposed rule. Several commenters said the proposed 
rule would adversely affect immigrant women, because they will be more 
likely to forego healthcare and suffer worsening health outcomes. A 
comment described the detrimental impact of reduced Medicaid enrollment 
on maternal and infant health. Multiple commenters said the proposed 
rule would lead to negative health outcomes in general, but especially 
for pregnant and breastfeeding women, infants, and children. Another 
commenter indicated that refugees and victims of trafficking, who are 
exempt from public charge, would also disenroll because of fear and 
gave the example that in 1996 the use of TANF fell 78 percent among the 
refugee population despite the fact that refugees were not subject to 
the public charge test.
    Several commenters said the health of children is inextricably 
linked to the health of their parents, asserting that parents who are 
enrolled in health insurance are more likely to have children who are 
insured. Some of these commenters went on to say that disenrollment 
from health insurance by parents will result in a loss of coverage and 
access to preventive healthcare for their children. A couple of 
commenters said that they were already seeing these consequences due to 
confusion over the proposed rule, including parents choosing to avoid 
needed health services for their children. A couple of commenters said 
every child in America should have access to quality, affordable 
healthcare.
    Many commenters, citing studies and research, stressed the chilling 
effect of this rule will negatively affect the health and well-being of 
children. Other commenters cited a study that predicted the numbers of 
children who would disenroll from Medicaid and included figures on the 
numbers of children with various medical conditions in need of medical 
attention. Healthcare providers said uninsured children would be less 
likely to receive preventative care and necessary treatment, and 
generally would be less healthy compared to children with health 
insurance. Several commenters said that fewer children with 
disabilities would receive home and community based services, because 
Medicaid covers these services. Another commenter said that many 
children receive critical dental services through Medicaid and that a 
lack of access to these services can cause oral diseases that impact 
diet, emotional well-being, sleep, and the ability to work and study.
    Several commenters voiced concern about the adverse impact on 
Medicaid-funded health services in schools. A few commenters provided 
data on the

[[Page 41312]]

funding school districts receive from Medicaid for school-based health 
services and the numbers of students who benefit from these programs. 
The commenters pointed out that this funding is tied to the number of 
Medicaid-eligible students enrolled. Many commenters said the proposed 
rule's exemption of school-based health services was insufficient given 
the larger repercussions of the chilling effect and the likelihood that 
many children would be disenrolled. Commenters said that schools would 
need to provide healthcare and special education to children regardless 
of whether the school could request payment from Medicaid for such 
services. These commenters further stated that the school would need to 
use local funds to cover the cost of services that Medicaid would 
ordinary cover because parents would be unwilling to give consent to 
the school to enroll the children in Medicaid. Some commenters said 
special education administrators routinely engaged with families around 
issues related to health, wellness and school attendance, and said the 
proposed rule would diminish many students' chances for academic 
success. A commenter said that it was important for schools to create 
safe, supportive and inclusive communities, and that the proposed rule 
could undermine efforts to accomplish this goal. One commenter said 
Medicaid covers behavioral treatments for children and that providers 
often partner with schools who are not equipped to provide these 
targeted services. Two commenters said that the language of the 
proposed rule was concerning for children who receive services through 
the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic and Treatment (EPSDT) 
program, which is a federally mandated benefit that provides children 
with the routine and preventive care services they need to grow into 
healthy adults.
Effects on U.S. Citizens
    Several commenters said that rule would cause the greatest harm to 
U.S. citizen children of immigrant parents. Many commenters said that 
U.S. citizen children need SNAP, CHIP, Medicaid, food stamps, and other 
public benefits to survive if their immigrant parents cannot afford 
such services, and U.S. citizen children have a right to these 
benefits. A commenter said research demonstrates that barriers to 
participation in public programs like Medicaid that affect immigrants 
also have harmful spillover effects on U.S. citizens, because many U.S. 
citizens live in mixed-status households. The commenter stated that in 
these cases, research shows that U.S. citizens in the household are 
less likely to obtain needed services such as health insurance through 
Medicaid due to concerns about the immigration status of other family 
members. A number of commenters said the rule would discourage U.S. 
citizens who live in mixed-status households from accessing assistance 
programs for which they are eligible, including Medicaid and CHIP, or 
deprive them of the benefits of those programs entirely.
Increased Costs to Health Care Providers, States, and Localities
    Many commenters particularly emphasized that disenrollment or 
foregoing enrollment would be detrimental to the financial stability 
and economy of communities, States, local organizations, hospitals, 
safety net providers, foundations, and healthcare centers. Commenters 
offering estimates on the number of people who would disenroll from 
Medicaid under the proposed rule warned that the costs associated with 
the resultant rise in uncompensated care would be borne by health 
systems, hospitals, and insured patients. A commenter said that this 
situation presents an ethical dilemma for physicians counseling 
patients on treatment options, who are ``already beginning to field 
questions from patients and are having to explain the immigration risks 
of using healthcare services.'' A commenter citing research that found 
a high percentage of emergency room visits could be managed in 
physicians' offices warned that the proposed rule would increase costly 
emergency room usage.
    A couple of commenters said that Medicaid was the largest source of 
funding for community health centers and provided estimates of 
financial losses due to reduced Medicaid reimbursement. A commenter 
said that Medicaid and CHIP were the underpinning for reimbursement for 
pediatric subspecialists. Commenters stated that the proposed rule 
would impact their reimbursements and would force them to cut patient 
services. One of these commenters cited a study on the anticipated 
reductions in services, which included an estimated $17 billion 
reduction in hospital payments. Other commenters said that Medicaid 
enables many individuals to access needed behavioral health services 
and that a rise in uncompensated care will diminish providers' ability 
to render these services. A commenter said reductions in federal 
funding for Medicaid and Medicare resulting from decreased enrollment 
would force States to increase funding levels, a challenge that could 
potentially lead to increased wait list times, rolling enrollment 
freezes, and other program cuts that would impact the broader health 
system.
    Response: With respect to the rule's potential ``chilling effects'' 
or disenrollment impacts, DHS notes that (1) the rule's overriding 
consideration, i.e., the Government's interest as set forth in PRWORA, 
is a sufficient basis to move forward; (2) it is difficult to predict 
the rule's disenrollment impacts with respect to the regulated 
population, although DHS has attempted to do so in the accompanying 
Final Regulatory Impact Analysis; and (3) it is also difficult to 
predict the rule's disenrollment impacts with respect to people who are 
not regulated by this rule, although, again, DHS has attempted to do so 
in the accompanying Final Regulatory Impact Analysis.
    First, as discussed above, this rule is rationally related to the 
Government's interest, as set forth in PRWORA, to: (1) Minimize the 
incentive of aliens who attempt to immigrate to, or adjust status in 
the United States due to the availability of public benefits; and (2) 
Promote the self-sufficiency of aliens within the United States.\77\ 
DHS has defined public benefits by focusing on cash assistance programs 
for income maintenance, and an exhaustive list of non-cash food, 
housing, and healthcare, designed to meet basic living needs. This 
definition does not include benefits related exclusively to emergency 
response, immunization, education, or social services, nor does it 
include exclusively state and local non-cash aid programs. DHS 
acknowledges that individuals subject to this rule may decline to 
enroll in, or may choose to disenroll from, public benefits for which 
they may be eligible under PRWORA, in order to avoid negative 
consequences as a result of this final rule. However, DHS has authority 
to take past, current, and likely future receipt of public benefits 
into account, even where it may ultimately result in discouraging 
aliens from receiving public benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \77\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Although individuals may reconsider their receipt of public 
benefits as defined by this rule in light of future immigration 
consequences, this rule does not prohibit an alien from obtaining a 
public benefit for which he or she is eligible. DHS expects that aliens 
seeking lawful permanent resident status or nonimmigrant status in the 
United States will make purposeful and well-informed decisions 
commensurate with the immigration status they are seeking. But 
regardless,

[[Page 41313]]

DHS declines to limit the effect of the rulemaking to avoid the 
possibility that individuals subject to this rule may disenroll or 
choose not to enroll, as self-sufficiency is the rule's ultimate aim.
    Second, DHS finds it difficult to predict how this rule will affect 
aliens subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility, because 
data limitations provide neither a precise count nor reasonable 
estimate of the number of aliens who are both subject to the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility and are eligible for public benefits 
in the United States. This difficulty is compounded by the fact that 
most applicants subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
and therefore this rule are generally unlikely to suffer negative 
consequences resulting from past receipt of public benefits because 
they will have been residing outside of the United States and 
therefore, ineligible to have ever received public benefits. For 
example, most nonimmigrants and most immediate relative, family-
sponsored, and diversity visa immigrants seek admission to the United 
States after issuance of a nonimmigrant or immigrant visa, as 
appropriate.\78\ The majority of these individuals are likely to have 
been ineligible for public assistance in the United States, because 
they generally have resided abroad and are not physically present in 
the United States.
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    \78\ The United States admitted over 541 million nonimmigrants 
between Fiscal Years 2015 and 2017. See DHS, Yearbook of Immigration 
Statistics 2017, Table 25. Nonimmigrant Admissions by Class of 
Admission: Fiscal Years 2015 to 2017, available at https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2017/table25. Among 
immediate relative, family sponsored, and diversity visa immigrants 
who acquired lawful permanent resident status between Fiscal Years 
2015 and 2017, sixty-seven percent were admitted to the United 
States and thirty-three percent adjusted their status in the United 
States. See DHS, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics 2017, Table 6, 
Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Type and Major 
Class of Admission: Fiscal Years 2015 to 2017, available at https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2017/table6. The 2017 
Yearbook of Immigration Statistics is a compendium of tables that 
provide data on foreign nationals who are granted lawful permanent 
residence (i.e., immigrants who receive a ``green card''), admitted 
as temporary nonimmigrants, granted asylum or refugee status, or are 
naturalized.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Aliens who are unlawfully present and nonimmigrants physically 
present in the United States also are generally barred from receiving 
federal public benefits other than emergency assistance.\79\ For 
example, applicants for admission and adjustment of status--are 
generally ineligible for SNAP benefits and therefore, would not need to 
disenroll from SNAP to avoid negative consequences.\80\ Once admitted, 
lawful permanent residents are generally prohibited from receiving SNAP 
benefits for a period of five years.\81\ Notwithstanding the inclusion 
of SNAP as a designated public benefit, DHS will not consider for 
purposes of a public charge inadmissibility determination whether 
applicants for admission or adjustment of status are receiving food 
assistance through other programs, such as exclusively state-funded 
programs, food banks, and emergency services, nor will DHS discourage 
individuals from seeking such assistance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \79\ DHS understands that certain aliens may be eligible for 
state-funded cash benefits. As there are multiple state, local, and 
tribal programs that may provide cash benefits, DHS does not have a 
specific list of programs or data on the number of aliens that may 
be affected by the rule by virtue of their enrollment in such 
programs.
    \80\ See 8 U.S.C. 1611(a); 8 U.S.C 1612(a)(2)(D)(ii).
    \81\ See 8 U.S.C. 1613(a).
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    DHS recognizes a plausible connection between the NPRM and 
reduction in alien enrollment in WIC to the extent that aliens who are 
subject to public charge inadmissibility are also eligible to receive 
WIC benefits. While DHS did not list WIC as a designated public benefit 
under proposed 8 CFR 212.21(b), DHS also did not expressly exclude WIC 
from consideration as a public benefit. Indeed, DHS sought public 
comments on whether an alien's receipt of benefits other than those 
proposed to be included in this rule as public benefits should 
nonetheless be considered in the totality of circumstances, which 
understandably could have given the impression that DHS was 
contemplating the inclusion of WIC among other public benefits. This 
final rule makes clear that WIC will not be an enumerated public 
benefit under 8 CFR 212.21(b).
    DHS also acknowledges that under the NPRM, certain lawfully present 
children and pregnant women \82\ in certain states and the District of 
Columbia might have chosen to disenroll from or forego enrollment in 
Medicaid if they are otherwise eligible to maintain or pursue an 
immigration benefit and are subject to public charge inadmissibility. 
As noted above, however, this final rule exempts receipt of Medicaid by 
such persons.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \82\ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for 
Medicaid and Medicare Services, Medicaid and CHIP Coverage of 
``Lawfully Residing'' Children and Pregnant Women (July 1, 2010), 
https://www.medicaid.gov/Federal-Policy-Guidance/downloads/SHO10006.pdf (last visited May 7, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Third, DHS finds it difficult to predict the rule's disenrollment 
impacts with respect to people who are not regulated by this rule, such 
as people who erroneously believe themselves to be affected. This rule 
does not apply to U.S. citizens and aliens exempt from public charge 
inadmissibility. In the proposed rule, DHS provided an exhaustive list 
of immigration classifications that are exempt from the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility, and this final rule retains those 
exemptions. DHS is including in the Applicability section of this final 
rule Tables 3 and 4 that are similar to those included in the NPRM, 
which also reflect additional clarifications made in this final rule 
with respect to T, U, and VAWA aliens. This rule does not prohibit or 
otherwise discourage individuals who are not subject to the public 
charge inadmissibility from receiving any public benefits for which 
they are eligible.
    Because DHS will not consider the receipt of public benefits by 
U.S. citizens and aliens not subject to public charge inadmissibility, 
the receipt of public benefits by these individuals will not be counted 
against or made attributable to immigrant family members who are 
subject to this rule. Accordingly, DHS believes that it would be 
unwarranted for U.S. citizens and aliens exempt from public charge 
inadmissibility to disenroll from a public benefit program or forego 
enrollment in response to this rule when such individuals are not 
subject to this rule. DHS will not alter this rule to account for such 
unwarranted choices.
    DHS appreciates the potential effects of confusion regarding the 
rule's scope and effect, as well as the potential nexus between public 
benefit enrollment reduction and food insecurity, housing scarcity, 
public health and vaccinations, education health-based services, 
reimbursement to health providers, and increased costs to states and 
localities. In response to comments, DHS will also issue clear guidance 
that identifies the groups of individuals who are not subject to this 
rule, including, but not limited to, U.S. citizens, lawful permanent 
residents returning from a trip abroad who are not considered 
applicants for admission, and refugees.
    In addition, as explained in greater detail elsewhere in this rule, 
DHS has made a number of changes in the final rule that may mitigate 
some of the concerns raised by the public regarding disenrollment 
impacts. For example, DHS has excluded the Medicare Part D LIS from the 
definition of public benefit because DHS has determined that Medicare 
Part D benefits, including LIS, are earned by working or being credited 
with 40 qualifying quarters of work and establishing eligibility for 
Medicare. While children are not exempt from public charge 
inadmissibility, DHS has decided against the inclusion of CHIP in the 
definition of public benefit. DHS has

[[Page 41314]]

excluded from the public benefits definition, public benefits received 
by children eligible for acquisition of citizenship, and Medicaid 
benefits received by aliens under the age of 21 and pregnant women 
during pregnancy and 60 days following the last day of pregnancy.
    In sum, DHS does not believe that it is sound policy to ignore the 
longstanding self-sufficiency goals set forth by Congress or to admit 
or grant adjustment of status applications of aliens who are likely to 
receive public benefits designated in this rule to meet their basic 
living needs in an the hope that doing so might alleviate food and 
housing insecurity, improve public health, decrease costs to states and 
localities, or better guarantee health care provider reimbursements. 
DHS does not believe that Congress intended for DHS to administer 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), in a manner that 
fails to account for aliens' receipt of food, medical, and housing 
benefits so as to help aliens become self-sufficient. DHS believes that 
it will ultimately strengthen public safety, health, and nutrition 
through this rule by denying admission or adjustment of status to 
aliens who are not likely to be self-sufficient.
6. Inconsistent With American Values and Historic Commitment to 
Immigrants
    Comment: Several commenters said the rule puts immigration and/or 
obtaining ``green cards'' out of reach for working class or poor 
immigrant families and re-shapes, penalizes, or impedes legal 
immigration. Many commenters said the rule goes against fundamental 
American values and morality, including religious values and principles 
of faith, upon which this nation was built. Many commenters stated the 
importance of diversity and immigration to United States' history and 
strength, and expressed that the rule would fundamentally change our 
nation's historic commitment to welcoming immigrants where the United 
States would no longer be the country that serves as a beacon for the 
world's dreamers and strivers. Many commenters pointed out that many 
immigrants here today would not have been able to enter the country 
under the proposed rule. Several commenters said that the United States 
should be receptive to those seeking a better life in the United States 
and should not seek to penalize them, especially to those fleeing 
violence. One commenter stated that the rule will force more people to 
live in the shadows. Two commenters expressed that the rule is 
scapegoating, is the result of Congress' failure to compromise on 
immigration policy, and is not a solution to immigration reform. Two 
other commenters said that the rule is motivated by fear and greed.
    Response: While immigration and diversity have strengthened the 
United States, DHS strongly disagrees that this rule is motivated by 
fear or greed, or is un-American or immoral. DHS does not seek to 
frustrate the United States' long-standing commitment to family unity, 
humanitarian relief, and religious liberty through this rule. DHS also 
disagrees that this rule re-shapes, penalizes, or impedes the overall 
flow of legal immigration, and disagrees that the rule puts lawful 
permanent resident status beyond the reach of working-class and poor 
immigrant families. DHS reiterates that this rule does not and cannot 
alter the process of obtaining immediate relative, family-sponsored, 
employment-based, diversity, or nonimmigrant visas, as required and 
permitted by law. Rather, this rule clarifies the standard by which DHS 
will assess whether an alien subject to section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), is inadmissible as likely to become a public charge 
at any time in the future. Through this final rule, DHS seeks to better 
ensure that applicants are self-sufficient. Even if an applicant has a 
low income, or belongs to a low-income family, that is only one 
consideration in the totality of the circumstances. Even if an 
applicant has household income that falls below 125 percent of FPG, DHS 
must consider the applicant's age, health, family status, education, 
and skills in determining whether the applicant is more likely than not 
to become a public charge at any time in the future. DHS also notes 
that the public charge inadmissibility ground does not apply to all 
applicants who are seeking a visa, admission, or adjustment of status. 
Congress specifically exempted certain groups, e.g., refugees and 
asylees at the time of admission and adjustment of status, pursuant to 
sections 207(c)(3) and 209(c) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1157(c)(3), 1159(c).
7. Contributions to American Society and Consideration of Self-
Sufficiency
    Comment: Commenters stated that immigrants already significantly 
contribute to the economy, citing IRS data showing how much income tax 
the IRS received from immigrants and undocumented workers. Many 
commenters said that DHS should evaluate immigrants based on their 
contributions to communities in the United States and not based on 
their income level or financial status. Many commenters stated that the 
rule would negatively affect immigrants who contribute to the American 
economy, including satisfying this country's need for younger workers. 
Several commenters stated that immigrants take jobs that Americans are 
not willing to perform (e.g., landscaping, construction, caregivers, 
manufacturing) and that immigrants are hardworking and contributing 
members that increase the diversity of our culture and communities.
    Several commenters stated that use of public benefits in a manner 
commensurate with their purpose should not be ``punishable.'' They 
emphasized that immigrants want to work and be self-sufficient, but 
that immigrants access public assistance programs to help them through 
periods of temporary hardship on the path to self-sufficiency and 
successfully contributes to society just as U.S. citizens do, if not 
less so. They added that immigrants often need public assistance due to 
insecure jobs, inadequate wages, lack of employer-sponsored health 
insurance, the high cost of medical care and housing, inaccessibility 
of health insurance, and other societal barriers. Multiple commenters 
provided anecdotes about how they or their family member's receipt of 
federal assistance helped them or their children go on to thrive and 
become productive members of American society. Similarly, some 
commenters told personal anecdotes about their interactions with 
hardworking immigrants who rely on temporary public assistance to 
survive and contribute to society. A few commenters added that a large 
portion of U.S. born citizens would not meet the public charge 
standards proposed by DHS.\83\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \83\ USCIS-2010-0012-0151; USCIS-2010-0012-0264; USCIS-2010-
0012-1689; USCIS-2010-0012-13212 (Form Letter Master).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS believes that immigrants, in general, make 
significant contributions to American society and enhance the culture 
of American life and communities. DHS also recognizes that public 
assistance programs provide food and nutrition, housing, and 
healthcare, and other benefits that meet individual needs, serve the 
public interest, and help people to become productive members of 
society. The relevant inquiry that this rule aims to address, however, 
is whether an applicant who is subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility is likely to become a public charge at any time in the 
future. DHS believes that an alien who uses certain types of public 
benefits for the more than 12 months

[[Page 41315]]

within a 36 month period of time can reasonably be said to lack self-
sufficiency because her or she cannot meet his or her basic living 
needs. DHS has limited the type of public benefits to generally means-
tested benefits that provide cash for income maintenance or meet the 
basic living needs of food and nutrition, housing, and healthcare. DHS 
believes that receipt of these public benefits alone for more than 12 
months in the aggregate within any 36-month period suggests a lack of 
self-sufficiency, as such receipt exceeds what could reasonably be 
defined as a nominal or temporary need.
8. Adjudication and Processing
    Comment: Multiple commenters stated that the rule would exacerbate 
USCIS and immigration court processing backlogs. Other commenters 
stated that the proposed rule outlined a process that was confusing at 
best, and would increase the number of appeals and deepen nationwide 
immigration processing delays. Similarly, several commenters said the 
rule, while not binding on the immigration courts, would further 
exacerbate an already record high case volume in the immigration 
courts. They further expressed concerns that increased evidentiary 
requirements, heightened scrutiny, and uncertainty as to what standard 
to apply, will delay adjudications, add to the backlog and result in 
inconsistent outcomes. One commenter said that this rule will further 
delay visa processing. Some commenters asserted that the proposed 
changes would greatly complicate the adjudication process by placing a 
greater burden on individuals who will be required to provide more 
evidence and paperwork to establish that they are not likely at any 
time to become a public charge and will require adjudicators to spend 
more time sifting through and verifying information. Several commenters 
stated that the rule's heightened evidentiary requirements and totality 
of the circumstances standard would exacerbate backlogs and cause 
uncertainty in adjudications.
    Several commenters provided data on current processing times and 
estimated processing times under the proposed rule. Commenters stated 
that families would suffer the consequences of case processing delays 
such as job loss and food insecurity. Several commenters cited studies 
and stated that the increased processing times would hinder immigrants' 
ability to become or remain self-sufficient because the delays could 
financially impair immigrants during the time they could not legally 
work.
    A commenter wrote that the backlog for adjustment of status reviews 
was already significant, and new requirements in the proposed rules 
would simply exacerbate those conditions. A commenter stated that 
immigration officers and consular officers will have a limited amount 
of time to properly review documents and employment letters, and will 
not undertake an effective, case-by-case appraisal of applications. 
Similarly, supervising officers will not have enough time to review 
each denial thoroughly.
    Response: As noted by commenters, this rule is not binding on the 
immigration courts or the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). It is 
DHS's understanding that DOJ is developing a public charge proposed 
rule, which would address DOJ's standard for assessing public charge 
inadmissibility and deportability. DHS will work with DOJ to ensure 
consistent application of the public charge ground of inadmissibility. 
DHS reiterates, however, that this final rule pertains only to public 
charge inadmissibility determinations made by DHS for applicants 
seeking admission or adjustment of status, public charge bonds, as well 
the conditions DHS has set for nonimmigrants applying for an extension 
of stay or change of status with USCIS. DHS believes that concerns 
about DOJ's adjudication of cases pending before immigration courts, 
including immigration court backlogs, are more appropriately addressed 
by DOJ in the context of their public charge rulemaking.
    With respect to commenters' concerns that the DHS final rule would 
result in inconsistent outcomes, DHS disagrees with the assertion that 
the rule will lead to inconsistent determinations, or that it creates 
confusion, in a way that is at all inconsistent with congressional 
intent. Given the wording of section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), which states that the public charge inadmissibility 
determination is ``in the opinion of'' the Attorney General and based 
on consideration of a range of circumstances particular to the alien, 
DHS believes that the determination is inherently subjective in 
nature.\84\ Because each case will be determined on its own merits, and 
applicants' individual circumstances will vary, it is reasonable to 
expect that public charge inadmissibility determinations will vary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \84\ See Matter of Harutunian, 14 I&N Dec. 583, 588 (Reg'l Cmm'r 
1974) (``[T]he determination of whether an alien falls into that 
category [as likely to become a public charge] rests within the 
discretion of the consular officers or the Commissioner . . . 
Congress inserted the words `in the opinion of' (the consul or the 
Attorney General) with the manifest intention of putting borderline 
adverse determinations beyond the reach of judicial review.'' 
(citation omitted)); Matter of Martinez-Lopez, 10 I&N Dec. 409, 421 
(Att'y Gen. 1962) (``[U]nder the statutory language the question for 
visa purposes seems to depend entirely on the consular officer's 
subjective opinion.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, while the rule may increase USCIS processing times, 
such is the burden of robust enforcement of the law. USCIS is committed 
to timely, accurate, and lawful adjudications, and plans to increase 
resources for affected applications as appropriate. USCIS, as a fee 
funded agency, may set fees to support the additional workload 
associated with adjudication of cases subject to section 212(a)(4) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). USCIS officers will receive training on 
the new standards set forth in this final rule, which will include 
training on how to treat public benefits received before the effective 
date of this rule. Any increases to adjudication time will not affect 
an applicant's ability to apply for an employment authorization 
document if otherwise eligible.\85\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \85\ 8 CFR 274a.12(c)(9).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, with respect to comments regarding visa processing time 
for consular officers, DHS believes that such matters are more 
appropriately addressed by DOS. This rule only addresses DHS's public 
charge inadmissibility determinations in applications for admission or 
adjustment of status. However, it is DHS's understanding that DOS will 
update its FAM to ensure consistency with the DHS rule.
    Comment: Many commenters addressed concerns about the adjudication 
of extension of stay and change of status applications, adjudication 
delays, and the uncertainty of being able to obtain a future status 
when seeking an extension of stay or change of status. Some commenters 
stated that the proposed rule failed to identify the potential Request 
for Evidence (RFE) and denial rate for applicants. Similarly, 
commenters stated that the proposed rule's RFE provision would cause 
significant uncertainty for employers, create obstacles to effective 
business planning, and increase costs for employers because of 
potential processing delays and backlogs. Many commenters raised 
concerns about adjudication delays for workers and other nonimmigrant 
categories, such as H-2A nonimmigrant workers and their employers, and 
other categories.

[[Page 41316]]

    Response: DHS does not anticipate any significant processing delays 
in the adjudication of extension of stay and change of status requests 
filed by or on behalf of nonimmigrants based on the new conditions 
imposed in the rule relating to the past and current receipt of public 
benefits. This is especially so in light of that fact that DHS is 
removing the requirement that an officer assess the alien's likelihood 
of receiving public benefits in the future and that USCIS will no 
longer seek to request that the alien submit Form I-944. Overall, DHS 
is committed to ensuring that USCIS has the necessary resources to 
provide for the timely adjudication of immigration benefits. 
Additionally, USCIS believes that the number of RFEs actually issued 
relating to these rule changes will be relatively small as long as the 
employers and petitioners/beneficiaries submit properly documented 
petition.
9. Privacy Concerns
    Comment: A commenter expressed concern about the lack of clarity on 
how DHS plans to use, store, access and protect the health data it 
receives. The commenter stated that copies of medical records provided 
by applicants may contain highly sensitive information unrelated to the 
immigration application or the likelihood of the person becoming a 
public charge. A few commenters expressed concern that the proposed 
rule's use of health insurance information and data raises data and 
privacy concerns, stating USCIS would accumulate an overbroad body of 
data, and this could violate the Health Insurance Portability and 
Accountability Act (HIPAA).
    Response: DHS rejects the comment that the rule raises data and 
privacy concerns that could violate HIPAA. Congress mandated that DHS 
consider an applicant's health as part of every public charge 
inadmissibility determination.\86\ In order to assess an alien's health 
in the totality of the circumstances, DHS will generally rely on 
medical information provided by civil surgeons on the Report of Medical 
Examination and Vaccination Record (Form I-693), or report of a panel 
physician, to assess whether the alien has been diagnosed with a 
medical condition that is likely to require extensive medical treatment 
or institutionalization, or that will interfere with the alien's 
ability to provide and care for himself or herself, to attend school, 
or to work, upon admission or adjustment of status. DHS will also 
consider whether the alien has resources to pay for reasonably 
foreseeable medical costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \86\ See INA 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In other words, DHS will be relying on existing medical reports and 
information submitted with the alien's applications; such information, 
once submitted by the alien, will become a part of the alien's 
administrative record. Such data is collected and maintained consistent 
with the Privacy Act of 1974 \87\ (Privacy Act) and the System of 
Records Notice (SORN), which identifies the purpose for which 
Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is collected, from whom and 
what type of PII is collected, how the PII is shared externally 
(routine uses), and how to access and correct any PII maintained by 
DHS.\88\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \87\ See 5 U.S.C. 552.
    \88\ See generally Notice of Modified Privacy Act System of 
Records, 82 FR 43556, 43564 (Sept. 18, 2017) (``DHS/USCIS safeguards 
records in this system according to applicable rules and policies, 
including all applicable DHS automated systems security and access 
policies. USCIS has imposed strict controls to minimize the risk of 
compromising the information that is being stored.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, while USCIS is generally not a covered entity bound 
by HIPAA,\89\ USCIS complies with the Privacy Act in safeguarding 
information in the applicable systems of records. Such information is 
generally confidential and is used primarily for immigration 
purposes.\90\ The data is collected and kept in an alien's 
administrative record consistent with the Privacy Act,\91\ which 
applies to information that is maintained in a ``system of records'' 
from which information is retrieved by the name of an individual or by 
some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular 
assigned to the individual.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \89\ See 45 CFR 160.103.
    \90\ See also E.O. No. 13768, Enhancing Public Safety in the 
Interior of the United States 82 FR 8799, 8802 (Jan. 30, 2017). 
Section 14 of E.O. 13768 limits the rights and protections of the 
Privacy Act, subject to applicable law, to U.S. citizens and lawful 
permanent residents. See also DHS Privacy Policy Regarding 
Collection, Use, Retention, and Dissemination of Personally 
Identifiable Information (Apr. 25, 2017), https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/PPGM%202017-01%20Signed_0.pdf (last 
visited May 8, 2019). The latter memorandum sets out DHS policy 
requiring that decisions regarding the collection, maintenance, use, 
disclosure, retention, and disposal of information being held by DHS 
must be consistent with and take into consideration the Fair 
Information Practice Principles: Transparency, Individual 
Participation, Purpose Specification, Data Minimization, Use 
Limitation, Data Quality and Integrity, Security, and Accountability 
and Auditing.
    \91\ See 5 U.S.C. 552.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

E. General Comments Regarding Legal Authority and Statutory Provisions

1. Lack of Statutory Authority/Inconsistent With Congressional Intent
    Comment: Several commenters said DHS lacks statutory authority to 
promulgate the NPRM. Multiple commenters stated the rule is an over-
reach, requires congressional consideration, involvement, or approval, 
and that only Congress can enact such specific policy changes. One 
commenter stated that the rule's attempt to change public charge policy 
in a regulation rather than in legislation is inconsistent with the 
Administration's stated goal to reduce the power of administrative 
agencies.
    Response: The public charge inadmissibility rule is within DHS's 
authority and does not require congressional action. The Secretary has 
the authority to enforce and administer the immigration laws of the 
United States.\92\ The Secretary is also authorized to prescribe 
regulations, forms, and instructions necessary to carry out the 
authority provided in section 103(a)(1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1103(a)(1).\93\ Additionally, the Secretary is charged with 
administering the public charge ground of inadmissibility. Therefore, 
this rule does not exceed or overreach the Secretary's authority, and 
further, does not require congressional involvement, consideration, or 
approval.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \92\ INA section 103(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(1).
    \93\ INA section 103(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1103(a)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This public charge inadmissibility rule is a permissible 
implementation of the public charge inadmissibility statute enacted by 
Congress.\94\ The public charge inadmissibility rule provides important 
guidance for purposes of implementing the statute, including by 
defining statutory terms that have never been defined by Congress in 
the over 100 years since the public charge inadmissibility ground first 
appeared in the immigration laws.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \94\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS believes the terms set forth in the public charge 
inadmissibility ground need clarification so that DHS can consistently 
adjudicate applications subject to public charge inadmissibility 
determinations in a manner that better ensures aliens are self-
sufficient and not reliant on the government (i.e., public benefits) 
for assistance to meet their basic needs.\95\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \95\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, DHS disagrees that the public charge rule is inconsistent 
with the Administration's goals to reduce the role of executive 
agencies. The rule's

[[Page 41317]]

aims are consistent with the Administration's goal of rigorously 
enforcing all grounds of inadmissibility.\96\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \96\ See, e.g., Memorandum from the President to the Secretary 
of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of Homeland 
Security, Implementing Immediate Heightened Screening and Vetting of 
Applications for Visas and Other Immigration Benefits, Ensuring 
Enforcement of All Laws for Entry Into the United States, and 
Increasing Transparency Among Departments and Agencies of the 
Federal Government and for the American People, 82 FR 16279, 16280 
(Apr. 3, 2017) (``I direct the Secretary of State, the Attorney 
General, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the heads of all 
other relevant executive departments and agencies (as identified by 
the Secretary of Homeland Security) to rigorously enforce all 
existing grounds of inadmissibility and to ensure subsequent 
compliance with related laws after admission. The heads of all 
relevant executive departments and agencies shall issue new rules, 
regulations, or guidance (collectively, rules), as appropriate, to 
enforce laws relating to such grounds of inadmissibility and 
subsequent compliance. To the extent that the Secretary of Homeland 
Security issues such new rules, the heads of all other relevant 
executive departments and agencies shall, as necessary and 
appropriate, issue new rules that conform to them.'' (emphasis 
added)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A number of commenters stated that the rule is generally 
inconsistent with Congress' intent and past policies. Commenters said 
the proposed rule is a significant, unjustified change from the current 
public charge policy. One commenter said that DHS should not re-
interpret a term that Congress had left undefined, and said that if 
future administrations similarly revised policy based on their 
understanding of congressional intent, such policy would ``change 
wildly with every administration,'' and would result in ``vast 
inconsistencies in the law.'' A commenter specifically stated that the 
rule is an ``unlawful attempt to rewrite Congress's rules'' and that 
DHS cannot ``exercise its authority in a manner that is inconsistent 
with the administrative structure that Congress enacted into law'' and 
needs to comply with Congress's intent in creating the public charge 
inadmissibility ground. One commenter said the proposed rule would 
effectively overturn decades of congressional and State decision-making 
regarding alien access to public benefits with one unilateral executive 
action. Multiple commenters said the rule is contrary to, or 
inconsistent with, current law, congressional intent, and the 
traditional interpretation of public charge, as well as inconsistent 
with the history of how public charge has been understood. One 
commenter noted that DHS's contention that ``Congress `must have 
recognized that it made certain public benefits available to some 
aliens who are also subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility, even though receipt of such benefits could render the 
alien inadmissible as likely to become a public charge' . . . strains 
credulity and is simply not a reasonable interpretation of the 
statutes, as required by Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. 
Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).''
    Response: This rule is not inconsistent with Congress' intent in 
enacting the public charge ground of inadmissibility in IIRIRA, or in 
enacting PRWORA. DHS believes that the policy goals articulated in 
PRWORA and underlying the creation of the mandatory factors for public 
charge inadmissibility determinations in IIRIRA inform DHS's 
administrative implementation of the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. When passing IIRIRA, Congress added factors to 
consider in public charge inadmissibility determinations in section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)), but left it to DHS and DOJ 
to specify how and which public benefits should be considered in a 
public charge inadmissibility determination.\97\ In the same year, 
Congress passed PRWORA with the clear intent to promote self-
sufficiency of those entering the United States and to ensure that 
public benefits do not provide an incentive for immigration to the 
United States.\98\ This public charge inadmissibility rule, in 
accordance with PRWORA, disincentivizes immigrants from coming to the 
United States in reliance on public benefits.\99\ As explained in the 
NPRM and this final rule, DHS agrees that this rule takes a different 
approach to interpreting the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
than the 1999 Interim Field Guidance. In the NPRM, DHS acknowledged 
that it was making a change and provided a detailed explanation and 
justification for that change. Therefore, DHS disagrees that these 
changes are unjustified.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \97\ See Public Law 104-208, div. C, sec. 531, 110 Stat. 3009-
546, 3009-674 (Sept. 30, 1996) (amending INA section 212(a)(4), 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)).
    \98\ See Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 Stat. 2105, 2260 
(Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601).
    \99\ See Lewis v. Thompson, 252 F.3d 567, 583-84 (2d Cir. 2001) 
(``it is reasonable for Congress to believe that some aliens would 
be less likely to hazard the trip to this country if they understood 
that they would not receive government benefits upon arrival . . . 
.'')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to commenter statements that the rule departs from the 
historical and traditional understanding of what it means to be a 
public charge, DHS disagrees. As an initial matter, this is the first 
time that DHS is defining in regulation an ambiguous terms that 
Congress itself left undefined. As discussed in greater detail in the 
section addressing the regulatory definition of public charge, DHS 
believes that its definition is consistent with what it means to be a 
public charge--a lack of self-sufficiency and a need to rely on the 
government for support. DHS believes that its rigorous and fair 
regulatory framework will ensure that aliens coming to or opting to 
stay in the United States permanently are self-sufficient. DHS explains 
the basis for its interpretation of the term ``public charge'' more 
fully below.
    DHS also disagrees with commenters that this rule changes federal 
and state decision-making regarding aliens' access to public benefits. 
The rule itself does not prohibit any eligible alien or citizen from 
accessing public benefits for which they qualify. As explained above, 
DHS has the legal authority to promulgate the rule and believes the 
rule provides needed guidance to determine whether an alien is 
inadmissible as likely to become a public charge.
    Comment: One commenter stated that ``[c]ontrary to DHS's 
interpretation, the enactment of PRWORA and section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), close in time suggests that Congress assumed 
that receipt of these public benefits would not be counted against a 
person in determining whether the individual is likely to become a 
public charge.'' A commenter stated that the rule is ``an intentional 
attempt at using the specific language within PRWORA as justification 
for a new, more restrictive rule which would override portions of 
PRWORA.'' Other commenters stated that the proposed rule is unnecessary 
in light of PRWORA's restrictions on access to benefits to certain 
immigrants and their families. One commenter noted that in advancing 
the Administration's goals, the rule undercuts Congress' original 
intent in creating nutrition, health, and human services programs.
    Response: The public charge inadmissibility rule is not 
inconsistent with PRWORA, nor does it contravene PRWORA's requirements. 
When passing IIRIRA in 1996, Congress added the mandatory factors to be 
considered in public charge inadmissibility determinations to section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), but left discretion to the 
relevant agencies, including DHS, to interpret those factors, including 
how to incorporate a consideration of public benefit receipt into the 
public charge inadmissibility determination. As discussed in the NPRM, 
consideration of receipt of public benefits was part of the public 
charge determination before Congress

[[Page 41318]]

passed IIRIRA and PRWORA.\100\ At the same time that Congress added 
mandatory factors to be considered in the public charge inadmissibility 
analysis, Congress passed PRWORA, establishing eligibility restrictions 
for aliens receiving public benefits with the clear intent to promote 
the self-sufficiency of those entering the United States and to ensure 
that public benefits do not provide an incentive for immigrants to come 
to the United States.\101\ Congress did nothing, however, to constrain 
DHS (then INS) from considering the receipt of public benefits in a 
public charge inadmissibility determination as INS had done previously. 
In light of this history, DHS's proposed public charge rule is 
consistent with the principles of PRWORA and aligns this regulation to 
those principles. As such, this public charge rule is rationally 
related to Congress' intent to create a disincentive for immigrants to 
rely on public benefits if they are seeking admission to the United 
States,\102\ and a permissible interpretation of section 212(a)(4) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \100\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51158 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018) (``In Matter of Martinez-Lopez, the 
Attorney General indicated that public support or the burden of 
supporting the alien being cast on the public was a fundamental 
consideration in public charge inadmissibility determinations''); 
Matter of Martinez-Lopez, 10 I&N Dec. 409, 421 (Att'y Gen. 1964).
    \101\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
    \102\ See Lewis v. Thompson, 252 F.3d 567, 583-84 (2d Cir. 2001) 
(``it is reasonable for Congress to believe that some aliens would 
be less likely to hazard the trip to this country if they understood 
that they would not receive government benefits upon arrival . . . 
.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter stated that the rule is inconsistent with 
congressional intent set forth in the IIRIRA Conference Report, because 
that report noted that certain benefits, such as public health, 
nutrition, and in-kind community service programs, should not be 
included in the prohibition on aliens receiving public benefits.\103\ 
Other commenters stated that when Congress expanded the definition of 
``public charge'' in 1996, it rejected a definition of ``public 
charge'' that would have included food and healthcare assistance; thus, 
expanding the definition of ``public charge'' to include such 
assistance would ignore Congress' legislative intent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \103\ See H.R. Rep. No. 104-828, at 238 (1996) (Conf. Rep.).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: It is not clear what the commenters are referencing when 
referring to Congress' rejection of a definition of public charge that 
included food and healthcare assistance. It may be a reference to the 
proposed ground of deportability in the version that passed the U.S. 
Senate that included Medicaid and food stamps (now SNAP), among other 
programs, in the list of public benefits that were considered one of 
the grounds of deportability for public charge.\104\ DHS notes that the 
Senate-passed bill would not have amended the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.\105\ Additionally, the administration of the public 
charge inadmissibility ground under this rule is significantly 
different from the public charge deportability provisions considered by 
the Senate. The proposed ground of deportability, for instance, made 
aliens automatically deportable (with certain exceptions) if they 
received certain public benefits, including Medicaid and food stamps, 
for 12 months within five years of admission. This rule, by contrast, 
focuses on future receipt of public benefits for more than 12 months in 
the aggregate in a 36-month period. The prospective nature of the 
determination under this rule renders the definition significantly 
different. With respect to past receipt, this rule requires DHS to 
evaluate such receipt as one of several factors to be considered in the 
totality of circumstances. This rule therefore does not impose the 
provision included in the Senate-passed bill that Congress had 
rejected.\106\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \104\ H.R. 2202, 104th Cong. sec. 202 (as amended and passed by 
Senate, May 2, 1996).
    \105\ See H.R. 2202, 104th Cong. sec. 202 (as amended and passed 
by Senate, May 2, 1996).
    \106\ See Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557, 579-80 (2006) 
(``Congress' rejection of the very language that would have achieved 
the result the Government urges here weighs heavily against the 
Government's interpretation.''); see also Competitive Enterprise 
Inst. v. U.S. Dep't of Transp., 863 F.3d 911, 917 (DC Cir. 2017) 
(``Congressional inaction lacks persuasive significance because 
several equally tenable inferences may be drawn from such inaction, 
including the inference that the existing legislation already 
incorporated the offered change.'' (citations and internal 
quotations omitted)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes that the quotation from IIRIRA Conference Report \107\ 
does not relate to public charge inadmissibility, but to PRWORA and 
exceptions to the prohibition on aliens accepting certain public 
benefits. While language in a Conference Report, especially when 
discussing a separate piece of legislation, is not binding, the rule is 
not inconsistent with the language in the report because the public 
benefits covered by the rule do not include those excepted under 
PRWORA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \107\ See H.R. Rep. No. 104-828, at 238 (1996) (Conf. Rep.).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters stated that reversing the policies set forth in 
the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, which have allowed immigrants to rely 
on the previously excluded benefits for decades, is contrary to 
congressional intent. One commenter stated that the rule is 
inconsistent with congressional intent, which ``recognizes the 
importance of access to preventive care and nutrition benefits for all 
people, including immigrants.''
    Response: DHS acknowledges that this rule is a departure from the 
1999 Interim Field Guidance. DHS also acknowledges that some aliens 
subject to this rule will need to make decisions with respect to the 
receipt of public benefits for which they are eligible. Ultimately, 
however, DHS does not believe that its inclusion of previously-excluded 
benefits is contrary to congressional intent, particularly with respect 
to access to preventive care and nutrition benefits. In fact, DHS 
believes it would be contrary to congressional intent to promulgate 
regulations that encourage individuals subject to this rule to rely on 
any of the designated public benefits, or to ignore their receipt of 
such benefits, as this would be contrary to Congress's intent in 
ensuring that aliens within the United States are self-sufficient and 
rely on their own resources and capabilities, and those of their 
family, sponsors, and private organizations.\108\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \108\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To the extent that commenters are concerned with the consequences 
of receipt of previously-excluded public benefits, DHS notes that it is 
not considering an alien's receipt of previously excluded public 
benefits in the public charge inadmissibility determination, if such 
receipt occurred before the effective date of this final rule and 
receipt of such benefits was not considered under the 1999 Interim 
Field Guidance.\109\ However, DHS is considering an alien's receipt of 
public benefits that were included in the 1999 Interim Field Guidance 
and received prior to the effective date of the rule as a negative 
factor in the totality of the circumstances analysis. DHS also is not 
considering past receipt of public benefits by an alien if such receipt 
occurred while the alien was in a classification or status that was 
exempt from public charge inadmissibility or for which a waiver of 
public charge inadmissibility was received.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \109\ See 8 CFR 212.22(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters stated that DHS only has the authority to 
administer individual reviews of an applicant's likelihood of becoming 
dependent on the government in the future, and cannot consider 
government expenditures on means-tested programs. One of these 
commenters suggested that

[[Page 41319]]

to the extent DHS is considering aggregate costs of public benefits, it 
also should consider aggregate benefits. This commenter suggested that 
DHS abandon its effort to use public charge reform as a back door means 
of realizing the political goals of reducing government expenditures on 
means-tested programs authorized by Congress. Another commenter stated 
that whether or not there is a large government expenditure on a 
particular program is irrelevant to the assessment of whether a 
particular individual may become a public charge.
    Response: DHS believes that these commenters misunderstood DHS's 
proposal. DHS is not taking expenditures on public benefit programs 
into account for purposes of any single public charge inadmissibility 
determination. Rather, DHS has taken into consideration expenditures on 
public benefit programs in order to appropriately circumscribe, for the 
purpose of administrative efficiency, the list of public benefits that 
will be considered in public charge inadmissibility determinations. 
Therefore, under this rule, DHS will take into consideration all of the 
mandatory factors in the totality of the alien's circumstances, 
including whether the alien received public benefits as defined in 
212.21(b).
2. Additional Legal Arguments
a. Allegations That the Rule Is Arbitrary and Capricious
    Comment: Many commenters stated that the proposed rule is arbitrary 
and capricious. Commenters said that the rule would be struck down 
under the APA. Commenters stated that DHS failed to provide a reasoned 
or adequate explanation for the rule, including one based on facts and 
data. Other commenters asserted that the public charge rule, as 
proposed, is unnecessary, has no legal justification, and is overbroad. 
Other commenters stated that the rule ``address[es] a problem that 
doesn't even exist.'' One commenter stated that ``DHS has not cited any 
evidence that the current statute is ineffective in promoting self-
sufficiency or that there is some need for increasing the pool of 
inadmissibility. Without substantiating the need for this change, DHS 
is simply proposing unnecessary and harsh restrictions against 
immigrants.'' One commenter stated that current immigration policy 
provides sufficient protection for the nation's interests, including 
through existing eligibility limits for public benefits.
    A few commenters stated that ``DHS offered inadequate reasoning for 
rejecting the 1999 Interim Field Guidance and making a massive change 
in the agency's interpretation of federal law.'' The commenter stated 
that DHS failed to provide an explanation as to why the interpretation 
used for the last 20 years is inappropriate, or to justify the 
particular articulation of resource and health factors contained in the 
rule. Many commenters stated that the rule failed to provide a 
reasonable or rational nexus between the data cited and the policy 
decisions made. One commenter claimed that the proposed rule did not 
offer adequate justification that access to public benefits create an 
incentive to migrate to the United States. The commenter also asserted 
that the proposal is based on inaccurate and misleading data concerning 
low-wage work, and thus fails to account for the societal benefit of 
low-wage workers who depend on benefits to supplement their income.
    Response: DHS believes that it has provided adequate justification 
for the rule. DHS has interpreted its authorizing statute to clarify 
the criteria for when an alien would be found inadmissible as likely at 
any time to become a public charge, based on the consideration of 
statutory factors. DHS provided an explanation for why and how the 
proposed rule furthers congressional intent behind both the public 
charge inadmissibility statute and PRWORA in ensuring that aliens being 
admitted into and intending to settle permanently in the United States 
be self-sufficient and not reliant on public resources. DHS also 
explained the deficiencies of the current standard established by the 
1999 Interim Field Guidance, including that the guidance assumed an 
overly permissible definition of dependence on public benefits by only 
including consideration of certain cash benefits, rather than a broader 
set of benefits, whether cash or non-cash, that similarly denote 
reliance on the government rather than the alien's own resources and 
capabilities, or the resources and capabilities of the alien's family, 
sponsors, and private organizations. In expanding the list of benefits 
to be considered, DHS explained why a broader list should be 
considered, and provided data to support the specific list proposed in 
the proposed rule. For instance, DHS referenced Federal Government data 
for the rates of participation in such benefit programs by non-citizens 
across factors related to the public charge inadmissibility 
determination, such as income. DHS disagrees that the data provided to 
support these conclusions was either inaccurate or misleading, and 
notes that DHS followed accepted practices for making inferences at a 
95 percent confidence level.
    DHS also explained that the 1999 Interim Field Guidance failed to 
offer meaningful guidance for purposes of considering the mandatory 
factors and was therefore ineffective in guiding adjudicators in making 
a totality of the circumstances public charge inadmissibility 
determinations. In response to this deficiency, DHS proposed to 
establish definitive legal standards and evidentiary criteria for each 
of the mandatory factors as relevant to the determination of whether an 
alien will be more likely than not to become a public charge at any 
time in the future.
    DHS agrees with commenters that the public charge inadmissibility 
rule constitutes a change in interpretation from the 1999 Interim Field 
Guidance. Courts have long established that agencies are not bound 
forever to maintain the same statutory interpretation.\110\ To change 
its prior interpretation, an agency need not prove that the new 
interpretation is the best interpretation, but should acknowledge that 
it is making a change, provide a reasoned explanation for the change, 
and indicate that it believes the new interpretation to be better.\111\ 
DHS has laid out the proposed changes from the 1999 Interim Field 
Guidance in great detail and provided a justification for each. DHS 
also explained why it believes the new rule to be a superior 
interpretation of the statute to the 1999 Interim Field Guidance and 
explained why such interpretation is desirable from a public policy 
perspective. Moreover, as explained above, DHS is clearly authorized to 
promulgate regulations interpreting the public charge inadmissibility 
ground. DHS carefully considered the public comments on this rule and 
made

[[Page 41320]]

adjustments based on the input it received. Accordingly, DHS believes 
this rule has been issued in compliance with the APA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \110\ See, e.g., Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173, 186-87 (1991) 
(acknowledging that changed circumstances and policy revision may 
serve as a valid basis for changes in agency interpretations of 
statutes); Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 
467 U.S. 837, 863-64 (1984) (``The fact that the agency has from 
time to time changed its interpretation of the term `source' does 
not, as respondents argue, lead us to conclude that no deference 
should be accorded the agency's interpretation of the statute. An 
initial agency interpretation is not instantly carved in stone. On 
the contrary, the agency, to engage in informed rulemaking, must 
consider varying interpretations and the wisdom of its policy on a 
continuing basis.''); Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n v. State Farm Mut. 
Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 42 (1983) (agencies ``must be given 
ample latitude to `adapt their rules and policies to the demands of 
changing circumstances' '' (quoting Permian Basin Area Rate Cases, 
390 U.S. 747, 784 (1968))).
    \111\ See generally FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 
U.S. 502 (2009).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS acknowledges that its broader definitions for public benefits 
and public charge may result in additional applicants being determined 
to inadmissible and therefore ineligible for admission or adjustment of 
status because they are likely at any time to become a public charge. 
However, as noted elsewhere in this rule, DHS believes that expanding 
the definitions of public benefits and public charge and any resulting 
denials of applications based on section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4) are reasonable and are consistent with Congress' intent and 
will better ensure that aliens seeking to come to the United States 
temporarily or permanently are self-sufficient.\112\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \112\ See Nat'l Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X 
internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 1001 (2005) (``the Commission is free 
within the limits of reasoned interpretation to change course if it 
adequately justifies the change.''); Competitive Enter. Inst. v. 
United States Dep't of Transportation, 863 F.3d 911, 918 (D.C. Cir. 
2017) (``The benefits of the regulation are also modest, but the 
Department reasonably concluded that they justify the costs.'')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also notes that as stated previously, available data neither 
provides a precise count nor reasonable estimates of the number of 
aliens who are both subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility and are eligible for public benefits in the United 
States.
b. Alternatives
    Comment: Commenters stated that, under E.O. 13563 and other 
applicable authority, DHS should have considered other feasible 
regulatory alternatives to its proposed rule. One commenter asserted 
that the proposed rule failed to consider a less restrictive 
alternative, specifically, enforcing affidavits of support. This 
commenter stated that this failure makes the rule arbitrary and 
capricious.
    Response: DHS disagrees with commenters who argued that the 
proposed rule failed to consider other alternatives to this rule, or 
that the proposed rule was unnecessary because DHS can simply increase 
enforcement of Form I-864. Under E.O. 13563, the agency must identify 
available alternatives. In this case, DHS did just that and explained 
the alternatives considered in the proposed rule, including a ``no-
action'' alternative--continuing to administer this ground of 
inadmissibility under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance.\113\ DHS also 
considered a more expansive definition of ``public benefit,'' that 
would have potentially included a range of non-cash benefit programs 
falling in specific categories (such as programs that provide 
assistance for basic needs such food and nutrition, housing, and 
healthcare). DHS rejected these alternatives for the reasons discussed 
in the proposed rule.\114\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \113\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51276 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \114\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51276 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to enforcing Form I-864 as an alternative to this 
rule, DHS notes that this proposal is neither an adequate nor available 
alternative to this rule. As explained in the proposed rule, DHS's 
objective in promulgating this rule is to better ensure that aliens 
seeking admission or adjustment of status do not rely on public 
resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on their own 
capabilities and the resources of their families, their sponsors, and 
private organizations. While Form I-864 serves a crucial function where 
required to be submitted by section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), it is not an alternative to consideration of the mandatory 
factors established by Congress in determining whether an alien is 
likely at any time to become a public charge. As discussed elsewhere in 
this rule, Form I-864 ensures that the sponsor is available to support 
the sponsored alien in the event the sponsored alien is unable or 
unwilling to support himself or herself and is also intended to provide 
a reimbursement mechanism for the government to recover from the 
sponsor the amount of public benefits distributed to the sponsored 
alien. In fact, the plain language of the statute permits sponsored 
aliens to sue to enforce the support obligation, if necessary.\115\ In 
addition, Form I-864 may also be taken into consideration in the 
totality of the circumstances public charge inadmissibility 
determination.\116\ Had Congress intended enforcement of Form I-864 to 
be the sole mechanism by which DHS could ensure that an alien does not 
become a public charge after admission or adjustment of status, 
Congress would have included it as the sole mandatory factor to be 
considered when making public charge inadmissibility determinations. 
Instead, Congress required DHS to consider the mandatory factors to 
assess whether the alien is likely at any time to become a public 
charge based on his or her present circumstances and relevant past 
actions (e.g., any past receipt of public benefits, employment history, 
etc.), even if a sufficient Form I-864 is submitted on behalf of an 
alien.\117\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \115\ See INA section 213A(a)(1)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1183a(a)(1)(B); 71 
FR 35732, 35743 (Jun. 21, 2006).
    \116\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(B)(ii).
    \117\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, if the sponsor does not provide financial support to 
the sponsored alien, the sponsored alien may bring a suit in the court 
of law.\118\ In the event a sponsored alien receives public benefits, 
seeking reimbursement pursuant to the agreement made in Form I-864 
requires deployment of relevant resources by the agency that granted 
the benefit and/or use of judicial resources.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \118\ See, e.g., Wenfang Lieu v. Mund, 686 F.3d 418 (7th Cir. 
2012) (the sponsored immigrant is a third party beneficiary whose 
rights exist apart from whatever rights she might or might not have 
under Wisconsin divorce law, and she has no legal obligation to 
mitigate damages).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Simply put, the affidavit of support is not a substitute for the 
assessment of the mandatory factors. For these reasons, DHS determined 
that simply enforcing the affidavit of support under section 213A of 
the Act was not an adequate legal or practical alternative to ensuring 
that DHS appropriately applies mandatory factors established by 
Congress to assess whether the alien is likely at any time in the 
future to become a public charge. Furthermore, considering a sufficient 
affidavit of support under section 213A of the Act does not, alone, 
achieve Congress' goal to limit the incentive to immigrate to the 
United States for the purpose of obtaining public benefits.
c. Retroactivity
    Comment: A commenter stated that, despite the apparent attempt to 
draft the proposed rule appropriately, its plain language would allow 
it to be applied retroactively. The commenter stated that because not 
all sections specifically exempt benefits received prior to the rule's 
effective date, DHS could apply the rule retroactively. For example, 
under 8 CFR 212.22(c), an alien's receipt of SNAP within 36 months 
preceding application for adjustment of status would weigh heavily in 
favor of a finding of public charge inadmissibility, but that paragraph 
does not specifically limit DHS's consideration of SNAP receipt to 
benefits received on or after the effective date of the rule. This 
commenter also stated that the proposed rule violated reasonable 
reliance law and violates the APA.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule will be applied retroactively 
to aliens subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility. As 
stated in the DATES section of this final rule, this rule will become 
effective 60 days after it is

[[Page 41321]]

published in the Federal Register, and the rule will be applied to 
applications and petitions postmarked (or if applicable, electronically 
submitted) on or after that date. Thus, for instance, the public charge 
inadmissibility determination factors and criteria will apply only to 
applications that are postmarked (or if applicable, electronically 
submitted) on or after that date; applications that were postmarked 
before the effective date and accepted by USCIS pursuant to 8 CFR 
103.2(a)(1) and (a)(2), and are pending on the effective date will be 
adjudicated under the criteria set forth in the 1999 Interim Field 
Guidance. For the purposes of determining whether a case was postmarked 
before the effective date of the rule, DHS will consider the postmark 
date for the application or petition currently before USCS, not the 
postmark date for any previously-filed application or petition that 
USCIS rejected pursuant to 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7)(ii).
    Similarly, the condition related to public benefit receipt in the 
context of extensions of stay and change of status will only apply to 
petitions and applications postmarked (or if applicable, submitted 
electronically) on or after the effective date of this rule.
    In addition, and as stated in this final rule, DHS will not apply 
the new expanded definition of public benefit to benefits received 
before the effective date of this final rule. Therefore, any benefits 
received before that date will only be considered to the extent they 
would have been covered by the 1999 Interim Field Guidance. In the 
commenter's example, SNAP benefits received by an alien prior to the 
effective date of the final rule would not be considered as part of the 
alien's public charge inadmissibility determination, because SNAP was 
not considered in public charge inadmissibility determinations under 
the 1999 Interim Field Guidance. By contrast, as explained in more 
detail later in this preamble, for applications postmarked (or if 
applicable, electronically submitted) on or after the effective date of 
this final rule, an applicant's receipt of cash assistance for income 
maintenance prior to the effective date of this rule will be treated as 
a negative factor in the totality of the circumstances. However, 
regardless of the length of time such benefits were received before the 
effective date of this rule, for the purposes of public charge 
inadmissibility determinations made for applications postmarked (or if 
applicable, submitted electronically) on or after the effective date, 
DHS will not treat the receipt of these benefits as a heavily weighted 
negative factor.
    Comment: One commenter noted that the rule punishes noncitizens for 
past conduct and therefore violates the ex post facto clause and is 
unconstitutionally retroactive.''
    Response: DHS rejects the comment that the public charge 
inadmissibility rule violates that ex post facto clause of the U.S. 
Constitution. The ex post facto clause prohibits changes to the legal 
consequences (or status) of actions that were committed before the 
enactment of the law.\119\ The ex post facto clause would generally 
only apply to laws that impose criminal penalties.\120\ Although 
inadmissibility determinations are not criminal penalties, and so are 
generally not subject to the ex post facto clause,\121\ this rule, in 
any event, is not impermissibly retroactive in application, as noted in 
the immediately preceding response.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \119\ U .S. Const. art. I, sec. 9, cl. 3; see Calder v. Bull, 3 
Dall. 386, 390-391, 1 L.Ed. 648 (1798) (opinion of Chase, J.).
    \120\ See, e.g., Rhines v. Young, 899 F.3d 482, 495 (8th Cir. 
2018) (``A criminal or penal law has a prohibited ex post facto 
effect if it is ``retrospective, that is, it must apply to events 
occurring before its enactment, and it must disadvantage the 
offender affected by it.'') (citations omitted), cert. denied, No. 
18-8030, 2019 WL 826426 (U.S. Apr. 15, 2019); Bremer v. Johnson, 834 
F.3d 925, 932 (8th Cir. 2016);
    \121\ Galvan v. Press, 347 U.S. 522, 531 (1954) (Frankfurter, 
J.) (``[W]hatever might have been said at an earlier date for 
applying the ex post facto Clause, it has been the unbroken rule of 
this Court that it has no application to deportation.''); Alvarado-
Fonseca v. Holder, 631 F.3d 385, 391-92 (7th Cir. 2011); Montenegro 
v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1035, 1037 (7th Cir. 2004).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Due Process/Vagueness and Equal Protection
    Comment: Commenters stated that the public charge inadmissibility 
determination called for by the proposed rule is too open-ended and 
unpredictable. Some commenters pointed to likely confusion about which 
benefits will be included or excluded for purposes of a public charge 
determination. These commenters further stated that failing to define 
the term ``likely,'' as that term is used in the phrase ``likely to 
become a public charge,'' would grant too much discretion to 
adjudicators in an complex weighing system that would lead to arbitrary 
outcomes. Another commenter recommended that the determination system 
be scored. Another commenter stated that that the vagueness of the 
proposed framework would lead to inconsistent and unfair 
determinations.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule is vague or unpredictable. 
Some commenters who alleged that the rule is vague did not provide 
specific details to identify which provisions of the rule they were 
referring and DHS is therefore unable to specifically address those 
claims other than stating general disagreement. In the NPRM, DHS 
provided specific examples of various concepts and laid out in great 
detail the applicability of the rule to different classes of aliens, 
and clearly identified the classes of aliens that would be exempt from 
the rule. DHS also provided an exhaustive list of the additional non-
cash public benefits that would be considered, including receipt 
thresholds for all designated benefits. DHS explained that it would 
make public charge inadmissibility determinations in the totality of 
the circumstances, and following consideration of the minimum statutory 
factors. The ``vagueness'' associated with a totality of the 
circumstances determination is to a significant extent a byproduct of 
the statute's requirement that DHS consider a range of minimum factors 
as part of the public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS 
recognizes that the statutory multi-factor framework will likely result 
in more inadmissibility determinations when combined with the standard 
in this rule (as compared to the 1999 Interim Field Guidance), but 
fundamentally, as it relates to vagueness, the commenters' quarrel is 
with Congress, not with DHS.
    In any case, in response to public comments, the list of public 
benefits has been revised in this final rule, and the threshold has 
been simplified such that there is only a single, objective duration-
based threshold applicable to the receipt of all included public 
benefits. And DHS has determined, consistent with public commenter 
suggestions, that it will not consider the receipt of any benefits not 
listed in the rule, therefore removing potential uncertainty. In 
addition, DHS remains committed to providing clear guidance to ensure 
that there is adequate knowledge and understanding among the regulated 
public regarding which benefits will be considered and when, as well as 
to ensure that aliens understand whether they are or are not subject to 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility.
    DHS has also further defined ``likely'' as more likely than not. 
While DHS agrees with commenters that the regulation must be 
sufficiently clear so that the regulated public can comply with it, DHS 
notes that some adjudicator discretion must exist where determinations 
are based on a totality of the circumstances examination that is highly 
fact-specific. Congress specifically called for a fact-specific,

[[Page 41322]]

discretionary determination in the public charge context.\122\ As is 
the case with most regulations, over the course of adjudications, new 
fact patterns arise that may require additional guidance to 
adjudicators; however this does not make the regulation impermissibly 
vague.\123\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \122\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) (``Any 
alien, who in the opinion of the consular officer at the time of 
application for a visa, or in the opinion of the Attorney General at 
the time of the application for admission or adjustment of status, 
is likely at any time to become a public charge is inadmissible.'') 
(emphasis added).
    \123\ Cf., e.g., Freeman United Coal Mining Co. v. Fed. Mine 
Safety & Health Review Comm'n, 108 F.3d 358, 362 (D.C. Cir. 1997) 
(``Regulations generally satisfy due process so long as they are 
sufficiently specific that a reasonably prudent person, familiar 
with the conditions the regulations are meant to address and the 
objectives the regulations are meant to achieve, would have fair 
warning of what the regulations require.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS does not believe that a scoring system would be appropriate for 
this analysis, namely because of the wide variations between individual 
circumstances of aliens. Both the proposed rule and this final rule 
adequately explain how the criteria are to be applied and what evidence 
should be considered. USCIS will provide training to its adjudicators 
and will engage with the regulated public to the extent necessary to 
foster a better understanding and compliance with the regulation.
    Comment: One commenter stated that although the Federal Government 
has great leeway to enact immigration laws, its actions are still 
subject to review for constitutionality. The commenter stated that 
proposed rule restricts the rights of non-citizens to access crucial 
healthcare benefits, housing vouchers, and other government benefits by 
using ``heavily weighted factors,'' such as English proficiency, and 
``exorbitant'' bond measures, and that the proposed rule would 
disproportionately impact women and people of color. The commenter 
stated that the Supreme Court has struck down state laws that 
restricted public benefits based on alienage and noted that in one such 
case, the Court reviewed the law under intermediate scrutiny. The 
commenter suggested that this rule could similarly be subject to 
intermediate scrutiny. The commenter stated that even if a heightened 
scrutiny argument loses, the rule would fail rational basis scrutiny 
because is not rationally related to a legitimate public interest since 
``there is no legitimate government interest furthered by the proposed 
rule, as 212(a)(4) [of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)] is already in 
place and effective.'' The commenter stated that the proposed measures 
will disparately impact female immigrants and immigrants of color and 
is not rationally related to a legitimate public interest. The 
commenter indicated that the ``legitimate public interest (which in and 
of itself is contestable) is already served by the current provision.'' 
Another commenter similarly stated that the rule would have a disparate 
impact on immigrants of color and women. The commenter cited to a 
Manatt, Phelps & Phillips independent analysis of the U.S. Census 
Bureau's (Census Bureau) American Community Survey Data 5-year 2012-
2016 data. The commenter stated that the application of the public 
charge rule would be unequally distributed along racial lines. 
According to the commenter, the effects of the proposed rule are 
expected to have a disparate impact on communities of color, affecting 
as many as 18.3 million members (or one-third) of the Hispanic and 
Latino community in the United States. The commenter stated that the 
DHS's proposed ``250-percent-FPG threshold'' would have 
disproportionate effects based on national origin and ethnicity, 
blocking 71 percent of applicants from Mexico and Central America, 69 
percent from Africa, and 52 percent from Asia--but only 36 percent from 
Europe, Canada and Oceania. The commenter stated that ``because the 
proposed rule facially implicates national origin, strict scrutiny 
applies.''
    Response: DHS disagrees that this rule would fail any level of 
scrutiny (i.e., strict, intermediate, or rational basis scrutiny).\124\ 
As discussed previously, DHS is not changing rules governing which 
aliens may apply for or receive public benefits, nor is this rule 
altering any eligibility criteria for such benefits. Instead, DHS is 
exercising its authority to administer the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility in a way that better ensures that aliens being admitted 
into the United States, or seeking to remain here permanently, are 
self-sufficient and not reliant on the government for support. While 
this rule may influence an alien's decision to apply for, or disenroll 
from, public benefits, it does not constitute a restriction on 
accessing such benefits. However, even if the rule did place additional 
restrictions on aliens, the Supreme Court, even prior to PRWORA, 
determined that the equal protection analysis of Federal action that 
differentiates between citizens and aliens in the immigration context 
is different from the equal protection analysis of State actions that 
differentiate between citizens of another state and citizens of another 
country. In Mathews v. Diaz, the Court specifically distinguished 
between state statutes that deny welfare benefits to resident aliens, 
or aliens not meeting duration residence requirements, from similar 
actions taken by the political branches of the Federal Government that 
are specifically empowered to regulate the conditions of entry and 
residence of aliens. 426 U.S. 67, 85-86 (1976). In that case, the court 
found that the enforcement of a 5-year residency requirement against 
aliens applying for a supplemental medical insurance program did not 
deprive the aliens of life, liberty or property without due process of 
law under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.\125\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \124\ See Korab v. Fink, 797 F.3d 572, 577-79 (9th Cir. 2014) 
(``[F]ederal statutes regulating alien classifications are subject 
to the easier-to-satisfy rational-basis review . . . Although aliens 
are protected by the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses, this 
protection does not prevent Congress from creating legitimate 
distinctions either between citizens and aliens or among categories 
of aliens and allocating benefits on that basis.'') (citation 
omitted); Lewis v. Thompson, 252 F.3d 567, 570 (2d Cir. 2001) 
(describing the level of scrutiny owed under the constitution to 
federal regulation of immigration and naturalization as ``highly 
deferential'') (citing Lake v. Reno, 226 F.3d 141, 148 (2d Cir. 
2000).) Generally, laws and regulations that neither involve 
fundamental rights nor include suspect classifications are reviewed 
under rational basis scrutiny, under which the person challenging 
the law must show that the government has no legitimate interest in 
the law or policy or that there is no rational link between the 
interest and the challenge law or regulation. Heller v. Doe by Doe, 
509 U.S. 312, 319 (1993).
    \125\ ``The fact that all persons, aliens and citizens alike, 
are protected by the Due Process Clause does not lead to the further 
conclusion that all aliens are entitled to enjoy all the advantages 
of citizenship . . .'' 426 U.S. at 79-80.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS agrees that if this rule were regulating eligibility for public 
benefits outside of the immigration context, heightened scrutiny might 
apply.\126\ As explained above, however, the rule places no obstacles 
to aliens' eligibility for public benefits. Furthermore, the rule is 
not facially discriminatory and DHS does not intend a discriminatory 
effect based on race, gender, or any other protected ground.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \126\ See, e.g., Personal Administrator of Mass v. Feeney, 442 
U.S. 256, 272 (1996) (Classifying persons according to their race is 
more likely to reflect racial prejudice than legitimate public 
concerns.), McLaughlin v. Florida, 379 U.S. 184, 196 (1964) (``Such 
classifications are subject to the most exacting scrutiny; to pass 
constitutional muster, they must be justified by a compelling 
governmental interest and must be `necessary . . . to the 
accomplishment' of their legitimate purpose.' ''); United States v. 
Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996) (ruling that the Virginia Military 
Institute's gender-based admission policy violated the Equal 
Protection Clause).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, the commenter misstated the proposed rule's income 
threshold as 250 percent of the FPG. While USCIS will generally 
consider 250 percent of the FPG to be a heavily weighted positive 
factor in the totality of the

[[Page 41323]]

circumstances, the minimum income threshold to be considered a positive 
factor in the totality of the circumstances is generally 125 percent of 
the FPG. More specifically, if the alien has income below that level, 
it will generally be a heavily weighed negative factor in the totality 
of the circumstances.
    As set forth in NPRM,\127\ DHS's public charge rule is rationally 
related to the government's interest in ensuring that aliens entering 
the United States or seeking to settle here permanently are not likely 
to become public charges, consistent with the requirements of section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). The regulation minimizes the 
incentive of aliens to immigrate to the United States because of the 
availability of public benefits and promotes the self-sufficiency of 
aliens within the United States.\128\ Finally, DHS does not understand 
commenters' statements about the ``unequal application'' of the public 
charge inadmissibility rule and disagrees that the public charge 
inadmissibility rule would be unequally applied to different groups of 
aliens along the lines of race or gender.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \127\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51122-23 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \128\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters objected that the rule violates due 
process and equal protection rights. One commenter said that aliens 
seeking adjustment of status should be granted due process rights 
closer to those of United States citizens, and this rule should be 
subject to stricter standards for judicial review to ``ensure that more 
immigrants are protected from the detrimental effects of this 
proposal.'' The commenter stated that such a review ``would require 
that Congress ha[ve] a dual review process.'' Another commenter stated 
that the DHS rule could be challenged on the grounds that it affords 
nonimmigrants inside the United States less due process rights than 
they should be afforded. The commenter stated that USCIS should 
construct an appeals process that satisfies due process and gives 
applicants the opportunity to present evidence of admissibility. The 
commenter also stated that a person should not have ``their status as a 
resident revoked'' prior to a full review of the case.
    Response: DHS disagrees with comments asserting that this rule 
violates aliens' due process or equal protection rights. Although 
aliens present in the United States are protected by the due process 
and equal protections clauses, federal immigration laws and their 
implementing regulations generally enjoy a highly deferential standard 
of review, even where the federal laws and regulations treat aliens 
differently from citizens and create distinctions between different 
classes of aliens (i.e., lawful permanent residents vs. nonpermanent 
residents).\129\ DHS's public charge inadmissibility rule falls within 
the agency's broad authority, granted by Congress, to regulate 
immigration matters, and therefore, if challenged on equal protection 
grounds as discriminating based on alienage, would be subject to 
rational basis scrutiny.\130\ The public charge inadmissibility rule is 
indeed rationally related to the government's interest, as set forth in 
IIRIRA and PRWORA, to determine which aliens are inadmissible on public 
charge grounds in accordance with section 212(a)(4) of the INA, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), minimize the incentive of aliens to immigrate to the 
United States due to the availability of public benefits, and promote 
the self-sufficiency of aliens within the United States.\131\ This is 
true even if this rule results in a disincentive for aliens to avail 
themselves of public benefits for which they are eligible under 
PRWORA.\132\ Moreover, although the rule could impact an alien's 
decision to access public benefits for which he or she is eligible 
under PRWORA and state and local laws, it does not directly regulate 
the right to apply for or receive public benefits, and the Due Process 
Clause would not be implicated by whether, due to the rule, an alien 
chooses not to access benefits for which he or she qualifies.\133\ The 
Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment ``has never been supposed to 
have any bearing upon, or to inhibit laws that indirectly work harm and 
loss to individuals.'' \134\ Similarly, and as discussed in greater 
detail above, any potential chilling impacts of the rule would not 
violate the equal protection guarantee of the Fifth Amendment's Due 
Process Clause \135\ because this rule is not facially discriminatory 
nor does DHS intend a discriminatory effect.\136\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \129\ See Korab v. Fink, 797 F.3d 572, 579 (9th Cir. 2014); 
Lewis v. Thompson, 252 F.3d 567, 570 (2d Cir. 2001) (citing Lake v. 
Reno, 226 F.3d 141, 148 (2d Cir. 2000)); Brooks v. Ashcroft, 283 
F.3d 1268, 1274 (11th Cir. 2002) (``Classifications that distinguish 
among groups of aliens are subject to rational basis review, and 
will be found valid if not arbitrary or unreasonable'').
    \130\ See Mathews v. Diaz, 426 U.S. 67, 81 n.17 (1976).
    \131\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
    \132\ See Lewis v. Thompson, 252 F.3d 567, 583-84 (2d Cir. 2001) 
(``[I]t is reasonable for Congress to believe that some aliens would 
be less likely to hazard the trip to this country if they understood 
that they would not receive government benefits upon arrival . . . 
Although it seems likely that many alien women will illegally 
immigrate to obtain the benefit of citizenship for their children, 
undeterred by ineligibility for prenatal care in the event of 
pregnancy, Congress is entitled to suppose that the denial of care 
will deter some of them. In the realm of immigration, where 
congressional discretion is extremely broad, this supposition, even 
if dubious, satisfies rational basis review.'') (citations omitted).
    \133\ In O'Bannon v. Town Court Nursing Ctr., 447 U.S. 773, 789 
(1980), the Supreme Court concluded, consistent with long-standing 
precedent that ``the due process provision of the Fifth Amendment 
does not apply to the indirect adverse effects of governmental 
action.''
    \134\ O'Bannon v. Town Court Nursing Ctr., 447 U.S. 773, 789 
(1980) (quoting The Legal Tender Cases, 79 U.S. 457, 551 (1870)).
    \135\ Although the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth 
Amendment does not apply to the Federal government, the Supreme 
Court in Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S.497, 500 (1954), held that while 
```equal protection of the laws' is a more explicit safeguard of 
prohibited unfairness than `due process of law,' . . . 
discrimination may be so unjustifiable as to be violative of due 
process.'' In the case of racial discrimination in DC public 
schools, the Court found that no lesser Constitutional protections 
apply to the Federal government through the application of the Due 
Process Clause in the Fifth Amendment than by application of the 
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
    \136\ See Pers. Adm'r v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 272 (1979).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The standards of judicial review are established by statute and 
judicial interpretation \137\ and are therefore beyond the scope of 
this rulemaking. The proposal to institute a review by Congress is also 
beyond the scope of this rulemaking because only the legislative branch 
can create a role for itself.\138\ DHS rejects the proposal to create 
an appellate process to allow applicants to present evidence of their 
admissibility since there is an existing process to present such 
evidence. Although not specific to this rule, USCIS will notify 
applicants of deficiencies in their applications with respect to any 
ineligibility including public charge in accordance with the principles 
outlined in 8 CFR 103.2 and USCIS policy in regard to notices, RFEs, or 
notices of intent to deny (NOIDs), and denials.\139\ Likewise, DHS will 
not accept the proposal to decline to revoke a lawful permanent 
resident's status pending any appeals of a public charge

[[Page 41324]]

finding. Revocation of existing status is generally distinct from the 
process of adjudicating applications for immigration benefits. For 
example, a person maintaining a valid nonimmigrant status whose 
adjustment of status application is denied because he or she is 
inadmissible on public charge grounds would not lose his or her 
nonimmigrant status based on the denial of adjustment.\140\ To the 
degree the commenter's concerns relate to the loss of lawful permanent 
resident status, such status generally terminates upon the entry of a 
final order of removal \141\ unless the alien voluntarily abandons 
lawful permanent resident status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \137\ See, e.g., INA section 242(b)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1252(b)(4) 
(providing the scope and standard of judicial review of removal 
orders); McNary v. Haitian Refugee Center, Inc., 498 U.S. 479, 493 
(1991) (discussing the appropriate standard of review for challenges 
to the Special Agricultural Worker program).
    \138\ See generally Trans Ohio Sav. Bank v. Director, Office of 
Thrift Supervision, 967 F.2d 598, 620 (DC Cir. 1992) (agency promise 
to bind Congress would be ultra vires and unenforceable).
    \139\ DHS notes that the failure to submit a completed Form I-
944 and Form I-864 with the Form I-485, when required, may result in 
a rejection or a denial of the Form I-485 without a prior RFE or 
NOID. See 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7), (b)(8)(ii).
    \140\ It is possible that the basis for the denial could also 
make the alien deportable under the different requirements for 
deportability at section 237(a)(5) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(5). 
Aliens placed in removal will be afforded al due process rights 
accorded to aliens in removal proceedings. See INA section 
240(b)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(b)(4).
    \141\ See 8 CFR 1.2, definition of ``lawfully admitted for 
permanent residence.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Coordination With Other Federal Agencies
    Comment: Several commenters said the proposed definition of public 
charge conflicts with the definition of public charge used by DOS, 
which focuses on an alien's primary dependence on public benefits. 
Other commenters noted that the inconsistency with DOS's definition of 
public charge would lead to delays and denials of Application for 
Provisional Unlawful Presence Waiver (Form I-601A).
    Response: DHS is working and will continue to work with DOS to 
ensure consistent application of the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. As noted in the NPRM, DHS expects that DOS will make 
any necessary amendments to the FAM in order to harmonize its approach 
to public charge inadmissibility determinations with the approach taken 
in this final rule.\142\ As previously, indicated, DHS does not believe 
that the rule would unduly increase the delays or denials of 
provisional unlawful presence waivers filed on Form I-601A, as such 
waivers are unrelated to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.\143\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \142\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51135 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \143\ Form I-601A is filed by aliens inside the United States to 
request a provisional waiver of the unlawful presence grounds of 
inadmissibility section 212 (a)(9)(B) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(9)(B), before departing the United States to appear at a 
U.S. Embassy or Consulate for an immigrant visa interview.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters stated that in the absence of DOJ 
regulations on public charge inadmissibility, U.S. Immigration and 
Customs Enforcement (ICE) attorneys will be compelled to argue in 
removal proceedings that DHS's public charge inadmissibility standard 
should be applied. And because there would not be binding precedent on 
DHS's interpretation of public charge inadmissibility, some immigration 
judges would adopt DHS's rule while others would not. This would result 
in inconsistent determinations and burden the immigration court system.
    Response: DOJ has acknowledged ongoing work on a proposed public 
charge rule, which would propose to change how adjudicators within the 
Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) determine whether an 
alien is inadmissible to the United States as a public charge 
consistent with section 212(a)(4) of the INA.\144\ According to DOJ, 
the rule is intended to make certain revisions to more closely conform 
EOIR's regulations with the DHS public charge inadmissibility rule. DHS 
will work with DOJ to ensure consistent application of the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility. DHS reiterates, however, that this 
final rule pertains only to public charge inadmissibility 
determinations made by DHS for applicants seeking admission or 
adjustment of status, public charge bonds, as well the conditions DHS 
has set for applicants applying for an extension of stay or change of 
status before DHS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \144\ See Unified Agenda of Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions, 
DOJ, Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, RIN 1125 AA74 (Spring 
2019), https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=201904&RIN=1125-AA84 (last visited June 11, 
2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If USCIS denies an adjustment of status application after 
determining that the applicant is likely at any time to become a public 
charge at any time, and the alien is not lawfully present in the United 
States, USCIS will generally issue a Notice to Appear (NTA),\145\ which 
may charge the alien as inadmissible under section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), if the alien is an alien is an arriving alien 
or an alien present in the United States without having been admitted 
or paroled. Under section 240(c)(2)(A) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1229a(c)(2)(A), an applicant for admission in removal proceedings has 
the burden of establishing that he or she is clearly and beyond doubt 
entitled to be admitted and is not inadmissible under section 212 of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182. The alien may renew the adjustment of status 
application before an immigration judge unless the immigration judge 
does not have jurisdiction over the adjustment application.\146\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \145\ INA sections 103(a) and 239, 8 U.S.C. 1103(a) and 1229; 8 
CFR 2.1 and 239.1.
    \146\ 8 CFR 245.2(a)(5)(ii) and 1245.2(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, when encountering an alien, who is an arriving alien 
or an alien present in the United State without admission or parole, 
ICE will use the criteria set forth in this rule with respect to 
determining whether to charge such an alien under section 212(a)(4), 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    DHS notes that it has no general authority over the EOIR 
inadmissibility determinations in removal proceedings and believes such 
matters are more appropriately addressed by DOJ in the context of its 
public charge rulemaking.
f. International Law and Related Issues
    Comment: One commenter suggested, but did not explicitly state, 
that the rule would violate international refugee law. Another 
commenter suggested that the rule would discriminate against 
individuals waiting for their asylum applications to be adjudicated. 
Other commenters noted that the rule would be a violation of, or is 
inconsistent with, various international agreements such as the 
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the 1959 Declaration of 
the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the 
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), and the 
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). A 
commenter stated that treaties that have been ratified ``should be 
considered as being Constitutional Amendments under the Supremacy 
Clause.''
    Response: DHS rejects the comment that this rule would violate the 
United States' international treaty obligations relating to refugees or 
that the rule discriminates against individuals in the United States 
who have asylum applications pending on the effective date of this 
rule. As noted in the NPRM, this rule does not apply to asylum 
applicants, those granted asylum (asylees), and those seeking to adjust 
their status to that of a lawful permanent resident based on their 
asylee or refugee status. Applicants for asylum are not required to 
demonstrate admissibility as part of demonstrating their eligibility 
for asylum.\147\ Additionally, while asylees who travel outside of the 
United States are examined for admissibility upon returning to the 
United States with a refugee travel document and are admitted as such 
if admissible, asylees are not subject to the public charge 
inadmissibility ground when seeking readmission as an asylee.\148\ 
Similarly,

[[Page 41325]]

asylees and refugees who are applying for adjustment of status are not 
subject to the public charge inadmissibility ground under section 
209(c) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1159(c).\149\ Because the rule does not 
apply to or otherwise impact asylum applicants, asylees, and applicants 
for asylee or refugee adjustment, the rule does not violate 
international treaty obligations relating to refugees, to the extent 
those obligations are applicable.\150\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \147\ See INA section 208, 8 U.S.C. 1158.
    \148\ See 8 CFR 223.3(d)(2).
    \149\ ``The provisions of paragraphs (4), (5), and (7)(A) of 
section 212(a) shall not be applicable to any alien seeking 
adjustment of status under this section . . . .''
    \150\ Asylum is a discretionary benefit implementing Article 34 
of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (as 
incorporated in the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of 
Refugees), which is ``precatory,'' INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 
421, 441 (1987), and the 1967 Protocol is not self-executing, e.g., 
Cazun v. U.S. Att'y Gen., 856 F.3d 249, 257 n.16 (3d Cir. 2017).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees that the rule would violate international 
treaties such as the CERD \151\ and the ICCPR \152\ or that it would be 
inconsistent with non-binding instruments such as the UDHR \153\ and 
the 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child.\154\ First, the rule 
is not inconsistent with those treaties and instruments. As discussed 
above, the rule does not prevent anyone subject to the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility from applying for and receiving any benefits 
for which they are eligible, including benefits related to food and 
nutrition, housing, and healthcare, and basic social services. 
Additionally, to the extent that this rule does have a negative effect 
on those from particular groups, it is not DHS's intent, in issuing 
this final rule, to target aliens from certain countries or of a 
particular race. Instead, DHS's intent in codifying the public charge 
inadmissibility rule is to better ensure the self-sufficiency of aliens 
who seek to come to or remain in the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \151\ 660 U.N.T.S. 195, U.N. Doc. A/6014 (1965).
    \152\ Dec. 16, 1966, 999 U.N.T.S. 171.
    \153\ G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948).
    \154\ G.A. Res. 1386 (XIV), U.N. Doc. A/4354 (1959).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the two referenced declarations do not bind DHS as a matter 
of U.S. domestic law. As the Supreme Court has held, the UDHR ``does 
not of its own force impose obligations as a matter of international 
law.'' \155\ The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, like the UDHR 
is a U.N. Declaration rather than a binding treaty. Moreover, the CERD 
and the ICCPR, were both ratified on the express understanding that 
they are not self-executing and therefore do not create judicially 
enforceable obligations.\156\ DHS disagrees with the comment that 
ratified treaties should be considered as constitutional amendments as 
this is legally inaccurate.\157\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \155\ Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 734-35 (2004).
    \156\ U.S. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings, 
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial 
Discrimination, 140 Cong. Rec. S7634-02 (1994) (``[T]he United 
States declares that the provisions of the Convention are not self-
executing.''); U.S. Reservations, Declarations and Understandings, 
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 138 Cong. Rec. 
8071 (1992) (``[T]he United States declares that the provisions of 
Articles 1 through 27 of the Covenant are not self-executing.''); 
see also Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. at 735 (``[T]he United States 
ratified the Covenant [on Civil and Political Rights] on the express 
understanding that it was not self-executing and so did not itself 
create obligations enforceable in the federal courts.''); Johnson v. 
Quander, 370 F. Supp. 2d 79, 101 (D.D.C. 2005) (same--CERD), aff'd, 
440 F.3d 489 (D.C. Cir. 2006).
    \157\ See Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 18 (1957) (``This Court 
has also repeatedly taken the position that an Act of Congress, 
which must comply with the Constitution, is on a full parity with a 
treaty, and that when a statute which is subsequent in time is 
inconsistent with a treaty, the statute to the extent of conflict 
renders the treaty null.''); La Abra Silver Min. Co. v. United 
States, 175 U.S. 423, 460 (1899) (``Congress by legislation, and so 
far as the people and authorities of the United States are 
concerned, could abrogate a treaty made between this country and 
another country which had been negotiated by the President and 
approved by the Senate.'' (citation omitted)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

g. Contract Law
    Comment: A commenter said that it would contradict principles of 
contract law to hold a child responsible for the public benefits they 
receive before the age of majority.
    Response: DHS rejects the suggestion that DHS would be precluded, 
under contract law principles, from considering the receipt of public 
benefits in a public charge inadmissibility determination by an alien 
under the age of 18. With the exception of the affidavit of support 
statute, section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, which requires a 
sponsor to be at least 18 years of age, decisions as to the 
admissibility of aliens subject to section 212(a))(4) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), are questions regarding the burden the alien will 
place on the government in the future, and does not implicate contract 
law. While individuals under the age of 18 generally lack the capacity 
under most States' laws to enter into a contract, such considerations 
are inapposite to this rulemaking. Aliens under the age of 18 are 
subject to the provisions of section 212(a))(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), except where Congress has specifically provided an 
exemption of public charge inadmissibility, or otherwise provided the 
possibility of a waiver of the public charge inadmissibility ground. By 
its very nature, the public charge ground of inadmissibility frequently 
affects people who lack the capacity or competence to enter into 
contracts. Contract law does not limit DHS's ability to enforce the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility.
    However, as noted elsewhere in this rule, DHS has decided, as a 
matter of policy, to exclude consideration of the receipt of Medicaid 
by aliens under the age of 21, as well as services or benefits funded 
by Medicaid but provided under the IDEA or school-based benefits 
provided to children who are at or below the oldest age of children 
eligible for secondary education as determined under State law. DHS 
also has excluded consideration of the receipt of all public benefits 
received by children of U.S. citizens whose lawful admission for 
permanent residence and subsequent residence in the legal and physical 
custody of their U.S. citizen parent(s) will result automatically in 
the child's acquisition of citizenship; or whose lawful admission for 
permanent residence will result automatically in the child's 
acquisition of citizenship as described in the rule.

F. Applicability of the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility, and 
the Public Benefit Condition to Extension of Stay and Change of Status

1. Applicability of the Public Charge Ground of Inadmissibility 
Generally
    Comment: A commenter opposed the application of the rule to 
applicants for admission because, according to the commenter, it is 
impossible for DHS to make a prediction about future circumstances 
based upon the totality of the alien's circumstances at the time of the 
application for admission; the commenter said that life circumstances 
cannot be predicted. Many commenters said the proposed rule would 
directly affect a large number of individuals (some commenters cited 
1.1 million individuals seeking to obtain lawful permanent resident 
status), half of whom already reside in the United States and would be 
subject to a public charge inadmissibility determination. Another 
commenter stated that the proposed rule would dramatically alter which 
immigrants are permitted to enter and stay in the United States. This 
commenter stated that quantitative and qualitative data, including the 
DHS Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, show that increases in 
restrictions to the legal means to immigration over the last hundred 
years are responsible for increases in unauthorized border crossings, 
visa overstays, and increases in an international network of private 
and public profiteers. Another

[[Page 41326]]

commenter indicated that the new regulation would adversely affect 
immigrants and nonimmigrants alike and discourage people from lawfully 
entering the United States through visas offered by the DOS.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule cannot apply to applicants 
for admission because it is impossible to make a prediction about 
future circumstances based upon the totality of the alien's 
circumstances at the time of the application for admission. As mandated 
by Congress under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), 
any alien applying for admission to the United States is inadmissible 
if he or she is likely at any time to become a public charge. DHS must 
make a public charge inadmissibility determination unless the applicant 
for admission is within one of the exempted categories. Only those 
categories of aliens designated by Congress are exempt from the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility.\158\ Additionally, although it will 
impact all aliens subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), the goal of this rule is to implement the public charge 
inadmissibility ground as established by Congress. DHS rejects the 
notion that there is a relationship between the implementation of the 
congressionally-mandated ground of inadmissibility through this 
rulemaking and any increase in the number of illegal border crossings 
or other illegal behavior.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \158\ See 8 CFR 212.23.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Multiple commenters stated that the proposed rule would 
negatively affect those seeking a ``green card'' (lawful permanent 
residence) and would notably affect family-based immigration.
    Response: Although this rule will impact those seeking lawful 
permanent resident status based on an approved family-based petition, 
only aliens who are subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility will be required to demonstrate that they are not 
likely to become a public charge at any time in the future, as 
prescribed in the rule.
    Comment: Another commenter indicated that current green card 
holders and other aliens lawfully present in the United States, like 
recipients of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), could see 
their status jeopardized, as they may not meet the income standard in 
the proposed rule.
    Response: DHS notes that a person who is already a lawful permanent 
resident has already undergone a public charge inadmissibility 
determination, unless she or he was exempt from such a determination at 
the time of application for such status. Such a person would not 
undergo another public charge inadmissibility determination unless U.S. 
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) determines, upon the alien's return 
from a trip abroad, that the returning lawful permanent resident is an 
applicant for admission based on one of the criteria set forth in 
section 101(a)(13)(C) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(13)(C), such as the 
alien has been absent from the United States for more than 180 days. 
Aliens who are lawfully present in the United States as nonimmigrants 
have also undergone a public charge inadmissibility determination, 
where applicable, and this rule does not impact their status unless 
they are seeking an immigration benefit for which admissibility is 
required or if they are seeking an extension of stay or change of 
status.
    With respect to DACA recipients, DHS notes that an alien is not 
required to demonstrate that he or she is not inadmissible on the 
public charge ground when requesting DACA. A DACA recipient would only 
be subject to this rule when applying for a benefit for which 
admissibility is required.
    Comment: A commenter indicated that the NPRM excludes too many 
applicants for admission from public charge review. The commenter 
stated that the category of ``applicants for admission'' is clearly 
defined in section 235(a) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1225(a) as ``aliens 
present in the United States who have not been admitted'' \159\ and 
``all aliens'' who have not been ``inspected by immigration officers.'' 
The commenter indicated that although most of these categories of 
aliens are barred from most of the public benefits designated under the 
proposed rule, the commenter's research indicates that the very high 
use of welfare programs by noncitizens cannot be explained unless at 
least half of the non-citizens surveyed in the Survey of Income and 
Program Participation (SIPP) data are in the country illegally. The 
commenter further stated that the NPRM fails to provide any guidance on 
how this population will be assessed for public charge inadmissibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \159\ See INA section 235(a) and (b), 8 U.S.C. 1225(a) and (b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule excludes too many aliens from 
the public charge inadmissibility determination and disagrees that DHS 
failed to provide adequate guidance with respect to how DHS would apply 
the public charge inadmissibility determination with respect to the 
population identified by the commenter. Congress identified which 
aliens are subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility and 
specified which aliens are exempt from, or can obtain a waiver of, 
public charge inadmissibility. DHS does not have the authority to add 
additional categories of aliens that must establish admissibility based 
on public charge. This rule only applies to those categories of aliens 
that Congress has designated as subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.\160\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \160\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) (Any alien 
who, . . . in the opinion of the Attorney general at the time of 
application for admission . . . is likely to become a public charge, 
is inadmissible). See 8 CFR 212.20.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, although the commenter indicated that DHS fails to 
specify how to determine that aliens illegally present in the United 
States are inadmissible on the public charge ground, this determination 
is only made when aliens subject to this ground of inadmissibility 
apply for an immigration benefit for which admissibility is required, 
such as adjustment of status, or when determining what charges to lodge 
on an NTA when initiating removal proceedings under section 240 of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1229a.\161\ DHS notes that the SIPP data on receipt of 
public benefits by noncitizens includes asylees and refugees and lawful 
permanent residents who are lawfully present in the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \161\ For example, to be eligible for adjustment of status under 
INA section 245(a) and (c), 8 U.S.C. 1255(a) and (c), an applicant 
must generally have been, among other requirements, inspected and 
admitted or paroled, and in legal immigration status. Therefore, in 
most cases, the applicant must have been legally entered the United 
States and be legally present in the United States. In contrast, 
under INA section 244(a), 8 U.S.C. 1154a, an alien cannot be denied 
Temporary Protected Status on account of his or her immigration 
status or lack thereof.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters stated that the regulation would be 
arbitrary and capricious because DHS would apply it to lawful permanent 
residents who were abroad for a trip exceeding 180 days, but DHS did 
not estimate the size of this population in the proposed rule. These 
commenters further stated that if the returning lawful permanent 
resident is placed in removal proceedings, the burden of proof of 
inadmissibility should remain on the government to establish by ``clear 
and convincing evidence'' \162\ that he or she is lawfully present in 
the United States pursuant to a prior admission. This burden, per the 
commenters, should not be transferred to the lawful permanent

[[Page 41327]]

resident through completion of the Form I-944 or similar forms that CBP 
may request. The commenter stated that doing so, would violate the 
lawful permanent resident's due process rights as a permanent resident 
by shifting the burden of proof to returning lawful permanent 
residents, contrary to Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276 (1966), Landon v. 
Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21 (1982), and Matter of Rivens, 25 I&N Dec. 623 
(BIA 2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \162\ See INA section 240(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(a)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS does not believe such a quantitative estimate is 
necessary. DHS further disagrees that the rule impermissibly shifts the 
government's burden of proof onto the returning lawful permanent 
residents, that the applicability of inadmissibility grounds to 
returning lawful permanent residents is unlawful, or that it would 
violate an alien's due process rights. Congress specified when lawful 
permanent residents returning from a trip abroad will be treated as 
applicants for admission, and also specified who bears the burden of 
proof in removal proceedings when such an alien is placed in 
proceedings. In general, the grounds of inadmissibility set forth in 
section 212(a) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a), including public charge 
inadmissibility, do not apply to lawful permanent residents returning 
from a trip abroad.\163\ Congress set forth the circumstances under 
which lawful permanent residents returning from a trip abroad are 
considered applicants for admission, and therefore, are subject to 
admissibility determinations, including an assessment of whether the 
alien is inadmissible as likely at any time to become a public 
charge.\164\ If CBP determines that the returning lawful permanent 
resident is an applicant for admission based on one of the criteria set 
forth in section 101(a)(13)(C) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(13)(C), 
including that the alien has been absent for more than 180 days, and 
that the alien is inadmissible under one of the grounds set forth in 
section 212(a) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a), the law requires that the 
alien be placed into removal proceedings.\165\ In such removal 
proceedings, DHS bears the burden of proof to demonstrate by clear and 
convincing evidence that the lawful permanent resident is properly 
considered an applicant for admission based on being outside of the 
United States for more than 180 days, or any of the grounds set forth 
in 101(a)(13)(C) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(13)(C).\166\ And, if the 
lawful permanent resident is not an applicant for admission, but is 
removable from the United States for any reason, DHS may charge the 
alien under section 237 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1227.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \163\ Although Congress did not subject those admitted as lawful 
permanent residents to grounds of inadmissibility under INA section 
212(a), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a), it did codify that an alien's certain 
conduct or conditions will lead to the alien's removal from the 
United States, including inadmissibility on public charge. See INA 
section 237, 8 U.S.C. 1227, generally, and INA section 237(a)(5), 8 
U.S.C. 1227(a)(5). One basis of removal is an alien's 
inadmissibility at the time of admission or adjustment of status, 
including being inadmissible for public charge under INA section 
212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). See INA section 237(a)(1)(A), 8 
U.S.C. 1227(a)(1)(A). If the alien is charged as a deportable alien, 
the burden of proof is on the government to show by clear and 
convincing evidence that the alien, who has been admitted, is not 
deportable. See INA section 240(c)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1229a(c)(3).
    \164\ See INA section 101(a)(13)(C), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(13)(C). 
According to this provision, lawful permanent residents are regarded 
as an applicant for admission when they: (1) Have abandoned or 
relinquished that status; (2) have been outside the United States 
for a continuous period in excess of 180 days; (3) have engaged in 
illegal activity after departing the United States; (4) have 
departed the United States while under legal process seeking removal 
of the alien from the United States, including removal proceedings 
and extradition proceedings; (5) have committed an offense 
identified in INA section 212(a)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2), unless 
granted a waiver of inadmissibility for such offense or cancellation 
of removal; and (6) are attempting to enter at a time or place other 
than as designated by immigration officers or who have not been 
admitted to the United States after inspection and authorization by 
an immigration officer.
    \165\ As explained above, lawful permanent resident s are not 
subject to grounds of inadmissibility after being properly admitted 
to the United States as an lawful permanent resident within the 
meaning of INA section 101(a)(20), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(20). See INA 
sections 235(b)(2)(A) and 240, 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(2)(A) and 1229a.
    \166\ See Matter of Rivens, 25 I&N Dec. 623 (BIA 2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For these reasons, DHS disagrees that the rule impermissibly places 
the burden on returning lawful permanent residents in violation of 
their rights under Woodby v. INS,\167\ Landon v. Plasencia,\168\ and 
Matter of Rivens as alleged by the commenters.\169\ Specifically, in 
Woodby and Landon, which predate IIRIRA, the Court addressed the 
government's burden in deportation proceedings against a lawful 
permanent resident and indicated that the government would bear the 
burden to demonstrate that the alien is a returning resident seeking 
admission. Subsequently, with IIRIRA, Congress specified the 
circumstances under which a lawful permanent resident will be treated 
as an applicant for admission, and provided that when an alien is an 
applicant for admission that the alien has the burden to establish that 
he or she is clearly and beyond doubt entitled to be admitted and is 
not inadmissible; however, Congress remained silent with respect to the 
burden and standard of proof required to determine whether an alien is 
an applicant for admission.\170\ The BIA in Matter of Rivens,\171\ did 
not deviate from longstanding case law on this question \172\ and 
affirmed that DHS continues to bear the burden of proving by clear and 
convincing evidence that a returning lawful permanent resident should 
be treated as an applicant for admission.\173\ This rule does not alter 
DHS's burden of proof with respect to the treatment of returning lawful 
permanent residents as applicants for admission in any way, i.e., the 
only burden DHS bears is establishing that the retuning lawful 
permanent resident should be treated as an applicant for 
admission.\174\ The BIA, in Matter of Rivens, did not reach the issue 
of who then bears the burden of showing admissibility, or a lack of 
inadmissibility, once it has been determined that an alien is an 
applicant for admission.\175\
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    \167\ See Woodby v. INS, 385 U.S. 276 (1966).
    \168\ See Landon v. Plascencia, 459 U.S. 21 (1982).
    \169\ Matter of Rivens, 25 I&N Dec. 623 (BIA 2011).
    \170\ See INA sections 235 and 240, 8 U.S.C. 1225 and 1229a; see 
Matter of Rivens, 25 I&N Dec. 623, 625 (BIA 2011). See INA sections 
101(a)(13)(C), 240(c)(2), and 291, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(13)(C), 
1229a(c)(2), and 1361.
    \171\ 25 I&N Dec. 623, 626 (BIA 2011).
    \172\ See Matter of Rivens, 25 I&N Dec. 623, 625 (BIA 2011) 
(citing Matter of Huang, 19 I&N Dec. 749 (BIA 1988); Woodby v. INS, 
385 U.S. 276 (1966); and Landon v. Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21 (1982)).
    \173\ See Matter of Rivens, 25 I&N Dec. 623, 625 (BIA 2011).
    \174\ See Matter of Rivens, 25 I&N Dec. 623, 626 (BIA 2011).
    \175\ See Matter of Rivens, 25 I&N Dec. 623, 626 (BIA 2011) (not 
reaching the issue because it was unnecessary to address the ``open 
question of who then bears the burden of showing admissibility, or a 
lack of inadmissibility, once it has been determined that an alien 
is an applicant for admission.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes, as was pointed out by the commenters, that under section 
291 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1361, an applicant for admission always bears 
the burden of proof to establish that he or she is not inadmissible to 
the United States under any provision of the Act; similarly, under 
section 240(c)(2)(A) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1229a(c)(2)(A), an applicant 
for admission in removal proceedings has the burden of establishing 
that he or she is clearly and beyond doubt entitled to be admitted and 
is not inadmissible under section 212(a) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a). 
Therefore, the burden still lies with the returning resident to 
establish that he or she is not inadmissible based on public charge.
    Comment: One commenter asks whether the public charge regulation 
would apply to applicants seeking naturalization.

[[Page 41328]]

    Response: The laws governing naturalization can be found in Title 
III of the INA. The public charge ground of inadmissibility does not 
apply in naturalization proceedings. DHS notes, however, that USCIS 
assesses as part of the naturalization whether the applicant was 
properly admitted as a lawful permanent resident and therefore was 
eligible for adjustment based upon the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility at the time of the adjustment of status.\176\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \176\ See INA section 318, 8 U.S.C. 1429. Additionally, an 
individual may become removable on account of public charge while in 
lawful permanent resident status, which is a consideration which may 
be assessed at the time of naturalization. See INA section 
237(a)(5), 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(5). However, the assessment of 
removability for public charge is different from the assessment of 
public charge inadmissibility and is not a part of this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Multiple commenters indicated that the proposed rule makes 
the path to citizenship more difficult and would give the Government 
the ability to deny a ``broad swath'' of applicants for green cards, 
especially children who are likely to be self-sufficient as adults, 
teenagers and students completing their education, infant caregivers, 
the elderly, immigrants from certain countries, and an immigrant 
previously deemed admissible who becomes disabled.
    Many commenters stated that the rule should not apply to children, 
and that doing so would destabilize families, make children unhealthy 
or more likely than not to become a public charge as adults, and may 
cause some children to be excluded while the parent is admitted. Some 
commenters provided data on the number of children who would be 
impacted by the rule. A commenter proposed an exemption from public 
charge for all children up to age 18, because such children are subject 
to child labor laws and in most cases still engaged in mandatory 
education. The commenter also proposed a three-year grace period beyond 
age 18, until age 21. Finally, the commenter recommended further 
extending the commenter's proposed exemption for those aliens who are 
currently engaged in full-time college or vocational education, and for 
a three-year grace period after graduation or certification. The 
commenter stated that this will be a strong incentive for young 
immigrants toward self-sufficiency and positive GDP contribution. A few 
commenters added that children born in the United States to immigrant 
parents are United States citizens and therefore are eligible for 
public benefits under the same eligibility standards as all other 
United States citizens.
    A commenter requested that asylum seekers and entrepreneurs, crime 
victims, victims and survivors of domestic violence, and T 
nonimmigrants seeking adjustment of status should be excluded from the 
rule and public charge ground of inadmissibility. Similarly, commenters 
stated that victims of domestic violence, human trafficking, and sexual 
assault would be harmed as a consequence since family members sponsored 
by victims would be impacted by the proposed rule.
    Response: Generally, the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
applies to all aliens who are applicants for a visa, admission, or 
adjustment of status. However, as noted previously, Congress--not DHS--
has the authority to specify which aliens are exempt from public charge 
inadmissibility determinations, as well as those who may obtain a 
waiver of public charge inadmissibility. Therefore, the public charge 
inadmissibility provisions set forth in this final rule will apply to 
all aliens seeking admission or adjustment of status, or any other 
immigration benefit for which admissibility is required, unless 
otherwise exempted by Congress, irrespective of the alien's age, 
medical condition, economic status, place of origin, or nationality. 
With respect to comments suggesting that DHS specifically exclude 
children, teenagers, caregivers of infants, the elderly, and 
entrepreneurs, and other categories of individuals from the public 
charge inadmissibility provisions, section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), applies to such aliens applying for a visa, 
admission, or adjustment of status, unless otherwise specified by 
Congress. DHS has tailored the effects of this rule somewhat for 
certain populations. On the whole, however, DHS lacks the authority to 
create wholesale exemptions or provide a grace period for broad 
categories of aliens, as suggested by the commenters.
    DHS notes that does have the authority to define public charge as 
it has in this rule and in doing so, decide which public benefits are 
considered for the purposes of this rule. As discussed in greater 
detail below, DHS has made some changes to the public benefits that DHS 
will consider, particularly as it relates to receipt of Medicaid 
benefits by aliens under the age of 21 and pregnant women, including 
women for the 60 days following pregnancy, and for receipt of Medicare 
Part D LIS. DHS has also clarified the role that age and other factors 
play in the public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS believes 
that these changes may at least partially address some of the 
commenters' concerns, and that such changes are more in line with the 
statute.
    With respect to the commenter's suggestions that asylees, crime 
victims, victims of domestic violence, and T nonimmigrants be exempt 
from this rule, DHS notes that such individuals are generally exempted 
by statute from public charge inadmissibility determinations, and that 
such exemptions are also set forth in 8 CFR 212.23.\177\ As explained 
in the NPRM,\178\ and addressed further below, DHS codified in the 
regulation those classifications of nonimmigrants and immigrants that 
Congress exempted from public charge grounds of inadmissibility. DHS 
will not, and cannot, exempt other classes of aliens unless these 
exemptions are created by Congress.\179\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \177\ However, DHS notes that T nonimmigrants are not excluded 
from public charge inadmissibility when applying for employment-
based adjustment of status. See INA section 212(a)(4)(E), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(E).
    \178\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51156-57 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \179\ See 8 CFR 212.23.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Applicability and Content of the Public Benefits Condition
    Comment: Citing to the statutory policy statement set forth in 
PRWORA, a commenter indicated that nonimmigrant applications or 
petitions for extension of stay or change in status should be subject 
to inadmissibility on public charge grounds in order to ensure their 
self-sufficiency. By contrast, some commenters stated that DHS lacked 
the authority to condition of eligibility for extension of stay or 
change of status on past, current, or future receipt of public benefits 
because the public charge inadmissibility ground does not apply to 
extension of stay or change of status; commenters stated that this 
provision was therefore not supported by the plain language of the 
statute and is unlawful. A commenter stated in regards to extension of 
stay and change of status that DHS's bald assertion that it generally 
has discretion to apply the test to new categories cannot overcome 
clear and unambiguous language from Congress to the contrary.
    Some of these commenters also indicated that nobody would be 
eligible for extension of stay or change of status because the proposed 
regulation asks applicants to prove a negative. Another commenter 
disagreed with the proposed rule because no one can determine whether 
an applicant seeking an extension of stay or change of status will 
receive public benefits at any time in the future.

[[Page 41329]]

    One commenter stated that because employment-based nonimmigrant 
categories require the employer to demonstrate the ability to 
financially support the nonimmigrant, and further, because other 
nonimmigrants classifications such as F and M nonimmigrant students 
must demonstrate sufficient financial support during the duration of 
the nonimmigrant stay, that there are sufficient financial safeguards 
in place for these nonimmigrants such that this rule poses an 
unnecessary administrative burden. A commenter indicated that the 
expansion of the public charge rule to include additional 
classifications of nonimmigrants will reduce immigration or admission 
rates.
    Response: Neither the NPRM nor this final rule is intended to apply 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility to extension of stay or 
change of status applicants. Instead, DHS is exercising its statutory 
authority to set a new condition for approval of extension of stay and 
change of status applications--that the applicant establish that the 
alien has not received since obtaining the nonimmigrant status he or 
she seeks to extend or from which he or she seeks to change, and 
through adjudication, one or more public benefits for more than 12 
months in the aggregate within any 36-month period.\180\ This condition 
will apply to any extension of stay or change of status application or 
petition postmarked (or if applicable, submitted electronically) on or 
after the effective date of the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \180\ See, e.g., INA sections 103(a)(3), 214(a)(1), 248(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If the nonimmigrant status the individual seeks to extend or to 
which the applicant seeks to change is statutorily exempt from the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility,\181\ then the public benefits 
condition will not apply.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \181\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51135-36 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After considering the comments, DHS agrees with the commenters that 
an assessment of whether the nonimmigrant is ``likely to receive public 
benefits'' for the expected period of stay, which included the option 
for USCIS to request submission of a Form I-944 as part of an RFE, 
might have been similar to a public charge inadmissibility assessment. 
In addition, applying a prospective element to the public benefits 
condition would likely be redundant and unnecessary given the finite 
nature of nonimmigrant status and stay. To the extent DHS grants an 
extension of stay to a nonimmigrant subject to the public benefit 
condition after determining that the alien had not received public 
benefits, and a nonimmigrant subsequently wishes to apply for another, 
the condition would apply again. The same would apply to a change of 
status. If, however, an alien leaves the United States after holding 
nonimmigrant status, and seeks a new nonimmigrant or immigrant visa 
based on a classification that is subject to INA 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), then the public charge ground of inadmissibility will 
apply. Similar to aliens who are not required to obtain a visa but are 
subject to INA 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)--DHS would apply the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility at the port of entry.\182\ 
Finally, with respect to an alien in the United States who is eligible 
to adjust status from a nonimmigrant classification to that of a lawful 
permanent resident, and the alien is subject to INA 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), DHS will at the time of adjudication of an adjustment of 
status application make a public charge inadmissibility determination 
consistent with the requirements of INA 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), 
and regulations promulgated through this rulemaking. Therefore, DHS 
removed the future-looking aspect of this condition and will not 
request applicants for an extension of stay or change of status to 
submit a Form I-944. Additionally, DHS made a technical edit to remove 
``currently receiving public benefits,'' as the reference to the alien 
having ``received'' public benefits is sufficiently inclusive of 
receipt up to the date of adjudication. According to preexisting DHS 
regulations, an applicant must meet an eligibility requirement or a 
condition not only at the time of filing but also at the time of 
adjudication,\183\ which renders superfluous the proposed text 
regarding ``currently receiving public benefits.'' Finally, because DHS 
has moved the public benefits receipt threshold from the public 
benefits definition to the public charge definition, DHS added the 
``for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period 
(such that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one month counts 
as two months)'' threshold to the public benefits condition in the 
extension of stay and change of status provisions as well because the 
threshold applies to the receipt of public benefits in these 
provisions, as well.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \182\ See, e.g., 8 CFR 217.4(a)(1) (Visa Waiver Program 
participants must not be ``inadmissible to the United States under 
one or more of the grounds of inadmissibility listed in section 212 
of the Act (other than for lack of a visa).'').
    \183\ See 8 CFR 103.2(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under this final rule, nonimmigrants who are seeking an extension 
of stay or a change of status must only demonstrate that they have not 
received, since obtaining the nonimmigrant status they seek to extend 
or from which they seek to change, up to the time of the adjudication 
of the application,\184\ one or more public benefits for more than 12 
months in the aggregate within any 36-month period.\185\ This condition 
will apply to any extension of stay or change of status application or 
petition postmarked (or if applicable, electronically submitted) on or 
after the effective date of the rule. DHS will not consider any receipt 
of public benefits prior to the rule's effective date, for purposes of 
the public benefits condition for extension of stay or change of 
status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \184\ See 8 CFR 103.2(b) (Demonstrating eligibility. An 
applicant or petitioner must establish that he or she is eligible 
for the requested benefit at the time of filing the benefit request 
and must continue to be eligible through adjudication.).
    \185\ See 8 CFR 214.1(a)(3)(iv) and (c)(4)(iv); see 8 CFR 
248.1(a) and (c)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Imposing conditions on extension of stay and change of status 
applications is within DHS's authority, as Congress granted DHS the 
authority, in sections 214 and 248 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1184 and 1258, 
to regulate conditions and periods of admission of nonimmigrants and 
conditions for change of status, respectively. As explained in the 
NPRM, however, the government's interest in a nonimmigrant's ability to 
maintain self-sufficiency does not end with his or her initial 
admission as a nonimmigrant.\186\ Therefore, given DHS's authority to 
set conditions \187\ and Congress' policy statement ``that aliens 
within the Nation's borders not depend on public resources to meet 
their needs,'' \188\ it is reasonable for DHS to require, as a 
condition of obtaining an extension of stay or change of status, 
evidence that nonimmigrants inside the United States have remained 
self-sufficient during their nonimmigrant stay.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \186\ See PRWORA's policy statement at 8 U.S.C. 1601, 
reiterating that self-sufficiency of all aliens coming to the United 
States continues to be national policy.
    \187\ See INA sections 214 and 248, 8 U.S.C. 1184, 1258.
    \188\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS will continue to require that the alien meets his or her burden 
of proof that he or she is eligible for the status requested, including 
whether the alien has the financial means, if required by the laws 
governing the particular nonimmigrant classification. The two aspects 
of the adjudication (eligibility for the status requested and the 
public benefit condition) are not duplicative. DHS notes that although 
eligibility for a

[[Page 41330]]

nonimmigrant status might require some indication of future self-
support, it would generally not require an assessment of public 
benefits received since the alien obtained the nonimmigrant status he 
or she seeks to extend or from which he or she seeks to change.
    Comment: One commenter said that, according to Mathews v. Eldridge, 
424 U.S. 319 (1976), it would be improper to implement the public 
benefits condition for change of status applicants with no available 
appeal process. To comply with due process rights as prescribed by 
Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970), the commenter suggested that 
DHS give applicants a chance to respond with evidence that supports 
their admissibility, and that DHS should not revoke the status until 
the decision had been fully appealed through all stages of review.
    Response: DHS disagrees that imposing the public benefits condition 
on extension of stay and change of status applications is improper 
because it violates due process. DHS notes that to the extent that 
USCIS obtains derogatory information unknown to the applicant relevant 
to the extension of stay or change of status application, consistent 
with 8 CFR 103.2(b)(16)(i), USCIS will provide notice of the derogatory 
information and give the applicant an opportunity to respond. Moreover, 
applicants for extension of stay and change of status will receive 
notice of deficiencies as appropriate and consistent with 8 CFR 
103.2(b)(8) and consistent with USCIS' policy on the issuance of 
certain requests for evidence and notices of intent to deny,\189\ 
before denying an application for an extension of stay or change of 
status. In general, under DHS regulations, a denial of an extension of 
stay or change of status application cannot be appealed.\190\ Upon 
denial of an extension of stay or a change of status application, if 
the alien is removable, DHS can issue an NTA and place the alien in 
removal proceedings.\191\ In removal proceedings, the alien can 
challenge the basis for removal, and appeal the immigration judge's 
decision, if desired.\192\ These proceedings provide due process to the 
extent required by law.\193\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \189\ See USCIS Policy Memorandum Issuance of Certain RFEs and 
NOIDs; Revisions to Adjudicator's Field Manual (AFM) Chapter 
10.5(a), Chapter 10.5(b) PM-602-0163 (Jul. 13, 2018) (https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Laws/Memoranda/AFM_10_Standards_for_RFEs_and_NOIDs_FINAL2.pdf (last visited June 
21, 2019).
    \190\ See 8 CFR 214.1(c)(5) and 8 CFR 248.3(g).
    \191\ See USCIS Policy Memorandum, Updated Guidance for the 
Referral of Cases and Issuance of Notices to Appear (NTAs) in Cases 
Involving Inadmissible and Deportable Aliens (June 28, 2018), 
https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Laws/Memoranda/2018/2018-06-28-PM-602-0050.1-Guidance-for-Referral-of-Cases-and-Issuance-of-NTA.pdf (last visited May 8, 2019).
    \192\ See INA sections 240 and 242, 8 U.S.C. 1229a and 1252.
    \193\ E.g., Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 693 (2001).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Many commenters noted that consular officers already 
conduct public charge inadmissibility assessments and CBP would conduct 
an admissibility determination at the port of entry. Others indicated 
that the proposed changes extension of stay and change of status 
applications create duplicative work for applicants and USCIS.
    Response: As explained in the proposed rule,\194\ DHS believes that 
the Government interest in ensuring an alien's self-sufficiency does 
not end once a nonimmigrant is admitted to the United States. The 
Government has an interest in ensuring that aliens present in the 
United States are self-sufficient. This interest does not end once the 
alien is admitted; aliens should remain self-sufficient for the entire 
period of their stay, including any extension of stay or additional 
period of stay due to a change of status. Indeed, as set forth by 
Congress in PRWORA, ``aliens within the Nation's borders [should] not 
depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on 
their own capabilities and the resources of their families, their 
sponsors, and private organizations.'' \195\ The fact that DHS already 
considers the applicant's financial status in adjudicating some 
extension of stay and change of status applications further supports 
this policy. Moreover, although the extension of stay or change of 
status provisions in the INA and the regulations do not specifically 
reference an alien's self-sufficiency, consideration of an alien's 
self-sufficiency in these applications is consistent with the self-
sufficiency principles of PRWORA and aligns the INA to those 
principles.\196\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \194\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51135-36 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \195\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)(A).
    \196\ See Southern S.S. Co. v. N.L.R.B., 316 U.S. 31, 47 (1942) 
(requiring ``careful accommodation of one statutory scheme to 
another. . . .'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS therefore does not believe that considering an extension of 
stay or change of status applicant's past and current receipt of public 
benefits over the designated threshold in the United States is 
duplicative of the consular officer's public charge inadmissibility 
assessment at the nonimmigrant visa stage, given that a certain amount 
of time has passed between an alien's consular interview or the alien's 
admission to the United States in nonimmigrant status, and the alien's 
request for an extension of stay or change of nonimmigrant status.\197\ 
The alien's financial situation may have changed since the visa was 
issued or the alien was admitted to the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \197\ DHS's authority to specify the conditions, as a matter of 
discretion, under which an alien is eligible for either a change of 
status or extension of stay can be found in INA section 214(a)(1) 
and INA section 248(a); 8 U.S.C. 1184(a)(1) and 1258(a); and 8 CFR 
214.1 and 8 CFR 248.1.
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a. Nonimmigrant Students and Exchange Visitors
    Comment: A commenter pointed out that the new public charge rule 
would apply to students and exchange visitors who would seek to change 
or extend their status. The commenter indicated that the new rule, 
therefore, would impose new standards and barriers for students. The 
commenter added that drops in international enrollment would have 
broader ripple effects for United States higher education institutions.
    Response: To the extent that the rule may impose barriers to those 
seeking to extend their stay or change their status, as explained 
previously, given DHS's authority \198\ and Congress' policy statement 
with respect to self-sufficiency,\199\ it is reasonable for DHS to 
impose, as a condition of obtaining an extension of stay or change of 
status, the requirement that the alien demonstrate that he or she has 
not received public benefits as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b).\200\ As 
discussed previously, DHS has removed the forward-looking aspect of the 
public benefits condition. This may ameliorate the consequences of the 
public benefits condition for certain nonimmigrants.
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    \198\ See INA section 214 and 248, 8 U.S.C. 1184 and 1258.
    \199\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
    \200\ See 8 CFR 214.1(a)(3)(iv) and (c)(4)(iv), and 8 CFR 
248.1(c)(4).
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    Comment: Another commenter stated that subjecting extension of stay 
and change of status applications and petitions to the public charge 
test produces multiple legal contradictions: The commenter provided the 
example of international students in F-1 status who are not eligible to 
work more than 20 hours off campus or in federally-subsidized work 
study positions, asserting that these restrictions greatly reduced the 
amount of income students can earn and thus, reduces their self-
sufficiency. The commenter stated that the determinations on self-
sufficiency in one status bear no significance on an individual's 
ability to be self-sufficient within the legal confines of a different 
classification.
    Response: As noted above, DHS disagrees that the rule would require

[[Page 41331]]

individuals seeking extension of stay or change of status to show they 
are not inadmissible under section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). At 
the time of the application for a nonimmigrant visa, the alien must 
demonstrate to DOS that he or she is not likely at any time in the 
future to become a public charge. Similarly, at the time a nonimmigrant 
applies for admission, he or she must demonstrate to CBP that he or she 
is not likely at any time in the future to become a public charge.
    However, when seeking an extension of stay or change of status as a 
nonimmigrant student \201\ or nonimmigrant exchange visitor,\202\ the 
alien will not need to establish that he or she is not likely at any 
time in the future to become a public charge because those seeking 
extension of stay or change of status are not subject to the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility. However, the alien will need to 
demonstrate that he or she has sufficient funds to pay tuition and 
related costs as part of the application for extension of stay or 
change of status to a nonimmigrant. Further, the alien must demonstrate 
that he or she has not received, since obtaining the nonimmigrant 
status he or she seeks to extend or change and through the time of 
filing and adjudication, one or more public benefits as defined in the 
rule, for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month 
period (such that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one month 
counts as two months).
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    \201\ See 8 CFR 214.1(f)(1)(B) (requiring that the student 
presents documentary evidence of financial support in the amount 
indicated on the SEVIS Form I-20 (or the Form I-20A-B/I-20ID)); 8 
CFR 214.1(m)(1)(B) (requiring that student documents financial 
support in the amount indicated on the SEVIS Form I-20 (or the Form 
I-20M-N/I-20ID); see AFM Chapter 30.3(c)(2)(C) (applicants to change 
status to a nonimmigrant student must demonstrate that they have the 
financial resources to pay for coursework and living expenses in the 
United States); see also 22 CFR 41.61(b)(1)(ii) (requiring that F 
and M nonimmigrants possess sufficient funds to cover expenses while 
in the United States or can satisfy the consular officer that other 
arrangements have been made to meet those expenses).
    \202\ See 8 CFR 214.2(j)(1) (admission upon presentation of 
SEVIS Form DS-2019, issued by DOS); 22 CFR 41.62(b)(2) (requiring 
that J nonimmigrants possess sufficient funds to cover expenses or 
have made other arrangements to provide for expenses before DOS can 
approve DS-2019 and the visa). See also AFM Chapter 30.3(c)(2)(C) 
(applicant to change status to exchange visitor must show approved 
DS-2019 (formerly known as IAP-66).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS disagrees that subjecting extension of stay and change of 
status applicants to this new condition is legally contradictory 
because a student's restriction on employment in the United States 
reduces an alien's self-sufficiency. As explained above, a student is 
required, as part of the eligibility for the nonimmigrant 
classification, to establish that he or she has sufficient funds to 
study in the United States; students are thus admitted with the 
expectation of self-sufficiency. The public benefits condition created 
by this rule would not be inconsistent with such expectation.
b. Workers
    Comment: A commenter pointed out that the new public charge rule 
applies to specialty workers and their dependents who would seek 
admission or those who seek to change or extend their status. A 
commenter indicated that the new rule would impose new standards and 
barriers not only on foreign workers, but also on employers because of 
the unpredictability of the public charge determination and because 
wages alone would not be the determining factor. Citing to research and 
data on the population size and impact that the rule would have on H-2A 
nonimmigrant workers, several other commenters stated that H-2A 
nonimmigrant workers would be affected and that the rule would isolate 
H-2A nonimmigrant workers. One commenter, for example, also stated that 
the rule's criteria for factors to be considered in the totality of the 
circumstances test disadvantages farmworkers who seek to either apply 
to adjust to lawful permanent resident status or apply for or extend 
their nonimmigrant status. The commenter indicated that many 
farmworkers, domestic, and H-2A workers would find themselves 
determined to be a public charge due to factors beyond their control, 
such as low wages, poverty-level income, and lack of health insurance. 
Commenters stated that H-2A nonimmigrant workers undergo a public 
charge assessment at the consular office, and once in the United 
States, they are not eligible for the vast majority of public benefits 
but are provided housing by their employer. A commenter also stated 
that H-2A nonimmigrant workers are already reluctant to seek services 
due to fear of employer retaliation, and that this rule's chilling 
effect could further isolate them from the communities where they work 
and live. Thus, H-2A nonimmigrant workers would face delays and 
uncertainty in the extension of their visa status, and may become more 
vulnerable to recruitment fees and agent costs which, while prohibited, 
are a common abuse. The commenters urged DHS to withdraw the rule in 
its entirety.
    Response: For aliens seeking to extend their stay or change their 
status to that of an H-2A nonimmigrant, absent any indication of an 
alien's receipt of the designated public benefits for more than 12 
months in the aggregate in a 36-month period since obtaining the 
nonimmigrant status from which they seek to change, USCIS will approve 
the application if the alien meets the eligibility requirement for the 
nonimmigrant classification. Additionally, as commenters pointed out, 
nonimmigrants are generally ineligible for public benefits that would 
be considered in connection with this rule. DHS understands the 
concerns addressed by the commenter regarding the practices of 
nonimmigrant workers and potential abuses of the programs, and 
therefore encourages the reporting of any such abuse through the 
channels provided by DHS or the Department of Labor (DOL).\203\
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    \203\ USCIS has web pages and email addresses dedicated to 
combating suspected H-1B and H-2B fraud or abuse. Anyone, including 
both U.S. and foreign workers who suspect they or others may be the 
victim of fraud or abuse, can email USCIS to submit tips, alleged 
violations, and other relevant information. See USCIS, Report Labor 
Abuses, https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/information-employers-employees/report-labor-abuses (last visited May 8, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As previously indicated, given Congress' policy statement with 
respect to self-sufficiency, and DHS's authority to promulgate a rule 
addressing public charge inadmissibility, it is reasonable for DHS to 
impose, as a condition of obtaining an extension of stay or change of 
status, the requirement that the alien demonstrate that he or she has 
not received public benefits as defined in the rule. DHS notes that it 
has removed the forward-looking aspect of the public benefits 
condition. This may ameliorate the consequences of the public benefits 
condition for certain nonimmigrants.
    Comment: One commenter stated that the proposed rule would be 
detrimental to South Asian organizations that sponsor nonimmigrant 
religious workers and the rule would deem most of them inadmissible to 
the United States as public charges. The commenter stated that as part 
of a petition from, a sponsoring institution, usually a non-profit 
entity supported through volunteer contributions, it would provide free 
housing, all meals, and health insurance to the religious worker as 
part of the employment package and may offer a small stipend to cover 
incidental expenses in lieu of a salary. The commenter indicated that 
such an employment offer, with its mix of monetary and non-monetary 
compensation, might be insufficient to overcome the public charge 
grounds based on the totality of the

[[Page 41332]]

circumstances test proposed in the NPRM.
    Response: For aliens seeking to extend their stay or change their 
status to that of religious workers, absent any indication of an 
alien's receipt of the designated public benefits for more than 12 
months in the aggregate in a 36-month period, USCIS will approve the 
application if the alien meets the eligibility requirement for the 
nonimmigrant classification. Additionally, as commenters pointed out, 
nonimmigrants are generally ineligible for public benefits that would 
be considered in connection with this rule.
    As previously indicated, given Congress' policy statement with 
respect to self-sufficiency, and DHS's authority to promulgate a rule 
addressing public charge inadmissibility, it is reasonable for DHS to 
impose, as a condition of obtaining an extension of stay or change of 
status, the requirement that the alien demonstrate that he or she has 
not received public benefits as defined in the rule. DHS notes that it 
has removed the forward-looking aspect of the public benefits 
condition. This may ameliorate the consequences of the public benefits 
condition for certain nonimmigrants.
    DHS acknowledges that, once the rule is effective, certain 
religious workers seeking admission to the United States as 
nonimmigrants could be impacted by this rule. As part of the 
determination of whether any alien is likely at any time in the future 
to become a public charge, DHS will consider whether the alien has 
sufficient assets and resources for the purpose of his or her stay in 
the United States upon admission.\204\ DHS believes that this 
regulation, and other provisions of the INA and implementing 
regulations, can be administered consistently with the Religious 
Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA).\205\ As DHS has noted 
previously, ``[a]n organization or individual who believes that the 
RFRA may require specific relief from any provision of this regulation 
may assert such a claim at the time they petition for benefits.'' \206\ 
Similarly, DHS acknowledges that any individual or organization who 
identifies a substantial burden on his, her, or an organization's 
exercise of religion such that the RFRA may require specific relief may 
assert such a claim.\207\ Note, the RFRA does not create a wholesale 
``exemption'' to a generally applicable regulation; rather, it permits 
an applicant to seek specific relief which may or may not be complied 
with. Whether the RFRA applies to a given applicant is a case-by-case 
determination.\208\ Therefore, for extension of stay and change of 
status purposes, DHS would still apply the public benefit condition to 
religious workers and review each case and each request individually.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \204\ See 8 CFR 214.2(r)(11).
    \205\ Public Law 103-141, sec. 3, 107 Stat. 1488, 1488 (Nov. 16, 
1993).
    \206\ Special Immigrant and Nonimmigrant Religious Workers, 73 
FR 72276, 72283 (2008) codified at 8 CFR pts. 204, 214, 299.
    \207\ Note that individuals ``located outside sovereign United 
States territory at the time their alleged RFRA claim arose'' are 
not ``person[s]'' within the meaning of RFRA. Rasul v. Myers, 512 
F.3d 644, 672 (D.C. Cir.), cert. granted, judgment vacated on other 
grounds, 555 U.S. 1083 (2008).
    \208\ See generally Federal Law Protections for Religious 
Liberty, 82 FR 49668, 49669 (Oct. 26, 2017) from DOJ.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to admission and adjustment of status, the fact that 
the alien has an employment offer to work in the United States as well 
as monetary and non-monetary compensation are positive factors that 
generally indicate that the alien has sufficient assets and resources 
to be self-sufficient while present in the United States.\209\ As 
previously noted, the public charge determination is an assessment 
considering all statutory mandated factors in the totality of the 
circumstances and that one factor alone is not outcome determinative. 
Separately, if an individual is required to obtain a visa from the DOS 
to facilitate entry into the United States, the inadmissibility 
determination with respect to whether to issue a visa is in the 
jurisdiction of DOS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \209\ Regulations that permit certain religious workers to self-
support, 8 CFR 214.2(r)(11)(ii), require submission of ``verifiable 
evidence acceptable to USCIS'' that document ``the sources of self-
support.'' These sources of self-support are a positive factor in 
the public charge determination. Additionally, as noted above, any 
individual or organization who identifies a substantial burden on 
his, her, or an organization's exercise of religion such that the 
RFRA may require specific relief from any provision of this rule may 
assert such a claim. Separately, as noted in the preamble of a 
different rule, ``self-supporting religious workers who are not 
eligible for admission to the United States as R-1 nonimmigrant 
religious workers may pursue admission in the B-1 classification.'' 
Special Immigrant and Nonimmigrant Religious Workers, 73 FR 72282 
(2008) codified at 8 CFR pts. 204, 214, 299.
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d. Compact of Free Association Migrants
    Comment: Several commenters addressed Compact of Free Association 
(COFA) migrants from the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Federated 
States of Micronesia and the Republic of Palau, who are able to reside 
in the United States as nonimmigrants under treaty obligations. 
Commenters stated that while COFA migrants are not eligible for many 
federal public benefits, some do participate in state and local 
programs, especially health insurance, and COFA migrant children and 
pregnant women are eligible for Medicaid. Commenters stated that 
workers may either disenroll from these types of programs because of 
the applicability to nonimmigrants seeking admission or be blocked from 
entering the United States. One commenter stated that ``[t]his rule 
could be used to deny COFA entry and ability to live in the [United 
States] thereby abandoning our Nation's commitment to our Pacific 
allies, including the more than 61,000 COFA persons currently residing 
in the United States.''
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments on the impact of the rule on 
COFA migrants and appreciates the continued relationship between COFA 
nations and the United States. Under the agreements and resulting 
regulations, citizens of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the 
Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of Palau may enter 
into the United States as nonimmigrants, lawfully engage in employment, 
and establish residence in the United States without regard to certain 
grounds of inadmissibility.\210\ Certain COFA citizens are subject to a 
modified version of the public charge ground of deportability, which is 
not directly affected by this rule.\211\ But Congress did not exempt 
foreign nationals entering the United States under COFA from the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility, or otherwise modify the applicability 
of such ground of inadmissibility with respect to COFA migrants. And 
Congress expressly reiterated DHS's authority under section 214(a)(1) 
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1184(a)(1), ``to provide that admission as a 
nonimmigrant shall be for such time and under such conditions as the 
Government of the United States may by regulations prescribe.'' \212\ 
DHS acknowledges that COFA migrants may be affected by this rulemaking 
when applying for admission at a port of entry

[[Page 41333]]

or when applying for adjustment of status before USCIS, but 
respectfully submits that Congress never exempted COFA nonimmigrants 
from the public charge ground of inadmissibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \210\ Under these compacts, foreign nationals falling under COFA 
are able to enter without regard to inadmissibility under INA 
section 212(a)(5) and (7)(B)(i)(II), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(5) and 
(7)(B)(i)(II). See Compact of Free Association Amendment Act of 
2003, Public Law 108-188, 117 Stat. 2720 (Dec. 17, 2003); see also 
Compact Free Association Approval Act, Public Law 99-658, 100 Stat. 
3672 (Nov. 14, 1986) (regarding the Republic of Palau); see also 8 
CFR 212.1(d).
    \211\ See Public Law 108-188, 117 Stat. 2720, 2762, 2800 (Dec. 
17, 2003) (providing that with respect to citizens of the Federated 
States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 
``section 237(a)(5) of [the INA] shall be construed and applied as 
if it reads as follows: `any alien who has been admitted under the 
Compact, or the Compact, as amended, who cannot show that he or she 
has sufficient means of support in the United States, is 
deportable'''); 8 CFR 214.7(e)(1).
    \212\ See Public Law 108-188, 117 Stat. 2720, 2762, 2800 (Dec. 
17, 2003).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes, however, that because COFA migrants are not required to 
obtain an extension of their nonimmigrant stay to remain in the United 
States pursuant to COFA, such nonimmigrants are unlikely to be affected 
by public benefits condition applicable to extension of stay 
applications. In addition, as noted elsewhere in this rule, to the 
extent that COFA migrant children under 21 and pregnant women receive 
Medicaid, such receipt would not be considered under this rule.
3. Exemptions and Waivers With Respect to the Rule Generally
a. General Comments
    Comment: Many commenters supported the exemptions proposed in the 
NPRM, but a few of the commenters suggested that exemptions be clearly 
communicated. Some commenters requested that the discussion of 
exemptions should be moved earlier in the regulation or included in the 
executive summary of the preamble, to avoid any confusion. Other 
commenters expressed their support for the exemptions and waivers but 
indicated that DHS should ensure that immigrant communities and service 
providers be made aware of these exemptions.
    Many commenters expressed concern about the rule's impact on the 
vulnerable populations specifically excluded from public charge 
requirements, such as refugees, asylum seekers, victims of trafficking, 
and VAWA petitioners, who may avoid applying for or accepting any 
public benefits for which they qualify, to avoid any negative impact on 
the adjudication of their benefit requests and for fear of future 
repercussions. One commenter indicated that the exemptions for asylees 
and refugees appear to be based on their status at the time of 
admission or grant of status but do not apply to those whose 
application for asylum or refugee status is pending and who may be 
eligible for public benefits during that period.
    Multiple commenters stated that while the proposed rule exempts 
VAWA petitioners and U nonimmigrant status, the exemptions will not 
protect a large number of victims from the detrimental effects of the 
public charge rule since there are many victims of domestic violence 
and sexual assaults that seek status in other immigration categories. 
While a commenter agreed with the proposed rule's intention to 
streamline all abused-spouse applications under the VAWA umbrella, the 
commenter said USCIS and DHS must ensure there is no negative impact to 
survivors who choose to seek adjustment of status. A few commenters 
specifically stated that human trafficking survivors would be 
negatively impacted by the significant delays and increased 
adjudication expenses. Other commenters expressed concerns about 
permitting refugees and asylees to continue to receive healthcare while 
excluding foreign nationals who have immigrated here with the proper 
documentation (i.e., legally) and are going through the process to 
obtain permanent residency here in the United States. These commenters 
said that this is logical fallacy, at best, and at worst, it is 
unjustified discrimination.
    Response: DHS believes that the current organization of the 
regulations and exemptions clearly communicates who is exempt from the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility and who may be eligible for a 
waiver of the inadmissibility ground. DHS has also added the summary 
table in subsection III.F.4 below. DHS declines to implement the 
suggestions for reorganizing the final rule because the current 
organization sufficiently addresses visibility.
    DHS does not agree that the rule should be more limited in scope 
and not consider public benefits as part of the public charge 
inadmissibility determination. The purpose of this rule is to implement 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility consistent with the 
principles of self-sufficiency set forth by Congress, and to minimize 
the incentive of aliens to attempt to immigrate to, or to adjust status 
in, the United States due to the availability of public benefits.\213\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \213\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS disagrees with the commenters who indicated that this rule 
would negatively impact refugees, asylum seekers, victims of 
trafficking, and VAWA self-petitioners and that the exemptions should 
be broader. As noted in the NPRM and previous sections in this final 
rule, the public charge ground of inadmissibility does not generally 
apply to these populations. Congress expressly exempted refugees, 
asylees, and applicants for adjustment based on refugee or asylee 
status from the public charge inadmissibility ground.\214\ Therefore, 
if an individual has a pending application for asylum, the individual 
will not be assessed for public charge for purposes of the asylum 
application and obtaining asylee status. Refugees who are seeking 
admission to the United States are not subject to public charge grounds 
of inadmissibility and DHS will not determine whether they may be 
likely to become a public charge in the United States as part of the 
refugee admission. Similarly, refugees or asylees seeking adjustment 
based on their refugee or asylee status, are not subject to the public 
charge inadmissibility ground, and therefore, the use of public 
benefits is not considered. Therefore, DHS believes that the 
commenters' concerns regarding the rule's impact on asylees and 
refugees are sufficiently addressed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \214\ See INA sections 207, 208, and 209; 8 U.S.C. 1157, 1158, 
and 1159.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Similarly, applicants for T nonimmigrant visas are also generally 
exempt from the public charge inadmissibility ground,\215\ and, as 
established below, DHS also agrees with the commenters that T 
nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status should generally be 
exempt from public charge.\216\ Additionally, Congress generally 
exempted VAWA self-petitioners from the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.\217\ Also, in response to comments and for reasons 
explained in the section addressing public benefits, DHS has amended 8 
CFR 212.21(b) by providing that public benefits received by those who 
are in a status exempted from public charge will not be considered in a 
subsequent adjudication of a benefit that does subject the alien to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility. This step should further 
alleviate concerns that a person in one of the listed categories would 
be subject to the public charge ground.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \215\ See INA sections 101(a)(15)(T) and 212(d)(13)(A), 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(15)(T) and 1182(d)(13)(A).
    \216\ See INA sections 101(a)(15)(T) and 245(l)(2), 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(15)(T) and 1255(l)(2).
    \217\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(E)(i), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(E)(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees that this rule discriminates against aliens who 
are not asylees or refugees. Congress, in PRWORA, made the decision as 
to which noncitizens are eligible to apply for and receive certain 
public benefits. Congress decided that asylees and refugees should be 
eligible to apply for public benefits, and DHS does not have the 
authority to include or exclude any groups from the receipt of public 
benefits.
    Comment: A commenter stated the rule should exempt people with 
disabilities and their families, stating many of these families come to 
the United States in order to receive adequate medical care. Commenters 
opposed including immigrants with

[[Page 41334]]

disabilities in the proposed rule because disability is one of the 
strongest known factors that affect a household's food security and 
housing instability. Some commenters said DHS should make an exception 
for pregnant women. Another commenter asked that DHS provide more 
exemptions and waivers, suggesting that the rule should be narrowed to 
only apply to those seeking entry into the United States initially or 
to provide extra protection to those in the United States to lessen the 
fears of the proposed rule's negative effects.
    Response: Congress generally specifies, in legislation, to whom 
grounds of inadmissibility apply and which classes of aliens are exempt 
from public charge. DHS understands that individuals with disabilities 
and pregnant women may be affected by this rule. However, Congress did 
not provide an exemption for individuals with disabilities or pregnant 
women in the statute.\218\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \218\ See INA sections 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, DHS cannot limit the application of the ground of 
inadmissibility in a matter so that it only applies to those seeking 
entry into the United States or so that DHS provides extra protections 
because Congress, in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) 
specified that the ground of inadmissibility applies to those seeking a 
visa, admission to the United States, or adjustment of status in the 
United States. Classes of aliens exempt from the public charge ground 
of inadmissibility are listed in 8 CFR 212.23. Certain aspects of this 
rule limit some of the rule's effects, such as by relying on an 
exhaustive list of non-cash benefits, and excluding consideration of 
certain benefits for certain populations or circumstances. DHS believes 
that this is sufficient.
    Comment: A commenter recommended adding exemptions from the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility for those who have been certified for 
benefits under the authorization of another person, such as the head of 
household or guardian. The commenter reasoned that the dependents may 
not have been aware that this occurred or even that they receive a 
benefit.
    Response: DHS disagrees that it should exempt from the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility those who have been certified for 
benefits under the authorization of another, such as the head of 
household or guardian, if the beneficiary is an alien subject to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility. In general, Congress has the 
authority to legislate which classes of aliens should be subject to 
public charge ground of inadmissibility and which are exempt. Congress 
did not provide an exemption from the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility for aliens seeking a visa, admission, or adjustment of 
status and who may have been certified for benefits under the 
authorization of another, such as the head of household or the guardian 
who applied on the alien's behalf. DHS acknowledges that those 
dependents who are certified for or receiving public benefits under the 
authorization of another, such as the head of the household or the 
guardian, may be unaware of the receipt of public benefits but will, 
once the rulemaking is effective, may be impacted by such receipt of 
public benefits, if they are subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.
    After having reviewed the comments, however, DHS has decided to 
provide additional clarification regarding such matters. As explained 
in detail in the public benefits section in this preamble, DHS has 
added a new definition of ``receipt of public benefits'' to section 
212.21(e) to clarify that DHS will only consider the alien to have 
received a public benefit if the alien is a named beneficiary of the 
benefit. An alien does not receive a benefit merely by virtue of having 
applied or been certified for such benefit, and has not received a 
public benefit if the alien acted not on his or her own behalf but on 
behalf of another person. Therefore, if an alien is the person 
receiving benefits on behalf of another (for instance as a parent, 
legal guardian) the alien will not be considered to have received, been 
certified for, or applied for such public benefit.
b. Special Immigrant Juvenile
    Comment: A commenter stated that the proposed rule would conflict 
with the purpose of Special Immigrant Juvenile (SIJ) status, asserting 
that the purpose of the status is to allow children to thrive in the 
United States and that children are not responsible for their 
circumstances. Although SIJ recipients are statutorily exempt from 
inadmissibility on public charge grounds, this rule would still affect 
SIJ youth indirectly because of its scope, secondary effects on 
families, and potential for confusion. Many of these youth live in 
homes with U.S. citizen or permanent resident adults or siblings who 
would be entitled to benefits but may be deterred from accessing them 
because of a fear of how it will affect the SIJ youth or other family 
members.
    Response: DHS disagrees that this rule conflicts with the SIJ 
program. As stated in the proposed rule, aliens applying for adjustment 
of status based on an SIJ determination are exempt from the public 
charge inadmissibility ground. If aliens who are not subject to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility choose to disenroll from or 
forego public benefit receipt based on this rule, then the decision to 
disenroll from or forego enrollment is unwarranted. The NPRM provided 
an exhaustive list of individuals who are exempt from the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility, and this final rule retains that list of 
exemptions. DHS will not consider receipt of public benefits by aliens 
exempt from the public charge ground inadmissibility, even if the 
exempted alien has an alien family member who is not exempt. DHS notes 
that this rule also categorically exempts receipt of Medicaid by 
children under the age of 21, which should reduce the potential for 
confusion.
c. Certain Employment Based Preference Categories, or National Interest 
Waiver
    Comment: One commenter requested that individuals applying for 
lawful permanent resident status via approved EB-1A (extraordinary 
ability alien), EB-1B (outstanding researcher or scientist), or 
National Interest Waiver (NIW) petitions be added to the list of those 
exempted from the rule. The commenter stated that the vast majority of 
these individuals may need to resort to using the designated benefits, 
and it would be completely contrary to the intent of Congress in 
passing the EB-1A, EB-1B and NIW statutes to deny scientific 
researchers green cards who would otherwise be benefiting the lives of 
literally millions of U.S. citizens.
    Response: DHS disagrees that this rule is contrary to congressional 
intent in passing the EB-1A, EB-1B and NIW statutes. Congress did not 
exempt employment based EB-1A or EB-1B categories, or those seeking an 
NIW, from the public charge ground of inadmissibility.\219\ DHS neither 
has the

[[Page 41335]]

authority to exempt an applicant or a group of applicants for admission 
or adjustment of status from the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility where Congress has not already done so,\220\ nor has 
the authority to ignore the congressionally-mandated exemptions to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility. Because Congress has expressly 
exempted asylees and refugees from the public charge inadmissibility 
ground, DHS cannot remove this exemption. Further, because Congress did 
not specifically exempt EB-1A or EB-1B workers, or those with NIWs, 
from the public charge ground of inadmissibility, DHS may not create an 
exemption for them in this rule.\221\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \219\ See INA section 203(b)(1)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1153(b)(1)(A) 
(aliens with extraordinary ability) or INA section 203(b)(1)(B), 8 
U.S.C. 1153(b)(1)(B) (outstanding professors and researchers). See 
INA section 203(b)(2), 8 U.S.C. 1153(b)(2) (aliens who are members 
of the professions holding advance degrees or aliens of exceptional 
ability who are seeking a waiver of the job over in the national 
interest); see also comment USCIS 2010-0012-31111. The commenter 
explained that the work these individuals perform is of great 
importance to the United States and have a profound impact on the 
U.S. economies. However, the commenter indicated, a vast majority of 
these individuals who are conducting scientific research earn low 
salaries below the 250% threshold and may need to resort to using 
these types of benefits the proposed regulation is seeking to 
prohibit, especially for their U.S. citizen children. The commenter 
indicated that it would be contrary to congressional intent to apply 
public charge to these workers.
    \220\ As explained in the NPRM, DHS derives its statutory 
authority for this rule and its authority to promulgate regulation 
based on section 102 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Public 
Law 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, 2142-44 (Nov. 25, 2002) (codified at 6 
U.S.C. 112) and INA section 103, 8 U.S.C. 1103, as well as INA 
section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182 and the relevant statutory 
provisions governing immigration benefits. See Inadmissibility on 
Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51124 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \221\ Providing for an exemption where Congress does not 
expressly authorize one, as it does for other immigration benefits 
applicants under the INA, would be beyond the scope of DHS's 
authority. See Andrus v. Glover Const. Co., 446 U.S. 608, 616-17 
(1980) (``Where Congress explicitly enumerates certain exceptions to 
a general prohibition, additional exceptions are not to be implied, 
in the absence of a contrary legislative intent.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Violence Against Women Act, T, and U
    Comment: A commenter provided the statutory amendment history of 8 
U.S.C. Section 1641, and stated that VAWA, T, and U visa victims and 
all other immigrants covered by 8 U.S.C. 1641(c) cannot be subject to 
public charge under federal statutes. Another commenter indicated that 
the NPRM incorrectly applies the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility to applications for adjustment of status and extension 
of stay filed by T nonimmigrants. The commenter noted that both T 
nonimmigrant status seekers and T nonimmigrant status holders are 
exempt from the public charge ground of inadmissibility. The commenter 
also indicated that proposed 8 CFR 212.23(a)(17) should be amended to 
conform to section 804 of VAWA 2013,\222\ exempting T nonimmigrants 
seeking to adjust status to lawful permanent residence or to extend 
status from the public charge ground of inadmissibility. The commenter 
indicated that section 804 of VAWA 2013, granted the same exemptions 
from the public charge ground of inadmissibility to all foreign 
national victims who are ``qualified aliens'' under section 431(c) of 
PRWORA, 8 U.S.C. 1641(c), including T nonimmigrant status holders.\223\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \222\ See Public Law 113-4 (March 7, 2013).
    \223\ The commenter indicated that DHS correctly recognized the 
full extent of exceptions that the same provisions made for VAWA-
self petitioners, U visa applicants, and U visa holders for purposes 
of lawful permanent residency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS agrees that qualified aliens under 8 U.S.C. 1641(c) 
(certain battered aliens as qualified aliens) are generally not subject 
to the public charge inadmissibility ground. Section 212(a)(4)(E)(iii) 
of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(E)(iii), specifically excludes such 
individuals from the public charge ground.\224\ VAWA 2013, which added 
section 212(a)(4)(E)(iii) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(E)(iii), 
specifically excludes individuals such as qualified aliens described in 
8 U.S.C. 1641(c) (including T nonimmigrants and certain battered 
spouses and children of U.S. citizens), VAWA self-petitioners, and U 
nonimmigrants from sections 212(a)(4)(A), (B), and (C) of the INA, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(A), (B), and (C).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \224\ While INA section 212(a)(4)(E)(iii), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(E)(iii), excludes qualified aliens under 8 U.S.C. 1641(c) 
from public charge, that exclusion does not apply to the separate 
category of ``qualified aliens'' described in 8 U.S.C. 1641(b) who 
are subject to public charge unless otherwise subject to an 
exception.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Congress, however, did not include paragraph (D) among the 
exemptions in section 212(a)(4)(E) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(E). 
We must presume that Congress acted intentionally in requiring all 
aliens described in paragraph (D) to file the requisite affidavit of 
support, even if they are described in paragraph (E). The law does not 
permit DHS to add language to the statute. See, e.g., Lamie v. U.S. 
Tr., 540 U.S. 526, 538 (2004) (counseling against interpretative 
methodologies that yield ``not . . . a construction of [a] statute, 
but, in effect, an enlargement of it by the court, so that what was 
omitted, presumably by inadvertence, may be included within its 
scope''); Yith v. Nielsen, 881 F.3d 1155, 1164 (9th Cir. 2018) (``It is 
never our job to rewrite a constitutionally valid statutory text. 
Indeed it is quite mistaken to assume that whatever might appear to 
further the statute's primary objective must be the law.'' (citations, 
quotation marks, and alterations omitted)). Accordingly, in the 
unlikely event that an alien described in paragraph (E) is seeking 
admission or adjustment of status based on an immigrant visa issued 
under section 203(b) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1153(b), that individual must 
comply with the affidavit of support requirement in section 213A of the 
INA, 8 U.S.C. 1183a. Such individuals, however, would not need to 
demonstrate, as set forth in paragraphs 212(a)(4)(A) and (B), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(A) and (B), that he or she is not likely at any time to become a 
public charge. Those applicants would not need to submit Form I-944. As 
such, such applicants would only have to submit a sufficient affidavit 
of support described in section 213A of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1183a.
    For the reasons stated above, DHS is amending proposed 8 CFR 
212.23(a)(18), (19), (20), (21), and 8 CFR 212.23(b) in this final rule 
to clarify that aliens exempt under section 212(a)(4)(E) of the INA, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(E), that are adjusting status based on an employment-
based petition subject to section 212(a)(4)(D) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(D), that requires the execution of an affidavit of support 
as described in section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, are not exempt 
from the entirety of section 212(a)(4) of the INA, 1182(a)(4), as they 
are still subject to section 212(a)(4)(D) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(D).
    Applicants seeking T nonimmigrant status, T nonimmigrants applying 
for adjustment of status, and T nonimmigrants seeking another 
immigration benefit that requires admissibility, are generally exempt 
from the public charge ground of inadmissibility under section 
212(a)(4)(E) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(E). In accordance with 
section 804 of the VAWA 2013,\225\ which added new section 212(a)(4)(E) 
of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(E), individuals who have been granted T 
nonimmigrant status or have a pending application that sets forth a 
prima facie case for eligibility for T nonimmigrant status are 
generally exempt from the public charge inadmissibility determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \225\ See Public Law 113-4, 127 Stat 54 (Mar. 7, 2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Notwithstanding these changes, VAWA 2013 did not amend section 
245(l)(2) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1255(l)(2),\226\ which provides that DHS 
may waive the application of the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility if it is in the national interest to do so for a T 
nonimmigrant seeking to adjust status to lawful permanent residence 
under section 245(l) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1255(l). DHS concludes, 
however, that the VAWA 2013 amendments, which postdated the enactment 
of section 245(l)(2) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1255(l)(2),

[[Page 41336]]

are controlling. That is, DHS has determined that T nonimmigrants 
seeking to adjust status under section 245(a) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1255(a) (with a limited exception) and section 245(l) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1255(l) are not subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility for purposes of establishing eligibility for adjustment 
of status. However, for this exemption from public charge to apply, the 
T nonimmigrant must hold and be in valid T nonimmigrant status at the 
time the Form I-485 is properly filed in compliance with 8 CFR 
103.2(a)(7) and throughout the pendency of an application.\227\ For the 
reasons stated above, DHS is amending proposed 8 CFR 212.23(a)(17) in 
this final rule to clarify that T nonimmigrants seeking any immigration 
benefit subject to section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)--
except those described in section 212(a)(4)(D) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(D), who must file an affidavit of support--are exempt from 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility, provided that the T 
nonimmigrant seeking the immigration benefit is in valid T nonimmigrant 
status at the benefit request is properly filed with USCIS and at the 
time the benefit request is adjudicated.\228\ As section 212(a)(4)(E) 
of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(E), is an additional authority for 
exempting T nonimmigrants, DHS has revised the authority for the 
exemption to refer to sections 212(a)(4)(E) and 212(d)(13)(A) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(E), (d)(13)(A).\229\ Additionally, based on 
the same rationale provided above, DHS is also modifying current 8 CFR 
212.18(b)(2) and 8 CFR 245.23(c)(3) to accurately reflect changes 
codified by Congress in 2013 in relation to those having a pending 
prima facie case for status under section 101(a)(15)(T) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(T), or is in valid T nonimmigrant status at the time 
of filing for an immigration benefit, and to clarify that these 
individuals--with the limited exception described in INA 212(a)(4)(D), 
8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(D)--are not subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. As discussed further under the PRA section of this 
final rule, DHS is also making conforming changes to the Form I-601 
instructions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \226\ See INA section 245(l), 8 U.S.C. 1255(l), which was 
created by the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 
2000, Public Law 106-386, 114 Stat. 1464 (Oct. 8, 2000).
    \227\ See 8 CFR 103.2(b)(1) (an applicant or petitioner must 
establish that he or she is eligible for the requested benefits at 
the time of filing and the benefit request and must continue to be 
eligible through adjudication); see also Matter of Alarcon, 20 I&N 
Dec. 557, 562 (BIA 1992) (``an application for admission to the 
United States is a continuing application, and admissibility is 
determined on the basis of the facts and the law at the time the 
application is finally considered'').
    \228\ See 8 CFR 212.23(a)(17) and (18).
    \229\ See also INA section 212(s), 8 U.S.C. 1182(s) (excluding 
from the public charge determination consideration of benefits 
received by those eligible to receive benefits under 8 U.S.C. 
1641(c)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Individuals seeking U nonimmigrant status and U nonimmigrants 
seeking adjustment of status on account of their U nonimmigrant status 
are generally exempt from the public charge ground.\230\ In accordance 
with section 804 of the VAWA 2013,\231\ which added new section 
212(a)(4)(E) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(E), an individual who is 
an applicant for, or is granted U nonimmigrant status is exempt from 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility.\232\ However, for this 
exemption from public charge to apply, the U nonimmigrant must hold and 
be in valid U nonimmigrant status at the time the Form I-485 is 
properly filed in compliance with 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7) and throughout the 
pendency of an application.\233\ Therefore, DHS clarified in this final 
rule that these individuals are not subject to the public charge ground 
of inadmissibility when seeking an immigration benefit,\234\ to 
accurately reflect changes enacted by Congress in VAWA 2013. 
Additionally, VAWA self-petitioners are generally exempt from the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility.\235\ Similar to T 
nonimmigrants (and as described above), U nonimmigrants and VAWA self-
petitioners who are adjusting status under an employment-based category 
that is required to execute an affidavit of support described in 
section 213A, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, under 212(a)(4)(D) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(D), must still execute that affidavit of support to overcome 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \230\ See 8 CFR 212.23(a)(18).
    \231\ See Public Law 113-4, 127 Stat 54 (Mar. 7, 2013).
    \232\ See INA sections 212(a)(4)(E)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(E)(ii), which exclude from public charge determinations 
an applicants for, or individuals granted, nonimmigrant status under 
section 1101(a)(15)(U).
    \233\ See 8 CFR 103.2(b)(1) (An applicant or petitioner must 
establish that he or she is eligible for the requested benefits at 
the time of filing and the benefit request and must continue to be 
eligible through adjudication). See also Matter of Alarcon, 20 I&N 
Dec. 557, 562 (BIA 1992) (``an application for admission to the 
United States is a continuing application, and admissibility is 
determined on the basis of the facts and the law at the time the 
application is finally considered.'').
    \234\ See 8 CFR 212.23(a)(19).
    \235\ See 8 CFR 212.23(a)(21).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Summary of Applicability, Exemptions, and Waivers
    The following tables provide a summary of all nonimmigrant and 
immigrant classification and whether they are subject to the public 
charge inadmissibility determination and submit an I-944 or are subject 
to the public benefit condition for extension of stay and change of 
status nonimmigrants.

                Table 2--Summary of Nonimmigrant Categories Subject to Public Benefits Condition
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                            Subject to public
                                       Eligible to apply for    Eligible to apply for   benefit  condition under
                                         extension  of stay       change of  status          proposed  8 CFR
              Category                (i.e., may file  Form I- (i.e., may file  Form I-     214.1(a)(3)(iv),
                                        129 or Form I-539) *     129 or I-Form 539) *       214.1(a)(4)(iv);
                                                                                               248.1(c)(4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-1--Ambassador, Public Minister,     No. Not applicable as    Yes. Files I-539, 8 CFR  No. INA 102; 22 CFR
 Career Diplomat or Consular           admitted for Duration    248.1(a).                41.21(d).
 Officer, or Immediate Family; A-2--   of Status, 8 CFR
 Other Foreign Government Official     214.1(c)(3)(v).
 or Employee, or Immediate Family;
 INA 101(a)(15)(A), 22 CFR 41.21.
A-3--Attendant, Servant, or Personal  Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. INA 102; 22 CFR
 Employee of A-1 or A-2, or            8 CFR 214.1(c)(2).       8 CFR 248.1(a).          41.21(d)(3).
 Immediate Family; INA
 101(a)(15)(A), 22 CFR 41.21.
B-1--Temporary Visitor for Business;  Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 B-2--Temporary Visitor for            8 CFR 214.1(c)(2), 8     8 CFR 248.1(a).
 Pleasure; * not admitted under Visa   CFR 214.2(b)(1).
 Waiver Program; INA 101(a)(15)(B).

[[Page 41337]]

 
C-1--Alien in Transit; C-1/D--        No. 8 CFR                No. 8 CFR 248.2(a)(2),   Not Applicable as not
 Combined Transit and Crewmember       214.1(c)(3)(ii).         except for change to T   eligible for extension
 Visa; INA 101(a)(15)(C) and (D),                               and U, 8 CFR 248.2(b)    of stay or change of
 INA 212(d)(8).                                                 using Form I-914 or I-   status.
                                                                918.
C-2--Alien in Transit to United       No. Not applicable as    No, 8 CFR 248.2(a)(2),   No. 22 CFR 41.21(d).
 Nations Headquarters District Under   admitted for Duration    except for change to T
 Section 11.(3), (4), or (5) of the    of Status. 8 CFR         and U, 8 CFR 248.2(b)
 Headquarters Agreement; INA           214.1(c)(3)(ii).         using Form I-914 or I-
 101(a)(15)(C) and (D), INA                                     918.
 212(d)(8).
C-3--Foreign Government Official,     No. 8 CFR                No, 8 CFR 248.2(a)(2),   No. 22 CFR 41.21(d).
 Immediate Family, Attendant,          214.1(c)(3)(ii).         except for change to T
 Servant or Personal Employee, in                               and U, 8 CFR 248.2(b)
 Transit; INA 101(a)(15)(C) and (D),                            using Form I-914 or I-
 INA 212(d)(8).                                                 918.
CW-1--Commonwealth of Northern        Yes. Files Form I-       Yes. Files Form I-       Yes.
 Mariana Islands Transitional Worker   129CW, 8 CFR             129CW, 8 CFR 248.1(a);
 Section 6(d) of Public Law 94-241,    214.1(c)(2) and 8 CFR    8 CFR 214.2(w)(18).
 as added by Section 702(a) of         214.2(w)(17).
 Public Law 110-229. 8 CFR 214.2(w).
CW-2--Spouse or Child of CW-1.......  Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   ........................
                                       8 CFR 214.1(c)(2) and    8 CFR 248.1(a); 8 CFR
                                       8 CFR 214.2(w)(17)(v).   214.2(w)(18).
D--Crewmember (Sea or Air); D-2--     No. 8 CFR                No, 8 CFR 248.2(a)(2),   Yes.
 Crewmember departing from a           214.1(c)(3)(iii).        except for change to T
 different vessel than one of                                   and U, 248.2(b) using
 arrival; INA 101(a)(15)(D).                                    Form I-914 or Form I-
                                                                918.
E-1, E-2--Treaty Trader (Principal);  Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes, Files Form I-129,   Yes.
 INA 101(a)(15)(E).                    8 CFR 214.1(c)(1); 8     8 CFR 248.1(a), 8 CFR
                                       CFR 214.2(e)(20).        214.2(e)(21)(i).
E-1, E-2--Treaty Trader, Spouse or    Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 Child; INA 101(a)(15)(E).             8 CFR 214.1(c)(2).       8 CFR
                                                                214.2(e)(21)(ii),.
E-2-CNMI--Commonwealth of Northern    Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes.
 Mariana Islands Investor              8 CFR                    8 CFR 248.1(a), 8 CFR
 (Principal) Section 6(c) of Public    214.2(e)(23)(xii).       214.2(e)(23)(xiii).
 Law 94-241, as added by Section
 702(a) of Public Law 110-229.8 CFR
 214.2(e)(23).
E-2-CNMI--Commonwealth of Northern    Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 Mariana Islands Investor, Spouse or   8 CFR 214.1(c)(2).       8 CFR 248.1(a).
 Child Section 6(c) of Public Law 94-
 241, as added by Section 702(a) of
 Public Law 110-229. 8 CFR
 214.2(e)(23)(x).
E-3--Australian Treaty Alien coming   Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes.
 to the United States Solely to        8 CFR 214.1(c)(1) and    8 CFR 248.1(a).
 Perform Services in a Specialty       (2).
 Occupation.
E-3D--Spouse or Child of E-3; E-3R--  Yes. Files I-539, 8 CFR  Yes. Files I-539, 8 CFR  Yes.
 Returning E-3; INA                    214.1(c)(1) and (2).     248.1(a).
 101(a)(15)(E)(iii).
F-1--Student in an academic or        Yes, only if the F-1     Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 language training program             requesting               8 CFR 248.1(a),.
 (principal); INA 101(a)(15)(F).       reinstatement to F-1
                                       status or if the F-1
                                       received a date-
                                       specific admission to
                                       attend high school and
                                       is now seeking an
                                       extension to D/S to
                                       attend college. 8 CFR
                                       214.1(c)(3)(v); 8 CFR
                                       214.2(f)(7); 8 CFR
                                       214.2(f)(16).
F-2--Spouse or Child of F-1; INA      No, not applicable as    Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 101(a)(15)(F).                        admitted for Duration    8 CFR 214.2(f)(3).
                                       of Status. 8 CFR
                                       214.1(c)(3)(v); 8 CFR
                                       214.2(f)(3).

[[Page 41338]]

 
G-1--Principal Resident               No, not applicable as    Yes. Files Form I-539,   No. 22 CFR 41.21(d).
 Representative of Recognized          admitted for Duration    8 CFR 248.1(a).
 Foreign Government to International   of Status 8 CFR
 Organization, Staff, or Immediate     214.1(c)(3)(v).
 Family; G-2--Other Representative
 of Recognized Foreign Member
 Government to International
 Organization, or Immediate Family;
 G-3--Representative of
 Nonrecognized or Nonmember Foreign
 Government to International
 Organization, or Immediate Family;
 G-4--International Organization
 Officer or Employee, or Immediate
 Family; INA 101(a)(15)(G).
G-5--Attendant, Servant, or Personal  Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 Employee of G-1 through G-4, or       8 CFR 214.1(c)(2).       8 CFR 248.1(a).
 Immediate Family.
H-1B--Alien in a Specialty            Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129.8  Yes.
 Occupation, Fashion Models of         8 CFR 214.1(c)(1).       CFR 248.1(a).
 Distinguished Merit and Ability,
 and workers performing services of
 exceptional merit and ability
 relating to a Department of Defense
 (DOD) cooperative research and
 development project; INA
 101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b); Section 222 of
 Pub. L. 101-649.
H-1B1--Chilean or Singaporean         Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129.   Yes.
 National to Work in a Specialty       8 CFR 214.1(c)(1).       8 CFR 248.1(a).
 Occupation; INA
 101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b1).
H-1C \236\--Nurse in health           Yes. Filed Form I-129,   Yes. Filed Form I-129,   Yes.
 professional shortage area; INA       8 CFR                    8 CFR
 101(a)(15)(H)(i)(c).                  212.2(h)(4)(v)(E).       212.2(h)(4)(v)(E).
H-2A--Temporary Worker Performing     Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129..  Yes.
 Agricultural Services Unavailable     8 CFR 214.1(c)(1).
 in the United States; INA
 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a).
H-2B--Temporary Worker Performing     Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129..  Yes.
 Other Services Unavailable in the     8 CFR 214.1(c)(1).
 United States; INA
 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(b).
H-3--Trainee; INA 101(a)(15)(H)(iii)  Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-539..  Yes.
                                       8 CFR 214.1(c)(1).
H-4--Spouse or Child of Alien         Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539.   Yes.
 Classified H1B/B1/C, H2A/B, or H-3;   8 CFR 214.1(c)(2).       8 CFR 248.1(a).
 INA 101(a)(15)(H)(iv).
I--Representative of Foreign          No, not applicable as    Yes. Files Form I-539..  Yes.
 Information Media, Spouse and         admitted for Duration
 Child; INA 101(a)(15)(I).             of Status 8 CFR
                                       214.1(c)(3)(v).
J-1--Exchange Visitor; J-2--Spouse    No, not applicable, as   Yes, subject to          Yes.
 or Child of J1; INA 101(a)(15)(J).    generally admitted for   receiving a waiver of
                                       Duration of Status       the foreign residence
                                       \237\ 8 CFR              requirement, if
                                       214.1(c)(3)(v).          necessary, Files I-
                                                                539. 8 CFR
                                                                248.2(a)(4); may apply
                                                                for change to T and U,
                                                                using for Form I-914
                                                                or I-918, 8 CFR
                                                                248.2(b).
K-1--Fiance(e) of United States       No. 8 CFR                No. 8 CFR 248.2(a)(2)    Not Applicable.
 Citizen; K-2--Child of Fiance(e) of   214.1(c)(3)(iv).         except for change to T
 U.S. Citizen; INA 101(a)(15)(K).                               and U, 248.2(b) using
                                                                Form I-914 or I-918.
K-3--Spouse of U.S. Citizen awaiting  Yes. Files Form I-539,   No. 8 CFR 248.2(2)       Yes.
 availability of immigrant visa; K-    8 CFR 214.1(c)(2) and    except for change to T
 4--Child of K-3; INA 101(a)(15)(K).   8 CFR 214.2(k)(10).      and U, 248.2(b) using
                                                                Form I-914 or I-918.
L-1--Intracompany Transferee          Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes.
 (Executive, Managerial, and           8 CFR 214.1(c)(1).       8 CFR 248.1(a).
 Specialized Knowledge Personnel
 Continuing Employment with
 International Firm or Corporation);
 INA 101(a)(15)(L).
L-2--Spouse or Child of Intracompany  Yes. Files I-539 8 CFR   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 Transferee.                           214.1(c)(1) and (2).     8 CFR 248.1(a).
M-1--Vocational Student or Other      Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539.   Yes.
 Nonacademic Student; INA              8 CFR 214.1(c)(2).       Not eligible if
 101(a)(15)(M).                                                 requesting F-1, 8 CFR
                                                                248.1(c)(1).

[[Page 41339]]

 
M-2--Spouse or Child of M-1; INA      Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539..  Yes.
 101(a)(15)(M).                        8 CFR 214.1(c)(2).
N-8--Parent of an Alien Classified    Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 SK3 (Unmarried Child Employee of      8 CFR 214.1(c)(2).       8 CFR 248.1(e).
 International Organization) or SN-
 3; N-9--Child of N-8 or of SK-1
 (Retired Employee International
 Organization), SK-2 (Spouse), SK-4
 (surviving spouse), SN-1 (certain
 retired NATO 6 civilian employee),
 SN-2 (spouse) or SN-4 (surviving
 spouse); INA 101(a)(15)(N).
NATO-1--Principal Permanent           No, not applicable as    Yes. Files Form I-539,   No. INA 102; 22 CFR
 Representative of Member State to     admitted for Duration    8 CFR 248.1(a).          41.21(d).
 NATO (including any of its            of Status 8 CFR
 Subsidiary Bodies) Resident in the    214.1(c)(3)(v).
 U.S. and Resident Members of
 Official Staff; Secretary General,
 Assistant Secretaries General, and
 Executive Secretary of NATO; Other
 Permanent NATO Officials of Similar
 Rank, or Immediate Family Art. 12,
 5 UST 1094; Art. 20, 5 UST 1098.
NATO-2--Other Representative of       No, not applicable as    Yes. Files Form I-539,   No. INA 102; 22 CFR
 member state to NATO (including any   admitted for Duration    8 CFR 248.1(a).          41.21(d).
 of its Subsidiary Bodies) including   of Status 8 CFR
 Representatives, Advisers, and        214.1(c)(3)(v).
 Technical Experts of Delegations,
 or Immediate Family; Dependents of
 Member of a Force Entering in
 Accordance with the Provisions of
 the NATO Status-of-Forces Agreement
 or in Accordance with the
 provisions of the ``Protocol on the
 Status of International Military
 Headquarters''; Members of Such a
 Force if Issued Visas Art. 13, 5
 UST 1094; Art. 1, 4 UST 1794; Art.
 3, 4 UST 1796.
NATO-3--Official Clerical Staff       No, not applicable as    Yes. Files Form I-539,   No. INA 102; 22 CFR
 Accompanying Representative of        admitted for Duration    8 CFR 248.1(a).          41.21(d).
 Member State to NATO (including any   of Status 8 CFR
 of its Subsidiary Bodies), or         214.1(c)(3)(v).
 Immediate Family Art. 14, 5 UST
 1096.
NATO-4--Official of NATO (Other Than  No, not applicable as    Yes. Files Form I-539,   No. INA 102; 22 CFR
 Those Classifiable as NATO1), or      admitted for Duration    8 CFR 248.1(a).          41.21(d).
 Immediate Family Art. 18, 5 UST       of Status 8 CFR
 1098.                                 214.1(c)(3)(v).
NATO-5--Experts, Other Than NATO      No, not applicable as    Yes. Files Form I-539,   No. INA 102; 22 CFR
 Officials Classifiable Under NATO     admitted for Duration    8 CFR 248.1(a).          41.21(d).
 4, Employed in Missions on Behalf     of Status 8 CFR
 of NATO, and their Dependents Art.    214.1(c)(3)(v).
 21, 5 UST 1100.
NATO-6--Member of a Civilian          No, not applicable as    Yes. Files Form I-539,   No. INA 102; 22 CFR
 Component Accompanying a Force        admitted for Duration    8 CFR 248.1(a).          41.21(d).
 Entering in Accordance with the       of Status 8 CFR
 Provisions of the NATO Status-of-     214.1(c)(3)(v).
 Forces Agreement; Member of a
 Civilian Component Attached to or
 Employed by an Allied Headquarters
 Under the ``Protocol on the Status
 of International Military
 Headquarters'' Set Up Pursuant to
 the North Atlantic Treaty; and
 their Dependents Art. 1, 4 UST
 1794; Art. 3, 5 UST 877.
NATO 7--Attendant, Servant, or        Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   No. INA 102; 22 CFR
 Personal Employee of NATO 1, NATO     8 CFR 214.2(s)(1)(ii)..  8 CFR 248.1(a).          41.21(d).
 2, NATO 3, NATO 4, NATO 5, and NATO
 6 Classes, or Immediate Family
 Arts. 12-20, 5 UST 1094-1098.

[[Page 41340]]

 
O-1--Alien with Extraordinary         Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes.
 Ability in Sciences, Arts,            8 CFR 214.1(c)(1).       8 CFR 248.1(a).
 Education, Business or Athletics or
 Extraordinary Achievement in the
 Motion Picture or Television
 Industry; O-2--Essential Support
 Workers Accompanying and Assisting
 in the Artistic or Athletic
 Performance by O-1 INA
 101(a)(15)(O).
O-3--Spouse or Child of O-1 or O-2    Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 INA 101(a)(15)(O).                    8 CFR 214.1(c)(1) and    8 CFR 248.1(a).
                                       (2).
P-1--Internationally Recognized       Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes.
 Athlete or Member of                  8 CFR 213.1(c)(3)(i).    8 CFR 248.1(a).
 Internationally Recognized
 Entertainment Group; P-2--Artist or
 Entertainer in a Reciprocal
 Exchange Program; P-3--Artist or
 Entertainer in a Culturally Unique
 Program INA 101(a)(15)(P); P-1S/P-
 2S/P-3S--Essential Support Workers
 8 CFR 214.2(p).
P-4--Spouse or Child of P-1, P-2, or  Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 P-3; INA 101(a)(15)(P).               8 CFR 214.1(c) (1) and   8 CFR 248.1(a).
                                       (2).
Q-1--Participant in an International  Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes.
 Cultural Exchange Program; INA        8 CFR 213.1(c)(3)(i).    8 CFR 248.1(a).
 101(a)(15)(Q)(i).
R-1--Alien in a Religious             Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes.
 Occupation; INA 101(a)(15)(R).        8 CFR 213.1(c)(3)(i).    8 CFR 248.1(a).
R-2--Spouse or Child of R-1; INA      Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 101(a)(15)(R).                        8 CFR 214.1(c)(1) and    8 CFR 248.1(a).
                                       (2).
S-5--Certain Aliens Supplying         No. 8 CFR                No. 8 CFR 248.2(2)       Yes.
 Critical Information Relating to a    213.1(c)(3)(vi).         except for change to T
 Criminal Organization or                                       and U, 248.2(b) using
 Enterprise; S-6--Certain Aliens                                Form I-914 or I-918.
 Supplying Critical Information
 Relating to Terrorism; S-7--
 Qualified Family Member of S-5 or S-
 6 INA 101(a)(15)(S).
T-1--Victim of a severe form of       Yes. Files Form I-539.   Yes. Files Form I-539,   No.
 trafficking in persons; INA           INA Sec.                 8 CFR 248.1(a).
 101(a)(15)(T).                        214(o)(7)(B); 8 CFR
                                       214.11(l)(1) and (2);
                                       8 CFR 214.1(c)(2).
T-2--Spouse of T-1; T-3--Child of T-  Yes. Files Form I-539.   Yes. Files Form Files I- No.
 1; T-4--Parent of T-1 under 21        INA 214(o)(7)(B); 8      539, 8 CFR 248.1(a).
 years of age; T-5--Unmarried          CFR 214.1(c)(2).
 Sibling under age 18 of T-1; T-6--
 Adult or Minor Child of a
 Derivative Beneficiary of a T-1;
 INA 101(a)(15)(T).
TN--NAFTA Professional; INA           Yes. Files Form I-129,   Yes. Files Form Files I- Yes.
 214(e)(2).                            8 CFR 214.1(c)(1).       129, 8 CFR 248.1(a).
TD--Spouse or Child of NAFTA          Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 Professional; INA 214(e)(2).          8 CFR 214.1(c)(2).       8 CFR 248.1(a).
U-1--Victim of criminal activity; U-  Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   No.
 2--Spouse of U-1; U-3--Child of U-    8 CFR 214.1(c)(2); 8     8 CFR 248.1(a).
 1; U-4--Parent of U-1 under 21        CFR 214.14(g)(2).
 years of age; U-5--Unmarried
 Sibling under age 18 of U-1 under
 21 years of age; INA 101(a)(15)(U).
V-1--Spouse of a Lawful Permanent     Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes. Files Form I-539,   Yes.
 Resident Alien Awaiting               8 CFR 214.1(c)(2); 8     8 CFR 248.1(a);
 Availability of Immigrant Visa; V-    CFR 214.15(g)(3).        214.15(g)(3).
 2--Child of a Lawful Permanent
 Resident Alien Awaiting
 Availability of Immigrant Visa; V-
 3--Child of a V-1 or V-2 INA
 101(a)(15)(V)(i) or INA
 101(a)(15)(V)(ii); INA 203(d).

[[Page 41341]]

 
W-B--Visa Waiver for visitor for      No. 8 CFR                No, except for change    Not Applicable.
 business; W-T--visitor for            214.1(c)(3)(i) and       to T and U, using Form
 pleasure, Visa Waiver Program; INA    214.1(c)(3)(viii).       I-914 or I-918; INA
 217.                                                           248.2(b).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Includes questions on Form I-129 and Form I-539 about receipt of public benefits since the nonimmigrant status
  was approved. Whether the alien must file and I-129 or an I-539 depends on the status the alien is applying to
  change to or extend. If more than one person is applying using the I-539 application, the Form I-539A,
  Supplemental Information for Application to extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status, is submitted to provide all of
  the requested information for each additional applicant listed.

     
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \236\ This classification can no longer be sought as of December 
20, 2009. See the Nursing Relief for Disadvantaged Areas 
Reauthorization Act of 2005, Public Law 109-423.
    \237\ J nonimmigrant who are admitted for a specific time period 
are not eligible for an extension of stay.
    \238\ Applicants who filed a Form I-485 prior to December 19, 
1997 are exempt from the Affidavit of Support requirement. See 
Public Law 104-208, div. C., section 531(b), 110 Stat. 3009-546, 
3009-675 (Sept. 30, 1996); 8 CFR 213a.2(a)(2)(i) (adjustment 
applicants) and 213a.2(a)(2)(ii)(B) (applicants for admission). 
Aliens who acquired citizenship under section 320 of the Act upon 
admission to the United States are exempt from submitting an 
affidavit of support. See 8 CFR 213a.2(a)(2)(ii)(E); Child 
Citizenship Act, Public Law 106-395, section 101, 114 Stat. 1631, 
1631 (Oct. 30, 2000) (amending INA section 320). In addition, the 
surviving spouses, children, and parents of a deceased member of the 
military who obtain citizenship posthumously are exempt from a 
public charge determination. See National Defense Authorization Act 
For Fiscal Year 2004, Public Law 108-136, section 1703(e), 117 Stat. 
1392, 1695 (Nov. 24, 2003). An alien who meets the conditions of new 
8 CFR 212.23(a)(18), (19), (20), or (21) (e.g., certain T 
nonimmigrants, U nonimmigrants, and VAWA self-petitioners) are 
exempt from the public charge inadmissibility ground and the 
affidavit of support requirement, and therefore do not need to File 
Form I-944 or Form I-864 regardless of what category the alien 
adjusts under.
    \239\ Including the following categories: IR-6 Spouses; IR-7 
Children; CR-7 Children, conditional; IH-8 Children adopted abroad 
under the Hague Adoption Convention; IH-9 Children coming to the 
United States to be adopted under the Hague Adoption Convention; IR-
8 Orphans adopted abroad; IR-9 Orphans coming to the United States 
to be adopted; IR-0 Parents of adult U.S. citizens. Note children 
adopted abroad generally do not apply for adjustment of status.
    \240\ Including the following categories: A-16 Unmarried 
Amerasian sons/daughters of U.S. citizens; F-16 Unmarried sons/
daughters of U.S. citizens; A-17 Children of A-11 or A-16; F-17 
Children of F-11 or F-16; B-17 Children of B-11 or B-16.
    \241\ Including the following categories: F-26 Spouses of alien 
residents, subject to country limits; C-26 Spouses of alien 
residents, subject to country limits, conditional; FX-6 Spouses of 
alien residents, exempt from country limits; CX-6 Spouses of alien 
residents, exempt from country limits, conditional; F-27 Children of 
alien residents, subject to country limits; C-28 Children of C-26, 
or C-27, subject to country limits, conditional; B-28 Children of B-
26, or B-27, subject to country limits; F-28 Children of F-26, or F-
27, subject to country limits; C-20 Children of C-29, subject to 
country limits, conditional; B-20 Children of B-29, subject to 
country limits; F-20 Children of F-29, subject to country limits; C-
27 Children of alien residents, subject to country limits, 
conditional; FX-7 Children of alien residents, exempt from country 
limits; CX-8 Children of CX-7, exempt from country limits, 
conditional; FX-8 Children of FX-7, or FX-8, exempt from country 
limits; CX-7 Children of alien residents, exempt from country 
limits, conditional; F-29 Unmarried sons/daughters of alien 
residents, subject to country limits; C-29 Unmarried children of 
alien residents, subject to country limits, conditional.
    \242\ Including the following categories: A-36 Married Amerasian 
sons/daughters of U.S. citizens; F-36 Married sons/daughters of U.S. 
citizens; C-36 Married sons/daughters of U.S. citizens, conditional; 
A-37 Spouses of A-31 or A-36; F-37 Spouses of married sons/daughters 
of U.S. citizens; C-37 Spouses of married sons/daughters of U.S. 
citizens, conditional; B-37 Spouses of B-31 or B-36; A-38 Children 
of A-31 or A-36, subject to country limits; F-38 Children of married 
sons/daughters of U.S. citizens; C-38 Children of C-31 or C-36, 
subject to country limits, conditional; B-38 Children of B-31 or B-
36, subject to country limits.
    \243\ Includes the following categories: F-46 Brothers/sisters 
of U.S. citizens, adjustments; F-47 Spouses of brothers/sisters of 
U.S. citizens, adjustments; F-48 Children of brothers/sisters of 
U.S. citizens, adjustments.
    \244\ Includes the following categories: CF-1 Spouses, entered 
as fiance(e), adjustments conditional; IF-1 Spouses, entered as 
fiance(e), adjustments.
    \245\ Includes the following categories: Immediate Relative AR-6 
Children, Amerasian, First Preference: A-16 Unmarried Amerasian 
sons/daughters of U.S. citizens; Third Preference A-36 Married 
Amerasian sons/daughters of U.S. citizens; See INA 204(f). Note that 
this program does not have a specific sunset date and technically 
applicants could apply but should have already applied.

  Table 3--Applicability of INA 212(a)(4) to Family-Based Adjustment of
                        Status Applications \238\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Subject to INA     INA 213A and Form
                                  212(a)(4) and must   I-864,  affidavit
                                    file Form I-944,   of support under
            Category                Declaration of      section 213A of
                                   Self-Sufficiency?  the INA,  required
                                           *              or exempt?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Immediate Relatives of U.S.       Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Required. INA
 citizens including spouses,                           212(a)(4)(C).
 children and parents \239\.
Family-Based First Preference:    Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Required. INA
 Unmarried sons/daughters of                           212(a)(4)(C).
 U.S. citizens and their
 children \240\.
Family-Preference Second:         Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Required. INA
 Spouses, children, and                                212(a)(4)(C).
 unmarried sons/daughters of
 alien residents \241\.
Family Preference Third: Married  Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Required. INA
 sons/daughters of U.S. citizens                       212(a)(4)(C).
 and their spouses and children
 \242\.
Family Preference Fourth:         Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Required. INA
 Brothers/sisters of U.S.                              212(a)(4)(C).
 citizens (at least 21 years of
 age) and their spouses and
 children \243\.
Fianc[eacute], * admitted as      Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Required. INA
 nonimmigrant K-1/K2 \244\.                            212(a)(4)(C).
Amerasians based on preference    Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Exempt. Amerasian
 category-born between December                        Act, Public Law
 31, 1950 and before October 22,                       97-359 (Oct. 22,
 1982 \245\.                                           1982).

[[Page 41342]]

 
Amerasians, born in Vietnam       No. (I-360 and      Exempt. Section
 between 1/1/62-1/1/76.            adjustment)         584 of the
 Immediate Relative: AM-6, AR-6    Section 584 of      Foreign
 Children; Amerasians under        the Foreign         Operations,
 Amerasian Homecoming Act,         Operations,         Export Financing,
 Public Law 100-202 (Dec. 22,      Export Financing,   and Related
 1987) \246\--born between 1/1/    and Related         Programs
 1962-1/1/1976.                    Programs            Appropriations
                                   Appropriations      Act of 1988,
                                   Act of 1988,        Public Law 100-
                                   Public Law 100-     202.
                                   202.
IW-6 Spouses, widows or widowers  Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Exempt. 8 CFR
                                                       204.2 and 71 FR
                                                       35732.
Immediate Relative VAWA           No. INA             Exempt. INA
 applicant, including spouses      212(a)(4)(E).       212(a)(4)(E).
 and children \247\.
First Preference VAWA, B-16       No. INA             Exempt. INA
 Unmarried sons/daughters of       212(a)(4)(C)(i).    212(a)(4)(C)(i).
 U.S. citizens, self-
 petitioning; B-17 Children of B-
 16.
Second Preference VAWA            No. INA             Exempt. INA
 applicant, including spouses      212(a)(4)(C)(i).    212(a)(4)(C)(i).
 and children \248\.
Third Preference VAWA. Married    No. INA             Exempt. INA
 son/daughters of U.S. citizen,    212(a)(4)(C)(i).    212(a)(4)(C)(i).
 including spouses and children
 \249\.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* If found inadmissible based on the public charge ground, USCIS, at its
  discretion, may permit the alien to post a public charge bond (Form I-
  945). A public charge bond may be cancelled (Form I-356) upon the
  death, naturalization (or otherwise obtaining U.S. citizenship),
  permanent departure of the alien, or otherwise as outlined in proposed
  8 CFR 213.1(g), if the alien did not receive any public benefits as
  defined in the proposed rule.

     
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \246\ Includes the following categories: AM-1 principal (born 
between 1/1/1962-1/1/1976); AM-2 Spouse, AM-3 child; AR-1 child of 
U.S. citizen born Cambodia, Korea, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam. Note 
that this program does not have a specific sunset date and 
technically applicants could apply but should have already applied.
    \247\ Includes the following categories: IB-6 Spouses, self-
petitioning; IB-7 Children, self-petitioning; IB-8 Children of IB-1 
or IB-6; IB-0 Parents battered or abused, of U.S. citizens, self-
petitioning.
    \248\ Includes the following categories: B-26 Spouses of alien 
residents, subject to country limits, self-petitioning; BX-6 Spouses 
of alien residents, exempt from country limits, self-petitioning; B-
27 Children of alien residents, subject to country limits, self-
petitioning; BX-7 Children of alien residents, exempt from country 
limits, self-petitioning; BX-8 Children of BX-6, or BX-7, exempt 
from country limits; B-29 Unmarried sons/daughters of alien 
residents, subject to country limits, self-petitioning.
    \249\ Includes the following categories: B-36 Married sons/
daughters of U.S. citizens, self-petitioning B-37 Spouses of B-36, 
adjustments; B-38 Children of B-36, subject to country limits; Third 
Preference VAWA; B-36 Married sons/daughters of U.S. citizens, self-
petitioning; B-37 Spouses of B-36, adjustments B-38 Children of B-
36, subject to country limits; Third Preference VAWA; B-37 Spouses 
of B-36, adjustments; B-38 Children of B-36, subject to country 
limits.
    \250\ An alien who meets the conditions of new 8 CFR 
212.23(a)(18), (19), (20), or (21) (e.g., certain T nonimmigrants, U 
nonimmigrants, and VAWA self-petitioners) are exempt from the public 
charge inadmissibility ground and the affidavit of support 
requirement, and therefore do not need to File Form I-944 or Form I-
864 regardless of what category the alien adjusts under.
    \251\ Includes the following categories: E-16 Aliens with 
extraordinary ability; E-17 Outstanding professors or researchers; 
E-18 Certain Multinational executives or managers; E-19 Spouses of 
E-11, E-12, E-13, E-16, E-17, or E-18; E-10 Children of E-11, E-12, 
E-13, E-16, E-17, or E-18.
    \252\ If the alien is adjusting based on an employment-based 
petition where the petition is filed by either a qualifying 
relative, or an entity in which such relative has a significant 
ownership interest (5% or more), and the alien, at both the time of 
filing and adjudication of the Form I-485, also falls under a 
category exempted under INA section 212(a)(4)(E), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(E), (e.g., T nonimmigrants, U nonimmigrants, and VAWA 
self-petitioners) the alien does not need to file Form I-944 (but is 
still required to file Form I-864).
    \253\ Relative means a husband, wife, father, mother, child, 
adult son, adult daughter, brother, or sister. Significant ownership 
interest means an ownership interest of five percent or more in a 
for-profit entity that filed an immigrant visa petition to accord a 
prospective employee an immigrant status under section 203(b) of the 
Act. See 8 CFR.213a.1.
    \254\ Includes the following categories: E-26 Professionals 
holding advanced degrees; ES-6 Soviet scientists E-27 Spouses of E-
21 or E-26; E-28 Children of E-21 or E-26.
    \255\ If the alien is adjusting based on an employment-based 
petition where the petition is filed by either a qualifying 
relative, or an entity in which such relative has a significant 
ownership interest (five percent or more), and the alien, at both 
the time of filing and adjudication of the Form I-485, also falls 
under a category exempted under INA section 212(a)(4)(E), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(E), (e.g., T nonimmigrants, U nonimmigrants, and VAWA 
self-petitioners) the alien does not need to file Form I-944 (but is 
still required to file Form I-864).

 Table 4--Applicability of INA 212(a)(4) to Employment-Based Adjustment
                      of Status Applications \250\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Subject to INA    INA 213A, and Form
                                  212(a)(4) and must   I-864,  Affidavit
                                   file Form I-944,    of Support under
            Category                Declaration of      section 213A of
                                   Self-Sufficiency?  the INA,  required
                                           *              or exempt?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
First Preference: Priority        Yes, in             Exempt, unless
 workers \251\.                    general.\252\ INA   qualifying
                                   212(a)(4).          relative or
                                                       entity in which
                                                       such relative has
                                                       a significant
                                                       ownership
                                                       interest (5% or
                                                       more) \253\ in
                                                       filed Form I-140.
                                                       INA 212(a)(4)(D),
                                                       8 CFR 213a.
Second Preference: Professionals  Yes in              Exempt, unless
 with advanced degrees or aliens   general.\255\ INA   qualifying
 of exceptional ability \254\.     212(a)(4).          relative or
                                                       entity in which
                                                       such relative has
                                                       a significant
                                                       ownership
                                                       interest (5% or
                                                       more) in filed
                                                       Form I-140. INA
                                                       212(a)(4)(D), 8
                                                       CFR 213a.

[[Page 41343]]

 
Third: Skilled workers,           Yes in              Exempt, unless
 professionals, and other          general.\257\ INA   qualifying
 workers \256\.                    212(a)(4).          relative or
                                                       entity in which
                                                       such relative has
                                                       a significant
                                                       ownership
                                                       interest (5% or
                                                       more) in filed
                                                       Form I-140. INA
                                                       212(a)(4)(D), 8
                                                       CFR 213a.
Fifth: I-526 Immigrant Petition   Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Not
 by Alien Entrepreneur (EB-5)                          Applicable.\259\
 INA 203(b)(5), 8 CFR 204.6
 \258\.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* If found inadmissible based on the public charge ground, USCIS, at its
  discretion, may permit the alien to post a public charge bond (Form I-
  945). A public charge bond may be cancelled (Form I-356) upon the
  death, naturalization (or otherwise obtaining U.S. citizenship),
  permanent departure of the alien, or upon the fifth year of the
  alien's anniversary of the adjustment of status, or, if the alien,
  following the initial grant of lawful permanent resident status,
  obtains a status that is exempt from the public charge ground of
  inadmissibility, and provided that the alien did not receive any
  public benefits as defined in the proposed rule.

     
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \256\ Includes the following categories: EX-6 Schedule--A 
worker; EX-7 Spouses of EX-6; EX-8 Children of EX-6; E-36 Skilled 
workers; E-37 Professionals with baccalaureate degrees; E-39 Spouses 
of E-36, or E-37; E-30 Children of E-36, or E-37; EW-8 Other 
workers; EW-0 Children of EW-8; EW-9 Spouses of EW-8; EC-6 Chinese 
Student Protection Act (CSPA) principals; EC-7 Spouses of EC-6; EC-8 
Children of EC-6.
    \257\ If the alien is adjusting based on an employment-based 
petition where the petition is filed by either a qualifying 
relative, or an entity in which such relative has a significant 
ownership interest (5% or more), and the alien, at both the time of 
filing and adjudication of the Form I-485, also falls under a 
category exempted under INA section 212(a)(4)(E), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(E), (e.g., T nonimmigrants, U nonimmigrants, and VAWA 
self-petitioners) the alien does not need to file Form I-944 (but is 
still required to file Form I-864).
    \258\ Includes the following categories: C-56 Employment 
creation, not in targeted area, adjustments, conditional E-56 
Employment creation; I-56 Employment creation, targeted area, pilot 
program, adjustments, conditional; T-56 Employment creation, 
targeted area, conditional; R-56 Investor pilot program, not 
targeted, conditional; C-57 Spouses of C-51 or C-56, conditional; E-
57 Spouses of E-51 or E-56; I-57 Spouses of I-51 or I-56, 
conditional; T-57 Spouses of T-51 or T-56, conditional; R-57 Spouses 
of R-51 or R-56, conditional; C-58 Children of C-51 or C-56, 
conditional; E-58 Children of E-51 or E-56; I-58 Children of I-51 or 
I-56, conditional; T-58 Children of T-51 or T-56, conditional; R-58 
Children of R-51 or R-56, conditional.
    \259\ EB-5 applicants are Form I-526, Immigrant Petition by 
Alien Entrepreneur, self-petitioners. The regulation at 8 CFR 213a.1 
relates to a person having ownership interest in an entity filing 
for a prospective employee and therefore the requirements for an 
affidavit of support under INA section 212(a)(4)(D) is inapplicable.
    \260\ Includes the following categories: SD-6 Ministers; SD-7 
Spouses of SD-6; SD-8 Children of SD-6; SR-6 Religious workers; SR-7 
Spouses of SR-6; SR-8 Children of SR-6.
    \261\ For this category, although the applicants are subject to 
public charge under INA section 212(a)(4), the employers (for 
example, a religious institution), would generally not be a relative 
of the alien or a for-profit entity and therefore the requirements 
for an affidavit of support under INA section 212(a)(4)(D) is 
inapplicable.
    \262\ Includes the following categories: SE-6 Employees of U.S. 
government abroad, adjustments; SE-7 Spouses of SE-6; SE-8 Children 
of SE-6. Note that this program does not have a specific sunset date 
and technically applicants could apply but should have already 
applied.
    \263\ For this category, although the applicants are subject to 
public charge under INA section 212(a)(4), the employers (for 
example, the U.S. armed forces), would generally not be a relative 
of the alien or a for-profit entity and therefore the requirements 
for an affidavit of support under INA section 212(a)(4)(D) is 
inapplicable.
    \264\ Includes the following categories: SF-6 Former employees 
of the Panama Canal Company or Canal Zone Government; SF-7 Spouses 
or children of SF-6; SG-6 Former U.S. government employees in the 
Panama Canal Zone; SG-7 Spouses or children of SG-6; SH-6 Former 
employees of the Panama Canal Company or Canal Zone government, 
employed on April 1, 1979; SH-7 Spouses or children of SH-6. Note 
that this program does not have a specific sunset date and 
technically applicants could apply but should have already applied.
    \265\ For this category, although the applicants are subject to 
public charge under INA section 212(a)(4), the employers generally 
would not be a relative of the alien or a for-profit entity and 
therefore the requirements for an affidavit of support under INA 
section 212(a)(4)(D) is inapplicable.
    \266\ Includes the following categories: SJ-6 Foreign medical 
school graduate who was licensed to practice in the United States on 
Jan. 9, 1978; SJ-7 Spouses or children of SJ-6; Note that this 
program does not have a specific sunset date and technically 
applicants could apply but should have already applied.
    \267\ For this category, although the applicants are subject to 
public charge under INA section 212(a)(4), the employers would 
generally not be a relative of the alien or a for-profit entity and 
therefore the requirements for an affidavit of support under INA 
section 212(a)(4)(D) is inapplicable.

 Table 5--Applicability of INA 212(a)(4) to Special Immigrant Adjustment
                          of Status Application
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Subject to INA    INA 213A, and Form
                                  212(a)(4) and must   I-864,  Affidavit
                                   file Form I-944,    of Support under
            Category                Declaration of      section 213A of
                                   Self-Sufficiency?  the INA,  required
                                           *              or exempt?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Special Immigrant (EB-4)--        Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Not
 Religious Workers. 8 CFR                              Applicable.\261\
 204.5(m); INA 101(a)(27)(C)
 \260\.
Special Immigrant (EB-4)--        Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Not
 International employees of U.S.                       Applicable.\263\
 government abroad. INA
 101(a)(27)(D), 22 CFR
 42.32(d)(2) \262\.
Special Immigrant (EB-4)--        Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Not
 Employees of Panama Canal. 22                         Applicable.\265\
 CFR 42.32(d)(3); INA
 101(a)(27)(E), INA
 101(a)(27)(F), and INA
 101(a)(27)(G) \264\.
Special Immigrant (EB-4)--        Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Not
 Foreign Medical School                                Applicable.\267\
 Graduates. INA 101(a)(27)(H),
 INA 203(b)(4) \266\.

[[Page 41344]]

 
Special Immigrant (EB-4)--        Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Not
 Retired employees of                                  Applicable.\270\
 International Organizations
 including G-4 International
 Organization Officer.
 International Organizations (G-
 4s international organization
 officer/Retired G-4 Employee)
 INA 101(a)(27)(I) and INA
 101(a)(27)(L); 8 CFR 101.5; 22
 CFR 42.32(d)(5); 22 CFR 41.24;
 22 CFR 41.25 \268\ \269\.
Special Immigrant (EB-4)--SL-6    No. SIJ are exempt  Not Applicable.
 Juvenile court dependents,        under 245(h).       INA 245(h).
 adjustments.
Special Immigrant (EB-4)--U.S.    Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Not
 Armed Forces Personnel. INA                           Applicable.\272\
 101(a)(27)(K) \271\.
Special Immigrant--International  Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Not
 Broadcasters. INA                                     Applicable.\274\
 101(a)(27)(M); 8 CFR 204.13
 \273\.
Special Immigrant (EB-4)--        No. Section         Exempt. Section
 Special immigrant interpreters    1059(a)(2) of the   602(b)(9) of the
 who are nationals of Iraq or      National Defense    Afghan Allies
 Afghanistan \275\.                Authorization Act   Protection Act of
                                   for Fiscal Year     2009, Title VI of
                                   2006, as amended;   Public Law 111-8,
                                   Public Law 109-     123 Stat. 807,
                                   163--Jan. 6,        809 (March 11,
                                   2006, Section       2009) which
                                   1244(a)(3) of the   states that INA
                                   National Defense    245(c)(2), INA
                                   Authorization Act   245(c)(7), and
                                   for Fiscal Year     INA 245(c)(8) do
                                   2008, as amended;   not apply to
                                   Public Law 110-     special immigrant
                                   181 (Jan. 28,       Iraq and Afghan
                                   2008) Section       nationals who
                                   602(b) of the       were employed by
                                   Afghan Allies       or on behalf of
                                   Protection Act of   the U.S.
                                   2009, as amended    government (for
                                   section             Section 602(b)
                                   (a)(2)(C), Public   and 1244
                                   Law 111-8 (Mar.     adjustment
                                   11, 2009).          applicants who
                                                       were either
                                                       paroled into the
                                                       United States or
                                                       admitted as
                                                       nonimmigrants).
                                                       See Section 1(c)
                                                       of Public Law 110-
                                                       36, 121 Stat.
                                                       227, 227 (June
                                                       15, 2007), which
                                                       amended Section
                                                       1059(d) of the
                                                       National Defense
                                                       Authorization Act
                                                       for Fiscal Year
                                                       2006, Public Law
                                                       109-163, 119
                                                       Stat. 3136, 3444
                                                       (January 6, 2006)
                                                       to state that INA
                                                       245(c)(2), INA
                                                       245(c)(7), and
                                                       INA 245(c)(8) do
                                                       not apply to Iraq
                                                       or Afghan
                                                       translator
                                                       adjustment
                                                       applicants.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* If found inadmissible based on the public charge ground, USCIS, at its
  discretion, may permit the alien to post a public charge bond (Form I-
  945). A public charge bond may be cancelled (Form I-356) upon the
  death, naturalization (or otherwise obtaining U.S. citizenship), or
  permanent departure of the alien, if the alien did not receive any
  public benefits as defined in the proposed rule.

     
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \268\ Includes the following categories: SK-6 Retired employees 
of international organizations; SK-7 Spouses of SK-1 or SK-6; SK-8; 
Certain unmarried children of SK-6; SK-9 Certain surviving spouses 
of deceased international organization employees.
    \269\ Includes SN-6 Retired NATO-6 civilian employees; SN-7 
Spouses of SN-6; SN-9; Certain surviving spouses of deceased NATO-6 
civilian employees; SN-8 Certain unmarried sons/daughters of SN-6.
    \270\ For this category, although the applicants are subject to 
public charge under INA section 212(a)(4), the employers would 
generally not be a relative of the alien or a for-profit entity and 
therefore the requirements for an affidavit of support under INA 
section 212(a)(4)(D) is inapplicable.
    \271\ Includes the following categories: SM-6 U.S. Armed Forces 
personnel, service (12 years) after 10/1/91 SM-9 U.S. Armed Forces 
personnel, service (12 years) by 10/91; SM-7 Spouses of SM-1 or SM-
6; SM-0 Spouses or children of SM-4 or SM-9; SM-8 Children of SM-1 
or SM-6.
    \272\ For this category, although the applicants are subject to 
public charge under INA section 212(a)(4), the employers would 
generally not be a relative of the alien or a for-profit entity and 
therefore the requirements for an affidavit of support under INA 
section 212(a)(4)(D) is inapplicable.
    \273\ Includes the following categories: BC-6 Broadcast (IBCG of 
BBG) employees; BC-7 Spouses of BC-1 or BC-6; BC-8 Children of BC-6.
    \274\ For this category, although the applicants are subject to 
public charge under INA section 212(a)(4), the employers would 
generally not be a relative of the alien or a for-profit entity and 
therefore the requirements for an affidavit of support under INA 
section 212(a)(4)(D) is inapplicable.
    \275\ Includes the following categories: SI-6 Special immigrant 
interpreters who are nationals of Iraq or Afghanistan; SI-6, SI-7, 
SI-8--spouse and child of SI-6; SQ-6 Certain Iraqis and Afghans 
employed by U.S. Government SQ-6, SQ-7, SQ-8 Spouses and children of 
SQ-6; SI-6 Special immigrant interpreters who are nationals of Iraq 
or Afghanistan; SI-7 Spouses of SI-1 or SI-6; SI-8 Children of SI-1 
or SI-6.

[[Page 41345]]



 Table 6--Applicability of INA 212(a)(4) to Refugee, Asylee, and Parolee
                    Adjustment of Status Applications
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Subject to INA    INA 213A, and Form
                                  212(a)(4) and must   I-864,  Affidavit
                                   file Form I-944,    of Support under
            Category                Declaration of      section 213A of
                                   Self-Sufficiency?  the INA,  required
                                           *              or exempt?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asylees \276\...................  No. INA 209(c)....  Exempt. INA
                                                       209(c).
Indochinese Parolees from         No. Section 586,    Exempt. Section
 Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. IC-  Public Law 106-     586, Public Law
 6 Indochinese refugees (Public    429 (Nov. 6,        106-429 (Nov. 6,
 Law 95-145 of 1977). IC-7         2000).              2000).
 Spouses or children of
 Indochinese refugees not
 qualified as refugees on their
 own.
Polish and Hungarian Parolees     No. Title VI,       Exempt. Title VI,
 (Poland or Hungary who were       Subtitle D,         Subtitle D,
 paroled into the United States    Section 646(b),     Section 646(b),
 from November 1, 1989 to          Public Law 104-     Public Law 104-
 December 31, 1991) \277\.         208; 8 CFR 245.12.  208; 8 CFR
                                                       245.12.
Refugees \278\..................  No. INA 207(c)(3);  Exempt. INA 207;
                                   INA 209(c).         INA 209(c).
Cuban-Haitian Entrant under       No. Section 202,    Exempt. Section
 IRCA--CH-6, CH-7 \279\.           Public Law 99-      202, Public Law
                                   603, 100 Stat.      99-603, 100 Stat.
                                   3359 (1986) (as     3359 (1986) (as
                                   amended), 8         amended), 8
                                   U.S.C. 1255a.       U.S.C. 1255a.
HRIFA--Principal HRIFA Applicant  No. Section 902     Exempt. Section
 who applied for asylum before     Public Law 105-     902 Public Law
 December 31, 1995 \280\.          277, 112 Stat.      105-277, 112
                                   2681 (Oct. 21,      Stat. 2681 (Oct.
                                   1998), 8 U.S.C.     21, 1998), 8
                                   1255.               U.S.C. 1255.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* If found inadmissible based on the public charge ground, USCIS, at its
  discretion, may permit the alien to post a public charge bond (Form I-
  945). A public charge bond may be cancelled (Form I-356) upon the
  death, naturalization (or otherwise obtaining U.S. citizenship), or
  permanent departure of the alien, if the alien did not receive any
  public benefits as defined in the proposed rule.

     
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \276\ Including the following categories: AS-6 Asylees; AS-7 
Spouses of AS-6; AS-8 Children of AS-6; SY-8 Children of SY-6; GA-6 
Iraqi asylees; GA-7 Spouses of GA-6; GA-8 Children of GA-6.
    \277\ Note that this program does not have a specific sunset 
date and technically applicants could apply but should have already 
applied.
    \278\ Includes the following categories: RE-6 Other refugees 
(Refugee Act of 1980, Public Law 96-212, 94 Stat. 102 (Mar. 17, 
1980)); RE-7 Spouses of RE-6; RE-8 Children of RE-6; RE-9 Other 
relatives.
    \279\ Note that this program has a sunset date of two years 
after enactment, however, some cases may still be pending.
    \280\ Includes the following categories: 1995--HA-6 Principal 
HRIFA Applicant; Spouse of HA-6, HA-7 and Child of HA-6, HA-8; 
Unmarried Son or Daughter 21 Years of Age or Older of HA-6, HA-9 
Principal HRIFA Applicant paroled into the United States before 
December 31, 1995- HB-6; Spouse of HB-6, HB-7; Child of HB-6, HB-8; 
Unmarried Son or Daughter 21 Years of Age or Older of HB-6 HB-9; 
Principal HRIFA Applicant who arrived as a child without parents in 
the United States HC-6; Spouse of HC-6, HC-7; Child of HC-6, HC-8; 
Unmarried Son or Daughter 21 Years of Age or Older of HC-6, HC-9; 
Principal HRIFA Applicant child who was orphaned subsequent to 
arrival in the United States HD-6, Spouse of HD-6, HD-7; Child of 
HD-6, HD-8; Unmarried Son or Daughter 21 Years of Age or Older of 
HD-6, HD-9 Principal HRIFA Applicant child who was abandoned 
subsequent to arrival and prior to April 1, 1998--HE-6; Spouse of 
HE-6, HE-7; Child of HE-6, HE-8; Unmarried Son or Daughter 21 Years 
of Age or Older of HE-6, HE-9. Note that this program has a sunset 
date of March 31, 2000; however, dependents may still file for 
adjustment of status.

 Table 7--Applicability of INA 212(a)(4) to Other Applicants Who Must Be
                               Admissible
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Subject to INA    INA 213A, and Form
                                  212(a)(4) and must   I-864,  Affidavit
                                   file Form I-944,    of Support under
            Category                Declaration of      section 213A of
                                   Self-Sufficiency?  the INA,  required
                                           *              or exempt?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diplomats Section 13............  Yes. Section 13 of  Exempt, by
                                   Public Law 85-316   statute, as they
                                   (September 11,      are not listed in
                                   1957), as amended   INA 212(a)(4) as
                                   by Public Law 97-   a category that
                                   116 (December 29,   requires Form I-
                                   1981); 8 CFR        864.
                                   245.3.
Individuals Born in the U.S.      Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Exempt. 8 CFR
 under Diplomatic Status (NA-3)                        101.3.
 8 CFR 101.3.
Diversity, DV-1 diversity         Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Exempt, by
 immigrant, spouse and child.                          statute, as they
                                                       are not listed in
                                                       INA 212(a)(4) as
                                                       a category that
                                                       requires Form I-
                                                       864. Diversity
                                                       visas are issued
                                                       under INA 203(c)
                                                       which do not fall
                                                       under INA
                                                       212(a)(4)(C) or
                                                       (D).
W-16 Entered without inspection   Yes. INA 212(a)(4)  Exempt, by statute
 before 1/1/82; W-26 Entered as    (except for         as they are not
 nonimmigrant and overstayed       certain aged,       listed in INA
 visa before 1/1/82. Certain       blind or disabled   212(a)(4) as a
 Entrants before January 1, 1982.  individuals as      category that
                                   defined in          requires an Form
                                   1614(a)(1) of the   I-864.
                                   Social Security
                                   Act). INA
                                   245A(b)(1)(C)(i)
                                   and (a)(4)(a))--
                                   application for
                                   adjustment 42
                                   U.S.C.
                                   1382c(a)(1).
                                   Special Rule for
                                   determination of
                                   public charge--
                                   See INA
                                   245A(d)(2)(B)(iii
                                   ).

[[Page 41346]]

 
T, T-1 victim, spouse, child,     No. INA             Exempt, by statute
 parent, sibling; INA              212(a)(4)(E)..      as they are not
 101(a)(15)(T), INA                                    listed in INA
 212(d)(13)(A).                                        212(a)(4) as a
                                                       category that
                                                       requires Form I-
                                                       864. Adjustment
                                                       of status based
                                                       on T nonimmigrant
                                                       status is under
                                                       INA 245(l) which
                                                       does not fall
                                                       under INA
                                                       212(a)(4)(C) or
                                                       (D).
American Indians--INA 289.......  No. INA 289.......  Exempt. INA 289.
Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians    No. Public Law 97-  Exempt. Public Law
 of the Kickapoo Tribe of          429 (Jan. 8,        97-429 (Jan. 8,
 Oklahoma, Public Law 97-429       1983).              1983).
 (Jan. 8, 1983); KIC--Kickapoo
 Indian Citizen; KIP--Kickapoo
 Indian Pass.
S (Alien witness or informant)..  Yes, but there is   Exempt. INA
                                   a waiver            245(j); INA
                                   available--INA      101(a)(15)(S); 8
                                   245(j); INA         CFR 214.2(t)(2);
                                   101(a)(15)(S); 8    8 CFR 1245.11
                                   CFR 214.2(t)(2);    (Waiver filed on
                                   8 CFR 1245.11       Form I-854, Inter-
                                   (Waiver filed on    Agency Alien
                                   Form I-854, Inter-  Witness and
                                   Agency Alien        Informant
                                   Witness and         Record).
                                   Informant Record).
Private Immigration Bill          Dependent on the    Dependent on the
 providing for alien's             text of the         text of the
 adjustment of status.             Private Bill.       Private Bill.
NACARA (202); Principal NC-6,     No. Section         Exempt. Section
 (NC 7-9) spouse and children      202(a), Public      202(a), Public
 \281\.                            Law 105-100, 111    Law 105-100, 111
                                   Stat. 2193 (1997)   Stat. 2193 (1997)
                                   (as amended), 8     (as amended), 8
                                   U.S.C. 1255..       U.S.C. 1255.
NACARA 203; Cancellation of       No. Section 203,    Exempt. Section
 removal (Z-13) Battered spouses   Public Law 105-     203, Public Law
 or children (Z-14) Salvadoran,    100, 111 Stat.      105-100, 111
 Guatemalan and former Soviet      2193 (1997) (as     Stat. 2193 (1997)
 bloc country nationals (Form I-   amended), 8         (as amended), 8
 881, Application for Suspension   U.S.C. 1255.        U.S.C. 1255.
 of Deportation or Special Rule
 Cancellation of Removal
 (Pursuant to Section 203 of
 Public Law 105-100 (NACARA)).
Lautenberg, LA-6 \282\..........  No. Section 599E,   Exempt. Section
                                   Public Law 101-     599E, Public Law
                                   167, 103 Stat.      101-167, 103
                                   1195 (Nov. 21,      Stat. 1195 (Nov.
                                   1989), 8 U.S.C.A.   21, 1989), 8
                                   1255.               U.S.C.A. 1255.
Registry, Z-66--Aliens who        No. INA 249 of the  Exempt. INA 249 of
 entered the United States prior   Act and 8 CFR       the Act and 8 CFR
 to January 1, 1972 and who meet   part 249.           part 249.
 the other conditions.
U, U-1 Crime Victim, spouse,      No. INA             Exempt. INA
 children and parents, and         212(a)(4)(E).       212(a)(4)(E).
 siblings under INA 245(m).
Temporary Protected Status (TPS)  No. 8 CFR           Exempt. 8 CFR
                                   244.3(a).\283\      244.3(a).\284\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* If found inadmissible based on the public charge ground, USCIS, at its
  discretion, may permit the alien to post a public charge bond (Form I-
  945). A public charge bond may be cancelled (Form I-356) upon the
  death, naturalization (or otherwise obtaining U.S. citizenship), or
  permanent departure of the alien, if the alien did not receive any
  public benefits as defined in the proposed rule.

G. Definitions

1. Public Charge
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \281\ Note that this program has a sunset date of April 1, 2000; 
however, some cases may still be pending.
    \282\ Note that this program sunset date of September 30, 2014, 
only applies to parole. Eligible applicants may still apply for 
adjustment of status.
    \283\ INA section 244(c)(2)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1254a(c)(2)(ii), 
authorizes USCIS to waive any section 212(a) ground, except for 
those that Congress specifically noted could not be waived.
    \284\ See INA section 244(c)(2)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1254a(c)(2)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that the lack of a public charge 
definition is an issue that must be resolved because immigration is an 
important feature of America's culture and public policy, heightening 
the importance of having a consistent definition.
    Response: DHS agrees that it is important to define public charge 
in the rulemaking--public charge is a term that has appeared in U.S. 
Federal immigration law since at least 1882, but has never been defined 
by Congress or in regulation. The rule provides a definition for public 
charge and DHS believes that prior to this rule there has been 
insufficient guidance on how to determine if an alien who is applying 
for admission or adjustment of status is likely to become a public 
charge at any time in the future.
    Comment: Commenters stated that the proposed definition of public 
charge is ``without precedent and contrary to the discretion provided 
to DHS under statute.'' A commenter stated that the proposed public 
charge definition relies on outdated case law, and that the 1999 
Interim Field Guidance is preferable to the proposed rule, for three 
reasons. First, the commenter argued that the proposed rule undermined 
DHS's stated objectives, because it could stop an alien from accessing 
government services that would make the alien more self-sufficient. 
Second, the commenter argued that the proposed rule could have adverse 
effects on aliens whose presence in the United States is a net benefit 
to the U.S. Government as a consequence of their productivity, 
associated tax revenues, etc. And third, the commenter argued that the 
proposed rule would bind adjudicators to a bright-line definition of 
``public charge'' that could result in harsh consequences in some 
cases. By contrast, in the commenter's view, the ``primarily 
dependent'' standard under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance provided 
adjudicators with more discretion. Another commenter stated that the 
proposed rule does not comport with the law because it is contrary to 
the long-established common-law definition of public charge. A 
commenter stated that the use of non-monetizable benefits

[[Page 41347]]

for one third of the time period does not reflect ``primary 
dependence.''
    Response: DHS disagrees that the public charge definition is 
contrary to the discretion provided to DHS under the INA, relies on 
outdated case law or is without precedent, or undermines the agency's 
objectives. As noted in the NPRM, DHS's authority to make public charge 
inadmissibility determinations and related decisions is found in 
several statutory provisions, including section 102 of the Homeland 
Security Act of 2002 (Pub. L. 107-296, 116 Stat 2135), 6 U.S.C. 112, 
section 103 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1103, as well as section 212(a)(4) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). DHS may issue regulations implementing 
its authority under these statutes without further congressional 
authorization. Additionally, as noted in the NPRM, there is a scarcity 
of case law specifically defining public charge.\285\ The cases cited 
in the NPRM and in this final rule include the most recent and relevant 
case law discussing the term public charge and the public charge ground 
of inadmissibility.\286\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \285\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51157-58 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \286\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51157-58 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to the argument that the public charge rule may make 
it more difficult for some aliens to become self-sufficient, DHS has 
addressed this argument at length elsewhere in this preamble. In short, 
and as relevant here, the fact that an alien might rely on public 
benefits to become self-sufficient in the future has no bearing on 
whether such alien currently is self-sufficient or currently is or is 
not a public charge. DHS rejects the notion that it must interpret the 
term ``public charge'' in such a way as to allow aliens to rely on 
public benefits until such time as they are self-sufficient. DHS notes 
that its position on this aspect of the definition of public charge 
should not be taken as a rejection of the commenters' general point 
that an alien's past receipt of public benefits can result in greater 
self-sufficiency. If an alien received public benefits in the past and 
such benefits helped the alien become self-sufficient, DHS agrees that 
the alien's current self-sufficiency is relevant to the prospective 
public charge inadmissibility determination, but the alien's past 
receipt of public benefits is relevant to assessing the likelihood of 
future receipt of public benefits.
    With respect to the argument regarding aliens who receive the 
designated public benefits, but may nonetheless be a net benefit to the 
U.S. Government or society, neither the Act nor the case law requires 
DHS to weigh an alien's net impacts on government resources, such as by 
evaluating the potential tax receipts generated by the alien, as 
compared to the alien's receipt of public benefits. In addition, a 
definition that requires consideration of the alien's overall 
contributions to tax revenues, economic productivity, or society at 
large would be unjustifiably challenging to administer. For instance, 
as explained in the proposed rule, fully monetized thresholds (which 
would be required to make a dollars-to-dollars comparison) would not be 
administrable because some benefits, such as Medicaid, lack clearly 
monetizable value. In addition, DHS notes that taxes serve a variety of 
functions, and benefit the taxpayer regardless of whether she or he 
receives an individual, means-tested public benefit. A comparison of 
the alien's ``contributions'' (in the form of taxes) to the alien's 
``withdrawals'' (in the form of public benefits) would therefore be 
incomplete, because it would not consider the other government programs 
and services, including national defense, infrastructure, law 
enforcement and emergency services, from which the alien benefits. 
Further, under this rule, DHS will not consider receipt of any public 
benefits for which the alien has paid into directly. Each of the 
designated benefits involves significant government subsidization. In 
this context, DHS does not believe that value of an alien's current or 
future tax contributions should ultimately have a bearing on whether 
the alien is a public charge.
    With respect to the firmness of the definition, part of the rule's 
purpose is to provide a clearer definition; DHS will not institute a 
vague standard in order to avoid harsh consequences for some people.
    Finally, as to the comment stating that the rule does not comport 
with the law because it is contrary to the long-standing common law 
definition of public charge, the commenter failed to identify any 
common law definition of public charge that DHS should have considered, 
or as the commenter stated, that DHS violated. As noted in the NPRM, 
DHS's definition for public charge is derived from a review of the 
minimal legislative history of the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility and the ordinary meaning of public charge. DHS's 
definition also relies on the limited case law addressing the 
definition of public charge, in which courts, in the absence of 
statutory definition for public charge, generally tied the definition 
of public charge to receipt of public benefits, without quantifying the 
level of public support or the type of public support required to 
determine that the alien is likely to become a public charge at any 
time in the future.
    DHS notes that even if there were a clear definition for public 
charge grounded in case law, which there does not appear to be, 
agencies responsible for administering federal law generally have the 
authority to interpret an ambiguous statute in a different manner than 
the manner in which a court interpreted the statute.\287\ Therefore, 
DHS would be within its authority to create a different definition of 
``public charge.'' \288\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \287\ Nat'l Cable & Telecomms. Ass'n v. Brand X internet Servs., 
545 U.S. 967, 983-84 (2005) (Brand X) (``Since Chevron teaches that 
a court's opinion as to the best reading of an ambiguous statute an 
agency is charged with administering is not authoritative, the 
agency's decision to construe that statute differently from a court 
does not say that the court's holding was legally wrong. Instead, 
the agency may, consistent with the court's holding, choose a 
different construction, since the agency remains the authoritative 
interpreter (within the limits of reason) of such statutes. In all 
other respects, the court's prior ruling remains binding law (for 
example, as to agency interpretations to which Chevron is 
inapplicable). The precedent has not been `reversed' by the agency, 
any more than a federal court's interpretation of a State's law can 
be said to have been `reversed' by a state court that adopts a 
conflicting (yet authoritative) interpretation of state law.'').
    \288\ Brand X, 545 U.S. at 1001 (``the Commission is free within 
the limits of reasoned interpretation to change course if it 
adequately justifies the change'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters provided a historical overview of public 
charge, and asserted that expanding the definition would represent a 
``radical departure'' from over 100 years of U.S. immigration policy. 
The commenters discussed the laws governing public charge 
inadmissibility and deportability, and observed that, in the past, 
public charge inadmissibility and associated guidance have sometimes 
operated to the detriment of certain vulnerable populations, including 
Jews, women, and people from India. The commenters stated that the 
change in policy--from a focus on dependence on the government by cash 
support for subsistence or long-term institutionalization, to a focus 
on a broader range of benefits--would lead to a ``general erosion'' of 
benefits that legal immigrants may access.
    Response: While this rule expands the list of public benefits 
covered in the INS 1999 Interim Field Guidance and the 1999 proposed 
rule, DHS does not believe that the rule is inconsistent with 
historical practice. DHS notes that this rule is not facially 
discriminatory, and that DHS does not intend the rule to have a 
discriminatory effect based on

[[Page 41348]]

race, gender, religion, or any other protected ground. Rather, the rule 
is consistent with existing precedents that have developed in the years 
since the earliest public charge laws, as well as Congress' codified 
policy statement that ``[s]elf-sufficiency has been a basic principle 
of United States immigration law since this country's earliest 
immigration laws.'' \289\ As noted in the NPRM,\290\ courts have 
consistently tied the concept of public charge to an alien's receipt of 
public benefits, without quantifying the level of public support or 
requiring a certain type of public support, and the alien's ability to 
be self-sufficient. DHS acknowledges that individuals may disenroll 
from public benefits to avoid the consequences of this rule. As 
previously noted, the rule aims to align the principles of self-
sufficiency set forth in PRWORA\291\ with the public charge 
inadmissibility ground.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \289\ 8 U.S.C. 1601(1).
    \290\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51158 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \291\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS does not believe that the history of the public charge ground 
of inadmissibility--which Congress has consistently chosen to retain as 
part of our immigration laws--precludes DHS from implementing a 
rigorous and fair regulatory framework for public charge 
inadmissibility determinations. DHS notes that our immigration laws 
have evolved to provide greater protections to vulnerable populations. 
For instance, refugees and asylees are exempt from the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility.
    Comment: One commenter stated that the proposed rule greatly 
expands the definition of public charge, is a departure from existing 
policy and creates an unworkable, overly broad definition that will be 
impossible to implement fairly. The commenter also asserted that 
experts estimated that, under the new definition, 94% of all 
noncitizens who entered the United States without lawful permanent 
resident status have at least one characteristic that DHS could 
potentially weigh negatively in a public charge determination under the 
proposed rule. Another commenter stated that taking advantage of any 
federal, state, or local government program should have no impact on a 
pathway to residency or citizenship. The commenter suggested that 
instead, DHS evaluate each applicant based on whether the alien is 
employed or is caring for a family, has a violent felony conviction, 
and has a sponsor (such as a family member or corporate sponsor 
providing support).
    Response: DHS agrees that the definition of public charge in this 
rule is broader than the existing definition and policy. However, as 
noted previously, DHS believes that this expanded definition for public 
charge is reasonable and consistent with Congress' intent and will 
better ensure that aliens seeking to come to the United States 
temporarily or permanently are self-sufficient.\292\ DHS acknowledges 
that the implementation of the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
will be a complex adjudication, but USCIS is committed to taking 
necessary steps to ensure consistent implementation and fair 
adjudication, including through the issuance of adjudicative guidance 
and training. As noted elsewhere in this rule, DHS believes 
consideration of receipt of public benefits is appropriate in 
determining whether an alien is likely to become a public charge in the 
future.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \292\ Brand X, 545 U.S. at 1001 (``the Commission is free within 
the limits of reasoned interpretation to change course if it 
adequately justifies the change'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters stated that the proposed rule would exceed 
DHS's authority because the proposed definition is over-inclusive, 
encompassing a wide range of people who are substantially self-
supporting and not primarily dependent upon the government to meet 
their basic needs. Commenters also indicated the proposal did not 
provide a reasoned analysis for changing the long-standing definition 
of public charge from being primarily dependent on the government to a 
determination in which a person could become a public charge based on 
receipt of a smaller amount of public benefits, including non-cash 
benefits. Commenters also stated that the NPRM would foreclose the 
opportunity for a hard-working, self-sufficient individual who 
experiences a fleeting financial hardship to become a long-term 
resident of the United States.
    Similarly, another commenter stated that ``[t]he broader scheme of 
the [Immigration Act of] 1882 . . . confirms that Congress intended the 
term `public charge' to refer to primary dependence on the government, 
not mere receipt of some public aid.'' The commenter suggested that 
because the Immigration Act of 1882 (1882 Act) authorized a fund ``to 
defray the expense of regulating immigration . . . , for the care of 
immigrants arriving in the United States, [and] for the relief of such 
as are in distress,'' \293\ Congress must have anticipated that some 
immigrants would be in need of short-term support, without becoming a 
public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \293\ Immigration Act of 1882, 22 Stat. 214 (Aug. 3, 1882).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The commenter also cited a floor statement by a member of Congress 
in the months preceding enactment of the 1882 Act. According to the 
commenter, the floor statement supported the conclusion that Congress 
intended for the term ``public charge'' to mean a person ``primarily if 
not wholly dependent on the government.'' Specifically, the member of 
Congress incorporated into his floor statement an 1879 resolution 
passed by the New York Board of Charities, which concluded that many 
cities and towns in Europe sent ``to this country blind, crippled, 
lunatic, and other infirm paupers, who ultimately become life-long 
dependents on our public charities''; and that many such persons 
``become permanent inmates of the charitable institutions supported by 
the State of New York.'' \294\ The resolution called on Congress to 
exclude such individuals from the United States and to appropriate 
funds for returning such individuals to their home countries. The 
commenter suggested that because the resolution referred to ``life-long 
dependents'' and ``permanent inmates,'' it is clear that Congress 
intended for the term ``public charge'' to refer to primary dependence 
on the Government for support.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \294\ See 13 Cong. Rec. 5109-10 (June 19, 1882) (Statement of 
Rep. John Van Voorhis).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS rejects the notion that the public charge definition 
violates the law or is over-inclusive. DHS acknowledges that this is a 
change that likely will increase the number of individuals who will be 
deemed inadmissible or ineligible for adjustment of status based on the 
public charge ground. DHS disagrees, however, with the assertion that 
it did not provide a reasoned explanation why the prior standard is 
insufficient, why the change is necessary, and why non-cash benefits 
are included in the new public charge determinations. Longstanding 
agency practice and policy,\295\ while generally accorded some weight, 
is not controlling or unalterable.\296\ DHS provided

[[Page 41349]]

detailed reasoning why the changes are necessary in the NPRM. As 
explained in the NPRM, although the primarily dependence (more-than-50-
percent dependence) on public assistance standard creates a bright line 
rule, it is possible and likely probable that many individuals whose 
receipt of public benefits falls below that standard lack self-
sufficiency.\297\ Because of the nature of the benefits that would be 
considered under this rule--i.e., cash benefits for income maintenance 
and non-cash benefits for basic living needs such as food and 
nutrition, housing, and healthcare, that account for significant public 
expenditures on non-cash benefits \298\--DHS believes that receipt of 
such benefits for more than 12 months within any 36-month period is 
sufficient to render a person a public charge.\299\ This is because an 
individual with limited means to satisfy basic living needs who uses 
government assistance to fulfill such needs for that duration of time 
relies on such assistance to such an extent that the person is not 
self-sufficient.\300\ Given that neither the wording of section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), nor case law examining 
public charge inadmissibility, mandates the ``primarily dependent'' 
standard, and in light of Congress' unequivocal policy goal articulated 
in PRWORA, DHS has concluded that the ``primarily dependent'' standard 
is not the only permissible interpretation of what it means to be a 
public charge, and is in fact suboptimal when considered in relation to 
the goals of the INA and PRWORA.\301\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \295\ As of the date of the effective rule, the agency practice 
had not been codified in agency regulations as the NPRM published in 
May 1999 was never finalized. As explained in the NPRM, the agency 
also issued interim Field Guidance on Deportability and 
Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, in which it detailed its 
policy. See 64 FR 28689 (May 26, 1999). See Inadmissibility on 
Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51133 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \296\ See, e.g., Judulang v. Holder, 565 U.S. 42, 62 (2011) 
(indicating that longevity is ``a slender reed to support a 
significant government policy''); see Chevron, USA, Inc v. Nat. Res. 
Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 863 (1984) (indicating that to 
engage in informed rulemaking, the agency must consider varying 
interpretations and the wisdom of its policy on a continuing basis 
and establish a reasonable choice); United States v. Nat'l Ass'n of 
Sec. Dealers, Inc., 422 U.S. 694, 719 (1975) (longstanding 
interpretations by an agency are entitled to considerable weight but 
are not controlling).
    \297\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 53 FR 51114, 
51164 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \298\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 53 FR 51114, 
51164 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \299\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 53 FR 51114, 
51164 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \300\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 53 FR 51114, 
51164 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \301\ See United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 227 (2001) 
(well-reasoned views of the agency implementing a statute enjoys 
considerable weight); see also Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. 
Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 866 (1984) (judges have a duty to 
respect legitimate policy justices and resolving the struggle 
between competing views of the public interest are not judicial 
responsibilities--they are vested in the political branches).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to the commenter's arguments about the Immigration Act 
of 1882, the conclusions that the commenter draws from the funding 
mechanism in that Act appear to be largely unsupported. The commenter 
assumes, without articulating any basis for the assumption, that under 
the Immigration Act of 1882 aliens who received assistance through the 
fund could not also be public charges. DHS has no reason to believe 
that assumption is correct. But even if the Immigration Act of 1882 
could be read as suggesting that an alien can rely on public funds for 
support without becoming a public charge, DHS is unaware of any binding 
case law requiring DHS to interpret the term ``public charge'' in this 
manner. And regardless, Congress has since amended the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility multiple times over the course of more than a 
century.
    With respect to the New York State Board of Charities resolution 
referenced by the commenter, DHS notes that the resolution does not use 
the term ``public charge'' or implicitly define such term. DHS does not 
find the resolution or the surrounding floor statement particularly 
instructive for purposes of this rulemaking; they originate in a 
different historical context that preceded multiple modifications to 
and re-enactments of the public charge ground of inadmissibility in the 
140 years since the passage of the 1879 resolution.\302\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \302\ NLRB v. SW General, Inc., 137 S. Ct. 929, 943 (2017) 
(``[F]loor statements by individual legislators rank among the least 
illuminating forms of legislative history.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS's rationale for why the public 
charge definition is consistent with more than 40 years of case law--
and specifically, DHS's citation of Matter of Vindman and Matter of 
Harutunian \303\--did not withstand scrutiny because these cases 
involved the receipt of cash benefits by the elderly, unemployed and 
unsponsored applicants, and therefore bears no relevance to the broad 
population affected by this rule. One commenter asserted that the cases 
cited do not support the proposed definition, and stated that the 
citation to these cases indicates that this rule is haphazardly put 
together and poorly researched.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \303\ See Matter of Vindman, 16 I&N Dec. 131 (Reg'l Comm'r 
1977); Matter of Harutunian, 14 I&N Dec. 583 (Reg'l Comm'r 1974).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS rejects the notion that the case law cited does not 
support DHS's public charge definition. In particular, DHS disagrees 
that the case law cited in support of the public charge definition, and 
particularly Vindman and Harutunian,\304\ bears no relevance to the 
population affected by this rule because the facts of Vindman and 
Harutunian were limited to cash assistance and elderly, unemployed, or 
unsponsored applicants. DHS cited these decisions to establish that its 
proposed regulation is consistent with case law. Absent a clear 
statutory or regulatory definition, some courts and administrative 
authorities have tied public charge to the receipt of public 
benefits.\305\ DHS does not believe that Vindman or Harutunian 
specifically limited the general understanding of public charge to only 
those who are ``elderly, unemployed or unsponsored'' aliens. Both 
decisions were based on the understanding that Congress intended to 
exclude those who were unable to support themselves and who received 
public benefits.\306\ Additionally, Congress later amended the law to 
specifically require sponsorship (by requiring an affidavit of support 
for some immigrants or considering an affidavit of support for others) 
as part of the public charge determination, and also codified statutory 
minimum factors to consider (including age, financial status, and 
education and skills). Therefore, DHS finds the commenters' assertion 
that DHS's reasoning does not withstand scrutiny for those non-elderly, 
employed, and sponsored aliens unpersuasive.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \304\ The commenter also suggested the age of the decisions. DHS 
notes that the age of a precedent decision does not invalidate the 
precedential effect of the decision. Indeed, the Supreme Court has 
cited the age of a precedent as a reason to maintain it. See Montejo 
v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778, 792-93 (2009) (citing ``the antiquity of 
the precedent'' as a factor against overturning a decision).
    \305\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51157(proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \306\ See Matter of Harutunian, 14 I&N Dec. 583, 586 (Reg'l 
Comm'r 1974) (``The words `public charge' had their ordinary 
meaning, that is to say, a money charge upon or an expense to the 
public for support and care, the alien being destitute''); Matter of 
Vindmam, 16 I&N Dec. at 132 (Congress intends that an applicant be 
excluded who is without sufficient funds to support himself, who has 
no one under any obligation to support him, and whose changes of 
becoming self-supporting decreases as time passes).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter stated that the proposed public charge 
definition is nonsensical because DHS has asserted that legislative 
history and case law support the definition but has also noted that 
legislative history and case law on the subject are scarce.
    Response: DHS does not believe that the public charge definition is 
nonsensical. While the case law and legislative history regarding the 
meaning of public charge is minimal, it is not non-existent. As 
outlined in the NPRM, DHS carefully analyzed the available legislative 
history and case law as part of this rulemaking.
    Comment: A commenter indicated that DHS ignored Second Circuit case

[[Page 41350]]

law such as Howe v. United States ex rel. Savitsky, 247 F. 292, 294 (2d 
Cir. 1917), and Ex Parte Hosaye Sakaguchi, 277 F. 913, 916 (9th Cir. 
1922), which rejected a broad definition of the term public charge, 
tying it instead to a person's likelihood of becoming an occupant of 
almshouses for want of means of support. This commenter indicated that 
DHS's historical argument--that the late 19th century history and 
meaning are irrelevant because the wide array of limited-purpose public 
benefits now available did not exist at the time--was historically 
inaccurate. The commenter noted that contemporaneous sources and 
historical studies reveal that throughout the 19th century's 
governments, including the Federal Government, provided limited public 
assistance short of institutionalization. Additionally, the commenter 
indicated that even if limited-purpose public benefits had not been 
available, the argument is immaterial because such an expansion would 
not change the meaning of the term set out in the 1882 Act. In fact, 
according to the commenter, Congress has declined to change its 
original meaning of the term.\307\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \307\ In support of the commenter's arguments, the commenter 
cited Forest Grove Sch. Dist. v. T.A., 557 U.S. 230, 239-40 (2009); 
Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc., 523 U.S. 340, 358 
(1998) (Scalia, J., concurring).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS is aware of the decisions in Howe and Sakaguchi, but 
DHS does not believe that these cases are inconsistent with the public 
charge definition set forth in this rule or with the suggested link 
between public charge and the receipt of public benefits. In fact, the 
cases support DHS's belief that courts generally have neither 
quantified the level of public support nor the type of public support 
required for purposes of a public charge inadmissibility finding. In 
Howe, the court reviewed whether the immigration inspector rightly 
attempted to classify the alien as a public charge because the 
immigration inspector believed the applicant to have engaged in a 
criminal matter but lacked the requisite evidence to charge the 
alien.\308\ The court rejected such a broad use of the public charge 
provision, which would have rendered several other inadmissibility 
grounds unnecessary.\309\ Instead, the court emphasized that, in the 
context of public charge provision and its position within the statute, 
as it appeared at that time, Congress meant to exclude individuals who 
are likely to become occupants of government-run almshouses from the 
United States \310\ for want of means to support themselves in the 
future.\311\ The court did note that ``[i]f the words covered jails, 
hospitals, and insane asylums, several of the other categories of 
exclusion would seem to be unnecessary.'' \312\ But other courts have 
ruled differently,\313\ the surrounding grounds of inadmissibility have 
been amended many times since, and the fact that two INA provisions 
that may cover the same conduct does not make either unnecessary.\314\ 
Likewise, DHS does not believe that the current public charge 
inadmissibility provision is limited to almshouses and its modern 
equivalents. Later decisions have considered other benefits such as old 
age assistance.\315\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \308\ See Howe v. United States ex rel. Savitsky, 247 F. 292, 
294 (2d Cir. 1917). In Howe, the alien had been engaged in a 
contractual dispute in his home country on account of writing a bad 
check, which the immigration inspector regarded as a dishonest 
practice. Because the immigration inspector lacked the requisite 
proof to exclude the applicant on criminal grounds, however, the 
inspector attempted to deny entry on public charge grounds of 
inadmissibility under section 2 of the Immigration Act of 1907 (36 
Stat 264).
    \309\ Howe, 247 F. at 294 (``Indeed, with such latitudinarian 
construction of the provision `likely to become a public charge,' 
most of the other specific grounds of exclusion could have been 
dispensed with . . . We are convinced that Congress meant the act to 
exclude persons who were likely to become occupants of almshouses 
for want of means with which to support themselves in the future. If 
the words covered jails, hospitals, and insane asylums, several of 
the other categories of exclusion would seem to be unnecessary.'')
    \310\ DHS reviewed a variety of sources to identify a clear 
definition of the term ``almshouse,'' as it might relate to an 
interpretation of the term public charge. The Second Circuit, in 
Howe, did not further elaborate on the meaning of the term almshouse 
or the threshold level of support for purposes of determining 
whether an alien was likely to become a public charge. Almshouses 
have also been discussed in contexts other than public charge. For 
example, for purposes of claiming tax exemption, New York State 
courts emphasized that an almshouse only qualified for tax 
exemptions if it offered services free of charge; almshouses which 
offered services at a reduced charge, for example, did not qualify 
as almshouses for tax purposes. See, e.g., In re Vanderbilt's 
Estate, 10 N.Y.S. 239, 242 (Sur. 1890) (``The New York Protestant 
Episcopal City Mission Society claims exemption as an almshouse. It 
maintains a home and reading-rooms, etc., and provides lodgings and 
meals free. It also maintains a day nursery, for which it makes a 
small charge. This takes it out of the domain of pure charity,--a 
house wholly appropriated to the poor. I have already decided in 
several cases that a society, to be exempt from this tax as an 
almshouse, must be absolutely free,--all benefits given 
gratuitously.'') In City of Taunton v. Talbot, an almshouse 
attempted to recover the cost from one of its inmates. 186 Mass 341 
(1904). The court denied relief because there were no records to tie 
the expenses specifically to the inmate, in particular because the 
agreement between the inmate and the almshouse included support in 
exchange for the inmate's work. See id. at 343. DHS is aware that 
INS used references to the term ``almshouse'' in its 1999 proposed 
regulation and in the 1999 Interim Field Guidance to explain, among 
other things, its primarily dependent model for purposes of public 
charge. See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51163 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018); see also Inadmissibility and 
Deportability on Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28676 (proposed May 
26, 1999) and Field Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on 
Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28689 (May 26, 1999). As explained in 
the NPRM, however, neither INS's reasoning nor any evidence 
provided, forecloses the agency adopting a different definition 
consistent with statutory authority. See Inadmissibility on Public 
Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51133 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \311\ Howe, 247 F. at 294 (interpreting the public charge 
provision under Act of 1907); see also Ex parte Mitchell, 256 F. 
229, 230 (N.D.N.Y. 1919) (explaining, in addressing the public 
charge provision of 1917, that ``I am unable to see that this change 
of location of these words in the act changes the meaning that is to 
be given them. A `person likely to become a public charge' is one 
who for some cause or reason appears to be about to become a charge 
on the public, one who is to be supported at public expense, by 
reason of poverty, insanity and poverty, disease and poverty, idiocy 
and poverty, or, it might be, by reason of having committed a crime 
which, on conviction, would be followed by imprisonment. It would 
seem there should be something indicating the person is liable to 
become, or shows probability of her becoming, a public charge.''
    \312\ See Howe, 247 F. at 294.
    \313\ See generally Leo M. Alpert, The Alien and the Public 
Charge Clauses, 49 Yale L.J. 18, 20-22 (1939) (discussing 
disagreements with part of the of the Howe decision). To be clear, 
DHS is not taking the position that some of the cases cited in the 
Alpert article did that someone who is incarcerated is likely to 
become a public charge based on penal incarnation.
    \314\ See Kawashima v. Holder, 565 U.S. 478, (2012) (holding 
that the aggravated felony provision for fraud or deceit includes 
tax offenses even though there is a separate aggravated felony 
provision concerns tax crimes).
    \315\ See, e.g., Matter of Harutunian, 14 I&N Dec. 583 (Reg'l 
Comm'r 1974).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Skaguchi,\316\ a case in which the court based its holding in part 
on Howe,\317\ is

[[Page 41351]]

not inconsistent with DHS's proposed definition of public charge. As 
was the case in Howe, the court in Skaguchi rejected the use of the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility as a ``catch-all'' form of 
inadmissibility.\318\ The court reiterated that to sustain a public 
charge inadmissibility finding, there must be evidence of a fact that 
tends to show that the burden of supporting the alien is likely to be 
cast upon the public.\319\ Therefore, DHS rejects the commenter's 
suggestion that these cases mandate a result other than the DHS's 
public charge definition and the level of dependency assigned to it in 
the NPRM.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \316\ See Ex parte Hosaye Skaguchi, 277 F. 913 (9th Cir. 1922).
    \317\ The court in Howe cited to Gegiow v. Uhl, 239 U.S. 3 
(1915), and Ex Parte Mitchell, 256 F. 229 (N.D. NY 1919), both cases 
that confirmed that a finding of public charge must be based on a 
defect of a nature that affects an individual's ability to earn a 
living and cannot be predicated on some external reason such as an 
overstocked labor market, see Gegiow, 239 U.S. at 10, and other 
speculative and remote conjectures that are unrelated to an alien's 
defect or other fact that shows or tends to show that the alien is 
unlikely to earn a living and therefore likely to become a public 
charge. In Gegiow, the Secretary of Labor deemed a group of 
illiterate aliens who lacked English language proficiency 
inadmissible as likely to become a public charge, because they had 
little money on hand, had no sponsor, and intended to travel to a 
city with a weak labor market. The Court wrote that on the record 
before it, ``the only ground for the order was the state of the 
labor market at Portland at that time; the amount of money possessed 
and ignorance of our language being thrown in only as makeweights.'' 
Gegiow, 239 U.S. at 9. The Court then interpreted the term public 
charge as similar in kind to the surrounding terms in the governing 
statute (which included terms such as pauper and beggar). The Court 
reasoned that because such surrounded terms related to permanent 
personal characteristics of the alien rather than the alien's 
destination, the Secretary of Labor could not consider conditions in 
the aliens' destination city as part of the public charge 
determination. The Court's characterization of the role of the 
aliens' assets and resources, as well as language proficiency, is 
dicta and has in any case been superseded by multiple revisions to 
the public charge statute, including a revision in 1996 that 
specifically called for analysis of the alien's assets, resources, 
and skills.
    \318\ See Ex parte Hosaye Skaguchi, 277 F. 913 (9th Cir. 1922).
    \319\ See Ex parte Hosaye Skaguchi, 277 F. 913, 916 (9th Cir. 
1922).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS agrees that it is immaterial to this rulemaking whether 
limited-purpose means-tested benefit programs expanded over the course 
of the last century-plus. DHS simply recited, without endorsing, INS 
reasoning for the primarily dependent standard in the NPRM, in an 
effort to explain the primarily dependent standard's limitations and 
why DHS proposed a different standard in this rule.\320\ DHS's 
reasoning for changing the public charge definition is not based on 
this statement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \320\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51163 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters indicated that the proposed rule was at 
odds with the recommendations of the very agencies that administer the 
federal programs included in the rule. The commenters also pointed out 
that, as indicated by DHS in the NPRM, INS had consulted with HHS, the 
Social Security Administration (SSA), and the Department of Agriculture 
(USDA) when developing the 1999 Interim Guidance and that these 
agencies had told INS unequivocally ``that the best evidence of whether 
an individual is relying primarily on the government for subsistence is 
either the receipt of public cash benefits for income maintenance 
purposes or institutionalization for long-term care at government 
expense'' and that ``neither the receipt of food stamps nor nutrition 
assistance provided under [SNAP] should be considered in making a 
public charge determination.'' Commenters indicated that in the NPRM, 
DHS ``dismissed all of this expertise, stating ipse dixit that such 
input from the federal agencies that actually administer these programs 
`d[oes] not foreclose [the Department] adopting a different definition 
consistent with statutory authority.' '' The commenter believed that 
this response was legally insufficient because it confused DHS's 
ability to take action under a statute with its independent obligation 
to adopt an approach based on sound reasoning. The commenter stated 
that merely asserting that DHS has the ability to reject other 
agencies' reasoned analyses (whether or not correct) does nothing to 
justify its choice to do so. The commenter concluded, therefore that 
DHS's response--like DHS's overall decision--failed to satisfy the 
APA's requirements.
    Response: As explained in the NPRM,\321\ DHS is aware that former 
INS consulted with various agencies that administer the federal 
programs. The letters were issued in the context of the approach taken 
in the 1999 proposed rule and 1999 Interim Field Guidance, and 
specifically opined on the reasonableness of that INS interpretation, 
that is, the primarily dependent on the government for subsistence 
definition. As noted in the NPRM, DHS does not believe that these 
letters supporting the interpretation set forth in the 1999 Interim 
Field Guidance foreclose this different interpretation, particularly 
where DHS's reasoning for the approach in this final rule is grounded 
in a different basis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \321\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51133 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters objected to what they describe as the 
``per se'' nature of the rule. Specifically, commenters expressed 
concerns that immigrants receiving any amount of public benefits would 
be deemed a public charge. An individual commenter said the rule would 
implicitly classify more than a fifth of Americans as a public charge.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenters' characterization that 
the definition of public charge creates an inappropriate per se rule. 
DHS believes that the nexus between likelihood of becoming public 
charge at any time in the future, the receipt of public benefits, and 
self-sufficiency, as described and explained in the NPRM,\322\ is 
consistent with Congress' intent \323\ in enacting the public charge 
inadmissibility ground. DHS also believes it is consistent with the 
premise underlying much of the public charge case law analyzing the 
public charge inadmissibility ground \324\ that aliens who enter this 
country should be self-sufficient and not reliant on the government. As 
explained in the NPRM and detailed above, despite the lack of a 
definition in the statute and minimal case law defining public charge, 
there has always been a link between the receipt of public benefits and 
the public charge determination.\325\ Absent a clear statutory 
definition, courts and administrative authorities have generally tied 
the concept of public charge to the receipt of public benefits without 
quantifying the level, type or duration of the public benefits 
received.\326\ To create an administrable way to implement the statute, 
DHS's NPRM provided a list of specific benefits and a threshold amount 
that DHS believed reasonably balances an alien's lack of self-
sufficiency against temporary welfare assistance that does not amount 
to a lack of self-sufficiency.\327\ Additionally, by proposing to 
codify the totality of the circumstances approach to the prospective 
inadmissibility determination, DHS clarified that an alien's past 
receipt of public benefits

[[Page 41352]]

alone, without consideration of the other factors, would not establish 
future likelihood of becoming a public charge. DHS further agrees with 
the commenters that under this new framework, the number of aliens 
being found inadmissible based on the public charge ground will likely 
increase.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \322\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51157-58 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \323\ As outlined in the NPRM, legislative history suggests the 
link between public charge and the receipt of public benefits. For 
example, in the 1950 Senate Judiciary Committee report, preceding 
the passage of the 1952 Act, concerns were raised about aliens 
receiving old age assistance. See Inadmissibility on Public Charge 
Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51157 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). Debates on 
public charge prior to Congress' passage of IIRIRA in 1996 also 
highlighted that an immigrant should be relying on his or her own 
resources, rather than becoming a burden on the taxpayers. See 
Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51157 
(proposed Oct. 10, 2018). With the passage of PRWORA, Congress 
explicitly emphasized that self-sufficiency is a fundamental 
principle of the United States immigration law and connected receipt 
of public benefits with a lack of self-sufficiency, further stating 
that aliens within the Nation's borders should not depend on public 
resources to meet their needs. See 8 U.S.C. 1601(1) and (2). Courts 
likewise have connected public charge determinations to the receipt 
or the need for public resources See Inadmissibility on Public 
Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51157-58 (Oct. 10, 2018).
    \324\ See, for example, Matter of Vindman, 16 I&N Dec. 131 
(Reg'l Comm'r, 1977) (concluding that Congress intends that an 
applicant for a visa be excluded who is without sufficient funds to 
support himself or herself, or who has no one under any obligation 
to support him, and whose chances of becoming self-supporting 
decreases as time passes, and that the respondents' receipt of 
assistance for approximately three years clearly put them into the 
confines of the public charge inadmissibility ground); see also 
Matter of Harutunian, 14 I&N Dec. 583 (Reg'l Comm'r 1974) (The words 
``public charge'' had their ordinary meaning, that is to say, a 
money charge upon or an expense to the public for support and care, 
the alien being destitute); see generally cases cited in 
Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51157-58 
(proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \325\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51157-51158 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \326\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51157-51158 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \327\ See 8 CFR 212.21(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters objected to the proposed rule because it 
equates receipt of benefits with the lack of self-sufficiency. Others 
stated that the receipt of public benefits is not an indicator of a 
person's incapacity for self-sufficiency, but helps individuals to 
become self-sufficient. Many commenters expressed concern with the 
expansion of the public charge definition to include not just those 
primarily depending on cash benefits, but also individuals who use 
basic needs programs to supplement their earnings or need short-term 
help. Some commenters stated that immigrant women already face a 
heightened risk of economic insecurity, discrimination, and 
disproportionate responsibility for caregiving, and that participating 
in benefit programs is important to their ability to support themselves 
and their children. A commenter stated that many open jobs require 
specific training that can be provided through community colleges, and 
in order to obtain the education to become a contributing member of 
society, some immigrants draw on public benefits for a short period of 
time to enable them to complete their studies.
    Response: DHS understands that individuals, including immigrant 
women and their families, as well as students, may supplement their 
income with public benefits, such as basic needs programs, because they 
may require short-term help, and that the goal of these benefits 
assists them to become self-sufficient in the short- and, eventually 
long-term. DHS also acknowledges that certain individuals who are 
depending on public benefits may choose to disenroll because of this 
rulemaking. However, the goals of public benefits programs and the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility are not the same. The public 
charge inadmissibility provision is not intended to ensure that aliens 
can become self-sufficient; in fact, Congress specifically articulated 
policy goals in PRWORA that provided that government welfare programs 
should not be an incentive for aliens to immigrate to the United States 
and that aliens inside the United States are expected to be self-
sufficient. Correspondingly, DHS's assessment of whether an alien is 
likely at any time to become a public charge is not the same as an 
assessment whether, at some separate point in the future, an alien who 
is likely to become a public charge will later become self-sufficient. 
With this rulemaking, DHS is implementing the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility and seeking to better ensure that those who are seeking 
admission to the United States and adjustment of status, as well as 
those seeking extension of stay or change of status, are self-
sufficient, so that they do not need public benefits to become self-
sufficient.
    Comment: Some commenters provided input on the temporary nature of 
public benefits as they relate to future self-sufficiency. Commenters 
expressed a belief the rule's core assumption was that people dependent 
on the Government for subsistence will remain that way indefinitely.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule inherently assumes that 
people who rely in the government for assistance rather than relying on 
their own capabilities and the resources of their families, sponsors, 
and private organizations will remain that way indefinitely. As noted 
above, neither section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), nor 
this final rule, assess whether an alien subject to the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility will remain a public charge indefinitely. 
Rather, the statute and the rule assess whether an alien is likely at 
any time in the future to become a public charge. An alien may be 
likely in the future to become a public charge in the future without 
remaining a public charge indefinitely. For example, a person could 
receive Medicaid for a number of years and then obtain employment that 
provides health insurance, avoiding the further need for Medicaid.
    Comment: A commenter stated that changing the standard from 
``primarily dependent'' upon cash assistance to ``likely at any time in 
the future to receive one or more public benefits'' will cause an 
individual to risk his or her immigration status when enrolling in 
specific programs. The commenter stated that this is problematic in 
part because aliens enroll in such programs consistent with government 
policy, and sometimes with the Government's encouragement. Another 
commenter stated that the INA includes the phrase ``likely to become a 
public charge'' but the proposed rule ``defines `public' and `charge' 
as separate words, disconnected from each other or from the fact that 
the phrase also requires a likelihood that the person `become' a public 
charge, as opposed to a likelihood that he or she will engage in a 
specific act.'' The commenter indicated that the proposed approach to 
``likely at any time to become a public charge'' departs from the plain 
meaning of the phrase, ``likely to become a public charge'' in the INA, 
unnecessarily discarding long-standing and well-developed fairness; 
relies on an inaccurate measure to predict whether an individual is 
likely to become a public charge; will eviscerate the totality of 
circumstances standard; is inefficient; not cost effective; and 
negatively impacts applicants, the agency, and the economy.\328\ The 
commenter also questioned the focus on public benefits, indicating the 
case law was based on being ``dependent on support'' rather than 
focused on the likelihood of receiving a benefit that costs the 
government some amount of money. The commenter said changing the 
standard will deter immigrants from pursuing expensive adjustment of 
status applications if they fear they will be denied, thus forfeiting 
the corresponding employment authorization that permits access to 
better-paying jobs unavailable to unauthorized workers. The commenter 
concluded that such a result thwarts the purported self-sufficiency 
goals of the proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \328\ The commenter also indicates that the approach is 
inefficient, not cost effective, and negatively impact applicants, 
the agency and the economy.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenters' assessment. As 
outlined in the NPRM, the approach suggested by INS in the 1999 NPRM 
and the 1999 Interim Field Guidance does not preclude DHS from 
suggesting a different approach. As DHS laid out in the NPRM, DHS's 
interpretation is consistent with the statutory wording which requires 
a public charge assessment that is prospective in nature, and made at 
the time of the application for a visa, admission, or adjustment of 
status.'' \329\ DHS understands that certain individuals present in the 
United States may be impacted by this rule, and therefore hesitant to 
apply for adjustment of status. However, given the limited number of 
aliens present in the United States eligible for public benefits under 
PRWORA, DHS does not believe that the impact is as extensive as alleged 
by the commenters. Finally, as explained in the NPRM, the receipt of 
public benefits does not automatically render an alien inadmissible 
based on public charge; the determination is always based on the 
totality of the alien's circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \329\ DHS notes the statutory wording includes the wording ``at 
any time''--the commenter omitted the language when asserting that 
the interpretation is not consistent with the plain wording of the 
statute.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 41353]]

    Comment: Several commenters provided feedback on the comparison 
between public benefits used by non-citizens and native-born residents. 
A commenter stated that a study concluded that non-citizen households 
have much higher use of food programs, Medicaid and cash programs 
compared to households headed by native-born citizens and therefore, a 
reform of the public charge doctrine is needed. Other commenters 
stated, providing statistics in support, that immigrants access 
benefits for which they are eligible at a far lower rate than native-
born residents, suggesting that access to public benefits does not make 
immigrants more of a public charge than native-born residents.
    A commenter stated that if the public charge rule were applied to 
native born citizens, it would exclude one in three U.S. born citizens, 
whereas the current rule would exclude one in twenty. Similarly, 
another commenter indicated that the definition would mean that most 
native-born, working-class U.S. citizens are or have been public 
charges and that substantial numbers of middle-class Americans are or 
have been public charges. A commenter stated that according to the 
MPI's recent analysis, about 69 percent of recent lawful permanent 
residents have at least one factor that would count against them under 
the new rule, as opposed to just three percent of noncitizens who make 
use of cash benefits under the existing standard.
    Response: The proposed rule's analysis of public benefits receipt 
among citizens and noncitizens was meant to inform public understanding 
of the proposal. DHS need not resolve competing claims regarding the 
rates of public benefits use by various populations, because the 
primary basis for the NPRM is a revised interpretation of the term 
public charge, as informed by the statement of congressional policy in 
PRWORA. The proposal did not rest on a specific level of public 
benefits use by particular categories of individuals or households.
    DHS notes, however, that the analysis in the NPRM included only a 
limited number of programs, and did not assume that eligibility for 
public benefits necessarily meant enrollment. Furthermore, the analysis 
concerned use by individuals and not households.
    Additionally, this rulemaking does not apply to U.S. citizens. Even 
though some U.S. citizens would fall under the receipt threshold in the 
public charge definition, this fact is not relevant for the purposes of 
this rule, as the public charge ground of inadmissibility applies to 
aliens who are seeking a visa, admission, or adjustment of status, not 
U.S. citizens. The purpose of this rule is to better ensure that aliens 
who enter the United States or remain in the United States are self-
sufficient.
    Statistics on the use of public benefits by non-citizens compared 
to the use of citizens are not indicative of an individual alien's 
self-sufficiency. Even though the use of public benefits by noncitizens 
may be lower than the native-born population for a given benefit, an 
alien may still qualify and receive public benefits in the future based 
on his or her particular circumstances and therefore may be likely to 
become a public charge. Similarly, it is immaterial whether the 
definition of ``public charge'' in the rule would affect one in twenty 
U.S. citizens or one in three. The relevant question is whether the 
rule's definition of public charge is consistent with the statute. DHS 
believes that it is consistent with the statute.
    Comment: Commenters stated that immigrants use public benefits to 
escape the poverty cycle, using benefits as a ladder to prevent them 
from becoming public charges. Other commenters stated that the rule is 
self-defeating, because although DHS prefers self-sufficient families 
and individuals, the proposed rule dissuades individuals from using 
public benefits in order to become self-sufficient and thus enhances 
financial barriers. Many commenters said that those eligible for 
benefits are entitled to avail themselves of government benefits and 
should be able to do so without shame or guilt. Commenters stated that 
when eligible individuals receive such benefits, the outcomes are 
frequently better for the United States and the economy. Several 
commenters stated that the United States has always been open to those 
who needed assistance, and given that that this country was founded on 
a nation of immigrants, a commenter indicated that it was the 
Government's responsibility to create policies that reflect the values 
of equal opportunity and humanitarian support. Another commenter 
indicated that even under existing policy, the United States has always 
integrated immigrants sufficiently, such that they become self-
sufficient and contributing members of U.S. society.
    Response: With this public charge inadmissibility rule, DHS neither 
seeks to stigmatize receipt of public benefits nor seeks to preclude an 
individual from seeking public benefits. DHS appreciates the input on 
the effect of public benefits payments and the role these benefits play 
in becoming self-sufficient, and on the economy as a whole. DHS does 
not dispute these positive impacts of public benefits on an 
individual's long-term self-sufficiency, or the importance of these 
programs and their goals, including the integration of immigrants. DHS 
also does not dispute that benefits programs may produce more equal 
opportunities and provide humanitarian support, and does not intend to 
in any way diminish these opportunities. DHS, however, is implementing 
the congressional mandate to assess a prospective immigrant's 
likelihood of becoming a public charge in the future based on the 
criteria that Congress put into place. As previously indicated, the INA 
does not aim to achieve the same goals as public assistance programs; 
in fact, Congress specifically articulated policy goals in PRWORA that 
provided that government welfare programs should not be an incentive 
for immigrants and that immigrants are expected to be self-sufficient. 
Correspondingly, DHS's assessment of whether an alien is likely to 
become a public charge is not the same as an assessment of whether an 
alien is currently a public charge or whether, at some separate point 
in the future, an alien who is likely to become a public charge will 
later become self-sufficient.
    Comment: Some commenters emphasized not just the self-sufficiency 
of the immigrants that use public benefits or programs, but their 
contributions to society as a whole. A few commenters stated that 
providing support to families is a necessary facet of our economic 
system and recipients provide more to communities than the aid they 
receive. A commenter stated that a study in Arizona found that 
immigrants generate $2.4 billion in tax revenue, which is more than the 
$1.4 billion in benefits they used. A few commenters stated that 
broadening the definition of public charge ignores the work, taxes, and 
other contributions immigrants are making to their communities, and 
makes a ``false, negative comparison between immigrants' drain on 
public resources compared to other Americans' use.'' A few commenters 
said a ``public charge'' is not a person who uses government services 
that are funded via taxes which immigrants are expected to pay 
throughout their lifetime. Commenters also indicated that tying public 
benefits to the public charge definition is not appropriate as the 
foreign national is working, paying taxes, and contributing to the 
welfare of the United States and is entitled to public benefits.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' input. DHS did not, 
however, make any changes to the

[[Page 41354]]

public charge definition based on these comments. DHS recognizes the 
contributions foreign nationals have made to American society as a 
whole and to their communities. However, with this rulemaking, DHS 
seeks to better enforce the grounds of inadmissibility to ensure that 
those seeking admission to the United States are self-sufficient, i.e., 
rely on their own capabilities and the resources of their family, 
sponsors, and private organizations.
    Finally, DHS disagrees with the commenters who stated that tying 
public benefits to the public charge definition is not appropriate for 
aliens who are working, paying taxes, and contributing to the welfare 
of the United States and entitled to public benefits. Simply because an 
alien is working, paying taxes and contributing to the welfare of the 
United States does not guarantee an alien's self-sufficiency now or in 
the future.
    Again, an individual may provide significant benefits to their 
communities, including to the tax base, but nonetheless be a public 
charge. With this rulemaking, DHS seeks to ensure that those coming to 
the United States are self-sufficient and not dependent on the 
government for subsistence now or in the future, even if they are 
currently contributing to the tax base. Furthermore, the public charge 
assessment is an assessment based on the individual's facts and 
circumstances; the greater the taxable income and other resources, the 
more likely an individual is self-sufficient, and the less likely he or 
she is to become a public charge. DHS encourages all applicants to 
bring forward any factors and circumstances they believe are relevant 
to their adjudication of public charge.
    Comment: A commenter suggested that DHS more clearly separate the 
definition of public charge from the predictive process by moving any 
predictive language, along with any thresholds based on predictive 
value, from the definitions in 8 CFR 212 and 214 to a separate section 
listing factors to be considered as part of the public charge 
inadmissibility determination. The commenter stated that this would 
provide a clear separation between the question of what is a public 
charge, and whether a person is likely to become a public charge.
    Response: With respect to the commenter's suggestion to more 
clearly distinguish between the definition of ``public charge'' and the 
prospective public charge inadmissibility determination, DHS notes that 
as proposed, and as codified in this final rule, DHS has a separate 
definition for public charge and public benefits. In this final rule, 
DHS has also provided a more detailed definition for ``likely at any 
time to become a public charge.'' \330\ DHS believes that the framework 
and separate definitions provided with this final rule sufficiently 
permit its officers to make sound and reasonable public charge 
inadmissibility determinations, as intended by Congress.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \330\ See generally 8 CFR 212.21.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS's statutory interpretation of 
``public charge'' is flawed. The commenter noted that in the proposed 
rule DHS stated that its proposed definition of public charge was 
consistent with various dictionary definitions of public charge, 
including the current edition of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, which 
defines public charge simply as ``one that is supported at public 
expense.'' \331\ The commenter stated that DHS's interpretation is 
flawed, because DHS failed to define the term ``support.'' The 
commenter stated that ``looking to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 
which is the dictionary favored by the Supreme Court, `support' is 
defined as `pay[ing] the cost of' or `provid[ing] a basis for the 
existence or subsistence of.''' \332\ The commenter further stated 
that, in turn, ``one who is `supported at the public expense' must be 
having needs met entirely or at least nearly entirely by the 
government.'' Therefore, the commenter concluded, DHS failed to provide 
a justification for how DHS's proposal with its low thresholds for 
benefit use comports with that definition. Another commenter cited to 
various dictionary definitions of ``charge'' to support the proposition 
that the term ``public charge'' means a person with a very high level 
of dependence on the government. For instance, the commenter cited the 
1828 edition of Webster's Dictionary, which defined ``charge'' as ``The 
person or thing committed to another's [sic] custody, care or 
management; a trust.'' \333\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \331\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51158 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \332\ Merriam-Webster, definition of ``support,'' available at 
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supported (last visited 
July 26, 2019).
    \333\ Webster's Dictionary 1828 Online Edition, definition of 
``charge,'' available at http://webstersdictionary1828.com/Dictionary/charge (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A commenter also stated that DHS's proposed statutory 
interpretation is at odds with how DHS justified the proposed 
thresholds for public benefits use. The commenter explained in defining 
``public charge,'' DHS wrote that an individual ``who receives public 
benefits for a substantial component of their support and care can be 
reasonably viewed as being a public charge.'' \334\ But in justifying 
the thresholds, DHS wrote that it ``believes that receipt of such 
benefits, even in a relatively small amount or for a relatively short 
duration would in many cases be sufficient to render a person a public 
charge.'' \335\ Another commenter stated that some households may be 
self-sufficient and capable of meeting their basic needs without public 
benefits, but nonetheless enroll in such benefits to supplement 
available resources.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \334\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51158 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \335\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51164 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter that Merriam-Webster's 
definition of ``support'' compels DHS to abandon the policy proposed in 
the NPRM.\336\ The commenter is correct that some of Merriam-Webster's 
definitions of ``support'' reference paying the costs of another, or 
providing a basis for the existence or subsistence of another. Other 
definitions of ``support'' in the same dictionary do not specify a 
degree of assistance (for instance, Merriam-Webster's also defines 
support as ``assist, help'').\337\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \336\ In particular, DHS also disagrees with the commenter who 
indicated that DHS's citing to the 1990 edition of Black's Law 
Dictionary inappropriate because PRWORA redefined the term public 
charge. As explained throughout the NPRM and this final rule, PRWORA 
restricted access for aliens to certain benefits but did not define 
public benefits.
    \337\ See Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Definition of 
Support, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/support (last 
visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    But, the public benefits designated under this rule are 
specifically designed for the Government to pay the costs of the 
beneficiary with respect to basic necessities, i.e., to provide a basis 
for the beneficiary's subsistence. This is the case with respect to 
cash benefits for income maintenance, Medicaid, SNAP, and all other 
designated benefits. DHS believes that its rule is consistent with all 
of the aforementioned definitions of ``support'' and especially with 
the definition of ``public charge'' as ``one that is supported at 
public expense.'' \338\ And for substantially the same reasons, DHS 
believes that its rule is broadly consistent with the 1828 Webster's 
Dictionary definition of the term ``charge,'' as well. For instance, 
the definition cited by the commenter provides an example of 
appropriate usage: ``Thus the people of a parish are

[[Page 41355]]

called the ministers [sic] charge.'' Just as a parishioner can be a 
``charge'' of minister without being entrusted entirely to their care, 
a person can be a ``charge'' of the public if he or she relies on 
public benefits to meet basic needs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \338\ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Definition of Public 
Charge, https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/public%20charge 
(last visited July 8, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regardless, DHS does not believe that isolated definitions of 
``support'' or the word ``charge'' standing alone conclusively 
determine the possible range of definitions for the term, public 
charge; neither term standing alone is used in section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), and neither term, standing alone, is used in 
the definition of ``public charge'' or ``public benefit'' in this rule. 
DHS disagrees with the comment that the reference to ``substantial 
component'' \339\ makes the statutory interpretation in the NPRM 
inconsistent with the justification which references a ``relatively 
small amount.'' \340\ The reference to ``substantial component'' was 
part of a summary of dictionary definitions and not the basis for the 
definition of public charge.\341\ Nonetheless, as discussed elsewhere 
in this rule, DHS has revised 8 CFR 212.22 to limit public charge 
determinations to benefits received for 12 months in a 36-month period 
and is not considering the value of the amount of benefits received. 
Finally, DHS rejects the contention that an alien is not a public 
charge if the alien does not ``need'' the designated benefits that he 
or she or receives. DHS's view is that an alien, who receives 
designated benefits under this rule for the specific duration, is a 
public charge, whether he or she needs those benefits or not.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \339\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51158 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \340\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51164 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \341\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51158 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS should not have cited to the 
1990 Black's Law Dictionary's definition of ``public charge,'' because 
the edition is out of date and was written pre-PRWORA.
    Response: In its NPRM, DHS was attempting to provide a historical 
review of the term public charge as defined in various reference 
materials. The 1990 edition would have preceded the IIRIRA amendments 
by only six years.
    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS's recognition that active-duty 
U.S. servicemembers would qualify as ``public charges'' under the plain 
terms of the proposed rule is proof positive that the proposal is bad 
policy. The commenter stated that the exclusion of public benefits 
received by servicemembers and their families confirms that the DHS has 
set the threshold for ``self-sufficiency''--or ``public charge''--in an 
unreasonable way and too high. The commenter stated that in setting the 
salary levels for members of the U.S. military, Congress has determined 
that the salary levels are sufficient to render our servicemembers 
``self-sufficient,'' and therefore the rule conflicts with this 
determination. The commenter further stated that employment as an 
active-duty member of the U.S. military has long been viewed as an 
honorable, stable job that provides a gateway for all individuals in 
this country--regardless of race, economic background, social class, or 
other forms of difference--to succeed in life. The commenter stated 
that the answer is not to exempt active-duty servicemembers from the 
``public charge'' regulation, but to embrace a reasonable definition of 
``public charge'' so that active-duty servicemembers are not rendered 
``public charges.''
    Response: Contrary to the commenter's arguments, to the best of 
DHS's knowledge there is no indication that Congress considered the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility when it created the military 
compensation structure, or that the levels of pay afforded to active 
duty servicemembers are always adequate to ensure that servicemembers 
and their families will be self-sufficient for purposes of our 
immigration laws. In the NPRM, DHS recognized that as a consequence of 
the unique compensation and tax structure afforded by Congress to 
aliens enlisting for military service, some active duty alien 
servicemembers, as well as their spouses and children, as defined in 
section 101(b) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(b), may rely on 
SNAP[thinsp]and other listed public benefits.\342\ DHS included a 
provision for these individuals, as reflected in the proposed rule and 
as discussed later in this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \342\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51173 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Threshold Standard

``Primarily dependent'' Based on Cash Public Benefit Receipt or Long-
Term Institutionalization at Government Expense''

    Comment: Commenters indicated that DHS, through regulation, cannot 
institute a definition that Congress had already squarely rejected. The 
commenters noted that Congress, as part of IIRIRA debates, had rejected 
a proposal that would have defined a public charge as a person who 
receives means-tested public benefits. The commenters indicated that 
Congress' rejection of the proposed definitions of public charge and 
means-tested public benefit meant that Congress retained the 
longstanding meaning of public charge as being primarily dependent on 
the government for subsistence.\343\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \343\ The commenter indicated that during the debates leading up 
to IIRIRA, Congress stripped the bill of a provision defining public 
charge as a noncitizen who uses ``means-tested, public benefits,'' 
meaning ``any public benefit (including cash, medical, housing, 
food, and social services) . . . in which eligibility of an 
individual, household, or family eligibility unit for such benefit 
or the amount of such benefit, or both are determined on the basis 
of income, resources, or financial need of the individual household, 
or unit.'' See H.R. Rep. No. 104-208, at 144 (Sept. 24, 1996) (sec. 
551 of H.R. 2202, proposing 8 U.S.C. 1183a(e)(defining ``means-
tested public benefit''); see id. at 138 (sec. 532 of H.R. 2202, 
proposing 8 U.S.C. 1251(a)(5)(C)(99), (D) (defining term ``public 
charge'' [to] include[] any alien who receives . . . means-tested 
public benefits'); H.R. Rep. No. 104-863, at 564, 690-91 (Sept. 28, 
1996) (absence of sec. 532 from prior H.R. 2202); see 142 Cong. Rec. 
25868 (Sept. 28, 1996) (noting that sec 532 was stricken and that 
proposed subsection (e) to INA section 213A definition ``Federal 
means-tested public benefit'' was also stricken). Instead, the 
commenter stated, IIRIRA retained the term's longstanding meaning of 
primary dependence on the government for subsistence. The commenter 
further stated that Congress' rejection of the proposed provision 
was an express political choice to ensure that IIRIRA's passage, and 
not a clerical change.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A commenter questioned DHS's assertion that the proposed definition 
of public charge reflects Congress's intent to have aliens be self-
sufficient and not reliant on the government for assistance. The 
commenter indicated that the INA does not mention self-sufficiency and 
does not list it as a criterion for avoiding a finding of 
inadmissibility under public charge. Several commenters stated that the 
rule would drastically increase the scope of who would be considered a 
public charge to include people who use a much wider range of benefits 
and not just those who are primarily dependent on the government for 
subsistence. A few commenters stated that the proposed rule's 
definition of public charge would equate occasional or temporary use of 
benefits and services with primary reliance on benefits. A commenter 
agreed with the current standard, in that it does not penalize 
individuals from accepting all of the forms of support encompassed 
within this rule. A commenter, in considering only primary dependence 
on public benefits as the degree of dependency required to sustain a 
public charge finding, stated that the standard provides clear and 
effective guidelines for adjudicators and applicants without 
endangering the lives of immigrant families and children in this 
country.
    Response: As noted above, although the INA does not mention self-
sufficiency in the context of section

[[Page 41356]]

212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), DHS believes that there is a 
strong connection between the self-sufficiency policy statements 
elsewhere in Title 8 of the United States Code (even if not codified in 
the INA itself) at 8 U.S.C. 1601 and the public charge inadmissibility 
language in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), which 
were enacted within a month of each other.\344\ Of particular 
significance and just prior to the passage of the revised public charge 
inadmissibility ground in IIRIRA, conference managers noted that the 
implementing section ``amends INA section 212(a)(4) to expand the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility. Aliens have been excludable if 
likely to become public charges since 1882. Self-reliance is one of the 
most fundamental principles of immigration law.'' \345\ Previous House 
and Senate Judiciary Committee reports included similar statements 
addressing self-sufficiency and receipt of public benefits in the 
context of public charge.\346\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \344\ See Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 Stat. 2105, 2260 
(Aug. 22, 1996) (enacting 8 U.S.C. 1601) and Public Law 104-208, 
div. C, sec. 531, 110 Stat. 3009-546, 3009-674 (Sept. 30, 1996) 
(amending INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)).
    \345\ See United States. Cong. House. Committee on the 
Conference. Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility 
Act of 1996. 104th Cong. 2nd Sess. H. Rpt. 828, at 240-241 (1996). 
https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt828/CRPT-104hrpt828.pdf (last 
visited 5/9/2019).
    \346\ See United States. Cong. House. Committee on the 
Judiciary. Immigration in the National Interest Act of 1995. 104th 
Cong. 2nd Sess. H. Rpt. 469, pt 1, at 109 (1996). https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt469/CRPT-104hrpt469-pt1.pdf (last 
visited 5/9/2019). See also United States. Cong. Senate. Committee 
on the Judiciary. Immigration Control and Financial Responsibility 
Act of 1996. 104th Cong. 2nd Sess. S. Rpt. 249, at 5-7 (1996). 
https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/srpt249/CRPT-104srpt249.pdf (last 
visited 5/9/2019.).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, DHS disagrees that either congressional actions 
leading up to IIRIRA or years of precedent mandate the adoption of the 
primarily dependent standard. As explained in the NPRM, the statute 
does not expressly prescribe a single method to define the level, type, 
or duration of public benefit receipt necessary to determine whether an 
alien is a public charge or is likely at any time to become a public 
charge.\347\ DHS does not interpret the fact that Congress did not 
define public charge as ``any alien who receives [means-tested public] 
benefits for an aggregate period of at least 12 months'' prior to 
enactment of IIRIRA \348\ as meaning DHS is precluded from adopting a 
similar definition now.\349\ Rather, DHS views Congress' failure to 
define ``public charge'' by statute as an affirmation of what the 
Senate Judiciary Committee acknowledged over 50 years ago, i.e., that 
the meaning of public charge has been left to the judgment and 
interpretation of administrative officials and the courts. More 
specifically, that committee found that the determination whether the 
alien is a public charge or is likely to become a public charge should 
rest within the discretion of immigration officers, because the 
elements constituting public charge are so varied.\350\ If Congress had 
wanted to conclusively define the term public charge as ``primarily 
dependent,'' it could have done so.\351\ DHS also notes that courts 
that have examined public charge have generally explained public charge 
in the context of dependence or reliance on the public for support 
without elaborating on the degree of dependence or reliance required to 
be a public charge.\352\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \347\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51163-51164 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \348\ United States. Cong. House. Committee on the Conference. 
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996. 
104th Cong. 2nd Sess. H. Rpt. 828, at 138 (1996). https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt828/CRPT-104hrpt828.pdf (last visited 
5/9/2019).
    \349\ See Competitive Enterprise Inst. v. U.S. Dep't of Transp., 
863 F.3d 917 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (``But `Congressional inaction lacks 
persuasive significance because several equally tenable inferences 
may be drawn from such inaction, including the inference that the 
existing legislation already incorporated the offered change.' '' 
(citing Consumer Elecs. Ass'n v. FCC, 347 F.3d 291, 299 n.4 (DC Cir. 
2003) (quoting Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. LTV Corp., 4966 U.S. 
633, 650 (1990))).
    \350\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51123 n.21 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). See also The 1950 Omnibus 
Report of the Senate Judiciary Committee, S. Rep. No. 81-1515, at 
349 (1950).
    \351\ See, e.g., Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver Cty. Emp. Ret. Fund, 138 
S. Ct. 1061, 1070 (2018) (explaining that, if Congress had wanted to 
deprive state courts of jurisdiction over certain class actions, it 
could have easily done so by inserting a provision.).
    \352\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51158 
(proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the NPRM,\353\ DHS believes that the primary 
dependence definition constitutes one permissible, but non-exclusive 
way of establishing a bright line for considering public benefit 
receipt relative to a public charge determination. Because Congress 
already identified certain classes of aliens, including those who are 
particularly vulnerable, and has exempted or authorized DHS to exempt 
them from the public charge ground of inadmissibility, DHS believes 
that with respect to other aliens not similarly protected, the current 
approach of excluding receipt of non-cash benefits and only finding to 
be inadmissible individuals who are likely to become primarily 
dependent on the government, as a policy matter, does not go far enough 
in enforcing this ground of inadmissibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \353\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51163-51164 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Given that the statute and case law do not prescribe the type or 
extent of public benefit receipt that makes an alien a public charge, 
DHS believes that benefits designated in this rule are directly 
relevant to public charge inadmissibility determinations. These 
enumerated public benefits are directed toward meeting the basic 
necessities of life through the provision of food and nutrition, 
housing, and healthcare.\354\ This basic fact is underscored by the 
many comments identifying significant consequences for individuals who 
decide to disenroll from these benefits. Ultimately, the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility is targeted to individuals who, in the 
absence of government assistance, would lack the basic necessities of 
life. DHS acknowledges that this rule constitutes a change that will 
have a practical impact on aliens covered by this rule; however, it 
views the current policy as unduly restrictive in terms of which 
benefits are considered for public charge inadmissibility. Therefore, 
expanding the list of public benefits to include a broader list of 
public benefits that satisfy basic living needs as a policy matter 
better enforces this ground of inadmissibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \354\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51159 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Equally important, given that the statute and case law do not 
prescribe the degree or duration of public benefit receipt that make an 
alien a public charge, DHS has determined that it is permissible to 
adopt a threshold other than the primarily dependent standard. In its 
annual reports to Congress on welfare indicators and risk factors, HHS 
explains that defining welfare dependence and developing consensus 
around a single measure of welfare dependence are difficult and 
adopting any definition of welfare dependence has its limitations and 
represents a choice of demarcation beyond which someone is or will be 
considered dependent.\355\ In HHS's efforts to examine the range of 
dependence from complete long-term dependence to total self-
sufficiency, HHS acknowledges that

[[Page 41357]]

mere public benefit receipt is not a good measure of dependence \356\ 
but that: ``Welfare dependence, like poverty, is a continuum, with 
variations in degree and in duration.'' \357\ As HHS explains, an 
individual may be more or less dependent based the share of total 
resources derived from public benefits or the amount of time over which 
the individual depends on the public benefit. As HHS further 
elaborates, ``A summary measure of dependence . . . as an indicator for 
policy purposes must have some fixed parameters that allow one to 
determine [who] should be counted as dependent, just as the poverty 
line defines who is poor under the official standard.'' \358\ In this 
context, DHS has determined that it is permissible to adopt a uniform 
duration threshold so long as the threshold has fixed parameters to 
allow DHS to determine who is considered a public charge. Accordingly, 
as explained further below, DHS has defined ``public charge'' in this 
final rule to mean a person who receives the designated benefits for 
more than 12 months in the aggregate in any 36-month period. This fixed 
standard will assist DHS to determine which aliens are inadmissible as 
likely to become a public charge at any time in the future based on the 
totality of the alien's circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \355\ See U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., Indicators of 
Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, at Foreword and 
Chapter II (1997), available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/indicators-welfare-dependence-annual-report-congress-1997 (last 
visited July 26. 2019). See also U.S. Dep't of Health & Human 
Servs., Welfare Indicators and Risk Factors, at I-2 (2015), 
available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/welfare-indicators-and-risk-factors-fourteenth-report-congress (last visited July 26. 
2019).
    \356\ See U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., Indicators of 
Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, at Chapter II (1997), 
available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/indicators-welfare-dependence-annual-report-congress-1997 (last visited July 26. 2019).
    \357\ See U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., Welfare 
Indicators and Risk Factors, at I-2 (2015), available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/welfare-indicators-and-risk-factors-fourteenth-report-congress (last visited July 26. 2019).
    \358\ See U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., Welfare 
Indicators and Risk Factors, at I-2 (2015), available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/welfare-indicators-and-risk-factors-fourteenth-report-congress (last visited July 26. 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Standards for Monetizable and Non-Monetizable Benefits
Numerical Percentage Threshold
    Comment: One commenter supported the explanation in the NPRM that 
the 15 percent threshold is an acceptable proxy for benefits use, and 
indicated that the 15 percent threshold is ``widely used and thus 
arguably more transparent than other alternatives.''
    In contrast, many commenters voiced general opposition to the 15 
percent threshold, believing that the standards will likely reverse 
public health strides communities have made relating to vaccinations, 
communicable diseases and nutrition; that benefits amount received at 
that threshold level or any level, did not represent an individual's 
inability to achieve self-sufficiency; or that the 15 percent threshold 
was unfair and unnecessary in scope because the minimal financial 
support provided by federally funded benefits did not promote 
dependency, but were a safety net for vulnerable families and therefore 
should not be linked to threats of deportation.
    Commenters stated that DHS had offered no basis for its use of 15 
percent as the relevant benchmark for who is a public charge. 
Commenters also indicated that DHS's own conclusory assumption that 
receipt of this level of funding represents a lack of self-sufficiency 
was rebutted by the ample research showing that immigrants pay more 
into the United States healthcare system than they take out and that 
most immigrants pay taxes. This commenter also indicated that DHS 
provided little to no guidance as to how DHS officials would go about 
predicting a person's future likelihood of receiving the requisite 
amount of benefits and that the use of a specific dollar benchmark 
belies the Department's assurances that it will not consider prior 
receipt of benefits to be the dispositive factor in public charge 
determinations. Another commenter indicated that DHS does not provide 
an explanation as to why the quantifiable amount of dependency was set 
at 15 percent rather than 50 percent, which would reflect primary 
dependency, or even 30 or 40 percent. Citing to United States v. 
Dierckman, 201 F.3d 915, 926 (7th Cir. 2000) and Allied-Signal, Inc. v. 
Nuclear Reg. Comm'n, 988 F.2d 146, 152 (D.C. Cir. 1993), the commenters 
indicated that DHS failed to provide the essential facts upon which the 
administrative decision is based. The commenter also stated that DHS's 
attempt to justify its public charge definition with existing case law 
that, according to DHS, failed to stipulate quantifying levels of 
public support required, may have explained DHS's proposal to quantify 
the amount, but failed to explain why that quantifiable amount should 
be 15 percent of FPG, and not a higher percentage like 30 or 40 
percent, or another amount that is less than 51 percent.
    Other commenters stated DHS did not provide adequate data to 
support using the 15 percent threshold in public charge determinations, 
that the threshold was contrary to the spirit of public charge and did 
not prove an immigrant is ``primarily dependent'' on government 
assistance; and that the standard ignored the economic realities of 
low-wage work.
    Multiple commenters stated that the 15 percent threshold is too low 
or restrictive, and arbitrary. A commenter also equated the threshold 
with having no threshold at all and stated that noncitizens will be too 
afraid to apply for benefits. Similarly, commenters stated that the 15 
percent threshold is particularly low for immigrants living in areas 
with a high cost of living, for those receiving cash assistance, or for 
those receiving housing assistance, especially in cities or states 
where the cost of housing exceeds those detailed in the rule. Some 
commenters asserted that the standard should be 50 percent of the FPG, 
while other stated that DHS should conduct a sensitivity analysis 
comparing the economic impacts of using a 15 percent of the FPG cutoff 
versus a 50 percent of the FPG cutoff for benefits before determining 
the threshold. A commenter stated that the FPG have long been 
criticized for being inadequate and low--failing to take into account, 
for example, of geographical variances in cost of living, as well as 
expenses that are necessary to hold a job and to earn income (e.g., 
child care and transportation costs). The commenter wrote that given 
these well-documented and critical flaws with the FPG, DHS's proposed 
thresholds are particularly egregious.
    Many commenters provided examples of individuals who would be found 
to be public charges under the proposed benefit thresholds, despite 
being largely self-sufficient. Several commenters also stated that a 
noncitizen receiving slightly less than $5 per day, or roughly $1,800 
per year, in benefits would be enough to trigger a public charge 
finding. Other commenters stated that a noncitizen family of four 
making 250 percent of the federal poverty line could be deemed public 
charges if they received $2.50 per person per day, although such a 
family would be about 95 percent self-sufficient. A commenter stated 
that therefore, DHS's standard to measure self-sufficiency had no 
rational connection with actual self-sufficiency. Many commenters cited 
studies finding that those who are widely self-sufficient, upwards of 
90 percent, but who receive or previously received ten percent of their 
income in benefits could be found inadmissible under the proposed 
threshold, especially in light of the fact that past receipt counts as 
a heavily-weighted factor. Another commenter cited a study indicating 
that the rule could effectively ban a family of four making 175 percent 
of FPG, but which received $2.50 per day per person in government aid, 
even though this family is only receiving 8.6 percent of their income 
from the government and is 91.4 percent self-sufficient. A

[[Page 41358]]

commenter also stated that the proposed threshold could have the 
perverse effect of discouraging immigrants from accessing benefits they 
need to eventually become self-sufficient. One commenter stated that it 
would be unreasonable to use the receipt of public benefits in excess 
of 15 percent against an individual if the individual received the aid 
after an accident or emergency, as such use would not be evidence 
indicating that it will happen again. A commenter stated that the 
proposed threshold was so low that it would be more of an indicator 
that the alien is subject to the inherent uncertainties and exigencies 
of life, e.g., if a sponsoring company goes out of business or with the 
occurrence of a heart attack or a child developing a disability, that 
it would be an indicator of the alien's ongoing dependence on public 
benefits. Another commenter stated that a higher threshold would better 
keep with the prudence dictated by the precautionary principle. The 
commenter wrote that significantly tightening the public benefits 
threshold from the old primary dependence paradigm will entail 
unanticipated consequences and ought to be conducted slowly.
    Many commenters stated that the 15 percent threshold is overly 
complicated and would lead to widespread confusion. A commenter said 
that because of the low threshold, it would be difficult or impossible 
for families to understand how to utilize public safety nets without 
becoming a public charge, or to know at the time of an application if a 
specific benefit program would meet the 15 percent threshold. A 
commenter stated that the proposed cutoff of 15 percent would not serve 
to improve clarity when making public charge determinations, but would 
instead reduce the number of immigrants whose applications will be 
approved.
    Response: After considering all of the public comments on the 
proposed thresholds for the receipt of public benefits, DHS decided 
against finalizing separate thresholds for monetizable and non-
monetizable benefits, including the combination threshold. Instead, DHS 
has determined that a better approach from a policy and operational 
perspective, and one indicative of a lack of self-sufficiency is a 
single duration-based threshold, which this rule incorporates directly 
into the definition of public charge,\359\ and the determination of 
likely to become a public charge.\360\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \359\ See 8 CFR 212.21(a).
    \360\ See 8 CFR 212.22(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Therefore, under this final rule, DHS will consider an alien likely 
to become a public charge at any time in the future if the alien is 
more likely than not to receive public benefits for longer than 12 
months in the aggregate in any 36-month period. As with the proposed 
rule, current receipt or past receipt of more than 12 months of public 
benefits, in the aggregate, in any 36-month period will not necessarily 
be dispositive in the inadmissibility determination; i.e., in 
determining whether the alien is likely to become a public charge at 
any time in the future, but will be considered a heavily weighted 
negative factor in the totality of the alien's circumstances.
    By moving the threshold standard into the ``public charge'' 
definition, DHS intends to alleviate confusion about the threshold for 
being a public charge. As part of the inadmissibility determination, an 
officer will review the likelihood of whether an alien will receive 
public benefits over the durational threshold. The ``public benefit'' 
definition will only list the specific programs considered and the list 
of exclusions. Separating concepts of ``public charge'' and ``public 
benefits'' also clarifies that DHS will consider in the totality 
whether an alien has applied for, received, or been certified or 
approved to receive any public benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), 
in assessing whether he or she is likely to become a public charge as 
part of the totality of the circumstances.
    DHS believes that this approach is particularly responsive to 
public comments that communicated concerns about the complexity of the 
bifurcated standard and lack of certainty. As revised, this 
determination includes the consideration of public benefit application, 
certification, or receipt over any period of time. However, as 
indicated above, the alien's application for, certification, or receipt 
of public benefits will only be weighted heavily in certain 
circumstances, namely where such application, certification, or receipt 
of public benefits exceeded 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-
month period, beginning no earlier than 36 months prior to the alien's 
application for admission or adjustment of status on or after the 
effective date. Similarly, DHS has revised the public benefit condition 
that applies in the context of an extension of stay or change of status 
application or petition, to include this new standard as well.
Valuation
    Comment: DHS also received comments on the valuation of monetizable 
benefits. A commenter acknowledged that the proposed rule including 
provisions for pro rata attribution of monetizable benefits (such that 
benefits granted to a multi-person household would not all be 
attributed to a single person), but stated that the proposed rule was 
confusing, and that families are highly likely to avoid seeking social 
services entirely, rather than rely on the valuation formulas.
    Some commenters suggested that it would be unreasonable to refer to 
FPG for a household of one, when evaluating an alien who is part of a 
large household. One commenter wrote that the correlation between 
household receipts of public benefits in absolute dollar terms and the 
likelihood that one member of that household will become a public 
charge can be assumed to be stronger, the smaller the size of the 
household. For a given level of receipt, a larger household is more 
likely to be self-sufficient. The commenter suggested that DHS set the 
threshold for monetary receipt based on actual household size. The 
commenter did not address the fact that the proposed valuation 
methodology called for prorating the benefit valuation based on 
household size.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments. Because DHS is 
eliminating the percentage-based threshold for monetizable benefits, as 
well as the combination threshold, DHS is not making any adjustments to 
the application of the FPG to the valuation of monetizable benefits 
because the entire valuation concept is being eliminated from the rule. 
Similarly, because DHS will not be monetizing public benefits, the 
household size applicable to the FPG (i.e., the household size of one) 
is no longer relevant. That said, DHS does not believe that public 
benefits received by a member of the alien's household would serve as a 
reliable measure of the likelihood of an alien becoming a public charge 
at any time in the future because the receipt of benefits by a 
household member does not indicate that the applicant is likely to 
receive public benefits as well. Therefore, if someone in the household 
other than the applicant is receiving the public benefit, DHS will not 
consider receipt of the public benefit. Similarly if the recipient is a 
member of the alien's household, any income derived from such public 
benefit will be excluded from the calculation of household income. 
However, because DHS is eliminating the percentage-based threshold for 
monetizable benefits and instead establishing a single, duration-based 
threshold, the length of time an alien receives any public benefit, as 
defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), will be considered in the totality of the 
circumstances,

[[Page 41359]]

regardless of whether the alien is the only person in the household 
receiving the benefit, or is one of the people receiving the same 
benefit. This differs from the approach in the proposed rule where 
valuation of certain benefits that are based on the household size 
(e.g., SNAP) would have been proportionally attributed to the 
alien.\361\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \361\ In the NPRM, DHS had proposed calculating the value of the 
benefit attributable to the alien in proportion to the total number 
of people covered by the benefit in determining the cumulative value 
of one or more monetizable benefits. See proposed 8 CFR 212.24, 
Valuation of Monetizable Benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: DHS also received comments on the non-monetizable benefits 
standards. One commenter stated that the 12- and 9-month minimum use 
thresholds are acceptable proxies for being a public charge, but the 
NPRM provides almost no explanation of how or why DHS determined that 
the 12- and 9-month threshold for non-monetizable benefits was 
indicative that an alien is a public charge. The commenter said a more 
detailed analysis of the non-monetizable benefits threshold in a final 
rule would go a long way to legitimizing this rulemaking. Many 
commenters either voiced general opposition to the 12-month standard 
for non-monetizable benefits or indicated that the standard was 
unreasonable in the context of specific non-monetizable benefits, such 
as Medicaid (which according to the commenters is designed for 
continuous enrollment) and public housing (which frequently requires a 
year-long lease agreement. A commenter stated that the threshold would 
not be well understood by the public, or provide sufficient assurance 
that a brief period of enrollment would be worthwhile. For instance, 
with respect to Medicaid, if the alien learned about the thresholds at 
all, she or he might still be concerned about signing up for a brief 
period of coverage, fearing that they might experience more acute 
healthcare needs later and should refrain from using Medicaid until or 
unless that occurred. The alien might also know that Medicaid 
eligibility periods typically last a year and may be unclear about how 
that period can be shortened. Another commenter stated that the 12-
month standard is arbitrary and would produce ``absurd results'' when 
applied in a real-world context. For example, someone with cancer might 
use Medicaid to help cover their expenses, and the 12-month standard 
could cause them to discontinue care too early, leading to devastating 
consequences. Commenters stated that using duration to determine 
dependency is particularly problematic in the context of Medicaid, 
where the threshold does not allow DHS to determine the extent to which 
the benefit was used. A commenter suggested this threshold would be 
prohibitive for all households participating in federal housing 
programs, regardless of immigration status. The commenter also stated 
that durational receipt measures are meaningless in the context of 
health coverage since duration does not represent the extent of 
benefits actually used. Commenters stated that DHS's public charge 
assumption rests on arbitrary time periods for receiving benefits. 
Without citing to the source of information, one commenter stated that 
the average length a person is on SNAP is 8-10 months, Medicaid 
assistance for children is provided on average for 28 months, and the 
average length of receipt for public housing for families is no more 
than 4 years. Similarly without attributing the source of information, 
a commenter said a 20-year analysis makes clear that seemingly 
dependent immigrants will become self-sufficient and productive in the 
long-term. One commenter stated strong opposition to the double 
counting of months where more than one benefit is received.
    Response: DHS has decided to adopt a uniform duration standard for 
the following reasons. First, the new standard is simpler and more 
administrable than the proposed approach for monetizable and non-
monetizable benefits. It eliminates the need for complicated 
calculations and projections related to the 15 percent of FPG 
threshold. By eliminating the 15 percent of FPG threshold for 
monetizable benefits, DHS is also able to eliminate the complicated 
assessment for the combination of monetizable and non-monetizable 
benefits and the provision for the valuation of monetizable benefits, 
including the need to prorate such benefits.
    Second, the standard is consistent with DHS's interpretation of the 
term ``public charge.'' DHS believes that public benefit receipt for 
more than 12 cumulative months over a 36-month period is indicative of 
a lack of self-sufficiency. The threshold is intended to address DHS's 
concerns about an alien's lack of self-sufficiency and inability to 
rely on his or her own capabilities as well as the resources of family, 
sponsors, and private organizations to meet basic living needs. DHS 
believes that an alien who receives the designated public benefits for 
more than 12 months in the aggregate during a 36-month period is not 
self-sufficient. Receipt of public benefits for such a duration exceeds 
what DHS believes is a level of support that temporarily or nominally 
supplements an alien's independent ability to meet his or basic living 
needs. Although an alien who receives the designated public benefits 
for more than 12 months in the aggregate may soon disenroll, the fact 
that she or he received such support for such a substantial period of 
time establishes that they are a public charge until such disenrollment 
occurs. DHS would consider the alien's request to disenroll in the 
totality of the circumstances review.
    Ample basis exists for using a duration-based standard even if, as 
commenters noted, neither the 1999 Interim Field Guidance nor any other 
source provides an authoritative basis for a specific duration-based 
standard. As indicated in the NPRM, under the 1999 Interim Field 
Guidance, the duration of receipt is a relevant factor with respect to 
covered benefits and is specifically accounted for in the guidance's 
inclusion of long-term institutionalization at government's 
expense.\362\ But the 1999 Interim Field Guidance did not create a 
standard by which an alien's long-term reliance on public benefits 
would indicate a lack of self-sufficiency. In addition, HHS has 
repeatedly cited and measured the duration of time individuals receive 
means-tested assistance as an indicator

[[Page 41360]]

of welfare dependence in its annual reports on welfare dependence, 
indicators, and risk factors.\363\ HHS states, ``The amount of time 
over which [an individual] depends on welfare might also be considered 
in assessing [the individual's] degree of dependence.'' \364\
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    \362\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51165 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). In assessing the probative value of 
past receipt of public benefits, ``the length of time . . . is a 
significant factor.'' 64 FR 28689, 28690 (May 26, 1999) (internal 
quotation marks and citation omitted). The NPRM also noted that in 
the context of both state welfare reform efforts and the 1990s 
Federal welfare reform, Federal Government and state governments 
imposed various limits on the duration of benefit receipt as an 
effort to foster self-sufficiency among recipients and prevent long-
term or indefinite dependence. States have developed widely varying 
approaches to time limits. Currently, 40 states have time limits 
that can result in the termination of families' welfare benefits; 17 
of those states have limits of fewer than 60 months. See, e.g., 
MDRC, formerly Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, Welfare 
Time Limits State Policies, Implementation, and Effects on Families. 
https://www.mdrc.org/sites/default/files/full_607.pdf (last visited 
July 26, 2017). Similarly, on the Federal level, PRWORA established 
a 60-month time limit on the receipt of TANF. See Temporary 
Assistance for Needy Families Program (TANF), Final Rule; 64 FR 
17720, 17723 (Apr. 12, 1999) (``The [Welfare to Work (WtW)] 
provisions in this rule include the amendments to the TANF 
provisions at sections 5001(d) and 5001(g)(1) of Public Law 105-33. 
Section 5001(d) allows a State to provide WtW assistance to a family 
that has received 60 months of federally funded TANF assistance . . 
.''). These time limits establish the outer limits of how long 
benefits are even available to a beneficiary as a matter of 
eligibility for the public benefit, and therefore how long an 
individual can receive those benefits. But DHS cannot use these time 
limits to establish a specific standard to determine how long an 
individual can receive such benefits while remaining self-sufficient 
for purposes of the public charge inadmissibility determination.
    \363\ See, e.g., U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., Welfare 
Indicators and Risk Factors (2014-2015) and U.S. Dep't of Health & 
Human Servs., Indicators of Welfare Dependence (1997-1998, 2000-
2013), available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/indicators-welfare-dependence-annual-report-congress (last visited July 26. 2019).
    \364\ See U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., Welfare 
Indicators and Risk Factors, at I-2 (2015), available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/76851/rpt_indicators.pdf (last visited 
July 26. 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This rule aims to create such a standard, in order to provide 
aliens and adjudicators with a bright-line rule upon which they can 
rely. The proposed rule cited longitudinal studies of welfare receipt, 
such as the Census Bureau's Dynamics of Economic Well-Being study,\365\ 
and the welfare leaver study.\366\ Both studies offer insight into the 
length of time that recipients of public benefits tend to remain on 
those benefits, and lend support to the notion that this rule's 
standard provides meaningful flexibility to aliens who may require one 
or more of the public benefits for relatively short periods of time, 
without allowing an alien who is not self-sufficient to avoid facing 
public charge consequences.\367\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \365\ See Shelley K. Irving & Tracy A. Loveless, U.S. Census 
Bureau, Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Participation in Government 
Programs, 2009-2012: Who Gets Assistance? 10 (May 2015), available 
at https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p70-141.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \366\ See Lashawn Richburg-Hayes & Stephen Freedman, A Profile 
of Families Cycling On and Off Welfare 4 (Apr. 2004), available at 
https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/73451/report.pdf (last visited 
July 26, 2019).
    \367\ See Shelley K. Irving & Tracy A. Loveless, U.S. Census 
Bureau, Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Participation in Government 
Programs, 2009-2012: Who Gets Assistance? 10 (May 2015), available 
at https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p70-141.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019). See also Lashawn 
Richburg-Hayes & Stephen Freedman, A Profile of Families Cycling On 
and Off Welfare 4 (Apr. 2004), available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/73451/report.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For example, according to the Census Bureau, the largest share of 
participants (43.0 percent) who benefited from one or more means-tested 
assistance programs in the 48 months from January 2009 to December 
2012, stayed in the program(s) between 37 and 48 months. By contrast, 
31.2 percent of participants in such benefits stayed in the program(s) 
for between one and 12 months, and the remaining 25.8% of participants 
stayed in the program for between 13 and 36-months.\368\ The study thus 
showed that a significant portion of the benefits-receiving population 
ended their participation within a year. In fact, the study compared 
participants' months of program participation across various income and 
age ranges, racial groups, family types, levels of educational 
attainment, and types of employment status, and found that nearly 
across the board, there was a relatively large group of people who 
participated for between one and 12 months, followed by relatively 
smaller groups who participated for between 13 and 24 months and 
between 25 and 36 months, respectively, followed by a relatively large 
group of people who participated for between 37 and 48 months. 
Similarly, an earlier study showed that across a 24-month period of 
study, those who were enrolled in one or more major assistance programs 
(approximately 25.2 percent of the overall population studied) were 
most likely to be enrolled for the entire 24-month period (10.2 
percent).\369\ But a substantial portion of the population enrolled in 
such programs only participated between one and 11 months (8.5 percent) 
or 12 to 23 months (6.5 percent).\370\ All of this suggests that a 12-
month standard is not absurd, as indicated by commenters, but in fact 
accommodates a significant proportion of short-term benefits use, while 
also providing a simple and accessible touchstone (more than a year) 
and an easily administrable cutoff that is a midpoint between the 
cutoffs established in the studies (36 months).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \368\ See Shelley K. Irving & Tracy A. Loveless, U.S. Census 
Bureau, Household Economic Studies, Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: 
Participation in Government Programs, 2009-2012: Who Gets 
Assistance? 4 (May 2015), available at https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p70-141.pdf (last 
visited July 26, 2019). This report includes TANF, General 
Assistance (GA), SSI, SNAP, Medicaid, and housing assistance as 
major means-tested benefits.
    \369\ The programs included in the study were TANF, GA, SNAP, 
SSI, and Housing Assistance, all of which are covered to at least 
some degree by this rule.
    \370\ See Jeongsoo Kim, Shelley K. Irving, & Tracy A. Loveless, 
U.S. Census Bureau, Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Participation 
in Government Programs, 2004 to 2007 and 2009--Who Gets Assistance? 
4 (July 2012), available at https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2012/demo/p70-130.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The ``welfare leaver'' study referenced above also provides support 
for a 12-month standard. Although most people who leave welfare 
programs work after they leave those programs, people may come back to 
receive additional public benefits.\371\ In the welfare leaver study, 
researchers found that on average, ``cyclers'' received 27 months of 
cash assistance within the study's four-year observation period, 
compared with an average of 12 months for short-term recipients and 40 
months for long-term recipients.\372\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \371\ See Lashawn Richburg-Hayes & Stephen Freedman, A Profile 
of Families Cycling On and Off Welfare ES-1 (Apr. 2004), available 
at https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/73451/report.pdf (last 
visited July 26, 2019).
    \372\ For most analyses in the report, the report divides the 
samples into three key outcome groups, based on each sample member's 
pattern of welfare receipt: Cyclers, short-term recipients, and 
long-term recipients. The report states that this grouping reflects 
definitions used in the literature, combined with an examination of 
the full sample. The report defines a cycler as someone who had 3 or 
more spells of welfare receipt during the 4-year observation period. 
The report defines a short-term recipient as someone who had 1 or 2 
spells and a total of up to 24 months of welfare receipt during the 
observation period. The report defines long-term recipients as 
sample members with 1 or 2 spells and a total of 25 to 48 months of 
welfare receipt during the observation period. See Lashawn Richburg-
Hayes & Stephen Freedman, A Profile of Families Cycling On and Off 
Welfare 22 (Apr. 2004), available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/73451/report.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS acknowledges that the duration standard is imperfect, because 
it is an exercise in line-drawing, it does not monetize public benefit 
receipt, and it is applied prospectively based on the totality of the 
alien's circumstances instead of an algorithm or formula. In some 
cases, DHS may find an alien admissible, even though the alien may 
receive thousands of dollars, if not tens of thousands of dollars, in 
public benefits without exceeding the duration threshold at any time in 
the future. DHS recognizes this scenario is plausible based on 
estimates of Medicaid costs and receipt of Medicaid only. For example, 
the Office of the Actuary in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid 
Services estimated that annual Medicaid spending per enrollee ranged 
from approximately $3,000-$5,000 for children and adults to 
approximately $15,000-$20,000 for the aged and persons with 
disabilities in Fiscal Year 2014.\373\ DHS's analysis of SIPP data 
shows that among individuals receiving SSI, TANF, GA, SNAP, Section 8 
Housing Vouchers, Section 8 Rent Subsidy, or Medicaid in 2013, over 32 
percent were receiving Medicaid only on average each month.\374\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \373\ See United States Department of Health and Human Services, 
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Office of the 
Actuary, 2017 Actuarial Report of Financial Outlook for Medicaid, 
Table 21, page 61, at https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Research/ActuarialStudies/Downloads/MedicaidReport2017.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \374\ DHS analysis of Wave 1 of the 2014 Panel of the Survey of 
Income and Program Participation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In other cases, DHS may find an alien inadmissible under the 
standard, even though the alien who exceeds the duration threshold may 
receive only hundreds of dollars, or less, in public

[[Page 41361]]

benefits annually. A DHS analysis of SIPP data related to public 
benefit receipt and amounts indicates that among the 25 percent of SNAP 
recipients in 2013 who only received SNAP (rather than SNAP and some 
other benefit), eight percent lived in households receiving between $11 
and $50 per month, compared to 80 percent of recipients who lived in 
households receiving over $150 per month. Among the 3 percent of TANF 
recipients who only received TANF in 2013, nearly eight percent of 
recipients lived in households receiving between $11 and $50 per month 
compared to 60 percent of recipients who lived in households receiving 
over $150 per month. And among the 26 percent of TANF, SNAP, GA, and 
SSI recipients who only received one of those public benefits, six 
percent of recipients lived in households receiving between $11 and $50 
per month compared to 80 percent of recipients who lived in households 
receiving over $150 per month. Among TANF, SNAP, GA, and SSI recipients 
receiving any of those public benefits, four percent lived in 
households receiving between $11 and $50 per month cumulatively across 
all such benefits received, compared to 87 percent of recipients who 
lived in households receiving over $150 per month.\375\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \375\ DHS analysis of Wave 1 of the 2014 Panel of the Survey of 
Income and Program Participation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These potential incongruities are to some extent a consequence of 
having a bright-line rule that (1) provides meaningful guidance to 
aliens and adjudicators, (2) accommodates meaningful short-term and 
intermittent access to public benefits, and (3) does not excuse 
continuous or consistent public benefit receipt that denotes a lack of 
self-sufficiency during a 36-month period.\376\ At bottom, DHS believes 
that this standard appropriately balances the relevant considerations, 
and that even an alien who receives a small dollar value in benefits 
over an extended period of time can reasonably be deemed a public 
charge, because of the nature of the benefits designated by this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \376\ Cf., e.g., Harris v. FCC, 776 F.3d 21, 28-29 (D.C. Cir. 
2015) (``An agency does not abuse its discretion by applying a 
bright-line rule consistently in order both to preserve incentives 
for compliance and to realize the benefits of easy administration 
that the rule was designed to achieve.''); Turro v. FCC, 859 F.2d 
1498, 1500 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (``Strict adherence to a general rule 
may be justified by the gain in certainty and administrative ease, 
even if it appears to result in some hardship in individual 
cases.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also notes the operational difficulties associated with a 
monetary threshold particularly given that several of the benefits 
under consideration are benefits received by a family unit and the 
public charge determination is, by statute, an individual 
determination. For example, in the case of SNAP or a housing voucher it 
would be difficult to meaningfully assign proportions of the group 
benefit to individuals in the family, who may benefit in different 
amounts or account for less or more than a pro rata share of the 
benefit, from the benefits-granting's agency's perspective. At its 
core, the prospective determination seeks to determine, based on the 
totality of the circumstances, the likelihood of an individual to use 
the public benefits enumerated in this rule to support themselves at 
any point in the future. This is a determination more aptly made by 
examining a pattern of behavior than by a monetary threshold which 
could represent a lump sum payment due to a one-time need. DHS believes 
that short-term benefits use may not be as reliable an indicator of an 
alien's lack of self-sufficiency, and believes that longer-term 
benefits use serves as a better indicator.
    Of course, if an alien who receives a small dollar value in public 
benefits over an extended period of time disenrolls from a benefit and 
later applies for admission or adjustment of status, she or he will not 
necessarily be inadmissible or ineligible for adjustment of status by 
virtue of such past receipt. This is because, as noted throughout this 
preamble, the public charge inadmissibility determination is 
prospective in nature, and depends on DHS's evaluation of the totality 
of the circumstances. Moreover, the amount of past benefit receipt may 
be considered in the totality of the circumstances. For instance, all 
else being equal, an alien who previously received $15 in monthly SNAP 
benefits for a lengthy period of time, but has since disenrolled, is 
less likely to require such benefits in the future, as compared to an 
alien who only recently disenrolled from a $100 SNAP benefit monthly, 
or who recently left public housing after a lengthy stay.
    Finally, DHS believes that it is appropriate to aggregate the 12 
months, inasmuch as the aggregation ensures that aliens who receive 
more than one public benefit (which may be more indicative of a lack of 
self-sufficiency, with respect to the fulfillment of multiple types of 
basic needs) reach the 12-month limit faster. Namely, DHS believes that 
receipt of multiple public benefits in a single month is more 
indicative of a lack of self-sufficiency than receipt of a single 
public benefit in a single month because receipt of multiple public 
benefits indicates the alien is unable to meet two or more basic 
necessities of life. This is not an uncommon occurrence. For example, 
DHS's analysis of SIPP data reveals that among individuals who received 
the enumerated public benefits in 2013, at least nearly 35 percent of 
individuals received two or more public benefits on average per month. 
Table 7 provides additional context with respect to the concurrent 
receipt of multiple benefits.

Table 7--Public Benefit Receipt Combinations Among Individuals Receiving
    One or More Enumerated Public Benefits (Average per Month), 2013
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      Percent of
                                      individuals
              Program                    with             DHS view
                                      combination
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Individuals Receiving Public                 100.0
 Benefits.
Medicaid only.....................            32.5  Meeting healthcare
                                                     needs.
Medicaid and Supplemental                     22.8  Meeting healthcare
 Nutrition Assistance Program                        and food/nutrition
 (SNAP).                                             needs.
SNAP Only.........................            13.1  Meeting food/
                                                     nutrition needs.
Section 8 Rental Assistance Only..             3.6  Meeting housing
                                                     needs.
Medicaid, SNAP, and Supplemental               3.2  Meeting healthcare,
 Security Income (SSI).                              food/nutrition, and
                                                     cash assistance
                                                     needs.
Medicaid, SNAP, and Section 8                  3.0  Meeting healthcare,
 Rental Assistance.                                  food/nutrition, and
                                                     housing needs.
Medicaid and SSI..................             2.9  Meeting healthcare
                                                     and cash assistance
                                                     needs.

[[Page 41362]]

 
Medicaid, SNAP, Section 8 Housing              2.8  Meeting healthcare,
 Vouchers, and Section 8 Rental                      food/nutrition, and
 Assistance.                                         housing needs.
SSI Only..........................             2.1  Meeting cash
                                                     assistance needs.
All other combinations............            13.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Because of rounding, percentages may not sum to 100.0.
Source: This table was derived from DHS analysis of Wave 1 of the 2014
  Panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation.

    DHS does not believe that the threshold should operate in a way 
that effectively ignores receipt of multiple benefits in a single month 
and results in differential treatment for an alien who receives one 
designated benefit in one month and another in the next month, as 
compared to an alien who receives each of those designated benefits in 
the same month. DHS appreciates the references one commenter makes to 
average durations of receipt for certain benefits but notes that the 
commenter's statements could not be evaluated without a reference to a 
study or sources data.
    DHS strongly disagrees with commenters' assertion that the duration 
standard is problematic in the context of Medicaid because the standard 
does not take into account the extent to which Medicaid is used. As DHS 
explained in the NPRM, Medicaid serves as a last-resort form of health 
insurance for people of limited means. Medicaid expenditures are 
significant across multiple enrollee groups, and are particularly 
pronounced among persons with disabilities and the aged. The Office of 
the Actuary in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, HHS, 
most recently reported that Medicaid spending per enrollee in FY 2016 
was $3,555 for children, $5,159 for adults, $19,754 for persons with 
disabilities, and $14,700 for the aged.\377\ Even if a Medicaid 
enrollee claims that he or she did not or will not use Medicaid 
benefits (i.e., by going to the doctor or hospital) within a given time 
period, the value of Medicaid is not merely the value of claims paid 
out. Like any insurance plan, Medicaid protects against future 
potential expenses and ensures that enrollees can receive the services 
they need. Medicaid coverage constitutes a significant benefit received 
by enrollees regardless of direct expenditures, even if states require 
enrollees to pay subsidized premiums and pay for cost-sharing 
services.\378\ According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid 
Services, Office of the Actuary, ``beneficiary cost sharing, such as 
deductibles or copayments, and beneficiary premiums are very limited in 
Medicaid and do not represent a significant share of the total cost of 
healthcare goods and services for Medicaid enrollees.'' \379\ Ninety-
five percent of total outlays in 2016 were for medical assistance 
payments, such as acute care benefits, long-term care benefits, 
capitation payments and premiums, and disproportionate share hospital 
(DSH) payments. Capitation payments and other premiums, which include 
premiums paid to Medicaid managed care plans, pre-paid health plans, 
other health plan premiums, and premiums for Medicare Part A and Part 
B, represented 49 percent of Medicaid benefit expenditures in 
2016.\380\ Accordingly, the duration of an alien's receipt of non-
monetizable benefits like Medicaid is a reasonable proxy for assessing 
an alien's reliance on public benefits. DHS also believes that benefits 
received, including Medicaid, over that timeframe likely exceeds a 
nominal level of support that merely supplements an alien's independent 
ability to meet his or her basic living needs.\381\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \377\ See United States Department of Health and Human Services, 
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Office of the 
Actuary, 2017 Actuarial Report of Financial Outlook for Medicaid, 
Table 21, page 61, at https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Research/ActuarialStudies/Downloads/MedicaidReport2017.pdf (last visited April 25, 2019).
    \378\ Premium means any enrollment fee, premium, or other 
similar charge. Cost sharing means any copayment, coinsurance, 
deductible, or other similar charge. See 42 CFR 447.51 for 
definitions.
    \379\ See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers 
for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Office of the Actuary, 2017 
Actuarial Report of Financial Outlook for Medicaid, page 3, 
available at https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Research/ActuarialStudies/Downloads/MedicaidReport2017.pdf 
(last visited June 6, 2019).
    \380\ See United States Department of Health and Human Services, 
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the Office of the 
Actuary, 2017 Actuarial Report of Financial Outlook for Medicaid, 
pages 5-6, available at https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Research/ActuarialStudies/Downloads/MedicaidReport2017.pdf (last visited June 6, 2019).
    \381\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51165 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees that the standard is arbitrary. As discussed in 
the NPRM and this final rule, researchers have shown that welfare 
recipients experienced future employment instability, and continued to 
move in and out of welfare benefit programs such as Medicaid and 
SNAP.\382\ Based on this research, DHS considers any past receipt of 
public benefits a negative factor in the public charge determination, 
although the weight accorded to such receipt would vary according to 
the circumstances. Similarly, application for or certification to 
receive a public benefit, or current receipt of public benefits for 
longer periods of time or moving in and out of benefit programs for an 
aggregate period of more than 12 of the most recent 36 months preceding 
the filing of the application for admission or application for 
adjustment of status is considered a heavily-weighted negative factor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \382\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51165 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The duration standard should provide a more predictable threshold 
that will better permit applicants to adjust their behavior as they 
deem necessary and appropriate. An applicant should be readily aware 
whether he or she has received public benefits for more than 12 
cumulative months within a 36-month period. Note that this rule 
clarifies that DHS will take into consideration evidence that an alien 
made requested to be disenrolled from public benefits and has made 
clarifying edits in 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(ii)(E) to make such 
consideration explicit.
    Finally, DHS notes that the change to a duration-only standard is 
responsive to comments indicating that the 15 percent of FPG threshold 
would be too low or unreasonable for those living in cities and areas 
with high costs of living. For example, under the NPRM,

[[Page 41363]]

DHS would have considered an alien receiving a Section 8 Housing 
Voucher in an area where the eligibility requirement amounted to income 
more than 250 percent of the FPG in the same manner as another alien 
living area where the income eligibility was 50 percent of the FPG. 
Under the new standard, the effect of cost living is minimized.
    DHS understands that certain applicants may be hesitant to receive 
certain benefits in light of the public charge assessment. DHS 
reiterates that this rule does not prevent individuals who are eligible 
for public benefits from receiving these benefits. And as explained 
below, in its public charge inadmissibility determination DHS will not 
consider receipt of Emergency Medicaid, the Medicare Part D LIS, 
Medicaid received by alien under age 21 or pregnant women, and a wide 
range of other benefits, such as emergency or disaster relief. This 
rule also explains the criteria under which DHS will determine whether 
an alien subject to section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), has 
established that he or she is not inadmissible on that ground. As 
explained, DHS will assess all factors and circumstances applicable to 
the public charge determination, including the past receipt of public 
benefits listed in 8 CFR 212.21(b). No one factor alone will render an 
applicant inadmissible on account of public charge; DHS will assess 
whether the alien is likely to become a public charge, i.e., to receive 
the designated benefits above the threshold, in the totality of the 
circumstances.
    DHS also acknowledges that the regulation may result in fewer 
numbers of nonimmigrants and immigrants being admitted to the United 
States or granted adjustment of status to that of a lawful permanent 
resident. DHS notes that the ground of inadmissibility under section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) applies to aliens seeking 
admission to the United States, or adjustment of status to that of a 
lawful permanent resident. The public charge ground of inadmissibility 
does not apply to nonimmigrants present in the United States seeking an 
extension of stay \383\ or change of nonimmigrant status.\384\ As 
indicated in the NPRM, however, when adjudicating an alien's 
application for extension of stay or change of status, DHS will assess 
whether the alien has demonstrated that he or she has not received, 
since obtaining the nonimmigrant status and through the time of filing 
and adjudication, any public benefit, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), 
for 12 months, in the aggregate, within a 36-month period.\385\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \383\ See 8 CFR 214.1.
    \384\ See INA section 248, 8 U.S.C. 1258; see 8 CFR 248.
    \385\ See 8 CFR 214.1(a)(3)(iv) and 8 CFR 248.1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, DHS understands that certain individuals may become self-
sufficient in the long-term after a certain duration of benefits use 
and that individuals may use benefits for shorter or longer periods of 
time. But similar to the explanation above, the fact that a person may 
ultimately become self-sufficient is not the material question. The 
material questions is whether the person is likely to become a public 
charge at some point in the future. Therefore, DHS will not limit its 
definition of ``public charge'' based on the potential that an alien 
who is currently public charge may not remain so indefinitely. The 
appropriate way to address that nuance is through the totality of the 
circumstances prospective determination, rather than the definition of 
public charge. Accordingly, DHS properly considers the receipt of 
public benefits for more than 12 months in the aggregate within a 36-
month period a heavily weighted negative factor in public charge 
inadmissibility determinations.
Alternatives to the Duration Standard
    Comment: Some commenters recommended a ``grace period'' for foreign 
nationals coming to the United States to use public benefits and reach 
self-sufficiency, including an 18-month period to become a fully 
acclimated and productive person or to recover from emergencies or 
severe medical issues.
    Response: As previously discussed, the purpose of this rule is to 
implement the public charge ground of inadmissibility consistent with 
the principles of self-sufficiency set forth by Congress, and to 
minimize the incentive of aliens to attempt to immigrate to, or to 
adjust status in, the United States due to the availability of public 
benefits.\386\ In particular, Congress indicated that the immigration 
policy continues to be that ``aliens within the Nation's borders not 
depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on 
their own capabilities and the resources of their families, their 
sponsors, and private organizations.'' \387\ When Congress enacted 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), it did not provide a 
grace period or a time period in which aliens could use public benefits 
after entering the United States. Therefore, DHS does not believe it is 
appropriate to add a grace period for the receipt of public benefits. 
For purposes of this rule, there will be a period between the 
publication of this rule, and the rule's effective date, which would 
serve as a ``grace period'' of sorts. DHS has also specified how it 
will consider receipt of public benefits prior to the rule's effective 
date. Ultimately, however, all aliens who apply for admission or 
adjustment of status on or after the rule's effective date will be 
subject to a prospective public charge inadmissibility determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \386\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
    \387\ See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity 
Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 
Stat. 2105, 2260 (Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes that as part of the totality of the circumstances 
determination, DHS will consider evidence that is relevant to its 
determination whether an alien is likely to become a public charge at 
any time in the future. For example, if an alien received public 
benefits in excess of the threshold duration but has evidence that his 
or her circumstances have changes or that the alien has requested to be 
disenrolled from such benefits, DHS will take such evidence into 
consideration in the totality of the circumstances.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the 12-month period ought to be 
lengthened to approximately 36 months, because according to a report, 
45 percent of people who received government assistance for less than 
36 months stop receiving assistance sometime after the first 12 months. 
According to the commenter, the 45 percent are people who are on their 
way out of poverty due to public benefit programs. By contrast, 
approximately 43 percent of welfare recipients stay dependent for at 
least 3 years. According to the commenter, these are the people who 
truly lack self-sufficiency, as they have failed to exit the welfare 
system.
    Response: DHS disagrees with this recommendation. As discussed in 
the NPRM and above, while some recipients may disenroll from public 
benefits after 12 months, this only addresses short-term welfare 
recipients.\388\ For example, as indicated in the NPRM, ``the 
proportion of [Medicaid and food stamp participation] leavers who 
receive these benefits at some point in the year after exit is much 
higher than the proportion who receives them in any given quarter, 
suggesting a fair amount of cycling into and out of these programs.'' 
\389\ HHS also funds various research projects on welfare. Across 
fifteen state and county

[[Page 41364]]

welfare studies funded by HHS, it was found that the number of leavers 
who received food stamps within one year of exit was between 41 and 88 
percent. Furthermore, TANF leavers returned to the program at a rate 
ranging between 17 and 38 percent within one year of exit. Twelve of 
these studies included household surveys, with some conducting 
interviews less than a year post-exit, and some as much as 34 months 
after exit. A review of these surveys found that among those who left 
Medicaid, the rate of re-enrollment at the time of interview was 
between 33 and 81 percent among adults, and between 51 and 85 percent 
among children. Employment rates at the time of interview ranged 
between 57 and 71 percent.'' \390\ For these reasons, DHS does not 
believe that it should lengthen the 12-month period to 36 months.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \388\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51199 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \389\ See Lashawn Richburg-Hayes & Stephen Freedman, A Profile 
of Families Cycling On and Off Welfare 4 (Apr. 2004), available at 
https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/73451/report.pdf (last visited 
July 26, 2019).
    \390\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51199 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018) (quoting Lashawn Richburg-Hayes & 
Stephen Freedman, A Profile of Families Cycling On and Off Welfare 4 
(Apr. 2004) (citation omitted)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters also stated that receipt of benefits after an 
event such as a natural disaster ought not render an alien a public 
charge, but that sometimes the effects of a natural disaster can last 
longer than 12 months. The commenter disagreed with DHS's statement in 
the proposed rule that ``an individual who receives monetizable public 
benefits for more than 12 cumulative months during a 36-month period is 
neither self-sufficient nor on the road to achieving self-
sufficiency.'' \391\ The commenter stated that it can take much longer 
than 12 months to recover from a natural disaster, and noted that 
following a tornado in the commenter's community in 2013, some families 
were still recovering in 2018, and required the designated benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \391\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51165 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: As indicated in the NPRM, DHS will not consider public 
benefits beyond those covered under 8 CFR 212.21(b), but even within 
that category, DHS will not consider all cash assistance as cash 
assistance for income maintenance under the rule. For instance, DHS 
would not consider Stafford Act disaster assistance, including 
financial assistance provided to individuals and households under 
Individual Assistance under the Federal Emergency Management Agency's 
Individuals and Households Program (42 U.S.C. 5174) as cash assistance 
for income maintenance. The same would hold true for comparable 
disaster assistance provided by State, local, or tribal governments. 
Other categories of cash assistance that are not intended to maintain a 
person at a minimum level of income would similarly not fall within the 
definition. In addition, DHS will not consider medical assistance for 
emergency medical condition (42 U.S. C. 1396(v)(3)) or short-term, non-
cash, in-kind emergency disaster relief.\392\ Finally as discussed 
above, DHS will also take into consideration evidence that an alien has 
disenrolled or requested to disenroll from public benefits in the 
totality of the circumstances when determining whether an alien is 
likely at any time in the future to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \392\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51128, 51159 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Combination Standard
    Comment: DHS received comments on the proposed rule's provision for 
combining monetizable and non-monetizable benefits. Commenters 
generally opposed the proposed standard for combination of monetizable 
benefits under 15 percent of FPG and one or more non-monetizable 
benefits. Under this proposal, if an alien received a combination of 
monetizable benefits equal to or below the 15 percent threshold 
together with one or more benefits that cannot be monetized, the 
threshold for duration of receipt of the non-monetizable benefits would 
be 9 months in the aggregate (rather than 12 months) within a 36-month 
period (e.g., receipt of two different non-monetizable benefits in one 
month counts as two months, as would receipt of one non-monetizable 
benefit for one month in January 2018, and another such benefit for one 
month in June 2018).\393\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \393\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51166 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Some commenters stated that the proposed combination standard 
lacked clarity in its explanation and some explained that they opposed 
this combination standard as it would have a similar effect to having 
no threshold at all, resulting in immigrants being too afraid to apply 
for and receive benefits. Commenters stated that DHS did not provide a 
rationale for the combination of monetizable benefits under 15 percent 
of the FPG and one or more non-monetizable benefits. One commenter 
suggested deleting this provision, because it would render a person a 
public charge based on any amount of SNAP or housing benefits, combined 
with 9 months of Medicaid coverage. The commenter indicated that this 
outcome was too severe.
    Response: DHS disagrees with commenters that the combination 
standard lacked clarity or justification. However, as indicated above, 
DHS has eliminated the threshold standard and is applying a single 
duration-based threshold standard to all covered public benefits. DHS 
believes that this approach is responsive to public comments that 
raised concerns about the complexity of the proposed standards as well 
as the need for certainty and predictability in public charge 
determinations.
2. Public Benefits
    Comment: A majority of commenters recommended that public benefits 
encompassed by the definition of that term in the proposed rule (both 
monetizable and non-monetizable), such as SSI, SNAP, Medicaid, TANF, 
and housing not be included in the public charge determination and 
described the negative outcomes that would arise if immigrants' access 
to the benefits were reduced due to this rule. A commenter stated that 
public charge determinations never considered non-cash benefits in the 
past, and including them now is inhumane, and will cost the local, 
State, and Federal governments in the long-run. One commenter requested 
that the listed programs be removed, and that no additional programs be 
added to the determination. One commenter said that expanding the 
public benefits definition would result in sweeping negative 
consequences and cause detrimental effects to public access to benefits 
by discouraging vulnerable populations from seeking the services they 
need. A commenter asserted that this rule affects more than just 
immigration status determinations, as it would impede access to 
supplemental services that raise the standard of living for the 
individual and their family.
    Another commenter indicated that lawfully present noncitizens who 
have jobs within needed sectors simply might not earn enough to provide 
quality healthcare, nutritious food, and safe, stable housing to their 
families. The commenter further indicated that programs like SNAP, 
CHIP, and Medicaid are designed to help individuals meet their 
families' basic needs to keep them healthy and safe, and to penalize 
hardworking families for using the program designed for them is morally 
bankrupt. A couple of commenters said the policy penalizes the use of 
public benefits, and indicated that safety-net programs are correlated 
with the positive health and education outcomes that help low-income 
families escape poverty. Commenters stated that access to non-cash 
programs and other public benefits offers dignity and comfort as 
individuals work to build a new and better life, acquiring the skills

[[Page 41365]]

and training to qualify for better-paying jobs. Several commenters that 
opposed the proposed rule stated that the inclusion of the public 
benefits included in the NPRM, including SNAP, in the public charge 
determination would reverse longstanding national policy.
    Many commenters provided information and data on the general 
benefits of these public benefits programs; the number of people, 
children, and businesses affected; and the assistance that these public 
benefits provide to needy individuals and families. Comments 
referenced, for instance, the importance of TANF assistance for child 
care, Medicaid's role in helping families and communities manage 
healthcare costs, and SNAP's role in fighting food insecurity for 
children and families. Commenters stated that the proposed rule would 
exacerbate problems that the designated benefit programs are designed 
to address. Other commenters provided data suggesting that the 
designated public benefits help reduce homelessness and improve health 
outcomes. Commenters stated that these benefits are crucial for the 
health and development of children and individuals. Commenters also 
cited research that emphasized the important role public benefits and 
access to those benefits, including SNAP, plays for pregnant women and 
the elderly, including that the benefits make elderly individuals less 
likely to be admitted to nursing homes and hospitals; patients with 
medical problems, because public benefits reduce financial stress; and 
college and university students who are struggling with food 
insecurity.
    Many commenters described adverse impacts of homelessness, 
including childhood depression and the positive impacts of affordable 
housing, including increased health benefits and chronic disease 
management and lowering the cost of healthcare. Another commenter cited 
studies where more students may experience homelessness under this 
rule, and described the negative impacts on rural subsidized housing 
and the agriculture economic market.
    A commenter stated that receipt of public benefits, including SNAP, 
support work and improve a family's immediate and long-term prospects, 
decreasing the odds that the individuals will become primarily 
dependent on government benefits to support themselves. Similarly, 
another commenter stated that nutritional, healthcare, and housing 
assistance are all critical programs that support work, which the 
commenter identified as the ultimate path to self-sufficiency. A 
commenter stated that SNAP supports employment by increasing access to 
nutritious foods that enable workers to stay healthy and productive, 
and by enabling families to spend more of their income on work-related 
expenses like transportation, childcare, and laundry. Many commenters 
stated the benefits of Medicaid for different people and groups, 
including better health outcomes for pregnant women and children 
throughout adulthood. Some commenters described how access to 
affordable health insurance like Medicaid enables workers to find and 
retain jobs, and how a lack of affordable insurance contributes to 
worse health outcomes, unmet physical, behavioral and mental health 
needs, and eventual joblessness. Commenters stated that access to 
affordable insurance leads to better performance on the job, an easier 
time staying employed or seeking employment, and less unpaid bills and 
other debt; and important economic benefits, such as increased tax 
contributions, decreased reliance on other public assistance programs, 
and more disposable income to spend in the local economy. Commenters 
stated that states that expanded Medicaid experienced savings in costs 
associated with uncompensated care and state-funded health programs, as 
well as growth in jobs and general fund revenue. A commenter stated 
that reimbursement for services rendered to Medicaid patients was 
especially important for hospitals, and cited research documenting 
positive effects on hospitals' financial performance in States which 
decided to expand Medicaid.
    Other commenters discussed a study in which the use of certain 
housing vouchers and access to public housing reduced the chance of 
families living in crowded conditions, shelters, or on the street, help 
ease the burden of rent in high-cost cities, prevent or alleviate 
homelessness, allow the flexibility for families to pay for other 
necessities, and promote self-sufficiency. Commenters also said this 
rule will deter landlords from participating in the housing voucher 
program, affecting the private housing market. Some commenters 
discussed the difficulty of immigrants obtaining affordable housing.
    Other commenters cited research on children's health outcomes, 
asserting that access to public housing creates long-term improvements 
in educational attainment, income, self-sufficiency, and children's 
health outcomes; child development; greater attendance and prospects at 
school. Commenters also noted that access to affordable housing has 
positive effects on family stability and the economy overall, and that 
access to such housing frees up income for other living necessities. 
Others cited to research showing that public benefits, such as 
subsidized housing, positively impacts the health of children, people 
with disabilities, families, domestic violence victims, pregnant women 
and people of color; reduces poverty and homelessness, and promotes 
economic stability; helps low-earning immigrants increase their 
economic opportunities; facilitates upwards economic mobility; builds 
safe and affordable housing communities and decreases foreclosures; and 
benefits of immigrants to the housing market during economic downturns. 
Other commenters cited research showing that housing instability is 
associated with a broad range of health impacts, including worsening 
HIV side effects, heart disease, asthma, and cancer.
    Several commenters stated that immigrants in high rent areas need 
public housing, specifically where income has not kept pace with rent 
prices. Some of these commenters cited research and figures on the rent 
prices in areas across the United States. Other commenters stated that 
only one in four families who need affordable housing receive it, 
arguing that even fewer families who need affordable housing receive it 
factoring in immigration status and family size. Multiple commenters 
stated that housing instability and unaffordability are strongly 
correlated with involuntary job loss and other economic barriers that 
undermine self-sufficiency, citing statistics. Several commenters 
stated that the rule undermines the mission of public housing. A 
commenter cited research indicating that including affordable housing 
in the rule may increase the poverty rate and disability rates.
    In contrast, a few commenters supported the inclusion of the public 
benefits as part of the public charge determination. Some stated that 
only citizens should be eligible for the benefits. A commenter stated 
that the public charge rule should cover benefits that are provided for 
long periods of time, such as TANF.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and recognizes that the 
public benefits listed in the rule provide assistance to needy 
individuals, and that rigorous application of the public charge ground 
of inadmissibility will inevitably have negative consequence for some 
individuals. DHS is aware that individuals may reconsider their receipt 
of public benefits in light of future immigration consequences. 
However, the rule does not prevent individuals from receiving any 
public benefits for

[[Page 41366]]

which they are eligible. Additionally, as noted in the NPRM, the rule, 
particularly the inclusion of the designated benefits into the public 
benefits definition, is consistent with congressional statements in 8 
U.S.C. 1601 concerning self-sufficiency of foreign nationals. In 
particular, Congress indicated that the immigration policy continues to 
be that ``aliens within the Nation's borders not depend on public 
resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on their own 
capabilities and the resources of their families, their sponsors, and 
private organizations.'' \394\ DHS will therefore continue to consider 
the public benefits proposed in the NPRM in public charge 
inadmissibility determinations with certain exceptions described below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \394\ See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity 
Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 
Stat. 2105, 2260 (Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the NPRM, the benefits that will be considered in 
this rule account for some of the largest federal expenditures on low-
income individuals and bear directly on self-sufficiency.\395\ The 
benefits listed are directed toward food and nutrition, housing, and 
healthcare, and are directly relevant to the public charge 
inadmissibility determination, because a person who needs the public's 
assistance to provide for these basic necessities of life and receives 
such benefits for longer periods of time is more likely to receive such 
benefits in the future.\396\ DHS also notes, as updated in the 
regulatory text, that receipt of a public benefit occurs when a public 
benefit-granting agency provides such benefit, whether in the form of 
cash, voucher, services, or insurance coverage. Certification for 
future receipt of a public benefit does not constitute receipt, 
although it may suggest a likelihood of future receipt. With respect to 
Medicaid in particular, DHS would consider receipt to have occurred 
when coverage commences, regardless of whether the alien accesses 
services using such coverage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \395\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51166 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \396\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51159 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter said data refutes the notion that immigrant 
families rely disproportionately on all forms of public assistance, 
citing to a study from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, 
and Medicine indicating that just 4.2 percent of immigrant households 
with children utilize housing assistance as compared to 5.3 percent of 
U.S.-born households. A commenter stated that only 6.5 percent of 
people using public benefits are noncitizens and this rule will reach 
beyond that population. One commenter stated that immigrants use public 
benefits at a lower rate than U.S. born citizens, while other 
commenters stated that DHS did not consider whether the temporary 
benefits immigrants might receive would result in a net positive impact 
to the budget or society.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and references to data. DHS 
does not assume, and has not based the rule on the assumption, that 
immigrant families rely disproportionately on public benefits. The 
statistical analysis provided in the preamble of the NPRM did not reach 
that conclusion. The NPRM provided data regarding both citizens and 
noncitizens in the discussion of the factors that may lead a person to 
receive public benefits. However, only aliens seeking admission to the 
United States or adjustment of status are subject to the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility. Therefore, whether citizens' receipt of 
public benefits is higher than that of aliens is immaterial. DHS notes 
that with respect to the comment that the temporary receipt of public 
benefits would result in a positive impact on the economy, such 
considerations are not the aim of this rule. This rule is intended to 
better ensure that aliens seeking to come to and remain in the United 
States are self-sufficient, and rely on their resources and those of 
their families, sponsors, and private organizations.
    Comment: One commenter stated that including Medicaid, SNAP and 
housing assistance programs as public benefits ``would undermine 
decades of the federal government's work to address poverty and build a 
clearer path to the middle class for millions of families,'' because 
individuals may decide to forego WIC, which is connected to SNAP or 
other similar benefits. A commenter stated that the inclusion of 
Medicaid/CHIP, SNAP and housing assistance in public charge review 
would undermine decades of the federal government's work to address 
poverty and build a clearer path to the middle class for millions of 
families.
    Response: DHS understands that many public benefits may be 
interconnected, such that when a person enrolls in one benefit, the 
benefit-granting agency will automatically qualify that person in 
another benefit. In those circumstances, an alien's decision to forego 
enrollment in a designated public benefit could result in the alien not 
being automatically qualified in a non-designated benefit. Similar 
outcomes could occur if a state conditions eligibility for the second 
benefit on enrollment in the first. That said, DHS disagrees that the 
rule would materially undermine decades of work to address poverty. The 
population affected by this rule is limited to those applicants seeking 
admission to the United States and adjustment of status, who are 
subject to public charge. The data and information provided by the 
commenter involves a much broader population that may not be affected 
by the rule.
    Comment: A commenter stated that Congress had already made clear 
its intent on immigrants' eligibility for SNAP and Medicaid. The 
commenter went on to state that IIRIRA established criteria to be 
weighted by immigration authorities using a ``totality of 
circumstances'' test, and stated that the criteria specifically did not 
include receipt of public benefits. The commenter also stated that 
PRWORA established a set of eligibility rules for certain lawful 
immigrants to receive Medicaid, SNAP, and other means-tested programs, 
and Congress later modified these rules to allow Medicaid coverage for 
pregnant women without the typical five-year waiting period.
    Response: Through PRWORA, Congress declared that aliens generally 
should not depend on public resources and that these resources should 
not constitute an incentive for immigration to the United States.\397\ 
With IIRIRA, Congress codified minimum factors that must be considered 
when making public charge determinations: \398\ Age; health; family 
status; assets, resources, and financial status; education and 
skills.\399\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \397\ See Public Law 104-193, sec. 400, 110 Stat. 2105, 2260 
(Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601).
    \398\ Public Law 104-208, div. C, sec. 531, 110 Stat. 3009-546, 
3009-674 (Sept. 30, 1996) (amending INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)).
    \399\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As explained in the NPRM,\400\ policy goals articulated in PRWORA 
and IIRIRA inform DHS's implementation of the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. DHS does not believe there is tension between the 
availability of public benefits to some aliens as set forth in PRWORA 
and Congress' intent to deny admission, and adjustment of status to 
aliens who are likely to become a public charge. Indeed, DHS believes 
that Congress, in enacting PRWORA and IIRIRA very close in time, must 
have recognized that it made certain public benefits available to some 
aliens who are also subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility, even though receipt of such benefits could render the

[[Page 41367]]

alien inadmissible as likely to become a public charge. Under the 
scheme envisioned by Congress, aliens generally would not be issued 
visas, admitted to the United States, or permitted to adjust status if 
they are likely to become public charges. This prohibition may deter 
aliens from making their way to the United States or remaining in the 
United States permanently for the purpose of availing themselves of 
public benefits.\401\ DHS believes that Congress must have understood, 
however, that certain aliens who were unlikely to become public charges 
when seeking admission or adjustment of status might thereafter 
reasonably find themselves in need of public benefits. Consequently, in 
PRWORA, Congress made limited allowances for that possibility. 
Nevertheless, if an alien subsequent to receiving public benefits 
wishes to adjust status in order to remain in the United States 
permanently or leaves the United States and later wishes to return, the 
public charge inadmissibility consideration (including consideration of 
receipt of public benefits) would again come into play. In other words, 
although an alien may obtain public benefits for which he or she is 
eligible, the receipt of those benefits may be considered, consistent 
with IIRIRA and PRWORA, for future public charge inadmissibility 
determination purposes. DHS recognizes that Congress through CHIPRA 
expanded the Medicaid coverage for children and pregnant women who are 
lawfully residing in the United States, including those within their 
first five years of having certain legal status. In this final rule, 
DHS has exempted from consideration receipt of Medicaid by children 
under 21 and pregnant women during pregnancy and 60 days following 
pregnancy by amending the definition of public benefit in 8 CFR 
212.21(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \400\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51132 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \401\ H.R. Rep. No. 104-469(I), at 144-45 (1996).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters stated that immigrants' eligibility for 
some of the public benefits is already restricted, including SSI, TANF, 
and housing programs. Another commenter said the inclusion of Medicaid 
in the proposed rule was unnecessary, since existing law already 
requires that lawful permanent residents wait five years before 
becoming eligible for Medicaid or Medicare.
    Response: DHS recognizes that most aliens are ineligible for the 
public benefits listed in the rule. However, the public charge 
inadmissibility determination reviews the likelihood of a person 
receiving a public benefit at any time in the future, including points 
in time when an alien may become eligible for the public benefits. In 
addition, some aliens are eligible for public benefits, as noted in 
Table 3 of the NPRM.\402\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \402\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51128-30 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter indicated that immigrants contribute far more 
to America (i.e., taxes, premiums, economic and military contributions) 
than they use in assistance. Other commenters indicated that immigrants 
contribute by paying taxes and the rule penalizes immigrants who file 
taxes and utilize programs to which they are legally entitled. Several 
commenters stated that immigrants make significant contributions to the 
economy, and the proposed rule would prevent immigrants from partaking 
in programs that their tax dollars support. Other commenters said that 
individuals covered by Medicaid or CHIP paid more in taxes and 
collected less in Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) payments. According 
to a commenter, one study reviewing Medicaid expansion during the 1980s 
and 1990s estimated that, based on children's future earnings and tax 
contributions alone, the government would recoup 56 cents of each 
dollar spent on childhood Medicaid by the time the children turned 60.
    Response: Paying taxes owed and filing tax returns is legally 
required for all individuals making a sufficient income in the United 
States.\403\ The rule does not penalize those people who fulfill their 
legal responsibilities to do so. In addition, people are entitled to 
use benefits for which they qualify, and this rule does not prohibit 
anyone from using a benefit for which they qualify. However, DHS 
believes the use of certain benefits is appropriate to consider in 
determining public charge inadmissibility. Congress mandated the public 
charge assessment.\404\ But Congress did not stipulate in legislation 
that public benefits received by eligible individuals should not be 
considered for public charge purposes; instead, Congress clearly stated 
the policy that those coming to the United States must be self-
sufficient and not rely on public resources. Therefore, to implement 
Congress' requirement to consider public charge inadmissibility, DHS 
must consider the receipt of benefits by eligible individuals, as 
indeed the 1999 Interim Field Guidance did. DHS believes that the 
public charge rule strikes an appropriate balance with the benefits 
that are considered.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \403\ See 26 U.S.C. 1 and 6012(a)(1).
    \404\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Specific Groups and Public Benefits
Individuals With Disabilities
    Comment: Commenters stated that the inclusion of non-monetizable 
benefits in the proposed rule would disproportionately harm people with 
disabilities.\405\ One commenter stated that ``[p]eople with 
disabilities would be uniquely affected by the inclusion of Medicaid-
funded services in the public charge calculus, including Medicaid-
funded community-based services that are efficiently delivered in homes 
and communities (the current public charge rule only requires 
consideration of Medicaid-funded institutional long-term care).'' 
Commenters said that because non-emergency benefits were included, the 
proposal would make it nearly impossible for immigrants with 
disabilities to become citizens unless they are independently wealthy. 
Many commenters indicated that the federal resources individuals with 
disabilities and their families depend on, such as Medicaid, SNAP, and 
housing vouchers, would be included in the determination of public 
charge under the rule. A commenter also noted that ``[p]eople with 
disabilities would be disproportionally impacted by the inclusion of 
housing and food assistance in the public charge test.'' One commenter 
stated that ``[b]y deeming immigrants who use such programs a `public 
charge,' the regulations will disparately harm individuals with 
disabilities and impede their ability to maintain the very self-
sufficiency the Department purports to promote and which the 
Rehabilitation Act sought to ensure.''
    Several commenters stated that individuals with disabilities rely 
on non-cash benefits disproportionately, often due to their disability, 
in order to continue working, stay healthy, and remain independent and 
productive members of the community. Some commenters stated that 
Medicaid is often the only program available to and appropriate for 
people with disabilities as many of the services covered by Medicaid, 
including housing services and community-based services, are often not 
covered by private insurance. Many commenters cited the statistic that 
about one-third of adults under age 65 enrolled in Medicaid have a 
disability, compared with about 12 percent of adults in the general 
population. Other commenters cited the statistic that more than one-
quarter of individuals who use SNAP are also disabled. Several 
commenters stated that individuals with disabilities disproportionately 
experience poverty.

[[Page 41368]]

    A commenter stated that the rule would require immigrants with 
disabilities to meet economic standards that do not take into account 
the barriers to employment and wealth accumulation issues that 
individuals with disabilities face. Another commenter added that food 
insecurity rates in households that include at least one disabled 
working-age adult are substantially higher, even where the disabled 
person is working, and that such food insecurity leads to chronic 
illnesses. Many commenters stated that the rule would cause many 
individuals with disabilities or families with individuals with 
disabilities to disenroll from public benefit programs. A commenter 
cited research indicating that the rate of disability drastically 
increases as poverty increases, and that by creating fear around 
participating in public anti-poverty programs, the proposed public 
charge rule will lead to an increase in disability and negative health 
impacts for an already vulnerable community of people.
    Response: DHS understands that individuals with disabilities 
receive public benefits that are listed in the rule. However, Congress 
did not specifically provide for a public charge exemption for 
individuals with disabilities and in fact included health as a 
mandatory factor in the public charge inadmissibility 
consideration.\406\ Therefore, DHS will retain the designation of 
Medicaid and SNAP as public benefits, notwithstanding the potentially 
outsized impact of such designation on individuals with disabilities. 
With respect to DHS's consideration of the alien's disability as such, 
DHS would consider disability as part of the health factor, to the 
extent such disability makes the alien more likely than not to become a 
public charge. This consideration is not new and has been part of 
public charge determinations historically.\407\ Those determinations 
include consideration of whether, in the context of the alien's 
individual circumstances, the alien has been diagnosed with a medical 
condition that is likely to require extensive medical treatment or 
institutionalization or that will interfere with the alien's ability to 
provide and care for himself or herself, such as by working or 
attending school. As noted in the proposed rule, as an evidentiary 
matter, USCIS would rely on medical determinations made by a medical 
professional. This would entail consideration of the potential effects 
of the disability on the alien's ability to work, attend school, or 
otherwise support himself or herself.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \406\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \407\ See, e.g., Ex parte Mitchell, 256 F. 229 (N.D.N.Y. 1919) 
(referencing disease and disability as relevant to the public charge 
determination); Ex parte Sakaguchi, 277 F. 913, 916 (9th Cir. 1922) 
(taking into consideration that the alien was an able-bodied woman, 
among other factors, and finding that there wasn't evidence that she 
was likely to become a public charge); Barlin v. Rodgers, 191 F. 
970, 974-977 (3d Cir. 1911) (sustaining the exclusion of three 
impoverished immigrants, the first because he had a ``rudimentary'' 
right hand affecting his ability to earn a living, the second 
because of poor appearance and ``stammering'' such that made the 
alien scarcely able to make himself understood, and the third 
because he was very small for his age); United States ex rel. 
Canfora v. Williams, 186 F. 354 (S.D.N.Y. 1911) (ruling that an 
amputated leg was sufficient to justify the exclusion of a sixty 
year old man even though the man had adult children who were able 
and willing to support him).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, it is not the intent, nor is it the effect of this rule to 
find a person a public charge solely based on his or her disability. 
The public charge inadmissibility determination evaluates the alien's 
particular circumstances. Under the totality of the circumstances 
framework, the disability itself would not be the sole basis for an 
inadmissibility finding. DHS would look at each of the mandatory 
factors, and the affidavit of support, if required, as well as all 
other factors in the totality of the circumstances. For example, if an 
individual has a disability but there is no indication that such 
disability makes the alien more likely to become a public charge, the 
alien's disability will not be considered an adverse factor in the 
inadmissibility determination. This could occur if the individual is 
not currently enrolled in the designated benefits, has not previously 
been enrolled in any designated public benefit, and is employed or 
otherwise has sufficient income, assets and resources to provide for 
himself or herself, or has family willing and able to provide for 
reasonable medical costs, or the person has private health insurance or 
would soon be able to obtain private health insurance upon adjustment 
of status.
Vulnerable Populations
    Comment: Some commenters identified specific groups of individuals 
who would be impacted by the inclusion of public benefits in the public 
charge determination. Several commenters stated that cash assistance 
provides crucial support for survivors of domestic violence and sexual 
assault, and would undermine Federal and State policies to support 
victims of domestic violence and assault by discouraging them to access 
critical services. A commenter stated that for many survivors, cash 
assistance, such as TANF or state-funded cash benefits, provides the 
crucial support they need to begin the journey of stabilizing their 
lives and achieving self-sufficiency. The commenter provided a data 
from a survey in 2017, where 85 percent of respondents said that TANF 
was a critical resource for domestic violence and sexual assault 
survivors, and that two-thirds of respondents said that most domestic 
violence survivors rely on TANF to help address their basic needs and 
to establish safety and stability, and 45 percent of respondents said 
the same is true of most sexual assault survivors. The commenter 
indicated that financial instability poses limited options for escaping 
or recovering from abuse and that access to cash assistance is an 
important factor in survivors' decision-making about whether and how 
they can afford to leave a dangerous situation, and in planning how to 
keep themselves and their children healthy, fed, and housed. The 
commenter indicated that the rule risk significant physical, emotional, 
and mental harm to these populations. Commenters described a survey 
that found that nearly 80 percent of service providers included in the 
survey reported that most domestic violence survivors rely on SNAP to 
establish their safety and stability. Another commenter stated that 
being able to meet basic food and nutritional needs provides a means 
for survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault to take care of 
themselves and their children while working to address their trauma and 
take steps toward independence.
    Other commenters stated that nearly half a million Asian American 
and Pacific Islander (AAPI) noncitizens rely on the SNAP program to 
feed their families, and the rule will lead to less food assistance 
within family units. A commenter stated that almost 48 percent of 
noncitizen recipients of SNAP benefits were women in 2017, compared to 
40 percent who were men, and 12 percent who were children. Another 
commenter stated that 80 percent of most domestic violence victims and 
55 percent of most sexual assault victims use the program to restore 
safety and stability in their lives would be heavily affected by 
limiting access to SNAP.
    One commenter stated that the proposed rule would 
disproportionately affect communities of color who use public benefits 
and social services to make ends meet and work towards self-
sufficiency. A commenter stated that the proposed rule would likely 
disproportionality cause Latinos to lose access to SNAP and Medicaid 
benefits, exacerbating existing health inequities, increasing instances 
of hunger and poverty among this population. Similarly, another 
commenter described

[[Page 41369]]

the benefits of access to SNAP for the Latino community and commented 
that a loss of SNAP benefits would cause more Latinos, including 
children, to experience poverty and suffer from hunger and 
malnutrition. Another commenter stated that including SNAP will harm 
college students, as SNAP is a critical resource for the many college 
students who struggle with food insecurity.
    Other commenters provided information on individuals with specific 
medical conditions that need Medicaid, including treating thalassemia 
(a group of blood disorders) and cardiovascular disease. A commenter 
cited studies showing that people with opioid addiction who lacked 
Medicaid were half as likely to receive treatment as those covered by 
some form of insurance. A commenter said that parental mental health 
and substance abuse was a strong indicator of child mistreatment, and 
the services Medicaid provides to combat these issues help keep 
children safe.
    Many commenters noted the negative impact of including the receipt 
of housing assistance in the public charge determination on a variety 
of groups, including infants and toddlers, women and single mothers, 
large and low-income families, Latinos, domestic violence survivors, 
agricultural workers, low-income communities, people of color, the 
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Immigrants (LGBTQ) community, AAPI, 
elderly, minority groups, and disabled persons. Multiple commenters 
cited studies and addressed the specific costs of the rule for domestic 
violence survivors, arguing that a survivor's greatest unmet need is 
housing when recovering from abuse. Other commenters commented that the 
rule would make it more difficult for families with multiple children 
to obtain housing due to the prorated system.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments. DHS recognizes that some 
people currently in the United States do in fact depend on the 
government to meet their needs, and that this rule is likely to result 
in negative consequences for some of those people, and people like 
them. Such negative consequences are, to some extent, an inevitable 
consequence of more rigorous application of a statutory ground of 
inadmissibility that is targeted towards people who receive public 
benefits to meet their basic needs. DHS declines to modify the scope of 
the rule to accommodate all possible Federal and State policies 
supporting public benefits use by specific vulnerable populations. DHS 
notes that if an alien relied on public benefits for a limited period 
time to escape a dangerous situation, but no longer relies on such 
benefits, the alien should make that clear to DHS, so that DHS can 
incorporate into its totality of the circumstances assessment the fact 
of the alien's changed circumstances.
    DHS recognizes that it is possible that the inclusion of benefits 
such as SNAP and Medicaid may impact in greater numbers communities of 
color, including Latinos and AAPI, as well as those with particular 
medical conditions that require public benefits for treatment, and 
therefore may impact the overall composition of immigration with 
respect to these groups. DHS also recognizes that consideration of the 
receipt of public benefits while the alien was a child may also deter 
some parents from applying for these benefits on behalf of their 
children. But this is not DHS's intention in promulgating this rule. 
Instead, with this rule, DHS seeks to better ensure that applicants for 
admission to the United States and applicants for adjustment of status 
who are subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility are 
self-sufficient.\408\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \408\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As provided by Congress, health is a mandatory factor in the public 
charge inadmissibility determination.\409\ However, DHS will not find 
an alien inadmissible on public charge grounds based solely on an 
alien's medical condition or disability.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \409\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS's public charge inadmissibility determination evaluates the 
totality of an alien's individual circumstances. This totality of the 
circumstances approach weighs all the positive and negative evidence 
related to an alien's age; health; family status; assets, resources, 
and financial status; education and skills; required affidavit of 
support; and any other factor or circumstance that may warrant 
consideration in the public charge inadmissibility determination.\410\ 
If the factors establish, in the balance, that an alien is likely at 
any time in the future to become a public charge, he or she will be 
deemed inadmissible. As noted in precedent administrative decisions, 
determining the likelihood of an alien becoming a public charge 
involves ``consideration of all the factors bearing on the alien's 
ability or potential ability to be self-supporting'' \411\ in the 
totality of the circumstances.\412\
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    \410\ See 8 CFR 212.22.
    \411\ Matter of Vindman, 16 I&N Dec. 131, 132 (Reg'l Comm'r 
1977).
    \412\ See, e.g., Matter of Vindman, 16 I&N Dec. 131 (Reg'l 
Comm'r 1977); Matter of Harutunian, 14 I&N Dec. 583 (Reg'l Comm'r 
1974).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS's view of self-sufficiency is that aliens subject to the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility must rely on their own capabilities 
and secure financial support, including from family members and 
sponsors, rather than seek and receive public benefits to meet their 
basic needs. Cash aid and non-cash benefits directed toward food and 
nutrition, housing, and healthcare account for significant Federal 
expenditure on low-income individuals and bear directly on self-
sufficiency. Because of the nature of the public benefits that would be 
considered under this rule--which are generally means-tested and 
provide cash for income maintenance and for basic living needs such as 
food and nutrition, housing, and healthcare--DHS believes that receipt 
of such benefits may render a person a person with limited means to 
provide for his or her own basic living needs and who receives public 
benefits is not self-sufficient because his or her reliance.
    DHS notes that this rule would not adversely impact certain victims 
of domestic and sexual abuse, as VAWA, T, and U applicants are 
generally not subject to the public charge inadmissibility 
determination, as set forth in 8 CFR 212.23.
    Comment: Several commenters said that over 1.1 million noncitizens 
age 62 and older live in low- or moderate-income households. Other 
commenters stated that nearly seven million seniors age 65 and older 
are enrolled in both Medicare and Medicaid, and one in five Medicare 
beneficiaries relies on Medicaid to help them pay for Medicare premiums 
and cost-sharing. Several commenters said having health insurance is 
especially important for older adults because they have greater 
healthcare needs. This makes Medicare a lifeline for most seniors, 
providing coverage for hospital, doctors' visits, and prescription 
drugs, but many immigrant seniors are not eligible for Medicare.
    A commenter stated this age standard would result in mistreatment 
of elders when trying to enter or stay in the United States and would 
undermine immigrants' access to essential healthcare, nutrition, and 
housing programs. A commenter stated low-income seniors also greatly 
benefit from programs such as HCV Program (Section 8) rental assistance 
and SNAP to meet their basic needs and if immigrant families are afraid 
to access nutrition assistance programs, older adults will be food 
insecure and at risk of unhealthy eating, which can cause or exacerbate 
other health conditions and

[[Page 41370]]

unnecessarily burden the healthcare system.
    Response: DHS recognizes that eligibility for certain public 
benefits depends not only on a person's financial need but also on a 
person's age. However, Congress did not specifically exclude aliens of 
certain ages from the public charge inadmissibility determination and 
in fact included age as a mandatory factor in section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1184(a)(4).\413\ Accordingly, DHS proposes to consider 
the alien's age primarily in relation to employment or employability 
and secondarily to other factors as relevant to determining whether 
someone is likely to become a public charge. DHS notes that the public 
charge inadmissibility determination evaluates the alien's particular 
circumstances. DHS's totality of the circumstances standard involves 
weighing all the positive and negative considerations related to an 
alien's age; health; family status; assets, resources, and financial 
status; education and skills; required affidavit of support; and any 
other factor or circumstance that may warrant consideration in the 
public charge inadmissibility determination.\414\ If the negative 
factors outweigh the positive factors, then the alien would be found to 
be inadmissible as likely to become a public charge; if the positive 
factors outweigh the negative factors, then the alien would not be 
found inadmissible as likely to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \413\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B).
    \414\ See 8 CFR 212.22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also notes that receipt of Medicaid, even if received in 
conjunction with receipt of Medicare, would still be considered a 
public benefit in the totality of the circumstances for public charge 
inadmissibility.
    Comment: One commenter indicated that the rule could allow a young 
adult to be deemed inadmissible as a public charge if at any point 
within the last year the person or a member of the household or certain 
members of the family received a few of these benefits for only a 
period of time. The commenter indicated that household definition 
leaves a very wide array of potential individuals who may receive a 
public benefit through no volition or interaction of the immigrant 
applicant but would, as a result, have an impact on the determination 
of admissibility for the immigrant's application including a child or a 
young family member. The commenter indicated that despite the applicant 
providing sufficient support and having no need for public benefits, 
that family member or the primary caregiver for the family member may 
facilitate the application for and receipt of public benefits for that 
child or in relation to the care for that child.
    Response: The public charge inadmissibility determination evaluates 
an alien's particular circumstances. DHS is not considering public 
benefits received by other household members as part of an alien's 
public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS has further clarified 
this inclusions of a definition for receipt of public benefits which 
indicates that an alien's receipt, application for or certification for 
public benefits solely on behalf of another individual does not 
constitute receipt of, application for or certification for such alien. 
But if the alien is a listed beneficiary, the alien is considered to 
have received the public benefit.
    DHS's totality of the circumstances standard weighs all the 
positive and negative considerations related to an alien's age; health; 
family status; assets, resources, and financial status; education and 
skills; required affidavit of support; and any other factor or 
circumstance that may warrant consideration in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination.\415\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \415\ See 8 CFR 212.22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the definition of household,\416\ DHS accounts for both (1) the 
persons whom the alien is supporting and (2) those persons who are 
contributing to the household, and thus the alien's assets and 
resources. DHS believes that an alien's ability to support a household 
is relevant to DHS's consideration of the alien's assets, resources, 
financial status, and family status. DHS believes this is an 
appropriate definition in the limited immigration context of public 
charge inadmissibility determinations. Public benefits received by 
household members do not count towards the alien's financial assets and 
income for purposes of the public charge inadmissibility 
determination.\417\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \416\ See 8 CFR 212.21(d).
    \417\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(ii), which provides that USCIS' 
considerations when assessing the alien's assets, resources, and 
financial status excludes any public benefits received by the alien 
as well as any public benefits received by another person of the 
household.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that the rule would deprive U.S. 
citizens who live in mixed-status households of their access to 
assistance programs for which they are eligible.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule would deprive U.S. citizens 
of access to assistance programs for which they are eligible. This rule 
does not include consideration of public benefits received by U.S. 
citizens in the public charge inadmissibility determination. The 
valuation of the public benefits is an individual determination and 
receipt of public benefits by other members of a household including 
U.S. citizens will not be considered in an applicant's public charge 
inadmissibility determination. In addition, DHS notes that this rule 
does not restrict an alien's access to public benefits for which the 
alien is eligible. Rather, this rule explains the criteria that DHS 
will use to determine whether an alien subject to section 212(a)(4) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), has met his or her burden of 
demonstrating eligibility for the immigration benefit sought.
Receipt of Public Benefits by Children
    Comment: Several commenters said a child's use of benefits should 
not impact their public charge inadmissibility determination, as public 
benefits are often vital to the development of children and for them to 
become productive members of society. Commenters also indicated that a 
child's use of benefits should not impact their immigration application 
once they come of age. These commenters cited research demonstrating 
that the use of these programs in childhood helps children complete 
their education and have higher incomes as adults, be healthy, have 
better educational opportunities, and become more likely to be 
economically secure and contribute to their communities as adults. 
Another commenter indicated that public benefits serve as crucial 
levers that reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty. 
Commenters also noted that ``[b]ecause children do not decide whether 
or not to apply for benefits and because their financial situation as 
children is not necessarily indicative of their financial situation for 
life, children's receipt of benefits should not be counted in any 
public charge determination.'' Some commenters stated that considering 
an immigrant's past use of public benefits as a child in the public 
charge inadmissibility determination would deter immigrant parents from 
obtaining food and healthcare assistance for their children, and argued 
that this would result in adverse outcomes for the children themselves 
and impose significant costs on society. A commenter stated that low-
income children with immigrant parents, including U.S. citizen 
children, are already less likely to receive Medicaid than those with 
U.S. born parents.
    Many commenters cited to research indicating that the use of 
programs, such as SNAP, Medicaid, and CHIP, and

[[Page 41371]]

housing assistance in childhood, helps children complete their 
education and have higher incomes as adults, live in stable housing, 
receive needed health services and consume adequate and nutritious 
food, and fosters their future success in education and the workforce. 
A commenter noted the impact of this rule on their work to facilitate 
healthy brain development among children. A few commenters stated that 
multiple studies confirm early childhood or prenatal access to Medicaid 
and SNAP improves health and reduces reliance on cash assistance. The 
commenters stated that children with access to Medicaid have fewer 
absences from school, are more likely to graduate from high school and 
college, and are more likely to have higher paying jobs as adults. 
Another commenter stated that children with health insurance are more 
likely to have routine healthcare, improved health outcomes, and 
improved success in education. One commenter said that lack of access 
to affordable housing remains one of the main barriers to economic 
stability for many families and the proposed rule would further limit 
access to housing assistance for families with children. The commenter 
cited research that shows rental assistance for households with 
children results in significant positive effects for future child 
outcomes and family economic security. A few commenters stated this 
proposal could undermine the access to healthcare for children of 
immigrants or their aging family members.
    Response: DHS recognizes that many of the public benefits programs 
aim to better future economic and health outcomes for minor recipients, 
and that parents may decide to disenroll their children from public 
benefits programs to avoid negative immigration consequences. However, 
this rule is aimed at better ensuring that aliens who are subject to 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility are self-sufficient.
    DHS also recognizes that children who receive public benefits are 
not making the decisions to apply for such benefits. However, DHS notes 
that that Congress did not exclude children from the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility unless the child is seeking a status that 
Congress expressly exempted from public charge inadmissibility and, 
moreover, specifically required that DHS consider an applicant's age in 
the public charge inadmissibility determination. Nonetheless, as 
explained more fully in the discussion of Medicaid, DHS will not 
consider the receipt of Medicaid by children under the age of 21.
Military/First Responders
    Comment: Some commenters supported the NPRM's proposal to exclude 
from the public charge determination any public benefits received by 
active duty service members and their families. Some commenters also 
discussed the impact of the rule on military families, including 
increasing food security for active military families and allowing them 
to focus on protecting the United States rather than on whether they 
will be able to feed their family. Commenters stated that too many 
military families and veterans depend on SNAP to make ends meet because 
their military pay is not enough to meet their basic needs. One 
commenter, citing to data from FY 2013, stated that current and former 
military members and their families redeemed approximately $104 million 
in SNAP benefits at commissaries--a 300 percent increase since 2007. 
The commenter further stated that for military families who do not have 
base-housing and live in high-cost areas, like those in California, 
accessing SNAP can be complicated and this has led military families 
across the country to turn out of desperation to food pantries and food 
banks--many operating on base or nearby military installations--for 
emergency food assistance. The commenter further stated that in recent 
years the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Veterans 
Affairs (VA) have issued policies to address high rates of hunger among 
low-income military and veteran families, because military leaders 
understand that soldiers are less prepared to serve their country if 
they are hungry or worried about their families going hungry. They also 
know that when veterans are largely living in poverty with unmet basic 
needs, it is more difficult to convince young people who live in their 
communities to sign up.
    A commenter also cited to 2013 USDA data, and reported that in that 
year, $103.6 million of groceries were purchased with SNAP benefits at 
military commissaries, and that between 2,000 and 22,000 military 
households received SNAP benefits. The commenter stated that a 
Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) showed that in 
September 2015, 24 percent of 23,000 children in DoDEA schools were 
eligible for free meals, while 21 percent were eligible for reduced-
price meals.
    Commenters, citing the 2.4 million children from military families 
who were enrolled in Medicaid or CHIP, noted that many families with 
family members enlisted in the military benefitted from enrollment in 
Medicaid or CHIP, indicated that Medicaid enrollment leads to positive 
health outcomes.
    Response: DHS acknowledges that military service members and their 
families who are applying for an immigration benefit for which 
admissibility is required and that is subject to section 212(a)(4) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), will be required to demonstrate that they 
are not likely at any time in the future to become a public charge. 
However, consistent with the NPRM, DHS's public charge analysis will 
exclude consideration of the receipt of any public benefits by active 
duty servicemembers, including those in the Ready Reserve of the U.S. 
Armed Forces, and their spouses and children. As noted in the NPRM, the 
U.S. Government is profoundly grateful for the unparalleled sacrifices 
of the members of our armed services and their families. Servicemembers 
who, during their service, receive public benefits, in no way burden 
the public; indeed, their sacrifices are vital to the public's safety 
and security. The DOD has advised DHS that many of the aliens who 
enlist in the military are early in their careers, and therefore, 
consistent with statutory pay authorities, earn relatively low salaries 
that are supplemented by certain allowances and tax advantages.\418\ 
Although data limitations exist, evidence suggests that as a 
consequence of the unique compensation and tax structure afforded by 
Congress to aliens enlisting for military service, some active duty 
alien servicemembers, as well as their spouses and children, as defined 
in section 101(b) of the Act, may rely on SNAP \419\ and other listed 
public

[[Page 41372]]

benefits. As a result, the general standard included in the proposed 
rule could result in a finding of inadmissibility under section 
212(a)(4) when such aliens apply for adjustment of status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \418\ See, e.g., 37 U.S.C. 201-212, 401-439 (Basic Pay and 
Allowances Other than Travel and Transportation Allowances, 
respectively); Lawrence Kapp, Cong. Research Serv., Defense Primer: 
Regular Military Compensation 2 tbl.1 (Dec. 17, 2018), available at 
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IF10532.pdf (reporting average 
regular military compensation of $41,384 at the E-1 level in 2018, 
comprised of $19,660 in average annual basic pay, plus allowances 
and tax advantage) (last visited July 26, 2019); Lawrence Kapp et 
al., Cong. Research Serv., RL33446, Military Pay: Key Questions and 
Answers 6-9 (2019), available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33446.pdf (describing types of military compensation and federal 
tax advantages) (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \419\ See U.S. Gov't Accountability Office, GAO-16-561, Military 
Personnel: DOD Needs More Complete Data on Active-Duty 
Servicemembers' Use of Food Assistance Programs (July 2016), 
available at https://www.gao.gov/assets/680/678474.pdf (reporting 
estimates ranging from 2,000 active duty servicemembers receiving 
SNAP to 22,000 such servicemembers receiving SNAP) (last visited 
July 26, 2019). Effective FY16, Congress implemented a 
recommendation by the Military Compensation and Retirement 
Modernization Commission to sunset DOD's Family Subsistence 
Supplemental Allowance Program within the United States, Puerto 
Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Guam; SNAP reliance may have 
increased somewhat following termination of the program. See Public 
Law 114-92, div. A, section[thinsp]602, 129 Stat. 726, 836 (Nov. 25, 
2015); Military Comp. & Ret. Modernization Comm'n, Final Report 187 
(Jan. 2015) (``The [Family Subsistence Supplemental Allowance 
Program] should be sunset in the United States, Puerto Rico, Guam, 
and other U.S. territories where SNAP or similar programs exist, 
thereby reducing the administrative costs of a duplicative 
program.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the NPRM, following consultation with DOD, DHS has 
concluded that such an outcome may give rise to concerns about 
servicemembers' immigration status or the immigration status of 
servicemembers' spouses and children as defined in section 101(b) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(b), which would reduce troop readiness and 
interfere significantly with U.S. Armed Forces recruitment efforts. 
This exclusion is consistent with DHS's longstanding policy of ensuring 
support for our military personnel who serve and sacrifice for our 
nation, and their families, as well as supporting military readiness 
and recruitment.
    Accordingly, DHS has excluded the consideration of the receipt of 
all benefits listed in 8 CFR 212.21(b) from the public charge 
inadmissibility determination, when received by active duty 
servicemembers, including those in the Ready Reserve, and their spouses 
and children. If a service member has since retired or otherwise been 
discharged from military service, receipt of public benefits while in 
the service will not be counted in the public charge consideration. 
Only public benefits receipted after discharge from the military would 
be considered. Applicants that fall under this exclusion must submit 
proof that the servicemember is serving in active duty or the Ready 
Reserve. DHS believes this should minimize any impact to military 
readiness.
    Comment: Some commenters suggested that the exemption that applies 
to individuals serving in the Armed Forces should apply to other 
individuals, such as veterans and stated that failure to include 
military veterans within this carve-out is arbitrary and capricious. 
The commenter stated that once an individual leaves active or reserve 
duty, upon the completion of his or her enlistment, is honorably 
discharged, and takes up a private job at the very same salary, the 
public benefit exemption would no longer apply and thus be ineligible 
for admissibility and adjustment of status. The commenter stated 
military service members should be not be subject to public charge the 
moment they depart the military. A commenter said the rule would have 
an unintended negative impact on veterans of the U.S. military who do 
not have permanent status because they have access to the public 
benefits outlined in the rule. The commenter stated that their need for 
access to benefits may be directly tied to injuries resulting from 
their service.
    A commenter stated that while applying the proposed rule to 
servicemembers would have negative policy consequences, the DHS lacks 
legal authority to exempt the ``public charge'' analysis from a whole 
segment of the population. The commenter stated that the relevant 
statute regarding ``public charge'' applies to ``[a]ny alien,'' and DHS 
stated no basis on which it can exclude certain individuals from the 
generally applicable proposed definition of ``public charge.'' The 
commenter stated that the rule would almost certainly apply to 
servicemembers like the rest of the population and therefore DHS should 
abandon the rule.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and certainly appreciates 
the sacrifices that veterans have made for the United States. Among 
other factors, current servicemembers have a unique pay structure 
implemented by Congress that may involve the use of public benefits, 
and DHS has accordingly excluded the public benefits as listed in the 
rule for active duty service members in order to limit a possible 
impact on military readiness. DHS does not believe the same 
considerations are presented for veterans, as they do not currently 
serve, are not directly affected by the military compensation 
structure, and have access to a specific benefits scheme that Congress 
has designed for them (and that is not designated in this rule). 
Further, in light of that unique salary and benefit scheme created by 
Congress for active service members and their families, DHS disagrees 
with the commenter that it lacks authority to exempt use of the 
designated public benefits for such individuals and families from the 
definition of public charge. Rather, DHS has determined that it would 
be unreasonable, and contrary to congressional intent, to include use 
of public benefits by such individuals within the definition, where 
doing so could undermine the careful salary and benefits structure 
established by Congress and negatively affect recruitment and 
readiness.
    Comment: Some commenters suggested that the exemption that applies 
to individuals serving in the Armed Forces should apply to other 
individuals, such as members of the public who have jobs of comparable 
importance to national security. The commenter stated as an example 
that there is no exemption for non-uniform support members working for 
or on behalf of the U.S. military, those working for State or local law 
enforcement, those working for prisons, or working as firefighters or 
as emergency medical technicians. The commenter stated that there is no 
doubt the U.S. ``Government is profoundly grateful for the unparalleled 
sacrifices'' of police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical 
technicians, but the rule does not exclude the public benefits received 
from these individuals. Other commenters indicated that the failure to 
exempt first responders and veterans or other groups was irrational, 
because military service members are not the only ones serving in roles 
important to national security.
    Response: DHS refers the commenters to the explanations above 
regarding this rule's treatment of active duty servicemembers, 
including those in the Ready Reserve, and their spouses and children. 
DHS recognizes that many professionals, including first responders, 
also provide important services for the public, and make sacrifices 
that are critical and worthy of our gratitude. However, DHS believes 
that Armed Forces members and their spouses and children are uniquely 
positioned in this context, and that DHS should not extend similar 
treatment to other categories of applicants based on their employment 
or public service.
b. Supplemental Security Income
    Comment: Multiple commenters opposed the inclusion of SSI and 
stated that SSI supports children with disabilities, and that a child 
who begins receiving SSI is less likely to fall below the poverty line. 
The commenters stated that the inclusion of SSI in the public charge 
rule threatens the health, safety, and well-being of the children and 
families that receive it. One commenter stated that SSI benefits 
represented 1.4 percent of the Federal Budget in FY 2012, and there is 
no reason to believe that the complete data recited in the ``one 
analysis'' relied on by the DHS for 2017 would be any different. The 
commenter stated that SSI was 0.33 percent of GDP in the years 2011 to 
2012, and expected to decline to 0.23 percent in 2037. Further, the 
commenter said 86 percent of SSI benefits are paid to the disabled, 
concluding that it is

[[Page 41373]]

irrational to exclude individuals with disabilities by claiming that 
they are likely to become a public charge. In contrast, other 
commenters asserted that only U.S. citizens should receive SSI.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments, however, DHS has determined 
that it will consider SSI as described in the rule. DHS notes that this 
decision is consistent with the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, and that, 
as discussed in the NPRM, SSI represents one of the largest Federal 
expenditures for low-income people.\420\ As provided in the NPRM, SSI 
was included as public benefit because it provides monthly income 
payments for people with limited resources, is financed through general 
revenues, and has high expenditures.\421\ DHS has determined that 
considering SSI in the rule, consistent with the 1999 Interim Field 
Guidance, is important in ensuring that aliens are self-sufficient and 
rely on their own capabilities and the resources of their families, 
their sponsors, and private organizations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \420\ See Gene Falk et al., Cong. Research Serv., R45097, 
Federal Spending on Benefits and Services for People with Low 
Income: In Brief (2018), available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45097.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \421\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51166 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
    Comment: Several commenters opposed the inclusion of TANF in the 
rule. One commenter stated that TANF helps families achieve self-
sufficiency through support that allows parents to send their children 
to high-quality child care programs, and that including consideration 
of TANF could therefore harm families. Some commenters stated that TANF 
is the only source of Federal cash assistance for families with 
children, and that research shows that children make up about 77 
percent of recipients. The commenters went on to state that families 
use cash assistance to aid in achieving economic security and working 
towards upward mobility, and that the inclusion of TANF in the proposed 
rule will be detrimental to children during their developmental years. 
The commenters stated that families who disenroll from TANF would lose 
their eligibility to receive free school meals, which would result in 
hungry children, homeless and precariously housed families, sicker 
adults and children, and reduced access to behavioral health services. 
Another commenter indicated that while the majority of TANF recipients 
are children, there is a current decrease in children receiving cash 
assistance (under 25 percent of all poor families with children) and 
the rule would further restrict access. The commenter also indicated 
that the rule fails to recognize that States are increasingly choosing 
to provide TANF to working families who earn too much to qualify for 
the basic cash assistance programs and that research has shown that 
such policies, which ``make work pay,'' improve employment outcomes 
because they serve as an effective incentive for families to find and 
keep jobs.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments; however, DHS has determined 
that considering TANF in the rule, consistent with the 1999 Interim 
Field Guidance, is important in ensuring that aliens are self-
sufficient and rely on their own capabilities and the resources of 
their families, their sponsors, and private organizations. As provided 
in the NPRM, TANF was included as public benefit because it provides 
monthly income payments for low-income families and is intended to 
foster self-sufficiency, economic stability for families with children 
and has high expenditures.\422\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \422\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51166 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters added that TANF helps families enroll 
their children in childcare, which is a lifeline for working families. 
A commenter explained that, while the Child Care and Development Fund 
(CCDF) is the primary source of public funding for child care, a state 
may transfer up to 30 percent of its TANF funds to CCDF, or directly 
allocate its TANF funds, to provide child care subsidies to families in 
need. The commenter went on to provide statistics on the number of 
children in child-care and discussed the child-care support that TANF 
provides for working families. The commenter also provided data on the 
number of children in childcare and that one in six children eligible 
for CCDF services gain access to quality care.
    Response: States may transfer TANF funding to other benefits 
including childcare, but this not considered cash TANF.\423\ As only 
the ``cash assistance for income maintenance'' portion of TANF is 
considered in the public charge inadmissibility determination, direct 
TANF spending on child care and transfers to CCDF are excluded from the 
definition of public benefit for purposes of this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \423\ See PRWORA, Public Law 104-193 (Aug. 22, 1996). See HHS, 
Office of Family Assistance, 2014 Child Care Reauthorization and 
Opportunities for TANF and CCDF (Feb. 19, 2016), available at 
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/ofa/resource/tanf-acf-im-2016-02-2014-child-care-reauthorization-and-opportunities-for-tanf-and-ccdf (last 
visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter stated that TANF ``child-only'' grants 
should be exempted from the proposed rule as they support the needs of 
children raised by extended relatives without parents. The commenter 
indicated that unlike TANF family grants, ``child-only'' grants are 
based solely on the income of the child and are only to meet their 
needs whether outside or inside the foster care system. The commenter 
stated that many children living with relatives in foster care are only 
offered TANF child-only support, since many states do not routinely 
license relatives and the children are consequently ineligible for 
foster care maintenance payments.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments, but notes the ``child-only 
grants'' are based solely on the needs of the child (i.e., does not 
take the adults' needs into account when calculating the assistance 
benefit)' as opposed to the income of the child.\424\ TANF cash 
assistance provided to a child is considered a public benefit under 
this rule. States may fund a variety of child welfare activities using 
TANF funds, including services for family reunification, parenting 
education, in-home family services, and crisis intervention.\425\ TANF 
is only considered in the public charge inadmissibility determination 
if it is in the form of cash assistance for income maintenance. Again, 
non-cash TANF funded services are not included in the rule. States may 
transfer TANF funding to other benefits including childcare, which is 
not being considered in the rule. However, as previously discussed, 
there is no public charge exemption for children, therefore, any cash 
benefit receipt, including TANF, by a child generally would still be 
considered as a public benefit in public charge inadmissibility 
determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \424\ See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 
Temporary Assistance For Needy Families, 12th Report to Congress 
Fiscal Years 2014 and 2015, available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ofa/12th_annual_tanf_report_to_congress_final.pdf (last visited July 23, 
2019).
    \425\ HHS, Child Welfare Information Gateway, Temporary 
assistance for Needy Families (TANF), available at https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/management/funding/program-areas/prevention/federal/nondedicated/tanf (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. State, Local and Tribal Cash Assistance
    Comment: A commenter provided information on various Washington 
State programs designed to provide individuals and families with the 
resources and support. The commenter

[[Page 41374]]

stated that in the FY 2017, approximately one in four Washington 
residents needed cash, food, child support, child care, and other 
services and that each day, more than two million individuals receive 
the support and resources they need from the state to transform their 
lives. The commenter stated that Washington invests general state funds 
to assist individuals and families who are ineligible for Federal 
programs to include lawfully present non-citizens who fail to meet 
federal eligibility qualifications established in the PRWORA. The 
commenter described the following programs: State Family Assistance; 
Food Assistance Program for Legal Immigrants; Aged, Blind, or Disabled 
Cash Assistance; Pregnant Women Assistance; Consolidated Emergency 
Assistance Program; Refugee Cash Assistance; Housing and Essential 
Needs Referral; Diversion Cash Assistance; and State Supplemental 
Payment. The commenter indicated that the rule would undermine the 
success of these programs that involve cash or non-monetized benefits 
and eligible applicants may refuse to receive these benefits.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments; however, DHS has determined 
that considering state cash assistance in the rule, consistent with the 
1999 Interim Field Guidance, is important in ensuring that aliens are 
self-sufficient and rely on their own capabilities and the resources of 
their families, their sponsors, and private organizations. The programs 
listed by the commenter that provide cash assistance would be 
considered public benefits in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination even if the funding is provided by the state unless they 
are provided to individuals not subject to public charge such as 
Refugee Cash Assistance or are not for general income maintenance 
(e.g., if they are not means-tested or if they are provided for some 
specific purpose that is not for food and nutrition, housing, or 
healthcare). For example, LIHEAP (Low Income Home Energy Assistance 
Program) and emergency disaster relief would not be considered as a 
public benefit in the public charge inadmissibility determination even 
though they may be considered as a cash or cash equivalent benefits.
e. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
    Comment: Many commenters stated that the rule's inclusion of public 
benefits such as SNAP affects other public benefits including 
children's ability to access other needed benefits, particularly at 
school. The commenters explained that some benefits received at school 
(e.g., free school meals) are linked to enrollment in SNAP benefits and 
could be impacted. A commenter stated that the proposed rule is 
inhumane, affecting families' ability to access SNAP to get the 
adequate food and nutrition they need. The commenter stated that hunger 
and malnutrition affects a person's ability to focus, function, and 
fight off disease and that hunger is already a serious problem in the 
United States. The commenter stated that aiding the hunger epidemic 
through the consideration of SNAP is against the public interest and 
the progression of our society. A commenter said the onerous 
restrictions initially placed on immigrant participation in SNAP during 
the 1996 reforms were reversed at the next available opportunity--the 
2002 Farm Bill--which illuminates the sound public policy of ensuring 
that every family living in the United States has access to the 
resources necessary to feed their children.\426\ A commenter stated 
that only 40 percent of eligible citizen children living in households 
with immigrants received SNAP benefits after changes to immigration and 
welfare law in the 1990s.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and recognizes the 
importance of SNAP. DHS also acknowledges that some people may choose 
to disenroll from SNAP. However, this rule does not change the 
eligibility requirements of SNAP and does not prohibit individuals from 
receiving SNAP. In addition, this rule does not include school lunch or 
breakfast programs in the definition of public benefit. Further, the 
expansion of SNAP provisions for children under 18 established by the 
2002 Farm Bill,\427\ is only applicable to the five-year waiting 
period; therefore children who become lawful permeant residents do not 
need to wait five years before being eligible for SNAP.\428\ However, 
DHS will consider SNAP as part of the public charge inadmissibility 
determination. DHS has determined that considering SNAP is important in 
ensuring that aliens are self-sufficient and rely on their own 
capabilities and the resources of their families, their sponsors, and 
private organizations. DHS believes that even though children and 
schools may no longer benefit from direct certification for school 
nutrition programs, a child's disenrollment from SNAP due to this rule 
would likely have no effect on the child's eligibility for school 
nutrition programs, and would not stop the child and school from 
accessing these programs through existing enrollment processes other 
than direct certification. This rule would not prevent a child from 
applying for or receiving any school related nutrition program.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \427\ See Public Law 107-171, section 4401, 116 Stat. 134, 333 
(May 13, 2002).
    \428\ See 8 U.S.C. 1612(a)(2)(J).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A couple of commenters said the rule would violate the 
prohibition in Section 8(b) of the Food and Nutrition Act from 
considering SNAP benefits as income or resources. For example, 
commenters stated that the inclusion of SNAP is inconsistent with the 
SNAP statute that states that ``the value of benefits that may be 
provided under this chapter shall not be considered income or resources 
for any purpose under any Federal, State, or local laws.'' Commenters 
also stated that the inclusion of SNAP is inconsistent with 
congressional intent to expand SNAP eligibility to immigrant children. 
Similarly, a commenter stated that SNAP should be excluded from the 
public charge definition because the legislative history of SNAP 
indicates that SNAP was intended to be supplemental in nature. The 
commenter suggested that it would be unreasonable to consider receipt 
of a supplemental benefit to be sufficient to render a person a public 
charge. Discussing the legislative history surrounding the past four 
Farm Bills, a commenter stated that SNAP enjoys bipartisan support and 
Congress has rejected efforts to reduce its reach. The commenter stated 
that the proposed rule would reduce benefits for low-income children of 
immigrant parents and that this was inconsistent with congressional 
intent. A commenter said the onerous restrictions initially placed on 
immigrant participation in SNAP during the 1996 reforms were reversed 
at the next available opportunity--the Farm Security and Rural 
Investment Act of 2002 (the 2002 Farm Bill)--which illuminates the 
sound public policy of ensuring that every family living in the United 
States has access to the resources necessary to feed their children.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule is contrary to congressional 
intent. The fact that Congress has expanded which aliens can receive 
certain public benefits does not indicate a congressional intent that 
those benefits should not be considered in determining public charge. 
The rule abides by the statutory requirement as provided in section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), and is consistent with 
congressional policy statements relating to self-sufficiency in 8 
U.S.C. 1601. In these policy statements, Congress confirmed that the

[[Page 41375]]

immigration policy continues to be that, ``aliens within the Nation's 
borders not depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rather 
rely on their own capabilities and the resources of their families, 
their sponsors, and private organizations.'' \429\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \429\ See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity 
Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 
Stat. 2105, 2260 (Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, DHS disagrees that the inclusion of SNAP as one of the 
designated public benefits violates the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008. 
While Federal law allows certain qualified alien children under 18 to 
receive SNAP benefits,\430\ this rule does not prohibit anyone from 
receiving a benefit for which they qualify. However, Congress did not 
prohibit the consideration of public benefits as part of any of the 
factors to be considered in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination. DHS believes the use of certain benefits is appropriate 
to consider in determining public charge inadmissibility. To implement 
Congress' requirement to administer the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility, DHS inevitably must consider benefits which 
individuals are eligible to receive, as did the 1999 Interim Field 
Guidance. DHS believes the rule strikes an appropriate balance as to 
which benefits are considered.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \430\ See 8 U.S.C. 1612(a)(2)(J).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, DHS disagrees that the rule violates the restrictions in 
section 8(b) of the Food and Nutrition Act, 7 U.S.C. 2017(b). That 
section provides that the value of SNAP benefits ``shall not be 
considered income or resources for any purpose under any Federal, 
State, or local laws.'' \431\ The rule does not consider SNAP as income 
or resources. The rule explicitly excludes the value of public benefits 
including SNAP from the evidence of income to be considered.\432\ 
Likewise, the consideration of the assets is limited to cash assets and 
resources and other assets and resources that can be converted into 
cash within 12 months.\433\ Assets and resources do not include SNAP 
benefits, which are not cash, and selling SNAP benefits is 
illegal.\434\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \431\ Congress has also exempted children under 18 from sponsor 
deeming requirements for purposes of SNAP receipt, 7 U.S.C. 
2014(i)(2)(E), but this provision does not affect the core 
reimbursement obligation. In the latter respect, this provision is 
materially different than the CHIPRA provision regarding Medicaid 
for children under 21 and pregnant women, discussed above.
    \432\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(ii)(A) & (C) (``excluding any 
income from public benefits'').
    \433\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(ii)(D) & (E).
    \434\ See 7 U.S.C. 2024(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters said that this rule conflicts with 
USDA's 1999 input as part of the 1999 proposed rule,\435\ which advised 
that special nutrition programs should not be considered in public 
charge analysis. A commenter cited to the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, 
and stated that historically, the receipt of SNAP benefits (or the 
typical use of Medicaid) does not indicate that an immigrant is or is 
likely to become primarily dependent on the Government for subsistence. 
The commenter stated that to qualify for benefits, a SNAP household's 
income generally must be at or below 130 percent of FPG, the 
household's net monthly income (after deductions for expenses like 
housing and childcare) must be less than or equal to 100 percent of the 
FPG, and its assets must fall below limits identified in Federal 
regulations. The commenter further stated that the average monthly 
benefit per household is $253, and the average monthly benefit per 
person is $125 per month, or $1.40 per meal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \435\ See Inadmissibility and Deportability on Public Charge 
Grounds, 64 FR 28,676, 28,688 (proposed May 26, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: As indicated in the proposed rule, DHS determined that 
receipt of SNAP is relevant to the determination of whether or not the 
alien is self-sufficient, and therefore not likely to become a public 
charge. The 1999 proposed rule, and the associated letters, related to 
a proposed definition of public charge that this rule would change. 
Furthermore, while INS consulted with the relevant public benefit 
granting agencies in 1999, DHS was not bound by those agencies' 
recommendations, but adopted them based on its interpretation of the 
term public charge, as well as certain public policy objectives 
articulated in that rule. DHS believes including the program is 
consistent with Congress' intention that aliens should be self-
sufficient.\436\ DHS recognizes that some public benefits have higher 
income thresholds than the income thresholds that this rule identifies 
as most relevant to the totality of the circumstances determination. 
However, the general income threshold of 125 percent of the FPG in the 
public charge totality of the circumstances determination is just one 
factor; DHS will not exclude consideration of any benefit that does not 
match that threshold.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \436\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter noted that the rule is inconsistent with 
SNAP eligibility. Commenters stated that the proposed rule undermines 
congressional intent and the longstanding Federal commitment to helping 
those who struggle to have enough healthy food. Commenters stated that 
the proposed rule is inconsistent with clear congressional intent 
regarding eligibility for means-tested programs because it undermines 
those very rules set by Congress in law. One commenter stated that 
``Congress has made explicit choices to expand eligibility (or permit 
states to do so),'' and increase immigrant access to programs like 
SNAP, CHIP and Medicaid, and therefore, ``[t]he administration must 
defer to [c]ongressional intent on this issue.''
    Response: DHS does not agree that the inclusion of SNAP as a public 
benefit considered in the public charge inadmissibility determination 
is inconsistent with congressional intent. The rule intends to abide by 
the statutory requirement as provided in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 
8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), and consistent with congressional statements 
relating to self-sufficiency in 8 U.S.C. 1601: Specifically, that, 
``aliens within the Nation's borders not depend on public resources to 
meet their needs, but rather rely on their own capabilities and the 
resources of their families, their sponsors, and private 
organizations.'' \437\ As discussed in the NPRM, benefits directed 
toward food and nutrition, housing, and healthcare are directly 
relevant to public charge inadmissibility determinations, because a 
person who needs the public's assistance to provide for these basic 
necessities is not self-sufficient.\438\ In addition, these benefits 
account for significant Federal expenditure on low-income individuals 
and bear directly on self-sufficiency, as discussed in the NPRM.\439\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \437\ See Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 Stat. 2105, 2260 
(Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)).
    \438\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51159 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \439\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51166 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that the proposed rule's 
characterization of individuals receiving SNAP benefits even for modest 
periods of time as a public charge is inconsistent with extensive 
research showing that SNAP provides supplemental assistance to a large 
number of workers, both while they are employed in low-paying jobs and 
during brief periods of unemployment. The commenter stated that most 
non-disabled adults who participate in SNAP, including eligible 
immigrants, work in a typical month or within a year of that month. 
Specifically, the commenter asserted that over half of the individuals 
who

[[Page 41376]]

were participating in SNAP in a typical month in mid-2012 were working 
in that month, and 74 percent worked in the year before or after that 
month. Similarly, many other commenters stated that the large majority 
of SNAP recipients who can work do work.
    Response: DHS recognizes that people who are working may also lack 
self-sufficiency. The person's employment does not negate that the 
person is receiving the public benefit and the employment is not 
reimbursing the public benefit-granting agency for the cost of the 
public benefit. Under this rule, DHS would not treat past receipt of 
SNAP--or any other benefit--as outcome-dispositive. Instead, will 
assess such past receipt in the totality of the circumstances, to 
determine whether the alien is likely to become a public charge in the 
future.
CalFresh
    Comment: A commenter stated that one in ten Californians receive 
nutrition assistance through CalFresh, which is California's SNAP 
program. The commenter stated that CalFresh is California's food stamp 
program and increases the food buying power in low income households. 
The commenter stated that if this proposed rule is enacted, school 
districts will see more children coming to school hungry because 
noncitizen families, regardless of whether the rule would affect their 
situation, will be afraid to apply for food stamps, either by deciding 
not to enroll, or by disenrolling current recipients.
    Response: As CalFresh is the Federally-funded SNAP program under 
the State of California, it would be considered as a public benefit 
under this rule. As discussed with respect to SNAP generally, CalFresh 
is relevant to the determination of whether or not the alien is self-
sufficient, and therefore not likely to become a public charge. DHS 
understands that some people may disenroll from SNAP/CalFresh and other 
SNAP funded State benefits. However, this rule does not change the 
eligibility requirements for these benefits and DHS believes that the 
inclusion of State SNAP benefits is consistent with congressional 
statements relating to self-sufficiency in 8 U.S.C. 1601.
f. Housing
    Comment: Commenters opposed including project-based Section 8 
housing in the definition of public charge, because the vouchers can 
help ease the burden of rent in high-cost cities, help alleviate 
homelessness, promote economic stability, allow the flexibility for 
families to pay for other necessities, and promote self-sufficiency. 
Commenters also provided information and data on the benefit of the 
programs. Many of these commenters stated that housing is a basic 
necessity and is or should be a human right. Several commenters 
discussed the administrative burden and costs the potential rule will 
have on housing providers, including local rule makers, housing 
agencies, and private landlords who administer public vouchers, such as 
the dissemination of information to tenants and providing them with 
evidentiary information. Other commenters raised concerns that DHS did 
not sufficiently address the potential costs to the housing market, 
including the inundation of homeless shelters, and the loss of 
Government funds going to the private market. A commenter raised 
concerns that the rule will divert funds from direct housing and 
resident services to help U.S. Department of Housing and Urban 
Development (HUD) residents understand the new rule.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and recognizes the 
importance of housing programs. DHS has determined that considering 
housing programs, such as Section 8 Vouchers, Section 8 Rental 
Assistance and public housing, in the rule is important in ensuring 
that aliens are self-sufficient and rely on their own capabilities and 
the resources of their families, their sponsors, and private 
organizations. These programs have high expenditure and relate to the 
basic living need of housing, and therefore the receipt of such housing 
related public benefit suggests a lack of self-sufficiency.\440\ DHS 
will therefore consider the housing programs listed in the rule in the 
public charge inadmissibility determination. The rule intends to abide 
by the statutory requirement as provided in section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), and be consistent with congressional 
statements relating to self-sufficiency in 8 U.S.C. 1601. As Congress 
indicated, the immigration policies continue to be that, ``aliens 
within the Nation's borders not depend on public resources to meet 
their needs, but rather rely on their own capabilities and the 
resources of their families, their sponsors, and private 
organizations.'' \441\ However, housing programs that provide mortgage 
assistance or credits will not be considered in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \440\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51167 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \441\ See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity 
Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 
Stat. 2105, 2260 (Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that receipt of a housing subsidy does 
not on its own accurately measure self-sufficiency, citing that 34 
percent of assisted households are working and contributing to their 
housing costs. The commenter also stated that housing programs do not 
constitute an incentive for immigration. The average number of months a 
household spends on an agency waiting list before being admitted to the 
public housing or housing choice voucher program is 18 and 32, 
respectively. A commenter also stated that rental assistance is best 
understood as a supplemental benefit that reduces housing costs for 
low-income households but does not provide support for all of an 
individual's basic needs, instead recipients are generally required to 
provide housing costs up to 30 percent of their income. A commenter 
stated that a small share of individuals and households eligible for 
housing assistance actually receive it because of local housing 
conditions, wait list sizes, and preferences, DHS will not be able to 
predict that someone seeking status adjustment or lawful entry is 
likely to receive housing benefits.
    Response: DHS understands that there are many conditions that may 
affect whether a person ultimately receives public housing. As 
previously indicated, DHS has determined that considering housing 
programs, such as Section 8 Vouchers, Section 8 Rental Assistance, and 
public housing, in the rule is important in ensuring that aliens are 
self-sufficient and rely on their own capabilities and the resources of 
their families, their sponsors, and private organizations. As 
previously indicated, the past receipt of one public benefit will not 
on its own make a person inadmissible based on public charge grounds. 
Instead, DHS would review all the factors in the totality of the 
circumstances.
    Comment: Some commenters stated that, by including housing 
programs, the rule directly contradicts the mission of public housing 
as public housing programs are meant to serve families and provide for 
housing.
    Response: DHS appreciates that the mission of public housing is to 
provide low-income affordable housing to families. DHS also has a 
mission to abide by congressional mandates to review the 
inadmissibility of all aliens including based on public charge and 
congressional statements relating to self-sufficiency in 8 U.S.C. 1601.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the rule would waste affordable 
housing

[[Page 41377]]

resources, including subsidized rental housing programs such as Low-
Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) housing, Section 515 rural housing, 
and Section 514/516 farm labor housing, leading to especially severe, 
negative impacts in rural California, and the commenter stated that the 
rule would further destabilize the farmworker population in our 
agricultural regions. The commenter indicated that from 1964 to 2004, 
Section 514 and 516 housing programs managed by USDA financed nearly 
35,000 homes for farmworkers and rehabilitated thousands more and that 
that in the period that followed, farmworker housing development 
continued to be backed by annual Federal appropriations in the tens of 
millions of dollars. The commenter stated that housing programs have 
had varying eligibility requirements that have allowed individuals with 
a variety of immigration statuses and mixed-status families to secure 
stable, affordable housing; and the rule would therefore lead to 
significant dislocation of immigrant families, away from housing that 
was built precisely for their use.
    Response: This rule does not include LIHTC housing, Section 515 
rural housing, and Section 514/516 farm labor housing as public 
benefits. Further, although the rule may affect whether individuals 
apply for housing, the rules does not change the eligibility 
requirements for any public benefit. DHS also notes that under 20 CFR 
655.122(d)(1), the employer must provide housing at no cost to the H-2A 
workers (temporary workers performing agricultural services), and those 
workers in corresponding employment who are not reasonably able to 
return to their residence within the same day. Further, under 20 CFR 
655.122(d)(4), if public housing provided for migrant agricultural 
workers under the auspices of a local, county, or State government is 
secured by the employer, the employer must pay any charges normally 
required for use of the public housing units directly to the housing's 
management. DHS would not consider such housing under the definition of 
public benefit as the employer is required by regulation to pay for any 
associated costs.
    Comment: A commenter said data refuted the notion that immigrant 
families rely disproportionately on all forms of public assistance, 
citing a study indicating that just 4.2 percent of immigrant households 
with children utilize housing assistance as compared to 5.3 percent of 
U.S.-born households. A couple of commenters cited research showing 
that most able-bodied adults receiving rental assistance are employed, 
arguing that they are therefore self-sufficient.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment and recognizes that the 
availability of public benefits for aliens is limited. The purpose of 
the public charge rule is, however, to ensure that those seeking 
admission to or adjustment of status in the United States do not become 
public charges by using the public benefits in the future. The public 
charge inadmissibility determination is correspondingly one of an 
alien's likelihood of becoming a public charge through receipt of 
benefits in the future even if the person is employed. Further, as 
previously indicated, DHS recognizes that people receiving public 
benefit may nonetheless be working, but as they are receiving public 
benefits, such aliens are not self-sufficient. Therefore, DHS will 
continue to consider the public benefits as listed in the rule.
    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS should specify in its rule 
that individuals in mixed-status families who are not recipients of 
Federal financial housing assistance do not receive a public benefit 
for public charge determination purposes.
    Response: DHS will not consider a person who lives in any one of 
the listed housing programs as receiving public benefits unless the 
public benefit-granting agency actually designated the benefit for the 
applicant as a beneficiary, such as in a contract, lease, or other 
documentation.
    Comment: A commenter stated that including housing to the public 
charge determination will cause recipients of public housing to be 
treated differently due to their immigration status, in contradiction 
to the Fair Housing Act \442\ of 1968's prohibition against 
discrimination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \442\ See 42 U.S.C. 3604.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS does not believe that the rule is contrary to the 
antidiscrimination provisions of the Fair Housing Act.\443\ The 
antidiscrimination provisions prohibit discrimination on grounds 
covered by the Fair Housing Act by lenders, property sellers, and 
others covered by that law. In contrast, this rule is applicable in the 
immigration context where an alien must establish that he or she is 
admissible and is not inadmissible as likely at any time in the future 
to become a public charge under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \443\ See Title VIII (Fair Housing Act, as amended) of the Civil 
Rights Act of 1968, Public Law 90-284, 82 Stat. 73 (April 11, 1968) 
(codified in 42 U.S.C. 3601-19).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A few commenters asked whether homeownership programs are 
included under the rule.
    Response: The rule does not consider homeownership programs, such 
as the Housing Choice Voucher Homeownership program,\444\ in the public 
charge inadmissibility determination. DHS will only consider public 
housing benefits as listed in the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \444\ See 24 CFR part 982, subpart M, 24 CFR 982.625-982.643. 
See also HUD.gov, Homeownership Vouchers, available at https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/public_indian_housing/programs/hcv/homeownership (last visited April 19, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter requested that DHS add benefits received 
pursuant to Project Rental Assistance Contracts (PRAC), USDA rental 
assistance projects, or all HUD benefits to the public benefits 
definition.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment, however, DHS will not 
include additional housing programs. The programs listed by the 
commenters have low expenditures.\445\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \445\ For example, Supportive Housing for the Elderly, the 2019 
Request for Outlays is $659,000,000, see HUD, Housing, Housing For 
The Elderly (Section 202), 2019 Summary Statement and Initiatives, 
available at https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/CFO/documents/25%20-%20FY19CJ%20-%20HSNG%20-%20Housing%20for%20the%20Elderly%20%28Section%20202%29%20-%20Updated.pdf (last visited May 31, 2019); for Supportive Housing 
for Persons with Disabilities, the 2019 Request for Outlays is 
$188,000,000, Housing, Housing For Persons With Disabilities 
(Section 811), 2019 Summary Statement and Initiatives, available at 
https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/CFO/documents/26%20-%20FY19CJ%20-%20HSNG%20-%20Housing%20for%20Persons%20with%20Disabilities%20%28Section%20811%29%20-%20Updated.pdf (last visited May 31, 2019); for Housing for 
Persons With AIDS (HOPWA), the 2019 Request for Outlays is 
$353,448,000, see Community Planning And Development Housing 
Opportunities For Persons With Aids 2019 Summary Statement And 
Initiatives, available at https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/CFO/documents/17%20-%20FY19CJ%20-%20CPD%20-%20Housing%20Opportunities%20for%20Persons%20with%20AIDS%20%28HOPWA%29.pdf (last visited May 31, 2019); and for USDA Multi-Family Housing 
Rental Assistance, the 2019 appropriated funds is $1,331,400,000, 
see FY 2019 Appropriated Funds, available at https://www.rd.usda.gov/newsroom/fy2019-appropriated-funding (last visited 
May 31, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, DHS has removed references to 42 U.S.C. 1437u, the 
Family Self-sufficiency program, and 24 CFR part 402 Section 8 Project-
Based Contract Renewal, which is a program associated with housing but 
is not itself a housing program.
    Comment: A commenter associated with the City of Los Angeles 
reported that the beneficiaries of many city housing programs and 
policies will be directly negatively impacted by the proposed public 
charge rule. The

[[Page 41378]]

commenter cited programs such as permanent support housing, including 
Section 8 Vouchers; Housing Opportunities for Persons With HIV/AIDS; 
Domestic Violence Shelter Operations; and Family Source Center 
services. The commenter indicated that the rule will either dissuade 
immigrants who legally qualify for public assistance from seeking the 
necessary services or lead to high level of disenrollment. The 
commenter indicated that some program officials could not confidently 
offer aliens clear guidance on the immigration consequences of 
accessing certain services. The commenter stated that the rulemaking 
would exacerbate homelessness and has already led to a ``chilling 
effect.'' The commenter also stated that the proposed rule was 
inconsistent with the commenter's commitment to ensure fair housing for 
its residents, and threatens its ability to enforce housing rights for 
local residents. The commenter stated that such commitment includes a 
requirement by HUD to certify that it would affirmatively further fair 
housing.
    Response: The public charge rule does not prevent aliens from 
obtaining benefits they are legally entitled to under PRWORA. Given 
Congress' strong interest in an immigrant's self-sufficiency \446\ and 
based on the fact that Congress did not exempt the receipt of such 
benefits from consideration for purposes of section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4),\447\ DHS will consider public benefits as 
listed in the rule. DHS notes that other housing programs not listed in 
the rule, such as Section 202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly, 
Section 811 Supporting Housing for Person with Disabilities, Housing 
Opportunities for Persons With AIDS (HOPWA), USDA Multi-Family Housing 
Rentals, and home loan and grant programs, will not be considered in 
the public charge inadmissibility determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \446\ As expressed in 8 U.S.C. 1601.
    \447\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter asked whether the following benefits received 
as part of a lead paint abatement program would be considered public 
benefits for purposes of public charge; any stipend received as part of 
the program, including stipends or gift cards that are offered to 
encourage families to get their children tested for lead; the use of a 
city-operated lead safe house to which families may move during 
renovation of their home to remove lead; or receipt of HUD grant funds 
used to pay a landlord of a rental unit to rehabilitate a unit that has 
been found to have poisoned a child. The commenter indicated that many 
of the funds used for lead abatement programs are HUD grant dollars, 
and to the extent that these payments are made available based upon the 
income of the renter, they could have an impact on the renter from a 
public charge standpoint.
    Response: DHS will not consider any subsidies or grants provided to 
test for lead paint or to ameliorate homes with lead paint issues in 
the public charge determination. DHS will only consider those public 
housing programs enumerated in 8 CFR 212.21(b). HUD's Lead-Based Paint 
and Lead Hazard Reduction Demonstration Grant Programs are regulated 
under 24 CFR part 35, and do not fall under the list of enumerated 
benefits. Therefore, subsidies or grants for lead abatement programs 
are not considered a public benefit for purpose of the public charge 
inadmissibility determination.
g. Institutionalization
    Comment: A commenter asked that institutionalization for long-term 
care be removed as a consideration in the public charge determination 
because the country has made progress with deinstitutionalization over 
the past several administrations. The commenter also stated that there 
is no evidence that people with significant disabilities are taking 
advantage of the Medicaid system. The commenter stated that the rule's 
potential effects on individuals with disabilities created an 
implication that individuals with disabilities were not welcomed 
citizens of the United States, and stated that this was an ``appalling 
message.'' A commenter stated that despite deinstitutionalized supports 
and services becoming more and more prevalent, most people with 
disabilities receiving any Medicaid supports must first prove that they 
are at risk of institutionalization. The commenter stated that the 
requirement to prove risk of institutionalization applies to virtually 
every individual with an intellectual and/or developmental disability 
in the United States regardless of immigration status. The commenter 
stated that inclusion of institutionalization in the public charge rule 
would thus automatically cast a mark against a person with a disability 
under the proposed rule.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments. DHS does not believe that 
all individuals with an intellectual or developmental disability will 
necessarily be institutionalized, be likely to be institutionalized, or 
be inadmissible based on public charge grounds. As explained in the 
NPRM,\448\ the U.S. Government subsidizes health insurance, which pays 
for expenses associated with the institutionalization. The receipt of 
these benefits to provide for the cost of institutionalization 
indicates a lack of self-sufficiency in satisfying basic living needs 
of food and nutrition, housing, and healthcare. Additionally, 
institutions are residential facilities that assume the total care of 
the basic living requirements of individuals who are admitted, 
including room and board. However, DHS understands that the language in 
the NPRM could be interpreted as inclusive of other public benefits not 
listed in the rule, such as Social Security retirement benefits or 
Medicare. Therefore, DHS has removed the reference to long-term 
institutionalization within the definition of public benefit, as the 
long-term institutionalization benefits that DHS has in the past 
considered, and intends to consider under this rule, are already part 
of the public benefit definition, i.e., TANF, SSI, and Medicaid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \448\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51171-72 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, DHS disagrees that continuing to consider 
institutionalization for long-term care at government expense indicates 
that the United States does not welcome people with disabilities. DHS 
reiterates that a child or a person who is severely disabled or who has 
a severe medical condition and who lives in a long-term care facility 
at government expense would not be found inadmissible on the public 
charge ground solely on account of the past institutionalization. 
Instead, DHS will, in the totality of the circumstances, take into 
account whether there are sufficient assets and resources to provide 
for his or her future care in a privately-financed setting, including 
resources provided by guardians or relatives who may have the ability 
to support the alien and provide for the alien's future care.
    Comment: One commenter stated that most of the population would 
eventually require long-term care in nursing homes. A commenter stated 
that including benefits provided for institutionalization is a 
virtually blanket conclusion that all immigrants are ``likely'' to 
become public charges, because a huge percentage of aging individuals 
in the United States will ultimately require some form of institutional 
care. The commenter cited to data that, according to the commenter, 
indicated nursing homes alone will ultimately care for 35 percent of 
the population. The commenter said

[[Page 41379]]

considering these services as public benefits would render all 
immigrants inadmissible. A commenter stated that institutionalization 
cannot be predicted and asked what would happen if an alien previously 
deemed admissible later became disabled, but documented that they will 
not need benefits at any time in the future.
    Response: DHS understands that people may need long-term care with 
age; however, DHS does not believe that everyone will need to be 
supported by the Government. For example, an alien or his or her family 
may have sufficient assets or resources to ensure that the alien has 
the necessary care, even in a circumstance where the alien cannot work 
or must be institutionalized. Or the alien could have adequate 
insurance to support institutionalization for long-term care, whether 
through a private insurer or through Medicare.
    The public charge inadmissibility determination calls for a 
determination that it is more likely than not, in the totality of the 
circumstances, that the alien will become a public charge. For this 
reason, DHS would consider it unreasonable to assume, for purposes of 
the public charge determination, that all individuals will eventually 
live in nursing homes subsidized by the government. USCIS will not deny 
a person based on public charge solely because of a remote possibility 
that a person will need such care in advanced age. DHS also clarifies 
that the public charge inadmissibility determination does not 
necessarily involve a review of whether the person has actually 
received a public benefit after DHS has made its determination. DHS 
further understands that the language in the regulation may indicate 
that other public benefits not otherwise listed that may be used to 
fund institutionalization, including State benefits, Social Security 
retirement benefits, SSDI, or Medicare. When referring to public 
benefits used for long-term care at government expense, the 1999 
Interim Guidance listed SSI, TANF, and Medicaid as examples of public 
benefits for long-term institutionalization at government expense that 
would be considered in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination.\449\ Likewise, under this rule, DHS would consider such 
benefits as part of long-term institutionalization at Government 
expense and did not intend to consider other benefits may be used such 
as Social Security retirement benefits, SSDI, Medicare or veteran's 
benefits. Social Security retirement benefits, SSDI, Medicare and 
veteran's benefits are considered earned benefits in that individuals 
pay into the programs as part of their employment and must work for a 
certain period of time before being eligible. Therefore, DHS is 
removing the provision for public benefits for long-term care at 
government expense as a separate provision in the definition of public 
benefits. Because the benefits considered for institutionalization 
under the rule are already within the rest of the list in the public 
benefit definition, DHS does not believe the additional provision is 
necessary and its deletion avoids confusion with other benefits that 
are not considered in the rule. Further, when a person is 
institutionalized and the person or a relative is paying for any cost 
associated with the institutionalization without the use of public 
benefits, DHS would not consider the institutionalization as a public 
benefit being received. DHS notes that institutionalization would 
otherwise be generally be considered as part of the health factor as 
described in the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \449\ See Inadmissibility and Deportability on Public Charge 
Grounds, 64 FR 28689 (May 26, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

h. Medicaid
    Comment: Many commenters stated that Medicaid should not be 
considered in public charge determinations. Commenters stated that the 
rule contradicts one of PRWORA's main policies, which extends Medicaid 
benefits to immigrants, as well as other laws that allow certain 
children and pregnant women to access Medicaid without a waiting 
period. One commenter stated that DHS should exempt up to two years of 
Medicaid when the individual has shown past ability and earning 
potential. The commenter did not provide a reason for the proposed two-
year period, but stated that when a person applies for health insurance 
on the Affordable Care Act (ACA) marketplace, and is eligible for 
Medicaid, ``the marketplace automatically forwards an application on 
their behalf to Medicaid, even if they never intended to apply for 
Medicaid, leaving them with no choice in the matter at all!'' The 
commenter did not provide evidence to support his statement regarding 
how the ACA marketplace works. Some commenters supported the inclusion 
of Medicaid in the rule.
    Response: DHS will continue to consider Medicaid. DHS agrees that 
Medicaid is beneficial to those who receive it. DHS, however, seeks to 
better ensure that applicants for admission to the United States and 
applicants for adjustment to lawful permanent resident status, who are 
subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility or are 
nonimmigrants applying for an extension of stay or change of status, 
are self-sufficient and do not rely on public resources to meet their 
needs, but rather rely on their own capabilities and the resources of 
their families, sponsors, and private organizations.\450\ Further as 
previously discussed, the public charge inadmissibility rule is not 
inconsistent with PRWORA, nor does it contravene or overrule 
PRWORA.\451\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \450\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(2).
    \451\ See Part III, Section D, Comments Regarding Legal 
Authority/Inconsistency with Congressional Intent.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As indicated in Table 10 of the NPRM,\452\ the total Federal 
expenditure for the Medicaid program overall is by far larger than any 
other program for low-income people.\453\ In addition, the focus of 
this public charge rule is to ensure self-sufficiency that covers the 
basic necessities of life, such as food and nutrition, housing, and 
healthcare.\454\ Medicaid is a federal benefits program that provides 
for a person's health insurance to cover the costs of healthcare, 
which, is a basic necessity of life that is directly relevant to public 
charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \452\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51160 (Oct. 10, 2018).
    \453\ See Table 26-1 Policy, Net Budget Authority by Function, 
Category, and Program, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/26-1-fy2019.pdf (last visited July 26, 
2019). Expenditure amounts are net outlays unless otherwise noted. 
See also Gene Falk et al., Cong. Research Serv., R45097, Federal 
Spending on Benefits and Services for People with Low Income: In 
Brief (2018), available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45097.pdf 
(last visited July 26, 2019). Note however that neither HHS nor DHS 
are able to disaggregate emergency and non-emergency Medicaid 
expenditures. Therefore, this rule considers overall Medicaid 
expenditures.
    \454\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51159 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, DHS credits the many comments that DHS received regarding 
the receipt of Medicaid and CHIP by children and pregnant women, as 
well as the states that have expanded their Medicaid programs to allow 
access to such groups without a waiting period. DHS has decided to 
exclude consideration of Medicaid received by all aliens under the age 
of 21. The age limit of 21 for exempting Medicaid receipt from 
consideration reflects Congressional intent to allow states to extend 
coverage to this population (along with pregnant women as discussed 
below) without requiring them to wait five years as required by PRWORA, 
and without triggering a reimbursement requirement for the alien's 
sponsor under an affidavit of

[[Page 41380]]

support.\455\ The age limit also aligns with the limit most states 
offer free public education to children, and provides appropriate 
certainty to educators, parents, and children with respect to use of 
health care programs by children.\456\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \455\ Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 
2009, Pub. L. 111-3, section 214, 123 Stat. 8, 56 (Feb. 4, 2009) 
(Permitting States to Ensure Coverage Without a 5-Year Delay of 
Certain Children and Pregnant Women Under the Medicaid Program and 
CHIP) (codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. 1396B(v)(4)).
    \456\ State laws generally provide a maximum age limit for free 
public education. The limit ranges between 17 (Alabama) and 26 
(Texas). As of 2017, 25 states allow for free public education until 
age 21. Department of Education, National Center for Education 
Statistics, Table 5.1 Compulsory school attendance laws, minimum and 
maximum age limits for required free education, by state: 2017 
https://nces.ed.gov/programs/statereform/tab5_1.asp (last visited 
July 17, 2019)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS recognizes Congress did not exclude children from the public 
charge determination. But as noted in the proposed rule, the fact that 
an alien received public benefits as a child is a relevant 
consideration when determining the likelihood that the alien will 
receive public benefits in the future. As alien children approach or 
reach adulthood, they may age out of eligibility for certain benefits, 
choose to disenroll from such benefits (for which their parents may 
have enrolled them), or increase their chances of becoming self-
sufficient depending upon whether they acquire education and skills, 
secure employment, and accumulate assets and resources. As a 
consequence, past receipt of public benefits as a child may be less 
indicative of future receipt, as compared to past receipt as an adult.
    DHS recognizes that Medicaid and CHIP benefits for children also 
provide for other services or funding for in-school health services and 
serve as an important way to ensure that children receive the vaccines 
needed to protect public health and welfare. In addition, children may 
be enrolled in Medicaid through the school system or other programs 
which are required by law to provide services which may affect school 
budgets.
    In sum, while children are not exempt from public charge 
inadmissibility, there are strong legal and policy reasons to assume 
that Congress did not intend DHS to treat receipt of Medicaid by alien 
children under the age of 21 in the same way as receipt of Medicaid by 
adult aliens. Congress expressly authorized states to expand Medicaid 
eligibility for aliens under the age of 21 without a waiting period, 
and expressly provided that receipt of such Medicaid would not trigger 
a reimbursement application under an affidavit of support. Finally, 
Medicaid also funds the delivery of certain services through the 
educational system, which DHS intends to exempt. Therefore, DHS 
believes that it is appropriate to exclude Medicaid for individuals 
under the age of 21 from the public benefit definition.
    In addition, and consistent with the foregoing, DHS has decided to 
exempt Medicaid received by pregnant aliens during pregnancy and during 
the 60-day period beginning on the last day of the pregnancy. This 
exemption aligns the rule with the exclusion of CHIP from 
consideration, as CHIP also provides coverage to pregnant women and 
children, and ensures parity under this rule for this population across 
two Federal benefits (Medicaid and CHIP). It also aligns the rule with 
the special treatment that Congress afforded children under 21 and 
pregnant women in under 42 U.S.C. 1396b(v)(4). Again, that authority 
allows states to extend coverage to pregnant women, and children under 
the age of 21, without regard to the 5-year limit under PRWORA, and 
without imposing reimbursement obligations on an alien's sponsor 
through an affidavit of support (as discussed above). DHS believes that 
Medicaid received by pregnant aliens, while providing a short-term 
benefit for the alien herself, in many cases ultimately benefits the 
U.S. citizen child(ren) who is born to such alien.
    DHS appreciates the suggestion to incorporate a two-year 
``exemption period'' for Medicaid. However, DHS will not include a two-
year period in the rule. Although DHS agrees that through the health 
insurance marketplace, an eligible person may be referred for Medicaid 
eligibility, DHS understands that generally the referral must still be 
approved by the State and accepted by the potential beneficiary.\457\ 
The person has a choice in accepting Medicaid through the health 
insurance marketplace. In addition, all individuals may voluntarily 
disenroll from Medicaid at any time.\458\ As DHS will only consider 
Medicaid received after the effective date of the rule, and requires 
the alien to be likely to receive Medicaid (or other designated public 
benefits) above the threshold in order for the alien to be likely to 
become a public charge, DHS does not believe that a two-year 
``exemption period'' is necessary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \457\ See Kalman Rupp and Gerald F. Riley, State Medicaid 
Eligibility and Enrollment Policies and Rates of Medicaid 
Participation among Disabled Supplemental Security Income 
Recipients, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 76 No. 3, 2016, available 
at https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v76n3/v76n3p17.html (last 
visited June 14, 2019).
    \458\ See CMS, Medicare-Medicaid Plan Enrollment and 
Disenrollment Guidance (June 14, 2013), available at https://www.cms.gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Medicare-and-Medicaid-Coordination/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination-Office/Downloads/MMPFinalEnrollGuidance.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters said the durational limits on the use of 
Medicaid did not align with how Medicaid recipients use the program, 
and said that health insurance should be treated differently than other 
welfare programs. A commenter stated that the proposed 12-month 
threshold for Medicaid would produce absurd results when applied to a 
real-world context. The commenter stated that some treatments and 
services are intensive and span months, if not years. For example, a 
Medicaid enrollee with cancer could have a debilitating year-long 
treatment regimen. The proposed rule would force such an individual 
into an impossible situation where continued treatment would count 
against them for immigration purposes. Some commenters said insurance 
through programs like Medicaid reduces the likelihood that an 
individual will become bankrupt, and that the proposed rule may cause 
previously self-sufficient individuals to become reliant on government 
assistance. One commenter stated that individuals may be enrolled in 
Medicaid by hospitals without their knowledge if they are in an 
accident or presented to the ER with a serious health condition. The 
commenter said that at times, the patients do not even know that they 
are being enrolled in Medicaid and just think they are being enrolled 
into a sliding scale program. The commenter stated that looking at past 
receipt of Medicaid is too complicated and unhelpful in determining if 
a person may become a public charge, and recommended that if DHS 
insists in including Medicaid then the period of time should be reduced 
to a look back of maximum 12 months.
    Response: DHS disagrees that Medicaid as health insurance should be 
treated differently. Medicaid has a large federal expenditure impact, 
similar to other public benefit programs included in the rule.\459\ DHS 
believes the benefit programs considered in the public charge 
determination are appropriate as they directly relate to self-
sufficiency, since they are providing basic necessities of life such as 
food and nutrition, housing, and healthcare. Because of the nature of 
the public benefits that would be considered under this rule--which are 
generally means-tested and provide cash for income maintenance and for 
basic living needs such as food and nutrition, housing, and

[[Page 41381]]

healthcare--DHS believes that receipt of such benefits is an important 
factor to consider, in the totality of the circumstances, when making a 
public charge determination. This is because a person with limited 
means to satisfy basic living needs who uses government assistance to 
fulfill these needs frequently will be dependent on such assistance to 
such an extent that the person is not self-sufficient. Medicaid, as a 
government subsidized health-insurance program, provides means to 
ensure sufficient healthcare. Regarding the concern that individuals 
may be enrolled in Medicaid without their knowledge when receiving 
emergency room services, DHS notes that the rule excludes consideration 
of emergency Medicaid. Additionally, individuals who are enrolled in 
Medicaid receive documentation informing them of their enrollment and 
may at any time disenroll from the public benefit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \459\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51160 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS acknowledges the positive outcomes associated with public 
benefits programs, but the goals of programs such as Medicaid are 
different from the objectives of immigration in admission of aliens 
into the United States. The rule, therefore, abides by the statutory 
requirement as provided in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), and is consistent with congressional statements relating to 
self-sufficiency in 8 U.S.C. 1601. As Congress indicated, the 
immigration policy continues to be that, ``aliens within the Nation's 
borders not depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rather 
rely on their own capabilities and the resources of their families, 
their sponsors, and private organizations.'' \460\ Therefore, the 
public charge inadmissibility ground and this rule serve to ensure that 
those coming to the United States will be self-sufficient.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \460\ See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity 
Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 
Stat. 2105, 2260 (Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter opposed including Medicaid in the definition 
of public benefit and stated that such inclusion will harm the ability 
of disabled individuals to access reasonable accommodations. The 
commenter stated that such inclusion will result in individuals 
disenrolling from Medicaid and may adversely affect individuals' 
ability to obtain proof of disability from a doctor that is necessary 
to secure reasonable accommodations in housing. The commenter noted 
that such an individual, potentially with the assistance of social 
service or other organizations serving the individual, would have to 
find an alternative means of proving the disability. The commenter 
stated that costs and delays associated with obtaining such proof 
``would lead to fewer tenants being allowed to bring forward the 
defenses to which they are legally entitled, and would lead to further 
evictions in the greater Boston area.''
    Response: DHS recognizes that an individual who disenrolls from 
Medicaid (or foregoes initial enrollment) as a consequence of this rule 
may face additional challenges in providing proof of disability for 
purposes of reasonable accommodation. As noted by the commenter, 
however, Medicaid is not a precondition to obtaining such proof of 
disability. An alien who relies on Medicaid for healthcare (including 
potential documentation of disabilities) for the period of time that 
meets the requisite threshold (more than 12 months in the aggregate 
during any 36-month period) may be found to be a public charge, 
notwithstanding that such outcome may have negative downstream effects 
for such alien or others.
    Comment: A couple of commenters said there was no reason to 
distinguish between private and public health insurance in making a 
determination about self-sufficiency, and that private insurance for 
working-class people is often subsidized by the government through such 
mechanisms as special tax treatment for employer-provided insurance and 
refundable tax credits for private health insurance plans under the 
ACA.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments but disagrees. Medicaid can 
impose substantial costs on multiple levels of government and generally 
indicates a lack of ability to be self-sufficient in satisfying a basic 
living need, i.e., healthcare. As noted in the NPRM, by at least one 
measure, this program entails some of the largest overall Federal 
expenditure for low-income people, by far. Although DHS agrees that 
government subsidies for private health insurance plans may also be 
amenable to consideration for public charge purposes, DHS believes it 
is a reasonable approach to only designate Medicaid at this time.
    Comment: Several commenters remarked that states have implemented 
programs, such as Medicaid Buy-In programs, to allow individuals with 
disabilities to retain the necessary Medicaid coverage while 
participating in the labor force. A commenter stated that Medicaid is 
one of many government programs that provide targeted assistance to 
individuals with disabilities. The commenter provided the example of 
New York, which created a Medicaid Buy-In Program for Working People 
with Disabilities specifically to allow working people with 
disabilities to earn more income without risk of losing their health 
insurance. The commenter stated that many people qualify for Medicaid 
because an injury or disability has made them unable to work. Medicaid 
often covers services that are unavailable through private insurance, 
such as medical equipment, long-term care, and certain specialist care 
services. The commenter stated that the NPRM undermines the goals of 
these programs by broadly including ``health'' as a factor in the 
public charge determination and by heavily weighting receipt of health-
related benefits as a negative factor in public charge determinations 
without distinguishing Medicaid recipients with disabilities.
    Response: DHS appreciates that some people may be eligible for 
Medicaid based on other eligibility criteria or a higher income 
threshold, however, such Medicaid programs would also be included 
within the definition of public benefit for the purposes of the public 
charge inadmissibility determination. DHS does not intend to undermine 
the goals of Medicaid or Medicaid Buy-In programs in this rule. 
However, Congress provided for the mandatory factors, including 
health.\461\ The interpretation of the public charge provision has long 
included consideration of the alien's receipt of government-funded 
healthcare programs.\462\ Medicaid Buy-In programs are optional state 
Medicaid programs for workers with disabilities who have earnings in 
excess of traditional Medicaid rules.\463\ These programs are still 
using the same source of government funding; the main difference is 
that they contain different eligibility requirements, such as a higher 
income threshold. Further, DHS, as previously discussed, understands 
that people may be employed and still receive public benefits and are 
therefore not self-sufficient. Aliens should be

[[Page 41382]]

obtaining private health insurance other than Medicaid in order to 
establish self-sufficiency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \461\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B).
    \462\ See, e.g., Ex parte Nunez, 93 F.2d 41 (9th Cir. 1937).
    \463\ See Medicaid.gov, Medicaid Employment Initiatives, 
available at https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/ltss/employment/index.html (last visited June 24, 2019). See also for example, New 
York State, Medicaid Buy-in Program for Working People with 
Disabilities, available at https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/program/buy_in/index.htm (last visited June 24, 2019). In 
order to qualify under the New York State program, a person must 
have a disability as defined by SSA, be engaged in paid work, and 
have a gross income that may be as high as about $63,492 for an 
individuals and $86,575 for a couple, among other requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter indicated that the rule is unclear on the 
meaning of Medicaid and unclear whether programs that are funded only 
by the state and provided under the auspices of Medi-Cal would be 
considered Medicaid for the purposes of a public charge analysis.
    Another commenter stated that Medicaid is a Federal-State program; 
it is funded jointly by the Federal Government and the States, and each 
state operates its own program within broad Federal guidelines. The 
commenter indicated that States have numerous options as to the people 
and benefits they cover and a great deal of flexibility in designing 
and administering their programs. The commenter stated that 
consequently, Medicaid eligibility and benefits vary widely from state 
to state. For example, the commenter stated that Wisconsin is the only 
non-expansion state to cover childless adults at any income level. The 
commenter further stated that immigration authorities would have no way 
of predicting which states individuals would likely live in throughout 
their lives and therefore would not know which income thresholds would 
be relevant to consider when making a public charge determination, 
potentially leading them to assume that most people could end up using 
Medicaid at some point.
    Response: Medicaid is a Federal-State partnership under which the 
Federal Government provides matching funds to states for certain 
expenditures at varying percentages (depending on the state). The form 
of Medicaid covered by this rule is any Medicaid program operated under 
the authority of Title XIX of the Social Security Act Amendments of 
1965 (Pub. L. 89-97), for which the state seeks reimbursement from the 
Federal Government. In other words, any Medicaid benefit for which a 
state seeks reimbursement from the Federal Government will be 
considered in the public charge determination regardless of which state 
administers the program. Medi-Cal is how the State of California 
delivers Medicaid to its residents.\464\ Any Medi-Cal receipt will 
therefore be considered in the totality of the circumstances in the 
public charge inadmissibility determination, unless the Medi-Cal is 
provided to the alien under a state-only authority at no expense to the 
Federal Government. Medicaid administered by other states will also be 
considered in the public charge inadmissibility determination to the 
same extent as described above, regardless of the name used for 
Medicaid in such state. A state medical insurance program, funded 
exclusively by the state, is not included in the definition of public 
benefit under 8 CFR 212.21(b), and will not be considered as a public 
benefit in the public charge inadmissibility determination. To the 
extent that States give the same name to their Federal Medicaid program 
and the state-only funded health insurance program, aliens will not be 
required to report the receipt of the state-only funded health 
insurance. USCIS would assume that any Medicaid identified on the Form 
I-944 is Federal Medicaid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \464\ Ca.gov, Medi-Cal, available at https://www.dhcs.ca.gov/services/Medi-cal/pages/default.aspx (last visited Mar. 29, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter agreed with the exception for school-based 
services, but said it underscores the need for clarification stating 
that public benefit programs and services provided to school children 
by public school systems will not be considered in immigration status 
determinations for a family member or member of the household. 
Moreover, the commenter said further clarification is needed that any 
application, documentation, or verification information collected by a 
public school for program eligibility, allocation, or qualification 
purposes would not be requested or subject to disclosure by the local 
education agencies or the student and their parents or guardians for 
DHS public charge consideration.
    Response: DHS reiterates that only the public benefits listed in 8 
CFR 212.21(b) are considered public benefits for purposes of the public 
charge inadmissibility determination. DHS also reiterates that under 
this rule, Medicaid-funded school-based benefits provided to children 
who are at or below the oldest age of children eligible for secondary 
education as determined under State law are not considered public 
benefits for purposes of the public charge determination, as are 
Medicaid-funded IDEA programs and Medicaid for children under the age 
of 21 are not included the are definition of public benefit. 
Additionally, public benefits received by household members are not 
considered in an alien's public charge inadmissibility 
determination.\465\ Confidentiality or non-disclosure provisions 
relating to applications for or receipt of certain public benefits 
programs are generally governed by laws relating to the specific public 
benefits program and are not within the scope of this regulation. 
Further, as part of the public charge inadmissibility determination, 
DHS does not intend to request information from schools that was 
collected by such school for program eligibility, allocation, or 
qualification purposes. Instead the students, or students' parents or 
guardians would provide documentation related to any Medicaid or SNAP, 
or other public benefit, application, documentation, or verification 
information collected by a public school for program eligibility, 
allocation, or qualification purposes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \465\ If a household member is obtaining public benefits, 
however, that amount will not be counted toward the household's 
annual gross income determinations. See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(ii)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Individuals With Disabilities Education Act
    Comment: Multiple commenters stated that children with special 
healthcare needs (disabilities) depend on Medicaid, and that while the 
proposed rule includes exceptions for services funded by Medicaid but 
provided through IDEA, no plan has been put forward that would enable 
this carve-out to work in practice.
    Many commenters discussed the positive effects of children being 
enrolled in Medicaid and the ``chilling effect'' or disenrollment 
associated with the proposed rule, and warned that decreased 
participation in Medicaid would lead to decreased utilization of 
preventative services, worse health outcomes for families and children, 
and significant economic costs. Many commenters said the proposed 
rule's exemption of school-based health services was insufficient given 
the larger repercussions of the ``chilling effect'' and the likelihood 
that many children would be disenrolled. Some commenters indicated that 
under IDEA, schools serve as a health care provider reimbursed by 
Medicaid but are not eligible for reimbursement if a family chooses not 
to enroll their child. A commenter provided data on the funding school 
districts receive from Medicaid for school-based health services, and 
the numbers of students who benefit from these programs. The commenters 
pointed out that this funding is tied to the number of Medicaid-
eligible students enrolled. Schools said they already struggle to 
receive consent for school-based, Medicaid-reimbursable services, and 
warned that the proposed rule would exacerbate this problem. A 
commenter expressed concern that, even though medically necessary 
special education services provided to eligible children at school 
would be excluded under the rule, the fear of being labelled a public 
charge would cause some immigrant

[[Page 41383]]

parents to refrain from securing these services for children. A few 
commenters were concerned that the proposed rule would worsen health 
outcomes, increase food insecurity, and reduce educational attainment.
    A commenter supported the exclusion of benefits under IDEA, but 
stated that it remained concerned about these services being used 
against parents who refuse to sign a specific consent form. Multiple 
commenters stated that children with special healthcare needs, 
including children with disabilities, depend on Medicaid. These 
commenters indicated that children with special needs cannot and do not 
receive Medicaid for educational services alone and the exclusion of 
Medicaid-funded IDEA services will likely do little to encourage 
families who are fearful of participating in Medicaid to maintain their 
enrollment. A commenter stated that IDEA funding is often insufficient 
and requires states to rely on Medicaid to fill funding gaps. The 
commenter added that if schools lost Medicaid funding, it could result 
in special education and even general education services being withheld 
and the loss of school nurses, whose salaries are subsidized by 
Medicaid. (Special education assistance programs, such as the New 
Jersey Special Education Medicaid Initiative addressed by one of the 
commenters, are school-based Medicaid reimbursement programs that allow 
school districts to obtain federal reimbursement of actual costs of 
Medicaid covered services under the IDEA).\466\ One commenter who 
generally supported the rule stated opposition to the Medicaid 
exclusion under IDEA and recommended that all disabilities should be 
individually assessed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \466\ See 20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS recognizes the public benefits listed in the rule may 
be associated with other programs and that eligibility for other 
programs or reimbursements to organizations may be dependent or 
automatically provided based on the receipt of one of the enumerated 
public benefits. DHS also understands that it is possible that a parent 
would not be aware of which services in an Individualized Education 
Plan or any other education plan set up by a school for a child with 
disabilities are reimbursed by Medicaid or a different funding source. 
Parents may not receive notification that Medicaid was billed for 
services provided at school. In addition, DHS recognizes that 
Medicaid's assistance programs go beyond mere special education 
assistance under IDEA for Medicaid covered benefits and that school-
based programs also include services such as dental and vision 
services, (for example under the Early Periodic Screening Diagnostic 
and Treatment (EPSDT)) benefit or other preventative services.\467\ DHS 
believes that by excluding any Medicaid received by an alien under the 
age of 21 (as well as any and all CHIP benefits), and retaining the 
exemptions for (1) services or benefits funded by Medicaid but provided 
under the IDEA and for (2) school-based benefits provided to children 
who are at or below the oldest age of children eligible for secondary 
education, DHS has effectively addressed many of the objections that 
commenters raised related to the potential indirect effects of this 
rule on school funding. With these changes, DHS believes that it has 
created a workable framework for purposes of the public charge 
assessment and the benefits these programs provide for school-age 
children.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \467\ Medicaid payments for necessary health services are 
covered under section 1905R of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. 
part 441, Subpart B.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS's reasoning for excluding a 
program like IDEA should apply to the other benefits DHS proposes 
adding to the public charge determination. For example, according to 
the commenter, the proposed rule stated or implied that DHS proposed to 
exclude IDEA to avoid discriminating against people with disabilities. 
The commenter stated that DHS should consider other ways the proposed 
rule discriminates against vulnerable populations. Some commenters 
specifically requested that public benefits received by individuals 
with disabilities be excluded or that DHS exclude Medicaid and SNAP. 
Several commenters reasoned that individuals with disabilities rely on 
non-cash benefits disproportionately, often due to their disability, in 
order to continue working, stay healthy, and remain independent and 
productive members of the community.
    Response: As indicated in the NPRM, DHS excluded services provided 
under IDEA that are generally funded in whole or in part by Medicaid to 
ensure that schools continue to receive financial resources to cover 
the cost of special education and related services which they would be 
legally required to provide at no cost regardless of the outcomes of 
the rulemaking.\468\ But DHS also recognizes that Congress did not 
exclude applicants with disabilities or other medical conditions in the 
public charge inadmissibility statute.\469\ DHS considers any 
disability or other medical condition in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination to the extent the alien's health makes 
the alien more likely than not to become a public charge at any time in 
the future. USCIS' consideration of health-related issues will be 
largely limited to those conditions that are identified on the Form I-
693 and affect an applicant's ability to work, attend school, or 
otherwise care for himself or herself. As noted in the proposed rule, 
after assessing Federal statutes and regulations protecting individuals 
with disabilities from discrimination, DHS believes that this rule's 
treatment of disability in the public charge context is not 
inconsistent with such statutes and regulations.\470\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \468\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51170 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). These services are typically not 
income-based.
    \469\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \470\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51184 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that many of its members are childcare 
providers and child-care center teachers who raised questions about 
whether or not certain child-specific services through Medicaid and 
CHIP would be excluded. The commenter stated that children received 
essential services through these programs, including the EPSDT benefit, 
which is a federally mandated benefit, and ensures coverage for 
developmental assessments for infants and young children with the 
routine and preventive care services they need to grow into healthy 
adults.
    Response: The EPSDT benefit is not a separately funded Medicaid 
program, but an integral part of the Medicaid benefit for children, as 
described in section 1905(r) of the Social Security Act. As EPSDT is a 
Medicaid program, and DHS determined that any services provided to 
aliens under the age of 21 based on Medicaid and CHIP will not be 
considered as part of the public charge determination, any benefits 
under EPSDT would also not be considered in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination.
Emergency Services Exclusion
    Comment: A commenter opposed the exclusion of emergency services, 
stating that the failure to provide financially for the receipt of 
emergency services was a strong indicator of a lack of self-reliance. 
Another commenter stated that emergency Medicaid's applicability to 
births creates an immigration incentive by advertising a service, which 
will ultimately assist aliens' immigration process (by providing them 
with a new U.S. citizen as a family member). The commenter further 
stated that DHS

[[Page 41384]]

misconstrued 8 U.S.C. 1611(b), and did not consistently recognize the 
distinction in legislative intent to provide benefits to aliens that 
may nevertheless be considered as negative factors in a public charge 
determination. In contrast, some commenters supported the exclusion of 
emergency Medicaid. Some commenters indicated that immigrants would 
still be reluctant to access emergency services because many will not 
be aware that emergency services are excluded, or may not know if 
someone in their household was experiencing a true medical emergency.
    Response: DHS appreciates and understands the commenters' concerns. 
However, DHS will exclude emergency Medicaid benefits in the rule, 
consistent with the policy underlying the PRWORA exclusion for care and 
services that are necessary for the treatment of an emergency medical 
condition. In 8 U.S.C. 1611(b), Congress specifically excluded this 
category of benefit from the definition of public benefits and as a 
result from allows non-qualified aliens to receive such emergency 
public benefits. DHS did not propose to designate any public benefits 
that are not defined as public benefits in PRWORA, because those 
exclusions may reflect a congressional judgment regarding the 
importance of ensuring that those benefits remain available to 
otherwise eligible aliens. DHS prefers to avoid any appearance of 
interfering with aliens' willingness or ability to access such public 
benefits. Accordingly, DHS excludes receipt of Medicaid under these 
provisions if the State determines that the relevant treatment falls 
under ``emergency medical conditions.'' \471\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \471\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51169 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that hospitals are compelled to provide 
emergency services due to their mission and laws like the Emergency 
Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA), but those services 
will go uncompensated if patients are disenrolled from Medicaid due to 
the chilling effect. A commenter stated that the emergency services 
exemption would not be uniformly applied across states, resulting in 
hospitals bearing the unpaid costs of medical care. One commenter said 
different states will make different determinations about what 
constitutes an emergency, and this uncertainty will cause individuals 
with chronic, involuntary medical conditions to be denied admission or 
avoid treatment out of fear.
    Response: DHS understands that the states determine whether a 
medical condition would be determined to be an emergency for purposes 
of Medicaid and that determination may be inconsistent throughout 
states. However, DHS does not have the authority to determine whether a 
medical condition is an emergency or whether a state must provide 
Medicaid for a particular medical condition. Congress enacted the 
EMTALA to ensure public access to emergency services regardless of 
ability to pay.\472\ Medicare-participating hospitals that offer 
emergency services must provide a medical screening examination and 
provide stabilizing treatment regardless of an individual's ability to 
pay.\473\ DHS acknowledges that increased use of emergency rooms and 
emergent care as a method of primary healthcare due to delayed 
treatment is possible and there is a potential for increases in 
uncompensated care in which a treatment or service is not paid for by 
an insurer or patient. However, DHS does not have specific estimates on 
the increase cost for such services.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \472\ See CMS.gov, Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act 
(EMTALA), available at https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EMTALA/index.html (last visited May 31, 2019).
    \473\ See CMS.gov, Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act 
(EMTALA), available at https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EMTALA/index.html (last visited May 31, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vaccinations
    Comment: Commenters indicated that the public charge rule would 
make immigrant families afraid to seek health-care, including 
vaccinations against communicable diseases, and therefore, endanger the 
U.S. population. The commenters stated that mass disenrollment from 
Medicaid would greatly restrict access to vaccines, which would result 
in adverse effects for the immigrant and general population, and would 
harm the public and the national security of the United States. For 
example, a commenter stated that in the event of a novel influenza 
outbreak, a critical first step would be to get individuals access to 
healthcare, which requires trust in governmental public health 
authorities. The commenter indicated that engaging with the public 
health system was critical to ensuring robust immunization to protect 
the population overall; if a subset of the community were fearful to 
access government healthcare services, regardless of whether a specific 
type of service qualified for a narrow exception, it would have a 
significant impact on the country's ability to protect and promote the 
public health. Another commenter indicated that its health department 
anticipated that promulgation of the rule, as written in the NPRM, will 
result in decreased utilization of children's healthcare, including 
vaccinations, which will increase the risk for vaccine preventable 
diseases. According to the commenter, these effects will pose an 
immediate risk to the health of individual immigrants and is also 
likely result in increased transmission of tuberculosis or other 
infectious diseases, increasing the likelihood of an outbreak.
    Some commenters stated that since many immigrants live in 
communities alongside people of the same national origin, reduced 
vaccinations could result in unvaccinated or under-vaccinated clusters 
of individuals. Commenters warned that research shows that uninsured 
individuals are much less likely to be vaccinated. One commenter stated 
that a recent study found that even a five percent reduction in vaccine 
coverage could trigger a significant measles outbreak. A commenter 
stated that many immigrant families were already cancelling 
appointments for flu vaccinations, and referred to a Centers for 
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate of the number of flu-
related deaths in 2018 to underscore the severity of this issue. A 
commenter indicated that the proposal will cause worse health outcomes, 
increased use of emergency departments, and increases in communicable 
diseases due to less vaccination. Another commenter stated that the 
rule would increase the incidence of childhood diseases like 
chickenpox, measles, mumps and rubella and deter parents from 
vaccinating their children.
    Response: With this rulemaking, DHS does not intend to restrict the 
access of vaccines for children or adults or intend to discourage 
individuals from obtaining the necessary vaccines to prevent vaccine-
preventable diseases. The purpose of this rulemaking is to ensure that 
those seeking admission to the United States are self-sufficient and 
rely on themselves or family and friends for support instead of relying 
on the government for subsistence. As noted above, this final rule does 
not consider receipt of Medicaid by a child under age 21, or during a 
person's pregnancy, to constitute receipt of public benefits. This 
should address a substantial portion, though not all, of the 
vaccinations issue.
    Vaccinations obtained through public benefits programs are not 
considered public benefits under 8 CFR 212.21(b), although if an alien 
enrolls in Medicaid for the purpose of obtaining vaccines, the Medicaid 
itself qualifies as a public

[[Page 41385]]

benefit. DHS also notes that free or low cost vaccines are available to 
children who are not insured or underinsured through the Vaccines for 
Children (VFC) Program.\474\ In addition, local health centers and 
state health departments provide preventive services that include 
vaccines that may be offered on a sliding scale fee based on 
income.\475\ Therefore, DHS believes that vaccines would still be 
available for children and adults even if they disenroll from Medicaid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \474\ See CDC, Vaccines For Children (VFC), available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/index.html (last visited May 15, 
2019). See also CDC, VFC Detailed Questions and Answers for Parents, 
available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/parents/qa-detailed.html#eligibility (last visited May 15, 2019).
    \475\ See HHS, vaccines.gov, How to Pay, available at https://www.vaccines.gov/getting/pay (last visited May 15, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Substance Abuse
    Comment: Several commenters stated that the proposed rule would 
also discourage people from utilizing substance abuse disorder 
treatment services for which Medicaid is the largest insurer.
    Response: DHS does not intend to discourage people from utilizing 
substance abuse disorder treatment services. DHS acknowledges however 
that, once this rule is effective, individuals may choose to disenroll 
from public benefits or not seek to receive such public benefits. DHS 
would like to note that local health centers and state health 
departments may provide certain health services addressing substance 
abuse and mental disorders.\476\ Additionally, state-funded 
rehabilitation centers may offer affordable options, even if an 
individual disenrolls from Medicaid.\477\ Benefits from local and state 
health departments or state-funded rehabilitation centers are generally 
not considered public benefits under this rule, unless they are 
obtained through Medicaid. Therefore, DHS believes that substance abuse 
disorder treatment will continue to be available to individuals even if 
they disenroll from Medicaid.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \476\ See Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services 
Administration (SAMHSA) https://www.samhsa.gov/find-treatment (last 
visited July 22, 2019).
    \477\ See SAMHSA, Directory of Single State Agencies for 
Substance Abuse Services (Dec. 16, 2016), https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/ssadirectory.pdf (last visited June 4, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

i. Medicare, Medicare Part D Low Income Subsidy
    Comment: Commenters opposed DHS's proposal to include the Medicare 
Part D Low Income Subsidy (Medicare Part D LIS) in the definition of 
public benefit. Commenters stated that inclusion of the Medicare Part D 
LIS may result in greater poverty and sickness, lack of access for 
seniors to prescription drugs, health services, worse health outcomes 
for Medicare enrollees and higher costs for Medicare non-drug spending. 
Commenters stated that Medicare Part D LIS helps seniors with chronic 
conditions, including breast cancer. Commenters also stated the rule, 
by including Medicare Part D LIS, targets disabled people, who use the 
program at higher rates than the general population. Commenters stated 
that the rule would force ``millions'' of seniors to disenroll from 
Medicare Part D, making it harder to afford necessary prescriptions. A 
commenter indicated that low- and moderate-income seniors who have been 
paying into Social Security like all other taxpayers would not be able 
access Medicare Part D subsidies. Commenters stated that prescription 
medication is very expensive and seniors who cannot afford having their 
prescriptions filled will end up in emergency rooms which will only 
cost their communities even more.
    A commenter indicated that the Medicare Part D LIS program has 
higher financial eligibility thresholds than cash welfare programs and 
is available to more than the indigent, making it a bad indicator of 
dependence on the government. Citing a Kaiser Family Foundation 
report,\478\ the commenter stated that individuals with income up to 
150 percent of the FPL, and countable assets of $14,100 for an 
individual or $28,150 for a couple, qualify for Medicare Part D LIS in 
2018. The commenter further stated that the scope of Medicare Part D 
LIS is limited to assistance in the cost of drugs which does not 
indicate dependence on government subsistence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \478\ See Kaiser Family Foundation, Medicare Part D: An Overview 
of the Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit (Oct. 12, 2018), 
https://www.kff.org/medicare/fact-sheet/an-overview-of-the-medicare-part-d-prescription-drug-benefit/ (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commenters indicated that most non-citizen Medicare enrollees are 
lawful permanent residents, but that individuals who are ``lawfully 
present'' (e.g., immigrants with TPS) and have a ten-year work history 
or have end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may also be eligible. A 
commenter indicated that individuals over the age of 65 and young 
individuals with disabilities who meet the income and employment 
guidelines are eligible for Medicare Part D LIS. A commenter stated 
that it is difficult to see any purpose to a rule that would deny 
admission to long term elderly residents who have worked and paid taxes 
for 10 or more years for using a benefit as modest as the Medicare Part 
D LIS.
    A commenter stated that the effect of the proposed rule may to 
increase the costs, which according to the commenter was not considered 
in the NPRM, paid for under Medicare Part A and B or C because the 
increased medication use and adherence achieved through expanded drug 
coverage for seniors have been associated with decreased spending for 
nondrug medical care and reduced hospitalization rates among Medicare 
enrollees. The commenter stated that the rule would adversely affect 
Massachusetts where 74 percent of Medicare enrollees in Massachusetts 
were enrolled in Part D plans, and 35 percent of Medicare Part D 
recipients also receive the LIS.
    Several commenters stated that immigrants contribute more into the 
Medicare system than they take out of it, and pay more out of pocket 
for care than citizens, thus subsidizing the system. Commenters stated 
that the Medicare Part D LIS may be more heavily supported by general 
revenues, but funding for the entire Medicare Part D program comes 
mostly from general revenues, with premiums covering about one-quarter 
of all costs. The commenter provided data intended to show that for 
2019, Medicare's actuaries estimate that Medicare Part D plans will 
receive direct subsidy payments averaging $296 per enrollee overall and 
$2,337 for enrollees receiving the LIS; employers are expected to 
receive, on average, $553 for retirees in employer-subsidy plans. The 
commenter stated that the average Medicare Part D LIS beneficiary is 
receiving added government assisted benefits of only $1,784 per year 
compared to retirees in employer plans, which would be less than the 15 
percent of FPG threshold that would have applied under the proposed 
rule had the Medicare Part D LIS been considered a ``monetized'' 
benefit. Commenters stated that almost one in three Medicare 
beneficiaries enrolled in Medicare Part D prescription drug coverage 
get ``extra help'' with their premiums, out-of-pocket prescription 
costs, copays or percentage of the drug's costs through LIS. The 
commenter further stated that one in five people with Medicare (11.7 
million) rely on Medicaid to afford their monthly Medicare Part B 
premiums or cost-sharing. Nearly 12 million older adults and people 
with disabilities are enrolled in both Medicare and Medicaid. A 
commenter stated that ``Extra Help'' is estimated to be worth 
approximately

[[Page 41386]]

$4,000 per year per individual which is a substantial support for 
medications that are often necessary to prevent disease or manage a 
chronic illness. The commenter stated that to forego needed medications 
due to cost will not only be a harm to an elderly person or someone 
living with a permanent disability, but to our overall healthcare 
system that will be burdened with more costly hospital-based and 
emergency care.
    However, another commenter agreed with DHS's assertion that 
utilization of Medicare Part D LIS was an indicator of a lack of 
ability to remain self-sufficient in covering medical costs.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and recognizes the 
importance of Medicare and the Medicare Part D LIS, as well as the 
heightened eligibility threshold for those programs. Someone who is not 
entitled to Medicare Part A and/or Part B is not eligible for Medicare 
Part D or the LIS.\479\ In general, to be eligible for premium-free 
Medicare Part A, a person must be age 65 or older and worked (or the 
spouse worked) and paid Medicare taxes for at least 10 years.\480\ A 
person must be a U.S. resident and either a citizen or an alien 
lawfully admitted for lawful permanent residence who has resided in the 
United States continuously for the five-year period immediately 
preceding the month the application is filed in order to qualify for 
Medicare Part B and, therefore, the associated Medicare Part D. An 
individual who is not a United States citizen or is not lawfully 
present in the United States is not eligible for Medicare Part D and 
may not enroll in a Medicare Part D plan.\481\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \479\ The Centers For Medicare And Medicaid Services, Guidance 
To States On The Low-Income Subsidy (February 2009), available at 
https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Eligibility-and-Enrollment/LowIncSubMedicarePresCov/Downloads/StateLISGuidance021009.pdf (last 
visited July 26, 2019).
    \480\ See HHS, Who is eligible for Medicare?, available at 
https://www.hhs.gov/answers/medicare-and-medicaid/who-is-elibible-for-medicare/index.html#main-content (last visited June 25, 2019).
    \481\ See 42 CFR 423.30.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, the Medicare Part D LIS lowers the premium and cost-
sharing amounts owed by Medicare Part D plan enrollees; as such, 
individuals not enrolled in a Medicare Part D plan are not able to 
access the benefits of the subsidy. While included in the NPRM because 
of the large Federal expenditure,\482\ Medicare Part D prescription 
drug coverage only provides medical prescription coverage, and not 
health insurance as a whole. Since 2006, it has been available to all 
Medicare recipients regardless of income, health status, or 
prescription drug usage.\483\ DHS agrees with the commenters and 
removed Medicare Part D subsidies from consideration in the public 
charge inadmissibility determination. DHS also notes that it has not 
designated any other aspect of Medicare for consideration in the public 
charge inadmissibility determination. However, any receive of Medicaid 
as a subsidy for Medicare would be considered receipt of a public 
benefit in the public charge inadmissibility determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \482\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51172 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \483\ See Medicare.gov, How to get drug coverage, available at 
https://www.medicare.gov/drug-coverage-part-d/how-to-get-drug-coverage (last visited June 14, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that in order to mitigate the negative 
public health consequences associated with deterring use of public 
health insurance benefits, Medicaid and Medicare Part D LIS should 
comprise a separate set of programs that may only be given ``minimal 
negative weight'' in the totality of the circumstances, whether they 
are currently received at the time of application or were received at 
some point in the 36 months prior to application and for whatever 
factor in the totality of circumstances their receipt is being 
considered. The commenter stated that this would mean that a person 
could not be determined to be a public charge when receiving or having 
received those benefits in the 36 months prior to applying without also 
having a heavily weighted negative factor present in his or her case. 
The commenter stated that with this modification in place, noncitizens 
applying for visas, lawful permanent resident status, or other status 
could expect to financially ``rehabilitate'' themselves without fear 
that receipt of public benefits in the remote past might weigh 
negatively against them. Additionally, the commenter indicated that 
with this change, the rule would effectively make receiving public 
health insurance benefits the ``lightest'' negative factor to be 
considered and provide noncitizens with assurance that seeking coverage 
will have only a small impact on their admissibility which would 
mitigate the deterrent effect of considering receipt of these benefits.
    Response: As provided in the previous response, DHS is not 
including Medicare Part D LIS in the definition of public benefit and 
therefore, there is no need to address the weight given to Medicare 
Part D LIS. With respect to Medicaid, DHS refers the commenter to the 
specific discussion above regarding the basis for considering Medicaid 
receipt. If an alien reports past Medicaid receipt as part of an 
adjustment of status application, the alien can also show that the 
alien is no longer receiving Medicaid and explain why the alien's past 
receipt of Medicaid does not make it more likely than not that the 
alien will receive any public benefit in the future.
j. Additional Considerations
Exhaustive List
    Comment: An individual commenter stated that the agency should 
emphasize, in light of future congressional action, that the list 
outlined in the proposed rule is not exhaustive and any definition of 
public benefit would be best left to agency discretion, or be defined 
in a separate rule. A commenter stated that the list in the rule is 
hardly exhaustive when it comes to potential programs. The commenter 
stated that by one count, there are a total of 89 separate means-tested 
welfare programs spread across 14 departments and agencies, paid for by 
the Federal Government. The commenter provided examples including that 
more than $30 billion is spent annually by the Federal Government on 
Refundable Premium Assistance and cost-sharing tax credits to assist 
low-income people with buying health insurance and named other public 
benefits. The commenter stated that States also spend some $6 billion 
annually on their own as part of their Medicaid General Assistance 
programs and another $34 billion on other programs to help low-income 
people receive care, particularly at hospitals. The commenter stated 
that the vast number of overlapping and linked welfare programs means 
that recipients seldom use just one program.
    In contrast, a commenter stated that the inclusion of a ``catch-
all'' provision could leave the rule open to constitutional challenges. 
Additionally, other commenters stated that DHS should not allow public 
benefits that are not explicitly enumerated in the rule to be weighted 
negatively in the totality of the circumstances review. Commenters 
opposed to a ``catch-all'' provision suggested that its inclusion would 
remove the certainty an exhaustive list provides and would introduce a 
great potential for confusion as well as call into question whether the 
members of the regulated public have had sufficient notice that a 
certain benefit may be considered negatively in a public charge 
determination analysis, thus triggering due process concerns. Several 
commenters said they opposed the future inclusion of any ``unenumerated

[[Page 41387]]

benefits'' into the scope of the proposed rule since the proposed rule 
already improperly considers non-cash benefits and because the addition 
of any more programs would increase harm to individuals, families, and 
communities. A commenter stated that DHS's request for public comment 
to expand the list of other benefits in the totality of circumstances 
was a ``catch-all provision'' that would allow the agency to consider 
all benefits an alien receives, regardless of whether they are listed 
in the regulation or not. Other commenters wrote that it is highly 
likely that individuals using the benefits outlined in the proposed 
rule are also using additional benefits not included in the rule.
    Response: For clarity and consistency, DHS has specifically listed 
the public benefits that will be considered. The list of designated 
benefits is exhaustive, avoiding the Constitutional concerns raised by 
the commenters that may arguably come with a non-exhaustive list. 
Indicating that the list is non-exhaustive would add vagueness and 
confusion as to what public benefits would be considered. This does not 
preclude DHS from updating the list of benefits through future 
regulatory action. DHS believes that the rule is adequately protective 
as drafted.
Additional Programs
    Comment: Many commenters opposed the inclusion of any additional 
programs in the rule. Commenters stated that the inclusion of 
additional programs would lead to further negative health impacts on 
families and children.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments. DHS has not designated 
additional public benefits for consideration under this final rule.
    Comment: A commenter asked that public benefits provided by State 
and local governments to non-qualified aliens under authority of PRWORA 
be specifically included in the codified list. The commenter said these 
benefits are provided from ``appropriated funds'' and with few 
exceptions are accessed on an individualized basis using means-tested 
criteria. A commenter said its state had created a program called Alien 
Emergency Medical Program, which was designed to offer coverage to 
newly arrived immigrants, or those who had resided in-state for less 
than five years. The commenter said the proposed rule would target 
those who qualify for the program.
    Response: A state medical insurance program that is not included in 
the rule's definition of public benefit will not be considered as a 
public benefit in the public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS 
understands that the Washington State Alien Emergency Medical Program 
\484\ is separate from Medicaid and is funded by Washington State, and 
is not a program listed in the public benefit definition in the rule. 
Further, emergency Medicaid is also not considered a public benefit for 
purposes of the public charge inadmissibility determination. Therefore, 
the Washington State Alien Emergency Medical Program would not be 
considered a public benefit for purposes of the public charge 
inadmissibility determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \484\ See Washington State Department of Social and Health 
Services, Alien Emergency Medical Program, available at https://www.dshs.wa.gov/esa/community-services-offices/alien-emergency-medical-programs (last visited July 22, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dependents
    Comment: A commenter indicated the new regulations should include 
welfare use by dependents. The commenter indicated that the very idea 
of self-sufficiency means that people can provide for themselves and 
their children and spouses without assistance from taxpayers. The 
commenter indicated that excluding the children's benefits including 
Medicaid, WIC, and free school lunch, from not being considered for 
public charge is like having an income tax that excludes all income 
from second jobs, investments, and rental properties. The commenter 
analyzed the 2014 public-use SIPP data and indicated that in 39 percent 
of immigrant-headed households (legal and illegal) receiving TANF, only 
the children receive the payments. The commenter indicated that much of 
the immigrant welfare use of this program would be missed if dependents 
are not considered. Another commenter stated that any receipt of means-
tested anti-poverty benefits by immigrants or their dependents should 
count toward the public charge determination. Other commenters stated 
that DHS should never attribute to an alien applicant the receipt of 
benefits by the alien's dependents, including U.S. citizen children. 
The commenters stated that considering receipt of benefits by an 
alien's U.S. citizen children could give rise to constitutional issues.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments. DHS believes that the rule 
addresses self-sufficiency adequately without introducing consideration 
of a third party's receipt of public benefits, potentially to include 
U.S. citizen third parties such as non-custodial children. In 
consideration of these issues, as well as the many comments regarding 
the potential effects of the rule on U.S. citizen children, DHS 
respectfully declines to expand the rule in this manner. DHS notes that 
although an inadmissibility determination is made for each person 
individually, the alien's income is reviewed in terms of the household, 
and the alien's family status is considered as well, as the statute 
requires. The ultimate question under this rule, however, is whether 
the alien (rather than his or her dependents) is likely to receive 
public benefits in the future above the applicable threshold.
Tax Credits
    Comment: Some commenters stated that non-citizens should be unable 
to benefit from the EITC or the Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC). 
Similarly, a few commenters said the exclusion of the refundable tax 
credits is problematic since the refundable portion of EITC and ACTC 
cost over $80 billion combined in 2016. The commenters asserted that 
these tax credits meet the definition of a means-tested anti-poverty 
benefit.
    In contrast, another commenter stated that the receipt of EITC and 
Child Tax Credit (CTC) credits, which are funded through TANF and are 
actually employment incentives, should be explicitly exempted from the 
rule in order to eliminate possible misconceptions and prevent 
immigrants from failing to file their income tax returns out of fear of 
being disqualified from future citizenship. Another commenter said 
inclusion of EITC would punish hardworking immigrants.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding the EITC, ACTC, 
and CTC. Only public benefits as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b) will be 
considered in the public charge inadmissibility determination. Although 
EITC and ACTC benefits provide what may be considered cash assistance, 
DHS did not propose to include EITC or ACTC as public benefits in the 
public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS is not including tax 
credits because many people with moderate incomes and high incomes are 
eligible for these tax credits, and the tax system is structured in 
such a way as to encourage taxpayers to claim and maximize all tax 
credits for which they are eligible. In addition, DHS is unable to 
determine how much of the taxpayer's refund is attributable to any one 
tax credit, as compared to other aspects of the tax return (such as 
non-designated credits or deductions) or to any one person, as opposed 
to a spouse filing jointly. Finally, these tax credits may be combined 
with other tax credits between spouses. One spouse may be a U.S. 
citizen and the tax return may be filed jointly. Therefore, DHS would 
not

[[Page 41388]]

be able to determine whether the alien or the U.S. citizen received the 
tax credit. DHS has revised the regulatory text to make clear that 
``cash assistance for income maintenance'' does not include any tax 
credit programs.
    Comment: One commenter stated that DHS should exempt up to two 
years of the ACA premium subsidy, also known as the Premium Tax Credit 
(PTC), usage when the individual has shown past ability and earning 
potential. In addition, the commenter indicated that the ACA premium 
subsidies are applied based on income levels without the individual 
choosing to apply for the subsidies. Another commenter suggested that 
DHS should not consider PTC for purchasing individual market coverage 
in a public charge determination at all. One commenter stated that, in 
addition to continuing to exclude exchange programs such as ACTC under 
the ACA \485\ from public charge consideration, DHS should clarify the 
interaction between applications for exchange programs and other 
potentially impacted benefits. The commenter explained that 
marketplaces are required by law to feature a uniform application 
process for Medicaid and non-Medicaid health programs and stated that 
this could cause confusion because an individual attempting to apply 
for exchange insurance and programs could inadvertently be seen as a 
``Medicaid applicant.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \485\ Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Public Law 
111-148, Section 1401(a), 124 Stat. 119, 213 (2010) (codified at 26 
U.S.C. 36B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In contrast, some commenters suggested that DHS should reconsider 
whether immigrants wishing to reside in the United States will have the 
ability to support themselves, and any subsequently born children, 
without using benefits like subsidies under the ACA. Another commenter 
indicated that serious consideration should be given to adding 
subsidies that underwrite more than 50 percent of premium costs to the 
list in 8 CFR 212.21(b). The commenter stated that these benefits are 
provided from appropriated funds and, with few exceptions, are accessed 
on an individualized basis using means-tested criteria.
    Response: DHS has decided not to consider ACA subsidies or health 
insurance received through the health insurance marketplace outside of 
Medicaid as public benefits in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination, due to the complexity of assessing the value of the 
benefit and the higher income eligibility thresholds associated with 
the benefit, as compared to the eligibility thresholds for other 
benefits. As discussed in section III.R of this preamble, DHS has added 
a heavily weighted positive factor for private health insurance 
appropriate to the expected period of admission. This heavily weighted 
positive factor would not apply in the case of a plan for which the 
alien receives subsidies in the form of premium tax credits.
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
    Comment: Many comments opposed the potential inclusion of WIC, 
stating that consideration of benefits such as WIC would have a 
negative impact on the health and nutrition of families and 
individuals. Some commenters indicated that families and individuals 
should not have to choose between benefits such as WIC and an 
immigration status. Other commenters stated that programs like WIC help 
provide essential nutrition to children, pregnant women, and mothers, 
and result in improved health outcomes. Commenters provided anecdotes 
about how they or their family members' access to WIC helped them or 
their children thrive and become productive members of American 
society. Several commenters provided rationale, research, or data 
relating to important public health goals and the benefits of WIC 
enrollment, including the reduction or prevention of preterm birth and 
infant mortality, iron deficiency anemia, malnourishment, as well as 
increases in breastfeeding rates and hemoglobin levels of enrolled 
children. Other commenters provided that the WIC food package with its 
nutritional value increased public health, specifically for Hispanics 
who have lived in the United States for less than five years. Sourcing 
research articles and studies, some commenters described that WIC's 
2009 food package changes lead to a modest decline in severe childhood 
obesity among young children, and that children who received SNAP or 
Medicaid were more likely to finish high school and grow up to be 
successful adults.
    A commenter stated that the reduction in programs like WIC will end 
up costing taxpayers much more than they might save in the short term, 
as healthcare costs will increase. Commenters stated that a decrease in 
WIC participation will have short and long-term economic implications. 
The commenters stated that for every dollar spent on WIC there is an 
associated savings in Medicaid costs during the first 60 days after 
birth from $1.77 to $3.13 for newborns and mothers, and $2.84 to $3.90 
for newborns alone. Additionally, the commenters provided further 
examples of Medicaid cost-savings associated with WIC.
    Another commenter cited to data and stated that 74.9 percent of WIC 
participants are adjunctively eligible for SNAP and Medicaid, thereby 
reducing initial certification requirements and paperwork. Commenters 
added that the decreased participation in Medicaid or SNAP among WIC 
families would have a significant impact on WIC's certification process 
because income certification through adjunctive eligibility was more 
efficient than income screening involving pay stubs and other financial 
documents. The commenters, citing data and multiple studies, provided a 
state's estimate that income screening with financial documents costs 
$12.50 per participant, whereas the income screening with adjunctive 
eligibility is $3.75 per participant. The commenters stated that the 
increased costs would place a strain on WIC's state budgets, which 
would undercut WIC's efforts to improve efficiency, streamline 
certification processes, and focus WIC services on its core public 
health mission.
    Other commenters said Congress has never sought to inhibit WIC's 
ability to serve immigrant populations due to the overriding public 
interest in promoting access to health services and nutrition 
assistance. A commenter noted that participating clients can only spend 
a maximum of five years on this program and receive limited benefits 
(only supplemental foods) not qualifying them a public charge. Some 
commenters said the rule would impact their ability to serve eligible 
WIC participants.
    In contrast, some commenters suggested that USCIS reconsider 
whether immigrants wishing to reside in the United States will have the 
ability to support themselves, and any subsequently born children, 
without using benefits like WIC. The commenter said these benefits are 
provided from ``appropriated funds'' and with few exceptions are 
accessed on an individualized basis using means-tested criteria.
    Response: WIC was not included in the public benefits designated 
for consideration in public charge inadmissibility determinations. Only 
public benefits as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b) will be considered in a 
public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS understands that 
aliens subject to the public charge inadmissibility ground may choose 
to disenroll from public benefits, even if the benefit is not listed in 
8 CFR 212.21(b). However, this rule does not, and cannot, preclude 
individuals from requesting or receiving

[[Page 41389]]

any public benefits for which they qualify. As discussed in the NPRM, 
benefits directed toward food and nutrition, housing, and healthcare 
are directly relevant to public charge inadmissibility determinations, 
because a person who needs the public's assistance to provide for these 
basic necessities is not self-sufficient.\486\ WIC \487\ provides 
federal grants to States for supplemental foods, healthcare referrals, 
and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and 
non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to 
age five who are found to be at nutritional risk.\488\ But overall 
expenditures for WIC are low, and WIC is authorized under the Child 
Nutrition Act of 1966,\489\ which is excluded under the limitations for 
qualified aliens from federal means-tested public benefits. Therefore, 
DHS believes WIC is appropriately excluded.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \486\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51159 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \487\ See Lewis v. Thompson, 252 F.3d 567, 583 (2d Cir 2001). 
Although WIC may provide benefits to a pregnant woman's whose unborn 
child would otherwise be eligible for public benefits after birth 
based on U.S. citizenship, at least one circuit has determined that 
the denial of prenatal care to an unqualified alien pregnant woman 
had a rational basis and therefore did not violate equal protection. 
The court indicated that there were ``three rationales for the 
denial of prenatal care to unqualified alien pregnant mothers: 
deterrence of illegal immigration, self-sufficiency, and cost 
savings. The first alone suffices for rational basis review.''
    \488\ See USDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Special Supplemental 
Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, available at 
https://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/women-infants-and-children-wic (last 
visited June 14, 2019).
    \489\ See Public Law 104-193, section 423, 110 Stat. 2105, 2271-
2247 (Aug. 22, 1996).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, as discussed later in DHS's responses to comments 
related to the economic analysis and in the economic analysis itself, 
DHS agrees that some entities, such as State and local governments or 
other businesses and organizations would incur costs related to the 
changes commenters identify. However, these costs are considered to be 
indirect costs of the rule since this rule does not directly regulate 
these entities and does not require them to make changes to their 
business processes or programs. Therefore, DHS considers these indirect 
costs as qualitative, unquantified effects of the final rule since it 
is unclear how many entities will choose to make administrative changes 
to their business processes and the cost of making such changes. DHS 
agrees that there could be WIC applicants who are not adjunctively 
eligible due to disenrollment from Medicaid or SNAP although an 
individual who is a member of a family in which a pregnant woman or 
infant is certified as eligible to receive Medicaid may be deemed 
adjunctively eligible for WIC. DHS notes that households receiving WIC 
would be adjunctively eligible only through noncitizen participation in 
SNAP or Medicaid for those age 21 and over (or receiving Medicaid while 
pregnant) which would only apply to a very small percentage of 
households receiving WIC. Any costs associated with changes in 
adjunctive eligibility would be a consequence of DHS's decision to 
designate SNAP, which DHS has explained earlier in this preamble.
School Breakfast/Lunch Programs
    Comment: A few commenters recommended that DHS include the National 
School Lunch Program (NSLP) and School Breakfast Program (SBP) for 
purposes of a public charge determination. The commenters stated that 
receiving public benefits indicates a person is not self-sufficient. 
Some commenters suggested that USCIS reconsider whether immigrants 
wishing to reside in the United States will have the ability to support 
themselves, and any subsequently born children, without using benefits 
from the NSLP. The commenter said these benefits are provided from 
``appropriated funds'' and with few exceptions are accessed on an 
individualized basis using means-tested criteria. A commenter stated 
that in their local school district, hundreds of families had not 
reapplied for free/reduced meal program, which resulted in tens of 
thousands of dollars in lost revenue to its food service program, a 
negative impact to the farming community, and children who are hungry 
at school who cannot perform well. The commenter indicated that 
families were fearful of government assistance and the risk of being 
separated from their families or deported. A commenter stated that 
Federal nutrition assistance programs play a vital role in improving 
the nutritional well-being and food security of targeted segments of 
the United States population. The commenter stated that the California 
Department of Education Nutrition Services Division administers the 
NSLP, SBP, Seamless Summer Option, Afterschool Meal Supplement, Special 
Milk Program, Child and Adult Care Food Program, Summer Food Service 
Program, and the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program, which provide 
nutrition for low-income children. The commenter provided the number of 
children receiving benefits under the programs and indicated that the 
rule could create confusion and a chilling effect on families' 
perception that participating in any health and nutrition program will 
jeopardize their immigration status. A commenter stated that children 
who qualify for SNAP, or live with a child who receives SNAP, are 
automatically qualified for free meals under the NSLP ``direct 
certification'' under 42 U.S.C. 1758(b)(12) and that when a family 
disenrolls a child from the SNAP benefits, the school district may be 
unable to ``directly certify'' that child or his/her siblings for free 
meal status.
    Response: Although school lunch programs provide for nutrition 
similar to SNAP, these benefits account for a relatively low overall 
expenditure, are specific to children in a school setting, and are 
administered by schools. In addition, assistance or benefits under the 
National School Lunch Act, (NSLP and the SBP) \490\ and the Child 
Nutrition Act of 1966 are excluded under the limitations for qualified 
aliens from federal means-tested public benefits.\491\ Under 8 U.S.C. 
1613, qualified aliens are generally not eligible for ``means-tested 
public benefits'' until after five years of entry. However, the child 
nutrition programs, including the NSLP, are excluded from this 
ineligibility. In addition, the law prescribes that a person who 
receives free public education benefits under State or local law shall 
not be ineligible to receive benefits provided under the school lunch 
program under the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act \492\ or 
the SBP under section 4 of the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 \493\ on the 
basis of citizenship, alienage, or immigration status.\494\ Therefore, 
DHS believes the NSLP is appropriately excluded. In addition, the other 
school related nutrition programs mentioned by the commenter, including 
Seamless Summer Option, Afterschool Meal Supplement, Special Milk 
Program, Child and Adult Care Food Program, Summer Food Service 
Program, and the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program, would not be 
considered public benefits under the public charge inadmissibility 
determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \490\ See USDA, The School Breakfast Program, available at 
https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/sbp/SBPfactsheet.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \491\ See Public Law 104-193, Section 403, 110 Stat. 2105, 2266 
(Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1613(c)(2)(D)).
    \492\ See 42 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.
    \493\ See 42 U.S.C. 1773.
    \494\ See 8 U.S.C. 1615.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Further, DHS understands that a child may no longer automatically 
enroll in the school lunch programs or be automatically certified for 
the school programs. However, the child would

[[Page 41390]]

still qualify for the programs based on the eligibility criteria and 
this rule does not change the programs' eligibility criteria or 
restrict who may apply for the programs.
State and Local Benefits
    Comment: Referring to the PRWORA definition of public 
benefits,\495\ a commenter asked that public benefits include State and 
local governments' public benefits provided to non-qualified aliens 
under the authority of PRWORA. This commenter also referenced federal 
and state retirement, health, disability, postsecondary education, and 
unemployment benefits, indicating that the eligibility for these 
benefits is generally determined using individualized adjudications of 
need, typically means-based. The commenter advised that in order to 
avoid APA challenges to the codification or arbitrary exclusions, DHS 
should include all of the statutory benefits that can be accessed 
individually by needy persons. In contrast, other commenters stated 
that benefits funded by states should not be included in public charge 
determinations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \495\ Includes public benefits ``provided by appropriated funds 
of the United States'' or ``a state or local government.'' 8 U.S.C. 
1611(c)(1), 1621(c)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: While the proposed rule included state and local and 
tribal cash benefits for income maintenance, DHS excluded state, local, 
and tribal non-cash benefits from consideration in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination because of the number of public benefits 
that exist and the administrative burden such a rule would have imposed 
on DHS and the state and local public benefit granting agencies. In 
addition, including all state and local benefits would add vagueness 
and confusion as to what public benefits would be considered. 
Consistent with the proposed rule, DHS will continue to exclude state, 
local, and tribal benefits that are not cash-benefits for these 
reasons. Further, DHS would not consider federal and state retirement, 
Social Security retirement benefits, Social Security Disability, 
postsecondary education, or unemployment benefits as public benefits 
under the public charge inadmissibility determination as these are 
considered to be earned benefits through the person's employment and 
specific tax deductions.
Head Start
    Comment: A few commenters asked that DHS include Head Start, 
because this program also qualifies as a means-tested federal program 
and goes toward a person's self-sufficiency. In contrast, a commenter 
objected to the proposed rule based on the commenter's assessment that 
programs such as Head Start and WIC will be impacted by the proposed 
changes and their ``chilling effect.'' Commenters indicated that 
participation in Head Start programs has been shown to result in better 
educational and health outcomes as well as lower rates of 
incarceration, ultimately saving local, state, and federal tax dollars. 
A commenter stated that in Michigan farmworker families one or both 
parents work and receive low wages enough to for their children to 
qualify for Head Start.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and understands other 
programs also provide for nutrition and healthcare. DHS believes that 
the focus of the rule is best served in considering certain general 
benefits directed toward food and nutrition, housing, and healthcare 
that have high expenditures. DHS has decided to continue to exclude 
Head Start. DHS notes that when Congress reauthorized the Improving 
Head Start for School Readiness Act,\496\ in 2007, it focused, in part, 
on ways to make Head Start services more accessible to migrant and 
seasonal farmworker families. Because both parents typically work in 
the fields, Migrant and Seasonal Head Start (MSHS) programs offer 12 
weeks to year-round, full-day services to accommodate local 
agricultural industries and harvest season workers. To be eligible for 
MSHS services, a family's income must come primarily from agricultural 
work and the family must be eligible otherwise for Head Start services 
(i.e., poverty, homelessness, or foster care).\497\ Head Start also has 
a low expenditure in comparison to other benefits. Therefore, DHS 
believes Head Start is appropriately excluded.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \496\ See Public Law 110-134, 121 Stat. 1363 (Dec. 12, 2007).
    \497\ See Office of Head Start Administration for Children and 
Families U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Migrant And 
Seasonal Head Start Report To Congress (no date), available at 
https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/migrant-seasonal-congress-report-2009-2011.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Healthy Start, The Emergency Food Assistance Program, and Similar 
Programs
    Comment: A few commenters asked that DHS include Healthy Start. The 
commenters stated that this program also qualify as a means-tested 
federal program and illustrates a person's lack of self-sufficiency. 
Some commenters asked that DHS include The Emergency Food Assistance 
Program (TEFAP), as this program also qualifies as a means-tested 
federal program and illustrates a person's lack of self-sufficiency. 
Commenters made similar points with respect to additional programs, 
such as programs that provide grants to localities or organizations to 
alleviate homelessness, programs that provide supplemental nutrition 
assistance to specific populations, and programs that provide low-
income energy assistance or weatherization assistance.\498\ Some 
commenters recommended that DHS exclude these and similar programs to 
avoid a range of costs that might be incurred by individuals, 
communities, and government agencies, if DHS included some or all of 
these programs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \498\ Such as LIHEAP and Weatherization Assistance Program 
(WAP).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: As stated earlier in this section, DHS believes that the 
focus of the rule is best served in considering certain general 
benefits directed toward food and nutrition, housing, and healthcare, 
which have high expenditures, and generally excluding emergency 
services or support. None of these programs have overall expenditures 
approaching the levels of the other listed benefits, and some provide 
emergency services or support, or involve providing funding to 
organizations, without an individual enrollment mechanism. In the 
interest of administrability, DHS will not consider these benefits at 
this time.
Pell Grants
    Comment: Although several commenters were generally pleased that 
the proposed rule did not include public education benefits such as 
Pell Grants or other financial aid, one commenter stated that fear and 
confusion generated by the rule could deter greater numbers of 
immigrant youth or children of immigrants eligible for federal and 
state-funded aid programs from applying to college. A commenter 
indicated that the proposed rule could effect changes in the U.S. 
talent pipeline that would ultimately undermine our nation's global 
competitiveness and regional growth, and indicated that a highly 
educated workforce spurs economic growth and strengthens state and 
local economies. The commenter stated that the rule would discourage 
and may decrease the number of U.S.-citizen youth with non-U.S. citizen 
parents, lawful permanent residents, and undocumented immigrant youth 
who are long-term residents of the United States from completing 
college degrees and pursuing areas of national need

[[Page 41391]]

particularly true in the fields of science, technology, engineering, 
and mathematics (STEM). Another commenter requested that DHS explicitly 
exclude Title IV federal student aid programs from the list of those 
considered for a public charge determination.
    Response: Pell grants and student aid programs will not be 
considered in the public charge inadmissibility determination. As 
previously discussed, DHS's list of public benefits included in the 
regulation is an exhaustive list and only those benefits listed will be 
considered in a public charge inadmissibility determination. The focus 
of the rule is public benefits programs that provide cash assistance 
for income maintenance or support food nutrition, housing and 
healthcare with a relatively high overall expenditure. Pell grants and 
student aid programs are education-based and DHS is not considering 
them in the public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS decided to 
not include a list of those benefits that are not considered for public 
charge purposes because they are too numerous and benefits programs may 
change over time.
Children's Health Insurance Program
    Comment: A commenter asked that USCIS consider the inclusion of 
additional welfare programs such as CHIP. Some commenters noted that 
CHIP ought to be part of a public benefit determination because it is 
still part of determining an applicant's overall self-sufficiency. 
Another commenter stated that CHIP should be included in the public 
charge determination for consistency purposes, because CHIP is a form 
of government support and applying consistent standards ensures the 
Government's goal of promoting self-sufficiency.
    In contrast, numerous commenters requested that CHIP be explicitly 
exempt from public charge; these commenters cited to studies and 
indicated that millions of children and thousands of pregnant women 
rely on the program for health coverage. Others also discussed the 
importance and benefits of CHIP for children, such as providing 
vaccinations; keeping children healthy; reducing the rate of uninsured 
children across the United States; and improving children's health, 
education, and outcomes later in life; as well as long-term economic 
benefits into adulthood such as job attainment and paying more in 
taxes. Several commenters stated that CHIP provided a critical link for 
children who have experienced abuse or who are in homes where domestic 
violence is present to overcome trauma and address physical injuries 
inflicted by their abusers.
    Many commenters generally warned that CHIP should not be included 
in public charge assessments because doing so would cause significant 
harm, including serious health consequences, costly long-term expenses 
for health care providers and patients, and food insecurity in 
children, which is especially detrimental to the health, educational 
performance, development, and well-being of children. A commenter 
stated that including CHIP would lead to parents having to choose 
between their child's health, and the public charge determination and 
immigration status. Numerous commenters said including CHIP in public 
charge assessments would be contrary to Congress' explicit intent in 
expanding coverage to lawfully present children and pregnant women for 
public health, economic, and social benefits. A commenter stated that 
the higher income thresholds for Medicaid and the Children's Health 
Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA) state option 
represents a clear intent by Congress to ensure that pregnant immigrant 
women have access to the medical services necessary to ensure a healthy 
pregnancy and positive birth outcomes. Other commenters stated that 
including CHIP, a benefit explicitly created for working families, in 
public charge assessments would be contrary to the historical meaning 
of public charge as a person who depends on the government rather than 
working. Many commenters stated that Congress and states have 
historically demonstrated a high level of commitment to promoting 
health for lower-income children through CHIP, with 49 states now 
electing to cover children though CHIPRA and the Legal Immigrant 
Children's Health Improvement Act (ICHIA).
    Commenters stated that penalizing the use of CHIP undercuts the 
sound public policies many states have put in place to ensure basic 
healthcare services are available to immigrants to protect their health 
and to promote healthy communities. Another commenter cited a study 
indicating that the inclusion of CHIP in the final rule would have 
significant public health and economic ramifications, including lower 
rates of healthcare utilization and poorer health among immigrants and 
their dependents as well as higher uncompensated care costs to 
federally qualified health centers and public hospitals. Many 
commenters stated that including CHIP in a public charge determination 
would lead to many parents of eligible children foregoing CHIP benefits 
and some commenters cited data on the number of people who would 
disenroll from CHIP. Many commenters suggested that those foregoing 
CHIP coverage due to the rule, may visit emergency departments for care 
that could have otherwise been obtained in a primary care setting and 
would cause a rise in the number of uninsured people and charity care, 
thereby transferring the financial burden to hospitals, and forcing 
hospitals to reduce the healthcare services that they are able to 
provide to communities.
    Several commenters stated that by including CHIP, USCIS would be 
able to specifically target families with children who may be eligible 
for CHIP even if the family surpasses the 125 percent of the FPL 
standard laid out in the proposal. Numerous commenters stated that CHIP 
addresses a critical coverage gap, targeting working families that earn 
too much to be eligible for Medicaid but cannot afford traditional 
private insurance. Commenters stated that making the receipt of CHIP 
coverage a negative factor in the public charge test, or including it 
in the definition of ``public charge,'' would place coverage for 
children out of reach. Other commenters stated that including CHIP in 
the final rule will create additional financial pressures on working 
families, and would penalize those who are moving toward self-
sufficiency, as they do not qualify for Medicaid due to their increased 
income. A few commenters stated that past use of CHIP is not a 
predictor of future dependence on the Government for subsistence as an 
adult.
    Many commenters stated that DHS's reasons for not including CHIP in 
the proposed rule have nothing to do with a public charge determination 
because CHIP does not involve the same level of expenditures as other 
programs; commenters stated that government expenditures are irrelevant 
to the assessment of whether an individual may become a public charge. 
Some stated that DHS's reasons for not including CHIP indicates that 
DHS recognizes that immigrants do not over-utilize the CHIP program 
and, thus, including CHIP in the final rule would only serve the 
purpose of denying immigrant children a benefit that supports their 
basic health needs. Other commenters stated that Federal CHIP funding 
is capped and, thus, reduced spending in states with larger immigrant 
populations will not reduce overall Federal spending, but will 
disadvantage those states relative to states with a smaller immigrant 
population. Another commenter stated that while the proposal exempts 
CHIP, it was unclear what would happen to beneficiaries in states that 
have opted to implement

[[Page 41392]]

CHIP as part of a Medicaid expansion rather than a separate program.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and recognizes the 
importance of CHIP. DHS determined that it will not include CHIP in the 
public charge inadmissibility determination. States can use CHIP 
funding to cover children at higher incomes under CHIP.\499\ CHIP 
enrollees have a higher income and states have greater flexibility in 
the benefit package provided.\500\ An individual must be ineligible for 
Medicaid to quality for CHIP. CHIP primarily covers children, including 
lawfully residing children, and in a handful of states and covers 
pregnant women.\501\ Eligible families have higher incomes (between 
133-400 percent FPL).\502\ In addition, states (and in turn the Federal 
Government) tend to spend less per person on CHIP than on Medicaid 
because the families have a higher income and thus fewer healthcare 
needs, and because children are less expensive to cover. Overall 
expenditures are also lower than Medicaid.\503\ Finally, exclusion of 
CHIP is consistent with this rule's changes with respect to Medicaid 
received by a child under the age of 21 and receipt during an alien's 
pregnancy. Therefore, DHS believes it is appropriate to exclude CHIP 
from the public benefit definition in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \499\ CHIP-funded Medicaid coverage generally can be used for 
children whose income is above the Medicaid income standard in 
effect in the state in 1997, when the CHIP program was first 
established.
    \500\ Medicaid.gov, CHIP Eligibility, available at https://www.medicaid.gov/chip/eligibility-standards/index.html (last visited 
June 13, 2019).
    \501\ See Medicaid.gov, Medicaid and CHIP Coverage of Lawfully 
Residing Children and Pregnant Women, available at https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/outreach-and-enrollment/lawfully-residing/index.html (last visited June 13, 2019).
    \502\ See Medicaid.gov, Medicaid, Children's Health Insurance 
Program, & Basic Health Program Eligibility Levels, available at 
https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/program-information/medicaid-and-chip-eligibility-levels/index.html (last visited July 27, 2019).
    \503\ See U.S. Dep't of Health and Human Servs. (HHS), Centers 
for Medicare & Medicaid (CMS), Expenditure Reports from MBES/CBES. 
Available at https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/finance/state-expenditure-reporting/expenditure-reports/index.html (last visited 
July 27, 2019). For a list of federal expenditures by program, see 
FY 2016 data from table 2 of Gene Falk et al., Cong. Research Serv., 
R45097, Federal Spending on Benefits and Services for People with 
Low Income: In Brief (2018), available at https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45097.pdf (last visited July 27, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Disaster Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
    Comment: A commenter recommended that Disaster Supplemental 
Nutrition Assistance (D-SNAP) should be excluded from the public charge 
determination to allow families or persons who have experienced a 
catastrophic disaster, such as a fire or a hurricane, to receive D-SNAP 
benefits without fear of being subject to a public charge 
inadmissibility determination.
    Response: D-SNAP and other emergency disaster relief assistance 
programs are not included in the rule. DHS also notes that, as provided 
in the NPRM, not all cash assistance would qualify as cash assistance 
for income maintenance under the proposed rule. For instance, DHS would 
not consider Stafford Act disaster assistance, including financial 
assistance provided to individuals and households under the Federal 
Emergency Management Agency's Individuals and Households Program, 42 
U.S.C. 5174, as cash assistance for income maintenance. The same would 
hold true for comparable disaster assistance provided by State, local, 
or tribal governments.
Social Security Disability Insurance
    Comment: A commenter stated that the rule should not consider 
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) as part of the public 
charge inadmissibility determination because SSDI is an earned benefit 
which may be a parent of a child.
    Response: DHS will only consider those public benefits as listed in 
the rule. SSDI is not one of the benefits listed under the definition 
of public benefits for purposes of public charge inadmissibility and 
therefore will not be considered as part of the rule.
3. Likely at Any Time To Become a Public Charge
    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS interprets ``likely at any 
time to become a public charge'' to mean ``likely at any time in the 
future to receive one or more public benefits. . . based on the 
totality of the circumstances,'' and DHS does not propose to establish 
a per se policy whereby an alien is likely to become a public charge if 
the alien is receiving benefits at the time of the application. The 
commenters stated that DHS's reasoning is ``less than transparent'' and 
conflicts with both pre-1999 practice and statutory interpretation. A 
commenter stated that Congress could have added the phrase ``in the 
future'' but has repeatedly declined to do so.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter that the interpretation 
of ``likely at any time in the future'' conflicts with the statutory 
wording and pre-1999 practice. As explained in the NPRM,\504\ the 
language of section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), requires 
a predictive assessment. Terms such as ``become'' and ``likely at any 
time'' indicate that the assessment should be based on factors that 
tend to reasonably show that the burden of supporting the alien is 
likely to be cast on the public.\505\ As established in the NPRM, case 
law supports this view and is therefore consistent with the pre-1999 
approach to public charge and the definition of ``likely at any time in 
the future to become a public charge'' as added to 8 CFR 
212.21(c).\506\ While Congress could have added ``in the future,'' 
Congress' wording of the public charge provision clearly indicates 
prospective determination; DHS added the words to clarify that any time 
is prospective and forward looking.\507\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \504\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51174-75, 51178-79 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \505\ See, e.g., Matter of Martinez-Lopez, 10 I&N Dec. 421 
(Att'y Gen. 1964).
    \506\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51174-75, 51178-79 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \507\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51174-75, 51178-79 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters stated that the proposed rule is impermissibly 
vague by failing to define ``likely'' as the term is used in ``likely 
to become a public charge.'' One commenter indicated that DHS failed to 
define ``likely'' although it used the term throughout the entire rule. 
The commenter indicated that DHS used a specific dollar amount for 
purposes of the public charge determination, yet, DHS failed to provide 
a threshold amount for adjudicators to use to assess the likeliness of 
becoming a public charge in the future. Additionally, the commenter 
also indicated that although DHS provided numerous statistics on 
benefits use rates, DHS never clarified what likelihood is high enough 
to justify a denial.\508\ Therefore, the commenter suggested defining 
the term ``likely'' as a ``probability of becoming a public charge 
equal to or greater than 75 percent.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \508\ The commenter referred to a 1999 Central Intelligence 
Agency study in which was concluded that NATO military officers did 
not interpret the words ``likely'' or ``unlikely'' in a consistent 
manner showing a wide variation. See Richard J. Heuer, Jr., 
Psychology of Intelligence Analysis, Central Intelligence Agency 
(1999), p. 155, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/psychology-of-intelligence-analysis/PsychofIntelNew.pdf (last visited July 26, 
2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS appreciates the comment and agrees that the meaning 
of likely at any time in the future to become a public charge needs 
clarification. However, DHS will not

[[Page 41393]]

accept the suggestion that likely at any time to become a public charge 
means a 75 percent likelihood that the alien would become a public 
charge at any time in the future. As with other key terms in the 
statute, Congress did not define or otherwise describe what it meant by 
likely at any time to become a public charge. DHS believes likely in 
the context of likely at any time to become a public charge is best 
considered as probable, i.e., more likely than not. Although, as the 
commenter noted, the term ``likely'' has been inconsistently defined in 
some contexts,\509\ equating likely at any time to more likely than not 
is nonetheless consistent with the approach many courts have taken in 
the determining the meaning of likely.\510\ DHS believes that defining 
likely at any time to mean ``more likely than not'' is consistent with 
how the DHS regulations implementing withholding of removal and 
deferral of removal under the Convention Against Torture have used 
``more likely than not'' interchangeably with ``likely to.'' \511\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \509\ For example, a review of state laws on determining when 
sex offenders are ``likely'' to reoffend found that ``states vary 
greatly on how they define likely'' with some states define it as 
greater than 50 percent or substantially probable while others have 
expressly rejected standard based on percentages. Jefferson C. 
Knighton, Daniel C. Murrie, Marcus T. Boccaccini, & Darrel B. 
Turner, How Likely is `Likely to Reoffend' in Civil Sex Offender 
Commitment Trials, 38 Law & Hum, Behav. 293, 294-96 (2014). N.B. DHS 
is referencing sex offender statutes to show the lack of clarity in 
defining the word likely; DHS is not implying, in any way, any 
similarity between those who commit sexual crimes to those who are 
subject to public charge.
    \510\ See, e.g., Southwest Sunsites, Inc. v. F.T.C., 785 F.2d 
1431 (9th Cir.) (``First, the FTC must show probable, not possible, 
deception (`likely to mislead,' not `tendency and capacity to 
mislead').'' (emphasis in the original)), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 828 
(1986); Fermin v. Pfizer Inc., 215 F. Supp. 3d 209, 211 (E.D.N.Y. 
2016) (``The term `likely' indicates that deception must be 
probable, not just possible.''); Siderca, S.A.I.C. v. United States, 
28 C.I.T. 1782, 350 F. Supp.2d 1223, 1226 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2004) 
(``The common meaning of `likely' is `probable,' or, to put it 
another way, `more likely than not.'''); In re G.H., 781 NW2d 438, 
445 (Neb. 2010) (holding that `` `probable,' in other words, more 
likely than not'' satisfies the ``likely to engage in repeat acts of 
sexual violence'' standard under Nebraska law.).
    \511\ Compare 8 CFR 208.16(c)(4) (``If the immigration judge 
determines that the alien is more likely than not to be tortured in 
the country of removal, the alien is entitled to protection under 
the Convention Against Torture.'') with 8 CFR 208.17(b)(2) (``The 
immigration judge shall also inform the alien that removal has been 
deferred only to the country in which it has been determined that 
the alien is likely to be tortured, and that the alien may be 
removed at any time to another country where he or she is not likely 
to be tortured.'') (emphasis added). See generally Matter of 
Chawathe, 25 I&N Dec. 369, 376 (2010) (discussing the more likely 
than not standard).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Therefore, DHS has amended the definition of likely to become a 
public charge at 212.21(c) to clarify that a person is likely to become 
a public charge if it is ``more likely than not'' that the individual 
at any time in the future will receive one or more public benefits, as 
defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), based on the totality of the alien's 
circumstances.\512\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \512\ This change clarifies the definition of likely to become a 
public charge, but it does not alter the burden that adjustment 
applicants bear in demonstrating that they are admissible. As with 
any other ground of inadmissibility, an applicant for adjustment of 
status still has the burden of demonstrating that he or she is 
clearly and beyond doubt entitled to be admitted to the United 
States and is not inadmissible. See Matter of Bett, 26 I&N Dec. 437, 
440 (BIA 2014). Adjustment applicants have the burden to show that 
they clearly and beyond doubt satisfy the standard of not being more 
likely than not to become a public charge in the future. See 
generally House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 538 (2006) (discussing habeas 
petitioner's burden of showing ``more likely than not'' with the 
standard of ``no reasonable juror would find him guilty beyond a 
reasonable doubt.'')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Household
    Comment: Several commenters expressed concern with the new 
definition of ``household.'' A commenter stated that this new 
definition is designed to apply to as many people as possible and would 
be the most expansive definition of ``household'' within the Executive 
Branch. A few commenters asserted that the proposed rule rejects both 
the HHS and the IRS definitions of ``dependent'' and ``household'' in 
favor of arbitrary standards set by DHS. Another commenter indicated 
that different agencies have their own definition of a ``household,'' 
which leads to variance and an uneven application of the law.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the definition of household would be 
the most expansive in the Executive Branch or that it acts as a 
penalty. As discussed in the NPRM,\513\ the poverty guidelines do not 
define who should be considered part of the household, and different 
agencies and programs have different standards for determining 
household size.\514\ For example, and as explained in the NPRM,\515\ 
SNAP uses the term ``household'' and includes everyone who lives 
together and purchases and prepares meals together, which is more 
expansive than the definition that DHS is adopting. DHS further 
disagrees that the standard is arbitrary. However, DHS does agree that 
different agencies have their own definition of household as discussed 
in the NPRM.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \513\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51176 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \514\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51176 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018), discussing Annual Update of the HHS 
Poverty Guidelines, 83 FR 2642 (Jan. 18, 2018). See also HHS Annual 
Update of the HHS Poverty Guidelines, 84 FR 1167 (Feb. 1, 2019).
    \515\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51176 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, as discussed in the NPRM, DHS is not fully adopting 
the IRS definition of ``dependent.'' \516\ That definition would 
generally require some type of relationship to the person filing 
(including step and foster children and their children) whether or not 
the dependent is living with the person filing and the amount of 
support being provided by the person filing (over 50 percent).\517\ For 
tax purposes, dependents may include U.S. citizens, U.S. resident 
aliens, U.S. nationals, and residents of Canada or Mexico.\518\ DHS's 
definition would adopt the IRS consideration of the amount of support 
being provided to the individuals (50 percent) as the threshold for 
considering an individual as part of the household in the public charge 
determination, rather than consider any support being provided.\519\ As 
discussed in the NPRM, DHS believes that the ``at least 50 percent of 
financial support'' threshold as used by the IRS is reasonable to apply 
to the determination of who belongs in an alien's household, without 
regard to whether these individuals physically reside in the alien's 
home. This would include those individuals the alien may not have a 
legal responsibility to support but may nonetheless be supporting. DHS 
believes that an alien's ability to support a household is relevant to 
DHS's consideration of the alien's assets, resources, financial status, 
and family status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \516\ See 26 U.S.C. 152; see also Inadmissibility on Public 
Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51176 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018), 
discussing IRS Publication 501 (Jan 2, 2018), available at https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p501.pdf (last visited May 8, 2019).
    \517\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51176 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018), discussing IRS Publication 501 (Jan 
2, 2018), available at https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p501.pdf.
    \518\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51176 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018), discussing IRS Publication 501 (Jan 
2, 2018), available at https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p501.pdf.
    \519\ See Internal Revenue Serv., Dependency Exemptions, 
available at https://apps.irs.gov/app/vita/content/globalmedia/4491_dependency_exemptions.pdf (last visited July 26, 2017); see 
also Internal Revenue Serv., Table 2: Dependency Exemption for 
Qualifying Relative, available at https://apps.irs.gov/app/vita/content/globalmedia/table_2_dependency_exemption_relative_4012.pdf 
(last visited July 26, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters expressed concern with the definition 
classifying people as household members if the alien contributes 50 
percent or more to their financial support. A commenter said that this 
requirement is vague and too expansive, asserting that many families 
live in

[[Page 41394]]

extended family and close friend housing that share the cost of 
utilities, transportation, food, etc., which can lead to difficult 
miscalculations of this 50 percent threshold. Similarly, one commenter 
stated that household size is not predictive of a person's propensity 
to become a public charge, but is instead the natural consequence of 
working people pooling together their resources to support each other. 
Other commenters provided the example that many immigrants provide 
financial support to family members who remain in their countries of 
origin and in some countries, as little as $100 a month can constitute 
more than 50 percent of an individual's financial support, which would 
mean that the person should be counted as part of the immigrant's 
household size, which would drive up the earnings they would need to 
meet the threshold by much higher amounts. Multiple commenters asserted 
that immigrants could be penalized for providing family support to a 
sibling with disability or parents to whom they have no legal 
obligation. A commenter said the definition could cause harm to larger 
households who must show larger incomes or resources to support the 
larger numbers being counted, regardless of the reality of the 
financial benefits that households may be providing to society. This 
commenter also stated that it could be especially harmful to immigrant 
families who often care for extended family members in cases of 
emergencies without being legally required to do so.
    Response: As explained in the NPRM,\520\ DHS considers an alien's 
household size not only as part of the alien's asset, resources, and 
financial status but also for purposes of the family status. As is the 
case with all of the factors and consideration, DHS will consider the 
impact of the household size as part of the totality of the 
circumstances.\521\ Therefore, having support from other household 
members may be a positive consideration while having assets below the 
125 percent threshold for the household size may be a negative 
consideration because it indicates that an alien may be likely to 
become a public charge. For these reasons, DHS considers the household 
size a relevant consideration in the public charge assessment and 
predictive of the likelihood, within the totality of the circumstances, 
that an alien will become a public charge. DHS recognizes that multiple 
individuals in the household may be working to support the household.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \520\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51175 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \521\ See 8 CFR 212.22(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With the definition of household, DHS aims to account for both the 
persons whom the alien is supporting and those who are contributing to 
the household to support the alien, and thus to the alien's assets and 
resources.\522\ DHS will consider any of the family members supported, 
including those who are supported outside the United States and listed 
on Form I-944. DHS clearly outlined in the regulatory provision who is 
included in the definition of household and therefore DHS does not 
agree that the definition is vague or too expansive, but agrees that it 
may be, depending on the specific circumstances of the household, 
either over-or under-inclusive.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \522\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51177 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters stated that, although the receipt of benefits 
by U.S. citizen children would not be a negative factor to their 
noncitizen parent's application, the mere fact that the children are in 
the household would be a downward factor for determining overall 
household income. Another commenter stated that children should not be 
included in the household calculation because most support agreements 
or orders do not contain information to determine whether a potential 
amount is 50 percent of the financial support of a child. A commenter 
stated that verifying which individuals provide to the applicant at 
least 50 percent of their financial support requires a fact-intensive 
review of not only cash support, but non-cash support such as room and 
board or payment of utilities that may only be partly attributable to 
the noncitizen. The commenters said this overly complicates the 
household size assessment, particularly as compared to the relatively 
straightforward determination used for the current Form I-864.
    Response: As indicated in the NPRM, as part of the description of 
the definition of household and family status \523\ research and data 
have shown that the number of household members may affect the 
likelihood of receipt of public benefits. However, the number of 
household members may also positively affect the financial status and 
household, depending on the alien's and household's circumstances, 
include other member's employment and financial contributions to the 
household. Therefore, DHS disagrees with the commenters that children 
would be considered a downward factor for determining overall household 
income. DHS's definition of household member adopts the IRS 
consideration of the amount of support being provided to individuals 
(50 percent) as the threshold for considering an individual as part of 
the household. Therefore, DHS will retain the standard as proposed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \523\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51176-51178, 51184 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters remarked that this assessment would 
have a disproportionally negative impact on immigrant women, asserting 
that immigrant women are more likely than immigrant men to have one of 
more children living in the same household, and therefore, more likely 
to have a large household. Some commenters stated this requirement 
directly imposes on an immigrant woman's bodily autonomy and agency, 
particularly if or when to have children, by counting having a large 
family against them as part of the public charge determination. A 
commenter discussed the definition's impact on domestic and sexual 
violence survivors, asserting that this population could be penalized 
for providing continuing support to former partners or family members 
if they were involuntarily coerced into providing such support or have 
ceased living with them due to abuse. The commenter added that the rule 
could penalize victims who often seek the help of family members to 
alleviate housing and childcare expenses and strengthen their ties to 
the United States.
    Response: DHS is implementing a statutory ground of inadmissibility 
provided by Congress; the goal of the rule is not to penalize but to 
ensure that those coming to the United States are self-sufficient and 
not likely depend on public resources. DHS also incorporated exceptions 
provided by Congress, including those applicable to battered spouses 
and children.\524\ Therefore, DHS disagrees that the rule penalizes 
domestic and sexual violence survivors. As it is the case for all, the 
public charge assessment will be made in the totality of the 
circumstance to determine whether an applicant is likely, at any time 
in the future, to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \524\ See 8 CFR 212.23.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter said the definition does not allow for the 
exclusion of the alien's household members who are not intending to 
immigrate within six months of the immigrant's application, which holds 
the applicant fiscally responsible for an individual that they will not 
be living with for at least 6 months after immigrating to the United 
States.

[[Page 41395]]

    Response: As explained in the NPRM, for purposes of the household 
definition, DHS will take into consideration both individuals living in 
the alien's home and individuals not living in the alien's home, 
including aliens living outside the United States, for whom the alien, 
and or the alien's parents or legal guardians are providing, or are 
required to provide, at least 50 percent of financial support.\525\ DHS 
therefore does not focus on the location of the financially supported 
person, but on the fact that the person is receiving more than 50 
percent of financial support from the applicant, rendering those funds 
unavailable to the applicant for his or her own support and self-
sufficiency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \525\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51176 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter expressed their opposition to the NPRM 
assertion that ``the receipt of non-cash benefits generally increased 
as family size increased.'' This commenter referenced Table 17 in the 
NPRM, which the commenter stated indicated that non-cash benefit usage 
is higher among families of three (22.3 percent) than families of four 
(20.7 percent). The same commenter cited information claiming that 
among noncitizens in ``nonfamily households'' (i.e., individuals), 2.7 
percent received cash assistance and that number steadily decreased in 
larger households with only 1.8 percent of noncitizens in families of 
five or more receiving any cash benefit.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment. DHS acknowledges that 
certain data were not statistically significant, which in some cases 
was a consequence of small sample sizes. The statistics cited regarding 
non-cash benefit use among families of sizes three and four were not 
statistically significantly different from each other, so DHS would not 
conclude that one is higher or lower. Among noncitizens, the results 
that were statistically significant showed a lower rate of non-cash 
benefit use among nonfamily households, and a higher rate of non-cash 
benefit use among those with a family size bigger than five, compared 
with those having family sizes of two, three, and four. Among citizens, 
those having family sizes of two were shown to have a lower rate of 
non-cash benefit use than those with larger families. These findings 
suggest a generally higher rate of non-cash benefit use as family size 
increases. Regarding the rates of cash benefit use, the estimates cited 
for nonfamily households and those with families of size five or more 
were not statistically significantly different. The estimates of cash 
benefit use among noncitizens in Table 17 in the NPRM had high 
variance, indicating only that the rates were about one to three 
percent across family size groups. Therefore, DHS believes that the 
data properly reflects that receipt of noncash benefits generally 
increases with an increase in family size.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the rule ``contravenes PRWORA and 
IIRIRA by drastically limiting how a sponsor's income is considered as 
part of the public charge analysis--even though the sponsor's 
commitment is legally enforceable.'' The commenter stated that only 
considering the sponsor's income if (i) the sponsor physically lives 
with the noncitizen, or (ii) ``the sponsor is already contributing 50 
percent or more of the alien's financial support,'' has no basis in 
either PRWORA or IIRIRA and ``would run contrary to the basic logic 
undergirding the sponsor affidavit provisions of both laws'' because 
under PRWORA and IIRIRA, a sponsor must have an income of at least 125 
percent of the FPL, and both the sponsored noncitizen and benefit-
granting agencies may legally enforce the affidavit of support as the 
sponsor's promise to maintain a noncitizen above 125 percent of the 
FPL. In addition, the commenter noted that PRWORA requires benefit-
granting agencies to include a sponsor's income when determining 
whether a sponsored noncitizen is income-eligible for means-tested 
benefits. The commenter asserted that discounting the value of an 
affidavit of support in the public charge determination unless the 
sponsor is closely related to or lives with the noncitizen, would 
ignore the legally enforceable nature of the sponsor's promise and that 
the sponsor's income is deemed that of the noncitizen.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule contravenes PRWORA and IIRIRA 
with respect to the manner in which DHS will consider a sponsor's 
income. DHS neither proposed any changes to how the sponsor's income is 
considered with respect to the enforceable affidavit of support, nor 
changed any applicable deeming rules. In addition, the INA requires a 
distinct public charge assessment for admission and adjustment of 
status even where an alien has an affidavit of support. Under this 
rule, the affidavit of support, where required, will still have to 
comply with the requirements of section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1183a, and 8 CFR part 213a.
    As noted previously, Congress set forth the mandatory factors that 
DHS must consider in the public charge inadmissibility determination--
these factors include the alien's assets, resources, and financial 
status. While the affidavit of support is required for most family-
based applications and some employment-based applications, it is set 
apart from those factors, and may be considered in a public charge 
inadmissibility determination as a separate consideration.\526\ This 
indicates that Congress intended for the affidavit of support and the 
public charge determination to serve similar, but not identical 
functions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \526\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(i) & (ii), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(B)(i) & (ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the NPRM, DHS chose a definition of household that 
takes into account the definitions used by benefit-granting agencies 
and that captures individuals who are financially interdependent with 
the alien. In considering gross household income, USCIS will also 
consider any monthly or annual income from individuals who are not 
included in the alien's household, where the support to the household 
has been provided to the household on a continuing monthly or yearly 
basis during the most recent calendar year.\527\ Accordingly, if the 
sponsor is already providing 50 percent or more of financial support or 
is otherwise providing income on a monthly or annual basis to the alien 
that the alien will rely on to meet the income threshold, the sponsor's 
income or payments would be included in the consideration of the 
alien's assets, resources, and financial status.\528\ DHS

[[Page 41396]]

declines to otherwise deem the sponsor's income to the alien in the 
public charge context, as this kind of automatic deeming would 
essentially render meaningless the public charge determination for any 
alien with an affidavit of support. DHS does not believe Congress would 
have retained the public charge ground of inadmissibility, had it 
intended such a result.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \527\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(i)(B).
    \528\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51177 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). (``For example, when a child, as 
defined in INA section 101(b), 8 U.S.C. 1101(b)(1), is filing for 
adjustment of status as the child of a U.S. citizen or lawful 
permanent resident, the affidavit of support sponsor would also be 
the parent. Because the parent is part of the household, the 
parent's income would be included as part of the household income. 
The parent's income would be reviewed as part of the assets, 
resources, and financial status factor based on the total household 
size. However, for example, if there is a cosponsor, who is the 
alien's cousin and who is not physically residing with the alien, 
then the cousin would not be counted as part of the household and 
his or her income would not be included as part of the assets, 
resources or financial status unless the sponsor is already 
contributing 50 percent or more of the alien's financial support. In 
addition, if the sponsor is a member of the alien's household and 
included in the calculation of the 125 percent of the FPG, DHS would 
only count the sponsor's income once for purposes of determining the 
alien's total household assets and resources. A sponsor's income as 
reported on the affidavit of support would be added to the income of 
the other members of the alien's household. The sponsor's income 
that is added to the alien's total household assets and resources 
would not be increased because the sponsor also submitted an 
affidavit of support promising to support the alien at least 125 
percent of the FPG for the sponsor's household size. For example, 
assuming the alien and sponsor's household sizes are the same, if 
the sponsor's total income reported on the affidavit of support is 
250 percent of the FPG for the household size, that income would be 
added to the alien's assets and resources; the alien's total 
household income would then be at least 250 percent of the FPG, 
which constitutes a heavily weighted positive factor.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

H. Public Charge Inadmissibility Determination Based on Totality of 
Circumstances

    Comment: Many commenters expressed general concern about the 
discretion that government workers would be given when making public 
charge determinations, which would result in inconsistent and unfair 
public charge inadmissibility determinations. One commenter noted that 
the rule change gives too much discretion to officers in making 
inadmissibility determinations. Another commenter noted that because 
the rule relies on officer discretion, there will be inconsistent 
adjudications and the rule is thus arbitrary and capricious. The 
commenter further stated that this proposed standard is also arbitrary 
and capricious because the required officer evaluation would be 
burdensome and inefficient. A commenter provided an estimate on the 
number of people adversely affected by the rule based on the factors.
    Several commenters stated that the ``totality of circumstances'' 
test would require adjudicators to weigh a potentially unlimited number 
of ``factors,'' and expressed confusion regarding the difference 
between ``factors'' and ``considerations'' under the proposed rule. A 
commenter noted that ``[a]s a result, there could be an infinite number 
of factors that adjudicators could possibly assess, resulting in public 
charge determinations [that] will inevitably vary from adjudicator to 
adjudicator even when faced with very similarly situated cases.'' Two 
commenters stated that the proposed rule is not quantitative and the 
``totality of circumstances'' test to determine public charge 
admissibility is vague and ambiguous. An individual commenter suggested 
that DHS remove the totality of circumstances language to ensure the 
rule will operate as intended and will not lead to inconsistent 
results.
    An individual commenter stated that the existing statutory 
framework directs an adjudicator to consider an immigrant's personal 
and financial circumstances to determine the likelihood that they will 
become dependent on the government in the future, which is easily 
demonstrated by their employment prospects and the existence of support 
systems. However, the commenter stated that the proposed positive and 
negative weighted factor system was unworkable and provided no guidance 
on how these factors would be weighted. The commenter also stated that 
DHS should allow immigrants to prove themselves sufficient after 
immigrating. A commenter suggested DHS provide written documentation of 
the public charge determination and reasoning to the applicant and his/
her legal representative. A few commenters described the proposed rule 
as extremely vague and open-ended regarding the issues that will be 
considered. The commenters also stated that DHS fails to state how it 
will measure the weighted factors. A commenter stated the alien must 
show by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she is eligible for 
the benefit sought but that the rule requires too high a standard of 
proof with respect to the applicant demonstrating he or she will not 
become a public charge.
    Some commenters stated that the proposed rule contained vague 
standards, required adjudicators to consider a broad range of factors, 
and afforded such adjudicators significant discretion. The commenters 
stated that as a consequence, outcomes will be dependent on the 
particular adjudicator making the decision. Commenters indicated that 
they were especially concerned that this lack of predictability will 
make it nearly impossible for attorneys to adequately advise their 
clients. Commenters stated that such unpredictability would lead to a 
chilling effect with respect to aliens' use of public benefits.
    Commenters stated that granting USCIS officers the discretion to 
evaluate the totality of circumstances would be inefficient, as they 
would require new training to evaluate criteria, such as credit 
reports, and that other agencies, such as DOL, already have education 
and skills criteria for work visas.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the assertion that the rule provides 
too much discretion to adjudicators as a result of the totality of the 
circumstances approach and that the framework will lead to unfair and 
inconsistent determinations. DHS acknowledges the complexity of this 
rule. This final rule is intended to provide greater clarification in 
response to comments. As with any new regulation, the regulated public 
may need to read and become familiar with the regulation to understand 
how it applies. DHS will also issue guidance, and may further revise 
such guidance as necessary after it has gained experience with the new 
regulatory regime.
    As explained in the NPRM, section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), provides that an alien who, ``in the opinion of'' the 
Secretary is likely to become a public charge is inadmissible.\529\ The 
Government has long interpreted the phrase ``in the opinion of'' as 
describing an assessment that is subjective and discretionary in 
nature.\530\ While authorizing this subjective, discretionary 
assessment, however, Congress also mandated that the public charge 
determination consider, at a minimum, the alien's age, health, family 
status, assets, resources, financial status, education, and skills. 
Consideration of these mandatory factors requires a case-by-case 
determination based on the totality of the alien's circumstances. This 
final rule will result in officers conducting a full analysis of the 
factors set forth in the statute and in this rule, and weighing all 
evidence submitted in the totality of the circumstances. Both the 
proposed rule and this final rule adequately explain how the criteria 
are to be applied and what evidence should be considered.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \529\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \530\ See Matter of Harutunian, 14 I&N Dec. 583, 588 (Reg'l 
Cmm'r 1974) (``[T]he determination of whether an alien falls into 
that category [as likely to become a public charge] rests within the 
discretion of the consular officers or the Commissioner . . . 
Congress inserted the words `in the opinion of' (the consul or the 
Attorney General) with the manifest intention of putting borderline 
adverse determinations beyond the reach of judicial review.'' 
(citation omitted)); Matter of Martinez-Lopez, 10 I&N Dec. 409, 421 
(Att'y Gen. 1962) (``[U]nder the statutory language the question for 
visa purposes seems to depend entirely on the consular officer's 
subjective opinion.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Unlike the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, which failed to interpret 
the statutory factors and provided no direction to adjudicators on how 
to consider them, this final rule is clear about the legal standard and 
evidentiary burden aliens must meet to demonstrate that they are not 
likely at any time in the future to become a public charge. In 
addition, USCIS will be conducting training for adjudicators and, as 
necessary, issuing sub-regulatory guidance to ensure consistency in 
adjudications. However, to the extent that each alien's individual 
circumstances constitute a unique fact

[[Page 41397]]

pattern, outcomes in public charge determinations will appropriately 
vary. In addition, DHS disagrees that public charge determinations will 
be burdensome and inefficient. USCIS will take care to effectively 
examine the evidence presented to determine whether the alien is likely 
to become a public charge at any time in the future, consistent with 
the statute.
    DHS also disagrees that the standard used to determine public 
charge inadmissibility is too high. While the commenter is correct 
that, in general, an applicant applying for an immigration benefit must 
demonstrate eligibility by a preponderance of the evidence,\531\ DHS 
has not changed that standard of proof with respect to applications 
subject to a public charge inadmissibility determination. Those 
applicants will still, unless otherwise specified, be required to show 
by a preponderance of the evidence that they are not likely at any time 
to become a public charge. DHS has defined likely at any time to become 
a public charge in this final rule as more likely than not at any time 
in the future to become a public charge. Therefore, applicants subject 
to a public charge inadmissibility determination will need to 
demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that that they are not 
more likely than not at any time in the future to become a public 
charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \531\ See Matter of Chawathe, 25 I&N Dec. 369, 375 (2010) 
(``Except where a different standard is specified by law, a 
petitioner or applicant in administrative immigration proceedings 
must prove by a preponderance of evidence that he or she is eligible 
for the benefit sought.'') (citations omitted).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the public charge inadmissibility analysis is a 
prospective determination, as evidenced by the words ``likely at any 
time to become'' a public charge. Moreover, aliens subject to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility must demonstrate that they are 
not likely at any time to become a public charge at the time of their 
application or a visa, admission, or adjustment of status. Therefore, 
DHS will not adopt the commenter's suggestion that an alien subject to 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility should be allowed to wait 
until after immigrating to the United States to demonstrate that he or 
she is likely at any time to become a public charge and thereby avoid 
becoming inadmissible on public charge grounds at the time of admission 
as an immigrant.
    DHS also believes that the rule provides a clear framework for 
considering the mandatory factors in a public charge inadmissibility 
determination in the totality of the circumstances. DHS acknowledges, 
however, that the adjudication of public charge inadmissibility is 
complex and that the determination of the likelihood at any time in the 
future to become a public charge is not governed by clear data 
regarding whether any given alien subject to this determination is more 
likely than not to receive public benefits for more than 12 months in 
the aggregate in a 36-month period at any time in the future, and 
therefore would be inadmissible when weighing all factors in the 
totality of the alien's circumstances.
    To address these concerns, USCIS plans to take several steps. For 
one, to provide its officers with a solid foundation and knowledge on 
public charge inadmissibility determinations, USCIS plans to issue 
policy guidance in its USCIS Policy Manual (https://www.uscis.gov/policy-manual), which will include information from the NPRM and this 
final rule and can be accessed by potential applicants. In its policy 
guidance, USCIS will direct officers to determine:
     Whether the alien is more likely than not to receive one 
or more public benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), at any time in 
the future; and
     Whether the alien's likely receipt of one or more of the 
enumerated public benefits is more likely than not to exceed 12 months 
in the aggregate within any 36 month period (such that, for instance, 
receipt of two benefits in one month counts as two months) at any time 
in the future.
    In making this determination, there is no bright-line test that 
USCIS officers will administer. For instance, past or current receipt 
of public benefits may make an alien a public charge at present, but 
past or current receipt of public benefits, alone, is insufficient to 
sustain a finding that an alien is likely to become a public charge at 
any point in the future.
    Instead, there must be a nexus between the alien's circumstances 
and the alien's future likelihood of becoming a public charge. The mere 
presence of any one enumerated circumstance, alone, is not outcome 
determinative.\532\ USCIS, therefore, will evaluate all of the alien's 
facts, circumstances, and evidence to determine whether factors in the 
analysis are positive or negative. Any factor that decreases the 
alien's future likelihood of receiving one or more public benefits 
above the 12 months in the aggregate in a 36-month period threshold is 
positive. Any factor that increases the alien's future likelihood of an 
alien receiving one or more public benefits above the 12 aggregate 
months in a 36-month period threshold is negative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \532\ Except that the absence of a sufficient affidavit of 
support, where required, will lead to an inadmissibility finding. 
See INA section 212(a)(4)(C), (D), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(C), (D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    USCIS will then weigh all factors individually and cumulatively. 
USCIS will assess the weighted degree to which each factor is negative 
or positive--the extent to which the factor affects the likelihood that 
the alien will or will not receive one or more public benefits above 
the threshold. Certain enumerated factors will weigh heavily in favor 
of finding that an alien is not likely to become a public charge or 
finding that an alien is likely to become a public charge. But, for 
example, depending on the alien's specific circumstances, a heavily 
weighted negative factor can be outweighed by a heavily weighted 
positive factor or some combination of positive factors in the totality 
of the circumstances. Otherwise, the weight given to an individual 
factor not designated a heavily weighted factor depends on the 
particular facts and circumstances of each case and the relationship of 
the individual factor to other factors in the analysis. Multiple 
factors operating together will carry more weight to the extent those 
factors in tandem show that the alien is more or less likely than not 
to become a public charge.
    USCIS' totality of circumstances assessment will focus on, for 
instance, the following considerations:
     Ability to Earn a Living--The ability of the alien to earn 
sufficient income to pay for basic living needs (i.e., food and 
nutrition, housing, and healthcare), as evidenced or impacted by, for 
example, the alien's age, health, work history, current employment 
status, future employment prospects, education, and skills;
     Sufficiency of Income, Assets, and Resources--The 
sufficiency of the alien's household's income, assets, and resources to 
meet basic living needs (i.e., food and nutrition, housing and 
healthcare);
     Sufficiency and Obligation of Sponsorship--The legal 
sufficiency of the affidavit of support, if required, and the 
likelihood that a sponsor would actually provide the statutorily-
required amount of financial support to the alien, and other related 
considerations;
     Ability to Overcome Receipt of Public Benefits or 
Certification or Approval to Receive Public Benefits Above the 
Designated Threshold--The ability of the alien to overcome receipt of, 
or certification or approval to receive, one or more public benefits 
for more than 12 months in the aggregate in any 36-month period 
beginning no

[[Page 41398]]

earlier than 36 months before the application for admission or 
adjustment of status.
    Assessing an alien's ability to overcome the heavily weighted 
negative factor for recent receipt of, or certification or approval to 
receive, one or more public benefits above the designated threshold, in 
particular, will depend on the totality of the alien's circumstances 
and the existence of positive factors that alone or in combination 
could outweigh this heavily weighted negative factor such that the 
alien would not be likely to become a public charge at any time in the 
future. For example, the alien's assets and resources being at or above 
250 percent of the FPG, the alien being healthy and between the ages of 
18 and 61, the alien being currently employed, and evidence that the 
alien has disenrolled or requested to disenroll from public benefits 
could play a significant role in outweighing recent receipt of, or 
certification or approval to receive, public benefits above the 
designated threshold. Where a factor includes more than one 
consideration, including evidence related to such considerations, DHS 
will consider all evidence presented by the alien in the totality of 
the circumstances. For example, DHS will consider income above 125 
percent and a good credit score and report as positive considerations 
in the totality of the circumstances.
    If USCIS finds that the alien's positive factors outweigh the 
alien's negative factors, such that the alien is not likely to receive 
one or more public benefits above the designated threshold at any time 
in the future, then USCIS will conclude that the alien is not 
inadmissible as likely to become a public charge. On the other hand, if 
USCIS finds that the alien's negative factors outweigh the alien's 
positive factors, such that the alien is more likely than not to 
receive one or more public benefits above the designated threshold at 
any time in the future, then USCIS will find that the alien is 
inadmissible as likely to become a public charge.
    USCIS, as with other applications, will notify applicants of 
deficiencies in their applications with respect to public charge 
inadmissibility in accordance with the principles outlined in 8 CFR 
103.2 and USCIS policy in regard to notices, RFEs or NOIDs, and 
denials.\533\ If USCIS denies an alien's application for adjustment of 
status on public charge grounds under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), USCIS will explain why the negative factors outweigh 
the positive factors based on the alien's individual circumstances in 
making the alien more likely than not to receive one or more public 
benefits above the designated threshold at any time in the future.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \533\ See USCIS Policy Memorandum Issuance of Certain RFEs and 
NOIDs; Revisions to Adjudicator's Field Manual (AFM) Chapter 
10.5(a), Chapter 10.5(b), PM-602-0163 (Jul. 13, 2018) (https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Laws/Memoranda/AFM_10_Standards_for_RFEs_and_NOIDs_FINAL2.pdf (last visited June 
21, 2019). DHS notes that the failure to submit a completed Form I-
944, Declaration of Self-Sufficiency or Form I-864, Affidavit of 
Support with the Form I-485, Application to Register or Adjust 
Status, when required, may result in a rejection or a denial of the 
Form I-485 without a prior RFE or NOID. See 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7), 
(b)(8)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Furthermore, to ensure consistency and quality control, USCIS will 
provide training to officers and continue to monitor adjudications. As 
is the case for any adjudication at USCIS, USCIS will apply its general 
quality control processes for adjudications involving public charge 
assessments. USCIS continues its ongoing data collection efforts on its 
adjudications as well as other information relevant to the 
adjudication, to continually assess and improve the adjudication 
processes, procedures and training.
    However, DHS notes that officer discretion is not a new concept in 
USCIS immigration benefits adjudications. Several benefits provided 
under the Act are discretionary in nature, and involve an assessment 
and weighting of positive and negative factors. For example, an alien's 
adjustment of status application to that of lawful permanent resident 
under section 245 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1255, requires the officer to 
weigh all positive and negative factors in the alien's case to 
ultimately determine whether lawful permanent resident status should be 
granted as a matter of discretion.\534\ DHS disagrees with commenters' 
characterization that the rule overall, the proposed framework for the 
public charge determination, and individual factors, as published in 
the NPRM, lack required specificity or are impermissibly vague. When 
creating implementing regulations under the APA, an agency must provide 
notice that, among other things, articulates the terms or substance of 
the proposed rule, or a description of the subjects and issues 
involved. A notice of proposed rulemaking must contain sufficient 
factual details and rationale to permit interested parties to comment 
meaningfully. An agency is accorded broad deference in selecting the 
level of generality at which it may articulate regulations but a 
regulation is not deemed vague simply because it may contain a factor 
that is difficult to prove; it may be deemed vague or lacking in 
specificity if it is unclear as to what fact must be proven.\535\ The 
NPRM and this rule both make abundantly clear what an alien must prove. 
DHS not only ensured that the public had a meaningful opportunity to 
comment by clearly articulating which factors USCIS will consider as 
part of the totality of the circumstances standard, but also by 
illustrating the application of the public charge determination 
framework and its factors in the preamble and in Table 33 of the 
NPRM.\536\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \534\ See INA section 245, 8 U.S.C. 1255; see also USCIS Policy 
Manual Guidance on Adjustment of Status under INA section 245, 
Volume 7, Part B, 245(a) Adjustment.
    \535\ See F.C.C. v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 567 U.S. 239, 
253 (2012); see also Connally v. General Constr. Co., 269 U.S. 385, 
391 (1926).
    \536\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51211 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees that the rule requires a high standard of proof. 
Congress established the mandatory factors that must be considered as 
part of the public charge determination and DHS is providing guidance 
on how to assess these factors.\537\ Additionally, Congress established 
clear burdens and standards of proof relating to grounds of 
inadmissibility in immigration proceedings. The alien always has the 
burden to show that he or she is eligible for an immigration benefit 
and that he or she is not inadmissible.\538\ In general, an alien must 
show by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she is eligible for 
the benefit sought.\539\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \537\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \538\ See INA section 291, 8 U.S.C. 1361; 8 CFR 103.2(b)(1) 
(``An applicant or petitioner must establish that he or she is 
eligible for the requested benefit.''); Matter of Brantigan, 11 I&N 
Dec. 493 (BIA 1966).
    \539\ See Matter of Bett, 26 I&N Dec. 437, 440 (BIA 2014) (``To 
be eligible for adjustment of status, an applicant has the burden to 
show that he is clearly and beyond doubt entitled to be admitted to 
the United States and is not inadmissible under section 212(a) of 
the Act.''); Matter of Chawathe, 25 I&N Dec. 369, 375 (2010) 
(``Except where a different standard is specified by law, a 
petitioner or applicant in administrative immigration proceedings 
must prove by a preponderance of evidence that he or she is eligible 
for the benefit sought.'') (citations omitted). See also Kirong v. 
Mukasey, 529 F.3d 800, 803-804 (8th Cir. 2008) (concluding that as 
an applicant for adjustment of status, the alien is put into the 
position of an alien seeking admission and must prove that he or she 
is clearly and beyond doubt admissible).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, DHS understands that commenters believe that the 
submission of Form I-864 provides a method for objective public charge 
inadmissibility analysis and that the totality of the circumstances 
approach is inefficient because of training needs and because other 
agencies, such as the DOL, already evaluate education and skills 
criteria. It is true that the practical focus of DHS

[[Page 41399]]

in a public charge inadmissibility determination previously had been 
primarily on the sufficiency of an affidavit of support submitted on 
the alien's behalf. DHS, however, clarified the relationship between 
the Form I-864 and a public charge inadmissibility determination in the 
NPRM.\540\ As explained in the NPRM, given that the statute \541\ 
differentiates between the affidavit of support requirement and the 
mandatory factors of the public charge assessment, DHS considers it 
inconsistent with the statutory language to solely use the affidavit of 
support as a means to determine public charge inadmissibility. 
Similarly, while certain employment-based immigrant categories are 
required to obtain labor certifications from the DOL and to submit 
evidence of job qualifications, these requirements focus on an alien's 
ability to meet qualifications of the job offered and the employer's 
ability to pay the proffered wages \542\ rather than an alien's 
likelihood of becoming a public charge because of age, health, 
financial status, education, skills, etc. Therefore, DOL's assessments 
and certifications obtained by DOL are not redundant to or a suitable 
substitute for public charge determinations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \540\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51197 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \541\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \542\ See 20 CFR part 656.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters stated that, although the proposed rule 
acknowledges that the public charge determination is intended to be 
prospective, the proposed criteria are actually retrospective and 
offered without any evidence that they are relevant to the 
determination of whether an immigrant will become dependent on the 
Government for support in the future. Some commenters stated that the 
proposed rule completely ignores an individual's ability to learn, 
work, develop skills, and support himself or herself and his or her 
family. Several commenters recommended that DHS conduct research about 
the probability that an individual would be self-sufficient or not 
based on the weighted factors included in the public charge 
determination.
    One commenter agreed with the use of data in Table 33 on the 
Totality of Circumstances Framework for Public Charge Determinations in 
the NPRM,\543\ but this commenter and many others stated that positive 
and negative weighted factors are not treated the same, as there is an 
extensive list of negative factors and a short list of positive 
factors. Therefore, these commenters believed that it would appear more 
likely an applicant could be disqualified based on weighted negative 
factors even if their application contains both positive and negative 
factors. Several commenters cited the MPI's analysis of American 
Community Survey (ACS) data from 2012-2016, that identified immigrants 
that are lawful permanent residents with fewer than five years of 
residency in the United States. The study showed that a significant 
number of these lawful permanent residents would have one or more 
negative factors counted against them, indicating substantial reduction 
in the number of potential green cards issued if the proposed rule was 
finalized.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \543\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51211 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Multiple commenters stated that, in order to improve one's 
education and skills and to be self-sufficient, it is often necessary 
to draw on short-term supportive services, but drawing on such means-
tested public benefits would be a negative consideration in the 
totality of the circumstances test. Thus, the rule sets up a 
contradictory situation in which individuals attempting to strengthen 
their positive factors may instead add to the negative factors for 
their case. A commenter stated that the weighted factors used in the 
``totality of circumstances'' test to determine inadmissibility is the 
``only interpretation that would be consistent with the governing 
statutory language and established methods of statutory construction.''
    Response: DHS disagrees that it is at all problematic for DHS to 
consider events in the alien's past as part of a prospective 
inadmissibility determination. As explained in the NPRM, DHS's proposed 
totality of the circumstances standard involves the weighing of 
positive and negative considerations in relation to the alien's age, 
health, financial assets, education and skills as well as the required 
affidavit of support and any other factor that warrants consideration 
in the alien's case. The totality of the circumstances approach, 
including consideration of events and circumstances in the alien's 
past, is consistent with the approach taken by the former INS, the BIA, 
and Article III case law.\544\ Thus, although these factors may require 
some retrospective evaluation at the time of adjustment of status, 
Congress and courts deemed the alien's past as relevant to the alien's 
likelihood of becoming a public charge.\545\ DHS also discussed, in 
detail, the relevance of each factor in the public charge determination 
and supported its finding with relevant data. DHS, therefore, disagrees 
that it failed to provide a reasonable explanation why the factors are 
relevant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \544\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51179 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \545\ See Matter of Vindman, 16 I&N Dec. 131 (Reg'l Comm's 1977) 
(consideration of past public benefits in determining the likelihood 
of becoming a public charge in the future); Matter of Martinez-
Lopez, 10 I&N Dec. 409, 421-22 (BIA 1962; Att'y Gen. 1964) (in 
determining whether a person is likely to become a public charge, 
factors to consider include age, health, and physical condition, 
physical or mental defects which might affect earning capacity, 
vocation, past record of employment, current employment, offer of 
employment, number of dependents, existing conditions in the United 
States, sufficient funds or assurances of support by relatives or 
friends in the United States, bond or undertaking, or any specific 
circumstances reasonably tending to show that the burden of 
supporting he alien is likely to be case on the public.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Finally, although section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), lists required factors that must be considered, it does not 
preclude USCIS from considering other considerations relevant in an 
applicant's case. DHS agrees that officers will encounter various 
circumstances not specifically accounted for in the regulation, but 
plans to give officers the necessary tools through guidance and 
training to fairly adjudicate such cases, and believes that officers 
are able to exercise their judgment appropriately. As noted above, 
Congress specifically provided for the agency's discretion to account 
for all aspects in an individual's case.\546\ DHS disagrees with the 
commenters that indicated that positive and negative factors are not 
treated equally because DHS in its regulations listed more negative 
factors than positive ones. Although having more negative factors may 
be a basis for finding a person inadmissible based on public charge, 
the number of negative factors does not by itself lead to a conclusion 
that a person is likely to become a public charge. USCIS will consider 
and weigh each factor presented in an alien's case in the totality of 
the circumstances.\547\ DHS notes that it has added an additional 
heavily weighted positive factor in section III.R. of this preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \546\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1184(a)(4).
    \547\ See 8 CFR 212.22(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters also indicated that it appeared more 
likely that applicants would be disqualified based on heavily weighted 
negative factors even though their application contains both positive 
and negative factors.
    Response: DHS agrees that some applicants may be found in the 
totality of circumstances likely to become a

[[Page 41400]]

public charge even if they present positive factors. If negative 
factors in the alien's case (factors that increases an alien's 
likelihood of becoming a public charge) outweigh positive factors 
(factors that decrease the alien's likelihood of becoming a public 
charge), DHS would conclude, in the totality of the circumstances, that 
the applicant is inadmissible for likely becoming a public charge. 
Therefore, it may be that an alien is found inadmissible in light of a 
heavily weighted negative factor even if he or she may be able to 
present positive factors.
    Comment: One commenter recommended that DHS provide guidance on how 
the ``totality of circumstances'' and likelihood determination should 
be reached using evidence-based methods, namely using a base rate as a 
prior probability which can be updated based on the evidence about a 
given alien. The commenter stated that starting from the ``inside 
view'' of the evidence about a given alien rather than the ``outside 
view'' of base rates about the reference class of all aliens would 
likely lead DHS to significantly more false positive determinations. 
The commenter stated that DHS should estimate a base rate--both before 
the rule takes effect and again after a sufficiently long interval to 
account for disenrollment--for the proportion of aliens non-exempt from 
public charge inadmissibility who would be considered public charges. 
This base rate should then be considered the prior probability that an 
alien is likely to become a public charge. The commenter also stated 
that DHS should also estimate average levels of receipt, duration, and 
other kinds of evidence in the totality of the circumstances so that 
officials may compare any given alien's evidence to average levels and 
make appropriate updates in the right direction. Another commenter 
suggested weighing factors using valid statistical methods, using 
administrative survey data to create a factor model to precisely 
calculate the probability of future use, and making the factor model 
available online for applicants to utilize before applying.
    Response: The factors contained in this rule are based, in 
significant part, on data regarding the relationship between the 
minimum statutory factors and a person's likelihood of receiving public 
benefits. In the preamble to the proposed rule, for each positive and 
negative factor, DHS included supportive reasoning that related to 
either inferences regarding self-sufficiency or empirical data 
regarding the relationship between the factor and the likelihood that a 
person would receive public benefits. DHS relied on such data for all 
heavily weighted factors. For instance, in proposing the heavily 
weighted negative factor for lack of employability, DHS relied not only 
on the reasonable premise that ``[s]elf-sufficiency generally involves 
people being capable and willing to work and being able to maintain 
gainful employment,'' but also on Census Bureau data showing that 
individuals with full-time work were less likely to receive means-
tested benefits during the year (ranging from 4.5 percent to 5.1 
percent) than those with either part-time work (ranging from 12.6 
percent to 14.2 percent) or those who were unemployed (ranging from 
24.8 percent to 31.2 percent).\548\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \548\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51198 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018) (citing Jeongsoo Kim, Shelley K. 
Irving, & Tracy A. Loveless, U.S. Census Bureau, Dynamics of 
Economic Well-Being: Participation in Government Programs, 2004 to 
2007 and 2009--Who Gets Assistance? 12 (July 2012), available at 
https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2012/demo/p70-130.pdf 
(last visited July 26, 2019); Shelley K. Irving & Tracy A. Loveless, 
U.S. Census Bureau, Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Participation 
in Government Programs, 2009-2012: Who Gets Assistance? 10 (May 
2015), available at https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/demo/p70-141.pdf) (last visited July 26, 
2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    That said, DHS cannot satisfy the commenter's request that DHS 
``estimate . . . base rates--both before the rule takes effect and 
again after a sufficiently long interval to account for disenrollment--
for the proportion of aliens non-exempt from public charge 
inadmissibility.'' This is because as DHS acknowledged in the proposed 
rule, DHS lacks access to data regarding the specific categories of 
aliens that are subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility, 
let alone data regarding such aliens' public benefits use as it relates 
to the statutory factors. For instance, the proposed rule explained 
that much of the data that DHS relied upon came from the 2014 Panel of 
the SIPP. The SIPP Panel includes respondent-provided data on nativity, 
citizenship status, and initial immigration status, but does not 
provide data on current immigration classification. Additionally, the 
categories represented in the SIPP immigration status item do not align 
precisely with the populations covered by this rule--for instance, the 
results include refugees, asylees, and other populations that may 
access public benefits but are not subject to the public charge ground 
of inadmissibility. Finally, the SIPP data and DHS's analysis of this 
data do not examine whether the receipt of public benefits was 
authorized, and DHS did not examine program payment rate error 
information for this purpose. DHS sought comment on its use of the SIPP 
data, and whether alternative reliable data sources are available.\549\ 
The commenter did not identify an alternative reliable data source that 
controls for whether an alien is subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \549\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51160-61 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018). The commenter also suggested that 
DHS generate such data. But, it does not seem possible to estimate 
the probability of becoming a public charge by following up with 
aliens who were subject to the determination. For instance, many of 
those who were denied a benefit may not reside in the United States 
at a later date.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Even if the commenter had identified such data, however, 
adjudicators would not have been able to rely heavily on such data, 
because the public charge assessment requires a prediction based on an 
assessment of the alien's particular circumstances within the framework 
of multiple statutory factors, and any other relevant considerations. A 
data set tailored to such particular individuals' circumstances may not 
be available, and in any event was not identified by the commenter.
    DHS acknowledges that the predictive analysis it will be conducting 
based on an individual's particular circumstances leaves some room for 
error, however, so would any predictive algorithm or data-based 
``outside view'' analysis, particularly given the data limitations DHS 
encountered and the likelihood that even if comprehensive data sets 
existed that could be utilized in the fashion the commenter suggests, 
they would not be detailed enough or sufficiently timely to account for 
changes in trends. For example, a dataset from the 2008-2010 timeframe 
may predict an appreciably higher rate of benefit receipt based on 
certain individual circumstances than a dataset from 2015-2017. 
Therefore, in the absence of adequate tools that would allow DHS to use 
a comprehensive quantitative framework for individual public charge 
inadmissibility determinations, USCIS officers will rely on their 
training and USCIS guidance to assess the relationship between factors 
and the likelihood to receive public benefits above the designated 
threshold at any time in the future. This analysis will include an 
assessment of all evidence provided by the alien in support of his or 
her application, including any credible and probative data that is 
relevant to the assessment. Furthermore, to the extent USCIS is able to 
identify credible and probative data sources that would provide context 
for

[[Page 41401]]

adjudicators in evaluating one or more mandatory factors, USCIS may 
provide such data sources to adjudicators and ensure consistent 
application through guidance and training.
    Comment: A few commenters provided feedback on the review process. 
One commenter stated that immigration officers will have a limited 
amount of time to properly review documents and employment letters, and 
will not undertake an effective, case-by-case appraisal of 
applications. Similarly, commenters indicated that supervising officers 
will not have enough time to review each denial thoroughly.
    Response: DHS understands the concerns that the public charge 
determination could increase the adjudication time of immigration 
benefits and that individuals, including attorneys, may have additional 
questions. DHS and USCIS are committed to putting the necessary 
resources into place, including additional adjudicators, to minimize 
any impact on current immigration benefits adjudications and to provide 
for thorough consideration of each case and appropriate supervisory 
review.
    Comment: Many commenters voiced concern about the disproportionate 
negative impact of the application of the mandatory factors on 
marginalized communities. This included negative effects on immigrants 
belonging to the LGBTQ community, HIV positive immigrants, immigrants 
with chronic health conditions and disabilities, immigrants of color, 
Latino immigrants, AAPI immigrants, immigrants from countries that are 
poor and largely people of color, senior citizens, women, and victims 
of domestic violence and sexual abuse.
    Response: Regardless of whether this rule will impact the groups 
specified in these comments, DHS is not promulgating this rule for a 
discriminatory purpose. Rather, this rule will better ensure that 
aliens seeking to enter or remain in the United States either 
temporarily or permanently are self-sufficient, and rely on their own 
capabilities and the resources of their family, sponsors, and private 
organizations, rather than the government.\550\ DHS will determine an 
individual's inadmissibility on public charge grounds of 
inadmissibility in the totality of the circumstances, based on the 
statutorily mandated factors.\551\ Additionally, Congress did not make 
applicable the public charge ground of inadmissibility to certain 
classes of aliens, including certain victims of domestic violence, 
trafficking and other crimes. DHS therefore included these exemptions 
in this rulemaking.\552\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \550\ 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)(A).
    \551\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \552\ See 8 CFR 212.23.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A few commenters cited the MPI study, which stated that of 
the over 2 million individuals granted lawful permanent residence 
status in the past five years (between 2012 and 2016), 69 percent of 
recent lawful permanent residents who are not refugees or other 
humanitarian admissions would have had at least one negative factor 
under the proposed new definition, 43 percent at least two negative 
factors, and 17 percent had at least three negative factors.\553\ The 
same analysis reported that 39 percent of recent lawful permanent 
residents did not speak English well or not at all, 33 percent had 
household incomes below 125 percent of the FPG, 25 percent did not have 
a high school diploma, and 12 percent were under age 18 or over age 61. 
The analysis also estimated that 39 percent of recent lawful permanent 
residents had incomes at or above 250 percent of the FPG.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \553\ MPI, Gauging the Impact of DHS' Proposed Public-Charge 
Rule on U.S. Immigration (Nov. 2018), https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/impact-dhs-public-charge-rule-immigration (last visited July 25, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS thanks commenters for citing the findings of the MPI 
study, which also highlighted that ``the rule does not specify how many 
negative versus positive factors someone must have for their 
application to be denied.'' \554\ While an alien may have one, two, 
three, or more negative factors, the mere fact that the alien's 
negative factors outnumber the alien's positive factors is not a 
sufficient basis to find the alien inadmissible. DHS must find that the 
alien's negative factors outweigh the alien's positive factors based on 
the totality of circumstances analysis, such that the alien is more 
likely than not at any time in the future to receive one or more public 
benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), for more than 12 months in the 
aggregate within any 36-month period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \554\ See Capps, Randy et al, ``Gauging the Impact of DHS' 
Proposed Public-Charge Rule on U.S. Immigration,'' Migration Policy 
Institute. (November 2018). Available at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/impact-dhs-public-charge-rule-immigration (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Once effective, DHS is aware that this rule will likely result in 
more findings of public charge inadmissibility and may result in fewer 
overall admissions and approved adjustment of status applications to 
the United States, as DHS seeks to better enforce the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility and to ensure that aliens are self-sufficient 
when coming to the United States or seeking to adjust status. 
Notwithstanding, DHS will be bound by its own regulations in making 
public charge inadmissibility determinations based on the totality of 
the alien's circumstances, which includes considering and weighing all 
relevant factors that are favorable to the alien.
    Comment: Commenters indicated that it is impossible to predict 
future self-sufficient behavior based on current resources of 
individuals who are, by definition, in transition (or trying to be) 
from living in another country to finding and creating opportunity in 
the United States.
    Response: DHS disagrees that it is impossible to predict whether an 
individual is likely to become a public charge in the future based on 
the factors outlined in INA section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C 
1182(a)(4). The commenters' quarrel is with Congress, not DHS. While 
DHS acknowledges that the public charge determination is a complex 
assessment, DHS described at length in the NPRM how it would evaluate 
an alien's individual circumstances, including the minimum statutory 
factors, as part of the public charge determination. In Table 33 of the 
NPRM, DHS also outlined in detail the totality of the circumstances 
assessment and when the evidence in the totality of the circumstances 
may be indicative of the individual becoming a public charge. In this 
final rule, as explained below, DHS has further clarified and expanded 
on its approach.
    Comment: Commenters pointed out that many who would be subject to 
the public charge rule are already barred from receiving public 
benefits for at least 5 years due to past welfare reform efforts.
    Response: The commenters correctly pointed out that under PRWORA 
and other laws, most immigrants and nonimmigrants are not eligible for 
certain public benefits for a duration of at least five years. The 
public charge ground of inadmissibility, however, does not have any 
temporal limits in this regard and is prospective in nature; Congress 
directed the administering agencies to determine, for admissibility 
purposes, whether the alien is likely, ``at any time'' to become a 
public charge.

I. Age

1. Standard
    Comment: A commenter expressed support for the proposed designation 
of the age range 18-61 as a positive factor and stated that there is a 
strong correlation between this prime working age range and a much 
lower rate of use

[[Page 41402]]

of public benefits, compared to individuals outside that age range. The 
commenter also added that that both minors and elderly aliens, like 
their citizen counterparts, are more likely to be financially dependent 
on resources other than employment income. One commenter suggested that 
DHS conduct a more lenient ``Public Charge Check'' for aliens younger 
than 21 or older than 55 (if one is needed at all), and a more thorough 
check for aliens aged between 21 and 55. A commenter stated that since 
the 19th century, courts have recognized that it would be absurd to 
exclude every child from our shores, since no child, by his personal 
efforts alone, can take care of himself.'' \555\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \555\ See In re Day, 27 F. 678 (S.D.N.Y. 1886).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter said the rule provides no justification for why a 
minor under 18 years old should be scrutinized when they are not 
expected to be self-sufficient, or why immigrants over the age of 61, 
many of whom work or provide support to the rest of their family, 
should be penalized merely because of their age. The commenter stated 
that the rule did not explain why these age thresholds are predictors 
of future public benefit use. One commenter stated that these age-range 
requirements are overly broad, ignore the possibility of a familial 
sponsor, and raise the income requirements in a cruel way that is 
detrimental to society. One commenter asserted that DHS's analysis for 
an age standard overlooks the substantial benefits that minor children 
bring to a family, including future potential working capacity. One 
commenter similarly stated that the rule does not factor in the 
potential children have to add value to society and also stated that 
seniors often play a critical caregiver role which allows others to 
work. Another commenter added that an alien's unemployment at age 16 or 
17 provides no evidence of their future employability. One commenter 
gave an example that 16-year old high-school students are not likely to 
be employed for many years in the future, but once they complete their 
education they can reach their true potential. A commenter stated that, 
although those under the age of 18 are less likely to work since they 
will be in school, and therefore are more likely to become a public 
charge, those individuals typically learn English very quickly, 
integrate readily, and after completing their education (often 
including higher education), go on to work, contribute, and pay taxes 
in the United States for decades. A few commenters cited a report by 
the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine \556\ for 
the proposition that second-generation child immigrants are the most 
fiscally positive of all immigrants to the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \556\ See National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and 
Medicine, The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration 
(2017).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Another commenter, in opposition to the age standard, said the 
question is not whether all children are likely to receive benefits, 
but rather whether children applying for lawful permanent resident 
status will. The commenter indicated that DHS cites no authority for 
its assertion that applicants who obtain lawful permanent resident 
status are more likely to become public charges simply due to their 
being under 18 years of age at the time of application. The commenter 
stated that because most aliens are not eligible for means-tested 
public benefits for at least the first five years after obtaining such 
status, the age range is too high. The commenter also stated that, for 
decades, DOS has used the age of 16 as the cut-off for when the child 
will be able to show employable job skills. The commenter sought 
justification for the change. One commenter stated that DHS bases this 
age standard on the minimum age at which one can start to claim 
retirement benefits under social security; however, this was never 
meant to be used to say that people are unable or even unlikely to work 
after that age. Some commenters stated that many over 61-year-olds are 
able to, willing to, and do work after immigrating.
    Response: DHS agrees that the age range is appropriate due to the 
general correlation between the 18-61 age range and a lower rate of use 
of public benefits, and that people outside of this age range are, in 
general, more likely to be financially dependent on others.\557\ DHS 
agrees that generally, most aliens are not eligible for means-tested 
public benefits for at least the first five years after obtaining such 
status; however, there are certain exceptions under PRWORA, including 
the availability of SNAP for children under 18.\558\ DHS also 
acknowledges that certain individuals, depending on their status and 
circumstances, may not be eligible for public benefits in the near term 
and would take that fact into consideration in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination. DHS disagrees with the suggestion that 
USCIS provide a more lenient review of public charge for those below 21 
and above 55. USCIS will apply the same public charge framework for all 
cases subject to public charge. DHS disagrees that there was no 
justification in the NPRM for the age range and will maintain the age 
ranges as identified in the NPRM. As established by Congress, an 
alien's age is a mandatory factor that must be considered when 
determining whether an alien is likely to become a public charge in the 
future.\559\ As discussed in the NPRM, a person's age may impact his or 
her ability to legally or physically work and is therefore relevant to 
the likelihood of an alien becoming a public charge.\560\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \557\ The rate of receipt of cash and noncash benefits among 
noncitizen children age 0-17 decreased with the removal of Medicaid 
from consideration for that age group, changing from about 40 
percent when the benefit was included to about 20 percent when it 
was not. The receipt rate of cash and noncash benefits among 
noncitizen children age 0-17 was no longer significantly different 
from that of noncitizens aged 18-61 when Medicaid was included only 
for the older age group, and both of these age groups had much lower 
receipt of benefits than noncitizens aged 62 and over. However, due 
to the restrictions on employment by minors and the fact that 
children are dependent on their parents or legal guardians, as 
discussed in the NPRM, DHS still consider the age range appropriate.
    \558\ See, e.g., 8 U.S.C. 1612(a)(2)(J).
    \559\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B).
    \560\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51179-81 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition, regardless of an alien's age, DHS recognizes, 
consistent with longstanding case law, that the alien may have 
financial assets, resources, benefits through employment, education or 
skills, family, or other means of support that decrease his or her 
likelihood of becoming a public charge. Therefore, age is but one 
factor in the totality of the circumstances. As discussed in the 
NPRM,\561\ the 18 through 61 age range is based on the ages at which 
people are generally able to work full-time before being able to retire 
with some social security retirement benefits under Federal law.\562\ 
DHS notes that considering 18 years old as the earliest age in which 
one is expected to be able to work is consistent with current DOS 
guidance which directs consular officers to consider what skills 
individuals 18 years of age or older have to make a living.\563\ DHS 
declines the request from the commenter to justify why this rule is 
contrary to past DOS guidance since that guidance is from another 
Department and never was binding on DHS. DHS understands that children 
may continue their education and obtain employment in the future. DHS 
would not make a determination of

[[Page 41403]]

inadmissibility based on public charge solely based on the age of a 
child. Instead, USCIS would also review the support provided by a 
parent or other source in the totality of the circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \561\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
511179-81 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \562\ See 29 U.S.C. 213(c), 42 U.S.C. 416(l)(2) (``Early 
retirement age'' for social security purposes).
    \563\ See 9 FAM 302.8-2)(B)(2), paragraph d, available at 
https://fam.state.gov/FAM/09FAM/09FAM030208.html (last visited May 
15, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters stated DHS based the proposed age standard on 
the minimum age at which one can start to claim retirement benefits 
under social security; however, this was never meant to be used to say 
that people are unable or even unlikely to work after that age. Several 
commenters explained that if DHS finalized the rule as proposed, many 
U.S. citizens would no longer be able to welcome their own parents into 
the country because it would be difficult for older adults to pass the 
``public charge'' test under the new criteria. A commenter stated that 
applications for parents account for almost 30 percent of all family-
based applications. Some commenters stated that many seniors immigrate 
to the United States in order to help care for children and other 
family members. Commenters stated this rule fails to recognize the 
value of intergenerational families who support each other and the 
proposed rule ``callously'' labels parents and grandparents as a burden 
because of their age or health needs and ignores the critical roles 
many grandparents play in caring for their grandchildren and other 
family members, often enabling others to work.
    A few commenters stated that the proposed rule fails to accord 
appropriate dignity and respect to community elders seeking immigration 
relief by treating them as economically disposable, and would have the 
effect of straining and fracturing families who seek to maintain 
seniors within the familial unit.
    A commenter said having older adults at home can eliminate the cost 
of childcare, which is one of the highest budget items for many 
families and can approach 20 percent of household income for low-income 
families. Citing studies, a commenter stated that limiting the age of 
workers has been shown to have a negative economic impact on society. 
Another commenter remarked that the proposed rule could prevent many 
American citizens from maintaining the dignity of their families due to 
``exclusionary factors'' assigned to advanced age or receipt of life-
saving medical savings under Medicare Part D. The commenter also stated 
that this illustrates a critical flaw in the proposed rule: it 
undervalues the important role a parent or grandparent contributes to a 
family. A few commenters stated that if U.S. citizens are unable to 
bring their parents to the United States, they would have to send money 
abroad for their care in their home country, which may require 
expensive residential care, financially hampering citizens and sending 
those dollars outside of the U.S. economy.
    One commenter stated there is a priceless emotional benefit to U.S. 
citizens having their parents nearby for love, support, and for their 
families to be whole and enriched through the joyful and sorrowful life 
events of the birth of grandchildren and the passing of family elders. 
A commenter stated that some U.S. citizens bring their elderly parents 
to the United States because caring for them here will ease the burden 
of worrying about their care in countries that are many thousands of 
miles away. The commenter added that the ability to care for loved ones 
at the end stages of life is an important marker for all communities 
and nationalities, which would be nearly impossible if DHS finalized 
the rule as proposed.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the age standard is arbitrary. As 
provided in the NPRM,\564\ there is a correlation between the prime 
working age range and lower rates of public benefit use. As indicated 
in the NPRM,\565\ the 18 through 61 age range is based on the ages at 
which people are generally able to work full-time before being able to 
retire with some social security retirement benefits under Federal 
law.\566\ The age of 18 is based on the general age to be able to start 
working full-time; \567\ the age of 61 is the year before the minimum 
``early retirement age'' for social security purposes \568\ (62 as of 
2017). DHS will still consider the alien's age in relation to whether 
it makes the alien more or less likely to become a public charge, such 
as by impacting the alien's ability to work. DHS is not establishing 
the age range as a statement that people outside that range are unable 
to work. DHS acknowledges that people under the age of 18 and over the 
age of 61 may be working or have other adequate means of support, such 
as from family members. DHS would recognize such means as positive 
factors. In other words, a senior who establishes to DHS's satisfaction 
that she or he is not likely to become a public charge would not be 
deemed inadmissible on public charge grounds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \564\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51180 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \565\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51180 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \566\ See 29 U.S.C. 213(c), 42 U.S.C. 416(l)(2).
    \567\ See 29 U.S.C. 213(c); 29 CFR part 570; see also Dep't of 
Labor, Table of Employment/Age Certification Issuance Practice Under 
State Child Labor Laws, available at https://www.dol.gov/whd/state/certification.htm (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \568\ See 42 U.S.C. 416(l)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS recognizes the tangible and intangible value to individuals and 
communities of strong family bonds and support across generations. DHS 
notes that where an alien can establish that he or she is not likely to 
become a public charge in light of all the relevant factors--including, 
for example, the support of one or more family members--the alien would 
not be found inadmissible as a public charge. Accordingly, DHS does not 
believe that this rulemaking will necessarily render it impossible for 
individuals to care for family members. Rather, the rule seeks to 
ensure that aliens rely on themselves and on private sources, including 
their families, to meet their needs, rather than relying on public 
benefits. DHS does acknowledge that the rule could affect a family 
member's admissibility or eligibility to adjust status in some cases, 
but notes that such effect would be a consequence of the statutory 
scheme, under which the family member is subject to the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility.
    Comment: A commenter asserted the statistics DHS used to establish 
the 18-61 age standard do not distinguish between those who are 
refugees and asylees and those who obtained legal status through a 
family or employment-based petition. The commenter added that lawful 
permanent residents who immigrate or adjust through other means are 
barred for their first five years from accessing SSI, and they are 
subject to sponsor-to-alien deeming of income thereafter. The commenter 
stated that it is inappropriate to lump this latter group of lawful 
permanent residents in with refugees and asylees, who are in fact 
encouraged to participate in Federal benefit programs, and it is 
disingenuous to use it as a basis to make age above 61 years a negative 
factor.
    Response: As discussed in the NPRM, DHS recognizes that the 
statistics provided do not distinguish the immigrant status of the 
alien, and ``the results include refugees, asylees, and other 
populations that may access public benefits but are not subject to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility.'' \569\ The SIPP data and 
DHS's analysis of this data do not examine whether the receipt of 
public benefits was authorized, and DHS did not examine program payment 
rate error information for this purpose. Notwithstanding these 
limitations, DHS believes the SIPP data on noncitizen participation is 
instructive with respect

[[Page 41404]]

to the receipt of non-cash benefits by the noncitizen population 
overall.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \569\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51160 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A few commenters stated this proposal could undermine 
access to healthcare, nutrition, and housing programs for children of 
immigrants and their aging family members. One commenter said the 
proposed consideration of age could contribute to family separations. 
The commenter added that by weighing age negatively in the totality of 
circumstances, immigrant children younger than 18 years of age are 
likely to see their green card or visa applications denied, which could 
lead to members of the same family obtaining differing immigration 
statuses, with some members unable to remain in the United States. A 
few commenters said the rule could increase family separation, which 
can cause emotional stress and trauma in children that leads to 
negative health outcomes. Another commenter cited an MPI analysis, 
which found that 45 percent of children who recently received green 
cards had two or more negative factors. The commenter added that 
depriving children, including U.S. citizens, of access to public 
benefits that would otherwise increase their families' ability to 
thrive will lead to deep stress, which studies show then in turn leads 
to reduced outcomes throughout life. A commenter indicated that being a 
child should not weigh against an individual in a public charge 
determination. The commenter stated that because children generally are 
not allowed to work, it is unlikely they could have an income or assets 
on their own equal to 125% or more of the FPG.
    Response: DHS understands that individuals, including children, 
will be impacted by this rulemaking, once effective. When codifying 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), Congress did not 
generally exempt children from the public charge inadmissibility ground 
and an alien's age is a mandatory, statutory factor that DHS must be 
considered when determining whether an alien is likely at any time in 
the future to become a public charge.\570\ Accordingly, DHS will 
consider whether the alien's age makes the alien more likely than not 
to become a public charge, such as if the alien's age affects an 
alien's ability to work. DHS understands that children are in a unique 
position in some respects, especially as it relates to employability. 
The commenter referred to the MPI's study, which attempted to measure 
the general impact of the proposed rule by examining the situations of 
recent green card recipients. The MPI study estimated that among recent 
green card recipients, about 45 percent of the children would have had 
two or more negative factors if the proposed rule had been applied to 
them.\571\ DHS appreciates the input on the potential impact. As 
indicated in the NPRM, however, DHS is not able to quantify the number 
of aliens, including children, who would possibly be denied admission 
based on a public charge determination under this rule. Again, DHS is 
qualitatively acknowledging this potential impact.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \570\ See section INA section 212(a)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(B).
    \571\ See Capps, Randy et al, ``Gauging the Impact of DHS' 
Proposed Public-Charge Rule on U.S. Immigration,'' Migration Policy 
Institute. (November 2018). Available at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/impact-dhs-public-charge-rule-immigration (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS would like to clarify, however, the following aspects of the 
inadmissibility determination in relation to children under the age of 
18: DHS understands that children may continue their education and 
obtain employment in the future. As indicated throughout this preamble, 
DHS would not make a public charge inadmissibility determination solely 
based on the age of a child. Instead, USCIS will review the support 
provided by a parent or the parents, and any other evidence addressing 
the resources and assets available to the child in the totality of the 
circumstances when determining whether the child is more likely than 
not at any time in the future to become a public charge. DHS has also 
made a number of changes and clarifications in this final rule that are 
relevant to the rule's effects on children, including (1) excluding 
receipt of Medicaid by children under age 21, and (2) clarifying that 
receipt of benefits by another beneficiary's behalf is not attributed 
to the person who received it (such as a parent or legal guardian, for 
example). DHS does not anticipate outcomes that would require family 
members to live in different countries, so long as any family members 
who have applied for an immigration benefit for which admissibility is 
required can demonstrate that they are not inadmissible.
    Overall, DHS notes that the public charge inadmissibility 
determination requires DHS to evaluate the alien child's particular 
circumstances. DHS's totality of the circumstances standard involves 
weighing all the positive and negative considerations related to an 
alien's age; health; family status; assets, resources, and financial 
status; education and skills; required affidavit of support; and any 
other factor or circumstance that may warrant consideration in the 
public charge inadmissibility determination.\572\ If the negative 
factors outweigh the positive factors, then the alien would be found 
inadmissible as likely to become a public charge; if the positive 
factors outweigh the negative factors, then the alien would not be 
found inadmissible as likely to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \572\ See 8 CFR 212.22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Age Discrimination
    Comment: Some commenters stated that rule discriminates against 
people of certain ages. Commenters stated that the age standard is not 
only discriminatory towards children, but is also logically 
inconsistent as children have a lifetime of productive years ahead of 
them. Commenters stated that adding age and disability discrimination 
into our immigration regulations would unjustly deny U.S. citizens the 
ability to reunite with, receive support from, and if necessary, 
provide support to their family members.
    Response: DHS does not agree that this rule adds discrimination 
based on age or disability. An alien's age is a mandatory factor that 
must be considered when determining whether an alien is likely to 
become a public charge in the future.\573\ Therefore, the rule includes 
this factor. As DHS noted in the NPRM, a person's age may impact his or 
her ability to legally or physically work and is therefore relevant to 
being self-sufficient, and the likelihood of becoming a public charge. 
An alien's likelihood of becoming a public charge is prospective and 
based on the totality of the alien's circumstances. If an alien's 
positive factors outweigh the negative factors, then the alien would 
not be found inadmissible as likely to become a public charge. No one 
factor, apart from the failure to submit a sufficient affidavit of 
support where required, is outcome determinative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \573\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, to the extent that this rule may result in the denial 
of some applications filed by relatives of U.S. citizens, DHS disagrees 
that this rule would deny U.S. citizens the ability to reunite with, 
and support, their families. DHS acknowledges that the rule could 
affect a family member's admissibility or eligibility for adjustment of 
status, but such effect would be a consequence of the statutory scheme, 
under which the family member is subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. This rule does not change the criteria applicable to a 
U.S. citizen filing Petition for Alien

[[Page 41405]]

Relative (Form I-130), which does not require the beneficiary's 
admissibility. This rule addresses the criteria for establishing 
eligibility for admission or adjustment of status and for demonstrating 
that the applicant is not inadmissible as likely to become a public 
charge. In other words, even if an alien may be eligible statutorily to 
be granted adjustment of status based upon the approval of a Form I-130 
filed by a U.S. citizen relative, the alien is not entitled to be 
admitted to the United States or granted adjustment,\574\ and the U.S. 
citizen is not entitled to be reunified with the applicant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \574\ See Mudric v. Att'y Gen. of U.S., 469 F.3d 94, 98 (3d Cir. 
2006) (``While an alien may be eligible for a grant of . . . 
adjustment of status under the immigration laws, he is not entitled 
to such benefits as a constitutional matter.''); see also, Matter of 
Ho, 19 I&N Dec. 582, 589 (BIA 1988) (holding that ``[a]pproval of a 
visa petition is but a preliminary step in the visa or adjustment of 
status application process, and the beneficiary is not, by mere 
approval of the petition, entitled to an immigrant visa or to 
adjustment of status.'')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

J. Health

1. Standard
    Comment: Several commenters stated that the rule perpetuates the 
``false assumption'' that a medical diagnosis is solely determinative 
of an individual's current abilities and future prospects, with some 
asserting that chronic illness is not an accurate indicator of future 
self-sufficiency and full-time employment capabilities. One commenter 
stated that this policy assumes that the presence of a physical or 
mental condition is a financial risk to the state and fails to 
recognize the significant contributions that people with chronic health 
and other conditions can and do make as professionals and community 
members. One commenter stated the that consideration of disability in 
the health factor was a per se rule that is inconsistent with the fact 
that ``health status is far from necessarily predictive of a person's 
ability to engage productively in work and other aspects of community 
life.'' Another commenter stated that DHS failed to consider that with 
access to health insurance (e.g., Medicaid), preventive medical 
treatment, and health care professionals, individuals with chronic 
medical conditions can exhibit drastic improvements in their health and 
productivity. A different commenter stated that counting conditions 
that require extensive medical treatment and/or hospitalization as 
negative factors ignores the reality that a Class A or B medical 
condition, especially a curable one, is not an accurate indicator of 
future self-sufficiency and full-time employment capabilities. 
Commenters noted that advances in medical technology could make certain 
conditions, such as HIV/AIDS more manageable in the future, with one 
noting that Type 1 Diabetes was a disabling condition in the 1950s but 
now adults and children with Type 1 Diabetes lead full, productive, and 
independent lives.
    Conversely, one commenter agreed that the proposed health factor 
approach is appropriate for public charge purposes, so long as the 
inquiry is limited to whether aliens are likely to be able to pay for 
health-related expenses for themselves and any household dependents 
without the use of public resources.
    Response: DHS recognizes that an individual with medical conditions 
may provide significant contributions to society. As established by 
Congress, an alien's health is a factor that must be considered when 
determining whether an alien is likely to become a public charge at any 
time in the future.\575\ As indicated in the NPRM, the mere presence of 
a medical condition would not render an alien inadmissible.\576\ 
Instead, DHS would consider the existence of a medical condition in 
light of the effect that such medical condition is likely to have on 
the alien's ability to provide and care for himself or herself; DHS 
will weigh such evidence in the totality of the circumstances. DHS 
officers will not be making medical determinations or determining the 
effects of the conditions. Instead, officers will review any required 
Form I-693 or applicable DOS medical examination form \577\ submitted 
in support of the application for the diagnosis of medical conditions 
according to the procedures established by HHS; \578\ or any other 
evidence of a medical condition that is likely to require extensive 
medical treatment or institutionalization after arrival, or that will 
interfere with the alien's ability to care for himself or herself, to 
attend school, or to work. The HHS regulations direct physicians 
conducting the immigration medical examinations for either Class A or 
Class B conditions to explain on the medical report ``the nature and 
extent of the abnormality; the degree to which the alien is incapable 
of normal physical activity; and the extent to which the condition is 
remediable . . . [as well as] the likelihood, that because of the 
condition, the applicant will require extensive medical care or 
institutionalization.'' \579\ In addition, the CDC Technical 
Instructions for Medical Examinations of Aliens, directs physicians to 
provide information about Class B conditions, which, although do not 
``constitute a specific excludable condition, represents a departure 
from normal health or well-being that is significant enough to possibly 
interfere with the person's ability to care for himself or herself, to 
attend school or work, or that may require extensive medical treatment 
or institutionalization in the future.'' \580\ Such an assessment would 
necessarily account for any recent advancements in treating the medical 
condition, and goes directly to the prospect of the alien being able to 
care for himself or herself and being able to attend school or go to 
work. And, of course, the alien could provide further information with 
the application.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \575\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \576\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51181-84 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \577\ This is currently the Immigrant or Refugee Application 
(Form DS-2054).
    \578\ The medical examination documentation indicates whether 
the applicant has either a Class A or a Class B medical condition. 
In addition, the alien must provide a vaccination record as part of 
the medical examination. Class A and Class B medical conditions are 
defined in the HHS regulations. See 42 CFR 34.2.
    \579\ 42 CFR 34.4(b)(2) (Class A); 42 CFR 34.4(c)(2) (Class B).
    \580\ See Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention, Required 
Evaluations--Other Physical or Mental Abnormality, Disease, or 
Disability, Technical Instructions For Medical Examination Of 
Aliens, available at https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/exams/ti/panel/technical-instructions/panel-physicians/other-physical-mental.html (last updated Nov. 23, 2016) (last visited July 
26, 2019); Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention, Required 
Evaluation Components Other Physical or Mental Abnormality, Disease 
or Disability, Technical Instructions for the Medical Examination of 
Aliens in the United States, available at https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/exams/ti/civil/technical-instructions/civil-surgeons/required-evaluation-components/other-disease-disability.html (last updated Aug. 3, 2010) (last visited July 26, 
2019). The HHS regulations require physicians conducting medical 
examinations for an alien to comply with the CDC's Technical 
Instructions for Medical Examinations of Aliens. 42 CFR 34.3(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter stated that, while health has always been a 
factor in the public charge test, the proposed rule codifies and unduly 
weighs the specific standard for evaluating an individual's health. 
Similarly, another commenter stated that the proposed rule essentially 
counts the same health status as two negative factors and also as a 
heavily weighted negative factor: Once as a negative health factor; 
again as a negative assets, resources and financial status factor; and 
then again as a heavily weighted negative factor if the non-citizen is 
uninsured. A different commenter said the combination of penalizing 
someone's medical condition

[[Page 41406]]

and negatively weighting use of benefits and services that help to 
treat that medical condition will create an insurmountable bar for many 
older adults and people living with chronic illnesses or disabilities. 
Another commenter said health and disability are factors that are 
improperly considered twice under the rubric of the proposed rule.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the review of the health factor in the 
public charge inadmissibility determination is an insurmountable bar 
for people with chronic illness or disabilities. The mere presence of a 
medical condition would not render an alien inadmissible. Instead, DHS 
would consider the existence of a medical condition in light of the 
effect that such medical condition is likely to have on the alien's 
ability to attend school or work, and weigh such evidence in the 
totality of the circumstances. As part of the assets, resources and 
financial status factor, DHS would also consider whether the alien has 
the resources to pay for associated medical costs.
    As stated in the NPRM, an alien is at high risk of becoming a 
public charge if he or she does not have the resources to pay for 
reasonably foreseeable medical costs, including costs related to a 
medical condition that is likely to require extensive medical treatment 
or institutionalization or that will interfere with the alien's ability 
to provide care for himself or herself, to attend school, or to 
work.\581\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \581\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51182 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The mere presence, however, of any one enumerated circumstance, 
would not alone be determinative. A heavily weighted factor could be 
outweighed by countervailing evidence in the totality of the 
circumstances. DHS also disagrees that it is impermissibly counting 
factors twice. DHS acknowledges that multiple factors may coincide or 
relate to each other and emphasizes that the public charge 
determination reviews all factors in the totality of the circumstances. 
Therefore, the fact that a person has a medical condition that prevents 
him or her from working or going to school and lacks private health 
insurance is considered in the totality of the circumstances without 
assigning a point system or value to various factors. Finally, as 
discussed in section III. R. of this preamble, DHS has added a heavily 
weighted positive factor for private health insurance appropriate to 
intended the duration of the alien's stay.
    Comment: Some commenters expressed concern that this aspect of the 
rule contained vague wording. One commenter stated that considering 
``any physical or mental condition'' as part of the individual's health 
is overly broad and open to interpretation. Another commenter stated 
that the rule would stretch the INA's public charge language beyond 
recognition by adding vague references to ``extensive medical 
treatment'' and ``interference'' with an individual's ability to work, 
attend school, or otherwise be self-sufficient. The commenter stated 
that the manner in which DHS proposed to consider the health of an 
immigrant in making a forward-looking public charge determination 
leaves so much room for discretion that it renders the health factor 
consideration meaningless. A different commenter objected to using the 
standard of whether a health condition ``interferes with work or 
school'' as too broad, vague, and biased against people of color who 
will be prejudiced by this generic standard. The commenter stated that 
social determinants of health are one of the main inequalities between 
whites and persons of color. A commenter said that the proposed rule's 
consideration of medical conditions ``likely'' to require extensive 
medical treatment in the future was highly speculative, and that 
medical predictions about the future are notoriously inaccurate.
    One commenter stated that, although the rule claims to use a 
physician's medical examination/report with two classes of medical 
conditions, it is vague, provides the physician with great latitude, 
and does not provide a clear definition of which medical conditions 
would be considered as a negative factor. This commenter stated that 
this suggests that any pre-existing condition may be counted against a 
green card applicant regardless of whether it will seriously undermine 
an individual's self-sufficiency.
    Some commenters provided input on the role of DHS adjudicators as 
it relates to the health factor. Several commenters questioned the 
ability of an adjudicator to determine if someone living with a chronic 
condition will be a public charge in the future. One commenter said 
authorizing DHS personnel to make projections about whether a person's 
health condition could, in the future, affect their ability to work, 
study or care for themselves or require expensive treatment invites 
unbridled speculation and discrimination against persons with 
disabilities or other observable physical conditions. Another commenter 
stated that USCIS lays out no standards for determining whether a 
disability or other serious health condition will lead the agency to 
decide whether an applicant has a ``reasonable prospect of future 
employment.'' A different commenter said the rule would authorize non-
medically trained personnel to overrule a medical professional's 
determination about whether a person's health should be a barrier to 
admission. Another commenter said immigration officials lacking any 
specialized medical knowledge would rely on hastily composed medical 
reports (frequently from medical providers who would have no 
established medical relationship with an individual) to exclude a 
noncitizen from the immigration benefit solely because of the presence 
of a particular illness or disability that may appear ``grave'' or 
``costly'' based on preconceived and often erroneous assumptions. Some 
commenters said the proposed rule discounts future advancements in 
medical science and social norms by allowing DHS officials to make 
present-day judgements about an individual's future capabilities. A 
couple of commenters stated that the rule does not provide meaningful 
guidance on permissible and impermissible considerations when factoring 
in a person's disability during a public charge inadmissibility 
finding, which leaves immigration officials with seemingly open-ended 
interpretation.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the wording regarding the health 
factor is vague and does not provide guidance on the consideration of 
disability. DHS's language mirrors the language as provided by HHS 
regulations and CDC guidance. In identifying a Class A medical 
condition, the HHS regulations direct physicians conducting the 
immigration medical examinations to explain on the medical report ``the 
nature and extent of the abnormality; the degree to which the alien is 
incapable of normal physical activity; and the extent to which the 
condition is remediable . . . [as well as] the likelihood, that because 
of the condition, the applicant will require extensive medical care or 
institutionalization.'' \582\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \582\ 42 CFR 34.4(b)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A Class B medical condition is defined as a physical or mental 
condition, disease, or disability serious in degree or permanent in 
nature.\583\ Currently, the CDC Technical Instructions for Medical 
Examinations of Aliens, which direct physicians to provide information 
about Class B conditions, describe a Class B condition as one that, 
although it does not ``constitute a specific excludable

[[Page 41407]]

condition, represents a departure from normal health or well-being that 
is significant enough to possibly interfere with the person's ability 
to care for himself or herself, to attend school or work, or that may 
require extensive medical treatment or institutionalization in the 
future.'' \584\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \583\ See 42 CFR 34.2(b)(2).
    \584\ See Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention, Required 
Evaluations--Other Physical or Mental Abnormality, Disease, or 
Disability, Technical Instructions For Medical Examination Of 
Aliens, available at https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/exams/ti/panel/technical-instructions/panel-physicians/other-physical-mental.html (last updated Nov. 23, 2016) (last visited July 
26, 2019); Ctrs. for Disease Control & Prevention, Required 
Evaluation Components Other Physical or Mental Abnormality, Disease 
or Disability, Technical Instructions for the Medical Examination of 
Aliens in the United States, available at https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/exams/ti/civil/technical-instructions/civil-surgeons/required-evaluation-components/other-disease-disability.html (last updated Aug. 3, 2010) (last visited July 26, 
2019). The HHS regulations require physicians conducting medical 
examinations for an alien to comply with the CDC's Technical 
Instructions for Medical Examinations of Aliens. See 42 CFR 34.3(i).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the NPRM,\585\ as part of the immigration medical 
examination, when identifying a Class B medical condition, civil 
surgeons and panel physicians are required to report on certain 
disabilities, including the nature and severity of the disability, its 
impact on the alien's ability to work, attend school, or otherwise 
support himself or herself, and whether the disability will require 
hospitalization or institutionalization. DHS would only consider 
disability as part of the health factor to the extent that such 
disability, in the context of the alien's individual circumstances, 
impacts the likelihood of the alien becoming a public charge; i.e., the 
rule calls for a consideration of the potential effects on the alien's 
ability to work, attend school or otherwise support himself or herself. 
Further, if an immigration medical examination by a civil surgeon or 
panel physician is required, officers will generally defer to the 
report when assessing whether an individual's medical condition will 
affect a person's ability to care for himself or herself, work, or go 
to school. DHS would generally defer to such report, unless there is 
evidence that the report is incomplete. DHS has amended the regulatory 
text consistent with this approach. Consistent with the NPRM, however, 
DHS will also permit the alien to submit other documentation regarding 
the alien's medical conditions to assess whether the alien's health 
makes the alien more likely than not to become a public charge at any 
time in the future. This should provide ample opportunity for the alien 
to provide the full context surrounding his or her health.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \585\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51181-84 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Another commenter stated that the Form I-693 medical exam 
could not be expected to detect ailments or conditions not indicated on 
Form I-693, and therefore, DHS may never be made aware of many health 
conditions among future applicants and petitioners. The commenter 
further indicated that an individual could delay seeking treatment for 
a condition, and could delay application for Medicaid or Medicare until 
after naturalizing. Another commenter expressed concern that the list 
of medical conditions included in the Form I-693 medical exam may be 
subject to additions after finalization of the proposed rule 
threatening the hard-won progress towards ending many epidemics in the 
United States.
    Response: DHS's general reference for review of the health factor 
is the Form I-693. Civil surgeons test for Class A and Class B 
conditions and report the findings on the Form I-693, as directed by 
the CDC Technical Instructions; an officer would review the civil 
surgeon's findings in the totality of the circumstances. However, DHS 
would also take into consideration any additional medical records or 
related information provided by the alien to clarify any medical 
condition included on the medical form or other information that may 
outweigh any negative factors. Such documentation may include, for 
instance, a licensed doctor's attestation of prognosis and treatment of 
a medical condition. DHS would consider the evidence in the totality of 
the circumstances. DHS acknowledges that this approach is imperfect, 
but believes that it appropriately implements the statute in the 
context of adjudicators' limited expertise.
    Comment: A commenter said the rule's inclusion of Class B medical 
conditions as impacting admissibility is an impermissible use of 
regulatory power. Specifically, the commenter said the proposed rule 
seeks to create a new ground of inadmissibility by finding those who 
are not inadmissible under section 212(a)(1) of the Act, inadmissible 
under section 212(a)(4) of the Act and is attempting to substitute 
medical determinations by congressionally enabled civil surgeons and 
panel physicians with its own determination about medical 
inadmissibility.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter that considering Class B 
medical conditions as part of the public charge determination is an 
impermissible use of regulatory authority. As part of the public charge 
determination, Congress directed agencies to consider, among other 
factors, the health of the alien.\586\ As explained in the NPRM,\587\ 
prior to Congress establishing health as a factor for the public charge 
determination, the courts, the BIA and INS had also held that a 
person's physical and mental condition was of major significance to the 
public charge determination, generally in relation to the ability to 
earn a living.\588\ Accordingly, DHS proposed that when considering an 
alien's health, DHS will consider whether the alien has any physical or 
mental condition that, although not considered a condition or disorder 
that would render the alien inadmissible under the health-related 
ground of inadmissibility,\589\ is significant enough to interfere with 
the person's ability to care for himself or herself or to attend school 
or work, or that is likely to require extensive medical treatment or 
institutionalization in the future. USCIS-designated civil surgeons and 
DOS-designated panel physicians examine whether an alien has a 
condition that renders the alien inadmissible on medical grounds (a 
Class A medical condition according HHS regulation) \590\ or whether 
the alien has a medical condition that is significant enough to 
interfere with the person's ability to take care of himself or herself, 
to attend school or to work and would likely receive extensive medical 
treatment (a Class B condition).\591\ If the alien is required to

[[Page 41408]]

undergo an immigration medical examination, USCIS will generally defer 
to the findings from the civil surgeon or panel physician made in the 
immigration medical examination report (unless the report appears 
incomplete) in regard to the determination of the medical condition and 
its impact on the person's ability to take care of himself or herself, 
to attend school or to work, or whether the condition requires medical 
treatment. USCIS may also use other evidence of medical conditions in 
the alien's file.\592\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \586\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182.
    \587\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51181-84 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \588\ See, e.g., Matter of Martinez-Lopez, 10 I&N Dec. 409, 421-
23 (Att'y Gen. 1964); see also Matter of A-, 19 I&N Dec. 867, 869 
(Comm'r 1988) (citing Matter of Harutunian, 14 I&N Dec. 583 (Reg'l 
Comm'r 1974); Matter of Vindman, 16 I&N Dec. 131 (Reg'l Comm'r 
1977)).
    \589\ See INA section 212(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(1).
    \590\ See INA section 212(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(1).
    \591\ A Class B condition is defined as a physical or mental 
condition disease or disability serious in degree or permanent in 
nature. See 42 CFR 34.2(b)(2). The Technical Instructions for the 
Medical Examination of Aliens directs physicians to provide 
information about Class B conditions in the medical forms submitted 
as part of the immigration benefits application. See Ctrs. for 
Disease Control & Prevention, Required Evaluations--Other Physical 
or Mental Abnormality, Disease, or Disability, Technical 
Instructions For Medical Examination Of Aliens, available at https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/exams/ti/panel/technical-instructions/panel-physicians/other-physical-mental.html (last 
updated Nov. 23, 2016) (last visited July 26, 2019); Ctrs. for 
Disease Control & Prevention, Required Evaluation Components Other 
Physical or Mental Abnormality, Disease or Disability, Technical 
Instructions for the Medical Examination of Aliens in the United 
States, available at https://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/exams/ti/civil/technical-instructions/civil-surgeons/required-evaluation-components/other-disease-disability.html (last updated 
Aug. 3, 2010) (last visited July 26, 2019). The HHS regulations 
require physicians conducting medical examinations for an alien to 
comply with the CDC's Technical Instructions for Medical 
Examinations of Aliens. 42 CFR 34.3(i).
    \592\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(2)(ii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Health and Disability Discrimination
    Comment: A commenter said the inclusion of ``interfere[nce] with 
the alien's ability to provide and care for him- or herself'' at 8 CFR 
212.22(b)(2)(i) in the NPRM also raises concerns under Olmstead v. 
L.C., 527 U.S. 581 (1999), which recognized that the Americans with 
Disabilities Act (ADA) mandate provides people with disabilities a life 
in the most integrated setting appropriate to their needs. Relatedly, a 
commenter stated that the proposed rule codifies discriminatory 
standards for evaluating a noncitizen's health and may be in violation 
of the ADA. The commenter also indicated that individuals with 
disabilities who would have been institutionalized before Olmstead live 
at home with their families, go to school, and hold jobs even though 
they cannot solely care for themselves. Therefore, the commenter 
indicated that the ``ability to care for oneself'' factor excludes many 
people who are not public charges and is likely to generate the kind of 
discrimination that Olmstead seeks to prevent.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter's assertion that the 
rule, as proposed, would generate the kind of discrimination that 
Olmstead sought to prevent. In Olmstead, the Court held that, in 
accordance with Title II of the ADA, and under the implementing 
regulations, states are required to provide community-based treatment 
for persons with mental disabilities when the State's treatment 
professionals determine that such placement is appropriate, the 
affected persons do not oppose such treatment, and the placement can be 
reasonably accommodated, taking into account the resources available to 
the State and the needs of others with mental disabilities.\593\ At 
issue was whether the state interpreted the reasonable accommodation 
provision properly or incorrectly continued to institutionalize the 
plaintiff because community placement would have been costly.\594\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \593\ Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel. Zimring, 527 U.S. 581, 607 
(1999).
    \594\ See Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel. Zimring, 527 U.S. 581, 598 
(1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Title II of the ADA does not govern DHS's actions in this context. 
In addition, unlike in the ADA provision and the regulatory provision 
discussed in Olmstead, Congress did not single out disability in 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act. As explained in the NPRM,\595\ DHS has 
carefully considered the interaction between various federal laws and 
regulations with respect to discrimination and determined that 
considering, as part of the health factor, an applicant's disability 
diagnosis, in the context of the alien's individual circumstances and 
how it affects his or her ability to work, attend school, or otherwise 
care for himself or herself, is not inconsistent with these laws. The 
alien's disability is treated just like any other medical condition 
that affects an alien's likelihood, in the totality of the 
circumstances, of becoming a public charge--it is neither singled out 
nor treated differently and, within the totality of the circumstances, 
is also not the sole basis for an inadmissibility finding.\596\ 
Similarly, DHS does not single out or treat differently any one health-
related or medical condition over another but has continuously 
emphasized that all factors will have to be considered in the totality 
of the alien's circumstances and that no one factor is determinative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \595\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51184 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \596\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51184 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters expressed concern that the proposed 
changes would be discriminatory against or penalize immigrants based on 
their health status, particularly those with chronic health conditions 
and disabilities and the elderly. One commenter noted that ``[w]hile it 
is illegal to discriminate against someone on the basis of disability, 
the proposed rule encourages this form of discrimination, and furthers 
the idea that some people are more worthy than others.'' A commenter 
expressed that individuals with the misfortune of suffering serious 
health issues or living with a disability will be at risk of a high 
rate of application denials under this proposed rule. One commenter 
stated this rule would discriminate against individuals with chronic 
health conditions such as heart disease, which tend to 
disproportionally impact communities of color. One commenter noted that 
the very definition of disability, a condition that `` `interferes' 
with a person's ability to do such things as go to school or work,'' 
means that ``virtually every person with a health condition affecting 
her or his life could be deemed a public charge, no matter how well the 
person has coped with the condition.'' A couple of commenters warned 
that the discrimination against individuals with disabilities would 
have the unintended consequence of splitting up families, even in an 
asylum seeking application, or penalizing family members providing 
support for individuals with disabilities.
    Several commenters stated that the rule penalizes and discriminates 
against individuals with serious medical conditions, such as cancer, 
cystic fibrosis, multiple sclerosis, heart, lung disease. Commenters 
also stated that, under this proposed policy, an individual cancer 
survivor would be penalized, regardless of the individual's type of 
cancer, period of survivorship, or long-term health outcome, which is 
discriminatory. An individual commenter said the classification of 
arthritis and heart disease as serious health conditions seems overly 
exaggerated and extreme, since almost 50 percent of individuals over 65 
have doctor reported arthritis and healthy lifestyle can help reduce 
the negative consequences of heart disease.
    Multiple commenters said the proposal would equate any person with 
a serious health condition as effectively having a ``pre-existing 
condition'' that disqualifies them for immigration, asserting that this 
would have a profound impact on racial and ethnic minorities who, 
because of many social determinants of health, disproportionately 
experience a number of chronic conditions (with many citing studies as 
support). One commenter pointed to studies indicating that social 
determinants of health are one of the main inequalities between whites 
and persons of color.
    Numerous commenters expressed general concern about the rule's 
negative effects on aliens with disabilities and their families. Many 
commenters also expressed concern over the negative assessments that 
individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, 
psychiatric disabilities, or physical disabilities would receive under 
the ``health'' factor in public charge determination. The commenters 
indicated that the rule

[[Page 41409]]

discriminates against immigrants with disabilities because a range of 
medical conditions that constitute disabilities, as well as the 
existence of a disability, would be unduly weighted in the 
determination of whether an immigrant is likely to become a public 
charge. Multiple commenters remarked that individuals with disabilities 
often lack private health insurance and are currently using or recently 
used Medicaid, which are two heavily weighted negative factors. Other 
commenters expressed concern that the rule's health standard is 
overbroad, specifically in its inclusion of individuals with chronic 
health conditions, like heart disease, cancer, trauma, mental 
disorders, and pulmonary conditions, and potentially individuals who 
may need Individualized Education Plans to study or reasonable 
accommodations to work. Some commenters stated that the rule would 
perpetuate the false notion that a medical diagnosis is solely 
determinative of an individual's current abilities and future 
capabilities.
    Response: DHS neither proposed to exclude from the United States 
individuals who have specific health conditions, nor sought to 
disproportionally impact communities of color or people with 
disabilities. DHS is required by statute to consider in the totality of 
the circumstances whether any health condition an alien may have would 
make the alien likely to become a public charge. This determination 
takes into account any health condition in the context of the alien's 
ability to support himself or herself and like all of the mandatory 
factors, is highly fact-specific; i.e., dependent on the alien's 
precise circumstances. For example, an alien may have a health 
condition that does not impact the alien's ability to work or secure 
employment or constitute a drain on the alien's financial resources, 
and therefore such health condition would not make the alien likely to 
become a public charge. Similarly, an alien may have a health condition 
that if unmanaged would affect the alien's ability to work but if 
successfully managed would not impact the alien's ability to work or 
find employment or constitute a drain on the alien's financial 
resources. In those cases, USCIS would look at whether the alien has or 
is likely to obtain private health insurance or any other means to pay 
for medical treatment. Finally, even if an alien has a health condition 
that precludes employment, if the alien has the financial means to pay 
for medical treatment and is able to be self-sufficient without 
working, then the alien may not be likely to become a public charge.
    Comment: A commenter stated the rule should require immigration 
officials to take the letter and spirit of federal anti-discrimination 
laws into account when determining public charge. Multiple commenters 
stated that the rule ``disfavor[s] people with disabilities in the 
public charge analysis,'' and will deem, inappropriately, people with 
disabilities, who contribute to the economy, public charges.
    Several commenters stated that the rule is contrary to decades of 
bipartisan congressional lawmaking regarding disability inclusion, 
including the ADA, Section 1551 of the ACA, Fair Housing Act, and the 
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Rehab Act). A few commenters, in 
particular, warned that the rule would echo the types of bias and 
archaic attitudes about disability that the Rehab Act was meant to 
overcome. One commenter stated that, while the proposed changes to the 
totality of circumstances would especially affect people with 
disabilities, excluding them from the United States by claiming they 
are more likely to need government assistance, the Rehab Act makes it 
unlawful to discriminate against anyone on the basis of disability, 
whether or not they are a citizen. Some commenters stated that the 
proposed rule's broad reading of the statutory health and resources 
factors for public charge determinations are inconsistent with Section 
504's prohibition on disability-based discrimination.
    One commenter stated that the rule is inconsistent with the intent 
of the 1990 amendments to the INA, which ensured that individuals were 
not deemed inadmissible based on their disability status by deleting 
the prior grounds of exclusion for, among others, paupers and those 
with a physical disability. The same commenter stated that the rule is 
also contradictory to Section 504's bar on disability-based 
discrimination in DHS's programs and activities.
    A couple of commenters stated that the rule would violate the 
Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act. One 
commenter noted that ``that further clarification is needed explaining 
precisely how DHS will consider certain factors like a disability ``to 
the extent that such disability . . . would entail consideration of the 
potential effects on the alien's ability to work, attend school or 
otherwise support himself or herself.'' Other commenters stated that 
the rule needs to make accommodations for individuals with disabilities 
and that the proposed rule ``reflects the types of bias and ``archaic 
attitudes'' about disabilities that the Rehab Act was meant to 
overcome.'' Other commenters stated that the proposed rule 
discriminates against individuals with disabilities. An individual 
commenter stated that, while DHS states that the impact of using health 
as a factor in determining if they will become a public charge would 
not violate IDEA or the ADA, it is hard to see how DHS actually thinks 
that will happen given that a disability is concretely being deemed a 
negative factor which needs to be ``rectified'' by ability to work. 
This and other commenters said DHS's interpretation seems to violate 6 
CFR 15.30(b)(1)(i) by denying a benefit on the basis of disability.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the comments stating that the rule 
discriminates against individuals with disabilities or those with 
specific medical conditions. As noted in the NPRM, in enacting section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), Congress required DHS to 
consider, as part of the public charge inadmissibility determination, 
an alien's health. Although Congress has, over time, significantly 
reduced the prohibitions on immigration for persons with mental and 
physical disabilities and also amended PRWORA to restore the ability of 
certain aliens with disabilities to receive certain public assistance, 
such as SSI,\597\ Congress has never correspondingly prohibited the 
application of the public charge inadmissibility ground to aliens with 
disabilities who receive, or are likely to receive, disability benefits 
for which they are eligible.\598\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \597\ See generally Mark C. Weber, Opening the Golden Door: 
Disability and the Law of Immigration, by 8 Journal of Gender, Race, 
and Justice at pp. 4-5, 8 (Spring 2004) (discussing historical 
changes in 1986 and 1990 immigration laws that removed various 
prohibitions on aliens with mental and physical disabilities, unless 
they represented a threat to themselves or others; describing 
restoration of SSI disability benefits to aliens who had been 
receiving them before Aug. 22, 1996). See also John F. Stanton, The 
Immigration Laws from a Disability Perspective: Where We Were, Where 
We Are, Where We Should Be, 10 Geo. Immigr. L. J. 441 (Spring, 1996) 
(pre-PRWORA analysis).
    \598\ Congress did permit a waiver of INA section 212(a)(4), 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), for aliens seeking lawful permanent resident 
status under the legalization provision of the Immigration Reform 
and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) if they met the age, blindness, or 
disability standards for SSI. See INA section 245A(d)(2)(B)(ii)(IV), 
8 U.S.C. 1255a(d)(2)(B)(ii)(IV).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As noted in the NPRM, this rule is not inconsistent with federal 
statutes and regulations with respect to discrimination against aliens 
with disabilities, as an alien's disability is

[[Page 41410]]

treated just as any other medical condition that affects an alien's 
likelihood, in the totality of the circumstances, of becoming a public 
charge. A diagnosis of a disability is related to an alien's health, 
and therefore is properly considered as part of the public charge 
analysis.
    An alien's health is not outcome determinative--that is, an alien's 
health cannot be the sole basis for a finding that an alien is 
inadmissible as likely to become a public charge. As such, a diagnosis 
that an alien has a disability, alone, will never result in a public 
charge inadmissibility finding. As with any other medical condition 
identified in the alien's application and supporting documentation, the 
alien's disability will be considered in the totality of the 
circumstances framework. An alien with a disability will neither be 
treated differently nor singled out, and the disability itself would 
not be the sole basis for an inadmissibility finding. In other words, 
as with any other mandated factor and consideration in the public 
charge inadmissibility determination, DHS would look at each of the 
mandatory factors, and the affidavit of support, if required, as well 
as all other relevant factors in the totality of the circumstances. 
Therefore, consideration of a disability in the context of the totality 
of circumstances does not violate the Rehabilitation Act's prohibition 
on denying a benefit ``solely by reason of [an applicant's] 
disability.'' \599\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \599\ 29 U.S.C. 794(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Likewise, DHS does not believe the rule is in violation of or 
inconsistent with the other cited authorities. For example, the rule is 
not inconsistent with the regulation that prohibits DHS from denying 
benefits to a ``qualified individual with a disability . . . by reason 
of his or her disability.'' \600\ Public charge determinations will be 
made based on the totality of circumstances and not on the basis of a 
disability, and the regulatory definition of a ``qualified individual 
with a disability'' requires a person to ``meet the essential 
eligibility requirements.'' \601\ The essential requirements in the 
context of admission and adjustment of status require that an applicant 
not be likely at any time in the future to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \600\ 6 CFR 15.30(a). See also 6 CFR 15.30(b)(1)(i) (prohibiting 
denying a benefit ``on the basis of a disability'').
    \601\ 6 CFR 15.3(e)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS does not believe the rule is inconsistent with the 1990 
amendments to the INA and its revision of the prior grounds of 
exclusion with the grounds of inadmissibility. The rule is not 
recreating the prior grounds of excludability that, prior to 1990, 
included persons certified to have a ``physical defect, disease, or 
disability'' who is required to work.\602\ Rather, the rule is 
providing guidance to the public charge inadmissibility ground as it 
has existed since the 1990 amendments to the INA.\603\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \602\ See section 212(a)(7) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(7) 
(1988).
    \603\ See Immigration Act of 1990, Public Law 101-649, section 
601, 110 Stat. 4978, 5072 (Nov. 29, 1990).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As to the comment that the public charge inadmissibility rule 
violates the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights 
Act of 2000 (DD Act) (42 U.S.C. 15001 et seq.),\604\ the statute was 
enacted to ensure that individuals with developmental disabilities and 
their families ``participate in the design of and have access to needed 
community services, individualized supports, and other forms of 
assistance that promote self-determination, independence, productivity, 
and integration and inclusion in all facets of community life, through 
culturally competent programs. . . '' \605\ The programs within the DD 
Act are funded through congressional appropriations for the 
Administration for Community Living, which are not related to Medicaid 
or TANF appropriations or other federal benefit programs covered by the 
proposed public charge rule. The State Councils on Developmental 
Disabilities, Protection and Advocacy Systems, University Centers of 
Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, and Projects of National 
Significance participate in capacity building, systems change, 
advocacy, protect legal and human rights of people with developmental 
disabilities, conduct research, provide inter-disciplinary training for 
students and fellows, leadership training, direct support services 
training, community based training, and clinical or other training to 
strengthen the workforce that serves individuals with developmental 
disabilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \604\ Public Law 106-402, 114 Stat. 1677 (Oct. 30, 2000).
    \605\ Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The DD Act is intended for all individuals with developmental 
disabilities and their families regardless of immigration status.\606\ 
The DD Act states that: ``there is a need to ensure that services, 
supports, and other assistance are provided in a culturally competent 
manner that ensures that individuals from racial and ethnic minority 
backgrounds are fully included in all activities provided under this 
title.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \606\ See INA section 101(b) and 101(c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on the language in the DD Act, DHS believes that services 
under the DD Act are not public benefits as defined in the rule, 
because all individuals with developmental disabilities, without regard 
to income, are eligible for services that the DD Act allows.
    DHS further does not believe that the rule violates the DD Act. 
While the policy of the DD Act is to offer protections and advocacy to 
individuals with developmental disabilities, and while the services 
provided pursuant to the DD Act would not make an individual a public 
charge, DHS does not believe the DD Act would govern DHS's public 
charge determination regarding other benefits. The DD Act is silent 
regarding the issue of whether an individual can be considered a public 
charge based upon receipt of services that do not fall under the DD 
Act. Other HHS disability and aging statutes and programs such as the 
Traumatic Brain Injury Act, Limb Loss Act, Older Americans Act, and the 
Christopher and Dana Reeves Paralysis Act do not receive Medicaid or 
Medicare funds and do not have restrictions on immigration or 
citizenship status.
    Comment: Some commenters suggested that the USCIS should estimate 
the extent to which any regulatory changes will impact the number of 
otherwise eligible applicants with disabilities when compared to the 
current and historical baselines, and then reconsider other less 
harmful alternatives.
    Response: As indicated in the NPRM, DHS would only consider 
disability as part of the health factor to the extent that such 
disability, in the context of the alien's individual circumstances, 
impacts the likelihood of the alien becoming a public charge.\607\ 
Although a study of the correlations between different disabilities and 
the array of positive and negative factors were not included in the 
text of the rule, DHS understands that those correlations may exist and 
may also be affected by the type and severity of the disability. 
However, DHS would not distinguish between Medicaid recipients who are 
disabled from those who are not disabled. Instead, DHS would look to 
the information provided in the medical certification as to whether it 
would affect the person's ability to work or attend school. DHS 
provided estimates of benefit use by an array of characteristics in the 
NPRM, and does

[[Page 41411]]

not believe additional tables for disability are needed in the 
justification for the rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \607\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51183 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Numerous commenters cited to the impact on individuals 
with disabilities and children with disabilities. Many commenters cited 
the statistic that roughly 2.6 million children in immigrant families 
have a disability or special healthcare need. Numerous commenters 
asserted that children with special health and developmental needs 
require medical, behavioral, and educational services above and beyond 
typical children, which makes immigrant families vulnerable to economic 
hardship. Many commenters cited the fact that children with 
disabilities are more likely to live in low-income households 
experiencing food insecurity and housing instability. Multiple 
commenters concluded that access to Medicaid is uniquely critical, as 
children with disabilities rely on the public health coverage for 
occupational, physical, or speech therapies and prescription drugs. One 
commenter stated that, although there is a Medicaid exception for 
foreign-born children adopted by U.S. citizens, there is not one for 
special needs children that are foreign-born with immigrant parents. 
One commenter stated that individuals with disabilities will be 
uniquely affected by the rule because of the inclusion of Medicaid-
funded services, including services in the home and in communities, and 
will be disproportionately impacted by the inclusion of housing and 
food assistance programs.
    Response: DHS appreciates the numerous programs that provide 
services to individuals with disabilities. As discussed in the 
NPRM,\608\ as part of the immigration medical examination, when 
identifying a Class B medical condition, civil surgeons and panel 
physicians are required to report on certain disabilities, including 
the nature and severity of the disability, its impact on the alien's 
ability to work, attend school, or otherwise support himself or 
herself, and whether the disability will require hospitalization or 
institutionalization. DHS would only consider disability as part of the 
health factor to the extent that such disability, in the context of the 
alien's individual circumstances, impacts the likelihood of the alien 
becoming a public charge; i.e., a consideration of the potential 
effects on the alien's ability to work, attend school, or otherwise 
support himself or herself.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \608\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51182-84 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the NPRM,\609\ DHS has determined that considering, 
as part of the health factor, an applicant's disability diagnosis that, 
in the context of the alien's individual circumstances, affects his or 
her ability to work, attend school, or otherwise care for himself or 
herself, is not inconsistent with federal statutes and regulations with 
respect to discrimination, as the alien's disability is treated just as 
any other medical condition that affects an alien's likelihood, in the 
totality of the circumstances, of becoming a public charge. Under the 
totality of the circumstances framework, an alien with a disability is 
not being treated differently, or singled out, and the disability 
itself would not be the sole basis for an inadmissibility finding. DHS 
would look at each of the mandatory factors, and the affidavit of 
support, if required, as well as all other factors in the totality of 
the circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \609\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51182-84 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Therefore, an applicant's disability could not be the sole basis 
for a public charge inadmissibility finding. In addition, DHS 
recognizes that the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, IDEA, and other laws 
provide important protections for individuals with disabilities, 
including with respect to employment opportunities. Furthermore, as it 
relates to a determination of inadmissibility under section 212(a)(4) 
of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), when the alien is applying for the 
immigration benefit, DHS does not stand in the position of an employer 
or school where additional provisions of the ADA and Rehab Act or IDEA 
would apply.
    Comment: Numerous commenters expressed concern about the impact 
this rule would have on individuals living with HIV/AIDS. A commenter 
said most applicants with HIV will automatically have two heavily 
weighted negative factors: Having a health condition without private 
insurance to cover the cost of treatment and receiving a public benefit 
in the form of Medicaid. Some commenters expressed concern that, 
because treatment is prohibitively expensive unless subsidized by 
government programs, these individuals would be subjected to additional 
constraints regarding the enrollment of health insurance (i.e., they 
would be forced into buying non-subsidized medical coverage, which does 
not typically cover anti-retroviral therapy, or buying additional 
coverage due to lack of adequate coverage from their government-
subsidized plan). Multiple commenters said immigrants with HIV will 
potentially forego subsidized healthcare treatment due to this rule, 
resulting in substantial negative health outcomes, not only to affected 
individuals but also the community at large. Multiple commenters stated 
that reports are already emerging of individuals who are considering 
waiting to begin life-saving treatment in the belief that this will 
ensure their eligibility.
    Several commenters stated that the rule sends the signal that 
individuals with HIV/AIDS and other chronic health conditions are 
``undesirable.'' A couple of commenters said the proposal will create a 
``backdoor means'' of excluding those with HIV from the United States 
by classifying HIV/AIDS as a Class B medical condition that can be used 
as a negative factor in determining public charge. Some commenters said 
the inclusion of HIV as a negatively weighted factor undoes 
congressional intent in removing HIV as a ground of inadmissibility and 
draws disturbing parallels to the 1987 HIV travel and immigration ban 
overturned in 2010.\610\ A commenter said the rule could operate as a 
de facto ban on admission of HIV positive immigrants because it would 
be difficult for an HIV positive noncitizen to withstand the revised 
public charge analysis. This commenter also said the de facto ban on 
HIV positive noncitizens runs against the stated goal of the Trump 
Administration to lead a global effort against HIV/AIDS and undermines 
U.S. leadership in this area.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \610\ 74 FR 56547 (Nov. 2, 2009) (removing HIV from the list of 
communicable diseases of public health significance at 42 CFR 34.2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many commenters said the rule ignores the reality that suffering 
from a chronic illness such as HIV/AIDS is not an accurate indicator of 
future self-sufficiency and full-time employment capabilities. One 
commenter stated that a large portion of people living with HIV/AIDS 
have incomes below the poverty line, which is not due to their 
inability to work due to health conditions, but rather due to the 
continued stigma of HIV/AIDS on people's ability to get work.
    Another commenter stated that the disproportionate negative impact 
on people living with HIV/AIDS will also cause a disproportionate 
negative impact on LGBT immigrants who apply for admission to the 
United States because they account for a large portion of the HIV 
diagnoses.
    For similar reasons expressed above relating to HIV, some 
commenters expressed concerns about the rule's impact on individuals 
with Hepatitis B

[[Page 41412]]

and Hepatitis C. One commenter said the proposed rule would undermine 
its approach, as a State agency, to combating HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C.
    Response: As indicated in the NPRM,\611\ DHS will consider any 
medical condition diagnosed in the totality of the circumstances. The 
fact that an alien has been diagnosed with a medical condition would 
not serve as the sole factor considered when determining whether an 
alien is likely at any time in the future to become a public 
charge.\612\ The consideration entails whether, in light of the alien's 
health, the alien will be able to care for himself or herself, to 
attend school, or to work.\613\ Relatedly, as part of the assets, 
resources and financial status factor, DHS would consider whether the 
alien either has sufficient household assets and resources, including 
but not limited to private health insurance, to cover any reasonably 
foreseeable medical costs.\614\ The rule does not focus on any specific 
medical condition and people living with certain conditions may still 
be able to care for themselves, attend school, or go to work,\615\ 
which the medical professional would be able to affirm in the medical 
certification.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \611\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51183 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \612\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51183 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \613\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51183 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \614\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51183 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \615\ See HIV.gov, Aging with HIV available at https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/living-well-with-hiv/taking-care-of-yourself/aging-with-hiv (last visited January 17, 2019); and HIV.gov, Working 
with HIV, available at https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/living-well-with-hiv/taking-care-of-yourself/employment-and-health (last visited 
January 17, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

K. Family Status

    Comment: Several commenters requested family size be removed from 
consideration as a public charge. One commenter indicated that the 
proposal would be harmful to families, including all members of the 
nuclear family, and may prohibit nuclear families from immigrating.
    A few commenters voiced concerns about the statement that the 
applicant's household size would be counted in both the family status 
factor and the assets, resources, and financial status factor, claiming 
the rule has the potential to double-count negative factors. Another 
commenter stated that family status should not count as a negative 
factor if an immigrant has sufficient income and resources.
    Conversely, a commenter expressed support for considering the size 
of an alien's household as the primary element of the family status 
factor, adding that this factor appropriately involves the assessment 
of whether an alien has a household to support, or is being supported 
by another household, when calculating the alien's household size. The 
commenter also stated that the NPRM correctly notes research showing 
that receipt of non-cash benefits increases as family size increases.
    Response: DHS is required by statute to consider an applicant's 
family status when determining whether the alien is likely at any time 
in the future to become a public charge.\616\ As discussed in the NPRM, 
DHS will consider whether the alien has a household to support or 
whether the alien is being supported by another household and whether 
the alien's household size makes the alien more or less likely to 
become a public charge.\617\ The receipt of non-cash benefits generally 
increases as family size increases \618\ and is relevant to assessing 
self-sufficiency. Therefore, DHS will retain the household size as a 
consideration in the public charge inadmissibility determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \616\ See 8 CFR 212.2; see also INA section 
212(a)(4)(B)(i)(III), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B)(i)(III).
    \617\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51184 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \618\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51184-85 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS does not provide sufficient 
data or explanation for stakeholders to meaningfully comment on the way 
it will evaluate family status in a public charge determination, so the 
requirement to provide sufficient notice under the APA has not been 
met. A few commenters stated that the rule fails to provide any 
evidence that larger household sizes results in lack of self-
sufficiency, pointing to research showing that household size, by 
itself, is not an indicator of future public benefit use or self-
sufficiency. Another commenter said an extended family structure offers 
many advantages, including stability, coherence, and physical and 
psychological support, particularly in times of need and should not be 
counted as a negative factor.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the NPRM does not provide data or an 
explanation about family status. The NPRM states that ``Table 16 and 
Table 17 show that among both U.S. citizens and noncitizens, the 
receipt of non-cash benefits generally increased as family size 
increased.'' \619\ Based on that data, DHS would consider the number of 
people in a household as defined in the proposed 8 CFR 212.21(d). As 
with the other factors, household size, on its own, would never dictate 
the outcome of a public charge inadmissibility determination. Household 
size is also not an inherently negative factor under DHS's regulations, 
as certain commenters indicate. If an alien demonstrates that the 
alien's household structure and members offer advantages that decrease 
the alien's likelihood of receiving one or more public benefits at any 
time in the future above the 12 aggregate months in a 36-month period 
threshold, then DHS will consider household size a positive factor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \619\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51184 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The rule also permits consideration of the alien's family status 
within the context of assessing the alien's household income, assets, 
and resources instead of simply the alien's own income, assets, and 
resources. Therefore, an alien may present evidence of how the alien's 
household provides advantages relevant to consideration under income, 
assets, and resources and makes the alien less likely at any time to 
become a public charge. For instance, an alien who is part of a large 
family may have more household assets and resources available to use or 
may have his or her own income or access to additional assets and 
resources that would assist in supporting the household. DHS would take 
these family status-related considerations into account when examining 
the totality of the alien's circumstances.
    Comment: A commenter expressed concern for how family status could 
impact families that have a member with chronic conditions because 
family members would be spending a significantly higher proportion of 
their income and resources on the family member with that condition, 
which under the proposed rule would be weighted as a negative factor 
against those families.
    Response: DHS recognizes that chronic conditions may impact a 
person's income availability. However, an applicant's family status is 
a factor that must be considered when determining whether the alien is 
likely to become a public charge in the future.\620\ As explained in 
the NPRM, DHS's proposed totality of the circumstances standard would 
involve weighing all the positive and negative considerations related 
to an alien's age; health; family status; assets, resources, and 
financial status; education and skills; required affidavit of support; 
and any other factor or circumstance that may warrant consideration in 
the public charge inadmissibility determination.

[[Page 41413]]

However, DHS would not consider the medical conditions of a member of 
the alien's household. DHS would only consider the household size in 
relationship to the FPG level for the assets, resources and financial 
status factor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \620\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Regardless of household size, an alien may present other factors 
(e.g., assets, resources, financial status, education, and skills) that 
weigh for or against a finding that the alien is likely to become a 
public charge. For instance, an alien who is part of a large household 
may have his or her own income or access to additional assets and 
resources that would assist in supporting the household which would 
also be considered in the totality of the circumstances.
    Comment: One commenter said this rule would punish applicants who 
have larger families, thus creating another disincentive to have 
children. Another commenter stated the rule would discriminate against 
immigrants from countries whose cultural or religious traditions 
encourage larger and multi-generational families, disregarding whether 
such interdependence was required or recognized by law. Similarly, a 
commenter suggested that Asian Americans would be most affected by this 
rule because they are the most likely to live in multigenerational 
homes. Another commenter said this aspect of the proposed rule would 
have the greatest impact on applicants from Mexico and Central America 
(71 percent), Africa (69 percent), and Asia (52 percent)--regions that 
typically account for substantial numbers of Muslim immigrants. The 
commenter stated this aspect would have substantially lower impacts on 
European or Canadian applicants. One commenter stated that DHS has not 
adequately analyzed the adverse impact this proposal would have on 
families seeking lawful permanent residence for a spouse or a child. 
One commenter asked if DHS would consider it more beneficial to be 
single and unmarried than to be in a committed relationship with 
children and/or parents living with the family.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments but disagrees that the rule 
punishes people with larger families. As discussed in the NPRM, DHS 
will consider whether the alien has a household to support, or whether 
the alien is being supported by another household and whether the 
alien's household size makes the alien more or less likely to become a 
public charge.\621\ As previously indicated Congress established that 
family status would be a factor in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination.\622\ Having a larger family does not necessarily lead to 
a conclusion that the person is likely to be a public charge. The 
household may have multiple sources of income that increase the income, 
assets, and resources of the household allowing the person and 
household to be self-sufficient. Alternatively, a single person may or 
may not have additional income, assets, or resources to be self-
sufficient. While the receipt of non-cash benefits generally increases 
as family size increases as discussed in the NPRM,\623\ DHS will never 
determine that a person is likely to become a public charge based on 
family size alone. DHS recognizes that family status can also have 
positive benefits and would take all relevant factors into account when 
assessing the totality of the circumstances regarding the alien's 
likelihood to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \621\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51184 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \622\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(i)(III), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(B)(i)(III).
    \623\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51184-85 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

L. Assets, Resources, and Financial Status

1. Income Standard
    Comment: Multiple commenters expressed general concern that the 
income assessment would penalize low-income immigrants. One commenter 
said that the income threshold is arbitrary. Using hypotheticals to 
illustrate that someone seeking to adjust status might still be found 
to be likely to become a public charge despite minimal use of benefits 
and adequate family support, a commenter stated that having a low 
income and multiple negative or heavily weighted negative factors had 
no clear correlation to self-sufficiency, and that the rule slanted 
toward denials. One commenter stated that the assets, resources, and 
financial status factors are not realistic given the realities of low-
wage work. Another commenter said that the proposed assets, resources, 
and financial status factor ignores the cultural and economic value of 
immigrants. Several commenters stated that having an income threshold 
is in conflict with the American ideal of upward mobility. Other 
commenters stated that the proposed income threshold of 125 percent of 
the FPG lacked rational basis in that the affidavit of support standard 
is unconnected with the likelihood of an applicant becoming a public 
charge and relates to whether the sponsor can support someone else 
rather than themselves. An individual commenter said the proposed rule 
would affect spouses of individuals seeking a ``green card'' because 
the proposed rule requires the couple's income to be at $41,000. 
Therefore, the commenter said that this rule would result in making 
decisions on whom to marry based on a potential spouse's income, which 
could increase fraudulent marriages.
    In contrast, one commenter voiced general support for the proposed 
threshold of 125 percent of the FPG, and another commenter suggested 
that the rule include a provision that requires applicants to show that 
they make an income high enough that neither they nor their dependents 
qualify for public benefits.
    Response: Even though this rule considers an applicant's income in 
the totality of the circumstances, which may negatively impact low-
income aliens, DHS disagrees with comments that this rule is aimed at 
denying the admission or adjustment of status of low income aliens. 
Instead, this rule is aimed at better ensuring the self-sufficiency of 
aliens seeking to reside in the United States.
    As noted elsewhere in this final rule, an alien's income is one of 
many pieces of evidence that DHS will consider in the totality of the 
circumstances. As provided in the NPRM, DHS will generally consider 
whether the alien has a gross household income of at least 125 percent 
of the FPG based on the alien's household size. If the alien's 
household income is less than 125 percent of the FPG, DHS will 
generally consider whether the alien has assets and resources is at 
least five times the difference between the household income and 125 
percent of the FPG based on the household size.\624\ DHS also disagrees 
that the standard is unconnected to becoming a public charge or should 
be raised to other levels. DHS is adopting the standard established by 
Congress with the affidavit of support, which has long served as a 
touchpoint for public charge inadmissibility determinations.\625\ An 
alien subject to section 213A of the Act,

[[Page 41414]]

8 U.S.C. 1183a, who does not have a sponsor capable of supporting 
himself or herself, the household, and the alien would currently be 
found inadmissible based on public charge grounds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \624\ This is consistent with the provisions for assets under 
the affidavit of support in 8 CFR 213a.2(c)(2)(iii)(B)(3). As 
explained below, in certain cases, the standard applied may be less 
than five times under 8 CFR 213a.2(c)(2)(iii)(B)(1) and (2). To be 
fully consistent with the affidavit of support provisions, DHS also 
applies the other standards for purposes of the public charge 
determination and amended the provision accordingly.
    \625\ See INA section 213A(f)(1)(E), 8 U.S.C. 1183a(f)(1)(E); 
see Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51187 
(proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also notes that to the extent that aliens will make marriage 
decisions based how much income a potential spouse earns in order to 
avoid any negative consequences that might stem from having household 
income under 125 percent of the FPG, aliens who enter into marriage for 
the sole purpose of circumventing the immigration laws have not entered 
into a valid marriage for immigration purposes and would not be 
eligible for adjustment of status.\626\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \626\ See Matter of Patel, 19 I&N Dec 774 (BIA 1988).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter opposed DHS's proposal that an alien who 
fails to demonstrate income greater than 125 percent of the FPG may 
overcome the deficiency by providing evidence of assets totaling at 
least five times the difference between the household income and 125 
percent of the FPG for the household size. This commenter indicated 
that DHS failed to provide any arguments or evidence as to why this 
threshold is appropriate or relevant to the public charge 
determination. A commenter suggested that if the rule must include a 
ratio of assets to the difference between household income and 125 
percent of the FPG, it should be a ratio of two times. The commenter 
stated that this would enable the individual or household to have a 
two-year period of financial security during which they may be able to 
increase their income.
    Response: DHS disagrees that it failed to outline the 
appropriateness of the standard and that the standard is arbitrary and 
capricious. DHS will also not incorporate the commenter's suggestion to 
change the standard to a ratio of two times. DHS disagrees that two 
times the FPG is more appropriate because the commenter's reasoning 
relies on increasing income in the future and as discussed in the NPRM, 
whether a person may be qualified for public benefits frequently 
depends on where the person's household income falls with respect to 
the FPG.\627\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \627\ The poverty guidelines are updated periodically in the 
Federal Register by HHS. The U.S. Census Bureau definition of family 
and family household can be found in U.S. Census Bureau, Current 
Population Survey 2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) 
9-1 to 9-2, available at https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar17.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As explained in the NPRM,\628\ DHS will consider whether the 
applicant has a gross household income \629\ of at least 125 percent of 
the FPG for the household size, and alternatively, whether the 
applicant has substantial assets as described in the rule and the FPG 
for the household size, because it has long served as a touchpoint for 
public charge inadmissibility determination and the enforceable 
affidavit of support.\630\ The suggestion to reduce the standard to a 
ratio of two times was also a comment in response to the Affidavit of 
Support Rule promulgated in 2006 and was not incorporated because the 
purpose of the requirement was ``to ensure that a sponsor whose income 
is not sufficient will nevertheless be able to provide the needed 
support until the sponsorship obligation ends.'' \631\ Similarly, the 
significant assets provision in this rule allows an alien whose income 
is below the applicable income threshold to demonstrate sufficient 
assets to support himself or herself, thereby reducing the likelihood 
of becoming a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \628\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51187 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \629\ Gross income includes ``all income you receive in the form 
of money, goods, property, and services that isn't exempt from tax. 
It also includes income from sources outside the United States or 
from the sale of your main home (even if you can exclude all or part 
of it).'' See IRS Publication 17, Your Federal Income Tax, page 5 
(2018), available at https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p17.pdf (last 
visited July 26, 2019).
    \630\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51187 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018); see also INA sections 213A(f)(1)(E) 
and 213A(f)(6)(A)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 1183a(f)(1)(E) and 1183a(f)(1)(E) 
and 8 CFR 213a.2.
    \631\ See 71 FR 35731, 35739.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The five times the FPG was chosen for the Affidavit of Support 
because ``[i]n most cases, an alien is not eligible for naturalization 
until he or she has been a permanent resident alien for at least 5 
years,'' \632\ to show that the sponsor has the assets to support the 
beneficiary until they generally qualified for naturalization. In 
addition to being similar to the support obligation, five times would 
also be consistent with the reasoning behind the bond cancellation 
authority under 8 CFR 103.6(c)(1) in 1984. As explained in the NPRM, 
INS reasoned that if an alien is self-sustaining for a five-year 
period, it would not be probable that the alien would become deportable 
as a public charge after five years because an alien is deportable as a 
public charge only if the reason for the becoming a public charge is 
based on factors in existence prior to admission as an immigrant.\633\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \632\ See 71 FR 35731, 35739.
    \633\ See 49 FR 24010, 24011.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After further consideration and consistent with the explanation in 
the proposed rule, however, DHS has decided to adjust the amount to 
match the affidavit of support provision in regards to income level 
used and amended the provision to reflect that those aliens on active 
duty, other than in training, in the U.S. Armed Forces have to 
establish household income reflecting 100 percent of the most recent 
FPG for the alien's household size.
    Additionally, to be more consistent with the affidavit of support 
regulations, DHS also decided to define significant assets for purposes 
of the assets and resources factor in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination, using a similar standard, as that outlined in 8 CFR 
213a.2(c)(2)(iii)(B), but applying it to the public charge rule and the 
alien's household. According to 8 CFR 213a.2(c)(2)(iii), if the sponsor 
is unable to meet the 125 percent of the FPG (100 percent for those on 
active duty, other than training, in the U.S. Armed Forces) income 
requirement, he or she can use significant assets to make up the 
difference between the sponsor's income and the required FPG standard 
according to a particular formula similarly in 8 CFR 
213a.2(c)(iii)(B)(1), (2), and (3), as applicable to the sponsor's 
household.
    In applying this provision for purposes of the public charge 
determination, the rule provides that an alien may establish ownership 
of significant assets, such as savings accounts, stocks, bonds, 
certificates of deposit, real estate or other assets, in which the 
combined cash value of all the assets (the total value of the assets 
less any offsetting liabilities) exceeds:
    (1) If the intending immigrant is the spouse or child of a United 
States citizen (and the child has reached his or her 18th birthday), 
three times the difference between the alien's household income and 125 
percent of the FPG (100 percent for those on active duty, other than 
training, in the U.S. Armed Forces) for the alien's household size;
    (2) If the intending immigrant is an orphan who will be adopted in 
the United States after the alien orphan acquires permanent residence 
(or in whose case the parents will need to seek a formal recognition of 
a foreign adoption under the law of the State of the intending 
immigrant's proposed residence because at least one of the parents did 
not see the child before or during the adoption), and who will, as a 
result of the adoption or formal recognition of the foreign adoption, 
acquire citizenship under section 320 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1431, the 
difference between the alien's household income and 125 percent of the 
FPG (100 percent for those on active duty, other than training, in the 
U.S. Armed Forces) for the alien's household size; or

[[Page 41415]]

    (3) In all other cases, five times the difference between the 
alien's household income and 125 percent of the FPG (100 percent for 
those on active duty, other than training, in the U.S. Armed Forces) 
for the alien's household size.
    Comment: Many commenters expressed general concern that the income 
assessment would penalize low-income immigrants, low-wage workers, 
members of ``marginalized groups,'' and families and farmworkers. A 
commenter stated that counting wealth and income as indicators of a 
person's future contribution amounts to a sea change in U.S. 
immigration policy. Other commenters stated that the proposed income 
thresholds are biased against low and middle-income immigrants while 
unfairly favoring wealthy immigrants; disregard and devalue low wage-
workers and their contributions to society; and ignore the ability of 
immigrants to raise their wages over time. A few commenters said the 
125 percent income threshold is too high. Others provided data on 
starting salaries and on some of the fastest growing occupations that 
are in fields with low wages. A commenter stated that six of the 20 
largest occupational fields in the country have median wages close to 
or below the poverty threshold for a family of three. According to the 
commenter, this means that lawfully present non-citizens who have jobs 
in these sectors through an employment visa may not be able to renew 
that visa. Another commenter indicated that immigrants increasingly are 
needed to fill middle-skill level jobs, referring to those jobs that 
require more than a high school diploma but less than a four-year 
degree. Therefore, the commenter asserted, businesses that largely 
employ individuals at low wages would suffer, as legally present non-
citizens could become too encumbered to continue their employment, and 
those who have low wages would be penalized because they use benefits 
to supplement their wages, which allows them to thrive.
    One commenter indicated that the threshold for household income 
would have a large impact on the eligibility for admission of intending 
immigrants and make it very difficult for entry level workers and other 
individuals to seek admission to the United States; this would harm the 
U.S. economy, educational institutions and businesses, and sends a 
message that only those with financial resources are welcome although 
study after study has shown that immigrants are job creators and 
provide a net benefit to the United States. Another commenter indicated 
that U.S. employers will find it more difficult and less predictable to 
extend the status of highly skilled workers on H-1B nonimmigrant 
(skilled worker) visas or recruit students, unless the employer offers 
a salary of more than the newly created 250 percent threshold, or risk 
that the worker is not able to renew the work visa given the complex 
and subjective considerations from USCIS adjudicators.
    Additionally, some commenters stated that if the proposed income 
tests are applied to U.S. citizens, many would fail the test and 
therefore the tests should not be applied. Another commenter further 
stated that if the proposed public charge test is applied to U.S. born 
citizens, only five percent would meet the criteria, as compared to 29 
percent under current guidance. Another commenter indicated that 
currently, 21 percent of immigrants nationally fall below the 125 
percent threshold and 17 percent of citizens do as well. The commenter 
asserted that if the current public charge rule was applied to all 
Kentuckians, just 8 percent would fall into the ``public charge'' 
category, but under the proposed rule 33 percent of all Kentuckians 
would.
    Some commenters provided data on the number of people in the United 
States living below 125 percent of the FPL and facts about the affected 
low-income population. Other commenters stated that the 125 percent 
income threshold would be incredibly difficult for young adults working 
in entry-level jobs to overcome. A commenter noted that the 125 percent 
of FPG standard has been the income threshold to be met by sponsors who 
are required to submit an affidavit of support, not by the immigrant 
subject to the public charge inadmissibility determination. The 
commenter questioned why, if a sponsor is expected to care for his or 
her own needs and the person he or she is sponsoring based on an income 
of 125 percent of the FPG, the same standard would apply individually 
to the intending immigrant.
    Several commenters indicated that those working for minimum wage 
would not be able to meet the proposed threshold even if working full 
time, and that the minimum wage has not kept pace with changes in the 
cost of living in the United States. A commenter stated that basing 
entry into this country and adjustment of status solely on the basis of 
wealth is not only anathema to longstanding American values of upward 
mobility, but it also destabilizes financial security of immigrant 
families already in the United States, particularly in instances of 
family-based green card petitions.
    Some commenters warned that the proposed income threshold would be 
nearly impossible for immigrants from very poor countries to achieve, 
and would therefore disproportionately and negatively affect immigrants 
from poorer regions of the world compared to immigrants from wealthier 
regions, such as Europe and Canada. A commenter stated that the 
proposed income thresholds are arbitrary and unreasonable and will be 
compounded by income inequality and variations in cost of living in the 
United States.
    Some commenters stated that the rule will have a disproportionate 
effect on low income workers, leading to shortages in industries in 
which immigrants make up a substantial portion of the workforce.
    Response: DHS understands that the rule changes the public charge 
inadmissibility determination as set forth in the 1999 Interim Field 
Guidance. However, Congress mandates that, as part of the public charge 
inadmissibility assessment, officers consider the applicant's assets, 
resources, and financial status, which, as explained in the NPRM, 
includes consideration of whether the applicant's household income is 
at or above 125 percent of the FPG income. DHS chose the 125 percent of 
FPG threshold (100 percent for an alien on active duty, other than 
training, in the U.S. Armed Forces) standard because Congress imposed 
it as part of the affidavit of support, which has long been a 
touchpoint for the public charge ground of inadmissibility.\634\ 
Therefore, DHS disagrees that the threshold is arbitrary.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \634\ Under INA section 213A, 8 U.S.C. 1183a.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees that if a sponsor is expected to demonstrate an 
income of 125 percent of the FPG, the alien should not be subject to 
the same standard. As noted elsewhere in this rule, Congress did not 
add the affidavit of support requirements as a substitute for a public 
charge inadmissibility determination or to supplant the mandatory 
factors set forth in section 212(a)(4)(B), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(B). 
Instead, Congress added the affidavit of support as an additional 
assurance that the alien will not become a public charge at any time in 
the future. As Congress believed that 125 percent was an appropriate 
minimum threshold in the affidavit of support context, DHS does not 
believe the threshold should be lowered. Although Congress believed 
that 125 percent of the FPG based on the sponsor's household income was 
a reasonable minimum threshold in the affidavit of support context to 
support the sponsored alien and the sponsor's household, it does not 
necessarily

[[Page 41416]]

follow that Congress believed that half that amount (assuming the 
sponsor used half the amount to support himself or herself), or any 
amount lower than 125 percent of the FPG, would be sufficient to 
demonstrate that the alien is not more likely than not to become a 
public charge. Rather, Congress' retention of the public charge 
inadmissibility determination indicates that Congress believed it was 
necessary to consider the alien's assets, resources, financial status 
(including, of course, income), and other relevant factors in addition 
to requiring the affidavit of support. Further, household income below 
125 percent of the FPG would be reviewed along with the other factors 
in the totality of the circumstances such that on its own, such income 
would not be a basis for a public charge inadmissibility determination.
    DHS disagrees that the rule bases entry into this country and 
adjustment of status solely on wealth. DHS notes that it must consider 
an applicant's assets, resources, and financial status in making a 
public charge inadmissibility determination, which includes 
consideration of the applicant's household income.\635\ However, DHS 
does not intend the rule to penalize or negatively affect any 
particular group, and being a low-income worker would not necessarily 
in itself render an applicant inadmissible on public charge grounds. 
The rule abides by the statutory requirement as provided in section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), and is consistent with 
congressional statements relating to self-sufficiency in 8 U.S.C. 1601, 
when Congress declared it to be the United States' continued 
immigration policy that ``aliens within the Nation's borders not depend 
on public resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on their own 
capabilities and the resources of their families, their sponsors, and 
private organizations.'' Further, the data in the NPRM shows that the 
percentage of people receiving these public benefits generally goes 
down as the income percentage increases. Therefore, DHS will maintain 
the 125 percent of the FPG (100 percent for an alien on active duty, 
other than training, in the U.S. Armed Forces) standard. After 
consideration of the comments, DHS also believes it necessary to 
clarify that when assessing the alien's annual gross household income, 
DHS will consider as evidence the most recent tax-year transcripts from 
the IRS, U.S. Individual Tax Return (Form 1040) from each household 
member whose income will be considered.\636\ If such a Federal income 
tax return transcript is unavailable, DHS will consider other credible 
and probative evidence of the household member's income, including an 
explanation why the evidence is not available,\637\ which may include 
Form W-2, Wages and Tax Statement, Social Security Statements, or Form 
SSA-1099, Social Security Benefit Statement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \635\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \636\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(ii)(A)(1).
    \637\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(ii)(A)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Concerning nonimmigrants seeking extension of stay or change of 
status, DHS notes that the rule does not require them to demonstrate 
that they have income over 125 or 250 percent of the FPG. That 
threshold is a heavily weighted negative factor in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination, which is not applied to extension of 
stay and change of status. Further, as previously indicated, DHS is no 
longer reviewing whether the alien is likely to receive public benefits 
in the future in extension of stay and change of status determinations, 
and therefore, none of the factors in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination will be considered for nonimmigrants.
    Comment: A few commenters stated that the heavy positive weight 
assigned to household income 250 percent above the poverty level 
discriminates against persons with disabilities because individuals 
with disabilities and their families are more likely to live in poverty 
than those without disabilities, and that such individuals will 
consequently not have the benefit of the heavily-weighted positive 
factor to offset any negative factors. In the same vein, commenters 
stated that individuals with disabilities will be disproportionately 
affected by the negative weight associated with incomes that fall below 
125 percent of the poverty level.
    Response: DHS disagrees that considering household income at or 
above 250 percent of the FPG a heavily weighted positive factor in the 
totality of the circumstances discriminates against persons with 
disabilities. DHS recognizes that any income threshold may affect 
aliens with low-income. However, DHS did not intend, in adding this 
income threshold as a heavily weighted positive factor, to discriminate 
against applicants on the basis of their applicant's race, nationality, 
medical condition, disability, or membership in any protected class. 
Even if applicants who have low income are unable to get the benefit of 
this heavily-weighted positive factor to offset any negative factors, 
the presence of any other positive factors could, in the totality of 
the circumstances, render the alien admissible.
    Comment: A few commenters stated the proposed threshold could lead 
to greater family separation and undermine family unity. Another 
commenter stated that the rule will have an immediate and direct effect 
on families and their ability to stay united, and could lead to the 
separation of U.S. citizen children from their immigrant parents. The 
commenter stated that U.S. citizens will also be directly harmed by the 
rule, as they will be unable to petition for and sponsor family 
members. The commenter provided an example of a U.S. citizen mother and 
wife, who relies on the income of her non-U.S. citizen husband who 
entered the U.S. on a visa and who would be unable to sponsor her 
husband under the NPRM because she has no income. The commenter stated 
that if the U.S. citizen's husband cannot demonstrate sufficient assets 
or earnings, she would need to find another sponsor for her husband.
    Other commenters stated that the proposed income threshold would 
negatively affect U.S. citizen children, as having children would make 
meeting the standard more difficult, which is counter-productive to 
encouraging self-sufficiency because family-based immigration has a 
positive impact on immigrant success. A couple of commenters said that 
the proposed income threshold particularly affects multigenerational 
households, a common practice among Asian American families, and that 
it would discourage people from supporting family members. An 
individual commenter suggested that placing an income threshold at 125 
percent FPG would decrease the number of immigrant families with a 
stay-at-home parent, despite the benefits to the family of having a 
stay-at-home parent.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the 125 percent income threshold 
standard would lead to family separation, or otherwise undermines 
family unity. The rule is not intended to separate families or 
otherwise undermine the family, but instead ensures that the statutory 
requirements, as provided in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4) are implemented, which mandate that USCIS must consider an 
applicant's assets, resources, and financial status in making a public 
charge inadmissibility determination. This approach is also consistent 
with congressional policy statements relating to self-sufficiency in 8 
U.S.C. 1601, which provides that, ``aliens within the Nation's borders 
not depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on 
their own

[[Page 41417]]

capabilities and the resources of their families, their sponsors, and 
private organizations.'' \638\ As discussed in the NPRM,\639\ DHS chose 
a household income of at least 125 percent of the FPG (100 percent for 
an alien on active duty, other than training, in the U.S. Armed 
Forces), which has long served as a touchpoint for public charge 
inadmissibility determinations.\640\ As discussed in the NPRM, DHS also 
cited data demonstrating that the percentage of people who receive 
public benefits generally decreases as income increases. In other 
words, the data established a correlation between having low income and 
the receipt of public benefits.\641\ Therefore, DHS will maintain the 
125 percent of the FPG standard. However, as reiterated in other areas, 
USCIS will not make a public charge determination based on one factor 
alone; rather, a determinations will be based on the totality of the 
alien's circumstances. Therefore, in addition to the household income 
determination, the review of public charge inadmissibility takes into 
consideration the other factors enumerated in this rule and all other 
relevant information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \638\ See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity 
Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 
Stat. 2105, 2260 (Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)).
    \639\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51187 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \640\ See INA section 213A(f)(1)(E), 8 U.S.C. 1183a(f)(1)(E).
    \641\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51204 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees that U.S. citizens will be directly harmed by 
the rule because they will be unable to petition for and sponsor family 
members. The rule does not directly impact who may file a family based 
immigration petition, or the sponsorship requirements under section 
213A of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1183a. DHS acknowledges that the rule may 
result in more family members of U.S. citizens being denied adjustment 
of status after being found inadmissible on public charge grounds, but 
believes that Congress intended that aliens be self-sufficient, and DHS 
has created through this rulemaking a fair and robust standard that is 
likely to have this this result in more cases than under the current 
policy.
    Comment: One commenter stated that the proposed income threshold 
does not take into account the value of unpaid labor a family member 
may provide, such as a stay at home parent or grandparent providing 
childcare. Commenters also stated that the proposed rule could cause a 
shortage in direct care workers who are unable to remain in the United 
States, leaving many older and disabled Americans without access to 
caregivers.
    Response: DHS understands that some applicants or some families may 
have household members or family members that provide services within 
the family, such as caregivers, stay at home parents, and others who 
will not be readily able to document either their work or income. To 
account for this, DHS will consider the applicant's household income, 
which may include the income of other household members who are more 
able to document their income and who provide the applicant with 
financial support. Accordingly, an applicant who provides care to a 
relative without pay may still be able to demonstrate that his or her 
household income meets the 125 percent FPG threshold. DHS notes that 
there is no evidence, however, that being a caregiver of others, or 
living in a household with a caregiver, in and of itself, is indicative 
of self-sufficiency or lack thereof. Although caregivers may benefit 
the household by eliminating the need for childcare expenses, each 
person must establish he or she is not likely to be a public charge 
based on the totality of the factors based an individual's 
circumstances. However, as discussed further below, DHS has added a 
separate provision under the Education and Skills factor that would 
allow DHS to take into positive consideration that the alien is a 
primary caregiver of another person within his or her household where 
there is evidence that the alien is currently unemployed, under 
employed or lacks an employment history but expects to rejoin the 
workforce. As discussed in this final rule, DHS has also defined 
primary caregiver as an alien who is 18 years of age or older and has 
significant responsibility for actively caring for and managing the 
well-being of a child or an elderly, ill, or disabled person in the 
alien's household.
    Additionally, as discussed elsewhere in the rule, DHS acknowledges 
that, once the rule is effective, it will likely result in more adverse 
determinations. DHS also acknowledges the possibility that this rule, 
in turn, may impact the admissions of certain types of workers such as 
direct care workers. Congress did not exempt such workers from the 
public charge inadmissibility ground. DHS anticipates that the 
employment of such individuals as direct care workers may diminish the 
likelihood that they will be considered public charges, but, if the 
totality of the circumstances establish they, like any other applicant, 
are likely to become public charges, consistent with this rule, they 
will be deemed inadmissible. DHS believes a more effective 
implementation of the congressionally mandated self-sufficiency policy 
aims as articulated in this rule are paramount.
    Comment: A few commenters stated this portion of the rule would 
strongly impact farmworkers and their families. Other commenters cited 
to a family income below 100 percent FPL and that farm labor's wages 
are among some of the lowest in the nation. Another commenter indicated 
that many of their patients, including agriculture workers, live below 
150 percent FPL. Many commenters echoed this sentiment and remarked 
that farmworkers earn an average of around $17,500 per year. With low 
wages, these workers are highly unlikely to have assets to rule out 
this negative factor. Another commenter indicated that the proposed 
rule would particularly affect farmworkers in Michigan, as the work is 
largely seasonal and farmworkers in the state are not subject to the 
state minimum wage if they work on small farms. One commenter stated 
that farmworkers provide valuable and skilled labor that contributes 
greatly to our nation's agricultural productivity.
    Response: As previously indicated in the section discussing 
extension of stay and change of status, and as explained in the notice 
of proposed rulemaking, DHS will not apply the public charge 
inadmissibility grounds under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4) to nonimmigrants (including farmworkers present in the 
United States under the temporary worker program for agricultural 
services (H-2A)), seeking an extension of their stay or a change of 
status to another nonimmigrant classification. Instead, DHS imposes as 
one of the terms and conditions of granting an extension of stay or 
change of status, that the alien establishes that he or she had not 
received, since obtaining the nonimmigrant status that he or she is 
seeking to extend or change, any public benefits as defined in 8 CFR 
212.21(b), for 12 months in the aggregate within a 36-month period. 
Based on this information, USCIS would then issue the decision on the 
application for extension of stay or change of status.
    Comment: A commenter said that the FPL is a poor guideline due to 
differences in cost of living throughout the United States. Another 
commenter stated that differences in costs of living could mean that 
two people working full time at minimum wage could fall short of 
affording adequate housing in the district they represent. Another 
commenter stated that due to the high cost of living in many large 
cities, reliance on public assistance is not a

[[Page 41418]]

sign of a lack of self-sufficiency, but rather a symptom of a high cost 
of living. Other commenters stated that the proposed rule would trap 
immigrants in a cycle of poverty instead of giving them the opportunity 
to prosper.
    Response: DHS agrees that the cost of living is different across 
the United States but disagrees that reliance on public assistance for 
housing is not a sign of lack of self-sufficiency. Through this rule, 
DHS has defined public charge as an alien who receives one or more 
public benefit as defined in the rule for longer than the designated 
threshold, to include public housing or housing vouchers. HUD programs 
are based on the cost of living in the area, which denotes that a 
person is unable to pay for local rent and therefore unable to be self-
sufficient and instead must use public benefits in order to afford the 
rent. Therefore, DHS will consider 125 percent of the FPG threshold in 
the totality of the circumstances rather than the cost of living.
    Comment: One commenter stated that the proposed factors 
institutionalize income bias and discrimination. According to the 
commenter, this income bias disregards the fact that many full-time 
workers earning a minimum wage would fall well below the threshold for 
being accorded positive weight. This commenter noted that such a 
stringent test creates a policy that is biased against working 
families, and perpetuates the myth that immigrants are a drain on our 
society and overly dependent on Government benefits. Some commenters 
stated that the proposed income threshold of 125 percent FPG would have 
an outsized and disproportionate impact on members of marginalized 
groups including children; families; immigrants of color; survivors of 
domestic violence and sexual assault; people with disabilities; 
elderly; low-wage workers; AAPI; South Asian Americans; Latino 
immigrants; those living with HIV and their families; immigrants with 
disabilities; older adults and families attempting to reunify; LGBTQ 
immigrants; and women, especially women with other intersecting 
identities regarding race, ethnicity, and sexuality. Additionally, 
another commenter remarked that the proposed standards would penalize 
victims of sexual and domestic violence; and pregnant women.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the comments that this rule 
institutionalizes bias and discrimination. The Federal Government is 
responsible for ``regulating the relationship between the United States 
and our alien visitors,'' which includes regulating the manner and 
conditions of entry, as well as the residence of aliens.\642\ DHS is 
the Federal agency with the authority to establish regulations 
regarding the public charge inadmissibility determination.\643\ Section 
212(a) of the INA, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a), sets forth the aliens who are 
ineligible for visas, admission, or adjustment of status, the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility and the minimum factors DHS is 
required to consider in the public charge inadmissibility analysis. DHS 
must consider an applicant's age, health, family status, assets, 
resources and financial status, and education and skills. The statute 
does not include the consideration of race, or any other 
characteristics and DHS did not propose to consider an alien 
applicant's race or any other characteristics when making a public 
charge determination. Similarly, DHS did not propose to take into 
account an applicant's ``social status.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \642\ Mathews v. Diaz, 426 U.S. 67, 81-82, (1976).
    \643\ See Homeland Security Act of 2002 section 102, 6 U.S.C. 
112; INA section 103, 8 U.S.C. 1103.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to Immigration regulations applicable to aliens, the 
rational basis scrutiny applies.\644\ DHS's public charge rule is 
rationally related to the Government's interest, as enacted in PRWORA, 
to minimize the incentive of aliens to attempt to immigrate to the 
United States, or to adjust status in this country, due to the 
availability of public benefits, as well as to promote the self-
sufficiency of aliens within the United States.\645\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \644\ Korab v. Fink, 797 F.3d 572, 577-79 (9th Cir. 2014) 
(``[F]ederal statutes regulating alien classifications are subject 
to the easier-to-satisfy rational-basis review . . . Although aliens 
are protected by the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses, this 
protection does not prevent Congress from creating legitimate 
distinctions either between citizens and aliens or among categories 
of aliens and allocating benefits on that basis . . . The difference 
between state and federal distinctions based on alienage is the 
difference between the limits that the Fourteenth Amendment places 
on discrimination by states and the power the Constitution grants to 
the federal government over immigration.'') (citation omitted); 
Lewis v. Thompson, 252 F.3d 567, 570 (2d Cir 2001), citing Lake v. 
Reno, 226 F.3d 141, 148 (2d Cir.2000) (``We have recently recognized 
that a `highly deferential' standard is appropriate in matters of 
immigration . . . .''). Generally, laws and regulations that neither 
involve fundamental rights nor include suspect classifications are 
reviewed under rational basis scrutiny, under which the person 
challenging the law must show that the government has no legitimate 
interest in the law or policy or that there is no rational link 
between the interest and the challenge law or regulation. Heller v. 
Doe by Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 319 (1993).
    \645\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter said the sum total of past income taxes paid 
by an individual, and their contribution to the welfare programs, 
should be balanced against the total value of benefits received by the 
individual. The commenter stated that taxes paid in the past are 
indicative of ability and future potential, and surely has a strong 
correlation with the likelihood of drawing from a benefits program in 
the future. Another commenter stated that the proposed income threshold 
would discourage immigrants from entering the country legally. 
Commenters also indicated that DHS's own conclusory assumption that 
receipt of this level of funding represents a lack of self-sufficiency 
was rebutted by the ample research showing that immigrants pay more 
into the United States healthcare system than they take out and that 
most immigrant pay taxes.
    Response: DHS declines to adopt the commenters' suggestion to 
consider the amount of income taxes paid as an indicator of a 
likelihood to receive public benefits. The public charge 
inadmissibility determination looks at a person's individual 
circumstances to determine whether he or she is likely to become a 
public charge in the future. Not everyone is required to pay taxes and 
even if a person pays taxes, he or she may be eligible for public 
benefits. Given that Congress reiterated that the immigration policy 
continues to be that, ``aliens within the Nation's borders not depend 
on public resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on their own 
capabilities and the resources of their families, their sponsors, and 
private organizations,'' \646\ DHS believes that the proposed rule has 
properly and consistently balanced the value of assets and resources of 
the public charge determination to ensure that those seeking status in 
the United States do not become a public charge. With this rule, DHS is 
not seeking to deter immigration but to implement the congressional 
mandate given in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \646\ See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity 
Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 
Stat. 2105, 2260 (Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that employment alone was not 
sufficient evidence of an immigrant's self-sufficiency and that the 
criteria should focus on an immigrant's ability to earn wages at least 
three times the FPL.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter's suggestions to 
consider three times the FPL as the threshold. DHS uses the FPG 
published by the HHS as a threshold in immigration matters. As 
explained in the NPRM,\647\ the 125 percent household income threshold 
has long served as a touchpoint for public charge inadmissibility 
determinations as part of

[[Page 41419]]

affidavits of support and public charge. Therefore, DHS will continue 
to apply the 125 percent of the FPG threshold. DHS agrees, however, 
with the commenter that employment alone is insufficient evidence of 
self-sufficiency. The public charge determination reviews all factors 
in the totality of the circumstances and one factor alone, except for 
an insufficient affidavit of support when required, will not conclude 
that an alien is inadmissible based on public charge. An alien's 
education and skills, which reflect a person's ability to earn wages, 
are also considered in the totality of the circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \647\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51187 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter suggested that community involvement be 
included when considering evidence of assets and resources.
    Response: DHS recognizes that community involvement may be an asset 
to the community as a whole and appreciates the suggestion. However, 
community involvement does not establish the person's self-sufficiency 
or evidence of income, assets or financial status.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the evidence of assets and 
resources requirement, namely the completion of the declaration of 
self-sufficiency as proposed in 8 CFR 245.4(b),\648\ does not change 
the fact that someone could become gravely ill and be unable to work 
and never be self-sufficient. The same commenter stated that the 
evidentiary requirements encourage people to lie or discourages them 
from completing the process of seeking adjustment of status altogether.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \648\ The commenter referred to 245.5. 8 CFR 245.5 is the 
regulatory provision addressing the medical examination of 
individuals seeking adjustment of status. The NPRM proposed to amend 
8 CFR 245.4 by requiring a new documentary requirement for purposes 
of the public charge determination under INA section 212(a)(4), 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS agrees that individuals' future circumstances may be 
different than the ones that exist at the time of adjudication and the 
public charge assessment. However, the statute requires DHS to rely on 
present and past conditions and circumstances as the best available 
evidence to determine an alien's likelihood of becoming a public 
charge. Although it is a remote possibility that everyone could become 
sick and not be able to work, DHS is not assuming that this will 
happen. DHS would review reasonable possibilities in the future based 
on the person's current and parent circumstances.
    Further, while it is true that some applicants may not provide 
USCIS with honest answers, DHS expects all applicants and petitions to 
provide honest and accurate information and requires information to be 
provided under penalty of perjury. DHS reiterates that not providing 
truthful information on immigration applications according to the best 
of an applicant's knowledge and ability may have immigration 
consequences, including denial of the benefit or ineligibility for 
benefits in the future.
    DHS acknowledges that this rulemaking may discourage certain aliens 
from seeking adjustment of status that of a lawful permanent resident 
in the United States. However, with this rulemaking, DHS seeks to 
better enforce the public charge ground of inadmissibility codified by 
Congress. Additionally, DHS is also seeking to ensure that those 
seeking admission in the United States are self-sufficient upon 
admission and not likely to become a public charge at any time in the 
future.
    Comment: Commenters indicated that the proposed rule seeks to set 
an income standard for income above 125% of the FPG, making it 
extremely difficult for low income immigrant young adults previously in 
foster care and earning less than 125 percent of the FPL ($31,375 
annually for a family of four), meeting the new income threshold of the 
public charge test. Given that youth aging out of foster care often 
need to access public cash and shelter benefits to secure housing or to 
attend college or training, this could result in denying these young 
adults lawful permanent resident status. The commenter therefore 
believed that the proposed rule only serves to heavily favor immigrants 
with wealth, while punishing low-income immigrants, including immigrant 
young adults who are working in important, but low-wage jobs to sustain 
themselves and their families.
    Response: With this rulemaking, DHS is seeking to better enforce 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility codified by Congress. DHS, 
therefore, disagrees with the commenters' statement that this 
rulemaking only serves to favor wealthy immigrants and to punish those 
with low-income. The determination whether somebody is likely at any 
time in the future to become a public charge is based on the totality 
of the alien's circumstances, and one factor alone, such as the 
financial status of the alien or the current receipt of public 
benefits, is not outcome determinative.
    DHS acknowledges a possible impact of this rulemaking, once 
effective, on those in Federal, State, or tribal foster care or those 
who are aging out of foster care but may continue to obtain certain 
Federal, State, or tribal public benefits. DHS also acknowledges the 
possibility that individuals, including those aging out of foster care, 
may be likely to disenroll from public benefits because of this 
rulemaking. DHS notes, however, that individuals are typically placed 
in out-of-home care, such as foster care, because of abuse, neglect or 
other violence. U.S. law provides certain protections and statuses for 
aliens who have become victims of violence, such as refugee or asylee 
status, T nonimmigrant status for certain victims of human trafficking, 
U nonimmigrant status for victims of certain crimes, VAWA protections 
for victims of battery or extreme cruelty, and-Special Immigrant 
Juvenile status for victims of child abuse, neglect, abandonment, or a 
similar basis under State law. Generally, the public charge 
inadmissibility ground does not apply to these individuals and 
therefore, the level of income or the receipt of public benefits would 
be a consideration.
2. Evidence of Assets and Resources
    Comment: Some commenters stated that the proposed rule penalizes 
immigrants for having a mortgage, despite real estate being a wise 
investment. Several other commenters said the criteria undervalues 
homeownership. A commenter stated that home ownership is a gauge of 
middle class status in the United States and that the longer an 
immigrant lives in the United States, the more likely they will own a 
home. Another commenter expressed doubts whether the assets and 
resources threshold would have the required predictive value for 
purposes of public charge. Additionally, the same commenter also 
expressed skepticism that real estate could be easily convertible into 
cash within 12 months. This commenter reasoned that such assets are 
typically the residence of the alien or his household, which cannot be 
readily liquidated without imposing offsetting new housing costs; and, 
in case of a commercial property, liquidation within twelve months is 
an unlikely prospect in most U.S. real estate markets. The commenter 
requested a better justification for the assets and resources threshold 
of five times the difference between the alien's household gross annual 
income and the FPG for the alien's household size, and the inclusion of 
real estate as an asset that could be converted into cash within 12 
months; or, preferably, the elimination of these standards from the 
final rule.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule penalizes immigrants for 
having mortgages. There is no requirement that

[[Page 41420]]

an alien have a mortgage-free home; and an alien with a mortgage could 
use the total value of the home minus the amount of the mortgage to 
meet the assets threshold. In other words, homeownership could help the 
alien establish that he or she is meets the income threshold and is not 
likely to become a public charge where the alien can provide evidence 
that he or she has available assets through value in a home to overcome 
any negative factors of the absence of regular income through 
employment or substantial assets in bank accounts.
    The ``five times equivalency'' test to establish significant assets 
to cover the difference between the 125 percent standard and the actual 
income has long been recognized for public charge inadmissibility in 
the affidavit of support context.\649\ DHS disagrees that having assets 
to cover five times the difference between income below 125 percent of 
the FPG and the 125 percent amount fails to meet any predictive value, 
because such assets could be readily converted to cash and substitute 
for income, thereby helping ensure that the alien does not rely on 
public benefits to meet his or her basic needs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \649\ See 8 CFR 213a.2(c)(2)(iii)(B). See also 64 FR 54346, 
54348 (October 20, 1997) (explaining the rationale for the 
significant asset rule as part of the interim affidavit of support 
rule) and 71 FR 35732, 35739 (June 21, 2006) (explaining the 
rational for adopting the current affidavit of support rule at 8 CFR 
213a, which provides for additional standards for certain aliens). 
DHS has amended the public charge regulatory provision to reflect 
that DHS will adopt the three standards used in the significant 
asset provision for purposes of the public charge determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS disagrees that typically the residence of the alien or his 
household cannot be readily liquidated without imposing offsetting new 
housing costs or in case of a commercial property, liquidation within 
twelve months is an unlikely prospect in most U.S. real estate markets. 
An alien may be able to liquidate the home and then obtain a new lower 
cost home or start renting.
    Additionally, DHS also disagrees with the commenter about the 
assessment of the 12-month benchmark; this benchmark is used for 
affidavit of support purposes \650\ which, again, has long been part of 
the public charge inadmissibility determination. The affidavit of 
support permits listing of assets that may be liquidated within one 
year only, and specifically includes the net value of the sponsor's or 
the sponsored immigrant's home as a permissible asset. Although the 
affidavit of support does not specifically address commercial property 
in terms of liquid assets, the commenter provided no evidence to 
support the proposition that an alien would be unable to liquidate 
commercial property within 12 months, and DHS sees no reason to treat 
commercial property differently from residential property in this 
context. In addition, 8 CFR 213a.2(c)(2)(iii)(B) does specifically 
consider real estate in the calculation of significant assets, and it 
is similarly reasonable to consider commercial property as assets in 
this context. Therefore, DHS will continue to use the 12-month standard 
for liquidation of assets.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \650\ See Form I-864, Instructions, Part 7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that the income threshold in the NPRM 
fails to exclude income from illegal conduct, unlike what the commenter 
states is the definition of income used by DOS.\651\ The commenter 
reasoned that no alien may work in the United States without 
authorization, either by operation of law or by specific 
application.\652\ The commenter strongly recommended that income from 
unauthorized employment should be excluded from the calculation of 
gross annual household income, in the same manner as unlawful income 
from drug dealing, gambling, or smuggling. The commenter further 
suggested that no evidence of irregular income that is not documented 
on a tax return or equivalent document, such as an IRS Wage and Tax 
Statement (Form W-2) or Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax 
(Form 990), should be accepted; that income earned under a taxpayer 
identification number rather than a Social Security number should be 
presumptively unacceptable; and that this approach would streamline the 
adjudication of public charge determinations, by eliminating 
consideration of most evidence of income other than recognized IRS 
documentation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \651\ The commenter cited to the former FAM section on public 
charge at 9 FAM 40.41. The public charge FAM section is now located 
at 9 FAM 302.8.
    \652\ See INA sections 274A(a)(1), (h)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1324a(a)(1), 
(h)(3).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and would like to clarify 
that an alien's employment and income derived from employment without 
an employment authorization card or status which authorizes employment 
will be considered as part of the assets, resources and financial 
status factor and the education and skills factor. DHS believes that 
limiting consideration of employment and income to only that derived 
from authorized employment goes beyond the narrow purpose of this rule, 
which is ensuring that aliens are self-sufficient and do not rely on 
the government to meet their basic living needs. For purposes of a 
public charge determination, the alien's household income is relevant 
to the determination of whether the alien's assets, resources and 
financial status make the alien more likely than not in the totality of 
the alien's circumstances to become a public charge. Whether or not the 
alien engaged in unauthorized employment and any immigration 
consequences flowing from such unauthorized employment is a separate 
determination.\653\ DHS will therefore consider any past employment and 
any income derived from such employment in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination. In addition, as not all income is 
required to be reported in tax returns, DHS will continue to consider 
additional income that is not listed on the IRS forms as provided in 
the I-944 instructions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \653\ Furthermore, a general limitation of the type suggested by 
the commenter could be in tension with USCIS policy. See USCIS 
Policy Memorandum PM-602-0119, Qualifying U.S. Work Experience for 
Special Immigrant Religious Workers (July 5, 2015), https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Laws/Memoranda/2015/2015-0705_Lawful_Status_PM_Effective.pdf; Shalom Pentecostal Church v. 
Acting Secretary DHS, 783 F.3d 156 (3d Cir. 2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    However, DHS does agree that income derived from illegal activities 
or sources should be excluded from the calculation of gross annual 
household income including, but not limited to, income gained illegally 
from drug sales, gambling, prostitution, or alien smuggling.
3. Public Benefits
    Comment: Some commenters referenced DHS's request regarding whether 
use of other benefits should be counted in the totality of 
circumstances test. Those commenters opposed considering the use of 
non-listed programs in the totality of circumstances test. 
Additionally, other commenters stated that DHS should not allow public 
benefits that are not explicitly enumerated in the rule to be weighted 
negatively in the totality of the circumstances review. Several 
commenters said that Federal assistance programs or public benefits 
should not be a deciding factor in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination. One commenter cited a study showing that immigrants have 
a lower unemployment rate than native-born citizens and requested the 
agency's rationale for focusing on discouraging immigrants from using 
public benefits, despite their lower unemployment rate as a demographic 
group.
    Some commenters stated that receipt of benefits was not evidence of 
weak financial status, as benefits are used temporarily to help people 
get back on

[[Page 41421]]

their feet. Another commenter stated that many of the public benefits 
considered under the proposed rule would in fact make someone less 
likely to be a public charge, especially when the benefits are received 
by children. A few other commenters expressed concern that using prior 
receipt of public benefits as evidence of financial status ignores the 
role public benefits play in promoting self-sufficiency. A commenter 
indicated that past receipt of benefits is not even mentioned by 
Congress as a factor that should be given any weight in the public 
charge determination. Another commenter cited a 1999 letter from HHS 
stating that it could not imagine any way in which an individual could 
become primarily dependent on public benefits. Another commenter 
asserted that the current provisions surrounding public benefits are 
sufficient to be used in public charge determinations. A few commenters 
stated that counting benefits as a negative factor when used by 
children in the public charge assessment is contrary to the purpose of 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility because benefits providing 
essential health, nutrition and housing assistance prepare children to 
be productive, working adults; counting it as a negative factor would 
unfairly base a child's future potential for self-sufficiency on their 
use of benefits as a child. A commenter stated that using prior receipt 
of benefits in public charge determinations is contrary to the totality 
of circumstances test. One commenter indicated that considering the use 
of public benefits as evidence of financial status would negatively and 
disproportionately impact LGBTQ immigrants and immigrants with 
disabilities. Another commenter stated that, since most applications 
for public assistance consider a wide range of benefits, immigrants 
would be kept from applying from all benefits, even those not mentioned 
in the proposed rule. Some commenters stated that including receipt of 
benefits as evidence of financial status would lead to a widespread 
chilling effect among immigrants and citizens alike. One commenter 
asserted that, unless DHS is willing to compel employers in agriculture 
and in other industries to provide a living wage and health benefits, 
it is cruel and unjust to punish hard-working immigrants who rely on 
public benefits but who also benefit the United States.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenters and maintains that 
receipt of public benefits indicates weak financial status. DHS also 
disagrees rates of public benefits receipt among aliens as a whole 
would warrant abandoning this rule, which applies the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility to individual aliens. As provided in the 
NPRM,\654\ and elsewhere in this regulation, current or past 
applications for, or receipt of, or certification for future receipt of 
public benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), suggests that the 
alien's overall financial status is so weak that he or she is or was 
unable to fully support himself or herself without public benefits, 
i.e., that the alien will receive such public benefits in the future. 
Accordingly, as discussed more fully in the discussion on the public 
benefits threshold section, DHS believes that it is reasonable to 
consider any application, approval, or certification for, or receipt 
of, public benefits as a negative factor in the totality of the 
circumstances, as this is relevant to determining the likelihood of 
becoming, at any time in the future, a public charge. DHS understands 
however, that certain individuals may have become self-sufficient over 
time after having received or having been certified to receive public 
benefits, and therefore, either have disenrolled, or have requested 
disenrollment from the public benefits. To account for these positive 
developments in an alien's life, DHS decided to include as a 
consideration evidence of the disenrollment, or a request for 
disenrollment or withdrawal from public benefit receipt.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \654\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51188 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Overall, however, Congress implicitly recognized that past receipt 
of public benefits can be considered in determining likelihood of 
someone becoming a public charge when it prohibited consideration of 
benefits that were authorized under 8 U.S.C. 1641(c) for ``certain 
battered aliens.'' \655\ Congress' prohibition of consideration of 
prior receipt of benefits by a specific class of aliens indicates 
Congress understood and accepted the agency's consideration of past 
receipt of benefits in other circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \655\ INA section 212(s), 8 U.S.C. 1182(s).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS agrees that public benefits play a role in promoting and 
helping people obtain self-sufficiency; however, the primary reason 
people seek public benefits is the inability to be self-sufficient. In 
addition, the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, in which other agencies 
commented, involved the ``primary dependence'' standard, which is 
different from the standard set forth in this final rule. While DHS 
understands that some people may choose not to apply for benefits, 
however, the rule does not intend to disproportionally affect any group 
of people as previously discussed.
    Comment: A commenter indicated that the proposed regulation states 
only that DHS would consider whether a noncitizen has ``applied for'' 
or ``received'' benefits or fee waivers, without defining those terms. 
The commenter wrote that the proposed rule did not plainly state that 
DHS will only consider a noncitizen's application for benefits on her 
own behalf. These omissions, according to the commenter, would allow 
immigration officers to penalize a noncitizen during a public charge 
determination when she is the formal applicant for, or payee of, 
benefits for which her children or others are the true beneficiaries.
    Another commenter expressed concern that many affected families 
will include U.S. citizens. The commenter explained that although the 
proposed rule stated that DHS did not intend to consider benefits 
received by a mixed status household where a noncitizen would not be 
entitled to receive a benefit or was not counted for purposes of 
calculating household size, the proposed regulatory text did not 
clearly implement DHS's stated intent. The commenter stated that as a 
consequence, an immigrant applying for benefits exclusively on behalf 
of U.S. citizen dependents could still face adverse consequences in a 
public charge determination for the family's receipt of such benefits, 
leaving the household with the choice of either not applying for 
benefits and facing food and housing insecurity, or the applying for 
the benefits and increasing the likelihood of adverse immigration 
consequences for some family members.
    Similarly, a commenter stated that the proposed regulatory text 
fails both to clearly explain how DHS will identify ``the portion of 
the benefit that is attributable to the alien'' (for example, when the 
individual lives in a household that receives housing assistance and he 
or she would not be eligible to receive such assistance). The commenter 
wrote that the proposed rule did not plainly state that DHS will only 
consider a noncitizen's application for benefits on her own behalf. 
Another commenter stated that DHS should commission research on the 
cash value equivalence when determining the discount factor for housing 
benefits.
    Response: DHS agrees with commenters that additional clarification 
of when DHS will consider application, certification, or receipt of 
public benefits will weigh negatively in the totality of the 
circumstances could be

[[Page 41422]]

helpful. Therefore, DHS has added a new definition of ``receipt of 
public benefits'' to 8 CFR 212.21(e) to clarify that DHS will only 
consider the alien to have received a public benefit if the alien is a 
named beneficiary of the benefit but not where an alien is applying, 
being certified, or receiving a public benefit not on his or her own 
behalf but on behalf of another person. For example, if a parent is 
applying for a public benefit on behalf of a U.S. citizen child, such 
application for public benefits will not be considered negatively 
against the parent. Similarly, if an alien is the legal guardian or 
power of attorney of the alien's lawful permanent resident parent and 
is applying for a benefit on behalf of such parent, such application 
and/or associated administration of the public benefit on behalf of the 
alien's parent will not count negatively against the alien. DHS would 
only count as a public benefit any benefit for which the alien is 
specifically listed as a beneficiary. The new definition also clarifies 
that application for a public benefit is not the same as receipt but is 
indicative of an alien's intent to receive such a benefit. Similarly, 
certification is not the same as receipt but may impact the likelihood 
that the alien will in the future receive such public benefit.
    Comment: Commenters stated, in response to a call for comments in 
the proposed rule preamble, that DHS should not revise the rule to 
allow adjudicators to consider an alien's receipt of public benefits 
below the applicable threshold, as part of DHS's assessment of whether 
the alien is likely at any time in the future to become a public charge 
(i.e., to receive benefits above the applicable threshold). A commenter 
wrote that all individuals, citizen or non-citizen alike, may have 
emergency situations or unanticipated job losses that could result in a 
need for benefits on a temporary basis. Another commenter wrote that if 
any benefit receipt below the threshold were to be considered in the 
totality of circumstances, the thresholds would become ``entirely 
meaningless.''
    Response: No commenters established that receipt of designated 
public benefits below the applicable threshold has no bearing on 
whether the alien may, in the future, receive designated public 
benefits above the applicable threshold. In addition, the proposed 
rule, as drafted, would have effectively required DHS to be willfully 
blind to evidence of significant benefits use that fell short of the 
threshold. For instance, it was unclear whether the proposed rule would 
allow adjudicators to consider the fact that an alien had received non-
monetized benefits for 11 consecutive months leading up to an 
application, even though such fact would be directly relevant to 
whether the alien is likely to exceed the applicable threshold in the 
future.
    Following careful consideration of the issue, DHS has determined 
that it is reasonable to consider any application, approval, or 
certification for, or receipt of, public benefits as a negative factor 
in the totality of the circumstances, regardless of whether the 
benefits exceed the threshold for becoming a public charge. While DHS 
does not believe that past receipt of the benefits enumerated in this 
rule for 12 months or less, on its own, makes the alien likely to 
become a public charge in the future, such receipt will in some cases 
suggest that the alien is not self-sufficient, or may soon lack self-
sufficiency. Accordingly, under the assets, resources, and financial 
status factor, DHS will consider it to be a negative factor (though not 
a heavily weighted negative factor) if the alien has applied for, been 
approved or certified for, or has received, public benefits for any 
amount of time.\656\ The fact that an alien has in the past applied 
for, been approved or certified for, or has received public benefits 
for any amount of time, would never be dispositive on its own, but 
would be relevant to assessing an alien's likelihood of becoming at any 
time in the future a public charge. USCIS will consider the duration, 
amount, and recentness of an alien's past approval or certification 
for, or receipt of, public benefits, when deciding how much weight to 
give this past activity as part of the prospective totality of the 
circumstances determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \656\ 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(ii)(F)(1), (2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: An individual commenter stated that the proposed assets, 
resources, and financial status factors would treat immigrants who have 
been living in the country fundamentally different than those arriving 
at ports of entry and are therefore arbitrary. The commenter indicated 
that this difference in treatment is wholly inequitable and 
fundamentally wrong because an individual who has continually received 
public assistance in a foreign country could potentially be allowed to 
enter the United States. In contrast, individuals who are applying for 
adjustment of status within the United States could be denied 
adjustment of status for a brief, temporary use of a low dollar amount 
of public assistance.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the proposal is arbitrary. DHS 
understands that public benefits and assistance programs exist in other 
countries. However, DHS did not propose and will not consider public 
benefits provided by foreign countries.\657\ Public benefits in foreign 
countries have different standards and objectives. For example, in some 
countries, healthcare is provided on a national basis irrespective of 
income or need and is, therefore, not comparable to public benefits or 
to the public charge standard in the United States. In addition, the 
inadmissibility determination addresses whether a person is likely to 
become a public charge in the United States in the future.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \657\ See 8 CFR 212.21(b). See Inadmissibility on Public Charge 
Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51158-51174 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, all applicants for admission and adjustment of status 
applicants must demonstrate that they are clearly and beyond a doubt 
not inadmissible to the United States.\658\ The ground of 
inadmissibility under section 212(a) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182, include 
the public charge grounds of inadmissibility under section 212(a)(4) of 
the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). DHS explained in the proposed rule that 
it provided a more comprehensive framework to determining public charge 
inadmissibility, including certain and new paper-based applications, as 
additional evidence related to public charge considerations.\659\ DHS 
also explained that, due to operational differences, this additional 
evidence would not generally be required at ports of entry.\660\ 
Applicants for admission are inspected by immigration officers at or, 
when encountered, between ports of entry in a timeframe and setting 
distinct from the adjudications process. This, however, does not imply 
that DHS does not screen applicants for admission for grounds of 
inadmissibility, including public charge grounds of inadmissibility. 
Therefore, DHS does not fundamentally treat those who seek adjustment 
of status in the United States differently from those seeking admission 
to the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \658\ See INA section 235(b)(2)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1225(b)(2)(A).
    \659\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51116 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \660\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51116 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter stated that the proposed rule ignores that 
under PRWORA applicants for admission are and will remain ineligible 
for public benefits even after admission, and that applicants for 
adjustment of status are and will remain ineligible for most public 
benefits until they have green cards for five years. The same commenter 
stated that the rule's

[[Page 41423]]

``weighing scheme'' is impermissibly vague. The commenter pointed to 
one of the examples in the proposed rule as indicative of the 
unpredictable nature of the determination, namely that an individual 
who is in school and employed with an income of 120 percent of the FPG 
and does not have health insurance but has no other negative factors 
would not be deemed likely to become a public charge. But the commenter 
noted that if the individual was not precluded by immigration status 
from receiving public benefits, the individual would be income-eligible 
for SNAP, Medi-Cal, and Federal housing assistance. The commenter 
stated that it is not clear why DHS would not deem the individual 
likely to become a public charge at any time in the future.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenter that the rule fails to 
consider the alien's immigration status in determining whether an alien 
could qualify for public benefits, and has added language in the rule 
to clarify. DHS also disagrees that the totality of the circumstances 
determination is impermissibly vague and unpredictable, or that the 
example the commenter cited illustrates the unpredictability of the 
determination. In the proposed rule, DHS established as one of the 
mandatory regulatory factors the consideration of the alien's 
prospective immigration status and expected period of admission. DHS 
notes that there are a number of legal and practical limitations on 
DHS's ability to consider eligibility for public benefits as part of 
its totality of the circumstances determination. For instance, DHS does 
not have the expertise to apply the varied and often complex framework 
of public benefit eligibility criteria, either on a state-by-state 
basis or according to general Federal standards; cannot reliably 
predict the alien's likely state of residence at any time in the 
future; and cannot assume that all aliens who are ineligible for the 
designated benefits in the near-term will not use them in the long 
term.\661\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \661\ See, e.g., Medicaid.gov, Medicaid, Children's Health 
Insurance Program, & Basic Health Program Eligibility Levels, 
https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/program-information/medicaid-and-chip-eligibility-levels/index.html (discussing Medicaid eligibility 
from state to state) (last visited June 5, 2019); State TANF 
Policies: A Graphical Overview of State TANF Policies as of July 
2016, available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/wrd_2016_databook_companion_piece_05_15_18_508.pdf (last visited 
June 5, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    But if an alien provides evidence from a Federal, State, local, or 
tribal agency specifically identifying that alien does not qualify for 
one or more public benefits, USCIS can use that information as part of 
its totality of the circumstances determination. DHS has therefore 
revised the regulatory text to make clear that DHS would consider 
evidence from a Federal, State, local, or tribal agency administering a 
particular benefit that shows the alien does not qualify for the public 
benefit, so long as the alien submits the necessary evidence and 
specifically identifies it as relating to eligibility.
    For example, an alien could provide a letter from a benefit-
granting agency indicating that the alien is not eligible for a 
particular benefit based on the alien's immigration status. In the 
alternative, the alien could provide information from a public benefit-
granting agency listing the immigration classifications not eligible 
for public benefits and evidence of the alien's prospective immigration 
status that together indicate that the alien is not eligible for the 
benefit because the alien does not have an immigration classification 
that the public benefit-granting agency has identified as eligible. 
Similarly, the alien could provide evidence of his or her gross 
household income together with information from a public benefit 
agency's website showing the eligibility income threshold for the state 
in which the alien resides, or will reside upon becoming a lawful 
permanent resident, that specifically indicates that the alien's gross 
household income exceeds the threshold. DHS would consider such 
evidence in the totality of the circumstances. DHS notes that an 
assessment that an alien is not currently eligible for any or all 
designated public benefits may carry some weight in the totality of the 
circumstances, but will never be outcome determinative. DHS must 
consider all statutory factors to determine whether the alien is likely 
at any time in the future to become a public charge.
    With respect to the specific example cited by the commenter, DHS 
notes that evidence of alien's income being below 125 percent of the 
FPG or evidence that the alien's immigration status may not be 
disqualifying, are not necessarily determinative factors in the 
totality of the circumstances. In the example commenter discusses 
(Table 34, example A in the proposed rule), DHS would determine that 
the alien is not likely to become a public charge notwithstanding the 
alien's lower income and lack of health insurance because the alien is 
fundamentally a young and healthy person (age 30) of a working age, 
with an employment history and education (attending a Bachelor's degree 
program), and the alien is an employment-based applicant for adjustment 
of status. In making this determination, DHS would take into 
consideration the fact that the alien is working while in school and 
thus that the nature and hours of employment may be limited by his need 
to attend classes. DHS would also look at the likelihood that the 
alien's earning capacity would increase as a result of his education--
for example, U.S. Census data shows that a college degree nearly 
doubles earnings.\662\ Similarly, there is no evidence that the alien 
had previously received, or even attempted to apply for, or been 
certified to receive public benefits.\663\ Therefore, notwithstanding 
the commenter's observation about potential future eligibility for such 
benefits, the alien, based on the facts, would not be more likely than 
not receive public benefits at any time in the future. However, if 
there were evidence that, the alien was discontinuing his or her 
education, or had a chronic health condition that would impair the 
alien's ability to work, or that the alien had attempted to apply for 
public benefits but had been found ineligible based on his immigration 
status, such evidence could tip the determination the other way and 
USCIS may determine that the alien is more likely than not to receive 
public benefits above the designated threshold at any time in the 
future. Therefore, DHS appreciates that a real world circumstance is 
likely to include facts beyond those included in the hypothetical fact 
pattern that could lead to a different adjudication.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \662\ See College Degree Nearly Doubles Annual Earnings: https://www.thoughtco.com/college-degree-nearly-doubles-annual-earnings-3320979 (last visited June 27, 2019); U.S. Census Bureau Educational 
Attainment in the United States: 2004: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2004/demo/educational-attainment/cps-detailed-tables.html 
(last visited June 27, 2019); U.S. Census Bureau Post-Secondary 
Employment Outcomes (PSEO) (Beta) https://lehd.ces.census.gov/data/pseo_beta.html.
    \663\ Even though some studies show that low income earners 
receive one or more public benefits at higher rates, DHS would not 
necessarily find this trend to be outcome determinative in the case 
of an individual enrolled in a Bachelor's degree program. See, e.g., 
The New York Times, Working, but Needing Public Assistance Anyway 
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/13/business/economy/working-but-needing-public-assistance-anyway.html (April 12, 2015) (last visited 
July 26, 2019); U.C. Berkeley Labor Center: High Public Cost of Low 
Wages http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/the-high-public-cost-of-low-wages/ (last visited on June 27, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Fee Waivers for Immigration Benefits
    Comment: Many commenters said the rule overweighs receipt of one-
time immigration fee waivers to predict whether a person will become a 
public charge by double counting, as use of a fee waiver is a function 
of income.

[[Page 41424]]

Another commenter stated that there is not enough data to determine 
whether one-time receipt of a fee waiver was related to a person being 
a public charge. A commenter noted that a separate consideration of the 
use of a fee waiver means that factors such as income would be unfairly 
counted twice--once based on their household income and a second time 
when the fee waiver is granted because of their income.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the receipt of a fee waiver for an 
immigration benefit is over weighted. The fee waivers for immigration 
benefits is only one evidentiary consideration in the totality of the 
circumstances and it is not heavily weighted. As indicated in the 
NPRM,\664\ since fee waivers are based on an inability to pay (i.e., 
receipt of means-tested public benefits or income at the FPG level), a 
fee waiver for an immigration benefit suggests an inability to be self-
sufficient. DHS recognizes that some of the factors required to obtain 
a fee waiver may be similar to those used as part of the public charge 
determination. These factors, however, are reviewed differently 
according to their respective purposes. For purpose of the public 
charge inadmissibility determination, all the factors and circumstances 
will be reviewed in the totality of the circumstances without a 
counting system currently used for fee waiver purposes, in which each 
factor is individually ranked or scored to assess whether a fee waiver 
is warranted. As such, DHS will consider the alien's financial 
liabilities and the request or the receipt of a fee waiver as evidence 
of financial liabilities and status in the totality of the 
circumstances. Other evidence may provide the same information and 
therefore, DHS would consider the evidence as a whole but not 
individually rank or score the evidence.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \664\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51188 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter said it is impermissibly retroactive to 
consider the past receipt of a fee waiver because ``it impermissibly 
penalizes applicants for their financial status on the date of the 
application for the fee waiver and not on the date of application for 
admission, adjustment of status, or for a visa.'' Commenters indicated 
that often, an individual's economic situation improves after receiving 
immigration benefits for which applicants receive a fee waiver. A 
commenter stated that even immigrants who applied for a fee waiver and 
were rejected for having high income, would be counted under the 
proposed rule.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the consideration of a fee waiver 
would be impermissibly retroactive. First, fee waivers applied for or 
received before the effective date will not be considered.\665\ Second, 
any fee waiver received on or after the effective date of the rule, 
will be considered in the totality of circumstances and, alone, would 
not result in a finding that a person is likely at any time in the 
future to become a public charge. In the totality of the circumstances 
analysis, evidence of a change in circumstances, e.g., steady 
employment and income, would also be taken into consideration. Third, 
simply because the regulation bases the consideration of public charge 
in part on an occurrence of a fee waiver on or after the effective date 
of the rule, does not make the regulation impermissibly 
retroactive.\666\ Through this regulation, DHS simply specifies 
considerations as part of implementing the public charge determination, 
according to the best evidence available at the time of the 
adjudication, including past occurrences of a fee waiver request or 
grant as a consideration, in the totality of the alien's circumstances. 
Finally, and similar to the receipt of public benefits, DHS will, in 
the totality of the circumstances, consider how long ago the fee waiver 
was received. If the fee waiver was received recently, it would have 
more relevance to the public charge determination, whereas if the fee 
waiver was received some time ago, for example, before the alien 
obtained new, steady employment, the relevance of the fee waiver in the 
totality of the circumstances would be diminished.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \665\ 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(ii)(G).
    \666\ ``A regulation has retroactive effect `when it takes away 
or impairs vested rights acquired under existing laws, or creates a 
new obligation, imposes a new duty, or attaches a new disability, in 
respect to transactions or considerations already past.' '' See 
Mejia v. Gonzales, 499 F.3d 991, 995--99 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting 
INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289, 321 (2001)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters stated that the rule seemed to reduce or 
potentially eliminate the use of the application fee waivers and stated 
that the fee waiver program is founded on its own policy rationale, 
which, according to the commenters, is not the subject of this rule. A 
commenter stated that fee waivers are typically only available for 
applications not subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
and stated that using fee waivers in public charge determinations will 
only serve to chill overall immigration applications. Another commenter 
further remarked that the inclusion of fee waivers in public charge 
determinations would result in fewer immigrants being willing and able 
to seek citizenship. A commenter stated that many of their clients were 
worried about whether using a fee waiver would impact their chances of 
having their applications approved. A commenter stated that the fee 
waivers would be limiting the options immigrants have to file for 
immigration benefits and would harm families, citing a story about a 
client in the process of applying for citizenship. An individual 
commenter stated that it is cruel to offer fee waivers and then hold 
the use of said fee waiver against immigrants in their application. 
Additionally, another commenter stated that the standards for fee 
waivers are often more lenient than the finding of inadmissibility 
under the proposed rule, and therefore should not be used in public 
charge determinations. A different commenter stated that the use of fee 
waivers in public charge determination would likely disadvantage 
naturalized citizens in efforts to reunite their families. A couple 
commenters stated that receipt of a fee waiver often serves as a step 
toward self-sufficiency and decreases the likelihood that an immigrant 
will be dependent on government assistance in the future. Another 
commenter stated that fee waivers are often used when applying for work 
authorization, as at that time immigrants have no income, and 
considering fee waivers would lead to longer unemployment periods and 
increase use of public benefits. A commenter stated that often 
immigrants apply for fee waivers when they need to file an application 
in a timely manner, but do not have the time to save enough money to 
afford the application fee. Another commenter stated that including a 
fee waiver in public charge determinations would increase the burden on 
immigrants.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule eliminates fee waiver 
requests. Applicants would still be able to request fee waivers in 
accordance with the applicable regulations and form instructions.\667\ 
The consideration of a fee waiver in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination is but one factor in the totality of the circumstances. 
As indicated in the NPRM,\668\ requesting or receiving a fee waiver for 
an immigration benefit suggests a weak financial status. Since fee 
waivers are based on an inability to pay, seeking or obtaining a fee 
waiver

[[Page 41425]]

for an immigration benefit suggests an inability to be self-sufficient. 
In addition, the Senate Appropriations Report for the Department of 
Homeland Security for FY 2017, stated that ``the Committee is concerned 
about the increased use of fee waivers, as those paying fees are forced 
to absorb costs for which they receive no benefit. In addition, those 
unable to pay USCIS fees are less likely to live in the United States 
independent of government assistance.\669\ However, the House Report on 
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill, 2019, said ``USCIS 
is expected to continue the use of fee waivers for applicants who can 
demonstrate an inability to pay the naturalization fee. USCIS is also 
encouraged to consider whether the current naturalization fee is a 
barrier to naturalization for those earning between 150 percent and 200 
percent of the federal poverty guidelines, who are not currently 
eligible for a fee waiver.'' Therefore, DHS would not consider the 
request or receipt of reduced fee for the naturalization application as 
part of the public charge inadmissibility.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \667\ See 8 CFR 103.7(c).
    \668\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51188 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \669\ See S. Rep. No. 114-264, at 125 (2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees that this rule would deter individuals from 
applying for U.S. citizenship or otherwise imposes additional burdens 
on applicants. This rule addresses how DHS determines inadmissibility 
of aliens on account of public charge; and it does not apply to 
individuals seeking to be naturalized who would apply for a fee waiver 
request because the public charge ground of inadmissibility does not 
apply to naturalization proceedings.\670\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \670\ See INA section 311-347, 8 U.S.C. 142-1458.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For clarification purposes, DHS has amended the regulatory text in 
8 CFR 212.21(b) to provide that fee waiver requests submitted or 
granted as part of immigration benefits that are not subject to the 
public charge inadmissibility ground under section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) will not be considered as part of the public 
charge determination. See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(4)(G).
    Comment: One commenter stated that considering fee waivers would 
unfairly and disproportionately impact survivors of human trafficking 
and domestic violence who are less likely to have the ability to pay 
for fee-based forms. Another commenter further remarked that the use of 
fee waivers in public charge determination would disproportionately 
affect women, survivors of abuse, and people of color.
    Response: As discussed in the NPRM, an alien who is a VAWA self-
petitioner, a T nonimmigrant at time of admission, and an applicant 
for, or individual who is granted, U nonimmigrant status are generally 
exempt from the public charge ground of inadmissibility. For reasons 
discussed earlier in this preamble, DHS amended this final rule to 
clarify that T nonimmigrants seeking any immigration benefit subject to 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), are generally exempt 
from the public charge ground of inadmissibility, as previously 
discussed. Because these survivors of human trafficking and domestic 
violence are generally exempt from the public charge inadmissibility 
ground, they would not be impacted by this rule.
    Comment: Several commenters stated that the consideration of 
receipt of a fee waiver would keep immigrants from accessing their 
right to justice in immigration proceedings.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the consideration of requests for, and 
receipt of, fee waivers would prevent individuals in removal 
proceedings from applying for any benefits for which they are eligible. 
Although request and receipt of a fee waiver is a consideration in the 
public charge inadmissibility determination, it is but one factor in 
the totality of the circumstances, and could not, alone, form the basis 
of an inadmissibility determination. The consideration of fee waivers 
within public charge inadmissibility determinations conducted by 
immigration judges in removal proceeding is more appropriately 
addressed by DOJ in the context of their public charge rulemaking. 
DHS's rule only addresses the consideration of fee waivers in the 
context of matters before DHS.
5. Credit Report and Score
    Comment: Several commenters noted that a credit scores and credit 
histories are not designed to assess an alien's likelihood of becoming 
a public charge, were not designed to be used in the immigration 
context, and do not assess an alien's self-sufficiency. A commenter 
also noted that credit reports do not address at all whether an alien 
can financially provide for himself or herself because credit reports 
do not reflect the subject's payment of rent, utilities, income, 
savings, or other financial resources. A few commenters stated that a 
person's credit history should not impact their ability to change 
immigration status. Many commenters said there is no correlation 
between a low credit score and the evaluation factor. Many commenters 
stated that credit reports are highly inaccurate. Further, a commenter 
remarked that credit reporting scores vary widely between agencies, and 
that the score reported to a consumer may not be the same as the score 
used by lenders. Many commenters asserted that an applicant's credit 
history could be impacted by factors outside their control from which 
they may recover. Additionally, a commenter indicated that credit 
report and income alone does not depict a clear picture of an 
immigrant's full financial situation or their ability to raise their 
credit score. A couple of other commenters stated that credit reports 
and scores do not contain enough information about an individual's 
earnings or incomes. Another commenter stated that many consumers who 
are credit invisible or unscoreable will be disadvantaged by the rule 
and provided data on the population who falls into these groups.
    Many commenters stated that credit scores are a poor way to 
evaluate the past ability to pay bills, since scores do not reflect 
rent payments, which are often the largest recurring expense a 
household or individual will incur. Some commenters stated that medical 
debt is often reflected in credit reports and is not an accurate or 
reliable measure of an individual's financial status. One commenter 
stated that credit reports should not be included as a negative factor, 
but that individuals should be allowed to submit a good credit score as 
a positive factor if they so choose. An individual commenter stated 
that there may be additional credit data, which provides for non-
traditional credit activity (i.e., short-term payday lending, rent-to-
own, auto lending data) that could be used in public charge 
determinations.
    Response: A weaker financial status may, in the totality of the 
circumstances, lead to a public charge determination. As indicated in 
the NPRM,\671\ USCIS would consider an alien's liabilities and 
information of such liabilities in a U.S. credit report and score as 
part of the financial status factor in the totality of the 
circumstances. As provided in the NPRM, a good credit score in the 
United States is a positive factor that indicates a person is likely to 
be self-sufficient and support the household. Conversely, a lower 
credit score or negative credit history in the United States may 
indicate that a person's financial status is weak and that he or she 
may not be self-sufficient. Credit reports and credit scores provide 
information about a person's bill paying history, loans, age of current 
accounts, current debts, as well as work, residences, lawsuits,

[[Page 41426]]

arrests, collections, actions, outstanding debts and bankruptcies in 
the United States.\672\ Credit reports generally assist creditors to 
determine the credit worthiness or risk of a person, and affect the 
terms of the credit the person is offered.\673\ DHS's use of the credit 
report or scores focuses on the assessment of these debts, liabilities, 
and related indicators, as one indicator of an alien's strong or weak 
financial status, so that in the totality of the circumstances and as 
part of all considerations affecting the alien, the alien is more or 
less likely to become, in the future, a public charge. DHS believes it 
is useful information in determining whether aliens are able to support 
themselves. However, DHS understands that not everyone has a credit 
history in the United States and would not consider the lack of a 
credit report or score as a negative factor. DHS also understands that 
the three main different credit reporting agencies do not provide 
identical scores. DHS believes that the credit report and score are 
nonetheless sufficiently reliable to be useful in reviewing a person's 
financial status in determining whether an applicant is likely to 
become a public charge.\674\ As the Consumer Finance Protection Board 
has said ``A credit report generally is considered s reasonably 
reliable third-party record . . . for purposes of verifying items 
customarily found on a credit report, such as the consumer's current 
debt obligations, monthly debts, and credit history.'' \675\ Further, 
if the alien has a confirmed error on the report or score, USCIS would 
not consider the report a negative factor. USCIS will review the latest 
credit report and score provided by the alien. DHS notes that a credit 
report or score alone would not lead to an inadmissibility 
determination based on public charge because the assessment of public 
charge is made in the totality of the circumstances and no one factor 
or consideration (with the exception of an insufficient affidavit of 
support or no affidavit of support, where required) is outcome 
determinative for being found inadmissible based on public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \671\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51189 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \672\ See USA.gov, Credit Reports and Scores, available at 
https://www.usa.gov/credit-reports (last updated July 18, 2019) 
(last visited July 26, 2019).
    \673\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51189 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \674\ See generally Marting Realty, Inc. v. Marks, 1986 WL 4647 
(Ohio Ct. App. 9th Dist. 1986) (``Credit reports are held to be 
highly reliable by the business world and should be admitted where 
such reliability is not challenged.'') (citation omitted).
    \675\ Official Interpretation 43(c)(3)-3 to 12 CFR 
1026.43(c)(3), published as part of Ability-to-Repay and Qualified 
Mortgage Standards Under the Truth in Lending Act (Regulation Z), 78 
FR 6408, 6607 (Jan. 30, 2013).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter expressed concern that inclusion of credit 
history in public charge determinations would amount to double counting 
of some of the evidence upon which such reports and scores are based 
and would already factor into the public charge determination.
    Response: DHS recognizes that some of the factors enumerated in the 
public charge rule may be based on similar circumstances; however, some 
of the considerations may be reviewed differently depending on the 
factor. However, all the factors and circumstances will be reviewed in 
the totality of the circumstances without ranking the factors 
numerically. DHS would consider the alien's financial liabilities and 
past receipt of public benefits; the credit report and score would 
simply serve as evidence of financial liabilities and status. Other 
evidence may provide the same information and therefore DHS would 
consider the evidence as a whole but not individually rank or score the 
evidence.
    Comment: One commenter stated that the guidelines in the proposed 
rule regarding credit score were broad and ambiguous. A commenter 
stated that using credit scores in public charge evaluation would lead 
to ``arbitrary, inconsistent, and unfair'' public charge 
determinations. The commenter further stated that the mechanics of 
going through immigrants' credit reports and scores are impractical.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the language on credit scores is broad 
and ambiguous or that it would lead to an arbitrary, inconsistent and 
unfair public charge determination. As indicated in the NPRM,\676\ 
USCIS would generally consider a credit score characterized as ``good'' 
or better to be a positive factor as it demonstrates an applicant may 
be able to support himself or herself and any dependents assuming all 
other financial records are sufficient. A ``good'' credit report is 
generally near or slightly above the average of U.S. consumers,\677\ 
and therefore the person may be self-sufficient and less likely to 
become a public charge. A poor credit report is well below the average 
of U.S. consumers.\678\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \676\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51189 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \677\ MyFICO, Understanding FICO Scores 5, available at https://www.myfico.com/Downloads/Files/myFICO_UYFS_Booklet.pdf (last visited 
July 26, 2019).
    \678\ MyFICO, Understanding FICO Scores 5, available at https://www.myfico.com/Downloads/Files/myFICO_UYFS_Booklet.pdf (last visited 
July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Multiple commenters asked whether past poor credit would 
be used as a negative factor in a public charge determination.
    Response: DHS would only consider the information included in the 
latest credit report and score as provided by the alien at the time of 
adjudication for public charge inadmissibility purposes. The fact that 
some had a previous negative or positive score will not be taken into 
account in the public charge inadmissibility determination.
    Comment: One commenter questioned how DHS plans to collect, 
protect, and manage sensitive data surrounding credit report scores. 
Another commenter noted that USCIS would be required to comply with the 
storage and disposal requirements for credit information at 15 U.S.C. 
1681x.
    Response: DHS takes seriously its responsibility to properly 
protect sensitive information in its possession.\679\ DHS follows the 
Privacy Act requirements, which apply to information that is maintained 
in a ``system of records'' from which information is retrieved by the 
name of an individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other 
identifying particular assigned to the individual. The materials in 
alien files (A-files) are considered permanent records and are 
transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration 100 
years after the subject's birth,\680\ and therefore not subject to the 
disposal requirements of the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). To the 
extent that credit information subject to the FCRA is maintained in 
other agency records systems, such records will be destroyed in 
accordance with applicable General and/or Agency Records Schedules 
which would be in compliance with the FCRA requirements.\681\ As with 
all forms and private identifiable information, DHS will follow all 
applicable regulations and procedures to safeguard and protect any 
sensitive information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \679\ See generally Notice of Modified Privacy Act System of 
Records, 82 FR 43556, 43564 (Sept. 18, 2017) (``DHS/USCIS safeguards 
records in this system according to applicable rules and policies, 
including all applicable DHS automated systems security and access 
policies. USCIS has imposed strict controls to minimize the risk of 
compromising the information that is being stored.'').
    \680\ 82 FR 43556, 43564.
    \681\ See 15 U.S.C. 1681w; 16 CFR 682.3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter indicated that if DHS includes credit reports 
in the public charge determination DHS should not exclude non-U.S. 
credit reports because credit reporting in the United States is 
exclusively the province of private-sector corporations, this is not 
the case in many countries. The commenter cited the World Bank, which 
stated that at least 30 countries

[[Page 41427]]

operate public credit registries, including seven nations in the 
European Union and 17 in Latin America and the Caribbean.
    Response: DHS will not include credit reports from other countries 
in the public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS agrees that 
credit reporting systems vary significantly throughout the world, 
including but not limited to how they are established, the information 
collected, and the rating policy used.\682\ As explained in the NPRM, 
the information obtained through a U.S. credit report may be indicative 
of a person's financial status and the person's self-sufficiency in the 
United States.\683\ Given that the focus of the public charge 
determination is the alien's likelihood of becoming a public charge to 
the United States in the future, DHS believes that the U.S. credit 
report provides the best means to obtain relevant information regarding 
assets, resources and financial status. As it is the case with all 
factors, USCIS will assess the information obtained through a U.S. 
credit report or score and its impact on the public charge 
determination in the totality of the circumstances; USCIS will not base 
the inadmissibility determination solely on the results of the credit 
report or score.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \682\ The commenter cited to Margaret Miller, ``Credit Reporting 
Systems Around the Globe'' (Washington; World Bank, June 2000), 
available at, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRES/Resources/469232-1107449512766/Credit_Reporting_Systems_Around_The_Globe.pdf 
(last visited July 24, 2019).
    \683\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51189 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Another commenter indicated that considering credit scores 
and reports as a negative factor is directly contrary to case law, 
citing to Howe v. United States ex rel Savitsky, 247 F. 292 (2d Cir. 
1917). The commenter explained that in this case the immigration 
inspector found the alien to be a public charge for having drawn a 
check abroad which ultimately proved bad and that in a dispute arising 
from contractual matter, the alien had sold the equipment at issue and 
kept the proceeds.\684\ The Second Circuit reversed the decision 
explaining that Congress meant the public charge provision to exclude 
persons who are likely to become occupants of almshouses for want of 
means with which to support themselves in the future.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \684\ Howe v. United States ex rel Savitsky, 247 F. 292 (2d Cir. 
1917) (He had drawn a check for $113 before leaving Canada which 
proved bad and that in a dispute with one Solomon Cohen arising out 
of the purchase of a milk route, Cohen charged him with having sold 
some of the equipment and kept the proceeds.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS disagrees that considering credit scores and reports 
as a negative factor is directly contrary to the case law established 
in Howe v. United States ex rel Savitsky.\685\ In Howe, the court 
criticized the public charge determination made by the immigration 
inspector, finding that immigration inspector's ``latitudinarian 
construction'' of the term public charge would render all other grounds 
redundant because everybody could be considered a public charge.\686\ 
The court indicated that the public charge determination could not be 
simple conjecture but that there must be some indication that an 
otherwise physically fit individual were to become a public charge for 
want of means to support themselves in the future before he or she 
could be found inadmissible.\687\ The court did not imply or mandate 
that any aspect of an individual's financial history be excluded from a 
public charge determination. Additionally, the case was decided based 
on the 1910 version of Section 2 of the Immigration Act of 1907; the 
provision at the time did not specifically require immigration officers 
to consider the alien's ``assets, resources and financial status'' as 
part of the public charge determination.\688\ In contrast, with the 
1996 amendments of IIRIRA, Congress specifically required immigration 
officers to consider these factors as part of the public charge 
determination.\689\ As explained in the NPRM,\690\ DHS considers an 
alien's liabilities and information of such liabilities in the U.S. 
credit report and score indicative of the state of an alien's assets, 
resources, and financial status and the person's ability to be self-
sufficient.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \685\ See Howe v. United States ex rel Savitsky, 247 F. 292 (2d 
Cir. 1917).
    \686\ See Howe v. United States ex rel Savitsky, 247 F. 292, 294 
(2d Cir. 1917).
    \687\ See Howe v. United States ex rel Savitsky, 247 F. 292, 294 
(2d Cir. 1917).
    \688\ See Howe v. United States ex rel Savitsky, 247 F. 292, 293 
(2d Cir. 1917). See Comp. St. 1916, Sec. 4244.
    \689\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \690\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51188-89 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Many commenters remarked that immigrants are more likely 
to have no credit history or an insufficient amount of information to 
generate a reliable score. A commenter stated that in their experience 
helping enroll immigrant populations in ACA open enrollment, credit 
scores were often either unavailable or inaccurate. A commenter stated 
that many immigrants are often victims of financial frauds and 
financial abuse, which could negatively affect their credit score. The 
commenter further stated that the only people to prosper from the 
proposed rule would be the credit repair industry.
    A few commenters stated that credit reports are not available in 
languages other than English, which can disadvantage immigrants with 
limited English proficiency from accessing their score and disputing 
mistakes made to their credit. Adding to this a commenter stated that 
immigrants often are not aware or are not able to correct errors on 
their credit score. One commenter stated that not using credit cards 
can negatively impact one's credit score even though not using credit 
cards can be a financially responsible choice. Adding to this, a few 
commenters stated that many people lack credit history because they are 
frugal which shows a lack of likelihood of becoming a public charge.
    Response: DHS recognizes that the credit reports and scores may be 
unavailable or inaccurate. As provided in the NPRM,\691\ the absence of 
an established U.S. credit history would not be a negative factor when 
evaluating public charge in the totality of the circumstances. Absent a 
U.S. credit report or score, USCIS may give positive weight to an alien 
who can show little to no debt and a history of paying bills timely. An 
alien may provide evidence of regular and timely payment of bills, and 
limited balances on credit cards and loans. In addition, USCIS would 
not consider any error on a credit score that has been verified by the 
credit agency in determining whether an alien is likely to become a 
public charge in the future.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \691\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51189 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters stated that considering credit scores 
will disparately affect ``marginalized communities.'' Additionally, a 
few commenters stated that using an immigrant's credit history in 
public charge determinations would have a disproportionate impact on 
immigrants of color; women; survivors of sexual and domestic abuse; 
people with lower levels of education; and local communities where 
credit scores there are lower than the national average. A commenter 
stated that the use of credit scores in public charge determinations 
may have the unintended consequence of trapping immigrants in a cycle 
of payday loans.
    Response: DHS disagrees that consideration of credit scores will 
disparately affect certain groups of aliens. DHS must consider an 
applicant's assets, resources, and financial status in making a public

[[Page 41428]]

charge determination.\692\ The rule abides by the statutory requirement 
as provided in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), and 
is consistent with congressional statements relating to self-
sufficiency set forth in 8 U.S.C. 1601. DHS does not believe that the 
use of credit scores will trap people into a cycle of payday loans 
since the rule in general, and the use of credit scores in particular, 
do not require anyone to incur any debts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \692\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A few commenters said that if public charge determinations 
are made using credit reports or scores, it must be in compliance with 
user duties under the FCRA. Specifically, the commenters noted that the 
FCRA applies to USCIS as a Government agency,\693\ and that FCRA 
requires persons to provide the consumer with a written notice if it 
takes an ``adverse action'' against that person ``based in whole or in 
part'' on a credit report.\694\ A USCIS denial would qualify as an 
``adverse action'' since it would be denying a ``license or other 
benefit granted by a governmental instrumentality required by law to 
consider an applicant's financial responsibility or status.'' \695\ 
USCIS would be required to provide the required written notice required 
under the FCRA. Some commenters stated that the burden caused by 
complying with the FCRA would outweigh the benefits from using the 
credit score.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \693\ 15 U.S.C. 1681a(b) (including government agencies in the 
definition of persons).
    \694\ 15 U.S.C. 1681m(a).
    \695\ 15 U.S.C. 1681b(a)(3)(D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS appreciates the comments. DHS agrees that it would be 
subject to FCRA when it relied on whole or on part on a credit report 
or credit score obtained from a credit report or other consumer report 
to deny a benefit. In such cases, USCIS will include the information 
required by 15 U.S.C. 1681m(a) as part of its communication with 
applicants. However, DHS disagrees that the burden imposed upon USCIS 
would outweigh the benefits from using a credit score and will retain 
the score as part of the rule.
6. Financial Means To Pay for Medical Costs
    Comment: One commenter supported the proposal to assess whether an 
immigrant has private medical insurance. Another commenter disagreed 
with the proposal to include financial means to cover medical costs. A 
couple commenters stated that the requirement that an immigrant have 
sufficient assets to cover the costs of medical care is vague and 
impossible to determine fairly. One commenter said considering lack of 
private health insurance seems ``outlandish'' when fewer than half of 
private employers in the United States provide health insurance to 
their workers. Similarly, a commenter said that many people who are 
employed do not have access to affordable healthcare coverage. Another 
commenter stated that immigrants are more likely than citizens to work 
in low-income industries that do not provide health insurance or pay 
enough for employees to afford health insurance. One commenter 
suggested the agency provide more information on how an immigrant can 
obtain insurance, since employer insurance is not always an option. 
Some commenters stated that low-wage workers should not be denied 
status because they lack health insurance. A couple commenters remarked 
that the lack of private health insurance in the United States provided 
the rationale behind the passing of the ACA. An individual commenter 
stated that the proposed financial means to pay for medical costs 
factor introduces a conundrum in deciding which will be weighted more 
heavily: Having private insurance now or previously having used public 
insurance. Another commenter stated that the proposed standard would be 
double counting with other factors in the public charge determination.
    Response: As explained in the NPRM, USCIS will consider whether a 
person has health insurance or has the household assets and resources 
to pay for reasonably foreseeable medical costs.\696\ In addition, as 
discussed in section III.R. below, based on DHS's review of the 
relevant data, DHS has determined to designate a heavily weighted 
positive factor for having private health insurance, so long as such 
insurance is appropriate to the expected period of admission, and the 
alien does not receive premium tax credits under the ACA for such 
insurance. DHS understands that certain individuals may choose to 
forego public health insurance, such as Medicaid, because of the impact 
on public charge. The rule, however, abides by the statutory 
requirement as provided in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4), and is consistent with congressional statements relating to 
self-sufficiency in 8 U.S.C. 1601. As Congress indicated that the 
immigration policies continues to be that, ``aliens within the Nation's 
borders not depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rather 
rely on their own capabilities and the resources of their families, 
their sponsors, and private organizations.'' \697\ Financial means to 
pay for reasonably foreseeable medical costs is part of being self-
sufficient. In evaluating the alien's ability to pay for reasonably 
foreseeable medical costs, DHS will consider whether the alien has 
private health insurance (which, on its own, can constitute a heavily 
weighted positive factor in certain circumstances, as described below) 
or other household assets and resources. DHS notes that such an 
evaluation may in some cases require DHS to consider an alien's 
publicly funded or subsidized health insurance that is not defined as a 
public benefit under this rule. As previously indicated, DHS will not 
base the inadmissibility determination on simply one factor but will 
review all the factors and circumstances in the totality of the 
circumstances without a rating or numerical standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \696\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51189 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \697\ See Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity 
Reconciliation Act of 1996, Public Law 104-193, section 400, 110 
Stat. 2105, 2260 (Aug. 22, 1996) (codified at 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters stated that the proposed rule, with its 
statement that ``individuals in poor to fair health are more likely to 
access public benefits to treat their medical condition'' erroneously 
suggests that all immigrants suffer from preexisting conditions and 
that they will all access federally subsidized health insurance.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule assumes that all immigrants 
suffer from pre-existing conditions and obtain federally subsidized 
health insurance. Whether a person has a medical condition is but one 
factor in the totality of the circumstances. DHS will also consider 
whether the alien has the resources to pay for reasonably foreseeable 
medical costs, and DHS will consider it a heavily weighted positive 
factor if the alien has private health insurance, so long as such 
insurance is appropriate for the expected period of admission and the 
alien does not receive premium tax credits under the ACA for such 
insurance.
    Comment: Another commenter stated that requiring the financial 
means to pay for medical costs is in direct conflict with the goals of 
the ACA.
    Response: DHS disagrees that requiring financial means to pay for 
medical costs is in conflict with the ACA. Although the ACA provides 
for affordable health insurance for a greater number of people, it also 
limits coverage to categories of immigrants eligible for subsidies and 
assistance through the

[[Page 41429]]

ACA.\698\ DHS is also not limiting the ability of people to receive 
subsidized health insurance, through the ACA or other programs. 
Insurance obtained from a private health insurance provider through the 
ACA marketplace would be considered private health insurance under this 
rule, although, as explained more fully in section III.R below, private 
health insurance for which the alien receives premium tax credits under 
the ACA would not qualify as private health insurance for purposes of 
the heavily weighted positive factor.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \698\ See Healthcare.gov, Immigration status and the 
Marketplace, available at https://www.healthcare.gov/immigrants/immigration-status (last visited July 24, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that the agency should provide the data 
used to determine the cost of caring for chronic disease treatment and 
that the agency should further their analysis to reflect the cost to 
taxpayers. They further stated that DHS should illustrate how 
immigrants could access health insurance.
    Response: The NPRM included a discussion of healthcare costs, and 
the importance of considering an individual's health when making the 
determination of public charge. DHS does not believe a more detailed 
analysis of the costs associated with chronic disease treatment is 
necessary. DHS does not have current information on all available 
health insurance plans, however, an applicant can seek information 
through HHS or through their local government.
    Comment: Many commenters stated that this factor would negatively 
and disproportionately affect people with disabilities; people with 
chronic health conditions; immigrants of color; Asian Americans; 
victims of human trafficking; farmworkers; and survivors of sexual 
abuse and violence.
    Response: DHS does not intend to disproportionately affect such 
groups. The rule abides by the requirements as provided in section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), and is consistent with 
congressional statements relating to self-sufficiency in 8 U.S.C. 1601. 
As Congress indicated that the immigration policies continues to be 
that, ``aliens within the Nation's borders not depend on public 
resources to meet their needs, but rather rely on their own 
capabilities and the resources of their families, their sponsors, and 
private organizations.''

M. Education and Skills

1. Education
    Comment: A commenter said that it should be unlawful to preclude 
individuals from immigrating to the United States for lack of education 
and that the new definition of public charge, in general, benefits the 
wealthy, putting them above hardworking families that actually help the 
country's economy. Another commenter equated the education requirement 
to a wealth test with no bearing on an individual's potential. In 
contrast, a commenter stated that education should be considered in a 
public charge determination because it is a key indicator of welfare 
use. The commenter added that, while the majority of immigrants come 
for work and most are employed, their lack of education results in low 
average income and heavy use of means-tested benefits programs. The 
commenter expressed support for an even higher standard and suggested 
that if an applicant has only a high school education or did not 
graduate high school, the burden must be on the applicant to show they 
will not be a public charge. Another commenter stated that, while the 
proposed evidentiary criteria to support the education requirement are 
all reasonable to consider as contributing factors, it is critical that 
they not be treated as separate elements, but as distinct ways to prove 
education and skills. The commenter concluded that treating each of 
these elements as separate factors is inconsistent with congressional 
intent and the general concept of a totality of the circumstances 
approach.
    Response: When Congress amended section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), it directed officers to consider the alien's 
education and skills, and the rule implements Congress's directive on 
this mandatory statutory factor. Additionally, DHS cited in the NPRM to 
various studies and data supporting the concept that a person's 
education and skills, including skills in the English language, are 
correlated to an individual's self-sufficiency and therefore a positive 
factor.\699\ The goal of this rule is to ensure an alien's self-
sufficiency and therefore, the implementation of this factor, as 
proposed by the NPRM, is consistent with congressional statements 
relating to self-sufficiency in 8 U.S.C. 1601. DHS will review and 
consider evidence brought forward by the applicant, including, but not 
limited to, evidence of the alien's employment history; an alien's 
degrees; occupational skills, licenses or certifications; and evidence 
of the alien's and proficiency in English.\700\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \699\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51189-96 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \700\ See 8 CFR 212.22(a).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that the proposed rule assumes that 
individuals who have a highly recognized degree or a unique skill are 
more likely to succeed in the United States, but these individuals 
often experience downward mobility post-migration because their foreign 
degrees, credentials, and work experience are not directly transferable 
to the United States job market. The commenter further stated that 
recent data shows education is a misguided factor in a public charge 
determination citing one study that found that even though many first-
generation Americans may face issues with lower education levels, 
subsequent generations dramatically improve their educational profiles. 
Another commenter stated that being employed or currently enrolled in 
STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) or information 
technology (IT) fields should be listed as a positive factor.
    Response: As previously indicated, education and skills is a 
mandatory factor established by Congress.\701\ DHS would individually 
review a person's education and skills to determine whether they are 
able to maintain or obtain employment to avoid becoming a public 
charge. As occupations vary in education and skills requirements, DHS 
is not limiting its review to specific education or occupations. 
Therefore, DHS does not find it necessary to specify in the rule 
education and occupations in STEM or other similar fields. It is DHS's 
intent that officer should examine every consideration, including 
education and skills, set forth by the alien in the totality of the 
circumstances when ascertaining whether an alien is likely to become a 
public charge based upon the applicability of the alien's education and 
skills to available employment at the time of adjudication.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \701\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters stated that the education requirement 
discriminates against farm workers and other trade workers because they 
may not have a formal education, but could have been working in the 
United States for many years. A commenter indicated that, while 
individuals that lack a high school or equivalent education generally 
earn less than persons with more formal education, they have many 
opportunities for gainful employment. The commenter noted that there 
are numerous jobs with no formal educational requirement, primarily in 
the agricultural, food processing and preparation, and building trades 
sectors, which are essential to the economy.

[[Page 41430]]

Another commenter said consideration of an immigrant's educational 
level is impermissible under the governing statute, in light of that 
factor's failure to accurately predict a likelihood of reliance on 
public benefits. The commenter suggested that studies have shown that 
low-skilled and low-educated immigrant men demonstrate ``substantially 
higher rates of employment'' than do comparable native-born men, 
particularly because of migrant selectivity in deciding where to locate 
and work. The commenter concluded by saying lack of a formal secondary 
education does not indicate, among immigrant populations, a likelihood 
of becoming a public charge and indicates the contrary.
    Response: As indicated above, education is one of the mandatory 
factors in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) that DHS 
must consider in the public charge determination. Employment history 
will also be considered in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination to determine whether the alien may obtain or maintain 
employment. Therefore, while the lack of formal education such as the 
lack of a high school diploma or other education, are generally a 
negative consideration, the alien's employment history as well as any 
occupational skills, certifications or licenses are generally positive 
considerations. DHS agrees that there are many opportunities for 
gainful employment, but DHS disagrees that consideration of an 
immigrant's educational level is impermissible as it is part of 
Congress' mandatory factors to consider in section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(A)(4). Additionally, the NPRM showed a clear link 
between increased education and increased employability, employment 
productivity, as well as earnings, and a reduction in public benefits 
use.\702\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \702\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51189-97 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS will consider a range of evidence as to education and skills. 
To clarify additional types of documentation that establishes a steady 
employment history, DHS has revised the evidentiary considerations in 
the rule to indicate that applicants should include federal tax return 
transcripts for the previous 3 years, if applicable, or, if the alien 
was not required to file federal income taxes, other probative evidence 
of the alien's employment history including Form W-2 for the previous 3 
years.
    Comment: Some commenters stated that an education requirement would 
be more difficult for immigrant women, stating that immigrant women 
from certain countries, such as Mexico, El Salvador, and China, are 
less likely to have completed high school, and are therefore, less 
likely to overcome a negative assessment based on this factor. 
Similarly, a commenter stated that the negative weight for lack of a 
high school diploma and lack of employment history would impact a 
significant portion of women from Asian countries who are adjusting 
their status.
    Response: DHS will examine the totality of the individual's 
circumstances, regardless of the individual's nationality, sex or other 
characteristic, to assess whether the individual is likely to become a 
public charge in the future. Among the factors to consider, education 
and skills is but one factor and is not outcome determinative on its 
own. When evaluating whether the alien has adequate education or skills 
to either obtain or maintain employment, USCIS' considerations include, 
but are not limited to the alien's past employment history; whether the 
alien has a high school degree or its equivalent, or any higher 
education; whether the alien has any occupational skills, 
certifications or licenses; and the alien's proficiency in the English 
or other languages in addition to English. DHS also encourages the 
applicant to bring forward any consideration he or she believes are 
relevant to the determination whether the alien has sufficient 
education or skills to not become a public charge at any time in the 
future.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the level and quality of the 
education attained by a prospective immigrant can help predict how 
likely they are to become a public charge and suggested prioritizing 
higher education in the immigration process. The commenter stated that 
immigrants with a high school education or less should not qualify for 
a green card unless the applicant holds a skill(s) that is in high 
demand and can be expected to earn a high enough salary that they would 
not need to enroll in any welfare programs. Another commenter said not 
enough weight is being given to an education standard, noting that 
while 37 percent of households headed by noncitizens with at least some 
college use welfare, the rate rises to 81 percent for households headed 
by noncitizens with only a high school diploma or less.
    Response: Congress legislates which individuals should be qualified 
for lawful permanent resident status, and not DHS. Therefore, DHS 
cannot implement the suggestion that immigrants with a high school 
education or less should not qualify for lawful permanent resident 
status unless the applicant holds a skill that is in high demand and 
for which the market pays a high salaries. Additionally, DHS disagrees 
that it does not give sufficient weight to the education standard: The 
public charge assessment considers each factor and circumstance 
applicable to the alien and each factor is accordingly weighted to 
determine whether an alien will be self-sufficient while in the United 
States. The DHS standard recognizes, consistent with the statute, that 
it is possible that an alien's other positive factors may outweigh the 
lack of formal education with the result that an alien is not deemed to 
be likely at any time in the future to become a public charge.
    Comment: Several commenters expressed concern over the negative 
assessments that individuals with disabilities may encounter under the 
education and skills factor in public charge determination. One 
commenter noted that in order to work and go to school, many 
individuals with disabilities rely upon Medicaid-funded services that 
would be considered in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination's assets, resources and financial status factor, and will 
also impact the education and skills factor.
    A few commenters added that unemployment rates for individuals with 
disabilities are drastically higher than those for individuals without 
disabilities. Many commenters addressed how the education requirements 
might negatively affect immigrants with disabilities, arguing that 
disparity in education and educational barriers for people with a 
disability have been ongoing in the United States for generations, 
resulting in lower rates of high school completion, and great 
disparities exist when comparing the attainment of higher-level 
degrees. A couple of commenters said attaining education and employment 
are areas where many people with disabilities often face significant 
discrimination based on their disability.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and understands that 
employment opportunities individuals with disabilities are different. 
Officers will not find an individual inadmissible solely on account of 
his or her education, skills, or his or her disability. Rather, 
officers will assess, based on the totality of the circumstances, 
whether the individual is likely to be self-sufficient. As indicated in 
the NPRM,\703\

[[Page 41431]]

Federal laws \704\ and regulations prohibit discrimination against 
individuals with disabilities. DHS recognizes that individuals with 
disabilities and other conditions make substantial contributions to the 
American economy. DHS has analyzed these laws and regulations, and has 
determined that assessing an alien's education and skills, including 
work history, is not inconsistent with adhering to non-discrimination 
requirements with respect to individuals with disabilities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \703\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51184 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \704\ See, e .g., the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Pub. L. 93-
112, 87 Stat 355 (Sept. 26, 1973) (codified as amended, in pertinent 
part, at 29 U.S.C. 794), the Americans with Disabilities Act of 
1990, Pub. L. 101-336, 104 Stat. 327 (July 26, 1990) (codified as 
amended at 42 U.S.C. 12101-12213), and the Individuals with 
Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Pub. L. 108-446, 118 Stat 2647 
(Dec. 3, 2004).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter expressed concern that adjudicators would 
apply the education and skills factor inconsistently with respect to 
the mission and duties of certain religious workers. The commenter 
stated that qualifying religious workers come from diverse educational 
backgrounds and perform a diverse range of work duties, depending on 
the nature and mission of the religious order. The commenter stated 
that work duties may include duties that do not produce any income at 
all, such as meditation and prayer, in those orders that pursue a more 
monastic way of life. Another commenter stated that the proposed 
education and skills factor could negatively impact those seeking visas 
as religious workers.
    A commenter suggested that DHS exempt special immigrant religious 
worker category \705\ from public charge inadmissibility determinations 
or clarify that these workers would still be admissible. The commenter 
stated that the regulations define a religious vocation as a ``formal 
lifetime commitment . . . to a religious way of life'' and cover 
religious workers who have taken a vow of poverty. The commenter 
indicated that as part of the vow of poverty, many religious workers 
relinquish personal property and assets, and are not permitted by their 
religious order to receive compensation. Instead, their religious order 
or community obligates itself to provide non-salaried support to its 
vowed member, such as room and board, health insurance, a small 
allowance, etc. In addition, the commenter stated that a religious 
order may be obligated to support this member as long as they remain a 
member. Given that ``assets, resources, and financial status'' is one 
of the main factors in the public charge determination, the commenter 
expressed concern that religious workers would be immediately 
disadvantaged.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \705\ See INA section 101(a)(27)(C), 8 U.S.C. 101(a)(27)(C).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the commenter expressed concern about the 
administrative and economic burden imposed on religious organizations 
to demonstrate that special immigrant religious workers are not likely 
to become a public charge. The commenter indicated that sponsors of 
religious workers may not possess the financial ability of typical U.S. 
employers. The commenter also stated that the imposition of additional 
documentary and form requirements to demonstrate that a religious 
worker is not likely to become a public charge would increase costs to 
the religious worker sponsor. The commenter indicated that these 
organization will maximize their resources to serve their mission in 
the Catholic Church, and that to impose additional economic burdens on 
U.S. religious organizations seems contrary to American values of 
religious freedom and liberty.
    Finally, the commenter expressed concern about the rule's negative 
impact on individuals and communities in the United States. The 
commenter stated that many international religious workers play a vital 
role in the daily lives of individuals and families in the United 
States. In addition to the spiritual and ministerial role played, many 
religious workers also participate in activities and duties supporting 
the communities directly. Therefore, the commenter requested 
clarification these special immigrant religious workers continue to 
qualify for the status or be exempt from public charge.
    Response: DHS acknowledges that special immigrant religious 
workers, and immigrants who perform religious work generally, provide 
valuable contributions to the United States and are in a special 
position, as acknowledged by Congress in the special immigrant 
religious worker classification.\706\ Congress, however, did not exempt 
these workers from the public charge ground of inadmissibility and, 
therefore, DHS will not exempt them in this rule. As noted elsewhere in 
this final rule, DHS believes that this regulation, and other 
provisions of the INA and implementing regulations, can be administered 
consistently with the RFRA. DHS acknowledges that any individual or 
organization who identifies a substantial burden on his, her, or an 
organization's exercise of religion such that the RFRA may require 
specific relief from any provision of this rule may assert such a 
claim.\707\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \706\ For example, special immigrant religious workers under INA 
section 101(a)(27)(C), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(27)(C) qualify for 
adjustment of status under INA section 245(a), notwithstanding 
certain bars under INA section 245(c).
    \707\ Note that that individuals ``located outside sovereign 
United States territory at the time their alleged RFRA claim arose'' 
are not ``person[s]'' within the meaning of RFRA. Rasul v. Myers, 
512 F.3d 644, 672 (DC Cir.), cert. granted, judgment vacated on 
other grounds, 555 U.S. 1083 (2008).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Among the requirements for a special immigrant religious worker, 
the sponsoring religious organization must provide an attestation, 
attesting, among other things, that the employee will be employed at 
least 35 hours a week, and that the worker will be provided a complete 
package of salaried or non-salaried compensation.\708\ As part of the 
petition, the employer provides detailed evidence as to the 
compensation package being offered to the religious worker, which may 
include salaried and non-salaried compensation, such as room, board and 
other remuneration.\709\ Additionally, as part of the attestation, the 
sponsoring religious organization also has to demonstrate the ability 
and intention to compensate the alien at a level at which the alien and 
accompanying family members will not become public charges, and that 
funds to pay the alien's compensation do not include any monies 
obtained from the alien, excluding reasonable donations or tithing to 
the religious organization.\710\ To the extent that the sponsoring 
religious organization complies with these evidentiary requirements 
with respect to the religious worker's compensation package, DHS does 
not anticipate, in general, that special immigrant religious workers, 
including those who have taken a vow of poverty are disadvantaged 
regarding consideration of their income, assets and resources because 
the sponsoring religious organization provides compensation to the 
religious worker such that the religious worker would generally be 
relying on private rather than on public benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \708\ See 8 CFR 204.5(m)(7)(vi), (vii), and (xii).
    \709\ See 8 CFR 204.5(m)(10).
    \710\ See 8 CFR 204.5(m)(7)(xii).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, DHS does not believe that considering the education 
and skills of a religious worker applicant may result in inconsistent 
adjudications or violate due process. As explained above, DHS is 
required to consider an applicant's education and skills as part of the 
public charge inadmissibility determination. As provide in the rule, 
when considering an alien's education and skills, DHS will consider 
whether the alien has adequate education and skills to either obtain or 
maintain

[[Page 41432]]

employment in a lawful industry with income that is sufficient to avoid 
being more likely than not to become a public charge. In the context of 
a special immigrant religious worker, the relevant is question is 
whether the alien's skills are suitable for the alien's intended 
occupation. DHS will not assume that the religious worker will be 
likely to receive a public benefit because of the nature of the 
employment or lack of income at the indicated threshold. Instead, DHS 
would consider provisions for housing, food, and medical care provided 
by the religious institution as available resources.
    Further, this rule is not intended to negatively impact special 
immigrant religious workers or communities in which such workers would 
reside. Rather, this rule is aimed at better ensuring that those 
seeking admission to the United States are self-sufficient and rely on 
their own resources and the resources of their sponsors and private 
organizations.
2. Language Proficiency
    Comment: A commenter said that it should be unlawful to preclude 
individuals from immigrating to the United States because of a language 
barrier and that the new definition of public charge, in general, 
benefits the wealthy, putting them above hardworking families that 
actually help the country's economy. One commenter said the United 
States has no official language, so there should be no language 
requirement. Many commenters stated that requiring English proficiency 
would mark a fundamental change from the nation's historic commitment 
to welcoming and integrating immigrants. A couple of commenters stated 
that the rule acknowledges the centrality of English language skills to 
economic self-sufficiency, but individuals commonly improve their 
English skills through participation in education programs and rely on 
Medicaid or other public benefits to enable them to succeed in their 
English language classes. A commenter indicated that the expanded 
negative weights for English language proficiency and educational/
skills attainment conflict with longstanding policy and principles that 
support upward mobility and self-sufficiency.
    Some commenters indicated that individuals who rely on Medicaid or 
other public benefits to enable them to succeed in their English 
language classes could be discouraged from continuing their education 
and improving their employability by fear of being found a public 
charge. Some commenters cited research showing a strong connection 
between better basic skills and higher earnings, which means that as an 
immigrant improves their reading, math, and spoken English skills, they 
will be better able to contribute economically to American society. 
Stating that data demonstrates that the use of cash benefits by 
immigrant populations that are not English-proficient is so low as to 
be within the study's margin of error, a commenter reasoned that many 
immigrants with limited English proficiency (LEP) are taxpaying 
business owners, or work in white collar or blue-collar jobs. The 
commenter further noted that although lack of English-speaking skills 
may be a hindrance to obtaining certain employment, proficiency in a 
foreign language may bolster an immigrant's ability to obtain other 
employment. One commenter suggested investing in English language 
learning programs instead of ``punishing'' immigrants for lack of 
English language proficiency. Another commenter reasoned that the 
ability to immigrate lawfully increases opportunities and ability to 
improve English and by limiting access to legal immigration, the rule 
would perpetuate an underclass of immigrants who continue to be 
prohibited from service that could improve their lives, including their 
English.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the commenters' suggestions to remove 
English language proficiency as a consideration in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination. DHS is not mandating English proficiency 
for admissibility. DHS recognizes that individuals who lack English 
proficiency may already participate in the workforce or may be able to 
obtain employment. However, as discussed in the NPRM,\711\ people with 
the lowest English speaking ability tend to have the lowest employment 
rate, lowest rate of full-time employment, and lowest median earnings. 
Further as illustrated in Table 24 in the NPRM, among the noncitizen 
adults who speak a language other than English at home, the 
participation rates for both cash and non-cash benefits are higher 
among those who do not speak English well, or at all, than among those 
who speak the language well. The margin of error of an estimate, and 
likewise its standard error, are affected by the number of people 
surveyed to construct the estimate, which in the case of a percentage 
or rate will include those who respond that they have the 
characteristic and those who respond that they do not. A relatively 
large standard error should not be interpreted to mean that the 
underlying rate being estimated is low. Findings from the SIPP tables 
were only discussed in the text of the NPRM if they are significant at 
the 95 percent confidence level.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \711\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51195-96 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS understands that aliens may improve their English skills in the 
future. The Form I-944 does allow a person to identify any courses or 
certifications in English. Furthermore, DHS is not mandating English 
proficiency for admissibility. Proficiency in English is one positive 
aspect for purposes of the education and skills factor to establish an 
alien's ability to obtain or maintain employment and that the alien, 
therefore, would be self-sufficient. Lack of English proficiency alone 
would not establish public charge inadmissibility, but would be one 
consideration in the totality of the circumstances.
    Comment: One commenter stated that requiring English language 
proficiency could extend to all kinds of visas, which could have a 
negative impact on tourism.
    Response: DHS reiterates that is not imposing an English 
proficiency requirement on nonimmigrants or immigrants--it is merely a 
consideration within the totality of the circumstances when determining 
for an immigrant applying for adjustment of status whether the alien is 
more likely than not to become a public charge in the United States. As 
previously discussed, DHS has removed the forward-looking aspect of the 
public benefits condition for extension of stay and change of status 
applications. Therefore, lack of English proficiency will not impact 
nonimmigrant visitors or the tourism industry. Further, nonimmigrants 
seeking extension of stay or change of status are not subject to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility under section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). Nonetheless, B nonimmigrant visitors would 
have to establish that they have maintained their status and that they 
have not received, since obtaining the nonimmigrant status that they 
are seeking to extend or change, any public benefits as defined in 8 
CFR 212.21(b), for 12 months in the aggregate within a 36-month period.
    Comment: A few commenters stated that most people who settle here 
permanently will develop English proficiency by the time they become 
citizens. These commenters reasoned that this is why is there is no 
English language test until an individual is being naturalized and that 
this method provides several years for immigrants to

[[Page 41433]]

immerse themselves in the English language. Another commenter stated 
that Congress made English proficiency a requirement for citizenship 
and not the initial stage of becoming a legal permanent resident and 
that imposing an English proficiency requirement in this rule bypasses 
Congress. A commenter stated that the rule penalizes people for 
speaking languages other than English, an English proficiency 
requirement places strain on shared heritage as a source of social 
support and resiliency, as well as creates redundancy given that our 
immigration systems requirement of English fluency for citizenship. A 
commenter asserted that while English has long been a requirement for 
those seeking to become naturalized citizens of the United States, the 
rule would create an English language requirement for nonimmigrant 
visas, family-based, and employment-based visas, even when a language 
requirement is already a consideration, and even where it is 
irrelevant. A commenter stated that the proposed English-language 
proficiency factor would reduce family reunification.
    Response: DHS is not imposing an English proficiency requirement or 
as a factor that is outcome determinative in the public charge 
determination. English proficiency is among the considerations 
evaluated when assessing education and skills; the alien may submit any 
evidence relevant to the factor.
    DHS understands that certain individual's English will improve over 
time in the United States and that the ability to read, write and 
understand the English language is tested as part of naturalization 
proceedings. However, DHS has established, through data presented in 
the NPRM, that an individual's inability to speak and understand 
English may adversely affect an alien's employability, and may increase 
receipt of public benefits.\712\ Therefore, DHS will consider the 
applicant's proficiency as one of the consideration for purposes of 
assessing education and skills; DHS will consider any factor applicable 
to the alien in the totality of the circumstances. DHS would also 
consider whether the alien is already employed or has education and 
skills that would allow the alien to obtain or maintain employment and 
avoid becoming a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \712\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51190-97 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters suggested that including English 
proficiency in the factor discriminates against deaf immigrants, 
individuals with hearing or speech disabilities, individuals who 
communicate through assistive devices, and immigrants with intellectual 
and developmental disabilities.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule discriminates against deaf 
immigrants or other disabilities. DHS does not mandate English 
proficiency as a pre-requisite for legal immigration or as a 
determinative factor within the public charge inadmissibility 
determination. Adjudicators would not consider it a negative factor for 
a deaf immigrant to read and write English but not speak it. And in 
view of ADA requirements applicable to employers, adjudicators would 
give equal weight to a deaf immigrant's ability to communicate through 
American Sign Language. An alien's Form I-693 may also establish that a 
person has a hearing or speech disorder, for which DHS would provide 
the appropriate accommodation for any interview. Although DHS may 
consider any medical condition in the totality of the circumstances, 
the fact that an alien is deaf or hard of hearing or has hearing or 
speech disabilities, communicates through assistive devices, or that 
the alien has intellectual and developmental disabilities will not 
alone lead to a determination of inadmissibility based on the public 
charge ground.
    Comment: Some commenters stated that USCIS does not have the 
authority to impose an official language and that there is no law that 
allows the Government to prefer those who speak English over those with 
LEP. Others stated that considering English proficiency in the public 
charge determination violates constitutional and statutory mandates 
prohibiting language-based discrimination, which the Supreme Court has 
interpreted as a form of national origin discrimination. One commenter 
stated that by discriminating based on English language proficiency the 
proposed rule violates laws banning national origin discrimination. 
Several commenters cited several Federal civil rights acts that show 
LEP persons are protected from discrimination on the basis of English 
proficiency and those acts included Title VI, the Civil Rights Act, the 
ACA, and more. Other commenters indicated that the INA, the U.S. 
Constitution's Equal Protection Clause and other authority demonstrate 
that individuals cannot be discriminated against on the basis of LEP.
    Many commenters stated that consideration of English language 
proficiency would disproportionately impact women with LEP, citing to 
studies indicating that women with LEP are less likely to participate 
in the labor force than men and more than twice as likely to work in 
low-wage service occupations as women with English proficiency, and 
older immigrants with LEP. Another commenter stated that the proposed 
rule will cause additional harm to trafficking survivors who have yet 
to gain proficiency in English because they have newly entered the 
United States or have been intentionally barred from learning English 
or accessing education by their traffickers. Another commenter said 
that DHS's analysis fails to account for the fact that many immigrants 
reside in multigenerational households where the English-speaking 
capacity of younger generations serves to benefit older generations 
that do not speak English as readily. The commenter also noted that the 
vast majority of immigrants to the United States have not been English-
speaking and this has not prevented immigrants from becoming 
contributing members of their communities. Some commenters addressed 
the adverse impact of the rule on immigrants of Asian descent because 
nearly three out of four speak languages other than English at home and 
35 percent have limited English proficiency. Other commenters stated 
that this requirement favors immigrants from wealthier, European 
countries and potentially disfavor immigrants from Latin America, 
Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Asia, South America and more.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule imposes a language 
requirement or impedes LEP individuals from entering the United States. 
DHS is not imposing an English proficiency requirement for admission to 
the United States, but solely uses English proficiency as one 
consideration among others when assessing an alien's education and 
skills. Additionally, DHS disagrees that considering an alien's 
proficiency in the English language as a consideration impermissibly 
discriminates on the basis of national origin or otherwise violates the 
Equal Protection Clause. Courts have applied rational basis scrutiny to 
immigration regulations applicable to aliens,\713\ and there is a

[[Page 41434]]

rational and non-discriminatory basis for consideration of English 
proficiency as an element of the education and skills factor. As 
explained in the NPRM, consideration of English proficiency in 
determining whether an applicant is likely to become a public charge is 
based on the fact that an inability to speak and understand English may 
adversely affect whether an alien can obtain employment,\714\ which is 
consistent with the Census Bureau study cited in the NPRM.\715\ During 
the drafting of this final rule, DHS also considered the Social 
Security Administration analysis published in that agency's notice of 
proposed rulemaking that showed high levels of labor market 
participation among individuals with LEP, and an increase in LEP labor 
market participants over time.\716\ Upon considering this information, 
DHS believes, however, that while individuals with LEP may be working 
in the United States, the jobs these individuals may be holding low 
skilled jobs which are typically available at lower pay. Because the 
purpose of this rule is to ensure that aliens are self-sufficient, such 
lower paying jobs may not denote the same level of self-sufficiency as 
jobs that may be held by an individual who are able to effectively 
communicate in English and who may be employed in a higher skilled, 
higher paying job. Therefore, DHS has retained the consideration of 
English proficiency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \713\ Korab v. Fink, 797 F.3d 572, 577-79 (9th Cir. 2014) 
(``[F]ederal statutes regulating alien classifications are subject 
to the easier-to-satisfy rational-basis review . . . Although aliens 
are protected by the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses, this 
protection does not prevent Congress from creating legitimate 
distinctions either between citizens and aliens or among categories 
of aliens and allocating benefits on that basis . . . The difference 
between state and federal distinctions based on alienage is the 
difference between the limits that the Fourteenth Amendment places 
on discrimination by states and the power the Constitution grants to 
the federal government over immigration.'') (citation omitted); 
Lewis v. Thompson, 252 F.3d 567, 570 (2d Cir 2001) (citing Lake v. 
Reno, 226 F.3d 141, 148 (2d Cir. 2000) (``We have recently 
recognized that a `highly deferential' standard is appropriate in 
matters of immigration . . . .'')).
    \714\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51195 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \715\ See Jennifer Cheeseman Day and Hyon B. Shin, U.S. Census 
Bureau, How Does Ability to Speak English Affect Earnings? 2 (2005), 
available at https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/PAA_2005_AbilityandEarnings.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \716\ Removing Inability To Communicate in English as an 
Education Category, Proposed Rule, 84 FR 1006, 1008 (Feb. 1, 2009). 
(``In absolute numbers, the working age population (ages 25-64) with 
LEP increased from approximately 5.4 to 17.8 million between 1980 
and 2016, while more than doubling, from 5.1% to 10.5%, as a 
percentage of the population. Within this group, the number of 
individuals who spoke no English more than quadrupled from 
approximately 682,000 to 2.8 million (representing growth from 0.6% 
to 1.7%, as a percentage of the working age population). Between 
1980 and 2016, the number of non-English speaking workers in the 25-
64 age range grew from approximately 373,000 to 1.7 million. During 
the same period, the labor force participation rate for working age 
individuals who speak no English increased from approximately 54.7% 
to 61.5%.41. Notably, considering the working age population with 
``less than high school diploma,'' the 2016 labor force 
participation rate for those speaking no English (60.5%) surpassed 
the labor force participation rate of those speaking ``only 
English'' (48.9%). In 1980, the reverse was true; working age 
individuals with less than a high school diploma speaking only 
English had a 60.7% labor force participation rate that exceeded the 
54.5% rate for those speaking no English. The increase in labor 
force participation by individuals who lack English proficiency may 
be in part due to the increase in low-skilled work in the national 
economy.'' (internal citations omitted)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The consideration of English proficiency is thus based on the 
factually neutral likelihood of someone obtaining sufficient employment 
to avoid becoming a public charge and not on a discriminatory motive. 
The alien is not precluded from bringing forth any other consideration, 
which will be considered under the circumstances of the particular 
alien.
    Comment: A commenter stated the agency should indicate how it would 
test English language proficiency, as developing a test similar to the 
citizenship test would be costly in terms of development, training for 
immigration officers, and the time it takes to conduct the test at each 
individual interview. A few commenters said the rule has no fair or 
narrowly tailored process for assessing language ability, which will 
result in arbitrary decisions and will lead to abuse of discretion and 
discriminatory conduct. The commenters also stated that the proposed 
rule does not explain how DHS will make this determination and does not 
explain what level of English language proficiency is needed, how 
individuals can demonstrate that ability, or how staff will verify the 
appropriate level. A few commenters stated that, if English proficiency 
is to be considered, there needs to be a clear definition for what that 
means and how it will be determined and not left to the USCIS' opinion 
or sole determination. Another commenter expressed similar concerns 
over how the English proficiency requirement would be measured, 
remarking that the NPRM does not indicate what tests might be employed, 
whether they would be standardized, what questions might be asked so 
that a test is administered uniformly, whether an adjudicator would 
perform the test, whether there would be exceptions or accommodations 
available, whether the test would be in writing or administered orally, 
and how an officer would evaluate an applicant's proficiency in other 
languages.
    Response: DHS disagrees with some commenters' assessment that the 
current content of the NPRM and the related documents provided as part 
of the proposed rulemaking insufficiently outlines the considerations 
that DHS will be employing to assessing the alien's education and 
skills. Evidentiary requirements for purposes of the public charge 
determination are outlined in the rule and in Form I-944, which 
includes questions on education and language skills. In general, 
certifications in a language or other evidence demonstrating an alien's 
education in the English and any other languages, for example, may 
demonstrate that the alien has attained some proficiency in the English 
language or another language. DHS is not requiring an English 
proficiency written test or provide a reading or writing test. Instead, 
DHS would review the documentation of English proficiency such as 
certifications or an alien's transcript for a course of study that was 
primarily in English (such as a native speaker's secondary school 
transcript). In addition, USCIS may confirm an alien's speaking and 
understanding of the English language through the question and answer 
process of the I-485 form during the adjustment of status interview.
    Comment: A commenter stated that English proficiency is not 
required for employment in the United States and cited employment 
statistics that indicate there is demand for a workforce that is not 
necessarily proficient in English. Other commenters asserted that the 
proposed rule fails to consider that immigrants may travel and secure 
employment in other areas where multiple languages are spoken alongside 
English. Similarly, other commenters indicated that this rule assumes 
that non-English speakers cannot perform jobs where English is not 
required, citing agriculture as an example and claiming the H-2A visa 
program itself does not require English to work temporarily in 
agriculture. Many commenters indicated that this rule would improperly 
reject many people with practical job skills doing essential work in 
our economy that have limited formal education and English proficiency 
and highlighted farmworkers as an example.
    Response: DHS understands that English proficiency is not be 
required to be employed in the United States. DHS is not requiring or 
mandating English proficiency as a requisite to immigrating to the 
United States. English proficiency is a consideration in the assessment 
whether the alien possesses education and skills sufficient to maintain 
or obtain employment as to not likely to become a public charge. As 
explained in the NPRM,\717\ data on the relationship between the level 
of English proficiency and employment as well as public benefits 
participation highlights that proficiency in the English language is a

[[Page 41435]]

relevant consideration. DHS will consider all circumstances of the 
alien's case and all factors in the totality of the circumstances; 
therefore, no single factor is outcome determinative in this 
assessment, including the lack or the existence of English proficiency. 
In individual circumstances, DHS would also consider the alien's 
employment as a positive factor despite lack of proficiency in English.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \717\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51195 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Many commenters addressed the 2014 SIPP data about the use 
of benefits by populations at various levels of English language 
ability cited by DHS. A commenter asserted that DHS failed to provide 
any causal linkage between the data cited and its conclusions. A 
commenter stated that the survey relied upon cross-sectional studies 
that capture information from a given point in time and that DHS does 
not cite longitudinal studies that follow the same population and 
capture relevant information over time. The commenter said DHS cannot 
predict whether an individual non-citizen is likely to become a public 
charge in the future based on such studies. One commenter cited 
information showing that while children of newly-immigrated families 
speak a non-English language at home, English language learning 
children are amongst the most successful students at school in the 
United States, especially once they become fully proficient in English. 
The commenter stated that this information contradicts studies cited by 
DHS.
    Response: DHS discusses English proficiency as an indicator of 
potential public benefits receipt, which does not rely on an assumption 
that the relationship is cause-and-effect. The cross-sectional analysis 
showed that not being proficient in English is an indicator of public 
benefit receipt in the near term, which is considered in the public 
charge determination. The DHS analysis shows a relationship between 
public benefit receipt and English proficiency among adults age 18 and 
over, and does not describe outcomes for the population of English 
language learning children, so the results of the studies do not appear 
contradictory.
    Comment: Multiple commenters stated that DHS failed to consider 
alternative reasons that people who are LEP may be more likely to 
access benefits, adding that that states that have high numbers of LEP 
populations, such as New York and California, also have high income 
thresholds for Medicaid. The commenters concluded by stating that three 
out of the four studies DHS cited used data derived from Europe, while 
the fourth relies on Current Population Survey data nearly 30 years 
old, which is insufficient to support DHS's proposed change.
    Response: DHS analysis showed that lack of English proficiency was 
a factor that affected the likelihood of receiving welfare. DHS does 
not dispute that likelihood of public benefits receipt may also be 
affected by the state of residency. DHS's findings were not interpreted 
to suggest that lack of English proficiency necessarily led to welfare 
receipt, or that there was any causal relationship between the two. As 
such, complex inter-relationships such as the one mentioned were not 
investigated. The studies provided by DHS regarding English proficiency 
included SIPP data representing U.S. noncitizens in 2013,\718\ as well 
as a study using data from the 2000 Census.\719\ One report that was 
referenced was international in its scope, and included a discussion of 
different European countries, as well as the United States.\720\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \718\ See Table 24, Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 
FR 51114, 51196 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \719\ See Jennifer Cheeseman Day and Hyon B. Shin, U.S. Census 
Bureau, How Does Ability to Speak English Affect Earnings? 6 (2005), 
available at https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/PAA_2005_AbilityandEarnings.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \720\ Barry R. Chiswick & Paul W. Miller, Immigrant Earnings: 
Language Skills, Linguistic Concentrations and the Business Cycle, 
15 J. Population Econ., 31, 31-57 (2002); Christian Dustmann, 
Fluency, Writing Fluency, and Earnings of Migrants, 7 J. Population 
Econ., 133, 133-156 (1994); Ingo E. Isphording, IZA Discussion Paper 
No. 7360, Disadvantages of Linguistic Origin: Evidence from 
Immigrant Literacy Scores (2013), available at http://ftp.iza.org/dp7360.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019); Org. for Econ. Cooperation 
& Dev./European Union, Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2015: 
Settling In (2015), available at http://www.oecd.org/els/mig/Indicators-of-Immigrant-Integration-2015.pdf (last visited July 26, 
2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A few commenters stated multilingualism should be 
considered an asset. Another commenter indicated that DHS based its 
consideration of English proficiency or additional languages on the 
assumption that English skills are required to enter the U.S. job 
market. According to the commenter, however, the large number of 
Spanish speaking workers in the construction industry undermined the 
premise that English skills are required to enter the U.S. job market. 
The commenter acknowledged that DHS would consider other languages 
depending on their market value, but that the rule was silent on 
considerations guiding this determination, such as the market value 
assessment for Spanish skills. Therefore, the commenter suggested that 
the rule should explicitly indicate that Spanish skills have a high 
market value, at least in the construction industry.
    Response: DHS will consider the ability to speak other languages in 
addition to English as part of the totality of the circumstances when 
evaluating all of the relevant skills that apply to an alien's 
employability, education and skills. The ability to speak a language or 
language proficiency may have differing impacts depending on the nature 
of the work and the employer, and is best considered individually in 
the context of each alien's application in the totality of the 
circumstances. DHS recognizes that certain professions or employment 
require that an alien speak another language in addition to English. 
However, the public charge assessment is geared toward becoming a 
public charge in the United States; the data presented in the NPRM 
\721\ clearly demonstrated a connection between the inability to speak 
and understand English in relation to employment, public benefit 
receipt, and financial status. Therefore, DHS retained the English 
proficiency provision. However, nothing in the regulation precludes an 
alien from presenting evidence and consideration relating to education 
or skills other than the considerations mentioned in the regulation; 
all considerations will be evaluated based on the totality of the 
circumstances.\722\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \721\ See 83 FR 51114, 51195-97.
    \722\ See 8 CFR 212.22(a) and 8 CFR 212.22(b)(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Skills
    Comment: A commenter indicated that the expanded negative weights 
for educational/skills attainment conflict with longstanding policy and 
principles that support upward mobility and self-sufficiency. Another 
commenter indicated that DHS failed to describe how DHS will consider, 
among other things, the education and skills requirement. The commenter 
stated that the rule could prejudice the many foreign-born workers in 
the construction worker industry, who have little formal education but 
skills that are in high demand and that these workers earn a good wage. 
The commenter suggested that DHS should change the requirement that it 
considers ``no high school diploma or other education or skills'' as a 
negative factor in the public charge analysis, and that DHS should 
instead consider education only as a positive factor. The commenter 
suggested that in the alternative, the lack of education should only be 
considered a negative factor when coupled with unemployment. The 
commenter stated that DHS fails to

[[Page 41436]]

define ``skills'' and expressed concern that the skills that workers 
have may be difficult to demonstrate as an evidentiary matter and that 
this could cause DHS adjudicators to improperly discount skills that 
often take many years to develop. Along with providing certain data 
noting that a significant percentage of both foreign-born (over 90 
percent) and native-born workers (over 85 percent) in the construction 
industry do not have a four-year college degree, the commenter pointed 
out that, for example, a brick layer may be highly skilled but lacks a 
way of demonstrating a formal certification. The commenter requested 
that the final rule explicitly indicate that Spanish language skills 
have a high market value, at least for those in the construction 
industry. The commenter also suggested that Form I-944 be amended to 
clarify that DHS will consider experience-based construction skills in 
the analysis, as the form as currently drafted largely focuses on the 
certification.
    Another commenter suggested that DHS amend its consideration of 
education and skills as a prerequisite to legal immigration because the 
legal immigrants that are entering the direct care workforce are 
entering a career pathway to a successful lifelong career. The 
commenter stated that although many such immigrants have increasing 
levels of responsibility, the workforce is not highly skilled. The 
commenter reasoned that preventing some of the most eligible 
individuals from entering the United States prevents them from 
addressing the direct care workforce deficit, which will negatively 
impact people with disabilities and the elderly in the United States, 
which rely on this workforce to maintain their well-being and quality 
of life.
    A couple of commenters stated that although agricultural work is 
considered unskilled labor under some technical definitions, it is in 
fact a skilled occupation requiring years of experience to gain the 
necessary knowledge, precision, exercise of judgment, endurance, and 
speed that many of these workers already have and which contribute to 
their employer's profitability. The commenters concluded by arguing 
that that the proposed rule would improperly reject the value of many 
farmworkers' contributions to our economy and society. Similarly, a 
commenter expressed their concern that the ``skills'' component of the 
education and skills factor is undervalued by the proposed rule. The 
commenter stated that this narrow view of skilled work will have a 
particularly harmful impact on immigrants who staff many vital 
occupations, such as healthcare support and personal care, for which 
certification procedures do not exist, but on which many in the United 
States may depend.
    Response: Education and skills are mandatory statutory factors as 
established by Congress under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4). DHS disagrees that it did not sufficiently outline the 
consideration of the factors in the NPRM.\723\ DHS appreciates the 
suggestions from commenters, including the suggestions relating to the 
construction industry. However, DHS will not remove the lack of a high 
school diploma or other education or skills provisions from the rule as 
a negative factor in the public charge analysis. Further, DHS will 
consider both the positive and negative factors associated with 
education and skills, as described in the NPRM. As evidenced by the 
commenters addressing various industries, each industry and area of 
employment may be different. The DHS proposed rule is flexible enough 
to account for all factors and circumstances in any particular industry 
and an individual's case so that each alien may set forth the 
considerations applicable to him or her demonstrating why the 
individual is not likely to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \723\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51189-51196 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the NPRM, education has been found to have a 
significant impact on public benefit usage. As it is possible for an 
alien to be employed and still be a public charge, the mere fact of 
employment cannot categorically remove education from an analysis of 
the totality of the circumstance because education is a statutorily 
mandated factor. Although education would certainly weigh positively, 
the exact nature of the education (or lack thereof) and employment 
would have to be considered. The level and quality of the education 
attained by a prospective immigrant can help estimate how likely they 
are to become a public charge. Therefore, while not having high school 
diploma or other education or skills are generally a negative factor, 
the lack of a high school diploma, for example, may be overcome by 
skills or other positive circumstances.
    DHS agrees that skills gained as part of employment are positive 
even when certifications are not available. Regardless of occupation, 
an alien may demonstrate that he or she has skills through employment 
that are positive factors. This showing will not be focused on 
construction, but generally, be applicable to all job skills. Overall, 
education and skills will be considered as part of the totality of the 
circumstances. DHS is not mandating any particular level of education 
or skill to overcome a public charge inadmissibility determination.
    Comment: One commenter stated that using both DOL, which already 
has education and skills criteria for immigrants entering the country 
to work, and DHS to evaluate labor needs and skills was redundant, 
unnecessary, and a waste of public funds.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule conflicts with DOL's 
evaluation of labor needs and skills. Under this rule, DHS will be 
considering whether an alien possesses education and skills that would 
contribute to the alien being employable in the United States and thus 
able to be self-sufficient. This determination does not entail 
determining whether an alien meets an employer's minimum job 
requirements for a particular position or qualifies for employment in a 
particular occupational classification. In addition, even if an alien 
is found to not possess any education or skills but instead has 
sufficient financial means to support himself or herself and any 
dependents, DHS may determine in the totality of the circumstances that 
the alien is not likely to become a public charge. In contrast, DOL has 
a statutory mandate to certify before an alien may be admitted in 
certain employment-based immigrant classifications that there are no 
able, willing, qualified, and available U.S. workers to perform the job 
for which an employer seeks to hire the alien, and that the alien's 
employment will not have an adverse effect on the wages and working 
conditions of similarly employed U.S. workers. In doing so, DOL 
examines whether the alien's education, skills, and job qualifications 
meet the employers' stated minimum job requirements. Therefore, the two 
departments fulfill two different responsibilities in the immigration 
process.\724\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \724\ See INA section 212(a)(5)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(5)(A), 20 
CFR and 656.1 (DOL's labor certification requirements for immigrant 
workers).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter asserted that DHS does not have the ability to 
adequately evaluate occupational skills, certifications, or licenses, 
and many occupations do not require them. The commenter stated that 
this requirement would cause a great burden on employers and agencies 
who must comply with these new requests.
    Response: DHS will evaluate all occupational skills, 
certifications, licenses, and any other evidence that

[[Page 41437]]

establishes a skill in an occupation, as presented by the alien. The 
alien has the burden to establish that he or she qualifies for the 
immigration benefit and is not inadmissible.\725\ Generally, forms and 
their instructions outline, in detail, the necessary evidence to apply 
for a benefit; similarly Form I-944 and its instructions outline 
possible evidence that an alien can submit to establish that he or she 
has the requisite education or skills as to be able to maintain or 
obtain employment. If USCIS believes that the alien has not submitted 
sufficient evidence to establish that he or she is not likely to become 
a public charge, where applicable, it may issue a RFE or a NOID to 
obtain clarification.\726\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \725\ See INA section 291, 8 U.S.C. 1361.
    \726\ See generally 8 CFR 103.2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Employment
    Comment: A commenter indicated that because immigrants who are in 
the United States without work authorization are not able to work 
legally, it will be impossible for many immigrants to demonstrate their 
past employment history. The commenter stated that the proposed rule 
will therefore place immigrants in an impossible situation: if they 
comply with the law that prohibits them from working without having 
first obtained employment authorization, they will forfeit the ability 
to obtain legal status because they will be unable to show current 
employment or a recent history of employment. Another commenter stated 
that DHS cannot accurately assess an individual's likelihood of 
becoming a public charge if DHS does not first grant work authorization 
to such an individual.
    Other commenters stated that certain visas, such as the K-1 
fianc[eacute] visa, do not permit a grantee to work. Another commenter 
stated that the use of an employability factor in a public charge 
determination would put many immigrants in a catch-22 where their 
options would be to either work illegally and be denied citizenship or 
not work and be denied immigration status due to lack of employment. 
Another commenter suggested that an applicant should be given time to 
enter the country and work before being subject to the public charge 
test.
    Response: As discussed in the NPRM, DHS recognizes that not 
everyone subject to this rule is authorized to work in the United 
States. Although an applicant may not be authorized for employment in 
the United States at the time of filing the adjustment of status 
application, he or she may have employment history in a foreign 
country, or volunteer work experience in the United States, that will 
be considered as part of the totality of the alien's circumstances.
    However, DHS notes that it would consider any employment history 
outside the United States as part of the public charge inadmissibility 
determination. Moreover, USCIS would also review the likelihood that 
the alien will work upon filing for or being granted adjustment of 
status, i.e., when authorized to work. In addition, USCIS would 
consider whether the alien may have sufficient assets and resources, 
including a pension or a household member's assets and resources, which 
may overcome any negative factor related to lack of employment. The 
assets and resources would include those of the household, which may 
include a sponsor when the sponsor is part of the household.
    DHS will not, however, include provisions in this rule to provide 
aliens subject to this rule time to enter the country and work before 
being subject to the public charge inadmissibility determination. As 
noted previously, the public charge ground of inadmissibility applies 
at the time of the alien's application for a visa, admission, or 
adjustment of status.
    Comment: Some commenters provided input on how the employment 
history requirements impacts domestic violence survivors. These 
commenters indicated that DHS disregards the reality of many crime 
survivors who are faced with losing their jobs due to intense trauma, 
reduced productivity, harassment at work by perpetrators, and other 
reasons stemming from violence. One commenter stated that secure 
immigration status can help survivors of abuse access employment 
opportunities, escape violent relationships, and help alleviate the 
trauma they have suffered. This commenter stated that the proposed rule 
is actually setting up barriers to employment for survivors, which is 
also a barrier to self-sufficiency. Other commenters stated that 
several studies have documented how domestic violence perpetrators 
deliberately try to sabotage their victims' efforts to obtain and keep 
paid employment; that domestic violence survivors are forced to become 
dependent on their abusive partners' incomes; or that some survivors 
have had their work permits or lawful permanent residence cards taken 
by their abusers, making it impossible to show that they had legal 
authorization to work and had to, at times, pay filing fees to get 
their replacement documents. One commenter stated that half of women 
who experienced sexual assault had to quit or were forced to leave 
their job within the first year and stated that by heavily weighting 
the lack of employment, the proposed rule doubly penalizes a victim for 
the economic effects that domestic violence and sexual assault abusers 
perpetrate.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' input. As explained in 
the NPRM, USCIS will assess the alien's education and skills with the 
focus whether the alien has adequate education and skills to either 
obtain or maintain employment sufficient to avoid becoming a public 
charge.\727\ As part of the assessment, USCIS will consider the 
totality of the alien's circumstances, including any and all factors 
and considerations set forth by the alien. Furthermore, T and U 
nonimmigrants, VAWA self-petitioners, and others listed in 8 CFR 
212.23, are generally exempt from inadmissibility on account of public 
charge and therefore, they are not likely impacted by this regulation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \727\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter stated requiring employment history would be 
problematic for many international students attending American 
universities, arguing that that foreign nationals on student visas are 
generally not permitted to work while engaging in studies on the F-1 
visa. This commenter stated that nearly one-quarter (20 out of 91) of 
the billion-dollar startup companies had a founder who first came to 
the United States as an international student, and stated that holding 
student loan and credit card debt against the students could have a 
negative impact. The commenter stated that, under the proposed rule, 
these individuals would be subject to the public charge test even as 
nonimmigrants when seeking to change status from that of a student to 
that of an employee on an employment-based visa.
    Response: DHS does not require that the alien have an employment 
history as part of the public charge determination. As discussed above, 
DHS has removed the forward-looking determination for nonimmigrant 
applicants for extension of stay or change or status. Therefore, DHS 
would not be reviewing the factors for nonimmigrants applicant for 
extension of stay or change of status, such as students. Further, the 
NPRM indicates that for purposes of the assessment of employment and 
skills, USCIS' considerations include, but are not limited to the 
alien's employment history.\728\ In general, students acquire skills as 
part of their studies; also, USCIS would not consider it to be a

[[Page 41438]]

heavily weighted negative factor if a student, applying for adjustment 
of status for a valid basis, is not working because she or he lacks 
employment authorization. For these reasons, DHS does not believe that 
students in universities in the United States will be adversely 
impacted by DHS's consideration of the education and skills factor, as 
set forth in this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \728\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that pregnant women may be forced to 
leave the work force and stay home to deal with medical complications 
of a pregnancy or to care for a child during the first months, due to 
reasons such as the high cost of out-of-home daycare, and that 
therefore, they will be less likely to show employment history. A few 
commenters stated that consideration of employment history would 
unfairly discriminate against women, particularly those who stay home 
and care for their children. Another commenter stated that often the 
work of a caregiver, such as a stay-at-home parent or grandparent, is 
vitally important for the emotional and financial well-being of a 
family. One commenter remarked that the rule unfairly penalizes 
individuals who may have additional caregiving responsibilities due to 
a child's special needs, inability to afford child-care, or even 
religious beliefs.
    Response: As indicated throughout this rulemaking, DHS will assess 
the likelihood of becoming a public charge based on the totality of the 
circumstances of the individual's case. While there are certain 
temporary medical conditions or other conditions that may require an 
individual to interrupt a certain employment activity or have a 
temporary absence, one can hardly regard such incidents as negating an 
individual's employment history, or his or her education or skills 
generally. Additionally, the applicant may bring forward evidence to 
establish that he or she has adequate education and skills to either 
obtain or maintain employment to avoid becoming a public charge.
    DHS acknowledges that an MPI paper observed that women could 
encounter difficulty with the totality of circumstances analysis, 
because women comprised 70 percent of the over 43 percent of recent 
green card holders who were neither employed nor in school. MPI added 
that many immigrant women do not work because of child care 
responsibilities and child care costs.\729\ In instances such as this 
where a mother is not currently employed and is raising children, DHS 
would not exclusively focus on the mother's lack of current employment. 
DHS would also take into full account other factors that could be 
favorable to the mother and could outweigh her current unemployment: 
her household's income, assets, and resources; an affidavit of support 
and relationship to her sponsor, if applicable; and her reasonable 
prospects to obtain and maintain lawful employment based on her age, 
education, skills, and any previous work history. This same level of 
consideration would also apply to other similarly situated parents, 
guardians, and caregivers who are currently unemployed or who are 
employed part-time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \729\ See Capps, Randy et al, ``Gauging the Impact of DHS' 
Proposed Public-Charge Rule on U.S. Immigration,'' Migration Policy 
Institute. (November 2018). Available at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/impact-dhs-public-charge-rule-immigration (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Consistent with the above, and following consideration of these and 
other comments about contributions of caregivers, DHS is adding under 
the Education and Skills factor an additional positive consideration, 
namely whether the alien is a primary caregiver of another person in 
the alien's household. This will be taken into consideration in the 
totality of the circumstances, and is intended to account for 
difficult-to-monetize contributions by aliens who may lack current full 
time employment or recent employment history due to their unpaid 
engagement in the household. As with all other considerations, the 
consideration of whether an alien is a primary caregiver would not 
alone establish that an alien is not likely at any time in the future 
to become a public charge. Rather, DHS would not consider it a negative 
factor if an alien of a working age who would normally be employable 
lacks full time employment, or a recent employment history. This 
consideration could cover a range of circumstances, including, for 
example, a parent who stays at home to care for a newborn child, or an 
adult child who stays at home to care for an elderly parent. DHS has 
limited this consideration so that only one alien within the household 
can be considered the primary caregiver of the same person in his or 
her household. Because some commenters responding to various aspects of 
the totality of the circumstances analysis raised concerns about 
``double counting'' negative factors, DHS notes that it will only take 
the primary caregiver role into consideration if relevant, i.e., DHS 
will not use this consideration to negatively compound the absence of 
full time employment or recent employment history if the alien is not a 
primary caregiver. As indicated above, DHS has also added a definition 
of ``primary caregiver'' under 8 CFR 212.21(f) to correspond to this 
provision; primary caregiver means an alien who is 18 years of age or 
older and has significant responsibility for actively caring for and 
managing the well-being of a child or an elderly, ill, or disabled 
person in the alien's household.
    Comment: Multiple commenters wrote that the rule misunderstands the 
nature of low-wage work, indicating that there are not simply ``people 
who work'' and ``people who receive benefits,'' rather there is an 
overlap between the two groups.
    Response: DHS understands that there is an overlap between ``people 
who work'' and ``people who receive benefits.'' People who are employed 
but nonetheless receive public benefits may not be self-sufficient. 
However, the fact that an alien who is subject to a public charge 
inadmissibility determination has in the past received public benefits 
is not outcome determinative. Whether an alien is inadmissible because 
he or she is likely at any time in the future to become a public charge 
depends on a review of a range of factors, including work history, in 
the totality of the circumstances.

N. Affidavit of Support

    Comment: Several commenters stated that the affidavit of support is 
sufficient to satisfy the standard because the sponsor agrees to 
provide the necessary financial support or to reimburse providing 
agencies. One commenter stated that the Form I-864 already provides a 
method for objective public charge analysis. Many commenters stated 
that Form I-864 creates a legally binding contractual agreement between 
the petitioner/sponsor and the government that the intending immigrant 
will not receive public benefits. Some of the commenters indicated that 
relegating the Form I-864 to a mere factor and proposing to replace it 
with a bond eliminates the true potential of the Form I-864: to deter 
new immigrants from applying for government assistance. The commenters 
stated that in lieu of the Form I-864, the government now proposes to 
increase the use of public charge bonds and the bond amount to levels 
that most immigrants will not be able to pay, and involves a third 
party private bond company. One commenter stated that the proposed 
heavily weighted factors do not achieve the stated goals of the rule; 
the commenter indicated that the agency has not stated a sufficient 
reason

[[Page 41439]]

why the existence of a binding contract from a financially-capable 
sponsor, such as the affidavit of support that used to be sufficient 
for public charge purposes would not satisfy the standard for purposes 
of public charge, and others stated that this is especially the case, 
when the question addressed with the affidavit of support is whether an 
immigrant is likely to become a public charge. Another commenter stated 
that the affidavit of support, by statutory definition, requires the 
immigrant to demonstrate financial support to ensure that he or she is 
not a public charge, but the rulemaking arbitrarily relegates the 
affidavit of support to a non-substantial factor. The commenter 
disagreed that the affidavit of support should just be one factor and 
stated that the proposed rule allows for the possibility of a heavily 
weighted factor to outweigh the contractual showing of the sponsorship, 
as outlined by Congress. The commenter also stated that without 
according the affidavit of support any weight, the NPRM effectively 
eviscerated the affidavit of support process and goes against 
congressional intent to establish clear guidelines and a meaningful 
measure of likelihood of becoming a public charge.
    Two commenters stated this proposed regulation diminishes the 
consideration of a sufficient affidavit of support in the determination 
of likely to become a public charge, and drastically diminishes the 
sponsor's role as they exist within the current standards. One 
commenter said the affidavit of support requirement can be hard to meet 
for some potential adjustment of status applicants. The commenter said 
if the petitioner's income and assets are not adequate, it can be 
difficult to find another person (a ``joint sponsor'') who is willing 
to hand over their sensitive identification and financial documents and 
sign a binding contract to ensure the intending immigrant will not 
depend on public benefits.
    A few commenters indicated that the current system already places a 
high burden on petitioners and immigrants, and that the affidavit of 
support system has done a good job in making sure that immigrants will 
not become public charges after entry. One commenter said the demotion 
of the affidavit of support is another way that the re-framed totality 
of circumstances would allow only those already with resources to enter 
or remain in this county. Similarly, commenters stated this rule would 
make it harder for low-income immigrants to get their green card or 
visa, and tilt away from family-based immigration to a wealth-based 
system that would be both deeply unethical and entirely inconsistent 
with laws and policies in the United States.
    Another commenter stated that the focus should remain on the 
sponsor and their ability to maintain the intending immigrant at 125 
percent of the FPG, asserting that DHS should only consider the other 
heavily weighted factors in ``unusual cases.'' Another commenter stated 
that the proposed rule shifts the focus of an applicant's eligibility 
away from an applicant's sponsor and onto the applicant.
    Response: DHS rejects the assertion that the rule shifts the 
emphasis away from the affidavit of support, as the statute does not 
require or even permit DHS to focus the public charge inadmissibility 
determination solely on the affidavit of support. In fact, the minimum 
mandatory factors that must be considered as part of the public charge 
inadmissibility determination under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), do not include the affidavit of support. Rather, 
Congress added that any affidavit of support under section 213A of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, may be considered in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination.\730\ An affidavit of support is required 
for most family-sponsored immigrant applicants and certain employment-
sponsored immigrant applicants, and the absence of a sufficient 
affidavit of support will result in an inadmissibility finding.\731\ 
Because the lack of a sufficient affidavit of support, when required, 
automatically results in a finding of public charge inadmissibility, it 
would be inconsistent with the statute to place an emphasis on the 
affidavit of support in the public charge determination. Under this 
rule, DHS will give positive weight to a sufficient affidavit of 
support, but it would not, and cannot under the statute, be outcome 
determinative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \730\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(B)(ii), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(B)(ii).
    \731\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(C) and (D), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(C) and (D).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Another commenter asserted that the proposed rule does not 
provide any standards for evaluating factors or the likelihood that the 
sponsor would actually provide the required financial support to the 
alien, and that such vagueness invites officers to make decisions on 
the basis of their personal assumptions and biases, which will almost 
certainly result in inconsistent application of the standards. Another 
commenter also stated that DHS's justification for independently 
considering the sponsor's income and resources, relationship to the 
applicant and the likelihood of supporting the applicant, or any other 
related considerations, is inadequate as it fails to provide a standard 
for evaluating these standards, and will lead to inconsistent decisions 
that are also based on officer's assumptions and biases and exceeds the 
statutory wording in regard to affidavits of support. Additionally, 
referring to a 1998 DOS cable on the sufficiency of affidavits of 
support, the commenter indicated that the proposed provision upends, 
without justification, prior practice that instructed that the intent 
of the sponsor and the verification of the sources is not a 
consideration once a sufficient affidavit of support has been 
presented. The commenter furthermore indicated that DHS justification 
and evidence--referring to reports that are nine and sixteen years 
old--does not support the agency's position. Another commenter stated 
that the proposed rule creates opportunities for arbitrary decision-
making when assessing one's family status or financial status, because 
the rule tasks the adjudicator with assessing the closeness of the 
sponsor-alien relationship and with the assumption that a close family 
member ``would be more likely to financially support the alien if 
necessary.'' The commenter indicated, however, that the closeness of a 
relationship is a subjective determination and not necessarily based on 
the existence of a blood relationship but rather on personal 
connections and history that an outside adjudicator would find 
difficult to comprehend. Similarly, another commenter provided that 
evaluating the relationship between a sponsor and an applicant may be 
particularly prejudicial if the agency fails to account for cultural 
differences in family dynamics. A commenter stated that, once an 
affidavit of support is determined to be legally sufficient, DHS should 
not substitute its agents' judgment for that of Congress by requiring a 
different income threshold or encouraging them to speculate about a 
sponsor's relationship to an applicant.
    Another commenter said the guidance in the FAM, which explains that 
a joint sponsor ``can be a friend or a non-relative who does not reside 
in and is not necessarily financially connected with the sponsor's 
household'' was consistent with the statutory language at section 213A 
of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a that defined the requirements of a 
``sponsor'' but does not include a requirement that a joint sponsor 
have a familial relationship to the immigrant.
    Response: DHS does not believe that the proposed public charge 
inadmissibility determination, including the consideration relating to

[[Page 41440]]

the affidavit of support, is not sufficiently detailed or nebulous. DHS 
put forth a detailed assessment of the factors and how they are applied 
in the NPRM. Additionally, DHS provided additional information in the 
proposed forms and the form's instructions. As provided in the NPRM, a 
sufficient affidavit of support does not guarantee that the alien will 
not receive public benefits in the future and, therefore, DHS would 
only consider the affidavit of support as one factor in the totality of 
the circumstances.\732\ The inability or unwillingness of the sponsor 
to financially support the alien may be viewed as a negative factor in 
the totality of the circumstances. DHS expects that a sponsor's 
sufficient affidavit of support would not be an outcome-determinative 
factor in most cases; the presence of a sufficient affidavit of support 
does not eliminate the need to consider all of the mandatory factors in 
the totality of the circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \732\ Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51197 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    USCIS would assess the sponsor's annual income, assets, resources, 
and financial status, relationship to applicant, the likelihood that 
the sponsor would actually provide financial support to the alien, and 
any other related considerations. In order to assess the sponsor's 
likelihood of meeting his or her obligation to support the alien, DHS 
would look at how close of a relationship the sponsor has to the alien, 
as close family members would be more likely to financially support the 
alien if necessary. DHS would also look at whether the sponsor lives 
with this alien, as this could be indicative of the sponsor's 
willingness to support the alien if needed. Additionally, DHS would 
look at whether the sponsor has submitted an affidavit of support with 
respect to other individuals, as this may be indicative of the 
sponsor's willingness or ability to financially support the alien.
    DHS furthermore disagrees with the commenters' assessment in regard 
to the weight provided to a sufficient and properly executed affidavit 
of support. The statute, under section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a 
does not mandate that the affidavit is outcome determinative, nor does 
it limit DHS's discretion how to weigh the affidavit in the totality of 
the circumstances: It simply puts forth that ``[n]o affidavit of 
support may be accepted by the Attorney General or by any consular 
officer to establish that an alien is not excludable as a public charge 
under section 1182(a)(4) of this title'' and provides the requirements 
for a valid affidavit of support. The guidance of how to assess it is 
contained in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), which 
specifically provides that the lack of an affidavit of support, where 
required, renders an applicant inadmissible on the public charge 
ground; the statute further states an officer may consider any 
affidavit of support under section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a, 
when assessing the public charge ground of inadmissibility.\733\ DHS, 
therefore, determined that it will consider the affidavit of support as 
a factor in the totality of the circumstances.\734\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \733\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
    \734\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(7).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The statute under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) 
also does not mandate how much weight an affidavit of support must be 
given. Therefore, it is appropriate for DHS to regulate that the weight 
should be assessed based on the sponsor's annual income, assets, 
resources and his or her financial status, as well as the closeness of 
the relationship which would be indicative of the willingness and 
ability of the sponsor to financially support the alien.\735\ DHS 
appreciates the reference to DOS' guidance on that issue, but DOS 
guidance is not binding on DHS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \735\ See 8 CFR 212.22(b)(7); see also Inadmissibility on Public 
Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51198 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In sum, the INA does not preclude DHS from establishing a framework 
for officers to provide the appropriate weight of the affidavit of 
support within the totality of the circumstances. In cases where the 
statute requires an alien to submit an affidavit of support and the 
alien fails to do so, the statute mandates a finding of public charge 
inadmissibility.\736\ As explained in the NPRM,\737\ however, the 
submission of a sufficient affidavit of support does not guarantee that 
the alien will not receive public benefits in the future. The 
submission of a sponsor's sufficient affidavit of support also does not 
eliminate the need to consider all of the mandatory factors in the 
totality of the circumstances.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \736\ See INA section 212(a)(4)(C) and (D), 8 U.S.C. 
1182(a)(4)(C) and (D).
    \737\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51198 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter suggested that DHS codify as a ground of 
exclusion on public charge, that a beneficiary sue the sponsor for 
reimbursement of listed public funds received, or else be deemed a 
public charge. The commenter explained beneficiaries have the option, 
but not the obligation, to initiate a private legal action against a 
sponsor who fails to fulfill their contract obligations to support the 
alien financially. The commenter stated that integrating this as a 
factor or ground would significantly facilitate DHS's goal of ensuring 
self-sufficiency. The commenter also said the sponsored beneficiary 
could also meet this obligation if the sponsor was sued for 
reimbursement by the funding Government agency. Another commenter 
stated that, if the concern of DHS is to lessen the financial strain 
Federal public benefit programs create, then a more effective and less 
harmful to public-health-and-safety alternative would be to enforce the 
affidavit of support, which is a binding contract as signed.
    Response: DHS does not have the authority to create such a required 
ground of inadmissibility under authority of section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). Additionally, DHS does not believe adding an 
additional factor to this rule regarding sponsor reimbursement of any 
amount of public benefits provided by an applicant is consistent with 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility, or that enforcing the 
sponsor's affidavit of support obligation is relevant to the public 
charge inadmissibility determination.
    DHS notes that while the existence of a sufficient affidavit of 
support, where required to be submitted, is considered as a positive 
factor in any public charge inadmissibility determination, the 
sponsorship obligation set forth on the affidavit of support does not 
attach until after the application for an immigrant visa or adjustment 
of status is granted.\738\ The subsequent action of enforcing the 
affidavit of support is distinct from the actual inadmissibility 
determination. Therefore, DHS will not, in adjudicating an adjustment 
of status application, consider the sponsor's potential future 
reimbursement in a public charge inadmissibility determination when 
there is not yet a reimbursement obligation. Rather, DHS will consider 
the existence of a sufficient affidavit of support and the likelihood 
that the sponsor would actually provide the statutorily-required amount 
of financial support to the alien, and any other related 
considerations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \738\ See INA section 213A, 8 U.S.C. 1183a; 8 CFR 213a.2(d).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, the statute is forward-looking and requires DHS to 
determine whether the alien is likely at any time to become a public 
charge. While past receipt of public benefits is a factor to consider, 
the fact that the beneficiary or the funding Government agency seeks

[[Page 41441]]

reimbursement for such receipt is unrelated to an alien's likelihood of 
becoming a public charge in the future. Imposing such a requirement 
would not meaningfully contribute to DHS's goal of ensuring self-
sufficiency of those foreign nationals in the United States. For these 
reasons, DHS will not include reimbursement of the cost of public 
benefits provided to an alien as part of the factors is an appropriate 
consideration.

O. Additional Factors To Consider

    Comment: A commenter stated that being a past recipient of public 
benefits should not be a heavily weighted negative factor and suggested 
that certain positive factors, or considerations, should offset 
negative factors such as being a caregiver for a U.S. citizen child, 
being an elderly person or an individual with disabilities, having a 
child under the age of five, being recently pregnant, being someone who 
had a temporary health condition which caused the individual to be 
unable to work which has since improved, and those receiving Medicaid.
    Response: Aside from the above-referenced clarification with 
respect to caregivers, DHS will not add additional factors or 
considerations to the rule along the lines proposed by the commenter. 
There is no evidence that these listed factors, such as being a 
caregiver for a U.S. citizen child, being an elderly person or an 
individual with disabilities, having a child under the age of five, or 
being a Medicaid recipient, is indicative of self-sufficiency. Although 
caregivers may benefit the household by eliminating the need for 
childcare or eldercare expenses, each person must establish he or she 
is not likely to be a public charge based on the totality of the 
factors of an individual's circumstances. However, as noted above, 
USCIS, on an individual basis, may take into consideration that a 
person is a caregiver for others in the household as part of the 
Education and Skills factor or that a sponsor provides sufficient 
support for the alien. When considering whether the alien is likely to 
become a public charge, DHS will consider the totality of the alien's 
circumstances. The alien is not precluded from advancing any argument 
or providing evidence that would indicate that, in the totality of the 
circumstances, the alien is not likely to become a public charge.
    Comment: One commenter suggested that DHS should take reimbursement 
(or the possibility of reimbursement) of public benefits into account 
when determining whether an individual is likely to become a public 
charge. The commenter, while noting that benefits such as costly long-
term institutional care were unlikely to be reimbursed, stated that 
there was no reason to think that very modest amounts of Medicaid or 
SNAP benefits would not be reimbursed if the public entity providing 
the benefits sought reimbursement. This commenter noted that the 
Government has the authority to obtain reimbursement from a sponsor 
under an affidavit of support. The commenter noted that the current 
SNAP, Medicaid, SSI, and TANF programs permit reimbursement. This 
commenter stated that lower thresholds for public charge determinations 
increase the likelihood of receiving reimbursements of benefits that 
would push the amount of benefits received below the public charge 
threshold as set by DHS. And finally, the commenter requested that 
consideration of reimbursement, and how it will be determined, as part 
of the regulatory action on public charge, should be done with notice 
and comment because it is such a major aspect of the rule.
    Response: Although an adjustment of status applicant who is 
required to submit a sufficient affidavit of support must submit Form 
I-864 with his or her application, the sponsor's obligations with 
respect to the applicant do not become effective until the adjustment 
of status application is granted. Therefore, at the time the applicant 
files an application for adjustment of status, there would not be 
anyone responsible for reimbursing a public benefit-granting agency. 
The reimbursement of public benefits may be more applicable in the 
deportability context and out of scope of this rule.

P. Heavily Weighted Factors General Comments

    Comment: A commenter opposed proposed establishment of heavily 
weighted positive and negative factors in a public charge 
inadmissibility determination. The commenter indicated the proposed 
system of heavily weighted negative and positive factors effectively 
limits an adjudicator's ability to consider the totality of 
circumstances. Many commenters stated that the proposed rule would 
yield inconsistent outcomes as there is no clear guidelines to what 
extent heavily weighted positive or negative factors should inform a 
final decision. Another commenter stated that the proposed weighting 
scheme unreasonably under-weighs the most important factors (ability to 
work in the future and having potential family support) and overweighs 
several other marginal factors in public charge determinations. The 
commenter also indicated that the general considerations are turned 
into a complex, variable-factor test that always involves more than 
five factors, and that it will massively increase the error rate for 
public charge decisions. The commenter indicated that the example in 
Table 35 in the NPRM and rule specify quantitative weights to the 
factors. The commenter indicated that the factor labeled ``not 
applicable'' has a presumed weight of zero and is not included in the 
numerator or denominator of any quantitative or qualitative final 
``score'' of the proposed test; and that ``heavily weighted factors'' 
have a much greater weight than all other factors. The commenter 
further assumed that the agency intends each of the applicable factors 
to have a weight equal to one, and heavily weighted factors have a 
weight equal to two. The commenter concluded that that while this would 
be the most straightforward reading of the factors and the tables 
included in the NPRM, the commenter stated it is actually unclear what 
the rule requires.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the standard of identifying heavily 
weighted factors limits an officer's ability to consider the totality 
of the circumstances.\739\ The heavily weighted factors provide 
guidance as to how to weigh all the factors present in an alien's case. 
Each case has different circumstances that will be reviewed in the 
totality of the circumstances. DHS believes that while the heavily 
weighted factors are more indicative of an alien's likelihood to become 
a public charge, these factors, under the totality of the circumstances 
framework, are still evaluated in conjunction with the other relevant 
positive and negative factors, and accorded the weight they are due in 
an alien's individual circumstances. Further, one factor alone, even 
those that are heavily weighted, will not determine whether an alien is 
likely at any time to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \739\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51178 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The totality of the circumstances approach is consistent with the 
statutory requirement that DHS consider certain minimum factors, as 
well as a body of administrative case law that has developed over the 
past 50 years, which generally directs the agency to ``consider all the 
factors bearing on the alien's ability or potential ability to be self-
supporting.'' \740\ Additionally, as discussed in the NPRM, DHS has 
determined that certain factual

[[Page 41442]]

circumstances would weigh heavily because DHS considered them to be 
particularly indicative of an alien being more of less likely to become 
a public charge.\741\ In the sections that follow, DHS addresses public 
comments regarding specific heavily weighted factors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \740\ See Matter of Vindman 16 I&N Dec. 131, 132 (Reg'l Comm'r 
1977).
    \741\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51198-206 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Again, the inclusion of heavily weighted factors does not change 
that the public charge inadmissibility determination is one that is 
made based on the totality of the alien's individual facts and 
circumstances. Therefore, DHS disagrees with the commenter's assessment 
on the quantitative weight assessment of the factors. DHS does not 
review the factors quantitatively, so there is not a factor that has a 
weight equal to zero, one, or two. The use of the term ``neutral'' in 
the ``Weight of Factor'' column in Table 35 of the NPRM refers to the 
fact that the factor is not heavily weighted. The factors would still 
be positive or negative unless designated as heavily weighted factor.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the heavily weighted negative 
factors are highly correlated and ``puts a thumb on the scales'' 
against low-income immigrants. A couple of commenters stated that the 
heavily weighted factors ignore the positive contributions of 
immigrants to society. A commenter stated that the heavily weighted 
factors in the proposed rule are not realistic given the realities of 
the current job market in the United States. A commenter stated that 
negatively weighted factors in the proposed rule, such as family size 
or being under the age of 18, are misaligned with efforts to grow the 
U.S. economy. Another commenter expressed concern that the negative 
weighted factors ignore the positive impacts receiving public benefits 
have on future self-sufficiency.
    Response: As explained in the NPRM, the mere presence of any of the 
factual circumstances listed in the rule would not, alone, be outcome 
determinative. A circumstance that the rule designates as warranting 
heavy weight might be outweighed by countervailing evidence in the 
totality of the circumstances.\742\ Other evidence may also be 
probative of an alien's likelihood to become a public charge in the 
context of an alien's individual circumstances.\743\ Therefore, the 
public charge inadmissibility determination, as proposed in the NPRM 
and as set forth in this final rule, is neither a formulaic scheme nor 
will it ignore important considerations in an alien's case, such as the 
alien's ability to work or the family support that she or he receives, 
or any other positive contributions by the alien that demonstrate self-
sufficiency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \742\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51198 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \743\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51198 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees that the heavily weighted factors are not 
realistic given the realities of the current job market in the United 
States and that these factors are misaligned with efforts to grow the 
U.S. economy. This rule is designed to better ensure that those seeking 
to come to and remain in the United States either temporarily or 
permanently are self-sufficient, as directed by Congress.\744\ However, 
DHS notes that as addressed elsewhere in this rule, this rule does not 
aim to address the U.S. economy or the U.S. job market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \744\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters stated that four in ten noncitizens who 
entered the United States without a green card would have 
characteristics that would be considered heavily weighted negative 
factors. Many commenters stated that the heavily weighted factors would 
disproportionately affect immigrant women; survivors of domestic and 
sexual abuse; immigrants with disabilities; immigrants with HIV and 
other chronic health conditions; LGBTQ immigrants; children and 
families; seniors; multigenerational families; racial and ethnic 
minorities; and AAPI immigrants. For example, several commenters stated 
that the employability factor would negatively and disproportionately 
impact survivors of sexual and domestic violence. A commenter stated 
that women are more likely to be victims of harassment at work, and are 
more likely to face negative consequences if they speak out. Another 
commenter stated that the employability factor and receipt within the 
previous 36 months of one or more public benefits above the threshold 
would unfairly affect individuals with disabilities. Some commenters 
stated that survivors of domestic and sexual abuse would be 
disproportionately affected by heavily weighting recent receipt of one 
or more public benefits. A commenter stated that the proposed rule's 
lookback period will negatively impact pregnant women as well as women 
and families with children because they are eligible to receive 
benefits for a longer period of time. Another commenter stated that 
using recent receipt of public benefits as a heavily weighted negative 
factor would have disastrous effects on those receiving Medicaid. 
Several commenters stated that the heavily weighted negative factor for 
lacking financial means to pay for reasonably foreseeable medical costs 
would disproportionately harm immigrants with disabilities, and those 
living with chronic medical conditions. Several commenters stated that 
this proposed factor would disproportionately affect survivors of 
domestic and sexual abuse, and certain subpopulations of Asian 
Americans.
    Response: DHS understands that the rule may result in more public 
charge inadmissibility findings, which may have specific effects on 
certain groups. For example, the rule will affect some aliens who have 
low incomes; however, income is relevant to the alien's assets, 
resources, and financial status, which DHS is required to consider in 
determining whether an alien is likely at any time to become a public 
charge in the totality of the circumstances. Similarly, DHS understands 
that the rule will affect aliens who do not work, but employability has 
obvious relevance to whether a person is likely at any time to become a 
public charge. Again, an officer evaluates all of the factors in the 
totality of the circumstances and an alien may have positive factors 
that outweigh lack of past, current, or future employment. Finally, an 
alien's recent receipt of public benefits (or an alien's continuing 
enrollment in public benefits such as Medicaid) is also relevant to the 
alien's assets, resources, and financial status, which DHS is also 
required to consider in determining whether an alien is likely at any 
time to become a public charge. However, as noted previously, this is 
one relevant factor in the totality of the circumstances, and an alien 
could always show evidence of disenrollment, or evidence that the alien 
obtained private health insurance or other means of support to offset 
this heavily weighted negative factor.
    As noted elsewhere in this rule, Congress has generally exempted 
certain vulnerable populations from the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility, such as VAWA, T, and U applicants, and DHS included 
these exemptions in the regulatory text in this final rule. DHS, 
however, will not adjust the statutory factors to otherwise accommodate 
specific groups whom Congress has made subject to the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility.

Q. Heavily Weighted Negative Factors

1. Lack of Employability
    Comment: One commenter supported lack of employability as a heavily 
weighted negative factor, and stated that lack of employability should 
be the only disqualifying factor. Another commenter stated that 
employment

[[Page 41443]]

alone does not guarantee an immigrant's economic self-sufficiency, 
because much of the work done by immigrants is low-wage and does not 
fully cover the cost of living in the United States.
    Response: DHS agrees that employment alone does not guarantee that 
a person will be self-sufficient. DHS disagrees, however, with the 
comment suggesting that the lack of employability should be 
disqualifying in the public charge inadmissibility determination. All 
the factors as listed in the statute and this final rule, including the 
heavily weighted negative factors, are reviewed in the totality of the 
circumstances. The fact that an alien is not a full-time student and is 
authorized to work but cannot demonstrate employment history or a 
reasonable prospect of future employment will not be the sole factor 
that would lead to a determination that the applicant is inadmissible 
as likely at any time to become a public charge.\745\ Even where an 
alien has this heavily weighted negative factor, that factor, in and of 
itself, will not render an applicant likely at any time to become a 
public charge in the totality of the circumstances analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \745\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51178 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS will not implement the suggestion that the lack of 
employability be the only disqualifying factor. As noted above, none of 
the heavily weighted negative factors is disqualifying and further, DHS 
has determined that there are other factual circumstances (e.g., 
income, assets, resources at or above 250 percent) apart from 
employability that are also particularly indicative of an alien being 
more of less likely to become a public charge and therefore, are 
heavily weighted negative factors.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the factor is misleadingly 
characterized in the preamble as a ``Lack of Employability.'' The 
commenter indicated that it is not clear how recently a person needs to 
have worked, or how they would demonstrate the prospect of future work, 
or even the type of work that would avoid the application of this 
heavily weighted negative factor. Some commenters stated that the 
employability heavily weighted negative factor was vague and poorly 
defined.
    Response: DHS does not believe that the heading for this factor is 
misleading. The factor relates to whether an alien who is not a full-
time student and is authorized to work, is able to demonstrate current 
employment, recent employment history, or a reasonable prospect of 
future employment. Because this factor assesses whether an alien who 
has work authorization has worked or can demonstrate the ability to 
work in the future, it goes directly to whether the alien is 
employable, which DHS believes is particularly indicative of whether an 
alien is more likely to become a public charge.
    With respect to the commenter's objections regarding vagueness, DHS 
believes it is reasonable and consistent with a totality of the 
circumstances approach to not limit the review of employability to 
specific time periods or specific types of employment. Form I-485 
requests information on the last 5 years of employment. An applicant 
may be able to demonstrate prospects of future employment through their 
employment history and education and skills.
2. Current Receipt of One of More Public Benefit
    Comment: A few commenters stated that considering current receipt 
of one or more public benefits is not in keeping with the totality of 
circumstances test. In addition to this, one commenter stated that 
including receipt of one or more public benefits to the public charge 
determination was a drastic change in the scope of the test. One 
commenter stated that including public benefits as a heavily weighted 
negative factor ignores the contributions of low-wage workers to 
society and the economy. A few commenters stated there was not 
sufficient evidence to state that receipt of one or more public 
benefits is indicative of someone becoming a public charge. Other 
commenters said that some people who are self-sufficient will access 
benefits, and that this has been supported by congressional intent.
    Response: DHS disagrees that considering prior or current receipt 
of public benefits is inconsistent with the totality of the 
circumstances test. As discussed in the NPRM, DHS believes that receipt 
of benefits is a key gauge to determining the likelihood of future use 
of public benefits and becoming a public charge. All else being equal, 
a person who is currently receiving public benefits is more likely to 
receive public benefits in the future than a person who is not 
currently receiving such benefits. The 1999 Interim Field Guidance 
recognizes this by directing officers to consider current and past 
receipt of covered benefits.\746\ DHS appreciates that low-wage workers 
contribute to society and the economy but believes that including 
public benefits as a heavily weighted negative factor is an appropriate 
consideration in determining who is likely to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \746\ See Field Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on 
Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28689, 28690 (May 26, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter stated that the heavily weighted factors 
would impair rather than advance the financial stability of immigrants. 
A commenter stated the negative factors in the rule ignore the role 
public benefits and family support play in advancing self-sufficiency. 
Another commenter stated that using receipt of one or more public 
benefits as a heavily weighted factor would hurt the ability of public 
benefit-granting agencies to combine multiple benefits that work in 
concert to improve self-sufficiency of the recipients.
    Response: DHS agrees that public benefits can assist in advancing 
self-sufficiency but believes the rule is a proper interpretation of 
the congressional mandate regarding the public charge provisions.\747\ 
Further, the rule does not prevent public benefit-granting agencies 
from working to improve the self-sufficiency of recipients, although it 
does create consequences for an alien's receipt of certain public 
benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \747\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter said this factor was appropriately weighted 
but indicated that an alien's reliance on a foreign government 
assistance program should not be considered as a negative factor, as in 
many cases, the dependence on such programs is customary, or the 
program is designed to be one where the immigrant would not have had to 
opt into.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment and agrees that the factor is 
appropriately weighted. DHS did not propose and will not consider 
public benefits provided by foreign countries.\748\ Public benefits in 
foreign country have different standards and objectives. For example, 
in some countries, such as Canada, healthcare is provided on a national 
basis and is not based on income eligibility and not aligned to a need-
based standard. In addition, the inadmissibility determination is 
whether a person is likely to become a public charge in the United 
States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \748\ See 8 CFR 212.21(b). See Inadmissibility on Public Charge 
Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 51158-74 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Receipt of Public Benefits Within 36 Months Before Filing
    Comment: Some commenters stated that a retrospective test is 
inconsistent with the prospective nature of the

[[Page 41444]]

public charge inadmissibility determination. Other commenters asserted 
that weighing receipt of public benefits within the previous 36 months 
is inconsistent with the totality of circumstances test, and 
represented a significant and troubling departure from current federal 
policy. A commenter commented that the ``studies provide zero evidence 
that previous receipt of the newly added benefits is an indicator of 
future use.'' A few commenters commented that receipt of public 
benefits is a clear benchmark that an immigrant was deemed eligible for 
a benefit by another Federal agency and it is therefore inappropriate 
to consider previous receipt of public benefits. Several commenters 
stated that if the specific circumstances that led to the use of public 
benefits no longer apply, the previous use of benefits is irrelevant. 
One commenter added to this and said that they opposed the proposed 
addition of receipt of public benefits within last 36 months of filing 
application as there are many cases where someone needs help only 
temporarily. Another commenter stated that many individuals would just 
disenroll from benefits for 3 years and re-enroll once they receive 
adjustment of status, but in the meantime could suffer. Many commenters 
stated that a lookback period disregards the positive effects of public 
benefits, including future self-sufficiency. Several commenters stated 
that the 36-month rule is retrospective and has no place in a rule that 
is meant to be forward looking, and commented that prior receipt of 
public benefits has no bearing on whether an individual will be 
dependent on the Government in the future. A commenter indicated that 
the past receipt of public benefits should receive no weight. One 
commenter expressed concern that by using a lookback period, even 
individuals who were able to increase their earnings to a point where 
assistance is no longer needed will be penalized. Adding to this, a 
commenter that the proposed lookback period will disproportionately 
hurt those who are gainfully employed and may therefore be eligible to 
access benefits for longer than those who are not employed.
    Response: DHS understands that a person may no longer need public 
benefits in the future if the circumstances that led to the use of 
public benefits no longer apply, and DHS would take that into 
consideration. DHS would take into consideration that the public 
benefit was used temporarily and that the person may not be likely to 
receive public benefits in the future. No longer receiving public 
benefits because of stable employment or income would be a 
consideration in the totality of the circumstances. However, DHS 
believes, as discussed in the NPRM, that past receipt of public 
benefits for more than 12 months in the aggregate within 36 months is 
an indicator that an alien will continue to receive (or again receive) 
public benefits, and therefore is likely to become a public charge.
    Comment: A commenter indicated that the 36-month standard is 
unreasonable because the study conducted by HHS in 2001 is outdated and 
does not appear to provide a reasonable basis for the 36-month period 
that DHS has included in this proposed rule. A couple of commenters 
stated there was not adequate rationale to support negatively weighting 
receipt of public benefit within the prior 36 months. Another commenter 
stated that it was unclear how prior benefit use would be weighted. A 
couple of commenters stated that the 36-month rule is unfair because no 
one could have predicted this rule or can predict their circumstances, 
and would cause great fear and confusion.
    Response: As discussed in the NPRM, some studies suggest that 
although most people who leave welfare programs are working after they 
leave those programs, people may come back to receive additional public 
benefits.\749\ As explained in the NPRM, DHS would view past receipt of 
public benefits within 36 months as an indicator that an alien will 
continue to receive (or again receive) public benefits, and therefore 
is likely to become a public charge. With respect to the statement that 
the study is outdated or insufficient, DHS notes that although there 
are limitations to the data, this study was particularly of interest in 
that it examined repeated return to public benefit programs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \749\ See Lashawn Richburg-Hayes & Stephen Freedman, A Profile 
of Families Cycling On and Off Welfare 4 (Apr. 2004), available at 
https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/73451/report.pdf (last visited 
July 26, 2019). See also U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., Office 
of the Assistant Sec'y for Planning & Evaluation, Status Report on 
Research on the Outcomes of Welfare Reform app. B (Aug. 2001), 
available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/status-report-research-outcomes-welfare-reform-2001 (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As explained elsewhere in this rule, DHS has also clarified as part 
of the definition of receipt of public benefits, that although an 
application or certification for public benefits is not considered 
receipt, DHS believes that the application for, or being certified to 
receive in the future to receive public benefits may suggest a 
likelihood of future receipt. Correspondingly, DHS also amended the 
heavily weighted factor to state an alien's receipt, being certified to 
receive, or approval to receive one or more public benefits, as 
defined, for more than 12 months within any 36 month period, beginning 
from 36 months prior to the alien's application for admission or 
adjustment of status, will be considered a heavily-weighted negative 
factor in the totality of the circumstances assessment.
    The NPRM explains that the weight given to public benefits will 
depend on whether the alien received multiple benefits, how long ago 
the benefits were received, and the amounts received.\750\ For example, 
the receipt of a public benefit five years ago may be a negative 
factor; however, a public benefit received six months before the 
adjustment of status application would be considered a heavily weighted 
negative factor. DHS will consider receipt of (or application or 
certification for) public benefits after the effective date of the 
rule. DHS will also consider those benefits that were previously 
considered under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance including SSI, TANF, 
State and local cash assistance programs that provide benefits for 
income maintenance (often called ``General Assistance'' programs), and 
those benefits received (including Medicaid) to support the alien's 
institutionalization for long-term care. The publication of the rule 
and effective date provides sufficient notice for people to cancel 
current receipt of public benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \750\ This proposed policy is generally consistent with 
longstanding policy affording less weight to benefits that were 
received longer ago in the past.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter requested an explanation of the necessity of 
the 36-month lookback period as most immigrants who would qualify for 
public benefits are either exempt from public charge determinations or 
have already adjusted status.
    Response: As explained previously, the 36-month component of the 
public charge threshold is an appropriate timeframe to determine 
whether an alien is more likely than not to become a public charge at 
any time in the future. That said, DHS will not make a public charge 
inadmissibility determination with respect to aliens who are exempt 
from public charge inadmissibility or who have already adjusted status 
to that of a lawful permanent resident, and would not otherwise be 
considered applicants for admission. Therefore, DHS will not consider 
whether such aliens have received public benefits. With respect to 
other aliens, as discussed in this final rule, DHS has added the 
consideration of credible and probative evidence presented by the

[[Page 41445]]

alien from a Federal, state, or local government agency that 
demonstrates the alien is not eligible for one or more public benefits. 
This information will be taken into consideration in the totality of 
the circumstances.
4. Financial Means To Pay for Medical Costs
    Comment: Some commenters stated that many people do not have the 
ability to afford their own healthcare due to low wages and the high 
cost of healthcare, making this factor unfair to low-wage workers and 
immigrants. Another commenter expanded on this and remarked that this 
factor will simply exclude individuals without substantial resources 
and who do not understand the complicated healthcare system in the 
United States. One commenter expressed concern that the rule asserts 
that a sign of self-sufficiency is having enough cash on-hand to deal 
with serious illness, asserting that most Americans born in this 
country could not pass this test. Another commenter stated that it is 
impossible to predict an individual's future healthcare costs.
    Response: The basis for including Medicaid in the rule is discussed 
earlier in this preamble. Even if the alien does not have health 
insurance, he or she should have sufficient funds to provide for any 
reasonably foreseeable medical costs, which is only one consideration 
in the totality of the circumstances. Further, DHS will not consider 
assistance for an ``emergency medical condition'' as provided under 
section 1903(v) of Title XIX of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. 
1396b(v), and in implementing regulations at 42 CFR 440.255(c) as part 
of the public charge inadmissibility determination. Having health 
insurance or being able to pay for medical expenses is only one factor 
in the totality of the circumstances. This factor does not call for the 
alien to be able to pay for medical costs that are not reasonably 
foreseeable.
    Comment: Commenters suggested that DHS eliminate the proposed 
heavily weighted negative factor for an alien who (1) has been 
diagnosed with a medical condition that is likely to require extensive 
medical treatment or institutionalization or that will interfere with 
the alien's ability to provide for himself or herself, attend school, 
or work, and who (2) is uninsured and has neither the prospect of 
obtaining private health insurance, nor the financial resources to pay 
for reasonably foreseeable medical costs related to a medical 
condition. A commenter stated that the factor is applicable even if the 
applicant has not used public benefits and would keep most people with 
disabilities from entering or remaining in the United States. The 
commenter further stated that assigning the factor a heavy weight would 
codify discriminatory assumptions regarding people with disabilities. 
The commenter stated that disability should remain a factor to be 
measured on a case-by-case basis free of an automatically assigned 
heavy negative weight.
    Response: DHS will retain the heavily weighted negative factor 
based on the applicant's lack of financial means to pay for reasonably 
foreseeable medical costs if the alien does not have private health 
insurance. As established in the NPRM, certain chronic medical 
conditions can be costly to treat and certain conditions may adversely 
affect an applicant's ability to obtain and retain gainful employment, 
or to otherwise support himself or herself. Evidence outlined in the 
NPRM also indicated that individuals in poor to fair health are more 
likely to access public benefits to treat their medical condition. DHS 
agrees with the commenter that this factor may be applicable even if 
the applicant has not received any public benefits, but disagrees that 
this factor would keep most people with disabilities from entering or 
remaining in the United States. Since the public charge inadmissibility 
determination is made on a case-by-case basis and in the totality of 
the alien's individual circumstances, an applicant could overcome this 
heavily weighted negative factor through presentation of other 
evidence.
    Additionally, DHS notes that the fact that an applicant has a 
disability does not mean that the applicant has this heavily weighted 
negative factor, and disagrees that the rule codifies discriminatory 
assumptions. As is the case with any other applicant, individuals with 
disability may establish their self-sufficiency notwithstanding their 
medical condition that is likely to require extensive medical treatment 
or institutionalization or that will interfere with the alien's ability 
to provide for himself or herself, attend school, or work. Such 
applicants may do so by providing proof of income, employment, 
education and skills, private health insurance, and private resources.
    Comment: One commenter expressed concern that this factor would 
allow DHS personnel to overrule the opinions of medical professionals 
in a move that would invite ``unbridled speculation and 
discrimination.''
    Response: DHS disagrees that this heavily weighted negative factor 
would permit DHS to overrule the opinions of medical professionals. In 
reviewing the Form I-693 or DOS medical examination form, USCIS will be 
relying on the diagnoses set forth by the civil surgeon or designated 
panel physician on such forms submitted in support of the application 
for the diagnosis of any medical conditions; USCIS will also rely on 
evidence, as provided by the applicant, of a medical condition that is 
likely to require extensive medical treatment or institutionalization 
after arrival, or that will interfere with the alien's ability to care 
for himself or herself, to attend school, or to work. DHS will not 
speculate as to the cost of medical conditions or the ability of a 
person to provide for himself or herself or go to school or work.
    Comment: Multiple commenters stated that farmworkers often lack 
health insurance, even if offered by their employer, because they 
cannot afford it, and stated this factor is unfair to these workers.
    Response: For nonimmigrants' admission, DHS will also consider the 
proposed length of stay of the nonimmigrant and the assets, resources 
and financial status of the applicant. Some employers may provide for 
medical assistance for the duration of the alien's stay. Whether a 
person has the ability to pay for reasonably foreseeable medical costs 
is but one factor in the totality of the circumstances. As previously 
indicated for extension of stay and change of status purposes, DHS 
removed the forward looking determination and will only consider 
whether the nonimmigrant received public benefits during the stay.
5. Alien Previously Found Inadmissible or Deportable Based on Public 
Charge
    Comment: Some commenters asserted that by using whether a person 
was previously found inadmissible or deportable as a public charge as a 
heavily weighted factor, DHS would be ignoring the prospective nature 
of the public charge assessment. One commenter stated that since the 
prior finding of not being a public charge is not accorded comparable 
weight in the proposed rule this factor would be arbitrary and unfair. 
The commenter stated that in addition, because the only heavily 
weighted positive factor that could counterbalance this one is income 
or assets above 250 percent of the FPG, reliance on such a factor would 
arbitrarily impose a more difficult evidentiary hurdle for immigrants 
below that level than for immigrants above it without rational 
justification, as well as disproportionately harm immigrants of color, 
who are less likely to earn above that level, as described infra in our

[[Page 41446]]

comments on the 250 percent criteria. Another commenter warned that 
this factor would be an arbitrary addition and would serve no purpose 
other than to deter individuals from applying for adjustment of status 
out of fear it would ruin their future attempts to gain lawful 
permanent residence status.
    Response: DHS disagrees that considering a prior inadmissibility 
determination as a heavily weighted negative factor would be arbitrary 
and unfair or that considering an alien's prior admissibility under the 
public charge ground would merit comparable favorable treatment. A 
previous finding of inadmissibility on public charge grounds would 
likely be documented. By contrast, there would not necessarily be a 
statement of the Government's reasons for admitting the alien or 
approving his or her application for adjustment of status.
    DHS acknowledges that an alien's circumstances may have changed 
since a previous application for admission or determination of 
inadmissibility or deportability based on the public charge ground. DHS 
would take those new circumstances into account in the totality of the 
circumstances when making a new public charge inadmissibility 
determination. There is no requirement to specifically ``balance out'' 
a heavily weighted negative factor with a heavily weighted positive 
one. Rather adjudicators will consider the alien's specific 
circumstances within the totality of the circumstances framework when 
assessing the alien's likelihood of becoming a public charge, and will 
afford specific facts the weight they are due in the context of this 
rule's adjudicative framework.

R. Heavily Weighted Positive Factors

1. Proposed Standard
    Comment: Several commenters stated that having the 250 percent 
threshold as the sole heavily weighted positive factor in the public 
charge test would represent a fundamental change to immigration policy 
and the immigrant population. A commenter stated a bright-line positive 
or negative income threshold subverts the totality of circumstances 
consideration. Some commenters stated that the 250 percent threshold 
was another example of double counting in public charge inadmissibility 
determinations under the proposed rule. Another commenter stated the 
250 percent threshold was there to prevent immigration through 
administrative means. Another commenter stated that those falling 
between 125 percent and 250 percent of the FPG would have their cases 
improperly adjudicated. One commenter stated the 250 percent threshold 
does not go far enough to help qualified individuals overcome the 
public charge test. Other commenters stated that the proposed heavily 
weighted positive factor ignores the positive contributions of 
immigrants. One commenter stated that using 250 percent as the sole 
positive factor undermines and minimizes the value of other key 
economic and wealth building milestones. Additionally, some commenters 
stated that the proposed heavily weighted positive factors undervalue 
those who contribute to society in nonmonetary ways, such as stay at 
home parents. Another commenter stated that the 250 percent threshold 
functions as a ``wealth-test.'' Another commenter said that most 
legally present noncitizens would not meet the 250 percent FPG 
threshold. Similarly, other commenters stated that much of the U.S. 
population would not qualify to have a heavily weighted positive 
factor. Many commenters said the threshold for a family of four is 
higher than the 2017 median household income for the United States 
($63,000 vs. $61,372). One commenter stated that in some regions of the 
United States those earning above 250 percent FPG would be among the 
wealthiest in their communities. One commenter stated that the proposed 
250 percent FPG threshold would do little to improve the systemic 
issues of income inequality in the United States.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule provides a wealth test. The 
250 percent FPG standard is a heavily weighted positive factor and not 
a requirement that aliens need to meet in order to overcome a public 
charge inadmissibility finding. As previously stated, income is one 
factor in the totality of the circumstances, and any income above 125 
percent of the FPG is a positive factor.
    Comment: Several commenters cited research showing there was not a 
statistically significant difference in receipt of benefits between 
immigrants above and below the 250 percent threshold. Some commenters 
stated that the 250 percent FPG threshold would have a perverse effect 
of discouraging people from supporting family members out of fear it 
would change their public charge determination.
    Response: DHS acknowledges that certain tests involving estimates 
of noncitizens yielded results in Table 28 of the NPRM that were not 
statistically significant, which in some cases was a consequence of 
small sample sizes due to forming estimates on only noncitizens instead 
of foreign-born more generally. DHS chose to study noncitizens 
specifically despite the inherent issues in making inferences from 
small sample sizes, since the population of noncitizens more closely 
corresponded to the individuals who would be subject to the public 
charge rule than foreign-born generally, which includes naturalized 
citizens. In Table 27 of the NPRM, DHS showed that there is lower 
public benefit program participation rates among those in higher income 
categories for the population of citizens in the tables listed in the 
NPRM. Lower participation rates may also be shown in the overall 
population by averaging across both citizens and noncitizens (i.e., 
Tables 27 and 28 of the NPRM). Table 28 of the NPRM is not inconsistent 
with such a relationship. The justification still holds for using 
income as a percentage of FPG in the public charge determination, and 
persons with an income at a higher percentage of the FPG are less 
likely the to receive public benefits than those at a low percentage. 
Further, DHS disagrees that the 250 percent threshold would discourage 
people from supporting their families as 125 percent is the threshold 
for positive consideration in the totality the circumstances and the 
250 percent threshold a heavily weighted positive factor but not a 
requirement. DHS acknowledges that the income threshold may be harder 
to meet if the alien has a larger household size, however, DHS would 
also take into account any income, assets, or resources the other 
household members also provide. Nevertheless, family status is still a 
mandatory factor as established by Congress.\751\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \751\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: One commenter stated that heavily weighing household 
income at or above 250 percent FPG would confuse the threshold for the 
affidavit of support.
    Response: The affidavit of support is a different requirement and 
has a specific form associated with it. The affidavit of support 
threshold is 125 percent of the FPG of the sponsor's income and that 
threshold is not being changed with this rule. The income threshold for 
the alien's household is part of this rule's totality of the 
circumstances public charge assessment is 250 percent of the FPG. 
Income at this level is considered a heavily weighted positive factor 
(as opposed to income at the 125 percent of the FPG (100 percent for 
member of the U.S. Armed forces in active duty), which is a positive 
consideration).

[[Page 41447]]

    Comment: Another commenter stated there may not be enough time for 
migrants under certain visa classifications to seek, obtain, and begin 
a job with the income necessary to meet the 250 percent of FPG level.
    Response: The burden is upon the alien to establish that he or she 
is eligible to be admitted into the United States. Further, certain 
nonimmigrant and immigrant classifications require the employment to be 
established before the nonimmigrant visa is issued. That said, DHS 
notes that there is no requirement that an applicant subject to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility demonstrate that he or she has 
income at or above 250 percent of the FPG in order to gain admission or 
adjustment of status. Rather, the fact that an applicant who has income 
at or above 250 percent of the FPG will weigh heavily in favor of 
finding the applicant is admissible in the totality of the 
circumstances, but is not outcome determinative. Therefore, an 
applicant who has household income below 250 percent of the FPG will 
not, based on that fact alone, be denied admission or adjustment of 
status.
    Comment: Several commenters stated the proposed 250 percent heavily 
weighted positive threshold would disproportionately affect members of 
marginalized communities; hard-working low- and middle-income families; 
immigrants of color; South Asian immigrants; Latino immigrants; Muslim 
immigrants; immigrants with disabilities; those with pre-existing 
health conditions; women and single mothers; victims of domestic and 
sexual abuse; families with children who have special healthcare needs; 
and the health and well-being of children of immigrant parents.
    A few commenters stated that the proposed heavily weighted positive 
factor would increase family separations and would have a negative 
impact on family-based immigration. Many commenters stated that the 
proposed heavily weighted positive factor would effectively bar lower 
income immigrants; disregards the efforts and contributions of low-wage 
workers; and that the majority of legally present noncitizens would 
fail to meet the 250 percent FPG threshold.
    Response: DHS understands that the rule may affect certain groups 
who may have low incomes; however, income is but one factor in the 
totality of the circumstances and will not serve as the sole reason to 
find an alien inadmissible based on public charge grounds. As 
previously indicated, if an applicant has household income at or above 
250 percent of the FPG it will be treated as a heavily weighted 
positive factor because it is particularly indicative of an alien being 
less likely to become a public charge. An applicant subject to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility is not required to demonstrate 
that he or she has income at or above 250 percent of the FPG in order 
to establish admissibility, and an alien's failure to demonstrate such 
income does not receive ``negative'' weight in the totality of the 
circumstances unless that income is below 125 percent of the FPG. The 
standard only serves to assist individuals in establishing self-
sufficiency.
    Comment: A commenter stated that many couples seeking adjustment of 
status would be affected by the 250 percent threshold, as many of these 
visas prohibit immigrants from working. The commenter stated that 
according to one analysis, about 31 percent of foreign-born spouses 
were unemployed when they applied for a marriage-based green card, as 
many were prohibited from working on their nonimmigrant visas, such as 
the F-1 or F-2 student visas, or B-2 visitor visas. For those who did 
work, about 22 percent of them held jobs that would unlikely meet the 
250 percent income threshold, and even if DHS were to allow both 
spouses to pool their income to meet the new threshold, 36 percent of 
couples could still find themselves unable to qualify for a marriage 
green card. The commenter stated that it is basic common sense that a 
student who is prohibited from working would likely have some student 
loans, potentially credit card loans, and would not have significant 
savings, and that the rule would allow primarily the independently 
wealthy to be eligible for marriage-based adjustment of status.
    One commenter said the proposed heavily weighted positive factor 
creates a ``Catch-22'' for nonimmigrants on student visas who are 
married to U.S. citizens because they are not allowed to work. Some 
commenters cited a study that many H-1B visa holders make less than the 
amount necessary to support a family of five and qualify for the 
proposed income threshold of 250 percent of FPG. Another commenter 
stated that the proposed rule would negatively impact skilled workers 
who are supporting families and are making prevailing, middle-class 
wages. One commenter mentioned that the vast majority of scientific 
researchers applying for permanent resident status based upon an 
approved EB-1A, EB-1B or NIW petition do not meet this 250 percent 
income requirement. Another commenter also stated that some highly 
skilled employees such as post-doctoral research fellows may not make 
enough money to qualify for the heavily weighted positive factor. Some 
commenters remarked that many skilled workers are compensated with 
stock options as part of their regular income, and it is unclear if 
this will be considered under the heavily weighted positive factor. One 
commenter expressed concern that the 250 percent threshold does not 
take into account that many workers will increase their income the 
longer they work. A few commenters stated that that the 250 percent 
threshold would pose a unique challenge for California, where it would 
make it more difficult to extend the status of H-1B visa holders and 
create a labor shortage for California's agriculture industry, which 
heavily relies on the H-2A visa program.
    Response: DHS understands that not everyone is authorized to work 
or needs to work in order to be self-sufficient. As previously 
indicated the 250 percent of the FPG standard is not a requirement to 
establish admissibility and is one consideration in the totality of the 
circumstances. Further, when adjudicating a nonimmigrant's application 
for extension of stay or change of status, USCIS will review whether 
the alien has established that he or she has not received, since 
obtaining the nonimmigrant status he or she is seeking to extend or 
change, any public benefit as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), for more than 
12 months, in the aggregate, within a 36 months period. The heavily 
weighted factors do not apply in that context.
2. Additional Positive Heavily Weighted Factors
    Comment: One commenter said that the 250 percent of the FPG 
standard should be downgraded from ``highly positive'' to just 
considered. Some commenters stated that earning 125 percent of the FPG 
should be a heavily weighted positive factor.
    Response: DHS declines to adopt the commenter's suggested changes 
in this final rule. The rule already provides for 125 percent of the 
FPG as a positive factor in the totality of the circumstances. Making 
250 percent of the FPG a general positive factor instead of a heavily 
weighted positive factor would further limit an alien's ability to 
establish admissibility. An alien would not need to establish income at 
or above 250 percent of the FPG in other to be admitted into the United 
States. Any income between 125 percent and 250 percent of the FPG is 
still a positive factor in the totality of the circumstances. The 125 
percent income

[[Page 41448]]

threshold is based on the income threshold set by Congress for sponsors 
for a Form I-864, which is required for most family-based AOS 
applications and some employment-based AOS applications. In order to 
maintain consistency with the income threshold set forth in the Form I-
864 context, DHS believes that the 125 percent threshold is appropriate 
for use in the public charge rule and will not lower the threshold. Any 
household income between 125 percent and 250 percent of the FPG is 
considered a positive factor in the totality of the circumstances.
a. Affidavit of Support
    Comment: A commenter stated that the proposed rule mandates denial 
for anyone who cannot provide an affidavit of support, yet the presence 
of one is not a heavily weighted positive factor under the proposed 
rule. Several commenters stated the filing of a legally enforceable 
affidavit of support by a sponsor should be a heavily weighted positive 
factor and it should be sufficient to overcome any heavily weighted 
negative factors.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments but declines to establish 
the affidavit of support as a heavily weighted positive factor. The 
submission of an affidavit of support under section 213A of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1183a is a requirement for certain categories of immigrants. See 
section 212(a)(4)(C) and (D) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4)(C) and 
(D). Not all aliens are required to submit the affidavit of support. 
According to section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182 (a)(4), the 
lack of a sufficient affidavit of support, where required, renders an 
alien inadmissible on the public charge ground. Congress mandated the 
presence of an affidavit of support in certain cases as a separate 
requirement, but did not establish submission of the affidavit of 
support as a mandatory factor in all public charge inadmissibility 
determinations.
    There is no indication that Congress believed that a sufficient 
affidavit of support would warrant a finding that the alien is not 
likely becoming a public charge. Had Congress believed that to be true, 
Congress would have specified such a provision in the statute. Instead, 
Congress listed the other factors as the minimum mandatory factors in 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), which do not include 
the affidavit of support. For these reasons, and consistent with 
congressional intent, DHS will retain the affidavit of support as a 
factor considered in the totality of the circumstances, but will not 
make it a heavily weighted positive factor.
b. Family Relationships
    Comment: Commenters suggested that the rule add close family 
relationship to the U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident, or 
having a relative in the United Stated providing support, as a heavily 
weighted positive factor because it is strongly associated with self-
sufficiency. The commenter notes that immigrants overwhelmingly come to 
the United States to work and advance their own and their families' 
financial prospects. The commenter cited their own report that 
estimates that 2.25 million undocumented persons and 212,000 
nonimmigrants have a qualifying family relationship to a U.S. citizen 
or lawful permanent resident living in their household that makes them 
potentially eligible for an immigrant visa or adjustment to lawful 
permanent resident status. The report further indicated that out of 
this population, 982,000 live in families that earn at least 250 
percent of the FPG.
    Response: DHS will not add a close family relationship to the U.S. 
citizen or lawful permanent resident as a heavily weighted positive 
factor. There is insufficient evidence that the fact that an 
applicant's household includes a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent 
resident is indicative of self-sufficiency, or that having family 
members in the United States is in and of itself indicative of self-
sufficiency. As with every mandatory factor, an applicant's family 
status will not serve as the sole basis of a finding of 
inadmissibility, as this factor must be considered in the totality of 
the circumstances.
c. English Ability
    Comment: One commenter suggested that the ability to speak English 
well or very well should be a heavily weighted positive factor. The 
commenter indicated that the totality of the circumstances test affords 
insufficient weight to factors strongly associated with self-
sufficiency and requested additional heavily weighted positive factors. 
The commenter's study found that 1.32 million of the 2.25 million that 
would be directly affected by the proposed rule speak English well or 
very well.
    Response: DHS will consider whether the alien is proficient in 
English or proficient in other languages in addition to English as part 
of the public charge inadmissibility determination. The ``speaking 
English well or very well'' language comes from the SIPP survey 
analysis in which people assessed their own speaking abilities. As 
provided in the NPRM, the better the person spoke English, the higher 
the income he or she obtained. People who spoke a language other than 
English at home were less likely to be employed, and less likely to 
find full-time work when employed.\752\ The SIPP data provided in the 
NPRM indicates that the rate of coverage of non-cash benefits among 
those who spoke English either well or very well (about 15 to 20 
percent) was significantly lower than the rate among those who either 
spoke English poorly or not at all (about 25 to 30 percent). Further, 
DHS understands that not all employment requires English proficiency. 
DHS believes that while it is appropriate to consider English 
proficiency in the consideration of likelihood to become a public 
charge in the future, it is inappropriate to include English 
proficiency as a heavily weighted positive factor in light of the fact 
that many jobs do not require it.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \752\ See Jennifer Cheeseman Day and Hyon B. Shin, U.S. Census 
Bureau, How Does Ability to Speak English Affect Earnings? 6 (2005), 
available at https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/acs/PAA_2005_AbilityandEarnings.pdf (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

d. Education
    Comment: One commenter suggested that a high school education or 
beyond should be a heavily weighted factor. The commenter stated that 
the totality of the circumstances test affords insufficient weight to 
factors strongly associated with self-sufficiency and requesting 
additional heavily weighted positive factors.
    Response: The rule provides that DHS would consider whether the 
alien has a high school degree or higher education as positive factors. 
However, a person's education may or may not assist him or her in 
becoming self-sufficient, depending on other factors specific to the 
alien's circumstances, such as the job market where the alien lives, 
outstanding liabilities and support obligations, or other personal or 
family circumstances. Therefore, DHS will not include education as a 
heavily weighted positive factor.
e. Private Health Insurance
    Comment: One commenter suggested that private health insurance 
coverage should be considered as a heavily weighted positive factor, as 
it is strongly associated with self-sufficiency. The commenter 
explained that 1.1 million individuals have health insurance (out of 
the 2.25 million that would be directly affected by this rule based on 
a study conducted by the commenter, a non-profit think-tank and 
educational institute focused on international migration) and argued 
that the rule's totality of the circumstances test affords

[[Page 41449]]

insufficient weight to factors strongly associated with self-
sufficiency.
    Response: DHS agrees that having private health insurance is a 
strong indicator of self-sufficiency. DHS analyzed the SIPP data and 
found that individuals who have private health insurance are 
significantly less likely to be receiving one or more enumerated public 
benefits in this rule than those individuals who do not have private 
health insurance. The rate of receipt of public benefits among those 
covered by private health insurance was 4 percent for citizens and 6 
percent for noncitizens, while the rate of receipt for those not 
covered by private health insurance was 40 percent for citizens and 30 
percent for noncitizens. DHS has therefore revised the rule to include 
a heavily weighted positive factor for an alien who has private health 
insurance, subject to two provisos. First, the health insurance must be 
appropriate for the expected period of admission.\753\ Second, the 
health insurance may not be subsidized via premium tax credits 
(including advance premium tax credits) authorized under the ACA. 
Although individuals receiving such benefits have significantly lower 
odds of concurrently receiving the public benefits designated in this 
rule, they receive government subsidies to fulfill a basic living need, 
and qualify on a means-tested basis.\754\ DHS does not believe it is 
appropriate to include a heavily weighted positive factor for this type 
of health insurance, although this type of health insurance would 
generally be considered positively as part of the consideration of the 
totality of the alien's circumstances, such as with respect to the 
alien's ability to pay for reasonably foreseeable health care costs. 
Private health insurance purchased through an ACA Marketplace without 
such credits will count for purposes of this heavily weighted positive 
factor.
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    \753\ See USCIS analysis of private health insurance in Wave 1 
of the 2014 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). 
Private health insurance includes coverage through another person in 
the household and Medigap, and does not include Medicaid, Medicare 
parts B or D, or military- or government-provided insurance.
    \754\ USCIS was unable to identify a variable in the SIPP data 
for private health insurance paid for using a premium tax credit. 
USCIS also analyzed the SIPP data on private health insurance and 
receipt of public benefits, while controlling for income levels. The 
data support the proposition that having private health insurance, 
regardless of income level, is a significant determinant of whether 
the individual receives the designated public benefits. For example, 
13.2 percent of individuals with private health insurance at an 
income level between 125 percent and 250 percent of FPG receive the 
designated public benefits. By contrast, 54.8 percent of individuals 
without private health insurance, at that same income level, receive 
the designated public benefits. Similarly, 10.3 percent of 
individuals with private health insurance at an income level between 
250 percent and 400 percent of FPG receive the designated public 
benefits. By contrast, 47.5 percent of individuals without private 
health insurance, at those same income levels, receive the 
designated public benefits. See USCIS analysis of private health 
insurance and income level in Wave 1 of the 2014 Survey of Income 
and Program Participation (SIPP).
    In addition, the data also appear to show a relationship between 
income level and receipt of public benefits, within the population 
of individuals who have private health insurance. For example, 15.3 
percent of individuals with private health insurance below 125 
percent of the FPG receive the designated public benefits. Receipt 
levels decline as income rises (13.2 percent for individuals with 
income levels between 125 percent and 250 percent of FPG; 10.3 
percent for individuals with income levels between 250 percent and 
400 percent of FPG; and 3.2 percent for individuals with income 
levels above 400 percent of FPG). See USCIS analysis of private 
health insurance and income level in Wave 1 of the 2014 Survey of 
Income and Program Participation (SIPP).
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f. Work History
    Comment: One commenter stated that work history, without regard to 
wage history, should be a heavily weighted positive factor. This 
commenter stated that the essence of a ``public charge'' is where an 
individual is not willing or able to work and the rule should not focus 
on workers that earn low wages. This commenter explained that farm 
workers toil in extremely difficult conditions, performing work few 
others are willing to do, and at a low compensation rate that cannot 
possibly sustain a family, through no fault of their own. Another 
commenter stated that entrepreneurship should be considered a heavily 
weighted factor, as it is strongly associated with self-sufficiency.
    Response: The rule provides for employment history to be considered 
as a positive factor. However, every factor must be considered in the 
totality of the circumstances. There might be instances where a person 
has long-term employment, but is not able to be self-sufficient and 
must receive public benefits and conversely, there might be instances 
that a person does not have long-term employment and would otherwise be 
self-sufficient. DHS believes that income is a proper consideration in 
the totality of circumstances and as a heavily weighted positive factor 
since it is indicative of self-sufficiency. DHS also recognizes that 
different types of employment may provide additional income, however, 
DHS does not believe it is appropriate to specify just one form of 
employment as a heavily weighted positive factor. Therefore, DHS will 
not include entrepreneurship as a heavily weighted positive factor.
g. Receipt of Grants, Contracts, and Licensures
    Comment: A commenter suggested that receipt of grants, contracts, 
and licensures should be a heavily weighted positive factor. The 
commenter stated that excluding grants, contracts, and licensures from 
consideration was not appropriate and that an individual's receipt of a 
grant, contract, or license is likely demonstrative of their ability to 
support themselves without recourse to public benefits, as such receipt 
is indicative of ongoing work, skills/proficiencies, and qualifications 
recognized by the relevant government entity. The commenter further 
indicated that grants, contracts, and licensures may have a direct 
bearing on the future likelihood of an individual becoming a public 
charge and thus should be recognized as a positive factor.
    Response: DHS is not excluding grants, contracts, and licensures 
from the public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS agrees that 
grants, contracts, and licensures are indicative of an alien's likely 
self-sufficiency. As with other signs of likely self-sufficiency, these 
would be positive considerations in the totality of the circumstances. 
However, DHS does not agree that these specifically should be included 
as heavily weighted positive factors.
h. Caregivers
    Comment: A commenter suggested that being a caregiver should be a 
heavily weighted positive factor. This commenter shared an anecdote 
regarding a single father petitioning on behalf of his elderly mother 
so she could enter the United States to provide care to his children 
while he worked full time and pointed out that some contributions may 
not be monetary or employment-based but will instead have a ``trickle 
down'' effect that benefits others.
    Response: DHS declines to adopt this recommendation. As previously 
discussed, although caregivers may provide assistance to the overall 
household, the public charge inadmissibility determination is based on 
the totality of the alien's individual circumstances and being a 
caregiver does not establish self-sufficiency or strongly suggest that 
the person is not likely to receive the designated public benefits 
above the designated threshold. Although caregivers may benefit the 
household by eliminating the need for childcare or eldercare expenses, 
DHS does not believe that a person's status as a caregiver warrants a 
heavily weighted positive factor. DHS, as previously

[[Page 41450]]

discussed, did include a provision regarding caregivers within the 
Education and Skills factor.
i. Ability To Work in the Future
    Comment: A commenter indicated that the ability to work in the 
future should be a heavily weighted positive factor and stated that it, 
along with having potential family support, had been one of the two 
heavily weighted factors for over a century under Federal law. The 
commenter questioned why work ability and having legally enforceable 
family support should be weighted less heavily than past receipt of 
Medicaid or SNAP. The commenter indicated that this kind of disparate 
treatment might be justifiable if Congress had drafted the public 
charge test in a way that explicitly directed the agency to give 
heavier weight to past receipt of benefits than to future employability 
and family support, which Congress did not. The commenter provided a 
list of twenty occupations that the commenter stated would have the 
most job growth over the next decade. The commenter stated that in nine 
of the 20 occupations, a full-time worker in a household of one who 
earns the median salary for such occupation would not meet the 250 
percent of the FPG standard. The commenter also stated that in 14 of 20 
occupations, a full-time worker in a household of two who earns the 
median salary for such occupation would not meet the 250 percent of the 
FPG standard. The commenter indicated that the agency provides no 
reason or evidence for a standard that effectively classifies millions 
of full-time, year-round workers in high-demand occupations as public 
charges, or as not self-sufficient.
    Response: DHS disagrees that it is classifying millions of full-
time, year-round workers in high-demand occupations as public charges. 
Under the education and skills factor, DHS would consider whether the 
alien has adequate education and skills to either obtain or maintain 
employment sufficient to avoid becoming a public charge if authorized 
for employment. The evidence DHS will consider includes the alien's 
employment and income derived from such employment. As noted above, the 
fact that the alien does not qualify for a heavily weighted positive 
factor does not render the alien likely to become a public charge. In 
fact, many of the median wages identified by the commenter would 
generally result in a positive consideration, because they exceed 125 
percent of the FPG.

S. Public Charge Bonds for Adjustment of Status Applicants

1. Standard
    Comment: Several commenters supported the requirement that all new 
immigrants post a bond when they apply for entry into the United 
States. A commenter requested that DHS allow ``any alien determined 
inadmissible'' on public charge grounds to apply for a public charge 
bond.\755\ One commenter stated that the public charge bond would be 
most useful in the category of immigrants that have an income between 
125 percent and 250 percent of FPG.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments regarding the 
applicability of the public charge bond. However, DHS will not require 
all aliens seeking admission as immigrants to post a public charge 
bond. Section 213 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183, neither requires all such 
aliens to post a public charge bond, nor authorizes DHS to require one 
from every intending immigrant. Instead, consistent with its statutory 
authority, USCIS will offer the public charge bond to certain 
applicants for adjustment of status, who are inadmissible only due to 
the likelihood of becoming a public charge and when a favorable 
exercise of discretion is warranted, based upon the totality of the 
alien's facts and circumstances.
    Comment: One commenter noted that the public charge bond process 
might lead to pressure on DHS officials to make inadmissibility 
findings and offer public charge bonds.
    Response: USCIS will not find an applicant is likely at any time in 
the future to become a public charge for the sole purpose of collecting 
a public charge bond. Although Congress has created certain exceptions 
and waivers to inadmissibility, the determination that an alien is 
inadmissible is mandatory where the alien meets any of the grounds 
described in section 212 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182. USCIS is required 
to find an alien inadmissible if the alien is likely to become a public 
charge. As noted in the NPRM, a public charge bond in the adjustment of 
status context would generally only be offered in limited circumstances 
in which the alien has no heavily weighted negative factors and when 
offering the option of a public charge bond to an alien is warranted 
based upon the totality of the alien's facts and circumstances.
    Comment: A number of commenters noted the standard DHS will use to 
determine when to offer a public charge bond. One commenter stated that 
the public charge bond must be offered only in rare cases. A few 
commenters further stated that the NPRM does not provide a clear 
standard defining who should qualify for a public charge bond and that 
the proposed public charge bond system is vulnerable to an abuse of 
discretion. A commenter suggested that DHS codify a criteria for 
exercising discretion regarding whether or not to offer the bond in 
this rule, noting that there should be uniformity and predictability of 
enforcement on the part of DHS, and that the manner in which this 
discretion is utilized should be clear and objective. One commenter 
asked for the justification of warranting a public charge bond in 
certain circumstances and asked that DHS almost always allow for an 
individual to post a bond. Another commenter requested that DHS clarify 
when a public charge bond would be used and also provided 
recommendations, including that public charge bonds should be available 
only if the applicant has obtained private medical insurance, and the 
applicant is part of an existing family unit whose only reason for 
separation would be an adverse public charge inadmissibility 
determination. The commenter further stated that DHS should only offer 
a public charge bond to applicants who can demonstrate hardship such as 
extreme hardship or exceptional and extremely unusual hardship.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule is unclear in describing how 
DHS will exercise its discretion to offer a public charge bond. Public 
charge bonds will be offered only in limited circumstances to those 
inadmissible aliens USCIS has determined warrant a favorable exercise 
of discretion, in the totality of the alien's facts and circumstances, 
and by weighing all positive and negative factors available. As noted 
in the NPRM, offering a public charge bond in the adjustment of status 
context, generally, will only be warranted if an alien has no heavily 
weighted negative factors, such as those that are particularly 
indicative of the likelihood that an alien would become a public 
charge. However, and as noted in the NPRM, the presence of heavily 
weighted negative factors will not automatically preclude USCIS from 
offering a public charge bond. Rather, as with any discretionary 
determination, USCIS could also find that the heavily weighted negative 
factor(s) are outweighed by certain positive factors like those that 
benefit national security, or would be justified for exceptional 
humanitarian reasons.
    DHS thanks the commenters for the suggestion to codify a more 
``predictable'' criteria for determining whether to offer an alien an 
opportunity to post a public charge bond, but

[[Page 41451]]

declines to do so. The criteria outlined in the rule balances the need 
for certainty and predictability with that for flexibility USCIS 
adjudicators need to account for a wide array of facts and 
circumstances. For similar reasons, DHS also declines to limit its 
discretion to only permit submission of a public charge bond by aliens 
who have obtained and will maintain private health insurance, or to 
aliens who are members of an existing family unit whose only reason for 
separation would be an adverse public charge inadmissibility 
determination. DHS believes that limited approach would not account for 
the variety of factual scenarios USCIS may encounter. Furthermore, DHS 
believes that limiting the opportunity to post a public charge bond to 
only a particular narrow range of circumstances would unreasonably 
exclude from the possibility of a bond applicants who might otherwise 
merit a positive exercise of discretion.\756\ Given that a bond is 
offered to applicants as a matter of discretion on a case-by-case 
basis, USCIS reserves the right to determine, based on the particular 
facts of the case, when the alien's individual circumstances warrant a 
favorable exercise of discretion.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \756\ See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    USCIS also disagrees that it should only offer public charge bonds 
to applicants who have demonstrated hardship. As is the case with any 
discretionary determination, USCIS may consider any of a range of 
positive and negative factors applicable to the alien's case when 
determining whether the alien should be offered the option to post a 
public charge bond and be admitted to the United States on bond. USCIS 
respectfully declines to limit its consideration in this regard.
    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS should not offer a public 
charge bond to any applicant with a heavily weighted negative factor. 
Other commenters were concerned that an applicant with a heavily 
weighted negative factor, such as use of Medicaid to pay for services 
associated with his or her disability that are not covered by private 
medical insurance, will not be considered for a public charge bond. One 
commenter added that individuals with one or more heavily weighted 
factors will not have access to sufficient resources to be able to 
submit a public charge bond. Another commenter asked if USCIS would 
provide guidance, such as via the USCIS Policy Manual, with guidelines 
for officers to follow and that will be available for public review.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments and will retain the 
provision that if an alien has one or more heavily weighted negative 
factors, as defined in 8 CFR 212.22, present in his or her case, USCIS 
generally will not favorably exercise discretion to allow the alien to 
submit a public charge bond. USCIS notes that a disability that affects 
an applicant's ability to care for himself or herself, to attend 
school, or to work is not in itself a heavily weighted negative factor, 
but rather, one factor USCIS will consider in the totality of the 
circumstances. Accordingly, a disability alone could not be the sole 
basis for a determination that the alien is likely at any time in the 
future to become a public charge.
    Similarly, an alien's disability, alone, will not serve as the sole 
basis for USCIS deciding not to exercise its discretion to permit an 
alien to submit a public charge bond.\757\ In determining whether to 
offer the alien a public charge bond, USCIS will consider all of the 
positive and negative factors applicable to the alien's case. The NPRM 
provides examples where a bond may be offered, including instances 
where allowing the alien to become a lawful permanent resident would 
offer benefits to national security, or would be justified for 
exceptional humanitarian reasons. As provided in the NPRM, DHS believes 
that offering a public charge bond in the adjustment of status context 
will generally only be warranted in limited circumstances in which the 
alien has no heavily weighted negative factors, but the presence of any 
such factors will not automatically preclude USCIS from offering the 
alien the opportunity to submit a public charge bond.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \757\ See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As this rule is implemented, USCIS will provide training and 
guidance in the USCIS Policy Manual to all officers in making these 
discretionary determinations to allow an alien to submit a bond.
    Comment: A commenter asked for clarification on ``permitting an 
alien who is found inadmissible as a public charge but is otherwise 
admissible to submit a public charge bond is within DHS's discretion.''
    Response: An alien who is found to be inadmissible only on the 
public charge ground may be permitted to submit a public charge bond. 
In other words, under section 213 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183, the alien 
cannot be inadmissible under any other ground but the public charge 
ground in order for USCIS to consider exercising its discretion to 
permit the alien to submit a public charge bond. The decision whether 
to issue a public charge bond is at the sole discretion of USCIS; there 
is no right or entitlement to a public charge bond. Generally, USCIS 
will not favorably exercise its discretion in situations where the 
alien has one or more heavily weighted negative factors. In addition, 
USCIS is formulating training and policy guidance related to the 
exercise of this discretion to ensure that discretionary decisions on 
whether or not to offer a public charge bond are fair and consistent.
    Comment: A commenter asked that DHS eliminate public charge bonds. 
A few commenters stated that the NPRM bond section lacks justification 
for changing current and longstanding procedure.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the public charge bond should be 
eliminated. The public charge bond provision was established by 
Congress in the Immigration Act of 1952, in section 213 of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1183,\758\ and, as discussed in the NPRM,\759\ has existed 
without essential variation since 1907.\760\ Public charge bonds allow 
an alien who would otherwise be inadmissible because of the likelihood 
of becoming a public charge to nonetheless be admitted to the United 
States. Since the changes to immigration law implemented by IIRIRA, DHS 
has lacked a formal mechanism for the issuance of public charge 
bonds.\761\ This rule creates a formal public charge bond procedure 
that conforms with both the statutory language and past practices.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \758\ See INA of 1952, section 213, 66 Stat. 163, 188.
    \759\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51134 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \760\ See Act of February 20, 1907, ch. 1134, section 26, 34 
Stat. 898, 907.
    \761\ See Public Law 104-208 (Sept. 30, 1996).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Other commenters suggested that public charge bonds should 
be eliminated based on the history of monetary bonds in the criminal 
pre-trial context, which have been discredited as inefficient and 
unfair.
    Response: DHS reiterates that public charge bonds are authorized 
under the Act,\762\ and the Act provides a mechanism whereby DHS can 
nonetheless admit aliens who are inadmissible only under section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). DHS cannot ignore this 
authority and must consider whether to exercise its discretion on a 
case-by-case basis to allow such aliens to submit a public charge bond.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \762\ See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS disagrees that a public charge bond is directly comparable to a 
pre-trial appearance bond. The Act states that the purpose of the 
public charge is

[[Page 41452]]

to hold the United States, and all states, territories, counties, towns 
and municipalities and districts harmless against bonded aliens 
becoming public charges.\763\ USCIS will provide officers with guidance 
and training to ensure that discretion is exercised in a fair, 
efficient, and consistent manner.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \763\ See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183. While there is 
currently no statutory mechanism for DHS to directly reimburse 
benefit-granting agencies, the breached bond amounts will be 
deposited into an account designated by the U.S. Treasury for 
collecting breached immigration-related bond amounts.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter opposed the implementation of a public charge 
bond and stated that while DHS created a distinction between the 
affidavit of support and the public charge bond in this rule, it did 
not provide support for the idea that the affidavit of support is an 
insufficient safeguard. A commenter stated that affidavits of support 
already give the Government sufficient assurances that an individual 
will not become overly reliant on the social safety net, without 
forcing immigrants to freeze significant assets in Government-held 
bonds.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the affidavit of support sufficiently 
safeguards against an alien becoming a public charge after admission. 
Had Congress intended a sufficient affidavit of support to be the sole 
basis to safeguard against an alien becoming a public charge after 
admission, Congress would not have added the mandatory factors in 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), to determine an 
applicant's likelihood of becoming a public charge. Congress would have 
simply required all applicants subject to public charge inadmissibility 
to submit a sufficient affidavit of support without requiring an 
assessment of the applicant's age, health, family status, assets, 
resources and financial status, and education and skills.
    Additionally, had Congress considered the affidavit of support 
alone to be the best way to safeguard against an alien becoming a 
public charge, Congress would have eliminated the public charge bond 
provision altogether, and certainly would not have provided in section 
213 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183, for DHS to exercise its discretion to 
offer a public charge bond to aliens who may also be subject to the 
affidavit of support requirement at section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1183a.\764\ That Congress created the mandatory factors for 
consideration in a public charge determination at the same time it 
created the enforceable affidavit of support as a non-mandatory factor 
for consideration, while also retaining the public charge bond 
provision in section 213 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183, suggests that 
Congress did not believe the enforceable affidavit of support, on its 
own, sufficiently safeguarded against an alien becoming a public charge 
after admission.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \764\ INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183 reads, in part: ``An alien 
inadmissible under paragraph (4) of section 1182(a) of this title 
may, if otherwise admissible, be admitted in the discretion of the 
Attorney General (subject to the affidavit of support requirement 
and attribution of sponsor's income and resources under section 
1183a of this title) upon the giving of a suitable and proper bond 
or undertaking approved by the Attorney General, in such amount and 
containing such conditions as he may prescribe, to the United States 
(. . .). [Emphasis added].
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A few commenters stated that a public charge bond system 
is ``redundant and nonsensical,'' stating that the Government has not 
provided sufficient reasoning for adding the public charge bond system 
to the immigration process while the affidavit of support already 
exists and allows the Government to recoup the cost of public benefits 
received by immigrants.
    Response: DHS disagrees with the comments that the public charge 
bond provisions are redundant and nonsensical in light of the affidavit 
of support requirement. Although the public charge bond provision pre-
dates the creation of the affidavit of support requirements in IIRIRA, 
Congress expressly amended the public charge bond provision in IIRIRA 
by amending section 213 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183, to reference the 
affidavit of support and require it as a condition for admission in 
some cases in addition to the posting of a public charge bond.\765\ 
This means that Congress was aware at the time it created the 
enforceable affidavit of support and amended the public charge bond 
provision that a public charge bond could still be offered to certain 
aliens at the agency's discretion, in addition to the alien's 
submission of a sufficient affidavit of support. DHS's inclusion of 
public charge bonds in this rule is consistent with Congress' intent in 
maintaining public charge bonds after IIRIRA created the enforceable 
affidavit of support.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \765\ See IIRIRA, Public Law 104-208, div. C, section 534(f), 
110 Stat. 3009-546, 3009-684 (Sept. 30, 1996).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters stated that the bonds would have a 
disproportionately negative impact on minorities, communities of color, 
and their families, citing studies on custodial bonds. Another 
commenter said that the changes to public charge bonds will not prevent 
individuals from bypassing new regulations and will affect average 
immigrants by restricting access to services. A few commenters stated 
that DHS should not expand the use of bonds because studies have shown 
that bonds have been proven to be highly discriminatory and increase 
financial instability. Many commenters provided research on the effects 
of custodial bonds and stated that bonds cause long-term hardship and 
increase the likelihood of financial instability. Many commenters said 
the use of public charge bonds would place an impossible burden on 
immigrant families, and there is no evidence that public charge bonds 
will prevent them from becoming dependent on government assistance in 
the future. Multiple commenters stated that families will face years of 
annual fees, non-refundable premiums and liens on the homes and cars 
put up as collateral charged by for-profit surety companies and their 
agents. A commenter stated that the bond system would result in a loss 
of money and adverse immigration consequences if the immigrant suffers 
an unexpected issue and is forced to forfeit their bond.
    Response: As indicated above, DHS does not believe that the rule 
itself disproportionately negatively impacts certain groups, and does 
not believe the public charge bond provisions disproportionately impact 
particular groups. Although commenters cited studies on the effects of 
custodial bonds on particular communities, DHS does not believe the 
public charge bond is directly comparable to custodial bonds, and thus 
does not believe that such studies are directly applicable. Rather, 
public charge bonds offer an opportunity for an alien who is 
inadmissible, based only upon the likelihood of becoming a public 
charge, to be admitted to the United States. Breach of a public charge 
bond may result in loss of money and adverse immigration consequences. 
This is a result of the alien's action, and the longstanding statutory 
scheme. As noted above, USCIS will provide officers with guidance and 
training to ensure that USCIS' discretion to offer this opportunity is 
exercised in a fair and consistent manner.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the public charge bond process 
would further complicate and increase inefficiency in the adjustment of 
status process. Specifically, the commenter said the creation of two 
new forms, and the accompanying processes and training, as well as the 
collection of any information therein, will be a waste of Government 
and applicant resources given the existence and ongoing adjudication of 
Form I-864. The commenter further stated that the public charge bond is 
unjust because it removes the intending immigrant as a

[[Page 41453]]

party to the agreement, such that he or she neither has power to act 
against the obligor, nor has the ability to reply to the Government's 
decisions.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the bond process would increase 
inefficiency or that the process and training would be a waste of 
Government and applicant resources. DHS also disagrees that the 
existence of the Form I-864 obviates the need for new forms to 
facilitate the public charge bond process. The public charge bond is 
authorized by statute (separately from, and in addition to, the 
affidavit of support).\766\ USCIS may choose to exercise its discretion 
to allow an alien to submit a bond in a particular case, allowing for 
aliens who are inadmissible to the United States based only upon the 
likelihood of becoming a public charge to nonetheless be admitted to 
the United States. DHS cannot decide to never exercise this public 
charge bond authority. USCIS will review its resources and personnel to 
ensure that it will be able to efficiently carry out its discretionary 
public charge bond authority. DHS does not believe the public charge 
bond would be a waste of Government resources or creates an undue 
burden on aliens. DHS also disagrees that the public charge bond is 
unjust in that it removes the intending immigrant as a party to the 
agreement. Although the commenter states that this leaves the alien 
unable to defend himself or herself against a breach of contract 
action, a breach of contract action against the alien in the case of an 
alien with a surety bond could only be asserted by the obligor, with 
whom the alien would be in contractual privity. With regard to 
appealing a USCIS breach determination or a denial of a request to 
cancel a surety bond, the process will be similar to the existing 
process for seeking review of such determinations in the custodial 
immigration bond context: i.e., the obligor may challenge the 
determination before the Administrative Appeals Office (AAO) pursuant 
to 8 CFR part 103, subpart A. Like the appeals process in the long-
established custodial bond context, an alien with a surety bond lacks 
standing to seek review in public charge bond context and is not 
``removed'' from the process. In the case of an alien with a cash or 
cash equivalent bond, the alien would be the obligor and thus have 
standing to appeal a denial of a cancellation request or a breach 
determination. DHS disagrees that this longstanding process is unjust.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \766\ See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A few commenters stated that the NPRM creates a new market 
segment for commercial bond companies, but imposes an unfunded mandate 
on state and local insurance and financial services regulators. 
Similarly, these commenters and others said many non-citizens may 
accept the ``exceptionally harsh'' procedures and penalties and 
``crippling surety bond terms'' to avoid family separation. The 
commenters stated that, in many cases, the non-citizen would have to 
pay the bond company up to 15 percent up-front, which could prove 
destabilizing for low and moderate-income families and stifle their 
ability to become self-sufficient. A commenter also stated that any new 
investment of USCIS resources to assess nonimmigrants on public charge 
would be an unnecessary administrative burden. Another commenter stated 
that broad and vague conditions governing breach of bonds heighten the 
risk of exploitation by for-profit companies managing public charge 
bonds.
    Response: DHS understands the concerns about exploitation 
concerning public charge bond terms and conditions, and about the 
potential challenges that bond terms and conditions may pose to aliens 
with limited resources. However, Congress has determined that the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility is necessary. DHS has 
congressional authority to consider whether to allow an alien, 
inadmissible only on the public charge ground, to submit a public 
charge bond, (including a surety bond), on a case-by case basis in the 
exercise of its discretion. DHS has decided to exercise its authority 
in cases involving applicants for adjustment of status who are 
inadmissible only under section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). As 
provided in the NPRM, DHS will accept surety bonds only from sureties 
certified by the Department of Treasury and listed in the Treasury 
Department Circular 570.\767\ Department of Treasury-certified sureties 
have agents throughout the United States from whom aliens could seek 
assistance in procuring an appropriate bond.\768\ The Department of the 
Treasury certifies companies only after having evaluated a surety 
company's qualifications to underwrite Federal bonds, including whether 
those sureties meet the specified corporate and financial standards. 
Under 31 U.S.C. 9305(b)(3), a surety (or the obligor) must be able to 
carry out its contracts and must comply with statutory requirements, 
including prompt payment of demands arising from an administratively 
final determination that the bond has been breached. DHS believes these 
safeguards reduce the risk that aliens will be exploited. DHS also 
notes that whether the availability of public charge bonds imposes an 
unnecessary administrative burden on USCIS is a question for Congress, 
not DHS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \767\ See 8 CFR 103.6(b); see also proposed 8 CFR 103.6, as 
published in 83 FR 25951 (June 5, 2018).
    \768\ See Dep't of Treasury Circular 570, Listing of Approved 
Sureties (July 1, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also disagrees that it imposes an unfunded mandate on state and 
local insurance and financial services regulators through this 
rulemaking. As part of the NPRM,\769\ DHS analyzed any impact on State, 
local, and tribal governments in accordance with the Title II of the 
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) \770\ and with E.O. 13132 
(Federalism). The obligation to regulate various aspects of the 
financial and securities markets within states is already a function of 
the Federal Government; DHS does not further impose any new unpaid 
mandate on State, local or tribal governments by implementing a public 
charge bond procedure in accordance with section 213 of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1183. It is up to financial institutions, authorized to conduct 
business according to the provisions implemented by states, to offer 
public charge bond products. This rule does not impose any new 
obligations on states.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \769\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51276 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \770\ See Pub. L. 104-4, 109 Stat. 48 (Mar. 22, 1995).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Bond Amount
    Comment: One commenter said DHS should reduce the proposed bond 
amount. Commenters stated that a $10,000 bond was excessive and would 
create an opportunity for private bond companies to exploit immigrant 
families, the elderly, and minorities. Similarly, a few commenters 
stated that even the minimum amount may be beyond the means of most 
families. A couple of commenters stated that increasing the minimum 
amount of the bond by one thousand percent was grossly unfair. Many 
commenters added that the cost was prohibitive for applicants who earn 
low incomes. Many commenters stated that a family's self-sufficiency 
would be destabilized and provided example scenarios where families 
would be required to pay up to 15 percent of $10,000.
    A commenter stated that DHS provided no guidance on how evaluation 
of public charge bond sizes will be made. Another commenter asked that 
the value of the public charge bond

[[Page 41454]]

be based on the value provided for monetizable benefits under 8 CFR 
212.21, which is 15 percent of the per-month Federal Poverty Guidelines 
for a single person. A few individual commenters asked that the minimum 
public charge bond be set to specific amounts, such as $1,000 or 
$8,100.
    In contrast, another commenter asked that DHS increase the minimum 
bond amount to $25,000 for the least educated or individuals with the 
most dependents. Similarly, a commenter stated that the $10,000 bond 
does not cover the potential cost of supporting individuals who need 
food, shelter, or medical treatment.
    Response: DHS agrees with the commenter that for consistency with 
prior agency practice, a minimum bond amount of $8,100, adjusted 
annually for inflation, is appropriate, as this is equal to the prior 
bond minimum adjusted for inflation. The amount of the bond represents 
liquidated damages to compensate the Government for all harms caused by 
a bonded individual who violates the terms, not simply the value of the 
benefits used. Furthermore, some public benefits do not have an easily 
quantifiable dollar value. Operational challenges make separate 
determinations for public benefits that are distributed in quantifiable 
and non-quantifiable values unfeasible. Making liquidated damages in an 
amount similar to historical precedent is a reasonable remedy.
    Under this rule, public charge bonds permit DHS to admit, in its 
discretion, an adjustment of status applicant who is inadmissible based 
only on the public charge ground. Should DHS not exercise its public 
charge bond authority in a particular case based on a review of the 
individual facts and circumstances of that case, DHS will deny the 
adjustment of status application. DHS acknowledges that an individual 
offered a bond has already been found likely to become a public charge 
and that bond expenses may further destabilize an applicant's self-
sufficiency. However, the additional assurance provided by the bond is 
necessary to overcome the finding of inadmissibility due to likelihood 
of becoming a public charge. Each applicant offered the opportunity to 
post a public charge bond will have to evaluate whether accepting the 
obligations of the public charge bond is the right decision given his 
or her circumstances.
    As part of the implementation of the public charge bond, USCIS will 
provide training and guidance to all officers in making these 
discretionary determinations to allow an alien to submit a public 
charge bond, and the amount of any such bond.
3. Public Charge Bond Cancellation
    Comment: A commenter stated that the terms of cancellation of the 
public charge bond are unreasonable. The commenter stated that since 
DHS only predicts less than three percent of immigrants would be able 
to cancel their bond, surety companies would set costly parameters and 
payment schedules. The commenter further stated that the process of 
cancelling the public charge bond is difficult because an obligor must 
apply to have the bond cancelled, the application must be approved by 
DHS, and bonds are not automatically released after completion.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the bond cancellation terms are 
unreasonable. Consistent with the statute, public charge bonds may be 
cancelled where an alien is no longer likely to become a public charge, 
either because the alien naturalized, died, or permanently departed the 
United States. Additionally, an alien may apply for cancellation of the 
bond if the alien obtains a different immigration status that is exempt 
from the public charge inadmissibility provisions, or if the alien has 
reached his or her five-year anniversary since becoming a lawful 
permanent resident. Cancellation is not automatic and does not limit 
the duration of the bond, which remains in effect until canceled.
    DHS also disagrees that the cancellation process is unreasonable. 
An application for cancellation must be made so that DHS can verify 
that the alien or surety have met their burden of demonstrating that 
one of the public charge bond cancellation conditions has been met, 
including that the bond was not breached, before the public charge bond 
can be cancelled and the funds released. DHS carefully considered the 
suggestion that public charge bonds be automatically released upon 
completion of the terms of the bond, but determined that no viable 
mechanism would ensure that the necessary conditions have been met in 
each case.
4. Breach of Public Charge Bond
    Comment: A few commenters stated that the NPRM prioritizes the 
revenue streams of private bond companies over family unity because in 
the event of a breach of public charge bond, the principal would have 
to reimburse the bond company the full amount of the breach penalty. 
Several commenters stated that DHS should not be entitled to recoup the 
entire bond amount in the event of a breach by receipt of a public 
benefit. The commenter also stated that DHS should allow use of 
Medicaid as an exception to the breach of the full bond.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule prioritizes the revenue of 
bond companies over family unity. The public charge bond allows aliens 
who are inadmissible to nonetheless seek admission to the United States 
upon posting of a public charge bond, which facilitates family unity. 
Additionally, the fees and collateral submitted to the bond company are 
compensation for the risk a bond company takes in guaranteeing the 
alien's conduct under the bond. This rule is not aimed at enriching 
private bond companies, but rather at ensuring that aliens subject to 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility are self-sufficient and are 
relying on their resources and those of their family, friends, and 
sponsors.
    As explained above, DHS will collect the full amount of the public 
charge bond, as liquidated damages, because DHS considers it difficult, 
if not impossible, to calculate the alien's public benefit receipt as 
well as the government's costs. DHS will not exempt Medicaid from the 
benefits listed that count towards the breach of a public charge bond. 
A public charge bond is issued on the condition that the alien does not 
become a public charge by not using the public benefits, as defined in 
8 CFR 212.21(b) for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-
month period (such that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one 
month counts as two months). As is generally the case for the benefits 
listed in 8 CFR 212.21(b), Medicaid is one of the public benefits that 
constitute a major expenditure for the United States and the use of it 
generally indicates to DHS that the person may not be self-sufficient. 
Correspondingly, a public charge bond is issued under the condition 
that the alien does not use the benefits listed in 8 CFR 212.21(b), 
including Medicaid, and DHS declines to exempt its use from being a 
breach condition.
    Comment: A commenter presented research and stated that monetary 
bonds would not be efficient or effective. Other commenters stated that 
the minimum bond amount bears no real relationship to the value of the 
public benefit that is received. Several commenters stated that breach 
of public charge bond would lead to economic destabilization for 
families.
    Response: The face value of the public charge bond constitutes 
liquidated damages for a breach of the conditions of that bond. As 
explained in the NPRM, liquidated damages are an appropriate remedy in 
situations such as the public charge bond, where the total damages to

[[Page 41455]]

the Government are difficult, if not impossible to calculate.\771\ 
Additionally, these damages go beyond the simple amount of the benefits 
received (which are not always calculable), but also the overhead of 
the benefit agency in administering the benefit. DHS disagrees that 
monetary bonds are ineffective. The purpose of a bond is to provide 
some reimbursement for harms incurred should the alien violate the 
terms of the bond. As stated above, the $8,100 minimum amount of the 
public charge bond is consistent with the historical public charge bond 
minimum, that has been found reasonable and enforceable, adjusted for 
inflation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \771\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51226 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter said the rule's requirements around breach of 
the public charge bond are unfair, put immigrants in economic jeopardy, 
and are a huge departure from previous policy. The commenter also 
stated that the rule removes the phrase ``substantial violation'' from 
the conditions for breaching bond, meaning that any breach of the terms 
of the bond, which are not fully outlined in the rule, would render the 
obligor liable for the full amount of the bond. The commenter stated 
that this creates a punitive policy against intending immigrants 
instead of fulfilling the purported purpose of recouping losses from 
public benefits use. The commenter also stated that this unnecessarily 
puts immigrants at great financial risk.
    Response: DHS disagrees with these comments. The conditions that 
constitute breach of a public charge bond are listed in 8 CFR 
213.1(h)(1) and (2), and state that a public charge bond is breached if 
the alien received public benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), for 
more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period (such 
that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one month counts as two 
months) after the alien's adjustment of status to that of a lawful 
permanent resident or if any other condition of the public charge bond 
is violated, with limited exceptions. In particular, public benefits 
that are exempt from being considered, as outlined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), 
including while present in a status exempt from public charge, do not 
count towards the breach determination as explained in the NPRM. To 
make the bond provisions consistent with the amended public benefits 
definition of 8 CFR 212.21(b), DHS has also amended the regulatory bond 
provision to clarify that public benefits received after having been 
granted a waiver of inadmissibility from public charge will not be 
considered as part of the breach determination.\772\ As detailed in 8 
CFR 213.1(h)(3), DHS will determine whether the conditions of the bond 
have been breached, and 8 CFR 213.1(h) provides that an 
administratively final determination that a bond has been breached 
creates a claim in favor of the United States. Such a breach 
determination is administratively final when the time to file an appeal 
with the AAO pursuant to 8 CFR part 103, subpart A, has expired or when 
the appeal is dismissed or rejected.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \772\ See 8 CFR 213.1(h)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As explained in the NPRM,\773\ under the breach of bond provisions 
at 8 CFR 103.6(e), an immigration bond is considered breached if there 
has been a substantial violation of the stipulated condition. The term 
``substantial violation'' is generally interpreted according to 
contractual principles.\774\ However, in the NPRM, DHS proposed to 
incorporate the substantial violation standard via incorporating 
principles that govern the public charge and public benefits 
definitions.\775\ As explained in the statute, the public charge bond 
is intended to hold the United States, and all states, territories, 
counties, towns and municipalities and districts harmless against 
aliens becoming a public charge.\776\ Whether the public charge bond is 
unnecessary or punitive is a question for Congress, not DHS.\777\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \773\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51125 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \774\ See, e.g., Aguilar v. United States, 124 Fed. CL 9, 16 
(2015) (discussing substantial violation under 8 CFR 103.6(a) in 
relation to a delivery immigration bond.)
    \775\ See 8 CFR 212.21(a) and (b).
    \776\ See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183.
    \777\ See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters stated that the Government receiving full 
bond payment in those circumstances when the public benefits paid out 
are less than the full amount of the bond is unfair, unjust, and 
unlawful. A commenter further stated that the proposed regulations 
imposed an unlawful and strict standard for accidental, or inadvertent 
violations of bond conditions. Another commenter said the NPRM does not 
offer a coherent explanation for why recovery of the entire amount is 
appropriate, asserting that it makes little sense to forfeit the entire 
bond since DHS itself asserts that the purpose of the bond is to 
``recoup [the] cost of public benefits received.'' A commenter stated 
that in the case of a breach of public charge bond, the individual 
should only be responsible for the specific amount of benefits received 
rather than ``arbitrary liquidated damages award.''
    A commenter indicated that the proposal to require forfeiture of 
the entire amount of the bond upon a showing that an alien has obtained 
any public benefit whatsoever is arbitrary, capricious and, as the 
commenter stated that DHS acknowledges, contrary to past practice, 
under which only the amount of the benefit would be forfeited. The 
commenter also indicated that this makes little sense particularly 
since many immigrants may be unclear as to the precise conditions that 
would result in forfeiture. The commenter stated that total forfeiture 
should be limited to the rare instances in which DHS can prove by a 
preponderance of the evidence that the alien intentionally sought 
public benefits with the knowledge that such benefits would result in 
bond forfeiture; in other instances, the commenter suggested, 
forfeiture should be limited to the amount of benefits received plus a 
surcharge for the administrative costs of collection.
    Response: DHS disagrees. As explained in the NPRM, liquidated 
damages are an appropriate remedy in situations such as the public 
charge bond, where the total damages to the Government are difficult, 
if not impossible to calculate and the amount of the damages is 
reasonable.\778\ Additionally, these damages go beyond the simple 
amount of the benefits received, encompassing not only the monetary 
value of the benefits received (which frequently are not calculable) 
but also the overhead of the benefit agency in administering the 
benefit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \778\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51226 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As stated in the NPRM,\779\ the minimum amount of the public charge 
bond is consistent with historical public charge bond amounts, adjusted 
for inflation, that have been found reasonable and enforceable. 
Historically, public charge bonds have been forfeited in their entirety 
upon breach.\780\ The conditions that constitute breach of a public 
charge bond are delineated fully in 8 CFR 213.1(h)(1) and (2), and any 
alien offered a bond has ample opportunity to review the conditions and 
terms before agreeing to these terms. Additionally, as explained in the

[[Page 41456]]

NPRM,\781\ under the current breach of bond provisions of 8 CFR 
103.6(e), an immigration bond is considered breached if there has been 
a substantial violation of the stipulated condition. The term 
``substantial violation'' is generally interpreted according to 
contractual principles.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \779\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51221 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \780\ See, for example, United States v. Goldberg, 40 F.2d 406 
(2d Cir. 1930); see Matta v. Tillinghast, 33 F.2d 64 (1st Cir. 
1929); Ill. Surety Co. v United States, 229 F. 527 (2d Cir. 1916); 
United States v. Rubin, 227 F. 938 (E.D. Pa 1915); Matter of B-, 1 
I&N Dec. 121 (BIA 1941).
    \781\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51125 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that the NPRM's proposals for the 
appeal of public charge bond decisions are unfair because the obligor 
must pay a $675 fee to have the same officer who issued the initial 
denial review that decision, and because throughout the process, the 
alien must rely on the obligor to complete the steps, as the alien is 
not a party to the bond contract. A commenter further stated that the 
proposed rule would hinder the ability of noncitizens to meaningfully 
challenge harsh or arbitrary breach determinations.
    Response: DHS disagrees. The public charge bond appeal process as 
described in the NPRM is a long established and accepted method of 
disputing initial USCIS determinations. It is possible for obligors to 
appeal errors in either law or fact through well-established 
administrative remedies via the AAO without having to resort to 
bringing suit in a Federal court. Although the alien is not a party to 
the surety bond contract with DHS, the rule does not impair his or her 
ability to pursue or defend against traditional contract actions with 
regard to the obligor, with whom he or she is in contractual privity. 
Similarly, if the alien is the obligor in that the alien submits a cash 
equivalent bond, the alien would be able to defend against a breach 
determination. Requiring USCIS to set up a separate and distinct review 
process for bond appeals would be unnecessarily burdensome and 
redundant.
    Comment: An individual commenter said the NPRM would add further 
fees and expenses to an already costly process. Some commenters 
provided a discussion of the costs associated with filing a public 
charge bond application and filing an appeal. The commenters said 
immigrants would be inflicted with expensive fees and fines.
    Response: USCIS is primarily funded by fees. Congress mandated that 
DHS may set IEFA fees in a manner commensurate with the expense of 
adjudicating the benefits in question.\782\ The cost of filing a public 
charge bond may be assessed in the USCIS fee rule, as are other USCIS 
fees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \782\ See INA section 286(m), 8 U.S.C. 1356(m).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that the bond requirement should not be 
limited to surety bonds but should instead allow for cash, cashier's 
check, or money order. Another commenter stated that USCIS should 
accept only surety bonds, not cash or equivalents, until the 
effectiveness of the bonding process can be assessed in practice. This 
commenter recommended that only limited-duration bonds be accepted, at 
least initially. The commenter indicated that a periodic bond renewal 
process would provide valuable private sector monitoring of the alien's 
compliance, especially where the time period between bond acceptance 
and eligibility for cancellation extends over multiple years.
    Response: DHS agrees that bonds should not be limited to surety, 
and plans to accept cash equivalents once the proper accounts and 
procedures can be established. DHS disagrees that it is necessary to 
wait until the effectiveness can be established before accepting cash 
bonds. The nature of cash bonds makes it unlikely that any situation 
would arise where DHS would have more difficulty collecting for a 
breached cash bond than for a breached surety bond. DHS also disagrees 
that only limited duration bonds be accepted initially. As a commenter 
has noted, public charge bonds of limited duration place an additional 
burden in both time and money on both the bonded alien and DHS, as they 
must be periodically renewed and these renewals must be reviewed by 
DHS. For this reason, DHS will only accept public charge bonds of 
unlimited duration.
    Comment: One commenter stated that if immigrants can afford to pay 
the high cost of a guide to cross the border illegally, they can 
probably afford a bond to guarantee their stay in the United States.
    Response: DHS appreciates concerns raised about illegal entry but 
stresses that the public charge inadmissibility rule assesses an 
applicant's likelihood of becoming a public charge at any time in the 
future. Whether an alien paid a guide to enter the United States 
without permission, in and of itself, is not relevant to the public 
charge inadmissibility determination, or to whether DHS should exercise 
its discretion and allow an alien inadmissible only on the public 
charge ground to submit a public charge bond.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the government receiving full bond 
payment in those circumstances when the public benefits paid out are 
less than the full amount of the bond is unfair, unjust, and unlawful.
    Response: DHS disagrees that forfeiture of the full bond amount in 
the event of breach is unfair, unjust, or unlawful. The amount is based 
on a review of the amount originally provided by 8 CFR 213.1 in 
1964,\783\ adjusted for inflation, to represent present dollar 
values.\784\ Further, the face value of the bond constitutes liquidated 
damages for a breach of the conditions of that bond. As explained in 
the NPRM,\785\ liquidated damages are an appropriate remedy in 
situations such as the public charge bond, where the total damages to 
the government are difficult, if not impossible to calculate. 
Additionally, these damages go beyond the simple amount of the benefits 
received, encompassing not only the monetary value of the benefits 
received but also the overhead of the benefit agency in administering 
the benefit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \783\ Miscellaneous Amendments to Chapter, 29 FR 10579 (July 30, 
1964).
    \784\ DHS uses the semi-annual average for the first half of 
2018 and the annual average from 1964 from the historical CPI-U for 
U.S. City Average, All Items. See https://www.bls.gov/cpi/tables/supplemental-files/historical-cpi-u-201806.pdf (last visited July 
26, 2019).
    Calculation: Annual average for 1st half of 2018 (250.089)/
annual average for 1964 (31) = 8.1; CPI-U adjusted present dollar 
amount = $1,000 * 8.1 = $8,100.
    \785\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51226 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The public charge bond is offered to allow aliens who are otherwise 
inadmissible due to a likelihood of becoming a public charge an 
opportunity to overcome that finding of inadmissibility. The conditions 
that constitute breach of a bond are delineated fully in 8 CFR 
213.1(h)(1) and (2), and any alien offered a bond has ample opportunity 
to review them before agreeing to these terms. Additionally, as 
explained in the NPRM,\786\ under the current breach of bond provisions 
of 8 CFR 103.6 an immigration bond is considered breached if there has 
been a substantial violation of the stipulated condition. The term 
``substantial violation'' is generally interpreted according to 
contractual principles.\787\ However, in the NPRM, DHS proposed to 
incorporate the substantial violation standard via incorporating 
principles that govern the public charge and public charge benefits 
definitions.\788\ Whether the public charge bond is punitive is a 
matter for Congress; however, per the Act, the public charge bond's 
purpose is to hold the United States, and all states, territories, 
counties, towns and municipalities and districts harmless

[[Page 41457]]

against bonded aliens becoming public charges.\789\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \786\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51125 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \787\ See, e.g., Aguilar v. United States, 124 Fed. CL 9, 16 
(2015) (discussing substantial violation under 8 CFR 103.6(a) in 
relation to a delivery immigration bond.)
    \788\ See 8 CFR 212.21(a) and (b).
    \789\ See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter indicated that sponsors of religious workers 
may not possess the financial ability of typical U.S. employers, and 
may not be able to afford a bond.
    Response: DHS acknowledges that special immigrant religious 
workers, and immigrants who perform religious work generally, provide 
valuable contributions to the United States and are in a special 
position, as acknowledged by Congress in the special immigrant 
religious worker classification.\790\ Congress, however, did not exempt 
these workers from the public charge ground of inadmissibility and 
therefore, DHS will not exempt them in this rule. The public charge 
bond provides a way for individuals who would otherwise be inadmissible 
due to likelihood of becoming a public charge to overcome that finding. 
While DHS will take into account the totality of the circumstances 
regarding all applicants, and will adjudicate the applications of 
religious workers in light of the unique conditions under which many of 
them live and work, in those instances where a bond is offered it is 
already an extraordinary exercise of discretion to allow the alien to 
adjust status in the United States even when found inadmissible as 
likely to become a public charge. It is up to the applicant to 
determine whether it is in his or her best interests to accept the 
offered opportunity to post a public charge bond, and this rule does 
not require that the sponsor post the bond, rather this obligation is 
on the alien and the bond maybe posted by any entity or individual that 
can serve as an obligor under section 8 CFR 103.6 and 213.1. DHS 
declines to further modify this exercise of discretion based upon 
either the nature of the applicant's employment or the immigration 
classification in which the alien seeks to adjust status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \790\ For example, special immigrant religious workers under 
section 101(a)(27)(C), 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(27)(C) qualify for 
adjustment of status under INA section 245(a), notwithstanding 
certain bars under INA section 245(c).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

T. Effective Date(s)

    Comment: Many commenters asked that the proposed rule be delayed as 
long as possible. One commenter noted that the verification 
requirements related to the Form I-944 would create new challenges and 
impose great burdens on State and local agencies. Another commenter 
requested that the rule be delayed as long as possible not only because 
of the impact on agencies but also because of the impact on the legal 
services community and ethnic community-based organizations who would 
bear the brunt of dealing with immigrants fearful about how the new 
requirements will affect them and their families. Another commenter 
said DHS should time the publication of the final rule so that the 
effective date falls within an ACA marketplace open enrollment period, 
so that those who are currently using Medicaid or CHIP and who may be 
affected by this rule, may discontinue that benefit and switch to an 
ACA marketplace plan without an interruption in health insurance 
coverage. A couple of commenters stated that the 60-day effective date 
may be insufficient and reasoned that DHS should delay the effective 
date of any final regulation until at least January 1, 2020, or one 
year after the publication of the final rule, which would minimize 
disruption to the markets, decrease consumer confusion of mid-year 
changes, and allow affected entities to adjust their outreach, 
messaging, and technology to accommodate the changes. A commenter asked 
that the proposed rule be delayed a minimum of three years to allow 
states to implement a comprehensive education program. Another 
commenter stated that if any changes are implemented public agencies 
will need far longer than 60 days to prepare, noting that contracts 
will need to be obtained with vendors in order to reprogram computer 
systems, all materials pertaining to immigrant eligibility will need to 
be reviewed, workers will need to be trained, and funding will need to 
be appropriated in order to do these things through a state's budget 
cycle. The commenter cited to the Medicaid expansion which, though 
passed in 2010, was not set to be implemented until January 2014; 
computer systems and other processes were not ready nearly 4 years 
later, causing adverse impacts on Californians. Another commenter 
detailed other impacts or administrative burdens the rule would place 
on benefit-granting agencies. These impacts include needing to provide 
aliens with documentation regarding benefit receipt, responding to 
inquiries from the public, updating communication materials, and 
increased caseload.
    Response: DHS is retaining the 60-day effective date. Relatedly, 
DHS is also clarifying that DHS will apply the public charge final rule 
only to applications and petitions (in the context of extensions of 
stay or changes of status) postmarked (or if applicable, electronically 
submitted) on or after the effective date of the final rule. 
Applications and petitions pending with USCIS on the effective date of 
the rule, i.e. were postmarked before the effective date of the rule 
and were accepted by USCIS pursuant to 8 CFR 103.2(a)(1) and (a)(2)) 
will not be subject to the rule. For the purposes of determining 
whether a case was postmarked before the effective date of the rule, 
DHS will consider the postmark date for the application or petition 
currently before USCIS, not the postmark date for any previously-filed 
application or petition that USCIS rejected pursuant to 8 CFR 
103.2(a)(7)(ii).
    In addition, DHS will not consider the receipt of public benefits 
excluded under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance unless such benefits are 
received on or after the effective date of the final rule.
    As DHS stated elsewhere in this rule, DHS is not imposing any 
requirements on benefit-granting agencies through this final rule or a 
requirement that these agencies specifically verify the information 
provided on the Form I-944. While the Form I-944 includes a Federal 
Agency Disclosure and Authorization, that part of the form will only 
become relevant after DHS enters into information sharing agreements 
with specific agencies to obtain verification of the information 
supplied by applicants. DHS expects that this process will take time 
and will likely be in effect at some point in the future after the 
final rule becomes effective. In addition, any such information sharing 
will depend on the ability of the relevant agencies to share such 
information with DHS. Because this aspect of the rule's implementation 
will necessarily involve inter-agency collaboration, DHS does not 
believe that delaying the effective date of the final rule beyond 60 
days will be necessary to address the agencies' concerns related to the 
verification of information on Form I-944.
    DHS is also not altering an alien's eligibility for public 
benefits, and therefore does not believe that agencies would have to 
change their guidance in that regard. The rule specifies what public 
benefits will be considered in the public charge inadmissibility 
determination. DHS encourages agencies to update their web pages and 
guidance to direct recipients of public benefits to DHS guidance 
related to this final rule rather than repeat or explain what receipt 
of public benefits may make a person a public charge. While aliens may 
choose to disenroll from benefits to ensure the public benefit 
threshold is not triggered, DHS is moving to a duration-only threshold, 
aliens will have more time to adjust

[[Page 41458]]

their conduct in response to this rule. Therefore any potential 
increase in agencies' caseloads will likely be spread over a longer 
period of time which would eliminate the need to further extend the 
effective date of the final rule.
    Finally, DHS is also not requiring that benefit-granting agencies 
develop new documentation of benefits provided, but will accept 
documentation already provided in the normal course of benefit 
administration. Such documentation should be adequate given that DHS is 
simplifying the threshold standard to focus exclusively on the duration 
of receipt and not the amount. DHS notes that examples of 
implementation of the Medicaid expansion program are not apt for 
comparison to the implementation of this rule for the reasons explained 
above, namely, that this rule imposes no direct obligations on benefit-
granting/administering agencies, and it does not modify eligibility 
criteria for the benefits covered by this rule.
    With respect to comments requesting time so aliens can move from 
Medicaid to obtaining private health insurance through the ACA 
marketplaces, DHS notes that it believes aliens will have sufficient 
time to obtain private health insurance through the ACA marketplaces. 
Additionally, Medicaid benefits included in the definition of public 
benefit will only be a heavily weighted negative factor in the totality 
of the circumstances if the alien receives Medicaid for more than 12 
months in the aggregate, beginning 36 months before the alien filed for 
adjustment of status. The open enrollment period for 2020 will run from 
November 1, 2019 to December 15, 2019.\791\ Because USCIS will only 
consider benefits covered under this final rule if received on or after 
the effective date of the final rule, and given that this rule 
published on August 14, 2019, aliens will have sufficient time to 
disenroll from Medicaid and enroll in private health insurance through 
the ACA marketplaces without incurring a heavily weighted negative 
factor for purposes of the public charge inadmissibility determination. 
Therefore, DHS will implement the rule within 60 days from the date of 
publication.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \791\ https://www.healthcare.gov/quick-guide/dates-and-deadlines/ (last visited May 1, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS does not provide sufficient 
notice to noncitizen benefit recipients of TANF, SSI, or general 
assistance about the impact of benefits received prior to the effective 
date of the rule. The commenter requested that DHS use the ``primarily 
dependent'' standard for TANF, SSI, and general assistance benefits 
received prior to the effective date of the rule.
    Response: DHS disagrees that it has given recipients of public 
benefits inadequate time to make decisions about receiving public 
benefits before the effective date of this rule. Through the NPRM, DHS 
provided advance notice to the public that DHS was changing which 
public benefits would be considered in public charge inadmissibility 
determinations. The NPRM's provisions, coupled with the 60-day 
effective date of the final rule, provided adequate notice to the 
regulated public with respect to the possible consequences associated 
with the receipt of public benefits.\792\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \792\ See, e.g., Alcaraz v. Block, 746 F.2d 593, 611 (9th Cir. 
1984) (``In addition to the pre-promulgation procedures, 5 U.S.C. 
553(d) provides for a 30-day lag time between the rule's publication 
and its effective date. This post-adoption delay in effectiveness 
affords parties affected by the regulations reasonable time in which 
to adjust their conduct or take other measures.'') (citations 
omitted).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes that in this final rule, DHS will not consider public 
benefits listed in 8 CFR 212.21(b) that were previously excluded under 
the 1999 Interim Field Guidance if received before the effective date 
of this final rule. DHS will continue to consider benefits listed in 8 
CFR 212.21(b) that were previously considered under the 1999 Interim 
Field Guidance if received before the effective date of the final 
rule.\793\ The receipt of such benefits would not be considered as a 
heavily weighted negative factor. In addition, DHS is clarifying that 
this final rule will not apply to any applications or petitions 
postmarked before the effective date and accepted by USCIS pursuant to 
8 CFR 103.2(a)(7)(ii), and are pending on the effective date of the 
final rule, but only to applications or petitions postmarked (or if 
applicable, electronically submitted) on or after the effective date of 
the final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \793\ Under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, DHS would consider 
the current receipt of cash benefits for income maintenance or long-
term institutionalization at government expense in the totality of 
the circumstances. See Field Guidance on Deportability and 
Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 64 FR 28689, 28690 (May 
26, 1999) (``If at the time of application for admission or 
adjustment an alien is receiving a cash public assistance for income 
maintenance or is institutionalized for long-term care (as discussed 
in section 6, below), that benefit should be taken into account 
under the totality of the circumstances test, along with the other 
statutory factors under section 212(a)(4)(B)(i) and any [adjustment 
of status].''). DHS would also consider past receipt of cash 
benefits for income maintenance or long-term institutionalization at 
government expense in the totality of the circumstances. See Field 
Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on Public Charge 
Grounds, 64 FR 28689, 28690 (May 26, 1999) (``[P]ast receipt of cash 
income-maintenance benefits does not automatically make an alien 
inadmissible as likely to become a public charge, nor does past 
institutionalization for long-term care at government expense. 
Rather this history would be one of many factors to be considered in 
applying the totality of the circumstances test.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that the proposed rule should be 
applied to applications filed on or after the effective date. Pending 
applications would be affected by the new rule and would place a strain 
on DHS to re-interview and re-adjudicate applications that are already 
pending. In contrast, one commenter stated the rule, if implemented, 
needs to apply retroactively at some point in order to remove green 
cards from individuals who may have already received them and who could 
be deemed public charges under the proposed rule.
    Response: DHS agrees that the rule will not be applied to 
applications pending on the effective date of the rule, i.e. were 
postmarked (or if applicable, electronically submitted) and were 
accepted by USCIS pursuant to 8 CFR 103.2(a)(1) and (a)(2) the 
effective date of the rule and were accepted by USCIS pursuant to 8 CFR 
103.2(a)(1) and (a)(2). As discussed above, DHS will continue to review 
such cases under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance. For the purposes of 
determining whether a case was postmarked before the effective date of 
the rule, DHS will consider the postmark date for the application or 
petition currently before USCIS, not the postmark date for any 
previously-filed application or petition that USCIS rejected pursuant 
to 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7)(ii).
    DHS will only apply this final rule to applications for admission 
or applications or petitions for immigration benefits postmarked (or if 
applicable, electronically submitted) on or after the effective date of 
the rule. DHS does not anticipate a strain on USCIS resources due to 
the effective date of this final rule. By applying the public charge 
rule to applications postmarked on or after the effective date, DHS 
ensures a smooth implementation and ample notice to applicants and 
petitioners.
Benefits Received Before Effective Date and Previously Excluded 
Benefits
    Comment: Several commenters generally opposed the consideration of 
benefits received before the effective date of the rule, and that the 
1999 Interim Field Guidance should be applied to any receipt of 
benefits prior to the effective date of the final rule. Some commenters 
disagreed with this portion of the rule, stating it runs counter to the 
original purpose of the

[[Page 41459]]

public charge test and the 1999 Interim Field Guidance standard by 
which individuals are becoming a public charge. A commenter expressed 
disapproval of this section of the rule because it would impact family 
members who rely on cash benefits.
    Another commenter stated that the proposed rule could be 
retroactively applied so that immigrants' receipt of benefits prior to 
the effective date of the rule would be considered in a public charge 
determination. The commenter provided readings of the proposed 
regulatory text against the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, arguing that 
SNAP, specifically, could ``fall through the cracks.'' Other commenters 
stated that this part of the rule lacked clear guidance and proved 
difficult to implement, providing examples and saying this section will 
be unfair and unworkable. A commenter requested that DHS use the 
``primarily dependent'' standard for TANF, SSI, and general assistance 
benefits received prior to the effective date of the rule. A commenter 
said this portion of the rule is in contrast with what many social 
workers have advised their clients on in the past.
    Response: DHS acknowledges that the public charge inadmissibility 
standard in this final rule is a departure from the 1999 Interim Field 
Guidance. However, this final rule as it pertains to public charge 
inadmissibility will only apply to applications for admission or 
adjustment of status postmarked (or if applicable, electronically 
submitted) on or after the effective date of the rule. For any 
application for admission or adjustment of status postmarked (or if 
applicable, electronically submitted) and pending before the effective 
date of the rule, USCIS will apply the 1999 Interim Field Guidance. For 
the purposes of determining whether a case was postmarked before the 
effective date of the rule, DHS will consider the postmark date for the 
application or petition currently before USCIS, not the postmark date 
for any previously-filed application or petition that USCIS rejected 
pursuant to 8 CFR 103.2(a)(7)(ii).
    Additionally, for any application for admission or adjustment of 
status postmarked (or if applicable, electronically submitted) on or 
after the effective date of the rule, if the alien received any 
included public benefit listed in the 1999 Interim Field Guidance (cash 
assistance for income maintenance, including SSI, TANF, and general 
assistance) before the effective date of the rule, DHS will consider 
those benefits as they would have been considered under the 1999 
Interim Field Guidance. In other words, for adjustment of status 
applications filed on or after the effective date of the rule, an 
applicant's receipt of any of the benefits listed in the 1999 Interim 
Field Guidance prior to the effective date of the rule will be treated 
as a negative factor in the totality of the circumstances, as they were 
in the 1999 Interim Field Guidance. Public benefits that were not 
considered in the 1999 Interim Guidance, such as SNAP, would not be 
considered at all in the public charge inadmissibility determination; 
they would only be considered if received on or after the effective 
date of the rule. However, regardless of the length of time such 
benefits were received before the effective date of this rule, or the 
monetary amount of such benefits, DHS will not treat the receipt of 
these benefits as a heavily weighted negative factor, as set forth in 8 
CFR 212.22(d).
    DHS believes that it has minimized any adverse effects on 
applicants as a result of having received benefits that were listed in 
the 1999 Interim Field Guidance before the effective date of this rule. 
DHS believes that recipients of public benefits listed in the 1999 
Interim Field Guidance are being given adequate time to make decisions 
about receiving public benefits on or after the effective date of this 
rule. The NPRM's discussion of how DHS would treat past receipt of 
benefits listed in the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, this rule's 
explanation of how such benefits will be treated, and the proposed 60-
day effective date of the final rule, provide aliens an opportunity to 
discontinue the receipt of any public benefits before filing an 
application for admission or adjustment of status and provides an 
opportunity for public benefit-granting agencies to communicate the 
consequences of receiving public benefits, to the extent such agencies 
deem appropriate.
    With respect to the public benefit condition for extension of stay 
and change of status, DHS will not consider any receipt of public 
benefits that occurred before the effective date of this final rule.
    Comment: A commenter proposed that a 3-year grace period be applied 
for the consideration of previously excluded benefits. The commenter 
indicated that, in some cases, the receipt of benefits for up to 3 
years prior to the proposed rule's enactment could count against 
immigrants, and that such an outcome would be absurd in light of the 
standard 3-year cycle process for benefits. The commenter indicated 
that people should not be punished for following the standard 3-year 
cycle process for receiving benefits which are currently excluded from 
the public charge determination, or for not being able to obtain a 
termination letter quickly enough.
    Response: DHS appreciates the suggestion but declines to 
incorporate a 3-year grace period for previously received benefits. As 
previously indicated, the rule will only consider all benefits as 
listed in 8 CFR 212.21(b) if the application was filed on or after the 
effective date. For benefits received before the effective date and 
were also considered under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, USCIS will 
only consider the benefits as they would have been considered under the 
1999 Interim Field Guidance. The rule will become effective within 60 
days, which DHS believes is sufficient time for aliens to terminate any 
currently received public benefits that may be reviewed in the public 
charge inadmissibility determination.
    Comment: Commenters stated that such a rule should not be applied 
to immigrants already in the United States who are on a pathway to 
``legalization'' (who are ``in line'').
    Response: DHS disagrees with the comment that the rule will be 
applied to applicants with applications pending on the day the rule 
goes into effect. This rule only applies to applications for admission 
or adjustment of status postmarked (or if applicable, electronically 
submitted) on or after the effective date of the rule. Individuals who 
have applications pending with DHS on the effective date of the rule 
will not be subject to this rule; USCIS will adjudicate such 
applications under the terms of the 1999 Interim Field Guidance.
    Comment: A commenter argued that past acceptance of legally-
obtained Federal assistance programs or public benefits should not 
count against immigrants already in the country, as it is often U.S. 
born children who have qualified for and are receiving assistance 
because their immigrant parents are struggling. Neither the parents nor 
the children should be penalized for accepting public benefits that 
were legally available for assistance.
    Response: As noted elsewhere in this preamble, benefits received by 
or on behalf of a U.S. citizen child are not considered in the public 
charge inadmissibility determination.
    Comment: A commenter requested that DHS use the ``primarily 
dependent'' standard for TANF, SSI, and general assistance benefits 
received prior to the effective date of the rule.
    Response: As noted, under this rule, USCIS will continue to apply 
the

[[Page 41460]]

criteria set forth in the 1999 Interim Field Guidance to applications 
postmarked (or if applicable, electronically submitted) before, and 
pending on, the effective date of this rule, and therefore, the receipt 
of previously-included benefits in those applications will be 
considered pursuant to the ``primary dependence'' standard. However, 
for applications postmarked (or if applicable, electronically 
submitted) on or after the effective date of this rule in which the 
applicant received previously-included benefits before the effective 
date of the rule, DHS will consider the receipt of those benefits as a 
negative factor in the totality of the circumstances, but such receipt 
will not be considered a heavily weighted negative factor.

U. Other Comments

    Comment: A commenter indicated that DHS did not affirmatively 
address whether it consulted with Federal benefit-granting agencies 
such as HHS, USDA, and HUD in developing its proposed definition of 
``public charge'' as ``an alien who receives one or more public 
benefit[s]'' and abandoning the current ``primarily reliant'' standard. 
Although the commenter acknowledged that the NPRM indicated that DHS 
consulted these benefit-granting agencies on other, tangential issues 
such as methodologies for considering and quantifying an immigrant's 
receipt of non-cash, non-monetizable benefits, the commenter was 
requesting that DHS address, in the next public action, whether or not 
it formally consulted Federal benefit-granting agencies such as HHS, 
USDA, and HUD in developing its proposed definition of ``public 
charge,'' and if so, that DHS publicly disclose copies of any written 
feedback it received from these agencies.
    Response: Interagency discussions are a part of the internal 
deliberative process associated with the rulemaking.
    Comment: Another commenter indicated that the rule would 
arbitrarily prevent immigrants from obtaining or maintaining lawful 
immigration status, which data shows improves immigrants' hourly wages.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the rule will impermissibly prevent 
immigrants from obtaining or maintaining lawful immigration status. 
This rule only addresses one ground of inadmissibility and does not 
otherwise affect eligibility for public benefits. As discussed 
elsewhere in this rule, DHS's objective in promulgating this rule is to 
better ensure that aliens seeking admission, adjustment of status, 
extension of stay, and change of status, rely on their own resources 
and capabilities and the not government to meet their needs. DHS also 
intends that this rule provide a clear regulatory framework for 
assessing the factors Congress established as mandatory considerations 
with respect to the public charge ground of inadmissibility.
    Comment: An individual commenter proposed creating a ``self-
sufficiency program'' in place of the proposed rule. The commenter 
suggested the program be modeled after the ORR's Voluntary Agencies 
Matching Grant Program that provides intensive case management, English 
language and vocational training, and a variety employment services. A 
commenter suggested creating classes or having resources available to 
aliens to help them understand the importance of self-sufficiency and 
methods to obtain that ideal goal. The commenter indicated that those 
kinds of programs would provide more incentive to the aliens to avoid 
public assistance than revoking or denying their citizenship status 
just because they needed some help or might need it in the future.
    Response: DHS appreciates the suggestion. However, this rule 
establishes guidelines for the inadmissibility of aliens based on the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility as established by Congress. The 
rule provides for the initial determination of admissibility; other 
immigration related benefits or activities fall beyond the scope of the 
rule. The programs offered to refugees are designated to assist people 
who are not subject to the public charge inadmissibility ground. 
Further, neither the statute nor this final rule permit revocation or 
denial of citizenship status based on inadmissibility on public charge 
grounds.
    Comment: A commenter asked that a public information campaign be 
implemented that is targeted towards the general public to explain the 
rule changes.
    Response: DHS will provide additional information and communication 
materials on the rule and its provisions as part of the implementation 
of the final rule.
    Comment: Some commenters provided general comments and 
recommendations on and other aspects of the immigration system. 
Multiple commenters opposed the separation of families at the southwest 
border. Several commenters stated that asylum seekers and refugees are 
unfairly treated. Several commenters stated their support for 
suspension of all immigration via section 212(f) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1182(f). Commenters expressed concern regarding the lack of support 
provided to Iraqi translators in the search for asylum.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments. However, these comments are 
outside of the scope of DHS's rulemaking. Through this rulemaking, DHS 
is exercising its authority to regulations implementing the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility and the public charge bond framework. 
DHS is also setting a public benefit condition related to extension of 
stay and change of status.
    Comment: Some commenters stated that all individuals should be 
treated with dignity, compassion, and kindness.
    Response: DHS believes that this rule implements the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility consistent with those values, as well as 
other values prioritized by Congress.
    Comment: One commenter suggested that DHS should issue work 
authorization cards to all aliens subject to the public charge ground 
of inadmissibility and that USCIS should amend the rule to include a 
work authorization category for all pending applications. Another 
commenter suggested that USCIS amend the rule to include a work 
authorization category for all pending applications.
    Response: These comments are outside of the scope of DHS's 
rulemaking. DHS will not offer employment authorization to all aliens 
subject to the public charge ground of admissibility. DHS notes that 
aliens with pending adjustment of status application may apply for 
employment authorization under 8 CFR 274a.12(c)(9).
    Comment: One commenter requested that DHS affirmatively review and 
incorporate into the administrative record for this rulemaking the 
supporting evidence and authority cited in the approximately 300 
footnotes contained in the commenter's submission. The commenter also 
submitted to the docket 22 additional documents, which included some 
but not all of the commenter's supporting evidence and authority.
    Response: DHS has fulfilled its obligation to meaningfully consider 
and respond to the public comments. With respect to the commenter's 
additional request regarding the administrative record, the APA does 
not require DHS to conduct the exercise requested by the commenter, and 
DHS respectfully declines to do so.
    Comment: A commenter recommended that the proposed rule include the 
``protective effect of secure immigration status against abuse and 
exploitation, as well as the bolstering effects on family stability.'' 
The

[[Page 41461]]

commenter indicated that as recognized under VAWA, admission to the 
United States or adjustment of status can help victims access 
employment and increase their ability to escape the violence or 
overcome the trauma they've suffered. The commenter further stated that 
a stable immigration status helps individuals obtain secure better 
paying jobs, reducing the stress associated with exploitative working 
conditions, leading to better short-term and long-term outcomes for 
their families. The commenter provided information on research 
conducted among immigrant victims across the United States that 
indicated 65 percent of immigrant victims reported that their violent 
partner had used some form of a threat of deportation after arrival in 
the United States as a form of abuse. The commenter suggested that DHS 
should consider the supportive and protective effects of stable 
immigration status to victims. The commenter indicated that such a 
consideration would support the purpose and guidance of the important 
protections that Congress has afforded for victims in various Federal 
laws, even if they are not seeking admission under an exempt victim-
specific category.
    Response: DHS understands the concerns and emphasizes that VAWA, T 
and U applicant categories are generally not subject to the public 
charge inadmissibility determinations. Further DHS has provided that if 
a person receives a public benefit during a status exempt from public 
charge inadmissibility, and later applies for an immigration benefit 
under a different status where admissibility is required, such public 
benefit receipt would not be considered in the public charge 
inadmissibility determination.
    Comment: A commenter expressed concern about restricting the 
possibility of filing Request for Fee Waiver (Form I-912), stating that 
many applicants have an income below the Federal Tax Filling 
Requirement Threshold, do not file tax returns, and will lack the 
evidence to submit this request. The commenter went on to say that 
forcing applicants to submit evidence through IRS tax filing will 
increase the amount of tax return moneys that low-income tax payers are 
eligible to obtain, thus canceling out any additional income received 
by DHS if these applicants are unable to qualify for the fee waiver.
    Response: This rule not change the eligibility or evidentiary 
requirements of Form I-912. This comment seems misdirected as it 
appears to relate to a routine revision of Form I-912 and not this 
rule. Therefore, this comment is out of scope of this rule.
    Comment: Some commenters provided general comments and 
recommendations on public benefits and the welfare system in the United 
States. For example, multiple commenters stated that immigrants are 
putting a burden on public services and U.S. taxpayers. One commenter 
summarized potential methods for saving money within the public welfare 
system in the United States, as an alternative to changing how the 
Government implements the public charge ground of inadmissibility. An 
individual commenter in support of the rule provided information and 
views regarding fraud and abuse in the U.S. public welfare system, 
along with brief recommendations on how to address such issues.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments. However, DHS's public 
charge inadmissibility rule is not intended to address public benefit 
fraud and abuse specifically. Rather, this rule is intended to align 
the self-sufficiency goals set forth by Congress with the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility.
    Comment: One commenter requested that USCIS ensure employers are 
paying living wages to immigrants. The commenter stated that SNAP 
participants are either employed or seeking jobs, or are children or 
elderly. Similarly, another commenter asserted that, unless DHS is 
willing to compel employers in agriculture and in other industries to 
provide a living wage and health benefits, it is cruel and unjust to 
punish hard-working immigrants who rely on public benefits but who also 
benefit the United States.
    Response: The vast majority of workers who enter the United States 
on employment-based nonimmigrant and immigrant visas, including 
temporary agricultural workers, enter based on the terms and the 
conditions that have been certified by DOL.\794\ For a temporary 
agricultural worker (H-2A nonimmigrant),\795\ the employer must offer 
the appropriate wage rate \796\ and comply with other requirements as 
set by law and regulations.\797\ As such, DOL deemed the financial 
aspect and conditions of the employment itself sufficient for purpose 
of the alien's status.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \794\ See 20 CFR parts 655 and 656.
    \795\ See INA section 101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a), 218, 8 U.S.C. 
1101(a)(15)(H)(ii)(a), 1188.
    \796\ See 20 CFR 655.120(l). Employers must pay H-2A workers and 
workers in corresponding employment, unless otherwise excepted by 
the regulations, at least the highest of the Adverse Effect Wage 
Rate (AEWR), the prevailing hourly wage rate, the prevailing piece 
rate, the agreed-upon collective bargaining wage (if applicable), or 
the Federal or State minimum wage in effect at the time the work is 
performed.
    \797\ See 20 CFR 655.100-185.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With this rulemaking, DHS prevent individuals from receiving public 
benefits for which they are eligible. DHS understands that individuals 
may be hesitant to apply for or receive public benefits in light of 
this rulemaking. DHS, however, is implementing the congressional 
mandate provided in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4) 
to assess, as part of an alien's application for admission or 
adjustment of status, whether the alien is likely at any time to become 
a public charge.
    Comment: Commenters referenced DOS's January 2018, changes to 
public charge in the FAM. One commenter stated that if DOS adopted a 
standard similar to the proposed rule, it would result in significant 
increases of visa denials.
    Response: This rule only pertains to aliens who seek admission into 
the United States as a nonimmigrant, or as an immigrant, or seek an 
adjustment of status or a change of status or extension of stay. 
Although the standards set forth in the rule pertain to DHS's 
determinations as a whole, the rule's cost analysis focuses on the 
impact to USCIS adjudications, as the rule most directly impacts USCIS 
adjudication of applications for adjustment of status, as well as 
applications for extension of stay and change of status. DHS did not 
include an analysis of the costs and benefits associated with public 
charge inadmissibility determinations made by the DOS in the immigrant 
and nonimmigrant visa context. DHS defers to DOS on any information 
related to the application of the public charge inadmissibility 
determination as part of the immigrant and nonimmigrant visa process.
    Comment: A commenter urged DHS to defer to the DOS's public charge 
determination. Another commenter stated that DOS could further modify 
its own public charge guidance in response to the proposed rule from 
DHS. The commenters stated that this would cause more than one million 
individuals that seek visas from DOS annually to be subjected to 
arbitrary standards and potentially shut out of the country.
    Response: DHS is collaborating with other departments and agencies 
with regard to the regulatory changes promulgated by this final rules. 
DHS is working, and will continue to work, with DOS to ensure 
consistent application of the public charge ground of inadmissibility. 
As noted in the NPRM, DHS expects that DOS will make any necessary 
amendments to the FAM in order to harmonize its approach to public 
charge inadmissibility

[[Page 41462]]

determinations with the approach taken in this final rule.\798\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \798\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51135 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter discussed the rule's impact on consular 
processing. A commenter stated that DOS is likely to adopt public 
charge rules consistent with DHS's rules, thus exasperating and 
extending costs to applicants to many types of visa programs. Multiple 
commenters stated the rule would result in increased administrative 
burdens to other organizations such as DOS, as the proposed rule would 
require every adjudicator to be trained to apply the proposed rule, 
which is already subjective and unclear.
    Response: This rule provides a standard for determining whether an 
alien who seeks admission into the United States as a nonimmigrant or 
as an immigrant, or seeks adjustment of status, is likely at any time 
in the future to become a public charge under section 212(a)(4) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). DHS defers to DOS as to the procedure and 
timing for adopting changes consistent with the policy articulated in 
this final rule, as well as on the impact of any changes to visa 
processing times and costs incurred as a result of any such changes.
    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS should consider the 
implications of defining the inadmissibility ground at section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), on the public charge 
deportability ground at section 237(a)(5) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1227(a)(5). The commenter stated that DHS should consider the impact 
and reasonableness of the proposed NPRM definition in the deportability 
context and how the definition ``might further heighten fear and 
anxiety related to deportation among lawful permanent residents and 
others.'' The commenter that the Administration ``will likely act 
quickly to adopt it for deportation purposes.''
    Response: DHS does not believe it is essential to consider the 
impact on the public charge deportability ground. The rule is limited 
to the ground of inadmissibility. Additionally, as explained in the 
NPRM, standards applicable to DOJ continue to govern the standard 
regarding the public charge deportability ground.\799\ While the 
forward-looking inadmissibility ground and the past-looking 
deportability grounds both use the phrase ``become a public charge,'' 
the two provisions are significantly different. Most notably, the 
deportability ground requires a two-step determination absent in the 
inadmissibility ground. Specifically, the public charge ground of 
deportability applies to an alien who (1) within five years after the 
date of entry, has become a public charge (2) from causes not 
affirmatively shown to have arisen since entry.\800\ Whereas, the 
public ground charge of inadmissibility is prospective and requires an 
analysis to determine whether there is a likelihood that an alien will 
become a public charge at any time in the future. In the event there 
are any regulatory changes to the interpretation of the public charge 
deportability ground, such changes will necessarily comply with the APA 
and other statutory and regulatory requirements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \799\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51134 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \800\ See INA section 237(a)(5), 8 U.S.C. 1227(a)(5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter discussed the rule's impact on immigration 
courts. The commenter indicated that although immigration judges are 
not bound by DHS rules, DOJ is in the process of creating a public 
charge rule that is likely to parallel the DHS proposed rule. However, 
until a DOJ rule is finalized, the DHS proposed rule is likely to be 
used as persuasive authority by immigration judges tasked with making 
public charge assessments. The commenter pointed out that this will 
occur in at least three scenarios: (1) Individuals without lawful 
status seeking to adjust status in removal proceedings; (2) returning 
lawful permanent residents who are treated as applicants for admission 
under section 101(a)(13)(C) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(13)(C); and 
(3) lawful permanent residents placed in removal proceedings who are 
seeking to re-adjust status with a waiver under section 212(h) of the 
Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(h). Additionally, the commenter stated that the 
adjudication of adjustment of status applications in immigration courts 
will likely increase due to a 2018 policy change at USCIS, under which 
NTAs are issued in any case in which USCIS issues a denial, leaving the 
applicant with no legal status upon denial of the adjustment 
application. This, according to the commenter, will result in an 
increase of adjustment of status applications in front of an 
immigration judge, increasing the frequency of cases requiring a public 
charge adjudication. Until a DOJ rule is promulgated, ICE trial 
attorneys, who are bound by DHS regulations, will likely argue that 
immigration judges should apply the proposed rule's heightened 
standards. Lacking any binding precedent on the interpretation of 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), some immigration 
judges will agree and will rely on the proposed rule as a guide, while 
other immigration judges will not. The commenter stated that this will 
create inconsistencies in adjudication, and increase administrative 
inefficiencies through additional appeals and motions; will take 
significantly more court time for those cases already in front of the 
judge due to the heightened evidentiary requirements; and need 
additional and more detailed testimony. These heightened evidentiary 
requirements will also impact ICE attorneys, who will be required to 
review that evidence and prepare a response, as well as the respondent 
and his or her counsel, if represented. With an immigration court 
backlog that is already above 750,000 cases, the public charge rule 
would further exacerbate an already record high case volume. 
Additionally, increased evidentiary requirements, heightened scrutiny, 
and uncertainty as to what standard to apply will delay adjudications, 
add to the backlog, and result in inconsistent court adjudications.
    Response: Comments regarding the manner in which EOIR will assess 
public charge inadmissibility are beyond the scope of DHS's rule. DHS's 
rule pertains to DHS's public charge inadmissibility determinations for 
applicants seeking admission to the United States and for applicants 
seeking adjustment of status. If DHS denies an adjustment of status 
application and places the applicant into removal proceedings, the 
alien may renew the adjustment of status application before an 
immigration judge unless the immigration judge does not have 
jurisdiction over the adjustment application.\801\ DHS has no authority 
over EOIR's inadmissibility determinations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \801\ 8 CFR 245.2(a)(5)(ii) and 8 CFR 1245.2(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes that all inadmissibility determinations are made on a 
case-by-case basis and depend on the facts and circumstances, as well 
as the available evidence, in each case. As such, it is impossible to 
anticipate the arguments that might be made or the evidence that might 
be submitted in support of a charge of inadmissibility. However, as 
noted above, under section 291 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1361, the burden of 
proof is on an applicant for admission to establish that he or she is 
not inadmissible to the United States under any provision of the Act. 
Similarly, under section 240(c)(2)(A) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 
1229a(c)(2)(A), an applicant for admission in removal proceedings has 
the burden of establishing that he or she is clearly and beyond doubt 
entitled to

[[Page 41463]]

be admitted and is not inadmissible under section 212 of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1182. As noted above, DHS believes that concerns about DOJ's 
adjudication of cases pending before immigration courts, including 
immigration court backlogs, are more appropriately addressed by DOJ in 
the context of their public charge rulemaking.

V. Public Comments and Responses to the NPRM's Statutory and Regulatory 
Requirements Section

1. Comments on Costs and Benefits
a. Population Seeking Extension of Stay or Change of Status
    Comment: Commenters stated the rule will have a disproportionate 
impact on South Asian immigrants seeking an extension of stay or change 
of status, stating that more than 550,000 from South Asian countries 
lawfully reside in the United States. Particularly, a commenter states 
that the rule will have a detrimental impact because it requires 
applicants for an extension or a change of status completing the Form 
I-129 or Form I-539 to complete an additional Form I-944.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' concerns regarding the 
impact this rule will have specifically on South Asian immigrants. DHS 
does not believe that the rule would impact all of the 550,000 aliens 
from South Asian countries that the commenter references, as it is 
unclear that all aliens from these countries would apply for an 
extension of stay or change of status. In addition, after reviewing the 
comments, DHS removed the requirement that individuals must establish 
that they are not likely to receive public benefits by submitting Form 
I-944. Under the revised standard, aliens seeking to change or extend 
their nonimmigrant status will have to demonstrate that they have not 
received any public benefit since obtaining the nonimmigrant status the 
alien is seeking to extend or change, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21, for 
more than 12 months, in the aggregate, within a 36-month period.
    However, to the extent that South Asians may seek extension of stay 
or change of status in large numbers given their percentage of total 
foreign nationals present in the United States, the public benefit 
condition does not have a disparate impact that is ``unexplainable on 
grounds other than'' national origin.\802\ Rather, under this rule, all 
applicants for extension of stay and change of status, regardless of 
national origin, will be required to demonstrate that they have not 
received, since obtaining the nonimmigrant status they are seeking to 
extend or change, any public benefit, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), 
for more than 12 months, in the aggregate, within a 36-month period. 
Although this rule may impact aliens from South Asian countries to a 
larger extent solely because they account for a larger percentage of 
foreign nationals who may apply for an extension of stay or change of 
status, DHS did not add the public benefits condition to extension of 
stay and change of status applications in order to specifically target 
aliens from South Asian countries or for any other discriminatory 
purpose. Instead, in including the public benefits condition, DHS is 
seeking to ensure that aliens present in the United States do not 
depend on public benefits to meet their needs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \802\ Vill. of Arlington Heights v. Metro. Hous. Dev. Corp., 429 
U.S. 252, 266 (1977).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Other Comments on Affected Population
    Comment: Multiple commenters stated that if the rule is finalized 
it could negatively impact between 24 and 26 million immigrants and 
their family members. Commenters stated that this estimate was based on 
a study that determined the number of aliens and their family members 
with incomes below 250 percent of FPG. Another commenter stated that 
between 22.2 and 41.1 million noncitizens and their family members 
could be impacted by the rule, and that out of this population, an 
estimated 4.9 million legal immigrants would lose healthcare coverage. 
Other commenters estimated that nearly 40 percent of individuals who 
sought adjustment of status last year (380,000 of 1.1 million, 
according to the commenters) would be subject to a public charge 
determination.
    A few commenters stated that the rule could increase the number of 
immigrants that would be considered a public charge from the current 
three percent to 47 percent. Other commenters argued the rule could 
reduce naturalization overall because immigrants would be deterred from 
adjusting status. Another commenter stated that DHS has not indicated 
an estimate of the number of noncitizens that will be denied 
admissibility under the rule.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding the potential 
negative effects of the rule and the number of individuals who may be 
affected. The study the commenters cited estimated that 24 million to 
26 million aliens and their family members would be affected by the 
rule's potential chilling effect, i.e., a circumstance under which the 
rule results in fear and confusion among aliens, who therefore 
voluntarily disenroll from or forgo enrollment in public benefits.\803\ 
However, the study notes that most of the individuals who may 
experience a chilling effect are those who will not be subject to a 
public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS acknowledges that some 
individuals may disenroll or forego enrollment in public benefits 
programs even though they are not directly regulated by this rule. DHS 
has provided an estimate of the number of individuals that may choose 
to disenroll or forego enrollment due to the final rule, but it is 
unclear how long such individuals would remain disenrolled or forego 
enrollment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \803\ See Fiscal Policy Institute, ``How a Trump Rule's Chilling 
Effect Will Harm the U.S.'' Oct. 10, 2018. Available at http://fiscalpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/US-Impact-of-Public-Charge.pdf, (last visited May 21, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As shown in the economic analysis of this rule, DHS estimates that 
the total population seeking to adjust status that will be subject to a 
public charge review for inadmissibility is about 382,264 annually. 
Further, DHS estimates that about 324,438 individuals who are members 
of households with foreign-born non-citizens and about 9,632 households 
with at least one foreign-born non-citizen will choose to disenroll 
from or forego enrollment in a public benefits program, based on a 2.5 
percent rate of disenrollment or foregone enrollment.
    Moreover, DHS notes that this rule does not force individuals who 
are eligible for public benefits to disenroll or forego enrollment in 
such benefits programs and acknowledges that those who choose to 
disenroll may need to rely on other means of support within their 
family or community. Nonetheless, through this rule, DHS seeks to 
better ensure that applicants for admission to the United States and 
applicants for adjustment of status who are subject to the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility are self-sufficient, i.e., do not 
depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rely on their own 
capabilities and the resources of their family, sponsor, and private 
organizations.
    Comment: Numerous commenters focused on the rule's impact on 
children, with some providing estimates of the number of impacted 
children. These include estimates that one in four children have at 
least one foreign-born parent, between nine and 10 million children who 
are U.S. citizens born of immigrant parents would be impacted by the 
rule, and that approximately 18.4 million children live in immigrant 
families and approximately 16 million

[[Page 41464]]

of those children were born in the United States. Other commenters 
noted estimates that approximately 90 percent of the children of 
foreign-born parents in the United States are citizens of the United 
States. Many commenters estimated that 45 percent of children who 
recently became permanent residents of the United States could have 
multiple negative factors that could prevent adjustment of status. Some 
commenters noted that approximately 14 million children enrolled in 
CHIP live in a household with at least one immigrant parent. Many 
commenters noted the support that public benefits programs, including 
Medicaid and other health services as well as nutrition assistance, 
provide for individuals and families, often pointing to the support 
these programs provide to children. Some commenters stated the rule 
would have negative consequences on families and ``grand families,'' 
including family separation.
    Response: DHS refers the reader to DHS's response regarding 
Potential Disenrollment Impacts in section III.D.5 of this preamble. 
With respect to comments that specifically referenced DHS's initial 
regulatory impact analysis, DHS notes that in consideration of the 
comments, it has revised the analysis for this final rule to include a 
range of potential disenrollment impacts.
    Comment: Many commenters stated the rule would have a negative 
effect on low-wage workers with some stating it would reduce economic 
mobility and reduce the ability to support families. Commenters noted 
workers in specific industries, such as healthcare, construction, 
hospitality, agriculture, and recreation, would be negatively affected 
by the rule, as would those who benefit from these industries.
    Response: DHS reiterates that the goal of this regulation is to 
ensure that aliens who are admitted to the United States, adjust 
status, or obtain extension of stay or change of status, are self-
sufficient and do not depend on public benefits. This rule does not aim 
to reduce economic mobility or the ability to support families, but 
rather aims to do the opposite, by ensuring that those families who 
enter or remain in the United States are self-sufficient.
    Comment: A commenter states the projected annual average of 
adjustment applicants subject to public charge review is 
underestimated. The commenter suggested using the publicly available 
USCIS datasets titled ``Data Set: All USCIS Application and Petition 
Form Types,'' ``All USCIS Application and Petition Form Types,'' and 
``Number of Service-wide Forms by Fiscal Year To-Date, Quarter, and 
Form Status,'' rather than using internal data or data from approvals.
    Response: DHS does not have historical data to serve as a basis of 
how many applicants currently are subject to a negative public charge 
determination or how many are ultimately denied admission due to 
negative factors. Additionally, DHS notes that we use data from 
internal and external sources as appropriate, and ensures that all data 
are current, valid, reliable, and accurate. For this economic analysis, 
DHS used publicly available data in various years of DHS statistical 
reports, ``Yearbook of Immigration Statistics,'' which are thoroughly 
vetted through the agency.\804\ DHS used these data not only because of 
their quality, but because they provide the detailed classifications of 
those adjusting status to determine those who are exempt from 
inadmissibility based on the public charge ground and those who are 
not. Additionally, the USCIS data that the commenter cites does not 
provide enough detail to show the visa classifications of applicants 
for admission and adjustment of status. The information is necessary 
for DHS to tailor the analysis to those who are subject to the 
inadmissibility based on the public charge ground. The data cited only 
provide aggregate receipt totals whereby it is not possible to remove 
individuals from the population count who are exempt from a public 
charge review of inadmissibility. As the data used for the analysis 
considers all applicants who obtained lawful permanent resident status, 
the estimated number of individuals who disenroll or forego enrollment 
due to the rule is likely overestimated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \804\ See Dept. of Homeland Security. Yearbook of Immigration 
Statistics. Available at: https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS notes that in the data cited by the commenter, there were 
approximately 567,640 applications for adjustment of status annually 
and about 532,887 approvals annually, based on the 5-year average 
number of application received during the period fiscal year 2012 to 
2016.\805\ The data the commenter cites only presents data in the broad 
categories of adjustments, including family-based, employment-based, 
asylum, and refugee, among others. In general, applicants in family-
based and employment-based classifications will be subject to a public 
charge review of inadmissibility, while applicants in asylum, refugee, 
and other classifications that are exempt from a public charge review. 
After removing the categories that are exempt from the data the 
commenter cited, there were approximately 417,390 applications for 
adjustment of status annually and about 388,724 approvals annually.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \805\ DHS notes that using the 5-year average over the period 
fiscal year 2012 to 2016 is consistent with the economic analysis 
that accompanies this rule, which can be found in the rule docket at 
www.regulations.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    By contrast, the total population in the dataset DHS uses in its 
economic analysis (including those who are exempt from public charge) 
is about 544,246 lawful permanent resident approvals annually. After 
removing the classifications that are exempt from a public charge 
review of inadmissibility, DHS estimates approximately 382,264 law 
approvals annually. Thus, the difference between the data cited by the 
commenter that uses receipts with general categories of applicants that 
are exempt from a public charge review of inadmissibility and the 
approvals data DHS used in its analysis is approximately 35,126 
applicants annually.
    Comment: A commenter indicated that the NPRM fails to provide data 
regarding the specific impact it might have on the individual, beyond 
the opportunity cost of time taken to familiarize oneself with the 
changes in policies and the time taken to accurately fill out new 
forms.
    Response: DHS provides the direct costs of this rule for 
individuals, which include the familiarization costs of the rule and 
the costs associated with filling out forms as well as any new or 
adjusted form fees. The commenter did not provide DHS with any specific 
data or additional costs for consideration. Additionally, the economic 
analysis of this final rule discusses several indirect impacts that are 
likely to occur because of the final regulatory changes in order to 
provide a more thorough overview of the costs of this rule. However, 
indirect costs are less certain and more variable, therefore making it 
more difficult to reliably estimate what those costs may be. The long 
term impacts are not known at this time.
c. Determination of Inadmissibility Based on Public Charge Grounds
    Comment: A commenter noted that the cost estimates of filing Form 
I-485, Form I-693, and Form I-912 should not be considered as new and 
additional costs.
    Response: DHS presents these forms and costs to establish the 
baseline for this analysis. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
Circular A-4 directs agencies to include differences from the baseline 
as costs, benefits, or transfers in the analysis of the rule. DHS also 
provides estimates of the additional

[[Page 41465]]

costs associated with the rule's changes to some of these forms.
d. Other Comments on Baseline Estimates
    Comment: A commenter stated that the rule incorrectly implies there 
is rampant abuse of public benefits by immigrants. The commenter cites 
the PRWORA and a Cato Institute working paper to note which immigrants 
have access to Federal public benefit programs, those who are not 
eligible for these programs, and who is likely to use certain public 
benefit programs compared to native born or naturalized citizens.
    Response: DHS did not intentionally use language that would imply 
abuse of public benefits. DHS acknowledges the provisions in PRWORA 
that limit public assistance to eligible classes of aliens and confirms 
that this regulation is consistent with PRWORA. The Cato Institute 
working paper, which is based on Census data (and the Medical 
Expenditure Panel Survey), concludes that low-income non-citizen 
immigrants are less likely to receive public benefits than low-income 
native-born citizens and that the value of benefits received per 
recipient is less for immigrant groups.\806\ These findings are not 
inconsistent with this final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \806\ The Use of Public Assistance Benefits by Citizens and Non-
Citizen Immigrants in the United States, Cato Institute Working 
Paper; Leighton Ku and Brian Bruen, February 19, 2013. https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/workingpaper-13_1.pdf 
(last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. Costs to Applicants To Adjust Status
    Comment: Many commenters remarked the impact the rule would have on 
applicants who may apply to adjust status. One individual commenter 
stated that, given the overall objectives of this rule, the estimated 
increased cost to immigrants seeking to adjust their status and 
economic loss which might represent a significant barrier to filing the 
application. The commenter stated that such a barrier might in fact 
suit the agency's goals and therefore represent a benefit. The 
commenter stated that greater concern are the costs borne by existing 
resident aliens, with some existing status, who are not the target of 
the rule and yet stand to be affected by it significantly. The 
commenter suggested a careful review should be conducted to ensure that 
this impact on a non-target group of people is warranted, or weigh 
whether this group should be forced to file all or some of the new 
forms.
    Response: DHS agrees that there are benefits to this rule that 
justify the new costs it will impose. DHS does not consider the 
estimated opportunity cost of time for filling out the Form I-944 to be 
a ``benefit'' of the rule. DHS estimated the costs of this rule on 
those seeking to adjust status, or pursuing extension of stay or change 
of status. DHS also notes that costs and/or benefits of a rule are 
generally estimated from the perspective of what the societal costs 
and/or benefits of the rule will be. We have reviewed the data provided 
by commenters and where possible quantified the indirect impacts of the 
rule. Where quantification was not possible, the economic analysis 
provides a qualitative discussion of indirect impacts that might result 
due to this rule. To be clear, aliens who are already lawful permanent 
residents of the United States are not applying for adjustment of 
status, extension of stay, or change of status, and therefore 
generally, will not be directly affected by the rule. Elsewhere in this 
preamble, DHS addresses the suggestion that DHS apply the rule 
differently to those who are already in the United States, as compared 
to those who seek admission from abroad. The Form I-944 is intended to 
apply to all aliens who are subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility and who apply for adjustment of status before USCIS.
    Comment: One commenter stated that the rule changes are intended to 
prevent legal immigrants from applying to adjust status to lawful 
permanent resident as the fee increases are enormous and the 
bureaucratic hurdles outrageous.
    Response: DHS disagrees the rule is intended to prevent eligible 
individuals from adjusting status to that of a lawful permanent 
resident. Rather, the rule is intended to better ensure that 
individuals seeking admission or adjustment of status are able to 
demonstrate that they are self-sufficient. DHS believes that the 
benefits to this rule justify the new costs it will impose. Where 
possible, DHS quantified the cost of completing the new forms.
f. Lack of Clarity
    Comment: Multiple commenters noted costs related to a lack of 
clarity and certainty around strongly positive and negative factors. 
One commenter noted this lack of clarity would make estimating 
compliance costs difficult. Another commenter wrote that the form is 
highly confusing, because it conflates negative consideration of non-
monetary benefits if received for more than two months in the aggregate 
within a 36-month period, and lacks questions seeking to elicit factors 
that would provide a basis for a positive finding.
    Response: DHS agrees that it is unable to quantify the full 
compliance costs of this rule at this time. The Form I-944 is meant for 
the alien to provide information about the factors, which an 
immigration officer would then review to determine whether the alien is 
likely to become a public charge at any time in the future. The form 
has been updated for clarity.
    Comment: Several commenters noted that applicants may incur 
additional costs as a result of having to pay for a credit report, an 
appraisal for a home, and retaining an attorney or accredited 
representative, and that applicants will need to expend time and effort 
to gather all documentation and estimate debts and assets from a 
variety of sources.
    Response: DHS notes that applicants may incur additional costs 
associated with fulfilling the requirements of completing Form I-944 
such as obtaining a credit report or appraisal for a home and includes 
theses costs in the economic analysis, where possible. The economic 
analysis that accompanies this rule can be found in the rule docket at 
www.regulations.gov. Completion of Form I-944, which includes gathering 
all necessary evidence, does entail time and cost burdens. DHS reported 
estimated time and cost burdens in the NPRM and in this final rule in 
compliance with the PRA.
    Comment: A commenter stated that employers will likely not be able 
to prepare Form I-944 on their employees' behalf like more general 
immigration forms due to sensitive financial data requested.
    Response: DHS has revised the public benefit condition for 
extension of stay and change of status, such that officer will not 
issue an RFE for the Form I-944 in that context. No employers will be 
required to complete the Form I-944.
    Comment: One commenter stated the rule may discourage nonimmigrants 
from coming to or remaining in the United States, regardless of their 
financial status, and that the rule will reinforce the view that the 
United States has become an undesirable destination, damaging the 
nation's status as a welcoming country, and could deprive the U.S. 
economy of a substantial amount of tourism.
    Response: The commenter did not provide evidence or sources to 
support the claim that the rule will discourage nonimmigrants from 
visiting, studying, or working in the United States. As stated above, 
this rule is intended to better ensure that aliens inside the United 
States ``do not depend on public resources to meet their needs, but 
rather rely on their own capabilities and the

[[Page 41466]]

resources of their families, their sponsors, and private 
organizations.'' \807\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \807\ 8 U.S.C. 1601(2)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that an immigration service provider 
would need to develop expertise in all public benefit programs 
applicants may have used in any state where the applicant resided, that 
it will be virtually impossible for people to obtain proof that they 
did not trigger a negative factor for public charge test, and that 
their group will likely invest $500,000 to $1 million in trainings to 
assist the legal and service provider sector to understand this change, 
although the commenter stated that it still would not be able to advise 
with any certainty.
    Response: The commenter did not explain how it developed the 
estimated training costs of $500,000 to $1 million. As discussed above, 
DHS will train and provide internal guidance to USCIS officials 
processing these forms so they can accurately adjudicate cases. DHS 
also notes that it considered the costs presented by commenters and 
provided estimates for additional indirect costs that might result from 
this rule in the RIA.
    Comment: One commenter indicated there was no justification for 
imposing compliance costs on every alien seeking to adjust status, or 
on substantial numbers of nonimmigrants seeking routine extensions of 
status, even where nothing in that person's background or circumstances 
suggests the prospect that the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
might be an issue.
    Response: DHS believes that the questions posed in the I-944 are 
relevant and necessary for the public charge inadmissibility 
determination and allows the alien an opportunity to provide all 
information regarding the factors as discussed in the rule. DHS 
reiterates that the public charge inadmissibility ground does not apply 
to those seeking a change of status or extension of stay. Additionally, 
DHS has decided against asking nonimmigrants seeking to extend or 
change such status to submit Form I-944. DHS notes that those 
categories of aliens exempt from the public charge inadmissibility 
ground by statute face no additional compliance costs as a result of 
this rule.
g. Other Comments on Costs to Applicants
    Comment: One commenter stated that the agency acknowledges that 
most individuals this rule applies to would be making close to the 
Federal minimum wage of $7.25 an hour. The commenter stated that the 
agency's decision to base its estimates of opportunity cost of time on 
the mean average for all occupations ($24.35 per hour) instead of the 
mean national minimum wage ($10.66 per hour) suggests ``a desire to 
minimize the negative impact of the proposed rule by offsetting the 
negative impact with what appears to be a net positive, despite the 
analyzed wage applying to only a small segment of the population that 
this proposed rule seeks to reach.'' Another commenter stated that 
USCIS should consider using a more varied rate for calculated 
opportunity costs. The commenter further stated that the RIA uses 
$10.66 an hour, but many individuals affected by the rule may have a 
higher hourly rate.
    Response: DHS does not understand the commenter's arguments 
regarding minimizing the negative impact of the proposed rule. Where 
appropriate and based on the population of focus, DHS uses various wage 
rates to estimate opportunity costs of time. DHS uses the average 
hourly wage for all occupations ($24.34 per hour plus benefits) to 
estimate the opportunity cost of time for some, not all, populations in 
the economic analysis. Populations for which this hourly wage is 
applicable include those submitting an affidavit of support for an 
immigrant seeking to adjust status and those requesting extension of 
stay or change of status. For these populations, DHS assumes that 
individuals are dispersed throughout the various occupational groups 
and industry sectors of the U.S. economy. Therefore, DHS calculates the 
average total rate of compensation as $35.78 per hour, where the mean 
hourly wage is $24.34 per hour worked and average benefits are $11.46 
per hour.808 809 As noted in the economic analysis of the 
rule, DHS generally uses $10.66 per hour ($7.25 Federal minimum wage 
base plus $3.41 weighted average benefits) as a reasonable proxy of 
time valuation to estimate the opportunity costs of time for 
individuals who are applying for adjustment of status and must be 
reviewed for determination of inadmissibility based on public charge 
grounds.\810\ DHS also uses $10.66 per hour to estimate the opportunity 
cost of time for individuals who cannot, or choose not to, participate 
in the labor market as these individuals incur opportunity costs and/or 
assign valuation in deciding how to allocate their time. Moreover, this 
analysis uses the Federal minimum wage rate since approximately 80 
percent of the total number of individuals who obtained lawful 
permanent resident status were in a class of admission under family-
sponsored preferences and other non-employment-based classifications 
such as diversity, refugees and asylees, and parolees.\811\ Moreover, 
approximately 70 percent of the total number of individuals who 
obtained lawful permanent resident status were in a class of admission 
that were also subject to the public charge inadmissibility 
determination. Therefore, DHS assumes many of these applicants hold 
positions in occupations that are likely to pay around the Federal 
minimum wage.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \808\ The national mean hourly wage across all occupations is 
reported to be $24.34. See Occupational Employment and Wage 
Estimates United States. May 2017. Department of Labor, BLS, 
Occupational Employment Statistics program; available at https://www.bls.gov/oes/2017/may/oes_nat.htm (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \809\ The calculation of the weighted mean hourly wage for 
applicants: $24.34 per hour * 1.47 = $35.779 = $35.78 (rounded) per 
hour.
    \810\ See 29 U.S.C. 206. See also U.S. Department of Labor, Wage 
and Hour Division. The minimum wage in effect as of May 24, 2018. 
Available at https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/wages/minimumwage 
(last visited July 26, 2019).
    \811\ See United States Department of Homeland Security. 
Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2016, Table 7. Washington, DC, 
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration 
Statistics, 2017. Available at https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2016 (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: There were a number of other general comments on costs and 
potential burdens to applicants:
     One commenter stated that the costs and fees imposed on 
applicants could burden non-citizens and require them to turn to public 
assistance programs as a result.
     Another commenter stated that USCIS did not consider 
``departure costs'' such as plane tickets or broken leases/contracts 
for individuals that will need to leave the country due to the NPRM's 
provisions.
     A commenter stated that the NPRM places a significant 
burden on community organizations, requiring them to become experts on 
requirements to explain them to the community.
     Another commenter stated that NPRM would lead to a 
substantial increase in general legal costs related to applications 
citing a figure of $40 million for every 100,000 adjustments of status 
or immigrant visa applications.
    Response: DHS appreciates comments regarding costs to applicants 
and the potential burdens that this rule may impose on those seeking 
immigration benefits. DHS notes that the purpose of this rule is to 
better ensure that aliens subject to the public charge inadmissibility 
ground are self-sufficient, i.e., do not depend on public resources to 
meet their needs, and rely on their own capabilities, as well as the 
resources of family members, sponsors,

[[Page 41467]]

and private organizations.\812\ Moreover, DHS sets the fees associated 
with requesting immigration benefits as necessary to recover the full 
operating costs associated with administering the nation's lawful 
immigration system, safeguarding its integrity, and efficiently and 
fairly adjudicating immigration benefit requests.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \812\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(1), (2)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS appreciates receiving comments regarding the additional burden 
this rule imposes on community organizations, requiring them to become 
experts on the requirements in the rule to explain them to the 
community. DHS acknowledges that the final rule will add new direct and 
indirect impacts on various entities and individuals associated with 
regulatory familiarization with the provisions of the rule. 
Familiarization costs involve the time spent reading the details of a 
rule to understand its changes. To the extent that an individual or 
entity directly regulated by the rule incurs familiarization costs, 
those familiarization costs are a direct cost of the rule. In addition 
to those individuals or entities the rule directly regulates, a wide 
variety of other entities would likely choose to read and understand 
the rule and, therefore, would incur familiarization costs. For 
example, immigration lawyers, immigration advocacy groups, health care 
providers of all types, non-profit organizations, non-governmental 
organizations, and religious organizations, among others, may need or 
want to become familiar with the provisions of this final rule. DHS 
believes such non-profit organizations and other advocacy groups might 
choose to read the rule in order to provide information to those 
foreign-born non-citizens that might be affected by a reduction in 
Federal and state transfer payments. Familiarization costs incurred by 
those not directly regulated are indirect costs such as those listed. 
DHS estimates the time that would be necessary to read this final rule 
would be approximately 16 to 20 hours per person, resulting in 
opportunity costs of time. Additionally, an entity, such as a non-
profit or advocacy group, may have more than one person that reads the 
rule.
    With regard to USCIS' consideration of ``departure costs'' for 
individuals who must leave the United States as a consequence of a 
public charge inadmissibility determination, DHS agrees that some 
people may be required to depart the United States due to the 
requirements of this rule. However, DHS is unable to quantify the 
departure costs listed by the commenter as we do not have enough 
information on the number of immigrants who would incur departure costs 
nor the amount that each immigrant would incur.
    DHS appreciates comments asserting that the rule would lead to a 
substantial increase in general legal costs related to applications of 
around $40 million per 100,000 adjustment of status or immigrant visa 
applications. DHS notes that the estimated costs of this rule are based 
on the estimated populations for relevant forms and the requirements 
for filing those forms, including any applicable filing fees, 
opportunity costs of time, travel costs for fulfilling a filing 
requirement such as submitting biometrics information, among other 
requirements. DHS has updated the economic analysis to account for 
additional legal costs as some applicants may retain a lawyer for help 
in filling out and filing the forms.
    With respect to the comment that this rule will also impact legal 
costs associated with filing applications for immigrant visas, as noted 
above, DHS has estimated the costs for the populations that are 
directly regulated by this rule--applicants for adjustment of status, 
and those seeking change of status or extension of stay. DHS is unable 
to estimate costs and benefits associated with applicants for immigrant 
visas filed with DOS.
    Comment: An individual commenter wrote that if USCIS took on credit 
score reporting costs from the beginning of the process it would lower 
the cost burden for applicants.
    Response: It appears that this commenter misunderstands the credit 
report and score requirement in this rule and believes that DHS will 
reimburse the cost of obtaining a credit score and/or report associated 
with the public charge inadmissibility determination. However, under 
this rule, DHS will not reimburse applicants for costs incurred as a 
result of obtaining a credit score and/or report to individuals. Aliens 
seeking immigration benefits who are subject to public charge 
inadmissibility will bear the cost of obtaining a credit score and/or 
report solely, as described in the final rule and economic analysis. 
DHS notes that an applicant may obtain a credit report for free, but in 
its estimates DHS assumed that applicants would pay for the report.
h. Costs Related to Public Charge Bond
    Comment: One commenter noted that the public charge bond provision 
in the NPRM would increase the overall costs for applicants, and that 
USCIS has not provided sufficient evidence that public charge bonds 
will achieve the administration's objective of ensuring immigrants 
remain self-sufficient.
    The commenter indicated that USCIS has failed to adequately 
document and justify the costs related to how many people will secure 
public charge bonds; costs of bond for those using them to overcome the 
public charge definition; costs imposed on families; cost imposed on 
families that fall on hard times with a public charge bond; upfront and 
ongoing fees, bond cancellation fees, and fees related to ending a 
bond; benefits to bond surety companies; and costs to state and 
localities related to bonds.
    A commenter wrote that the bond-related fees will never compensate 
for the additional administrative costs incurred by operation of the 
program, and these fees themselves will make the program cost 
prohibitive for many applicants and their families. Similarly, a 
commenter wrote that USCIS anticipates that the $25 filing fee for 
Forms I-945 and I-356 would cover the necessary administrative costs, 
but then later in the analysis suggests the fee would not fully recover 
intake costs. Another commenter wrote that the public bond cost should 
be subtracted from gross costs of the rule as it does not qualify as a 
marginal benefit.
    Response: Although DHS agrees that there may be a cost associated a 
bond an alien choose to submit (if eligible), as described in the 
economic analysis, DHS disagrees that the amount of the bond was not 
properly justified. DHS had generally based the amount on the original 
regulatory amount adjusted for inflation. However, in order to more 
precisely match the effect of prior regulations, DHS has decided to 
have the minimum amount of the bond to be the exact amount as adjusted 
for inflation. The current 8 CFR 213.1 refers to a bond amount of at 
least $1,000. 8 CFR 213.1 was promulgated in July of 1964. This 
provision has not been updated and inflation has never been accounted 
to represent present dollar values. Simply adjusting the amount for 
inflation using CPI-U would bring the bond floor in June 2018 to about 
$8,100.\813\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \813\ Calculation: Annual average for 1st half of 2018 
(250.089)/annual average for 1964 (31) = 8.1; CPI-U adjusted present 
dollar amount = $1,000 * 8.1 = $8,100.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Once the alien has been determined to likely to become a public 
charge, and provided the opportunity to submit a bond, the bond acts a 
deterrent and penalty if the bond is breach. Whether the public charge 
bonds will achieve the administration's objective of ensuring 
immigrants remain self-sufficient is not

[[Page 41468]]

a necessary consideration as DHS would have already determine that the 
alien is likely to become a public charge and would be giving the alien 
the opportunity to be admitted with the condition that he or she not 
receive public benefits. Further, the bond provides was establish by 
Congress and therefore a requirement for DHS to consider affording the 
alien an opportunity to provide a bond even though he or she may be 
likely to become a public charge.\814\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \814\ See INA section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When posting a surety bond, an individual generally would pay 
between 1 to 15 percent of the bond amount for a surety company to post 
a bond.\815\ The percentage that an individual must pay may be 
dependent on the individual's credit score where those with higher 
credit scores would be required to pay a lower percentage of the bond 
to be posted. DHS notes that an individual may be allowed to submit 
cash or cash equivalent, such as a cashier's check or money order as 
another possible option for securing a public charge bond.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \815\ See also Surety Bond Authority, Frequently Asked Questions 
about Surety Bonds, https://suretybondauthority.com/frequently-asked-questions/ (last visited May 8, 2019) and Surety Bond 
Authority, Learn More, https://suretybondauthority.com/learn-more/ 
(last visited May 8, 2019). DHS notes that the company cited is for 
informational purposes only.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS will charge a filing fee of $25.00 to submit a public charge 
bond using Form I-945 and $25.00 to request cancellation of a public 
charge bond fee using Form I-356, which would cover the estimated 
administrative costs of processing these forms. Where possible, DHS 
sets fees at levels sufficient to cover the full cost of the 
corresponding services associated with fairly and efficiently 
adjudicating immigration benefit requests.\816\ Congress has provided 
that USCIS may set fees for providing adjudication and naturalization 
services at a level that will ensure recovery of the full costs of 
providing all such services, including the costs of similar services 
provided without charge to asylum applicants or other immigrants.\817\ 
Moreover, USCIS conducts biennial reviews of the fee amounts charged 
for each immigration and naturalization benefit request. Fees are 
collected from individuals and entities filing immigration benefit 
requests and are deposited into IEFA. Those funds then are used to cost 
of adjudicating immigration benefit requests, including those provided 
without charge to refugee, asylum, and certain other applicants. The 
primary objective of the fee review is to determine whether current 
immigration and naturalization benefit fees will generate sufficient 
revenue to fund the anticipated operating costs associated with 
administering the nation's legal immigration system. Therefore, if the 
results of this review indicate that current fee levels are 
insufficient to recover the full cost of operations, DHS may propose to 
adjust USCIS fees. For the forms used in the newly established public 
charge bond process, should DHS determine that the fees set for these 
forms are not sufficient to cover the full cost of the associated 
services adjudicating these immigration benefit requests, the agency 
will propose to adjust these form fees.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \816\ See INA section 286(m), 8 U.S.C. 1356(m), provides broader 
fee-setting authority and is an exception from the stricter costs-
for-services-rendered requirements of the Independent Offices 
Appropriations Act, 1952, 31 U.S.C. 9701(c) (IOAA). See Seafarers 
Int'l Union of N. Am. v. U.S. Coast Guard, 81 F.3d 179 (DC Cir. 
1996) (IOAA provides that expenses incurred by agency to serve some 
independent public interest cannot be included in cost basis for a 
user fee, although agency is not prohibited from charging applicant 
full cost of services rendered to applicant which also results in 
some incidental public benefits). Congress initially enacted 
immigration fee authority under the IOAA. See Ayuda, Inc. v. 
Attorney General, 848 F.2d 1297 (DC Cir. 1988). Congress thereafter 
amended the relevant provision of law to require deposit of the 
receipts into the separate Immigration Examinations Fee Account of 
the Treasury as offsetting receipts to fund operations, and 
broadened the fee-setting authority. Departments of Commerce, 
Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies 
Appropriations Act, 1991, Public Law 101-515, section 210(d), 104 
Stat. 2101, 2111 (Nov. 5, 1990). Additional values are considered in 
setting Immigration Examinations Fee Account fees that would not be 
considered in setting fees under the IOAA. See 72 FR at 29866-7.
    \817\ See INA section 286(m), 8 U.S.C. 1356(m).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A legal requirement to provide a monetized total cost estimate for 
this rule does not exist. The public charge bond process is newly 
established and, therefore, historical data is not available. DHS 
explained in the NPRM the many factors that were not within the control 
of DHS that would influence total costs. To the extent possible DHS 
quantified the costs of the bond provision, for example DHS estimates 
that approximately 960 aliens will be eligible to file for a public 
charge bond annually using Form I-945 and approximately 25 aliens will 
request to cancel a public charge bond annually using Form I-356. DHS 
does not have enough information to estimate the costs imposed on 
families that fall on hard times with a public charge bond, upfront and 
ongoing fees, benefits to bond surety companies, and costs to state and 
localities related to bonds.
    With regard to the comment that the public bond cost should be 
subtracted from gross costs of the rule as it does not qualify as a 
marginal benefit, DHS notes that the public charge bond process is 
being newly established and, therefore, any costs associated with the 
bond process are considered to be new costs to the public. 
Additionally, should DHS determine that the fees set for the relevant 
forms related to the public charge review process, including those for 
the bond process, are not sufficient to cover the full cost of the 
associated services adjudicating immigration benefit requests, the 
agency will propose to adjust these form fees in a subsequent fee rule. 
DHS sets the fees associated with requesting immigration benefits as 
necessary to recover the full operating costs associated with 
administering the nation's lawful immigration system, safeguarding its 
integrity, and efficiently and fairly adjudicating immigration benefit 
requests. DHS also notes that the new costs estimated for the public 
charge bond process are considered costs, not benefits. As shown in the 
economic analysis, which can be found in the Public Charge final rule 
docket at www.regulations.gov, DHS estimates the baseline cost of the 
rule and then estimates the costs and benefits of the policy changes 
that the final rule will implement. The difference between the 
estimated current baseline costs and benefits and the estimated costs 
and benefits of the policy changes are considered to be, and presented 
as, the new costs and benefits of the final rule.
j. Costs to U.S. Employers
    Comment: Many commenters stated that the rule would impose 
significant compliance costs and administrative burdens on employers 
that would interfere with hiring and staff retention. Commenters also 
stated that search costs would increase for employers by reducing the 
supply of low-wage workers and skilled workers. The commenter indicated 
that the supply of skilled workers could be reduced as non-citizen 
residents reduce investments in human capital and skilled non-citizens 
are denied entry or discouraged from seeking entry into the United 
States. A commenter stated that the analysis does not include the 
effect on legal immigration to the United States, including how many 
applicants would be issued RFEs or estimating a potential denial rate. 
Several commenters stated that the RFE provision could cause potential 
delays and backlogs causing increased costs to employers. Many 
commenters stated that the rule change would make it harder for 
employers to extend H-1B visas or change students from F-1 to H-1B 
visas. A commenter stated the rule

[[Page 41469]]

could lead employers to make their own public charge determinations. 
Multiple commenters wrote that a broad list of industries would 
experience a reduction in immigrant labor force or face challenges 
meeting their labor demand as a result of the rule.
    Response: DHS disagrees with these commenters concerning the impact 
on the supply of labor to employers. This rule is not intended to 
change the composition of the labor market. Employers will still be 
permitted to seek extensions of stay and change of status for eligible 
nonimmigrants. Additionally, this rule is not intended to discourage 
nonimmigrants from seeking to extend their nonimmigrant stays or 
changing to another nonimmigrant status. Employers will still be 
permitted to file immigrant visa petitions for potential alien 
employees, who would still be able to file for adjustment of status. 
Instead, this rule as it pertains to extension of stay and change of 
status sets additional conditions, which are intended to better ensure 
that aliens present in the United States continue to remain self-
sufficient for the duration of their nonimmigrant stay. DHS notes that 
aliens seeking extension of stay and change of status are not subject 
to the public charge ground of inadmissibility. Instead they are 
subject only to the condition that the applicant has not received 
public benefits since obtaining the nonimmigrant status from which he 
or she seeks to change, as described in 8 CFR 212.21(b) for more than 
12 months, in the aggregate, within a 36-month period.
i. Costs Related to Program Changes and Public Inquiries
    Comment: Several commenters noted that states, localities, 
universities, and healthcare providers will face the enormous task of 
reprogramming computer software, redesigning application forms and 
processes, and other aspects pertaining to benefit programs processes. 
As an example, a commenter stated that online application portals for 
public benefits often highlight disclaimers that applying for 
assistance will not affect immigration status. One commenter stated 
that in some states like Pennsylvania, individuals can submit an 
application for healthcare coverage and simultaneously be eligible for 
Medicaid, CHIP, or SNAP; however the rule will require local 
authorities to provide new systems to shield applicants from public 
charge risk. In addition, multiple commenters stated that ``churn'' is 
associated with higher administrative costs, increased clinic time 
spent on paperwork and certification process, and worsened healthcare 
outcomes.
    Response: DHS appreciates receiving comments regarding 
administrative changes that will be needed in response to the rule 
regarding, for example, reprogramming computer software and redesigning 
application forms and processing. DHS agrees that some entities may 
incur costs related to the changes commenters identified and describes 
these costs in the economic analysis based on the data provided by 
commenters. However, DHS is unable to determine the entities that will 
choose to make administrative changes to their business processes.
    Comment: Many organizations said that states, localities, and 
healthcare providers will incur increased costs in many unprecedented 
ways, including handling general inquiries related to the rule, 
creating public awareness campaigns, providing notice to current 
participants, retraining and educating staff, hiring additional 
response staff, and providing aid to partner programs.
    Other commenters said that states, localities, healthcare 
providers, and housing providers will be bombarded with requests from 
current and former program participants for official documentation 
verifying that they have not received public benefits during a specific 
time frame, requiring significant resources in gathering this 
historical data and responding to these requests while also obeying 
privacy restrictions and other technical constraints. According to a 
commenter, many agencies will not have older documentation available in 
their records, or records will be incomplete or inaccessible. According 
to a commenter, state and local officials will likely see a significant 
volume of communication related to questions about eligibility for 
certain programs and the impact on immigration status.
    Response: DHS acknowledges that the final rule will add new direct 
and indirect impacts on various entities and individuals associated 
with the provisions of the rule. However, in response to the 
commenters' concerns about the availability of older documentation 
related to receipt of public benefits, DHS does not agree that the new 
requirements associated with public charge inadmissibility 
determinations would pose an unnecessary administrative burden, as DHS 
has determined that it is necessary to establish a public charge 
inadmissibility rule. While age and availability of record of public 
benefits receipts may vary among Federal and State agencies, it is the 
responsibility of the individual seeking immigration benefits to 
provide the required documents and information. Beyond the indirect 
costs and other economic effects described in the economic analysis of 
this rule, it is unclear the effect that this rule will have on the 
entities mentioned by the commenters.
j. Costs Related to States and Local Governments, and Public Benefit-
Granting Agencies
    Comment: A commenter stated that most states have already 
established their budgets based on expected enrollment in programs such 
as SNAP and Medicaid. Another commenter wrote that resources for 
programs such as the USDA Community Eligibility Provision program are 
allocated based on direct certification data, which is based on SNAP 
enrollment, and that non-citizens in the program who disenroll based on 
public charge provisions will cause additional administrative work for 
the localities to adjust and compensate. Another commenter stated that 
local governments have already adjusted and planned services based on 
the location and living situations of immigrant communities that this 
rule could greatly affect. A commenter wrote that their state's housing 
investments could be destabilized by the rule.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding the effects of the 
rule on State and local budgets. As discussed above, DHS agrees that 
some entities, such as State and local governments or other businesses 
and organizations, would incur costs related to the changes commenters 
identified. DHS considers these costs qualitatively in the final rule 
since it is unclear how many entities will choose to make 
administrative changes to their business processes and what the cost of 
making such changes will be. DHS notes that, in the economic analysis 
accompanying this rule, which can be found in the rule docket at 
www.regulations.gov, we estimate the reduction in transfer payments 
from federal and state governments to certain individuals who receive 
public benefits and discusses certain indirect impacts that are likely 
to occur because of the final regulatory changes. These indirect 
impacts are borne by entities that are not specifically regulated by 
this final rule, but may incur costs due to changes in behavior caused 
by this final rule. The primary sources of the reduction in transfer 
payments from the federal government are the disenrollment or foregone 
enrollment of individuals in public benefits programs. The primary 
sources of the consequences and indirect impacts of the final rule are

[[Page 41470]]

costs to various entities that the final rule does not directly 
regulate, such as hospital systems, state agencies, and other 
organizations that provide public assistance to aliens and their 
households. Indirect costs associated with this rule include 
familiarization with the rule for those entities that are not directly 
regulated but still want to understand the final rule.
    The commenter's statement that the rule could destabilize the 
state's housing investments is unclear. This rule does not directly 
regulate the availability of Federal housing benefits and how states 
choose to allocate those funds. Rather, the rule directly regulates 
only aliens who, at the time of application for admission or adjustment 
of status, are subject to the public charge inadmissibility ground, as 
well as aliens seeking extension of stay or change of status who are 
subject to the public benefits condition on eligibility. DHS is 
prescribing how it will determine whether an alien is inadmissible 
because he or she is likely at any time in the future to become a 
public charge and identifying the types of public benefits that will be 
considered in the public charge determinations. An alien applying for 
admission or adjustment of status generally must establish that he or 
she is not likely at any time in the future to become a public charge.
k. Regulatory Familiarization Costs
    Comment: Many commenters expressed concerns that NPRM was very 
complex and therefore would cause confusion, stress, and fear among 
those directly and indirectly affected by it, including the immigrant 
community, lawyers, government agencies, educational and social service 
providers, and community and charitable organizations. Other commenters 
noted that familiarization costs would be particularly burdensome for 
applicants with multiple jobs or limited English proficiency, small and 
medium sized businesses, as well as large complex healthcare providers, 
groups assisting applicants including advocacy groups and state and 
local agencies. Some commenters argue that the complexity of the rule 
would result in almost all applicants needing legal assistance. Other 
commenters noted that the complexity of the rule, and the resulting 
confusion, could lead immigrants to face discrimination, receive 
incorrect legal advice, or forego public benefits even if they are not 
affected by this rule. Many commenters believe substantial training and 
administrative work would be needed in order to provide accurate 
guidance to immigrant applicants and their families, specifically 
mentioned were issues related to education and employment. A commenter 
stated that state and local officials will incur costs related to not 
just familiarizing officials with the rule, but also in understanding 
recommendations, policies, and procedures with the general public. Some 
commenters said the rule would discourage workforce professionals, such 
as healthcare professionals and social workers, from providing advice 
to clients because of the risk of increased liability caused by 
providing advice beyond these workforce professionals' expertise. Some 
commenters wrote that USCIS would incur familiarization costs 
associated with the rule as well as understanding State laws and 
procedures associated with programs such as Medicaid eligibility. 
Research organizations suggested that the familiarization costs of 
eight to 10 hours is an underestimate and should be increased because 
of time spent on translation, public outreach, training, research, 
legal consultation, fielding questions, and dealing with the ``chilling 
effect.''
    Response: DHS increased the expected familiarization burden to 
range between 16 to 20 hours after reviewing the time estimates in 
response to comments we received. DHS does not quantify the potential 
population that may incur familiarization costs associated with the 
rule due to the uncertainty surrounding the estimated number of people 
that will familiarize themselves with this rule. The net effect this 
rule will have on the population seeking an adjustment of status in 
terms of additional assistance sought is not known. However, to the 
extent possible DHS has incorporated the costs provided by commenters 
into the economic analysis.
    As discussed above, USCIS has a robust stakeholder communication 
and engagement program that covers all aspects of the agency's 
operations. This program will engage stakeholders when this rule 
becomes final to help ensure that applicants for immigration benefits 
and their representatives fully understand the new rule. With respect 
to comments about healthcare professionals and social workers being 
concerned about liability and not providing advice, DHS notes that 
these professionals can provide information and disseminate that 
guidance that USCIS will issue to assist individuals understand and 
comply with this rule, but should not be providing legal advice without 
being licensed to practice law in the state.
l. Costs to the Federal Government
    Comment: Several commenters discussed the costs of the rule to the 
Federal Government. Many commenters said the rule will add new 
adjudication costs to the Government while increasing the already 
overstretched and delayed processing and regulatory burden. Many 
commenters stated that the rule would impose an immense administrative 
burden on USCIS and require USCIS to conduct individualized public 
charge determinations and adjudications of Form I-944 for hundreds of 
thousands of applicants with increased evidentiary requirements, 
heightened scrutiny, and uncertainty as to what standards will apply. 
Multiple commenters highlighted the increased administrative burdens to 
USCIS and other organizations such as DOS, as the rule will require 
every adjudicator to be trained to apply rules which are already 
subjective and unclear.
    According to a commenter, the increased complexity of applying the 
public charge definition would lead to increased work for USCIS related 
to adjudicating appeals. An individual commenter suggested USCIS would 
face additional costs related to removal proceedings as a result of the 
rule by requiring it to issue more NTAs. A couple of commenters said 
public charge assessments of individuals making requests to extend or 
change nonimmigrant status creates additional and unnecessary 
administrative burden on USCIS.
    Response: DHS believes that the burdens associated with improved 
administration of the public charge ground of inadmissibility, 
including the expanded information collection, are justified. 
Adjudicators will be appropriately trained on Form I-944 and will make 
their determinations in as timely a manner as possible. In addition, 
DHS does not agree that the new requirements associated with public 
charge inadmissibility determinations would waste resources and be an 
unnecessary administrative burden, as DHS has determined that it is 
necessary to establish a public charge inadmissibility rule. Should DHS 
determine that the fees set for the relevant forms related to the 
public charge review process are not sufficient to cover the full cost 
of the associated services adjudicating immigration benefit requests, 
the agency will propose to adjust these form fees in a subsequent fee 
rule. DHS sets the fees associated with requesting immigration benefits 
as necessary to recover the full operating costs associated with

[[Page 41471]]

administering the nation's lawful immigration system, safeguarding its 
integrity, and efficiently and fairly adjudicating immigration benefit 
requests. DHS does not believe the costs of additional NTAs will be 
significant. As discussed above, while the rule may increase USCIS 
processing times, such is the burden of robust enforcement of the law.
m. Costs to Non-Citizens and Their Communities
    Comment: A number of commenters highlighted the impact the proposed 
rule would have on non-citizens and their communities. Commenters 
stated that the rule holds non-citizen workers responsible for the low 
wages offered by employers utilizing visa programs, when instead the 
costs of the public charge determination should be placed on employers.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments concerning the impact on 
noncitizens and their communities. DHS does not agree that this rule 
holds noncitizen workers responsible for low wages offered by employers 
using visa programs. DHS also does not agree that employers should 
incur the costs of the public charge determination. As the alien has 
the burden of proof of establishing admissibility into the United 
States, the cost burden is appropriately on the individual seeking the 
immigration benefit in the United States.
n. Healthcare-Related Costs
    Comment: A commenter wrote that the rule would increase costs 
related to general administrative burdens having to manage 
disenrollment, reenrollment, and inquiries related to the rule. A 
commenter stated that Medicaid coverage is heavily linked to the 
economic health of hospitals and, as a result, hospitals could realize 
significant costs due to the rule. Similarly, a commenter wrote that 
the rule could see administrative costs and uncompensated care 
significantly increase. Finally, another commenter wrote about concerns 
regarding costs related to the privacy of patient data and security as 
the rule may require USCIS to seize health records.
    Response: As discussed elsewhere, this rule furthers the 
Government's interest, as set forth in PRWORA, to minimize the 
incentive of aliens to attempt to immigrate to the United States due to 
the availability of public benefits, as well as promote the self-
sufficiency of aliens within the United States.\818\ DHS addresses the 
rule's potential ``chilling effect,'' as well as the eligibility of 
affected aliens for the designated benefits, elsewhere in the preamble.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \818\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS appreciates concerns expressed about increasing healthcare 
costs, worse health outcomes, increased use of emergency rooms, and the 
economic health of hospitals. As explained in greater detail elsewhere 
in this rule, DHS has made a number of changes in the final rule 
itself. DHS has excluded the Medicare Part D LIS, receipt of public 
benefits by children eligible for acquisition of citizenship, and 
Medicaid receipt by aliens under the age of 18 from the definition of 
public benefit in the public charge determination. In addition, DHS is 
not including CHIP in the public benefit definition. DHS also adopted a 
simplified, uniform duration standard for public charge determinations 
for assessing the use of public benefits.
    Finally, DHS does not agree that USCIS will ``seize'' health 
records of patients. Most adjustment of status applicants are already 
required to undergo an immigration medical examination and submit Form 
I-693 with their adjustment application. As noted previously, DHS will 
rely on the medical information provided by civil surgeons on the Form 
I-693, or report of a panel physician, to assess whether the alien has 
been diagnosed with a medical condition that is likely to require 
extensive medical treatment or institutionalization, or that will 
interfere with the alien's ability to provide and care for himself or 
herself, to attend school, or to work upon admission or adjustment of 
status. The data collected on Form I-693 is collected and kept in an 
alien's administrative record consistent with the Privacy Act and SORN. 
DHS must comply with the Privacy Act in safeguarding information in the 
applicable systems of records. As noted on the instructions to Form I-
693, consistent with the Privacy Act, DHS may share the information an 
alien and the civil surgeon provide on Form I-693 with Federal, State, 
local, and foreign government agencies, and authorized organizations 
for law enforcement purposes, or in the interest of national security. 
The civil surgeon may share the results of the immigration medical 
examination with public health authorities.
o. Housing and Homelessness-Related Costs
    Comment: Some commenters cited various studies regarding the costs 
of housing, homelessness, and healthcare. Another commenter referenced 
research showing that providing access to public housing to those with 
serious mental illness would reduce healthcare costs by 24 percent, 
arguing that housing is pivotal to healthcare. Low-income households 
with children that pay more than half of their monthly income on rent 
spend considerably less on other basic necessities--they spend $200 
less per month on food, nearly $100 less on transportation, and about 
$80 less on healthcare. An individual commenter stated that a homeless 
person on the street may cost more to public service providers and 
healthcare facilities, such as ambulances, city street clean-up, law 
enforcement, etc., than the annual cost of providing them housing. The 
commenter stated that housing is a basic need that provides stability 
for all things needed to be contributing members of society and that 
without quality affordable housing, families are forced to pay for 
unsafe and unsanitary living conditions, which results in negative 
consequences for society.
    A commenter cited studies where more students may experience 
homelessness under this rule. Commenters stated there is an affordable 
housing and homelessness crisis across the country that would be 
exacerbated by this rule, including overcrowding, long wait lists and 
inundated housing authorities, and make public housing more necessary 
for immigrants and citizens. A commenter stated that the Government 
failed to consider a potential increased cost of homelessness to local 
governments and cited a cost benefit analysis. Commenters stated that 
they use HCV as additional funding to cover costs and support permanent 
public housing, arguing that this rule would add to their overall 
costs. Another commenter stated that even with access to food 
assistance, 57 percent of households that face food-insecurity are 
forced to choose between buying enough food and paying for housing. The 
commenter further stated that due in large part to California's booming 
economy, there is a significant need for affordable housing in the 
state. Renters struggle to find affordable housing, particularly in 
California cities, where the cost of living is higher than the national 
average (nearly one-third of renter households in California spend at 
least half of their income on rent). The commenter stated that of the 
approximately 491,000 low-income households in California that use 
Federal housing rental assistance, 90 percent include children, the 
elderly, or the disabled who would be disproportionately impacted by 
the rule.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding the potential 
effects and costs the rule may have regarding

[[Page 41472]]

housing, homelessness, and healthcare and the citation to various 
studies that address and estimate these issues. However, in most cases, 
the studies that commenters reference are not the focus of the NPRM and 
its economic analysis, but instead look at different populations of 
interest (e.g., specific metropolitan areas or very low-income 
individuals/households), and/or are not generalizable. For example, the 
commenter who referenced research showing that providing access to 
public housing to those with serious mental illness would reduce 
healthcare costs by 24 percent cited a case study that examines the 
Mercy Maricopa Integrated Care contract for the Phoenix, Arizona area, 
which is highly localized and not generalizable to the wider U.S. 
population.
    Regarding the effect of this rule on homelessness, this rule does 
not directly regulate eligibility for Federal housing benefits or other 
public benefits that individuals who are homeless, or at risk of being 
homeless, may rely upon. Rather, the rule directly regulates only 
aliens who, at the time of application for admission or adjustment of 
status, are subject to the public charge inadmissibility ground, as 
well as aliens seeking extension of stay or change of status who are 
subject to the public benefits condition on eligibility.\819\ Moreover, 
this rule does not eliminate funding for public benefits programs. As a 
result, DHS only estimated the potential effect on individuals who 
choose to disenroll or forego enrollment in a public benefits program. 
DHS provides estimates of the amount of the reduction in transfer 
payments from the Federal and State governments to certain individuals 
who receive public benefits in the RIA, which can be found in the 
public docket of this final rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \819\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that any disenrollment or return of 
housing assistance will not result in any cost savings to public 
housing authorities (PHA) or federal programs because the demand for 
such assistance far outstrips the available assistance. The commenter 
stated that PHAs will be faced with increased administrative costs 
given the anticipated disenrollment/new enrollment turnover. As a 
result, PHAs will have to proceed with processing the next individual 
on the waiting list, as well as closing out the family that is exiting 
the program.
    Another commenter stated that the DHS estimates of reduce housing 
assistance payments by $71 million per year is highly problematic. That 
commenter takes issue with the assertion of federal savings in housing 
programs, because HUD rental assistance programs are discretionary 
programs, not entitlements, and are provided with a fixed amount of 
funding that falls very far below what is needed to serve all eligible 
households. The commenter stated that therefore, net transfer payments 
for housing assistance would remain roughly the same as a result of the 
proposed rule and would yield no net savings for the Federal 
Government.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment regarding the effect the rule 
may have on PHAs. The commenter mischaracterizes ``cost savings'' in 
their comment to DHS. As DHS shows in the economic analysis of the 
rule, the effect of disenrollment or foregone enrollment by individuals 
in public benefits programs are likely to result in a reduction in 
transfer payments from Federal and State governments to certain 
individuals who receive public benefits, not a cost savings. Transfer 
payments are monetary payments from one group to another that do not 
affect total resources available to society. The reduction in transfer 
payments are quantified in the transfer payments section of the 
economic analysis of this rule in accordance with OMB's Circular A-4. 
However, DHS notes that there is great uncertainty regarding the 
effects that changes in transfer payments will have on the broader 
economy and estimating those effects are beyond the scope of this rule.
    Additionally, with regard to administrative costs that PHAs may 
incur due to the rule, DHS agrees that some entities may incur costs, 
but these costs are considered to be indirect costs of the rule since 
this rule does not directly regulate these entities and does not 
require them to make changes to their business processes. DHS considers 
these indirect costs as qualitative, unquantified effects of the final 
rule since it is unclear how many entities will choose to make 
administrative changes to their business processes and the cost of 
making such changes.
p. Economic Costs
    Comment: A number of commenters had broad concerns about costs the 
rule would have on the economy as well as innovation and growth. 
Commenters wrote that the rule is essentially an unfunded mandate to 
businesses, nonprofits, and educational organizations with substantial 
compliance costs. A commenter wrote that the rule would stifle economic 
risk taking and the entrepreneurial spirit in immigrants, thus costing 
the American economy over the long term. One commenter stated that the 
rule would reduce immigration and hurt the country's economic future 
given the need for immigrant workers to replenish an increasingly aging 
population. Similarly, a commenter stated that demographic shifts mean 
that immigrant communities represented the future of their state, and 
the rule would significantly harm those communities. A commenter wrote 
that approximately 20 percent of their local businesses are run by 
foreign-born individuals and, therefore, the rule would hurt not just 
non-citizen families, but also local communities.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding the potential 
effect of the rule on the economy, innovation, and growth. Beyond the 
indirect costs and other economic effects described in the economic 
analysis of this rule, DHS is unable to determine the effect this rule 
will have on every economic entity mentioned or all aspects of future 
economic growth. DHS agrees that there may be effects on the U.S. 
economy and on individuals seeking immigration benefits. DHS describes 
the potential economic effects in the economic analysis of this rule, 
which can be found in the rule docket at www.regulations.gov.
    However, this rule does not directly regulate businesses, 
nonprofits, or educational organizations. DHS notes that this rule 
directly regulates only aliens who, at the time of application for 
admission, or adjustment of status, are deemed likely at any time in 
the future to become a public charge or who are seeking extension of 
stay or change of status.\820\ DHS is prescribing how it will determine 
whether an alien is inadmissible because he or she is likely at any 
time to become a public charge and identify the types of public 
benefits that will be considered in the public charge determination or 
the public benefit condition.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \820\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters stated that the number of noncitizens who will 
be forced to avoid benefits will have a significant impact on the U.S. 
economy. Commenters quoted cost estimates associated with the rule, 
including some estimates as high as $164.4 billion. Several commenters 
quoted an economic impact of $33.8 billion and a loss of 230,000 jobs. 
Similarly, one commenter stated that the annual income of workers 
potentially impacted by the rule is $96 billion, and losing these 
workers would have a $68 billion impact on the economy with $168 
billion in damages total. A commenter wrote that the rule would have 
national

[[Page 41473]]

effects across a number of sectors and industries in the economy. A 
commenter wrote that effects of the rule could total between $453 
million and $1.3 billion due to various effects of increased poverty, 
reduced productivity, etc. Another commenter wrote that the rule would 
result in an increase in healthcare costs for their city of at least 
$45 million annually.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding the impact of the 
rule on the U.S. economy. DHS does not agree that noncitizens will be 
forced to avoid benefits. Although individuals may choose to disenroll 
from or forego enrollment in public benefits programs for which they 
are eligible, this rule does not, and cannot, require individuals to do 
so and does not change the eligibility requirements for public 
benefits. Under the rule, DHS will conduct a public charge 
inadmissibility determination when an alien seeks an adjustment of 
status, by evaluating an alien's particular circumstances, including an 
alien's age; health; family status; assets, resources, and financial 
status; education and skills; required affidavit of support; and any 
other factor or circumstance that may warrant consideration in the 
public charge inadmissibility determination.\821\ In addition, DHS will 
only consider the applicant's own receipt of public benefits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \821\ See 8 CFR 212.22.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS also appreciates the comments that included cost estimates and 
the potential effects of the rule on the U.S. economy. DHS agrees that 
there may be some effects on the U.S. economy and on individuals 
seeking immigration benefits from the United States. In the economic 
analysis of this rule, which can be found in the rule docket at 
www.regulations.gov, DHS estimates the direct and indirect costs 
according to the methodology presented using the best available data; 
DHS also estimates the amount of the reduction in transfer payments 
from the Federal Government to individuals who may choose to disenroll 
from or forego enrollment in a public benefits program.
    In response to the commenter stating that the rule will cost as 
much as $164.4 billion dollars, DHS notes that this estimate is not 
comparable to the estimates DHS presents in the economic analysis that 
accompanies this rule, which can be found in the rule docket at 
www.regulations.gov. The $164.4 billion estimated cost of the rule the 
commenter cites comes from an analysis from New American Economy and is 
comprised of the total annual income of workers who could be affected 
by this rule.\822\ In addition, the analysis estimates that there would 
be about $68 billion in indirect economic effects as part of the 
estimated $164.4 billion total cost. However, the validity and 
reliability of the analysis cited by the commenter is unclear as the 
calculations of the analysis are not presented, which makes it 
difficult to assess comparability with DHS's economic analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \822\ See New American Economy Research Fund, ``How Proposed 
Rule Change Could Impact Immigrants and U.S. Economy.'' Oct. 31, 
2018. Available at: https://research.newamericaneconomy.org/report/economic-impact-of-proposed-rule-change-inadmissibility-on-public-charge-grounds/ (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule, under section 3(f)(1) of E.O. 12866, is designated 
a ``significant regulatory action'' that is economically significant 
since it is estimated that the final rule would have an annual effect 
on the economy of $100 million or more (annualized costs are estimated 
to range from about $89.8 million to $144.4 million). In addition, DHS 
estimates approximately $2.47 billion for a reduction in transfer 
payments from the Federal Government and State governments to public 
benefits recipients who are members of households that include foreign-
born non-citizens, which includes the estimated federal- and state-
level shares of transfer payments to foreign-born non-citizens. While 
the commenters mentioned above provided estimates of the costs of the 
rule, DHS will maintain the cost and transfer payments estimates we 
presented in the economic analysis of the rule, which can be found in 
the rule docket at www.regulations.gov. Where possible, DHS discusses 
the costs presented by commenters and provides a range of additional 
costs that states, cities, businesses and people could incur because of 
this rule. However, DHS was unable to determine the number of entities 
and people that would be affected.
    Comment: Some commenters noted the economic costs the rule would 
impose on aliens who have low income. One commenter stated that the 
most significant costs of the rule will be concentrated on the poorest 
communities in cities with large numbers of immigrants. A commenter 
wrote that if the Federal Government reduces transfer payments, the 
costs will be passed onto other entities such as food banks, pantries, 
religious organizations, etc. According to another commenter, the rule 
will incur costs to housing providers who will need to be prepared to 
answer inquiries from tenants and others related to the rule, and 
possibly provide materials on request.
    Response: DHS does not intend the rule to disproportionately affect 
poor communities. As described elsewhere, the purpose of the rule is to 
ensure the self-sufficiency of aliens who are subject to the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility. As described in the economic analysis 
accompanying this rule, which can be found in the rule docket at 
www.regulations.gov, some may incur indirect costs of the rule. 
Additionally, the final rule does not force individuals who are 
eligible for public benefits to disenroll or forego enrolling in public 
benefits programs and acknowledges that those who choose to disenroll 
may need to rely on other means of support within their family or 
community. Individuals may choose to disenroll from or forego 
enrollment in public benefits programs for which they are eligible, but 
this rule does not, and cannot, require individuals to do so and does 
not change the eligibility requirements for public benefits. As such, 
the Federal Government is not intentionally reducing transfer payments 
for public benefits programs through this rule, but DHS estimates there 
is likely to be a reduction in transfer payments from individuals to 
federal and state governments because a number of individuals may 
choose to disenroll from or forego enrollment in public benefits 
program for which they are eligible.
    Comment: A number of commenters provided input on the cost analysis 
of the rule provided by USCIS. A commenter wrote that the rule does not 
attempt to engage with strategies for avoiding the costs imposed by the 
rule's changes to the public charge inadmissibility determination. A 
commenter wrote that USCIS did not accurately estimate of the number of 
people who will disenroll from or forego enrollment in public benefits 
programs as a result of the rule. The commenter also noted that DHS did 
not did not monetize the costs of this disenrollment and foregone 
enrollment; did not account for the costs to the U.S. economy of 
deeming a greater number of foreign[hyphen]born noncitizens 
inadmissible to the country; did not account for the 
non[hyphen]financial costs of adverse public charge determinations for 
affected foreign[hyphen]born noncitizens; and did not provide any 
evidence for its low estimate of the rule's familiarization costs. One 
commenter wrote that the rule acknowledges effects of changes on 
communities that could be harmful, but it fails to quantify this 
effect.

[[Page 41474]]

    Response: DHS appreciates receiving comments regarding aspects of 
the cost-benefit analysis of this rule. The purpose of the economic 
analysis is not to provide suggestions for avoiding costs that 
regulated entities may impose. Instead, the purpose of the economic 
analysis is to estimate the costs and benefits of policy changes the 
agency is implementing through a regulation compared to current 
practices. Elsewhere in this preamble, DHS addresses specific 
alternatives and cost-saving recommendations submitted by commenters.
    The final rule will affect individuals who are present in the 
United States and are seeking an adjustment of status to that of a 
lawful permanent resident and who are not expressly exempted, and 
individuals seeking extension of stay or change of status. DHS 
estimated the effect of the rule on foreign-born non-citizens as 
accurately as possible given the requirements that are being 
implemented for aliens to submit to a review for a public charge 
determination. However, due to serious data limitations, DHS is not 
able to estimate the effect of being deemed inadmissible as a public 
charge.
    Comment: Commenters wrote that the inability to submit forms 
related to the rule electronically increases costs.
    Response: DHS does not agree that not having the option to submit 
forms related to the rule electronically increases costs. Submitting 
forms via mail to USCIS is current practice, which is not changing with 
this final rule, and therefore estimated costs are expected to remain 
the same. However, USCIS is taking steps towards implementing a system 
for electronic filing of all immigration forms in the future, including 
the forms affected by this rule, which is expected to reduce costs to 
the agency and ultimately those who file forms with USCIS to request 
immigration benefits.
    Comment: One commenter stated that DHS has disregarded the costs 
associated with the proposed age standard.
    Response: DHS is unable to estimate the specific cost to 
individuals, society, or the Government, that a single factor 
considered as part of public charge reviews for inadmissibility may 
have because the public charge inadmissibility determination will be 
conducted based on an individual's ``totality of the circumstances.''
r. Economic Impact and Job Loss
    Comment: Commenters cited studies pointing to the substantial 
impact on local economies and healthcare systems due to a significant 
drop in enrollment from public benefit programs, such as Medicaid and 
SNAP. Several commenters stated that this rule would pose substantial 
costs to New York City, which is home to a large number of immigrants 
and children with foreign-born parents. Other commenters provided data 
detailing the rule's economic impact to Los Angeles County, CA; Austin, 
TX; Minneapolis, MN; San Jose, CA; Philadelphia, PA; St. Paul, MN; 
Boston, MA; and Dallas, TX.
    One commenter stated that the rule will undermine our nation's 
global competitiveness because a highly-educated workforce spurs 
economic growth and strengthens state and local economies. Similarly, a 
commenter noted that the rule will undermine our competitive advantage 
and allow other countries permitting natural immigration flows to take 
the United States' place on the global economic stage. The same 
commenter continued by writing that innovation carried out by 
immigrants has the potential to increase the productivity of native-
born Americans, likely raising economic growth per capita. This 
commenter also cited a report finding that immigration has positive 
effects, with little to no negative effects, on wages and employment 
for native-born Americans.
    Additionally, at the state level, several commenters noted that in 
California (the 5th largest economy in the world if it were a country), 
studies project a $718 million to $1.67 billion reduction in public 
benefits would lead to 7,600 to 17,700 lost jobs, $1.2 to 2.8 billion 
in lost economic output, and $65 to $151 million in lost State and 
local tax revenue. Several commenters cited a study concluding that 
reduced participation in California's Medicaid program, Medi-Cal, and 
California's SNAP program, CalFresh, could result in tens of thousands 
of jobs lost in California, as well as billions of dollars in lost 
federal funding and more than $150 million in lost tax revenue in 
California. Some commenters provided data relating to the rule's 
economic impact on specific states, such as Michigan, Oregon, New York, 
Washington, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Colorado, Florida, Ohio, 
Kentucky, Massachusetts, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Maine, 
Georgia, Maryland, and North Carolina.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments concerning immigration and 
U.S. economic competitiveness. The final rule does not limit the number 
of individuals who may seek immigration benefits or restrict the 
existing categories of immigrants and nonimmigrants. Additionally, DHS 
does not agree that this final rule will have a negative effect on U.S. 
competitiveness or economic growth. Rather, through this final rule DHS 
seeks to better ensure that applicants for admission to the United 
States and applicants for adjustment of status who are subject to the 
public charge ground of inadmissibility, as well as applicants for 
extension of stay and change of status, are self-sufficient, i.e., do 
not depend on public resources to meet their needs, but rely on their 
own capabilities and the resources of their family, sponsor, and 
private organizations.\823\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \823\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters stated that DHS's assessment of the 
downstream economic impacts of the rule is insufficient. A commenter 
said DHS provides no basis for its assertion that the state share of 
the total transfer impact of the rule would be 50 percent of the 
federal share, concluding that evaluation of the rule's impact on 
states should be part of any sound justification for the rule. A 
commenter similarly referenced DHS's statement that half of the savings 
will be from lower transfers from State and local governments and 
stated that, should DHS accept the commenter's recommendations to end 
various additional exemptions from the list of public charge-related 
benefits, these transfer payment savings would increase significantly. 
This commenter also stated that the cost-benefit ratio as proposed 
would thus be very favorable, between $14 to $37 in taxpayer saving for 
every dollar expended by the agency and the applicant to prepare and 
review documentation for a public charge determination.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding downstream 
economic effects of the rule as well as DHS's estimate for the amount 
of transfer payments at the state-level. DHS notes there is not a legal 
requirement to provide a monetized total cost estimate for this rule. 
DHS explained in the proposed rule the many factors that were not 
within the control of DHS that would influence total costs. As 
previously explained, DHS described and monetized, where possible, the 
types of costs that would result from this rule and has added many 
additional costs that were provided by the commenters. For those costs 
and benefits that DHS was not able to quantify and monetize to 
calculate a total cost, the economic analysis includes a description of 
those costs and benefits and a reasoned discussion about why they could 
not be quantified or monetized.

[[Page 41475]]

    DHS addressed its assumption that the state-level share of transfer 
payments is 59 percent of the estimated amount of Federal transfer 
payments. Because state participation in these programs may vary 
depending on the type of benefit provided, DHS is only able to estimate 
the impact of state transfers. For example, the Federal Government 
funds all SNAP food expenses, but only 59 percent of allowable 
administrative costs for regular operating expenses.\824\ Similarly, 
Federal Medical Assistance Percentages (FMAP) in some HHS programs, 
like Medicaid, can vary from between 50 percent to an enhanced rate of 
100 percent in some cases.\825\ However, upon consideration of the 
commenter's point and further review of the published FMAPs for each 
state and territory of the United States, DHS has revised its estimates 
of the state share of transfer payments from 50 percent to 59 percent, 
which is the national average FMAP.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \824\ Per section 16(a) of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008. 
See also USDA, FNS Handbook 901, p. 41 available at: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/apd/FNS_HB901_v2.2_internet_Ready_Format.pdf (last visited July 26, 
2019).
    \825\ See Dept. of Health and Human Services, ``Federal 
Financial Participation in State Assistance Expenditures; Federal 
Matching Shares for Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance 
Program, and Aid to Needy Aged, Blind, or Disabled Persons for 
October 1, 2016 through September 30, 2017.'' ASPE FMAP 2017 Report. 
Dec. 29, 2015. Available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/fy2017-federal-medical-assistance-percentages (last visited July 26, 
2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Commenters said the strength of America's economic future 
is dependent on the well-being and success of children, who are our 
future workforce and tax base, and the rule could jeopardize our 
country's economic future by causing tax-paying individuals who are 
legally eligible for support to forego it.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding children and the 
economic future of the United States. DHS agrees that children are part 
of what will continue to make the U.S. economy strong into the future. 
However, DHS does not agree that this rule will jeopardize the economic 
future of the United States. While DHS acknowledges the potential 
disenrollment (or foregone enrollment) from public benefits by aliens 
based on the final rule, the final rule does not force individuals who 
are legally eligible for public benefits to disenroll or forego 
enrolling in such benefits programs. Instead, through this final rule 
DHS seeks to better ensure that applicants for admission to the United 
States and applicants for adjustment to lawful permanent resident 
status who are subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility, 
as well as aliens seeking extension of stay or change of status, are 
self-sufficient, i.e., do not depend on public resources to meet their 
needs, but rely on their own capabilities and the resources of their 
family, sponsor, and private organizations.\826\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \826\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

s. Economic Impact on Healthcare System
    Comment: Some commenters stated that the rule will result in 
decreased tax revenue and lower productivity for individuals who delay 
primary care.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment regarding decreased tax 
revenue and lower productivity for individuals who delay primary care. 
DHS agrees that working age individuals who fall ill would have lower 
productivity at their jobs and possibly cause decreased tax revenue if 
such individuals are forced to take unpaid sick leave or must quit 
working altogether. However, DHS does not agree that this rule would be 
the cause of such unfortunate events. DHS reiterates that the main 
purpose of the rule is to provide guidance on the public charge 
inadmissibility ground statutory provision for those seeking admission 
or adjusting status in establishing that the person is not likely at 
any time in the future to become a public charge.
    Comment: Multiple commenters stated that the rule would cause 
reductions in reimbursement, patient use, and collectability, which 
would have substantial negative financial impacts on hospitals and 
health centers, with many citing supporting data on potentially lost 
revenue. Some commenters pointed to a study showing that enrollees 
affected by the rule account for $68 billion in Medicaid and CHIP 
healthcare services. One commenter calculated the amount of hospital 
Medicaid payments at risk for 13 million beneficiaries who are likely 
to experience a chilling effect from this rule, finding that hospitals 
could lose up to $17 billion annually in payments from these programs.
    Many commenters stated that the rule would negatively impact the 
healthcare workforce, particularly direct care workers. Commenters 
cited data indicating that the rule will impact health and long-term 
care agencies' ability to hire and retain their health care workers, as 
approximately 25 percent of healthcare support workers, such as nursing 
and home health aides, are immigrants, many of whom are paid low wages 
and rely on public assistance who would either leave the profession or 
forego health coverage and put their health at risk. Some commenters 
emphasized that this obstacle to expanding the workforce would be 
particularly impactful at a time when the need for home care workers is 
growing rapidly due to an aging U.S. population. Commenters state that 
an exacerbated direct care workforce shortage would particularly impact 
people with disabilities since many direct care workers are immigrants 
who often rely on publicly-funded programs due to low wages. Some 
commenters stated that if home health care workers are unable to 
continue working, vulnerable populations may be forced to leave their 
homes and receive more expensive care in nursing homes. Commenters 
stated that this would not only put these vulnerable populations at 
risk, but also would destroy decades of federal and state efforts, 
including millions of federal dollars spent, to reduce the number of 
individuals residing in nursing homes. Some commenters said the costs 
to hospitals and the public health system would amount to more than any 
cost-savings from lower enrollment in public programs.
    Response: DHS agrees that some entities such as hospitals would 
incur costs related to the rule such as rule familiarization costs and 
various administrative costs. DHS considers these costs as qualitative, 
unquantified effects of the final rule since it is unclear how many 
entities will choose to make administrative changes to their business 
processes and the cost of making such changes.
    Additionally, in response to commenters' concern that this rule 
will cause a direct care worker shortage, DHS is unable to quantify or 
confirm these effects because DHS does not know how aliens will change 
their behavior in response to this rule. DHS reiterates that the intent 
of this rule is not to prevent individuals such as these from working, 
but to provide guidance on determining whether an alien seeking 
admission or adjustment of status is likely at any time in the future 
to become a public charge.
    Comment: One commenter stated that, without the contributions made 
by immigrants to the healthcare system, health insurance premiums could 
be expected to rise for Americans who rely on that coverage, concluding 
that the rule neither mentions nor considers these costs to U.S. 
citizens in its economic analysis. This commenter also said DHS should 
take into account that

[[Page 41476]]

the rule would actually increase Federal Medicaid expenditures for HHS. 
The commenters points to three factors that were included in the 
proposed rule, or could be included in the final rule, that would 
exacerbate their concern. The commenters recommended not including them 
as part of the final rule. The concerns were: (1) Including Medicaid or 
Medicare Part D LIS as negative factors in public charge 
determinations; (2) including the Children's Health Insurance Program 
(CHIP) in public charge determinations; and (3) considering premium tax 
credits for purchasing individual market coverage in a public charge 
determination.
    Response: The commenter states that health insurance premiums could 
rise and Federal Medicaid expenditures will increase as an effect of 
the rule. DHS notes that the Public Charge final rule no longer 
includes Medicare Part D LIS as a public benefits program considered in 
public charge determinations, nor does it include CHIP or Medicaid for 
aliens under the age of 21 or pregnant women. In addition, the final 
rule does not consider premium tax credits in public charge 
determinations. Therefore, these changes to the final rule is 
responsive to a number of the commenters' concerns.
    Comment: Several commenters stated that, in the long-run, some of 
the uncompensated care incurred by hospitals will be reimbursed by the 
Federal Government in the form of Medicare and Medicaid 
disproportionate share hospital payments, which is another instance of 
unaccounted for cost shifting that the rule will cause. One commenter 
requested that USCIS systematically research the increased costs that 
this rule will cost our healthcare system. An individual commenter 
cited DHS's reference to the decrease in particular healthcare 
providers' revenues, but asserted that there is no reference to 
findings showing either an increased or a decreased percentage of 
uncompensated care. To determine if including both non-monetary and 
monetary public benefits is a positive, the commenter said there must 
be some information on the amount of uncompensated care that healthcare 
providers provide to non-citizen aliens.
    Response: DHS acknowledges in the economic analysis accompanying 
this rule that various entities may incur indirect costs associated 
with the rule. Additionally, in the economic analysis that accompanies 
this rule, which can be found in the rule docket at 
www.regulations.gov, DHS notes there are a number of consequences that 
could occur because of follow-on effects of the reduction in transfer 
payments identified in the final rule. DHS is provides a list of the 
primary non-monetized potential consequences of the final rule where 
disenrollment or foregoing enrollment in public benefits programs by 
aliens who are otherwise eligible could lead to issues such as 
increases in uncompensated care in which a treatment or service is not 
paid for by an insurer or patient. However, DHS notes that it is not 
able to estimate such costs at this time.
t. Impact on U.S. Workforce
    Comment: Some commenters pointed to a study indicating that over 91 
percent of all adults active in the labor force who would be affected 
by the public charge rule are employed in critical industries, such as 
farming, construction, mining, hospitality, manufacturing, and 
professional and business services. A commenter provided data 
indicating the rule's destabilizing impact on multiple sectors of the 
California workforce that are comprised of a large number of low-wage 
immigrants, including agriculture, construction, child care and early 
education, and students. Some commenters provided data regarding the 
rule's impact on the workforce in Massachusetts, particularly in the 
construction field. A commenter wrote about the rule's potential impact 
on the immigrants in the construction industry who have been helping to 
rebuild Houston after Hurricane Harvey and who contribute billions each 
year in state and local taxes. The commenter notes that this rule would 
prevent immigrants from partaking in benefits that their tax dollars 
help support and will cause confusion in the immigrant community for 
using benefits that lead to a better life. Another commenter stated 
that Maine faces extraordinary demands to replace an aging and retiring 
workforce.
    Two commenters described the rule's impact on the workforce in 
areas such as agriculture, ranching, hotels, and restaurants. Two other 
individual commenters provided input on the rule's impact on the horse 
industry, stating that putting immigrants in situations where they are 
working in physically demanding jobs with no access to healthcare could 
be ``disastrous'' for all involved. Another individual commenter stated 
that, because the disenrollment and foregone enrollment figures are 
unclear or uncalculated, it is impossible to know what the immediate 
economic impact will be in agriculture, healthcare, retail, and rental 
markets.
    After asserting that the rule will cause job losses and economic 
decline, a commenter said restricting the number of immigrants to the 
United States could leave the nation at a vulnerable position given the 
current national employment boom.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding the impact on the 
U.S. workforce, particularly the effect that the rule will have on 
specific industries. DHS does not anticipate that this rule will have a 
strong or extensive effect on the U.S. workforce overall or across 
specific industries as discussed in the economic analysis that 
accompanies this rule, which can be found in the rule docket at 
www.regulations.gov, and the Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis. DHS 
estimates the potential impacts to businesses, states and small 
entities using the data provided by commenters. Small entities that 
could be impacted by this final rule are those who file Form I-129 or 
Form I-129CW as petitioners on behalf of beneficiaries requesting an 
extension of stay or change of status as well as obligors that would 
request a cancellation of a public charge bond.
u. Economic Impacts Related to Nutrition Programs
    Comment: Some commenters said a significant drop in use of food 
stamps and other food programs will negatively affect farmers, local 
growers, and grocery sales at retailers and farmers markets. A 
commenter said reduced enrollment in SNAP will shift the burden to 
local communities and food banks that are already stretched to meet 
demand. A commenter stated that in 2017 more than $22.4 million in SNAP 
benefits were spent at farmers markets. The commenter also asserted 
that many small farmers, farm workers, and their families are 
beneficiaries of SNAP, which the commenter concluded meant that they 
would be hit doubly hard by the proposed rule. Similarly, an academic 
commenter stated that limiting the ability of immigrants to use SNAP 
would hurt the American farming community and destabilize the American 
food system, reasoning that the revenues of farmers would be reduced 
and some farmworkers would lose access to SNAP benefits.
    A commenter said the rule would withdraw nearly $200 million in 
Federal SNAP funding, amounting to approximately $358 million in lost 
economic activity when taking the economic multiplier into account. A 
couple of commenters stated that SNAP is an economic driver in local 
economies, especially rural communities. Commenters stated that

[[Page 41477]]

lower participation in SNAP means less federal funding to support local 
economies and lower worker productivity. Other commenters provided 
estimates for the amount of economic activity that would be lost in 
certain states as a result of immigrants foregoing critical nutritional 
benefits.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding the economic 
effects of disenrollment or foregone enrollment in the SNAP benefits 
program. As noted in the NPRM, DHS recognizes that reductions in 
federal and state transfers under Federal benefit programs may have 
downstream impacts on state and local economies, large and small 
businesses, and individuals. However, DHS is generally not able to 
quantify these impacts due to uncertainty and availability of data. DHS 
estimated these impacts or discussed them qualitatively to the extent 
possible in the economic analysis for this final rule. For example, the 
rule might result in reduced revenues for grocery retailers 
participating in SNAP, agricultural producers who grow foods that are 
eligible for purchase using SNAP benefits, or landlords participating 
in federally funded housing programs. DHS notes that the economic 
impact will result in a reduction in transfer payments from the Federal 
Government and State governments to individuals who may choose to 
disenroll from or forego enrollment in a public benefits program. 
However, the same amount of funding for public benefits programs, such 
as SNAP, will be available for qualified individuals. This final rule 
does not appropriate or disappropriate funding for public benefits 
programs, but ensures that applicants for admission to the United 
States and applicants for adjustment of status to lawful permanent 
resident who are subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility, as well as aliens seeking extension of stay or change 
of status, are self-sufficient, i.e., do not depend on public resources 
to meet their needs, but rely on their own capabilities and the 
resources of their family, sponsor, and private organizations.\827\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \827\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter stated that a reduction in SNAP enrollment 
could also reduce school reimbursement for free and reduced lunches in 
states that have extended SNAP benefits above 130 percent of FPL. A 
commenter indicated an expectation to see a decline in families willing 
to complete the forms in the Child and Adult Care Food Program center-
based child care programs, which would result in less federal nutrition 
funding to support healthy meals for children, the local retail and 
agriculture food economy, and revenue for child care businesses.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment regarding the effect of the 
final rule on enrollment in reduced and free school lunches. DHS does 
not believe the rule will reduce school reimbursement for reduced and 
free school lunches beyond the effect of individuals who may choose to 
disenroll from or forego enrollment in a public benefits program. 
Again, the final rule only regulates applicants for admission to the 
United States and applicants for adjustment of status to lawful 
permanent resident who are subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility, as well as aliens seeking change of status or 
extension of stay.\828\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \828\ See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

v. Other Economic Impacts
    Comment: A commenter stated the rule will adversely impact colleges 
and universities, as even a slight decrease in international student 
enrollment has drastic impacts on higher education institutions because 
international students often receive little or no financial aid and pay 
higher out-of-state tuition at public universities. Similarly, a school 
said colleges across the country could see significant decrease in 
enrollment and increased burden on student health centers.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding the effect of the 
rule on colleges and universities, including student health centers, as 
it relates to international student enrollment. However, this rule does 
not regulate international student enrollment in colleges and 
universities nor the amount of financial aid awards or the rate of 
tuition that colleges and universities charge. The final rule also does 
not regulate student health centers located at colleges and 
universities. Rather, the rule directly regulates aliens who, at the 
time of application for admission or adjustment of status, are deemed 
likely at any time in the future to become a public charge, as well as 
aliens seeking extension of stay or change of status.\829\ DHS is 
prescribing how it will determine whether an alien is inadmissible 
because he or she is likely at any time in the future to become a 
public charge and identify the types of public benefits that will be 
considered in the public charge determinations. An alien applying for 
admission or adjustment of status generally must establish that he or 
she is not likely at any time in the future to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \829\ See INA section 212(a)(4), 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As explained in the preamble of the rule,\830\ DHS believes that 
the government interest in ensuring the self-sufficiency and non-
reliance on public benefits of aliens, including nonimmigrants, as 
articulated by Congress in PRWORA,\831\ applies to all aliens within 
the United States, including to those whose stays are temporary. 
Moreover, although the extension of stay or change of status provisions 
in the INA and the regulations do not specifically reference an alien's 
self-sufficiency, consideration of an alien's self-sufficiency in these 
applications is consistent with the principles of PRWORA and aligns 
DHS's administration of the INA to those principles.\832\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \830\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51135-36 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
    \831\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601.
    \832\ See Southern S.S. Co. v. N.L.R.B., 316 U.S. 31, 47 (1942) 
(requiring ``careful accommodation of one statutory scheme to 
another. . . .'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

w. DHS Estimates of Discounted Direct Costs and Reduced Transfer 
Payments
    Comment: A commenter stated that USCIS characterization of reduced 
transfer payments as the primary benefit of the rule ignores long-
standing principles of regulatory cost-benefit analysis distinguishing 
between benefits and transfers. This commenter suggests that the cost-
benefit analysis should estimate the net effect that the reduced 
transfer payments would have on the larger economy. A commenter stated 
the exactness of the values used in our range of estimates leave little 
room for error as well as suggesting a more enhanced analysis given the 
broadness of the estimated range.
    Another commenter questioned USCIS' approach in estimating costs 
and benefits of the rule stating that the reduction in transfer 
payments to non-citizens is itself a cost to those individuals per the 
guidelines of OMB Circular A-4 and should be defined as such in the 
regulatory impact analysis (RIA). A commenter also stated that cost 
savings of $2.27 billion will not be realized due to the effect on 
temporary visa applications and the potential that DOS starts applying 
public charge standards to applicants abroad. Another commenter said 
that the cost benefit analysis did not have sufficient documentation, 
and the rule's cost savings of $2.2 billion was chosen for its ``wow'' 
factor.
    Finally, a commenter stated that USCIS highlights $23 billion in 
savings related to Medicaid, but fails to account for the beneficial 
impacts of the program

[[Page 41478]]

and the effects of losing Medicaid coverage.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding transfer payments. 
DHS notes that the $2.27 billion in cost savings that a commenter 
refers to are actually the estimated transfer payments of the rule as 
shown in the economic analysis, which can be found in the rule docket 
at www.regulations.gov. The method and calculation of the estimated 
transfer payments is shown as clearly as possible in the economic 
analysis of the rule. As previously discussed, DHS estimates the 
reduction in transfer payments from the Federal and State governments 
to certain individuals who receive public benefits and discusses 
certain indirect impacts that are likely to occur because of the final 
regulatory changes. The primary sources of the reduction in transfer 
payments from the Federal and State governments of this final rule are 
the disenrollment or foregone enrollment of individuals in public 
benefits programs. DHS notes there is not a legal requirement to 
provide a monetized total cost estimate for this rule. As previously 
explained, DHS described and monetized where possible the types of 
costs that would result from this rule and has added many additional 
costs provided by the commenters. For those costs and benefits that DHS 
was not able to quantify and monetize to calculate a total cost, the 
economic analysis includes a description of those costs and benefits 
and a reasoned discussion about why they could not be quantified or 
monetized. DHS does not agree that it is not adhering to long-standing 
principles of regulatory cost-benefit analysis. The economic analysis 
for this final rule was conducted based on the guidelines set forth in 
OMB's Circular A-4, which provides guidance to agencies for conducting 
cost-benefit analyses and, in this case, a discussion on the 
distinction between cost and/or benefits and transfer payments.\833\ As 
noted in OMB Circular A-4 (p. 38), ``[b]enefit and cost estimates 
should reflect real resource use. Transfer payments are monetary 
payments from one group to another that do not affect total resources 
available to society.'' The reduction in transfer payments are 
quantified in the transfer payments section of the economic analysis of 
this rule, in accordance with OMB's Circular A-4. A reduction in 
transfer payments is not quantified in the benefits section of this 
rule. There is great uncertainty regarding the effects that changes in 
transfer payments will have on the broader economy and DHS is unable to 
estimate those effects.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \833\ OMB Circular A-4 is available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/circulars/A4/a-4.pdf (last accessed July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

x. Benefits of Proposed Regulatory Changes
    Comment: A few commenters provided input on the benefits of the 
rule. A benefit noted by commenters is that the rule enforces the 
requirement that immigrants should be self-sufficient. One commenter 
provided scenarios and personal experiences as examples of fraudulent 
claims and behavior of immigrants. An educational institution said the 
rule ensures participation of immigrant families in federal or state-
funded public benefit programs are monitored and limited. Two 
individual commenters provided comments, data, or studies relating to 
immigrants' dependence on public assistance programs causing continued 
decay on American culture. One commenter stated that the rule would 
save American taxpayers money. Another commenter noted the rule is non-
discriminatory by creating a uniform process, and that the additional 
forms will allow better collection of information.
    Response: DHS appreciates these comments. DHS's public charge 
inadmissibility rule is neither intended to address public benefit 
fraud and abuse nor ensure that alien access to public benefit programs 
is monitored and limited. As stated throughout this preamble, this rule 
is intended to align the self-sufficiency goals set forth in the PRWORA 
with the public charge ground of inadmissibility.
y. Cost Benefit Analysis Issues
    Comment: Some commenters stated that DOS's January changes to 
public charge has led to improper denials, and that the rule may 
exacerbate that problem and lead to administrative inconsistency. 
Another commenter argued that DHS failed to adequately consider the 
costs of the rule on CBP application of the rule, citing studies.
    Response: Although the standards set forth in the rule pertain both 
to whether an alien who seeks admission as a nonimmigrant or immigrant 
or seeks adjustment of status is inadmissible, the rule's economic 
analysis, which can be found in the rule docket at www.regulations.gov, 
focuses on the impact to USCIS adjudications, as the rule primarily 
impacts USCIS' adjudication of applications for adjustment of status, 
as well as applications for extension of stay and change of status. DHS 
is working closely with the Department of State to ensure that they are 
aware of the requirements of this rule and to prevent any 
administrative inconsistency. In addition, DHS did not include an 
analysis of costs and benefits associated with public charge 
inadmissibility determinations made by CBP in the admission context. 
This rule would potentially limit entries into the United States in 
that CBP officers would deny admission to aliens at the ports of entry 
on public charge grounds, but CBP is already responsible for 
administering the public charge ground of inadmissibility and we do not 
anticipate a meaningful change in the amount of time the determination 
would take.
    Comment: A commenter remarked on USCIS' approach to estimating 
costs and benefits of the rule noting that USCIS states the rule will 
have no effect on wages or growth, but this is unlikely given the rule 
will cause a fundamental change in future working populations. The 
commenter cited research with data and suggested using it as a model 
for this rule's economic analysis.\834\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \834\ See MPI, Gauging the Impact of DHS' Proposed Public-Charge 
Rule on U.S. Immigration (Nov. 2019), available at https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/MPI-PublicChargeImmigrationImpact_FinalWeb.pdf (last visited April, 18, 
2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS does not expect this rule to have a direct effect on 
wages or economic growth as this rule does not regulate hiring 
practices of employers in the United States. This final rule requires 
an individual seeking admission or adjusting status to establish that 
he or she is not likely at any time in the future to become a public 
charge, and that aliens seeking change of status or extension of stay 
meet the public benefits condition. Moreover, DHS notes that the 
research the commenter cites is not relevant to a discussion of wages 
or economic growth that may result from this rule.\835\ The research 
cited primarily discusses the effects on applicants when they are 
reviewed for public charge based on the factors that will be considered 
in the ``totality of the circumstances.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \835\ See Capps, et al. (2018). Gauging the Impact of DHS' 
Proposed Public-Charge Rule on U.S. Immigration. Washington, DC: 
Migration Policy Institute, available at https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/MPI-PublicChargeImmigrationImpact_FinalWeb.pdf (last visited April, 18, 
2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Several commenters provided suggestions on how the 
analysis could have been done differently overall. One commenter said 
that USCIS should consider a general equilibrium analysis to better 
analyze the holistic impacts of the rule throughout the entire economy. 
Another commenter said in order to develop an

[[Page 41479]]

accurate portrayal of the rule's cost and benefits, USCIS must use 
actual benefit receipt information to determine the affected population 
rather than DHS summary statistics.
    Response: DHS appreciates the commenters' suggestions. DHS did not 
consider a general equilibrium analysis to be appropriate here. We do 
not have enough data to build a general equilibrium model that would be 
able to estimate the impact of this rule. In addition, due to the 
complexity of potential benefits, issues of confidentiality, and data 
limitations, it was not possible to use actual benefit receipt 
information for the analysis.
    Comment: A commenter stated that USCIS has not made any attempt to 
detail costs related to processing delays and noted that public charge 
determinations will inevitably slow down federal agency processing 
times, for which DHS did not estimate the opportunity cost of such 
delays.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment. DHS was unable to quantify 
such costs at this time. DHS notes that delays in processing various 
forms may occur, but that every effort is taken to avoid such delays 
whenever possible. DHS does not agree that the new requirements 
associated with public charge inadmissibility determinations would 
waste resources and be an unnecessary administrative burden, as DHS has 
determined that it is necessary to establish a public charge 
inadmissibility rule. Should DHS determine that the fees set for the 
relevant forms related to the public charge review process are not 
sufficient to cover the full cost of the associated services 
adjudicating immigration benefit requests, the agency will propose to 
adjust these form fees in a subsequent fee rule. DHS sets the fees 
associated with requesting immigration benefits as necessary to recover 
the full operating costs associated with administering the nation's 
lawful immigration system, safeguarding its integrity, and efficiently 
and fairly adjudicating immigration benefit requests. As discussed 
above, while the rule may increase USCIS processing times, such is the 
burden of robust enforcement of the law.
    Comment: A commenter stated that USCIS fails to properly estimate 
the impact of effects such as immigrants foregoing noncash benefits and 
other reductions in transfer payments. Another commenter stated that 
the impact that a loss of public benefits would have on immigrant 
communities should be calculated in a more robust way by using 
actuarial models or models used in personal injury litigation that 
accurately capture the pain and suffering these individuals would 
undergo.
    Response: DHS conducted its economic analysis to the best of its 
ability given the complexity of the analysis and the availability of 
data. DHS does not agree that the economic analysis should employ 
``actuarial models or models used in personal injury litigation'' to 
estimate the economic effects of this rule. Actuarial models assess 
risk and probabilities utilizing a given set of parameters. 
Unfortunately, DHS does not have enough data on the usage of various 
subsidies nor the rate of disenrollment needed to create an accurate 
model. More specifically, in the case of actuarial models used in 
personal injury litigation, each person's situation is unique and DHS 
would need to know the specific impacts for each person in order to 
utilize that type of model. DHS reiterates that the main purpose of the 
rule is to provide guidance on the public charge inadmissibility ground 
statutory provision for those seeking admission or adjusting status in 
establishing that the person is not likely at any time in the future to 
become a public charge.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the cost benefit analysis fails to 
consider the upward mobility of immigrant communities, the impact of 
lower levels of immigration on the economy, and other costs such as 
separation of families, businesses losing workers, and families going 
without needed assistance.
    Response: Where possible, DHS has tried to quantify the indirect 
impacts of this rule, but DHS is unable to fully quantify the impact of 
lower immigration on the economy and other costs that could indirectly 
result from this rule.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the cost benefit analysis details 
an increase in the number of denials for adjustment of status 
applications, but it does not provide a monetization of these impacts. 
A commenter stated that the proposed rule requires additional 
sensitivity analysis. Another commenter stated that USCIS fails to 
consider key impacts centered around increased denials for admission, 
change of status, or re-entry, and USCIS should complete a further 
literature review around these issues.
    Response: DHS was able to detail an increase in the number of 
denials for adjustment of status applications, but did not have enough 
detailed information on specific aliens to monetize the impacts such 
denials may have on the economy. DHS disagrees that the rule requires 
additional sensitivity analysis.
    Comment: A commenter stated that USCIS significantly overestimated 
the average cost of housing assistance per person in calculating costs 
and benefits.
    Response: DHS used the publicly available HUD Federal Rental 
Assistance and HUD HCV programs report data on the household level in 
order to estimate the number of households that may be receiving 
housing benefits. The average annual benefit of $8,121.16 is the 
estimate DHS calculated per household. DHS recognizes that actual 
average annual benefits may be less due to the size and location of a 
particular household.
    Comment: A commenter stated that USCIS failed to estimate the 
number of applicants who will be deemed inadmissible, and the 
associated effects.
    Response: DHS is unable to estimate the number of applicants who 
will be deemed inadmissible due to this rule. The review for public 
charge inadmissibility will be based on the totality of the 
circumstances that considers many positive and negative factors that 
are specific to each applicant. Therefore, DHS is unable to estimate 
the number of individuals who may be deemed inadmissible based on 
public charge. However, DHS estimated the annual population that will 
be subject to a public charge review for inadmissibility in the 
economic analysis for this rule, which can be found in the rule docket 
at www.regulations.gov.
    Comment: A commenter stated that USCIS should monetize the costs of 
reduced participation in public benefits programs.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment regarding monetizing the 
costs of reduced participation in public benefits programs. DHS 
monetized the effect of disenrollment in public benefits programs to 
the extent possible based on the best available data. While DHS 
provides estimates of the direct costs of the final rule in the 
economic analysis, we also provide estimates and detailed methodology 
of the reduction in transfer payments from the Federal and State 
governments to certain individuals who receive public benefits such as 
those individuals who choose to disenroll or forego future enrollment 
in public benefits programs due to fear or confusion. As noted in OMB 
Circular A-4 (p. 38), ``[b]enefit and cost estimates should reflect 
real resource use. Transfer payments are monetary payments from one 
group to another that do not affect total resources available to 
society.'' The reduction in transfer payments are quantified in the 
transfer section of the economic analysis

[[Page 41480]]

of this rule, in accordance with OMB's Circular A-4. However, a 
reduction in transfer payments are not quantified in the benefits 
section of this rule. DHS notes that there is great uncertainty 
regarding the effects changes in transfer payments will have on the 
broader economy, and estimating those effects are beyond the scope of 
this rule.
    Comment: A commenter stated that USCIS includes the removal of Form 
I-864W as a benefit, but does not present a primary, minimum, or 
maximum estimate of the benefits.
    Response: As noted in the economic analysis, which can be found in 
the rule docket at www.regulations.gov, DHS is eliminating Form I-864W 
and instead individuals will be required to provide the information 
previously requested on the Form I-864W using Form I-485. Based on the 
information provided in the Form I-485, an adjudication officer can 
verify whether an immigrant is statutorily required to file an 
affidavit of support. DHS estimated the cost per petitioner for filing 
Form I-864W, but was unable to determine the number filings of Form I-
864W and was unable to estimate the total annual cost savings of 
eliminating this form.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the lack of a sufficient economic 
model showing the potential impact this could have on families and the 
economy should be grounds to reject the proposed rule.
    Response: DHS does not agree that DHS did not conduct a sufficient 
economic analysis for this final rule. E.O. 12866 directs agencies 
subordinate to the President to assess costs and benefits of available 
regulatory alternatives and, when regulation is necessary, to select 
regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential 
economic, environmental, public health and safety, and other 
advantages, distributive impacts, and equity). In implementing E.O. 
12866, OMB has provided further internal guidance to agencies through 
OMB Circular A-4 (Sept. 17, 2003), found at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/circulars/A4/a-4.pdf. OMB Circular A-4 
states that it ``is designed to assist analysts in the regulatory 
agencies by defining good regulatory analysis . . . and standardizing 
the way benefits and costs of Federal regulatory actions are measured 
and reported.'' OMB Circular A-4, at 3.
    As previously explained, DHS described and monetized where possible 
the types of costs that would result from this rule and has added many 
additional costs provided by the commenters. For those costs and 
benefits that DHS was not able to quantify and monetize to calculate a 
total cost, the economic analysis includes a description of those costs 
and benefits and a reasoned discussion about why they could not be 
quantified or monetized.
    Comment: One commenter submitted a detailed comment on the cost-
benefit analysis accompanying the proposed rule stating that over half 
of foreign-born spouses eligible for green cards would be impacted by 
USCIS' rule.\836\ The commenter also stated that USCIS has not provided 
sufficient analysis to determine how many temporary visitors to the 
United States would be impacted, that the number of individuals likely 
to be impacted by the proposed rule's Form I-944 requirement on an 
annual basis is 436,029 as opposed to 382,264, and that the opportunity 
costs model used by USCIS is flawed largely due to the use of a 
weighted minimum wage rather than the average prevailing wage. The 
commenter stated that the number of individuals impacted by the 
proposed rule who receive minimum wage is likely significantly lower 
than 28.5%, and the minimum wage is often higher in a number of states 
than the national average. The commenter stated that the cost of 
attorney fees to applicants will be significantly higher than DHS 
recognizes. When correcting for these effects, the proposed rule would 
incur total costs of $2,260,448,302, or about 17 times greater than 
USCIS' estimate. A commenter stated that the cost savings related to 
healthcare provisions were unworkable given the disjointed nature of 
exempting some health services such as immunizations but punishing use 
of Medicaid and CHIP. A commenter stated that the proposed rule would 
lead to significant increase in administrative costs to deal with 
public charge provisions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \836\ See Looming Immigration Directive Could Separate Nearly 
200,000 Married Couples Each Year, Boundless Immigration Inc. (Sept. 
24, 2018),https://www.boundless.com/blog/looming-immigration-directive-separate-nearly-200000-married-couples. (last visited July 
26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS appreciates these comments. The analysis used the 
Federal minimum wage rate since approximately 80 percent of the total 
number of individuals who obtained lawful permanent resident status 
were in a class of admission under family-sponsored preferences and 
other non-employment-based classifications such as diversity, refugees 
and asylees, and parolees.\837\ Further, the benefits-to-wage 
multiplier raised the Federal minimum wage to $10.59, which could 
account for wages above $7.25 that do not receive non-wage 
benefits.\838\ The cost savings presented in the analysis were based on 
the provisions of the proposed rule and have been updated in the final 
rule. Administrative costs were not calculated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \837\ See United States Department of Homeland Security. 
Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2016, Table 7. Washington, DC, 
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration 
Statistics, 2017. Available at https://www.dhs.gov/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2016. (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \838\ Note that the benefits-to-wage multiplier of 1.47 used in 
the proposed rule has been updated to 1.46 for the final rule based 
on an annual data update released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. 
Therefore, DHS updated its wage estimate using the Federal minimum 
wage plus benefits from $10.66 per hour to $10.59 per hour.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The analysis does not quantify potential effects on admissibility, 
as opposed to adjustment of status. Instead, the purpose of the rule is 
to determine whether an alien is inadmissible to the United States 
under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), because an 
alien is likely at any time in the future to become a public charge. 
Aliens who seek adjustment of status or a visa, or who are applicants 
for admission, must establish that they are not likely at any time to 
become a public charge, unless Congress has expressly exempted them 
from this ground of inadmissibility or has otherwise permitted them to 
seek a waiver of inadmissibility. Moreover, DHS will require all aliens 
seeking an extension of stay or change of status to demonstrate that 
they have not, since obtaining the nonimmigrant status they wish to 
extend or change, received public benefits, as defined in this rule, 
for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period 
unless the nonimmigrant classification that they seek to extend, or to 
which they seek to change, is exempt from the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.
    In addition, DHS acknowledges the commenter's estimate of the 
population that would be affected by this rule's requirement to submit 
the new Form I-944. However, DHS notes that we use data from internal 
and external sources as appropriate, and ensures that all data are 
current, valid, reliable, and accurate. DHS declines use the 
commenter's population estimate in favor of the estimates we present in 
the economic analysis that accompanies this rule, which can be found in 
the rule docket at www.regulations.gov. The data DHS used for its 
estimates were necessary since it provides detailed information showing 
the classes of applicants for admission, adjustment of status, or 
registry according to statute or regulation that are exempt from

[[Page 41481]]

inadmissibility based on the public charge ground. Other data that are 
available are informative, but only provide aggregate receipt totals 
whereby it is not possible to remove individuals from the population 
count who are exempt from a public charge review of inadmissibility.
    Finally, based on comments received, DHS amended its economic 
analysis, where possible, to account for individuals who choose to hire 
an attorney for legal representation on their behalf.
    Comment: A commenter noted that though the rule impacts only a 
small number of immigrants, its chilling effect impacts will outweigh 
its intentional impacts. This, the commenter and others commenters 
asserted, is an abdication of DHS's APA duties to consider costs and 
benefits. Further, a commenter stated that DHS failed to satisfactorily 
justify the prospective harm of the chilling effect of this rule. 
Another commenter stated that DHS's cost analysis is arbitrary, stating 
that its estimates appear in some cases to reflect a range based on 
simply moving decimal places rather than evidence. Elsewhere, the 
commenters say estimates are inconsistent, such as the Form I-944 cost 
estimates in the PRA analysis versus elsewhere in the proposed rule. A 
few commenters noted that the public charge definition is not supported 
by or tied to any benefit to ``health, well-being, businesses, 
economies, or communities.'' One commenter stated that the rule ``does 
not point to any expected benefits for individual or public health, for 
national, state or local economies, for businesses, for healthcare 
systems, or for our communities.''
    Response: DHS disagrees with these comments. E.O. 13563 directs 
agencies to propose or adopt a regulation only upon a reasoned 
determination that its benefits justify its costs; the regulation is 
tailored to impose the least burden on society, consistent with 
achieving the regulatory objectives; and in choosing among alternative 
regulatory approaches, the agency has selected those approaches that 
maximize net benefits. E.O. 13563 recognizes that some benefits are 
difficult to quantify and provides that, where appropriate and 
permitted by law, agencies may consider and discuss qualitatively 
values that are difficult or impossible to quantify, including equity, 
human dignity, fairness, and distributive impacts.
2. Federalism Comments
    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS did not conduct an adequate 
analysis of the NPRM's federalism implications. The commenter further 
stated that because of the serious impact the NPRM will have on the 
States, it is improper for DHS to forego the federalism summary impact 
statement. The commenter also stated that E.O. 13132 requires DHS to 
produce a federalism summary impact statement. One commenter stated 
that DHS did not engage in adequate consultation with governors 
pursuant to E.O. 13132, and requested that DHS engage in a meaningful 
and formal way before taking further action on the public charge rule. 
The commenter noted that the rule would likely impose significant 
financial and administrative burdens on states, including costly and 
labor-intensive changes in how states implement their shared 
eligibility systems among human services and health programs.
    Response: This final rule does not have federalism implications 
because it does not have substantial direct effects on the States, on 
the relationship between the Federal Government and the States, or on 
the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels 
of government. Although this rule defines public benefit to include 
certain cash and non-cash benefits, some of which may be fully or 
partially administered by states or local governments, DHS is not 
purporting to regulate which aliens may receive such benefits or how 
states and local governments administer such programs. DHS does not 
expect that this final rule will impose substantial direct compliance 
costs on State and local governments, or preempt State law. 
Accordingly, in accordance with section 6 of E.O. 13132, this rule 
requires no further agency action or analysis.
    Comment: A commenter stated that this rule impinges on a state's 
right to provide healthcare services and increases federal intrusion 
into local issues.
    Response: DHS disagrees that this rule impinges on state's rights 
to provide healthcare services and increases federal intrusion into 
local issues. This rule enforces a law that has been in place, in one 
form or another, since the late 19th century. The review of public 
charge inadmissibility, which is an immigration matter, is a matter of 
Federal jurisdiction alone, as indicated by the Supreme Court.\839\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \839\ See, e.g., Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52 (1941); see 
also Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. 387, 394 (2012) (``The 
Government of the United States has broad, undoubted power over the 
subject of immigration and the status of aliens.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: A commenter indicated that as a matter of law and 
effective policy, USCIS must consult with States and localities about 
the impact of the public charge rule on state and local choice and 
policy. The need for this consultation was apparent because the 
formulation of the guidance document this regulation proposes to 
replace considered state and local public health concerns.
    Response: DHS has considered the relevant public comments and 
engaged in many meetings with state and local entities as part of the 
E.O. 12866 process. Aliens entitled to public benefits under State or 
local law may elect to receive such benefits and this rule does not, 
and cannot, change that fact. However, DHS believes that the 
consideration of an alien's receipt of designated public benefits is 
consistent with congressional intent, as set forth in PRWORA, that the 
receipt of public benefits should not be an incentive to come to the 
United States, and aligns DHS's administration of the INA to those 
principles.\840\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \840\ See Southern S.S. Co. v. N.L.R.B., 316 U.S. 31, 47 (1942) 
(requiring ``careful accommodation of one statutory scheme to 
another.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Comment: Some commenters stated that the rule violates state's 
rights to provide benefits to children and immigrants experiencing 
short-term crises. Some commenters said this rule impinges on a state's 
right to provide healthcare services and increases federal intrusion 
into local issues. Commenters stated that some state statutes and 
constitutions, as well as DHS's own 1999 Interim Field Guidance, make 
it a state interest to provide certain benefits to non-citizens.
    Several commenters stated that the proposed rule impermissibly 
overrides state authority. Others stated that the proposed rule would 
bar their states' from providing state-funded aid to their own 
residents, regardless of immigration status. A commenter stated that 
the proposed rule violates the 10th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution 
because it commandeers state resources by compelling agencies to 
implement the rule, especially in providing notice and information to 
applicants. Another commenter stated that the rule violates a 
federalism principle by imposing an unfunded mandate. One commenter 
stated that the proposed rule will impose substantial costs on State 
and local governments such that federalism concerns are implicated. 
Other commenters stated that the proposed rule would harm their states. 
A commenter stated that the proposed rule would undermine a state 
statute that was passed with bipartisan support in order to extend 
CHIP.

[[Page 41482]]

    Another commenter asserted that, even if the proposed rule were 
passed in the form of a statute, it would violate Article I of the 
Spending Clause for coercively restricting state use of Federal grant 
money.
    Response: DHS did not propose in the NPRM to, in any way, regulate 
or circumscribe the ability of states to offer public benefits to 
children and immigrants, or to require states to implement the DHS 
rule. Similarly, this final rule neither prohibits states from 
providing benefits to children and immigrants nor prohibits any 
category of immigrants from receiving any state or local benefits for 
which they are eligible. Furthermore, the rule's definition of public 
benefit does not include emergency aid, emergency medical assistance, 
or disaster relief. Likewise, the rule does not impact the Spending 
Clause since it does not restrict a state's ability to use Federal 
funds.
3. Family Assessment Comments
    Comment: One commenter said that the rule violated Section 654 of 
the Treasury General Appropriations Act, 1999, Public Law 105-277, 
which requires agencies to assess their policies' impact on family 
stability, families' ability to function, and other indicators of 
family well-being. Another commenter stated that DHS's Family 
Policymaking Assessment failed to fully and meaningfully evaluate the 
rulemaking's effects on family well-being under section 654(c)(1) and 
did not address 654(c)(2)-(7) at all. Other commenters generally agreed 
that the family assessment in the proposed rule is insufficient.
    Several commenters stated this rule will unnecessarily harm family 
unity, such as by making it difficult for some spouses of U.S. citizens 
to enter the United States or adjust status. A commenter generally 
stated that the proposed rule's definition of ``household,'' along with 
the asset and income standards, would pressure families to separate. 
The commenter also stated that the proposal to subject residents to 
public charge determinations upon reentering the United States would 
discourage immigrants from preserving contact with family outside of 
the United States. A commenter added that it would make it especially 
difficult for immigrants to let their parents join them in the United 
States. Another commenter cited an article noting that there are 
9,000,000 mixed status families in the United States, and many would be 
faced with the threat of coerced separation.
    Another commenter stated that this rule could result in the 
separation of at least 200,000 married couples annually. Another 
commenter provided data on the impact of the study on marriage-based 
permanent residency applications, saying the proposed rule would 
undermine family unity and stability. A commenter stated that the 
proposed rule would chill access to their state's Department of 
Children and Families and Juvenile Court, leading to children remaining 
dependent on state child welfare programs.
    Many commenters said this rule would dramatically hurt and 
jeopardize families, as well as place undue burden on all family 
members. A commenter stated that the proposed rule fails to analyze the 
rule's effect on the well-being of families, especially its impact to 
family stability, and on the disposable income of families and 
children. Some commenters provided studies showing how children could 
be severely and irreversibly harmed, including children's health, by 
separation as part of a strategy to prevent immigrants from legalizing 
their status.
    A commenter stated that the rule contravenes international and 
domestic policies that support children's best interests, citing the 
U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child.
    Response: Section 654 of the Treasury and General Government 
Appropriations Act, 1999 \841\ requires Federal agencies to issue a 
Family Policymaking Assessment for any rule that may affect family 
well-being. Agencies must assess whether: (1) The action strengthens or 
erodes the stability or safety of the family and, particularly, the 
marital commitment; (2) the action strengthens or erodes the authority 
and rights of parents in the education, nurture, and supervision of 
their children; (3) the action helps the family perform its functions, 
or substitutes governmental activity for the function; (4) the action 
increases or decreases disposable income or poverty of families and 
children; (5) the proposed benefits of the action justify the financial 
impact on the family; (6) the action may be carried out by State or 
local government or by the family; and whether (7) the action 
establishes an implicit or explicit policy concerning the relationship 
between the behavior and personal responsibility of youth, and the 
norms of society.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \841\ Public Law 105-277, 112 Stat. 2681 (Oct. 21, 1998).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As discussed in the NPRM,\842\ DHS has determined that the rule may 
decrease disposable income and increase the poverty of certain families 
and children, including U.S. citizen children. And as discussed 
previously, DHS has modified some provisions in ways that will mitigate 
the impact on families, such as by exempting receipt of Medicaid by 
aliens under 21 and pregnant women. Ultimately, however, DHS continues 
to believe that the financial impact on the family is justified.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \842\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51277 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, because the final rule considers receipt of public 
benefits that were not considered under the 1999 Interim Field 
Guidance, DHS determined that the aliens found inadmissible under 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), will likely 
increase. However, given the compelling legal and policy reasons 
associated with this rulemaking, including but not limited to, better 
ensuring self-sufficiency, DHS determined that this rulemaking's impact 
is justified and no further actions are required. DHS also determined 
that this final rule will not have any impact on the autonomy or 
integrity of the family as an institution.
    Furthermore, with this rulemaking, DHS does not intend to separate 
families. DHS's intent is to implement Congress' mandate to assess 
whether an alien has met his or her burden to demonstrate that he or 
she is not likely at any time to become a public charge under section 
212(a)(4)(A) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), given the congressional 
policy to ensure that those coming to the United States should be self-
sufficient and not rely on the government for assistance to meet their 
needs.\843\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \843\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(1) and (2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS agrees that family unity is a significant tenet of the family-
based immigration system. As indicated above, the rule does not alter 
eligibility criteria for a family-based immigrant petition, although it 
could have some impact on the ultimate outcome of such petitions. DHS 
has taken certain steps that mitigate the potential effects of this 
rule on families. For instance, DHS will not attribute U.S. citizen 
children's receipt of public benefits to their parents who are subject 
to the public charge inadmissibility ground. Like all other applicants 
for admission or adjustment of status who are subject to the public 
charge or any other ground of inadmissibility, aliens are not 
guaranteed admission or adjustment of status merely by virtue of their

[[Page 41483]]

relationship to a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident.\844\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \844\ See Agyeman v. INS, 296 F.3d 871, 879 (9th Cir. 2002) 
(``[A]pproval of the I-130 petition does not automatically entitle 
the alien to adjustment of status as an immediate relative of a 
United States citizen.'').
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Paperwork Reduction Act Comments
    Comment: A commenter stated that the newly proposed Form I-944 is 
duplicative and unnecessary in light of the Form I-864. Another 
commenter stated that DHS has not shown that there are not less 
burdensome ways of gaining the information from I-944 than the form 
requires.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the Form I-944 duplicates information 
collected on Form I-864 and is therefore duplicative. However, DHS has 
updated the forms to remove the questions about employment that are 
also on the I-485. In addition, DHS added language to the forms, 
indicating to the applicant that if tax forms were submitted as part of 
Form I-485, Form I-864 or Form I-944, the same tax returns do not need 
to be submitted with the I-864. Any document that is submitted as part 
of another form related to the immigrant benefit does not need to be 
submitted multiple times. Form I-864 is an affidavit of support 
submitted by an intending immigrant's sponsor, as required for certain 
categories of aliens subject to the affidavit of support requirements 
under section 213A of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183a. Form I-864 is a contract 
between the sponsor and the U.S. Government in which the sponsor agrees 
to use his or her income, assets, and resources to support the 
intending immigrants named in Form I-864, if it becomes necessary. The 
sponsor completing and signing Form I-864 must show that he or she has 
enough income and/or assets to maintain the intending immigrants listed 
on the affidavit and the rest of the sponsor's household at 125 percent 
of the FPG. The sponsor, therefore, is largely submitting information 
regarding his or her financial situation.
    However, Form I-944 is completed by the intending immigrant, i.e., 
applicant for adjustment of status, and requests information on the 
relevant factors as established by section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 
U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), and the final rule, which are distinct from the 
requirements of the affidavit of support.
    Comment: A commenter suggested a simplification of the declaration 
of self-sufficiency that targets aliens that might trigger public 
charge concerns, rather than, for example, all aliens who seek to 
adjust status. Another commenter stated that Form I-944 imposes undue 
burdens and that DHS has failed to justify requiring it.
    Response: DHS disagrees that the Form I-944 needs to be simplified 
and more carefully targeted or is overly burdensome. Form I-944 
requests information about all the relevant factors as established by 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), and the rule to 
determine whether the alien is inadmissible based on public charge 
ground.
    The Form I-944 instructions state that only applicants filing Form 
I-485 who are subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
must file Form I-944. The Form I-944 instructions also explain that an 
alien who is exempt from the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
does not need to file Form I-944, and subsequently lists all categories 
of aliens that are exempt from the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. Therefore, DHS believes the declaration of self-
sufficiency is appropriately targeted to the aliens that might trigger 
public charge concerns.
    Comment: A commenter noted that there was no way to specify the 
receipt of public benefits was for an emergency on the Form I-944, nor 
did the form indicate that such services were excluded.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comment and has updated the form to 
include questions regarding the exemptions and updated the description 
of the designated public benefits to clarify the information being 
sought.
    Comment: A commenter opposed requiring that employees provide 
employers with certain information, whether through Form I-129, Form I-
539, or Form I-944. The commenter stated that requiring a nonimmigrant 
to provide such personal information to his or her employer or 
prospective employer to overcome the presumption that he or she is or 
could become a public charge, such as medical payments, tax return 
transcripts, W-2s, or documents for temporary housing needs, is an 
unfair and unreasonable imposition on any employee. The commenter 
stated the employer should not know such personal information, and that 
the requirement could potentially expose an employer to liability. The 
commenter stated further that it is unclear who would be responsible to 
pay for the Form I-944, especially in the context of H-1B-based change 
or extension of status petitions, where the employer is generally 
required to pay the fees associated with the filing.
    Response: Employees seeking employment-based nonimmigrant visas and 
those seeking to extend of change to an employment-based nonimmigrant 
category, must provide certain biographical information to employers as 
part of the application process. Form I-129 and Form I-539/Form I-539A 
already provide for some information from both employers and employees 
when the benefit is related to employment-based immigration. As noted 
on the instructions for USCIS forms, the failure to provide requested 
information, or any other requested evidence, may delay adjudication or 
result in a denial of the benefit requested.
    Comment: A commenter stated that DHS appears to be acting on the 
basis of either conflicting information or no information at all. For 
example, in the context of its PRA analysis, DHS estimates that 382,264 
individuals will be required to fill out Form I-944, that the hour 
burden per response will be 4 hours, and that the monetary burden is 
$59,931,350. Those figures seem to directly conflict with DHS's earlier 
estimates that Form I-944 would take 4.5 hours to fill out and that the 
annual cost would be $25,963,371.\845\ The commenter notes that the 
number of applicants is similarly in conflict. DHS also appears to 
assume that only applicants for adjustment will fill out Form I-
944.\846\ DHS overtly states, however, that at least some nonimmigrant 
visa applicants would have to fill out that form as well, and it 
provides statistics showing annual averages of those applicants over 
200,000.\847\ The commenter concludes from this information that DHS 
does not know how many people will have to fill out the form, how long 
it will take them, or how much it will cost on an annualized basis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \845\ 83 FR 51284-85, at 51254.
    \846\ 83 FR 51284-85, at 51240 (calculating that 382,769 
adjustment applicants would be subject to public charge review).
    \847\ 83 FR 51284-85, at 51243-44.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Response: DHS has corrected an error in the estimated time burden 
for Form I-944 from 4 hours to 4.5 hours. DHS uses historical data to 
estimate the populations and burdens reported. In some instances, DHS 
does not have historical data on a population and may need to derive 
these populations using statistical methods. For example, the 5-year 
average of those filing Form I-485 who are not exempt from the public 
charge inadmissibility determination is estimated at 382,264. DHS used 
this population for the Form I-944 estimate. Additionally, as part of 
the calculation of the 5-year average estimated population, DHS used 
the FY 2016 population of those who are not exempt

[[Page 41484]]

from public charge review (382,769 filers), which is very close to the 
5-year average estimate. In sum, the economic analysis used the 5-year 
average of those filing Form I-485 of 382,264 and the FY 2016 
population of those not exempt from public charge review, to estimate 
the population that will be subject to public charge inadmissibility 
determination and, therefore, will have to submit Form I-944.
    Finally, DHS is required to estimate cost burden in multiple ways: 
(1) The PRA requires estimating cost burden based on the average hourly 
wage of the respondent; (2) the PRA also requires estimating the annual 
cost burden based on expenses incurred to complete the information 
collection including but not limited to attorney's fees, shipping and 
handling, etc., and (3) E.O. 12866 requires estimating the benefits and 
costs of the regulation, including the opportunity cost of time, among 
other costs.
    Comment: A commenter stated that the proposed rule would also 
impose unreasonable burdens and financial costs on immigration benefit 
applicants and petitioners, specifically mentioning Form I-944. The 
comment indicated that though DHS projects an average Form I-944 
preparation time of 4 hours and 30 minutes, the evidentiary 
requirements associated with the form and the public charge assessment 
overall suggest that DHS has seriously underestimated the time 
commitment. For example, using a method of assessing ``household size'' 
that differs significantly from the long-accepted definition used to 
evaluate Form I-864, the proposed rule and Form I-944 instructions 
require individuals to submit extensive supporting documentation of the 
financial status of the applicant's household, including all sources of 
household income and all cash and non-cash assets that can be converted 
into cash within 12 months. For every such asset, an applicant must 
provide a description of the asset, along with the value, basis of the 
claim for the value, and proof of ownership. The net value of a home 
may be included as an asset, but only if accompanied by documentation 
of ownership, evidence of all secured loans or liens, and a recent 
appraisal completed by a licensed appraiser (estimated to cost an 
average of $300 to $400 for a single family home). The commenter 
indicated that these requirements alone could consume significant 
amounts of time beyond the DHS estimate. In addition, multiple 
commenters stated that the documentation and information applicants 
would be required to collect and present is extensive (the commenter 
stated that the Form I-944 would require the alien to list the name of 
every household member, amount of current assets and resources, recent 
Federal tax return history for the applicant and household members, 
credit score, proof of debts and liabilities, complete list of all 
public benefits applied for or received, and education and employment 
history), and that accurately completing the form and providing all 
required information with documentation would be a significant effort 
for non-citizens and their families.
    Response: DHS acknowledges that the time that it would take each 
individual to complete Form I-944 could be more or less time than the 
reported estimated average time burden, depending on the applicant's 
individual facts and circumstances. For example, some applicants would 
be children who do not have extensive education, assets, and 
liabilities to report on the Form I-944. In contrast, an older 
applicant could have extensive education, assets, and liabilities to 
report on the Form I-944. Moreover, in estimating the time burden, DHS 
does not include the time burden already accounted for by other 
information collections subject to the PRA nor inactive time to obtain 
the necessary evidence required. DHS also notes that an alien does not 
always have to provide information about the net value of a home and 
the related evidence. In general, the alien would need to provide 
information regarding the home and its net value if aliens using the 
home as evidence of his or her assets or resources. DHS will maintain 
the estimated time burden at 4.5 hours.
    Comment: One commenter detailed several issues with Form I-944 and 
its requirements, saying that it will disproportionately harm low-
income applicants and their families, place an unreasonable burden on 
families especially those who apply with their minor children, impose 
costly administrative burdens on Federal, State, and local government 
agencies, generate a huge workload for social services agencies, and 
undermine privacy rights of applicants. The commenter also noted that 
the rule will likely make it more difficult for low-income and 
vulnerable immigrants to remain on the path to U.S. citizenship, will 
dissuade many potential applicants from pursuing adjustment due to the 
costs of the application process, create financial hardship for people, 
and result in processing delays and lengthy wait times. One commenter 
said that the Form I-944 requirement would require states and counties 
to develop new work processes, require system updates, and would likely 
result in hiring and specially training additional personnel. The 
commenter further indicated that counties will need to work with their 
respective states to develop standardized processes for receiving 
requests and providing information across the state that safeguards 
personal data. The commenter stated that this is not only a significant 
workload but also would include potentially major automation costs, 
given the level of detail required.
    Response: The purpose of Form I-944 is to demonstrate that an 
adjustment of status applicant subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility is not likely at any time in the future to become a 
public charge, as required by Congress in section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 
8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4). Form I-944 collects information relevant to the 
mandatory factors, such as age, family status, assets, resources, 
financial status, education, and skills. DHS is required to assess an 
applicant's assets and resources as part of the public charge 
inadmissibility determination, which entails a review of the alien's 
income. These factors are mandated by Congress in section 212(a)(4) of 
the Act, and DHS does not have the authority to disregard these 
factors. Additionally, the estimated burden on any alien submitting 
Form I-944 was provided in the NPRM.
    DHS acknowledges in the economic analysis accompanying this rule 
that various government agencies may incur indirect costs associated 
with the rule such as, for example, the potential need to update 
administrative processes and provide additional training. However, Form 
I-944 imposes no requirements on Federal, State, or local government 
agencies. Instead, applicants required to submit Form I-944 must submit 
certain evidence from Federal, State, and local government agencies 
such as Federal income tax returns and documentation of receipt of 
public benefits. DHS has reviewed the data provided by commenters and 
updated the cost estimates to account for the indirect effects of this 
rule, where possible.

IV. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements

A. Executive Order 12866 (Regulatory Planning and Review), Executive 
Order 13563 (Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review), and Executive 
Order 13771 (Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs)

    Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 direct agencies to assess the 
costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if 
regulation is

[[Page 41485]]

necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits 
(including potential economic, environmental, public health and safety 
effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Executive Order 13563 
emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and benefits, 
reducing costs, harmonizing rules, and promoting flexibility. Executive 
Order 13771 directs agencies to reduce regulation and control 
regulatory costs.
    The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs has designated 
this final rule as a ``significant regulatory action'' that is 
economically significant since it is estimated that the final rule 
would have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more, 
under section 3(f)(1) of E.O. 12866. Accordingly, OMB has reviewed this 
final regulation.
    This rule is a regulatory action under E.O. 13771.
1. Summary
    As discussed above, DHS is modifying its regulations to add new 
regulatory provisions for inadmissibility determinations based on the 
public charge ground under the INA. DHS is prescribing how it will 
determine whether an alien is inadmissible because he or she is likely 
at any time in the future to become a public charge and is identifying 
the types of public benefits that will be considered in the public 
charge determinations. An alien applying for admission at the port of 
entry, or adjustment of status generally must establish that he or she 
is not likely at any time in the future to become a public charge. DHS 
will weigh certain factors positively or negatively, depending on how 
the factor impacts the immigrant's likelihood to become a public 
charge. DHS is also revising existing regulations to require all aliens 
seeking an extension of stay or change of status to demonstrate that 
they have not received public benefits, as defined in this rule unless 
the nonimmigrant classification that they seek to extend or to which 
they seek to change is exempt from the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. Finally, DHS is revising its regulations governing the 
Secretary's discretion to accept a public charge bond or similar 
undertaking under section 213 of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1183. Similar to a 
waiver, a public charge bond permits an alien deemed inadmissible on 
the public charge ground to obtain adjustment of status, if otherwise 
admissible.\848\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \848\ There is no mention of ``waiver'' or ``waive'' in INA 
section 213, 8 U.S.C. 1183. However, the BIA has viewed that 
provision as functioning as a waiver of the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. See Matter of Ulloa, 22 I&N Dec. 725, 726 (BIA 
1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This final rule will impose new costs on the population applying to 
adjust status using Form I-485 that are subject to the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility who will now be required to file the new Form 
I-944 as part of the public charge inadmissibility determination. DHS 
will require any adjustment applicants subject to the public charge 
inadmissibility ground to submit Form I-944 with their Form I-485 to 
demonstrate they are not likely at any time in the future to become a 
public charge. The final rule will also impose additional costs for 
completing Forms I-485, I-129, I-129CW, and I-539 as the associated 
time burden estimate for completing each of these forms will increase. 
Moreover, the final rule will impose new costs associated with the new 
public charge bond process, including new costs for completing and 
filing Forms I-945 and I-356. DHS estimates that the additional total 
cost of the final rule will be approximately $35,202,698 annually to 
the population applying to adjust status who is also required to file 
Form I-944, for the opportunity cost of time associated with the 
increased time burden estimates for Forms I-485, I-129, I-129CW, and I-
539, and for requesting or cancelling a public charge bond using Form 
I-945 and Form I-356, respectively.
    Over the first 10 years of implementation, DHS estimates the total 
quantified new direct costs of the final rule will be about 
$352,026,980 (undiscounted). In addition, DHS estimates that the 10-
year discounted total direct costs of this final rule will be about 
$300,286,154 at a 3 percent discount rate and about $247,249,020 at a 7 
percent discount rate.
    The final rule will also potentially impose new costs on obligors 
(individuals or companies) if an alien has been determined to be likely 
at any time in the future to become a public charge and will be 
permitted to submit a public charge bond, for which USCIS will use the 
new Form I-945. DHS estimates the total cost to file Form I-945 will 
be, at minimum, about $34,166 annually.\849\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \849\ Calculation: $35.59 (cost per obligor to file Form I-945) 
* 960 (estimated annual population who would file Form I-945) = 
$34,166.40 = $34,166 (rounded) annual total cost to file Form I-945.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, the final rule will potentially impose new costs on 
aliens or obligors who submit Form I-356 as part of a request to cancel 
the public charge bond. DHS estimates the total cost to file Form I-356 
would be approximately $824 annually.\850\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \850\ Calculation: $33.00 (cost per obligor to file Form I-356) 
* 25 (estimated annual population who would file Form I-356) = 
$825.00 annual total cost to file Form I-356.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The final rule will also result in a reduction in transfer payments 
from the Federal Government to individuals who may choose to disenroll 
from or forego enrollment in a public benefits program. Individuals who 
might choose to disenroll from or forego future enrollment in a public 
benefits program include foreign-born non-citizens as well as U.S. 
citizens who are members of mixed-status households,\851\ who otherwise 
may be eligible for the public benefits. DHS estimates that the total 
reduction in transfer payments from the Federal and State governments 
will be approximately $2.47 billion annually due to disenrollment or 
foregone enrollment in public benefits programs by foreign-born non-
citizens who may be receiving public benefits. DHS estimates that the 
10-year discounted federal and state transfer payments reduction of 
this final rule will be approximately $21.0 billion at a 3 percent 
discount rate and about $17.3 billion at a 7 percent discount rate. 
However, DHS notes there may be additional reductions in transfer 
payments, or categories of transfers such as increases in uncompensated 
health care or greater reliance on food banks or other charities, that 
we are unable to quantify.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \851\ DHS uses the term ``foreign-born non-citizen'' since it is 
the term the U.S. Census Bureau uses. DHS generally interprets this 
term to mean alien in this analysis. In addition, DHS notes that the 
Census Bureau publishes much of the data used in this analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    There also may be additional reductions in transfer payments from 
states to individuals who may choose to disenroll from or forego 
enrollment in a public benefits program. For example, the Federal 
Government funds all SNAP food expenses, but only 50 percent of 
allowable administrative costs for regular operating expenses.\852\ 
Similarly, FMAP in some HHS programs, like Medicaid, can vary from 
between 50 percent to an enhanced rate of 100 percent in some 
cases.\853\ Since the state

[[Page 41486]]

share of FFP varies from state to state, DHS uses the average FMAP 
across all states and U.S. territories of 59 percent to estimate the 
amount of state transfer payments. Therefore, the estimated 10-year 
undiscounted amount of state transfer payments that could occur as a 
result of the provisions of this final rule is about $1.01 billion 
annually. The estimated 10-year discounted amount of state transfer 
payments of the provisions of this final rule would be approximately 
$8.63 billion at a 3 percent discount rate and about $7.12 billion at a 
7 percent discount rate. Finally, DHS recognizes that reductions in 
federal and state transfers under Federal benefit programs may have 
downstream impacts on state and local economies, large and small 
businesses, and individuals. For example, the rule might result in 
reduced revenues for healthcare providers participating in Medicaid, 
companies that manufacture medical supplies or pharmaceuticals, grocery 
retailers participating in SNAP, agricultural producers who grow foods 
that are eligible for purchase using SNAP benefits, or landlords 
participating in federally funded housing programs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \852\ Per section 16(a) of the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008, 
Pub. L. 110-234, tit. IV, 122 Stat. 923, 1092 (May 22, 2008) 
(codified as amended at 7 U.S.C. 2025). See also USDA, FNS Handbook 
901, at p. 41 (2017). Available at: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/
sites/default/files/apd/FNS_HB901_v2.2_Internet_Ready_Format.pdf, 
(last visited May 7, 2019).
    \853\ See Dept. of Health and Human Servs. Notice, Federal 
Financial Participation in State Assistance Expenditures; Federal 
Matching Shares for Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance 
Program, and Aid to Needy Aged, Blind, or Disabled Persons for 
October 1, 2016 through September 30, 2017, 80 FR 73779 (Nov. 25, 
2015).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the final rule will have new direct and indirect 
impacts on various entities and individuals associated with regulatory 
familiarization with the provisions of the rule. Familiarization costs 
involve the time spent reading the details of a rule to understand its 
changes. A foreign-born non-citizen (such as those contemplating 
disenrollment or foregoing enrollment in a public benefits program) 
might review the rule to determine whether she or he is subject to its 
provisions and may incur familiarization costs. To the extent that an 
individual or entity directly regulated by the rule incurs 
familiarization costs, those familiarization costs are a direct cost of 
the rule. In addition to those individuals or entities the rule 
directly regulates, a wide variety of other entities would likely 
choose to read and understand the rule and, therefore, would incur 
familiarization costs. For example, immigration lawyers, immigration 
advocacy groups, health care providers of all types, non-profit 
organizations, non-governmental organizations, and religious 
organizations, among others, may need or want to become familiar with 
the provisions of this final rule. DHS believes such non-profit 
organizations and other advocacy groups might choose to read the rule 
in order to provide information to those foreign-born non-citizens that 
might be affected by a reduction in federal and state transfer 
payments. Familiarization costs incurred by those not directly 
regulated are indirect costs.
    DHS estimates the time that would be necessary to read this final 
rule would be approximately 16 to 20 hours per person depending on an 
individual's average reading speed and level of review, resulting in 
opportunity costs of time. An entity, such as a non-profit or advocacy 
group, may have more than one person that reads the rule. Using the 
average total rate of compensation as $36.47 per hour for all 
occupations, DHS estimates that the opportunity cost of time will range 
from about $583.52 to $729.40 per individual who must read and review 
the final rule.
    The final rule will produce some quantified benefits due to the 
regulatory changes DHS is making. The final rule will produce some 
benefits for T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status based on 
their T nonimmigrant status, as this population will no longer need to 
submit Form I-601 seeking a waiver on the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. DHS estimates the total benefits for this population 
is $15,176 annually.\854\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \854\ Calculation: $14,880 (Filing fees for Form I-601) + 
$296.48 (Opportunity cost of time for Form I-601) = $15,176.48 = 
$15,176 (rounded) total current estimated annual cost for filing T 
nonimmigrants filing Form I-601 seeking a waiver of grounds of 
inadmissibility. Therefore, the estimated total benefits of the 
final rule for T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status 
using Form I-601 seeking a waiver on grounds of inadmissibility will 
equal the current cost to file Form I-601 for this population.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The primary benefit of the final rule would be to better ensure 
that aliens who are admitted to the United States, seek extension of 
stay or change of status, or apply for adjustment of status are not 
likely to receive public benefits and will be self-sufficient, i.e., 
individuals will rely on their own financial resources, as well as the 
financial resources of the family, sponsors, and private 
organizations.\855\ DHS also anticipates that the final rule will 
produce some benefits from the elimination of Form I-864W. The 
elimination of this form will potentially reduce the number of forms 
USCIS would have to process. DHS estimates the amount of cost savings 
that will accrue from eliminating Form I-864W will be about $36.47 per 
petitioner.\856\ However, DHS is unable to determine the annual number 
of filings of Form I-864W and, therefore, currently is unable to 
estimate the total annual cost savings of this change. Additionally, a 
public charge bond process will also provide benefits to applicants as 
they potentially will be given the opportunity for adjustment if 
otherwise admissible, at the discretion of DHS, after a determination 
that he or she is likely to become a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \855\ 8 U.S.C. 1601(2).
    \856\ Calculation of savings from opportunity cost of time for 
no longer having to complete and submit Form I-864W: ($36.47 per 
hour * 1.0 hours) = $36.47.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 2 provides a more detailed summary of the final provisions 
and their impacts.

                   Table 2--Summary of Major Provisions and Economic Impacts of the Final Rule
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Provision                            Purpose                   Expected impact of final rule
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Revising 8 CFR 212.18. Application for  To clarify that T               Quantitative:
 Waivers of Inadmissibility in           nonimmigrants seeking          Benefits:
 connection with an application for      adjustment of status are not    Benefits of $15,176 annually to
 adjustment of status by T               subject to public charge        T nonimmigrants applying for adjustment
 nonimmigrant status holders.            ground of inadmissibility.      of status who will no longer need to
Revising 8 CFR 245.23. Adjustment of                                     submit Form I-601 seeking a waiver on
 aliens in T nonimmigrant                                                public charge grounds of
 classification.                                                         inadmissibility.
                                                                        Costs:
                                                                         None.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 41487]]

 
Adding 8 CFR 212.20. Purpose and        To define the categories of     Quantitative:
 applicability of public charge          aliens that are subject to     Benefits:
 inadmissibility.                        the public charge               Benefits of $36.47 per
Adding 8 CFR 212.21. Definitions......   determination.                  applicant from no longer having to
Adding 8 CFR 212.22. Public charge      To establish key definitions,    complete and file Form I-864W.
 determination.                          including ``public charge,''   Costs:
                                         ``public benefit,'' ``likely    DHS anticipates a likely
                                         to become a public charge,''    increase in the number of denials for
                                         ``household,'' and ``receipt    adjustment of status applicants based
                                         of public benefits.''.          on public charge inadmissibility
                                        Clarifies that evaluating        determinations due to formalizing and
                                         public charge is a              standardizing the criteria and process
                                         prospective determination       for inadmissibility determinations.
                                         based on the totality of the   Quantitative:
                                         circumstances..                Benefits:
                                        Outlines minimum and             Better ensure that aliens who
                                         additional factors considered   are seeking admission to the United
                                         when evaluating whether an      States or apply for adjustment of
                                         alien immigrant is              status are self-sufficient through an
                                         inadmissible based on the       improved review process of the
                                         public charge ground.           mandatory statutory factors.
                                         Positive and negative factors
                                         are weighed to determine an
                                         individual's likelihood of
                                         becoming a public charge at
                                         any time in the future..
Adding 8 CFR 212.23. Exemptions and     Outlines exemptions and
 waivers for public charge ground of     waivers for inadmissibility
 inadmissibility.                        based on the public charge
                                         ground.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adding 8 CFR 214.1(a)(3)(iv) and        To provide, with limited        Quantitative:
 amending 8 CFR 214.1(c)(4)(iv).         exceptions, that an            Costs:
 Nonimmigrant general requirements.      application for extension of    $6.1 million annually for an
Amending 8 CFR 248.1(a) and adding 8     stay or change of               increased time burden for completing
 CFR 248.1(c)(4). Change of              nonimmigrant status will be     and filing Form I-129;
 nonimmigrant classification             denied unless the applicant     $0.12 million annually for an
 eligibility.                            demonstrates that he or she     increased time burden for completing
                                         has not received public         and filing Form I-129CW;
                                         benefits since obtaining the    $2.4 million annually for an
                                         nonimmigrant status that he     increased time burden for completing
                                         or she is seeking to extend     and filing Form I-539.
                                         or change, as defined in       Quantitative:
                                         final 8 CFR 212.21(b), for 12  Benefits:
                                         months, in the aggregate,       Better ensures that aliens who
                                         within a 36 month period.       are seeking to extend or change to a
                                                                         status that is not exempt from the
                                                                         section 212(a)(4) inadmissibility
                                                                         ground who apply for extension of stay
                                                                         or change of status continue to be self-
                                                                         sufficient during the duration of their
                                                                         nonimmigrant stay.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amending 8 CFR 245. Adjustment of       To outline requirements that    Quantitative:
 status to that of person admitted for   aliens submit a declaration    Direct Costs:
 lawful permanent residence.             of self-sufficiency on the      Total annual direct costs of
                                         form designated by DHS and      the final rule will range from about
                                         any other evidence requested    $45.5 to $131.2 million, including:
                                         by DHS in the public charge     $25.8 million to applicants who
                                         inadmissibility determination.  must file Form I-944;
                                                                         $0.69 million to applicants
                                                                         applying to adjust status using Form I-
                                                                         485 with an increased time burden;
                                                                            $0.34 million to public
                                                                            charge bond obligors for filing Form
                                                                            I-945; and
                                                                            $823.50 to filers for filing
                                                                            Form I-356.
                                                                         Total costs over a 10-year
                                                                         period will range from:
                                                                            $352.0 million for
                                                                            undiscounted costs;
                                                                            $300.1 million at a 3
                                                                            percent discount rate; and
                                                                            $247.2 million at a 7
                                                                            percent discount rate.
                                                                        Transfer Payments
                                                                         Total annual transfer payments
                                                                         of the final rule would be about $2.47
                                                                         billion from foreign-born non-citizens
                                                                         and their households who disenroll from
                                                                         or forego enrollment in public benefits
                                                                         programs. The federal-level share of
                                                                         annual transfer payments will be about
                                                                         $1.46 billion and the state-level share
                                                                         of annual transfer payments will be
                                                                         about $1.01 billion.
                                                                         Total transfer payments over a
                                                                         10-year period, including the combined
                                                                         federal- and state-level shares, will
                                                                         be:
                                                                            $24.7 billion for
                                                                            undiscounted costs;
                                                                            $21.0 billion at a 3 percent
                                                                            discount rate; and
                                                                            $17.3 billion at a 7 percent
                                                                            discount rate.
                                                                        Quantitative:
                                                                        Benefits:
                                                                         Potential to make USCIS' in the
                                                                         review of public charge inadmissibility
                                                                         more effective.
                                                                        Costs:

[[Page 41488]]

 
                                                                         DHS anticipates a likely
                                                                         increase in the number of denials for
                                                                         adjustment of status applicants based
                                                                         on public charge inadmissibility
                                                                         determinations due to formalizing and
                                                                         standardizing the criteria and process
                                                                         for public charge determination.
                                                                         Costs to various entities and
                                                                         individuals associated with regulatory
                                                                         familiarization with the provisions of
                                                                         the final rule. Costs will include the
                                                                         opportunity cost of time to read the
                                                                         final rule and subsequently determine
                                                                         applicability of the final rule's
                                                                         provisions. DHS estimates that the time
                                                                         to read this final rule in its entirety
                                                                         would be 16 to 20 hours per individual.
                                                                         DHS estimates that the opportunity cost
                                                                         of time will range from about $583.52
                                                                         to $729.40 per individual who must read
                                                                         and review the final rule. However, DHS
                                                                         cannot determine the number of
                                                                         individuals who will read the final
                                                                         rule.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          Public Charge Bond Provisions
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Amending 8 CFR 103.6. Public charge     To set forth the Secretary's    Quantitative:
 bonds.                                  discretion to approve bonds,   Costs:
                                         cancellation, bond schedules,   $34,166 annually to obligors
                                         and breach of bond, and to      for submitting Public Charge Bond (Form
                                         move principles governing       I-945); and
                                         public charge bonds to final    $823.50 annually to filers for
                                         8 CFR 213.1.                    submitting Request for Cancellation of
                                                                         Public Charge Bond (Form I-356).
Amending 8 CFR 103.7. Fees............  To add fees for new Form I-      Fees paid to bond companies to
                                         945, Public Charge Bond, and    secure public charge bonds. Fees could
                                         Form I-356, Request for         range from 1-15 percent of the public
                                         Cancellation of Public Charge   charge bond amount based on an
Amending 8 CFR 213.1. Admission or       Bond.                           individual's credit score.
 adjustment of status of aliens on      In 8 CFR 213.1, to add          Quantitative:
 giving of a public charge bond.         specifics to the public        Benefits:
                                         charge bond provision for       Potentially enable an alien who
                                         aliens who are seeking          was found inadmissible only on the
                                         adjustment of status,           public charge ground to adjust his or
                                         including the discretionary     her status by posting a public charge
                                         availability and the minimum    bond with DHS.
                                         amount required for a public
                                         charge bond.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: USCIS analysis.

    DHS has prepared a full analysis according to E.O.s 12866 and 
13563, and can be found in the docket for this rulemaking or by 
searching for RIN 1615-AA22 on www.regulations.gov. In addition to the 
impacts summarized above and as required by OMB Circular A-4, Table 8 
presents the prepared accounting statement showing the costs associated 
with this final regulation.\857\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \857\ OMB Circular A-4 is available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/circulars/A4/a-4.pdf.

                                      Table 8--OMB A-4 Accounting Statement
                                                    [$, 2018]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Category                 Primary estimate   Minimum estimate  Maximum estimate    Source citation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    BENEFITS:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Monetized Benefits..................  The final rule will produce some benefits for T         RIA.
                                       nonimmigrants applying for adjustment of status based
                                       on their T nonimmigrant status, as this population
                                       will no longer need to submit Form I-601 seeking a
                                       waiver on grounds of inadmissibility. DHS estimates
                                       the total benefits for this population is $15,176
                                       annually.
                                      Form I-485 applicants will no longer have to file Form  ..................
                                       I-864W. Benefits to applicants will be approximately
                                       $36.47 per petition based on the opportunity cost of
                                       time.
                                     --------------------------------------------------------
Annualized quantified, but un-        .................  .................  ................  RIA.
 monetized, benefits.
                                     --------------------------------------------------------
Unquantified Benefits...............  The primary benefit of the final rule is to ensure      RIA.
                                       that aliens who are admitted to the United States or
                                       apply for adjustment of status will not use or
                                       receive one or more public benefits for which they
                                       are entitled to receive, and instead, will rely on
                                       their financial resources, and those of family
                                       members, sponsors, and private organizations.

[[Page 41489]]

 
                                      Potential to improve the efficiency for USCIS in the    ..................
                                       review process for public charge inadmissibility.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                     COSTS:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized monetized costs (discount   (3%) $35,202,698         N/A                N/A        RIA.
 rate in parenthesis).                (7%) $35,202,698.  N/A..............  N/A.............
                                     --------------------------------------------------------
Annualized quantified, but un-        N/A.                                                    ..................
 monetized, costs.
Qualitative (unquantified) costs....  DHS anticipates a likely increase in the number of      RIA.
                                       denials for adjustment of status applicants based on
                                       public charge inadmissibility determinations due to
                                       formalizing and standardizing the criteria and
                                       process for public charge determination.
                                      Costs to various entities and individuals associated
                                       with regulatory familiarization with the provisions
                                       of the rule. Costs will include the opportunity cost
                                       of time to read the final rule and subsequently
                                       determine applicability of the final rule's
                                       provisions. DHS estimates that the time to read this
                                       final rule in its entirety would be 16 to 20 hours
                                       per individual. DHS estimates that the opportunity
                                       cost of time will range from about $583.52 to $729.40
                                       per individual who must read and review the final
                                       rule. However, DHS cannot determine the number of
                                       individuals who will read the final rule.
                                      Fees paid by aliens to obligors to secure public
                                       charge bond.
                                      Other qualitative, unquantified effects of the final
                                       rule could include:
                                        Potential lost productivity,
                                        Adverse health effects,
                                        Additional medical expenses due to delayed
                                       health care treatment, and
                                        Increased disability insurance claims
                                        Administrative changes to business processes
                                       such as reprogramming computer software and
                                       redesigning application forms and processing.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   TRANSFERS:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized monetized transfers: ``on   ($1,455,724,086)         N/A                N/A        RIA.
 budget''.
                                     --------------------------------------------------------
From whom to whom?..................      Reduction in transfer payments from the federal     RIA.
                                          government to public benefits recipients who are
                                        members of households that include foreign-born non-
                                       citizens. This amount includes the estimated federal-
                                          level shares of transfer payments to members of
                                         households that include foreign-born non-citizens.
                                     --------------------------------------------------------
Annualized monetized transfers:        ($1,011,604,874)         N/A                N/A        ..................
 ``off-budget''.
                                     --------------------------------------------------------
    From whom to whom?                Reduction in transfer payments from state governments
                                       to public benefits recipients who are members of
                                       households that include foreign-born non-citizens.
                                       This amount includes the estimated state-level shares
                                       of transfer payments to members of households that
                                       include foreign-born non-citizens. DHS estimates that
                                       the state-level share of transfer payments is 59
                                       percent of the estimated amount of federal transfer
                                       payments. DHS estimates the annual federal-level
                                       share would be about $1.46 billion and the annual
                                       state-level share of transfer payments would be about
                                       $1.01 billion.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


 
    Miscellaneous  analyses/category                         Effects                         Source citation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Effects on state, local, and/or tribal   DHS believes that the rule may have indirect    RIA.
 governments.                             effects on state, local, and/or tribal
                                          government, but DHS does not know the full
                                          extent of the effect on state, local, and/or
                                          tribal governments. There may be costs to
                                          various entities associated with
                                          familiarization of and compliance with the
                                          provisions of the rule, including salaries
                                          and opportunity costs of time to monitor and
                                          understand regulation requirements,
                                          disseminate information, and develop or
                                          modify information technology (IT) systems as
                                          needed. It may be necessary for many
                                          government agencies to update guidance
                                          documents, forms, and webpages. It may be
                                          necessary to prepare training materials and
                                          retrain staff at each level of government,
                                          which will require additional staff time and
                                          will generate associated costs.
Effects on small businesses............  DHS believes there may be some impacts to       RIA.
                                          those small entities that file Form I-129 or
                                          Form I-129CW for beneficiaries that extend
                                          stay or change status. These petitioners will
                                          have an increase in time burden for
                                          completing and filing Form I-129 or Form I-
                                          129CW and possibly have labor turnover costs
                                          if the Form I-129 or Form I-129CW EOS/COS
                                          request is denied and the beneficiary has to
                                          leave the United States or the Commonwealth
                                          of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI),
                                          respectively. DHS also believes that some
                                          surety companies that are small entities may
                                          be impacted by filing Form I-356. DHS
                                          estimates the total annual cost to file Form
                                          I-356 will be about $823.50.

[[Page 41490]]

 
Effects on wages.......................  None..........................................  None.
Effects on growth......................  None..........................................  None.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 601-612, as 
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 
1996, Public Law 104-121 (March 29, 1996), imposes certain requirements 
on Federal agency rules that are subject to the notice and comment 
requirements of the APA, 5 U.S.C. 553(b), and are likely to have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. 
The RFA requires Federal agencies to consider the potential impact of 
regulations on small businesses, small governmental jurisdictions, and 
small organizations during the development of their rules. The term 
``small entities'' comprises small businesses, not-for-profit 
organizations that are independently owned and operated and are not 
dominant in their fields, or governmental jurisdictions with 
populations of less than 50,000.\858\ This final rule requires an 
individual seeking admission at the port of entry or adjusting status 
to establish that he or she is not likely at any time in the future to 
become a public charge. Most of this rule's regulatory changes do not 
fall under the RFA because they directly regulate individuals who are 
not, for purposes of the RFA, within the definition of small entities 
established by 5 U.S.C. 601(6). However, DHS recognizes that there may 
be some provisions of this final rule that would directly regulate 
small entities, and, therefore, DHS has examined the impact of this 
final rule on small entities.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \858\ A small business is defined as any independently owned and 
operated business not dominant in its field that qualifies as a 
small business per the Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. 632.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This final rule would increase the time burden by an additional 30 
minutes for petitioners who file Form I-129 or Form I-129CW on behalf 
of a beneficiary requesting an extension of stay or change of status, 
which would impose direct costs on these petitioners. Additionally, the 
provisions to establish a public charge bond process included in this 
final rule would allow for either an alien or an obligor (individual or 
an entity) to request a cancellation of a public bond. As a result, 
this final rule could have direct impacts on small entities that are 
obligors. DHS also recognizes that a Form I-129 or Form I-129CW 
beneficiary, for whom a Form I-129 or Form I-129CW petitioner (i.e., 
the employer) sought either an extension of stay or a change of status, 
may have to leave the United States if the employer's request was 
denied. In these cases, the petitioner may lose the beneficiary as an 
employee and may incur labor turnover costs. DHS presents this Final 
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (FRFA) to examine these impacts.
1. Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
    The small entities that could be impacted by this final rule are 
those who file Form I-129 or Form I-129CW as petitioners on behalf of 
beneficiaries requesting an extension of stay or change of status as 
well as obligors that would request a cancellation of a public charge 
bond.
a. A Statement of the Need for, and Objectives of, the Rule
    DHS seeks to better ensure that applicants for admission to the 
United States and applicants for adjustment of status to lawful 
permanent resident who are subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility are self-sufficient, i.e., they will rely on their own 
financial resources as well as the financial resources of their family, 
sponsors, and private organizations as necessary.\859\ Under section 
212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), an alien is inadmissible if, 
at the time of an application for admission or adjustment of status, he 
or she is likely at any time to become a public charge. The statute 
requires DHS to consider the following minimum factors that reflect the 
likelihood that an alien will become a public charge: The alien's age; 
health; family status; assets, resources, and financial status; and 
education and skills. In addition, DHS may consider any affidavit of 
support submitted by the alien's sponsor and any other factors relevant 
to the likelihood of the alien becoming a public charge.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \859\ See 8 U.S.C. 1601(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Separate from these requirements, as a condition for permitting 
extension of stay or change of status for certain nonimmigrant aliens, 
this rule requires such aliens (or their petitioning employer) to 
establish that they have not received certain public benefits above a 
particular threshold since obtaining the nonimmigrant status that they 
wish to extend or change. This ``public benefit condition'' serves the 
same policy goals as the rule generally.

b. A statement of the significant issues raised by the public comments 
in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis, a statement 
of the assessment of the agency of such issues, and a statement of any 
changes made in the proposed rule as a result of such comments.
    Comment: Some commenters stated that the rule will negatively 
impact small businesses. An individual commenter stated that the rule 
would undercut small and mid-sized businesses' ability to manage their 
talent pipelines. The commenter stated that nearly 48 percent of 
private-sector workers in the United States are employed in these small 
and mid-sized businesses, and that small businesses rely on strategic 
partnerships and related tools to ensure a strong talent pipeline of 
workers who are equipped with the skills they need. The commenter 
stated that the rule would penalize individuals who often draw upon 
public benefits to support themselves or their families during their 
training period or even when they first begin work. The commenter 
stated that in view of currently low unemployment, employers need 
access to labor that is able to attend training while still relying on 
public benefits programs to provide for their families' basic needs.
    A commenter stated that the RFA mandates that DHS consider more 
impacts than it has such as labor turnover costs, or reduced 
productivity and educational attainment.
    Response: DHS appreciates the comments regarding the effect of the 
rule on small entities, including small business, and DHS's RFA 
analysis. The RFA analysis discusses and estimates the potential direct 
costs that small businesses could incur and explains the limitations 
for providing a more thorough quantification of the potential costs to 
small businesses. Additionally, the economic analysis that accompanies 
this rule, which can be found in the rule docket at 
www.regulations.gov, discusses the direct and indirect effects of the 
rule, including on small businesses. Most of this rule's regulatory 
effects, such as the effects described in the comment summary above, do 
not fall under the RFA because they directly

[[Page 41491]]

regulate individuals who are not, for purposes of the RFA, within the 
definition of small entities established by 5 U.S.C. 601(6). However, 
DHS recognizes that there may be some provisions of this final rule 
that would directly regulate small entities, and, therefore, DHS has 
examined the impact of this final rule on small entities.
    The primary effect on small entities is that this rule will 
increase the time burden for petitioners who file Form I-129 or Form I-
129CW on behalf of a beneficiary requesting an extension of stay or 
change of status, which would impose direct costs on these petitioners 
via opportunity costs of time. DHS also recognizes that a Form I-129 or 
Form I-129CW beneficiary, for whom a Form I-129 or Form I-129CW 
petitioner (i.e., the employer) sought either an extension of stay or a 
change of status, may have to leave the United States if the employer's 
request was denied. In these cases, the petitioner may lose the 
beneficiary as an employee and may incur labor turnover costs. 
Additionally, this rule could have direct impacts on small entities as 
the provisions establish a public charge bond process included in this 
final rule would allow for either an alien or an obligor (individual or 
an entity) to request a cancellation of a public bond.
    DHS believes it has considered all impacts that the RFA requires. 
The courts have held that the RFA requires an agency to perform a 
regulatory flexibility analysis of small entity impacts only when a 
rule directly regulates them.\860\ However, DHS notes that we have also 
considered other, indirect impacts in the economic analysis that 
accompanies this rule.

    \860\ See U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of 
Advocacy. The RFA in a Nutshell: A Condensed Guide to the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act. Oct. 2010. Available at: https://www.sba.gov/advocacy/rfa-nutshell-condensed-guide-regulatory-flexibility-act 
(Last visited July 25, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. The response of the agency to any comments filed by the Chief 
Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration in response 
to the proposed rule, and a detailed statement of any change made to 
the proposed rule in the final rule as a result of the comments.

    No comments were filed by the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the 
Small Business Administration (SBA).

d. A description of and an estimate of the number of small entities to 
which the rule will apply or an explanation of why no such estimate is 
available.

    This final rule will increase the time burden by an additional 30 
minutes for petitioners who file Form I-129 or Form I-129CW on behalf 
of a beneficiary requesting an extension of stay or change of status, 
which would impose direct costs on these petitioners and entities.\861\ 
As previously discussed in the E.O. 12866 section of this final rule, 
DHS estimates an annual population of 336,335 beneficiaries seeking 
extension of stay or change of status through a petitioning employer 
using Form I-129. In addition, DHS estimates an annual population of 
6,307 beneficiaries seeking extension of stay or change of status 
through a petitioning employer using Form I-129CW. DHS estimates that 
the 30-minute increase in the estimated time burden for these 
populations would increase the opportunity cost of time for completing 
and filing Form I-129 and Form I-129CW and would result in about $6.1 
million and about $115,040 million in costs, respectively.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \861\ In the context of Form I-129, a petitioner is typically an 
employer or the representative of an employer who files on behalf of 
a nonimmigrant worker (or beneficiary) to come to the United States 
temporarily to perform services or labor, or to receive training. 
See https://www.uscis.gov/i-129.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The provisions regarding the bond process included in this final 
rule will allow a surety company to become an obligor on a public 
charge bond (Form I-945) and, later, to request a cancellation of such 
a bond (Form I-356). Therefore, this final rule could have some impacts 
to surety companies, some of which are small entities. A request for 
cancellation of a public bond using Form I-356 includes a time burden 
of 15 minutes per request and a fee to DHS of $25.00. The number of 
surety bond companies that might complete and file Forms I-945 and I-
356 is not known due to a lack of historical data and uncertainty in 
the number individuals that may be granted the opportunity to post a 
public charge bond. However, DHS estimates that the filing volume for 
Form I-945 might be about 960 and the filing volume for Form I-356 
might be approximately 25. While DHS cannot predict the exact number of 
surety companies that might be impacted by this final rule, nine out of 
273 Treasury-certified surety companies in fiscal year 2015 posted new 
immigration bonds with ICE.\862\ DHS found that of the nine surety 
companies, four entities were considered ``small'' based on the number 
of employees or revenue being less than their respective SBA size 
standard.\863\ Assuming these nine surety companies post public charge 
bonds with USCIS, we can assume that four surety companies may be 
considered as small entities. However, USCIS cannot predict the exact 
impact to these small entities at this time. We expect that obligors 
would be able to pass along the costs of this rulemaking to the aliens.

    \862\ See DHS, Procedures and Standards for Declining Surety 
Immigration Bonds and Administrative Appeal Requirement for Breaches 
NPRM, 83 FR 25951, 25962-25965 (June 5, 2018).
    \863\ U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of Small 
Business Size Standards Matched to North American Industry 
Classification System (NAICS) Codes, October 1, 2017. https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Size_Standards_Table_2017.pdf 
(Last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

e. A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping, and other 
compliance requirements of the rule, including an estimate of the 
classes of small entities that will be subject to the requirement and 
the type of professional skills necessary for preparation of the report 
or record.

    In addition to time burden costs discussed in Section 4 of this 
FRFA, DHS recognizes that a Form I-129 or Form I-129CW beneficiary, for 
whom a Form I-129 or Form I-129CW petitioner (i.e., the employer) 
sought either an extension of stay or a change of status, may have to 
leave the United States if the employer's request is denied. In these 
cases, the petitioner may lose the beneficiary as an employee and may 
incur labor turnover costs. A 2012 report published by the Center for 
American Progress surveyed several dozen studies that considered both 
direct and indirect costs and determined that turnover costs per 
employee ranged from 10 to 30 percent of the salary for most salaried 
workers.\864\ An employer paid an average of about 20 percent of the 
worker's salary in total labor turnover costs. Specifically, for 
workers earning $50,000 or less, and for workers earning $75,000 or 
less, the average turnover cost was about 20 percent for both earning 
levels. According to the study, these earning levels corresponded to 
the 75th and 90th percentiles of typical earnings, respectively. 
Assuming Form I-129 and Form I-129CW beneficiaries are employed, DHS 
believes it is reasonable to assume an annual mean wage of $50,620 
across all occupations.\865\ Assuming an average labor turnover cost of 
20 percent of $50,620, on average, an employer could incur costs of 
approximately $10,124 per beneficiary

[[Page 41492]]

that would be separated from employment as a result of a denied request 
for an extension of stay or change of status. However, DHS does not 
know the number of small entities within this population of petitioners 
that might incur labor turnover costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \864\ See ``There Are Significant Business Costs to Replacing 
Employees,'' by Heather Boushey and Sarah Jane Glynn (2012), Center 
for American Progress, available: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2012/11/16/44464/there-are-significant-business-costs-to-replacing-employees/ (last visited July 26, 2019).
    \865\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2017 National Occupational 
Employment and Wage Estimates, All Occupations https://www.bls.gov/oes/2017/may/oes_nat.htm (last visited July 26, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, DHS also recognizes that a Form I-129 or Form I-129CW 
beneficiary, for whom a Form I-129 or Form I-129CW petitioner (i.e., 
the employer) sought either an extension of stay or a change of status 
and the request was denied, may still be able to get a visa and return 
to the U.S., including pursuant to other means.
    DHS does not believe it would be necessary for Form I-129 or Form 
I-129CW petitioners, or for surety bond companies (obligors) to acquire 
additional types of professional skills as a result of this final rule. 
These petitioners and obligors should already possess the expertise to 
fill out the associated forms for this final rule. Additionally, these 
petitioners and obligors would be familiar with the final rule and such 
familiarization costs are accounted for the in the E.O. 12866 sections.

f. Description of the steps the agency has taken to minimize the 
significant economic impact on small entities consistent with the 
stated objectives of applicable statutes, including a statement of 
factual, policy, and legal reasons for selecting the alternative 
adopted in the final rule and why each one of the other significant 
alternatives to the rule considered by the agency which affect the 
impact on small entities was rejected.

    DHS considered a range of potential alternatives to the final rule. 
First, under a ``no action'' alternative, DHS would continue 
administering the public charge ground of inadmissibility under the 
1999 Interim Field Guidance, and would not impose a public benefit 
condition for extension of stay and change of status. For reasons 
explained more fully elsewhere in the preamble to the final rule, DHS 
determined that this alternative would not adequately ensure the self-
sufficiency of aliens subject to the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility. Second, DHS considered including a more expansive 
definition of ``public benefit,'' potentially to include a range of 
non-cash benefit programs falling in specific categories (such as other 
programs that provide assistance for basic food and nutrition, housing, 
and healthcare). For reasons explained more fully elsewhere in the 
preamble to the final rule, DHS chose the approach contained in this 
final rule--a more limited list of cash benefits for income maintenance 
and high-expenditure non-cash benefits. DHS expects that, as compared 
to the broader alternative, the approach DHS decided to pursue may 
reduce the overall effect of the rule on transfers, but enhance its 
administrability and predictability. Employers filing Forms I-129 and 
I-129CW, and surety companies will have a better understanding of the 
types of non-cash benefits that may be covered under this final rule 
than they would under the broader alternative, and may realize cost 
savings as a result. In addition, certain indirect effects of the rule 
may be different as a result of the decision to reject this 
alternative.
    DHS has revised the final rule to eliminate the future-looking 
aspect of the public benefit condition, which will reduce burden on 
small entities.

C. Congressional Review Act

    DHS has sent this final rule to the Congress and to the Comptroller 
General under the Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq. The 
Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs has 
determined that this rule is a ``major rule'' within the meaning of the 
Congressional Review Act. The rule therefore requires at least a 60-day 
delayed effective date.

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) is intended, among 
other things, to curb the practice of imposing unfunded Federal 
mandates on State, local, and tribal governments. Title II of UMRA 
requires each Federal agency to prepare a written statement assessing 
the effects of any Federal mandate in a proposed or final agency rule 
that may directly result in a $100 million or more expenditure 
(adjusted annually for inflation) in any one year by State, local, and 
tribal governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector. The 
inflation-adjusted value of $100 million in 1995 is approximately $165 
million in 2018 based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban 
Consumers (CPI-U).\866\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \866\ U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Historical Consumer Price 
Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. City Average, All Items, 
available at https://www.bls.gov/cpi/tables/supplemental-files/historical-cpi-u-201902.pdf (last visited April 25, 2019).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This final rule does not contain such a mandate as it does not 
include any Federal mandate that may result in increased expenditures 
by State, local, or tribal governments; nor does it increase private 
sector expenditures by more than $165 million annually (inflation 
adjusted); nor does it significantly or uniquely affect small 
governments. Accordingly, the UMRA requires no further agency action or 
analysis.

E. Executive Order 13132 (Federalism)

    This final rule does not have federalism implications because it 
does not have substantial direct effects on the States, on the 
relationship between the national government and the States, or on the 
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government. Accordingly, E.O. 13132, Federalism, requires no further 
agency action or analysis.

F. Executive Order 12988 (Civil Justice Reform)

    This final rule was drafted and reviewed in accordance with E.O. 
12988, Civil Justice Reform. This final rule was written to provide a 
clear legal standard for affected conduct and was carefully reviewed to 
eliminate drafting errors and ambiguities, so as to minimize litigation 
and undue burden on the Federal court system. DHS has determined that 
this final rule meets the applicable standards provided in section 3 of 
E.O. 12988.

G. Executive Order 13175 Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This final rule does not have ``tribal implications'' because it 
does not have substantial direct effects on one or more Indian tribes, 
on the relationship between the Federal Government and Indian tribes, 
or on the distribution of power and responsibilities between the 
Federal Government and Indian tribes. Accordingly, E.O. 13175, 
Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments, requires 
no further agency action or analysis.

H. Family Assessment

    Section 654 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations 
Act, 1999 (Pub. L. 105-277) requires Federal agencies to issue a Family 
Policymaking Assessment for any rule that may affect family well-being. 
Agencies must assess whether the regulatory action: (1) Impacts the 
stability or safety of the family, particularly in terms of marital 
commitment; (2) impacts the authority of parents in the education, 
nurture, and supervision of their children; (3) helps the family 
perform its functions; (4) affects disposable income or poverty of 
families and children; (5) if the regulatory action financially impacts 
families, are justified; (6) may be carried out by State or local 
government or by the family; and (7) establishes a policy

[[Page 41493]]

concerning the relationship between the behavior and personal 
responsibility of youth and the norms of society. If the determination 
is affirmative, then the Agency must prepare an impact assessment to 
address criteria specified in the law. As discussed in the NPRM,\867\ 
DHS has determined that the rule may decrease disposable income and 
increase the poverty of certain families and children, including U.S. 
citizen children. DHS continues to be of the opinion that the benefits 
of the action justify the financial impact on the family. Additionally, 
because the final rule considers public benefits for purposes of the 
inadmissibility determination that were not considered under the 1999 
Interim Field Guidance, DHS determined that the aliens found 
inadmissible under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(4), 
will likely increase. However, given the compelling need for this 
rulemaking, including but not limited to ensuring self-sufficiency and 
minimizing the incentive to immigrate based on the U.S. social safety 
net, DHS determined that this rulemaking's impact is justified and no 
further actions are required. DHS also determined that this final rule 
will not have any impact on the autonomy or integrity of the family as 
an institution.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \867\ See Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds, 83 FR 51114, 
51277 (proposed Oct. 10, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

I. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    DHS analyzes actions to determine whether NEPA applies to them and 
if so what degree of analysis is required. DHS Directive (Dir) 023-01 
Rev. 01 and Instruction Manual (Inst.) 023-01-001 Rev. 01 establish the 
procedures that DHS and its components use to comply with NEPA and the 
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations for implementing 
NEPA, 40 CFR parts 1500 through 1508. The CEQ regulations allow Federal 
agencies to establish, with CEQ review and concurrence, categories of 
actions (``categorical exclusions'') which experience has shown do not 
individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human 
environment and, therefore, do not require an Environmental Assessment 
(EA) or Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). 40 CFR 1507.3(b)(1)(iii), 
1508.4. DHS Instruction 023-01-001 Rev. 01 establishes such Categorical 
Exclusions that DHS has found to have no such effect. Inst. 023-01-001 
Rev. 01 Appendix A Table 1. For an action to be categorically excluded, 
DHS Inst. 023-01-001 Rev. 01 requires the action to satisfy each of the 
following three conditions:
    (1) The entire action clearly fits within one or more of the 
Categorical Exclusions;
    (2) the action is not a piece of a larger action; and
    (3) no extraordinary circumstances exist that create the potential 
for a significant environmental effect.

Inst. 023-01-001 Rev. 01 section V.B(1)-(3).

    DHS has analyzed this action and has concluded that NEPA does not 
apply due to the excessively speculative nature of any effort to 
conduct an impact analysis. This final rule fits within the Categorical 
Exclusion found in DHS Inst. 023-01-001 Rev. 01, Appendix A, Table 1, 
number A3(d): ``Promulgation of rules . . . that interpret or amend an 
existing regulation without changing its environmental effect.'' This 
final rule is not part of a larger action. This final rule presents no 
extraordinary circumstances creating the potential for significant 
environmental effects. Therefore, this final rule is categorically 
excluded from further NEPA review.
    This final rule applies to applicants for admission or adjustment 
of status, as long as the individual is applying for an immigration 
status that is subject to the public charge ground of inadmissibility. 
In addition, this final rule would potentially affect individuals 
applying for an extension of stay or change of status because these 
individuals would have to demonstrate that they have not received, 
since obtaining the nonimmigrant status they are seeking to extend or 
change, public benefits for a duration of more than 12 months in the 
aggregate within a 36-month period. As discussed in detail above, this 
final rule establishes a definition of public charge and expands the 
types of public benefits that DHS would consider as part of its public 
charge inadmissibility determinations. The final rule also proposes to 
establish a regulatory framework based on the statutory factors that 
must be considered in public charge determinations, including enhanced 
evidentiary requirements for public charge inadmissibility 
determinations by USCIS. Finally, the final rule revises the public 
charge bond process. Overall, the final rule requires an in-depth 
adjudication that may result in additional findings of inadmissibility, 
ineligibility for adjustment of status on public charge grounds, or 
denials of requests for extension of stay or change of status based on 
the public benefit condition.
    DHS cannot estimate with any degree of certainty the extent to 
which any potentially increased findings of inadmissibility on public 
charge grounds would result in fewer individuals being admitted to the 
United States. DHS is similarly unable to estimate the extent to which 
there would be an increased denial of applications for extension of 
stay or change of status. Even if DHS could estimate any of these 
numerical effects, any assessment of derivative environmental effect at 
the national level would be unduly speculative. This final rule is not 
part of a larger action. This final rule presents no extraordinary 
circumstances creating the potential for significant environmental 
effects. Therefore, this final rule is categorically excluded from 
further NEPA review.

J. Paperwork Reduction Act

    Under the PRA, all Departments are required to submit to OMB, for 
review and approval, any reporting requirements inherent in a rule. See 
Public Law 104-13, 109 Stat. 163 (May 22, 1995). Table 9 below is a 
listing of all forms impacted by this rule.

[[Page 41494]]



                                            Table 9--Summary of Forms
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                Applicability to
     Form           Form name        New or updated    General purpose     General categories     public charge
                                         forms             of form               filing               rule
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I-944.........  Declaration of     New..............  This form is used  Anyone who is subject  This form is the
                 Self-Sufficiency.                     to demonstrate     to a public charge     primary basis
                                                       that an alien is   inadmissibility        for determining
                                                       not likely to      determination. See     whether an
                                                       become a public    Tables 2-7 for a       applicant is
                                                       charge.            full list.             inadmissible on
                                                                                                 public charge
                                                                                                 grounds, as it
                                                                                                 asks questions
                                                                                                 about the
                                                                                                 factors
                                                                                                 considered.
I-356.........  Request for        Update--Previousl  This form is used  An obligor who posted  This form is
                 Cancellation of    y discontinued.    to request         Form I-945 on the      used to seek
                 a Public Charge                       cancellation of    alien's behalf or an   cancellation of
                 Bond.                                 the bond that      alien who posted       the Form I-945
                                                       was submitted on   Form I-945 posted on   the criteria as
                                                       Form I-945,        his or her own         provided in the
                                                       Public Charge      behalf, and who        rule.
                                                       Bond, on behalf    seeks to cancel Form
                                                       of an alien.       I-945 because the
                                                                          alien has
                                                                          permanently departed
                                                                          the United States,
                                                                          naturalized, or
                                                                          died; the obligor or
                                                                          the alien seeks
                                                                          cancellation of the
                                                                          bond following the
                                                                          alien's fifth
                                                                          anniversary of
                                                                          admission to the
                                                                          United States as a
                                                                          lawful permanent
                                                                          resident; or the
                                                                          alien, following the
                                                                          initial grant of
                                                                          lawful permanent
                                                                          resident status,
                                                                          obtains an
                                                                          immigration status
                                                                          that is exempt from
                                                                          the public charge
                                                                          ground of
                                                                          inadmissibility.
I-945.........  Public Charge      New..............  This form is the   For aliens             If an alien
                 Bond.                                 bond contract      inadmissible only      seeking
                                                       between USCIS      based on public        adjustment of
                                                       and the obligor.   charge and who are     status has been
                                                                          permitted to post      found
                                                                          bond. The form is      inadmissible he
                                                                          completed by the       or she may be
                                                                          obligor, who posts     admitted to the
                                                                          the bond on the        United States
                                                                          alien's behalf.        upon the
                                                                                                 posting of a
                                                                                                 suitable and
                                                                                                 proper a bond
                                                                                                 at the
                                                                                                 discretion of
                                                                                                 DHS.
I-485.........  Application to     Update--adds       This form is used  For aliens applying    Adjustment of
                 Register           questions and      by aliens          for adjustment of      status
                 Permanent          instructions to    present in the     status including:      applicants
                 Residence or       clarify what       United States to   Immediate relatives    generally must
                 Adjust Status.     categories need    obtain lawful      (spouses, children,    be admissible,
                                    to file Form I-    permanent          and parents of U.S.    including with
                                    944 and Form I-    resident status..  citizens) Family-      regard to the
                                    864.                                  based immigrants       public charge
                                                                          (principal             inadmissibility
                                                                          beneficiaries and      ground.
                                                                          their dependents)
                                                                          Employment-based
                                                                          immigrants
                                                                          (principal
                                                                          beneficiaries and
                                                                          their dependents)
                                                                          Those who entered as
                                                                          Ks (Fiance(e)s or
                                                                          certain spouses of
                                                                          U.S. citizens, and
                                                                          their children) who
                                                                          are seeking lawful
                                                                          permanent resident
                                                                          status based on the
                                                                          primary
                                                                          beneficiary's
                                                                          marriage to the U.S.
                                                                          citizen petitioner.
I-864.........  Affidavit of       Update--reference  Statement/         Most family-based      The affidavit of
                 Support Under      to Form I-864W,    contract           immigrants and some    support, when
                 Section 213A of    which is being     provided by a      employment-based       required, is
                 the INA.           discontinued.      sponsor to show    immigrants must have   part of the
                                                       that the sponsor   a sponsor submit       public charge
                                                       has adequate       this form. See         inadmissibility
                                                       financial          additional Tables 2-   determination.
                                                       resources to       7 for a full list.
                                                       support the
                                                       alien.

[[Page 41495]]

 
I-864EZ.......  Affidavit of       Update--reference  Statement/         The sponsor is the     The affidavit of
                 Support Under      to Form I-864W,    contract           person who filed or    support, when
                 Section 213A of    which is being     provided by        is filing Form I-      required, is
                 the Act.           discontinued.      sponsor to show    130, Petition for      part of the
                                                       that the sponsor   Alien Relative, for    public charge
                                                       has adequate       a relative being       inadmissibility
                                                       financial          sponsored; the         determination.
                                                       resources to       relative the sponsor
                                                       support the        is sponsoring is the
                                                       alien. This is a   only person listed
                                                       simpler version    on Form I-130; and
                                                       of Form I-864.     the income the
                                                                          sponsor is using to
                                                                          qualify is based
                                                                          entirely on the
                                                                          sponsor's salary or
                                                                          pension and is shown
                                                                          on one or more
                                                                          Internal Revenue
                                                                          Service (IRS) Form W-
                                                                          2s provided by the
                                                                          sponsor's employers
                                                                          or former employers.
I-864W........  Request for        Discontinued--inf  Certain classes    Aliens who have        Although some
                 Exemption for      ormation           of immigrants      earned 40 quarters     people may be
                 Intending          incorporated       are exempt from    of SSA coverage.       exempt from the
                 Immigrant's        into Form I-485.   the affidavit of   Children who will      affidavit of
                 Affidavit of                          support, Form I-   become U.S. citizens   support
                 Support.                              864, requirement   upon entry or          requirement,
                                                       and therefore      adjustment into the    the person may
                                                       must file Form I-  United States under    still be
                                                       864W instead.      INA 320. Self-         subject to
                                                                          Petitioning            public charge.
                                                                          Widow(er) Form I-
                                                                          360, Petition for
                                                                          Amerasian, Widow(er)
                                                                          or Special
                                                                          Immigrant; Self-
                                                                          Petitioning bettered
                                                                          spouse or child.
I-129.........  Petition for       Update--adds       This form issued    E-2 CNMI--    As a condition
                 Nonimmigrant       questions and      by an employer     treaty investor        of granting
                 Worker.            instructions       to petition        exclusively in the     extension of
                                    about receipt of   USCIS for an       Commonwealth of the    stay and change
                                    public benefits.   alien              Northern Mariana       of status, the
                                                       beneficiary to     Islands (CNMI).        applicant must
                                                       come temporarily   H-1B--         show that he or
                                                       to the United      specialty occupation   she has not
                                                       States as a        worker; an alien       received, since
                                                       nonimmigrant to    coming to perform      obtaining the
                                                       perform services   services of an         nonimmigrant
                                                       or labor, or to    exceptional nature     status he or
                                                       receive            that relate to a       she is seeking
                                                       training. This     U.S. Department of     to extend or
                                                       form is also       Defense-administered   change public
                                                       used by certain    project; or a          benefits, as
                                                       nonimmigrants to   fashion model of       defined in 8
                                                       apply for EOS or   distinguished merit    CFR 212.21(b),
                                                       COS.               and ability.           for more than
                                                                          H-2A--         12 months in
                                                                          temporary              the aggregate,
                                                                          agricultural worker.   within a 36-
                                                                          H-2B--         month period.
                                                                          temporary
                                                                          nonagricultural
                                                                          worker.
                                                                          H-3--trainee
                                                                          L-1--
                                                                          intracompany
                                                                          transferee.
                                                                          O-1--alien
                                                                          of extraordinary
                                                                          ability in arts,
                                                                          science, education,
                                                                          business, or
                                                                          athletics.
                                                                          O-2--
                                                                          accompanying alien
                                                                          who is coming to the
                                                                          United States to
                                                                          assist in the
                                                                          artistic or athletic
                                                                          performance of an O-
                                                                          1 artist or athlete.
                                                                          P-1--major
                                                                          league sports.
                                                                          P-1--
                                                                          internationally
                                                                          recognized athlete/
                                                                          entertainment group.
                                                                          P-1S--
                                                                          essential support
                                                                          personnel for a P-1.
                                                                          P-2--artist/
                                                                          entertainer in
                                                                          reciprocal exchange
                                                                          program.
                                                                          P-2S--
                                                                          essential support
                                                                          personnel for a P-2.
                                                                          P-3--artist/
                                                                          entertainer coming
                                                                          to the United States
                                                                          to perform, teach,
                                                                          or coach under a
                                                                          program that is
                                                                          culturally unique.
                                                                          P-3S--
                                                                          essential support
                                                                          personnel for a P-3.
                                                                          Q-1--alien
                                                                          coming temporarily
                                                                          to participate in an
                                                                          international
                                                                          cultural exchange
                                                                          program. Extension
                                                                          of Status.
                                                                          E-1--treaty
                                                                          trader.
                                                                          E-2--treaty
                                                                          investor (not
                                                                          including E-2 CNMI
                                                                          treaty investors).
                                                                          E-3--Free
                                                                          Trade Agreement
                                                                          professionals from
                                                                          Australia. Free
                                                                          Trade Nonimmigrants--
                                                                          H-1B1 specialty
                                                                          occupation workers
                                                                          from Chile or
                                                                          Singapore and TN
                                                                          professionals from
                                                                          Canada or Mexico.
                                                                          R-1--
                                                                          religious worker.

[[Page 41496]]

 
I-129CW.......  Petition for a     Update--adds       .................  This form is used by   As a condition
                 CNMI-Only          questions and                         an employer to         of granting
                 Nonimmigrant       instructions                          request an extension   extension of
                 Transitional       about receipt of                      of stay or change of   stay and change
                 Worker.            public benefits.                      status for a           of status, the
                                                                          Commonwealth of the    applicant must
                                                                          Northern Mariana       show that he or
                                                                          Islands (CNMI)         she has not
                                                                          temporarily to         received, since
                                                                          perform services or    obtaining the
                                                                          labor as a CW-1,       nonimmigrant
                                                                          CNMI-Only              status he or
                                                                          Transitional Worker.   she is seeking
                                                                                                 to extend or
                                                                                                 change public
                                                                                                 benefits, as
                                                                                                 defined in 8
                                                                                                 CFR 212.21(b),
                                                                                                 for more than
                                                                                                 12 months in
                                                                                                 the aggregate
                                                                                                 within a 36-
                                                                                                 month period.
I-539.........  Application to     Update--adds       This form is used  CNMI residents         As a condition
                 Extend/Change      questions and      by certain         applying for an        of granting
                 Nonimmigrant       instructions       nonimmigrants      initial grant of       extension of
                 Status.            about receipt of   (principal         status; Student (F)    stay and change
                                    public benefits    filers) to apply   and vocational         of status, the
                                    for principal      for an extension   students (M)           applicant must
                                    aliens.            of stay or         applying for           show that he or
                                                       change of          reinstatement; and     she has not
                                                       status. In         Persons seeking V      received since
                                                       certain            nonimmigrant status    obtaining the
                                                       circumstances,     or an extension of     nonimmigrant
                                                       this form may be   stay as a V            status he or
                                                       used as an         nonimmigrant (spouse   she is seeking
                                                       initial            or child of a lawful   to extend or
                                                       nonimmigrant       permanent resident     from which he
                                                       status, or         who filed a petition   or she is
                                                       reinstatement of   on or before           seeking to
                                                       F-1 or M-1         December 21, 2000).    change public
                                                       status                                    benefits, as
                                                       (students).                               defined in 8
                                                                                                 CFR 212.21(b),
                                                                                                 for more than
                                                                                                 12 months in
                                                                                                 the aggregate
                                                                                                 within a 36-
                                                                                                 month period.
I-539A........  .................  Update--adds       This form is used  Co-Applicants of I-    As a condition
                                    questions and      by certain         539 principal filers.  of granting
                                    instructions       nonimmigrants                             extension of
                                    about receipt of   (co-applicants                            stay and change
                                    public benefits    of the primary I-                         of status, the
                                    by co-applicants   539 applicants)                           co-applicant
                                    of I-539           to apply for an                           must show that
                                    applicants.        extension of                              he or she has
                                                       stay or change                            not received,
                                                       of status.                                since obtaining
                                                                                                 the
                                                                                                 nonimmigrant
                                                                                                 status he or
                                                                                                 she is seeking
                                                                                                 to extend or
                                                                                                 from which he
                                                                                                 or she is
                                                                                                 seeking to
                                                                                                 change, public
                                                                                                 benefits, as
                                                                                                 defined in 8
                                                                                                 CFR 212.21(b),
                                                                                                 for more than
                                                                                                 12 months in
                                                                                                 the aggregate
                                                                                                 within a 36-
                                                                                                 month period.

[[Page 41497]]

 
I-912.........  Request for Fee    Update--provides   This form may be   Certain Form I-485     A request of a
                 Waiver.            a notice that a    filed with         applicants,            fee waiver is a
                                    request for a      certain USCIS      generally those who    factor in the
                                    fee waiver may     applications,      are not subject to     determination
                                    be a factor in     petitions, and     the public charge      of Public
                                    the public         requests in        ground of              Charge.
                                    charge             order to request   inadmissibility and
                                    determination.     a fee waiver.      those applying under
                                                                          certain humanitarian
                                                                          programs, may
                                                                          request a fee waiver
                                                                          on Form I-912.
                                                                          Applicants for E-2
                                                                          CNMI investor
                                                                          nonimmigrant status
                                                                          under 8 CFR
                                                                          214.2(e)(23) filing
                                                                          Form I-129 or Form I-
                                                                          539 may request a
                                                                          fee waiver..
I-407.........  Record of          No changes.......  This form is used  An alien who wants to  If a public
                 Abandonment of                        to record an       record the voluntary   charge bond has
                 Lawful Permanent                      alien's            abandonment of his     been posted on
                 Resident Status.                      abandonment of     or her lawful          the alien's
                                                       status as a        permanent resident     behalf, the
                                                       lawful permanent   status.                obligor or the
                                                       resident in the                           alien may
                                                       United States.                            request that
                                                                                                 the bond be
                                                                                                 cancelled
                                                                                                 because the
                                                                                                 alien
                                                                                                 permanently
                                                                                                 departed the
                                                                                                 United States.
                                                                                                 The alien shows
                                                                                                 that he or she
                                                                                                 voluntarily
                                                                                                 abandoned his
                                                                                                 or her status
                                                                                                 by submitting
                                                                                                 proof that he
                                                                                                 or she executed
                                                                                                 Form I-407 and
                                                                                                 that he or she
                                                                                                 physically
                                                                                                 departed the
                                                                                                 United States.
I-693.........  Report of Medical  No changes.......  This form is used  Generally, adjustment  Form I-693 is
                 Examination and                       to report          of status applicants   used as part of
                 Vaccination                           results of an      are required to        the health
                 Record.                               immigration        submit Form I-693.     factor to
                                                       medical            Nonimmigrants          identify
                                                       examination        seeking a change or    medical
                                                       performed by a     extension of status    conditions that
                                                       civil surgeon to   are generally not      will affect an
                                                       USCIS..            required to submit     applicant's
                                                                          Form I-693, except     ability to
                                                                          for nonimmigrants      provide and
                                                                          seeking a change of    care for
                                                                          status to spouse of    himself or
                                                                          legal permanent        herself, to
                                                                          resident (V) status.   attend school
                                                                          See table in https://  or to work.
                                                                          www.uscis.gov/
                                                                          policymanual/HTML/
                                                                          PolicyManual-Volume8-
                                                                          PartB-Chapter3.html.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To conform with the requirements set forth by the PRA, on October 
10, 2018, at 83 FR 51114, USCIS requested comments on the following 
information collection. USCIS did receive comments on some of these 
information collections after publishing that notice. USCIS responded 
to these comments above in Section III. At this time, the following 
forms are not open for comment.
USCIS Form I-944
    (1) Type of Information Collection Request: New Collection.
    (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Declaration of Self-Sufficiency.
    (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component of the 
DHS sponsoring the collection: Form I-944; USCIS.
    (4) Affected public who will be asked or required to respond, as 
well as a brief abstract: Primary: Individuals or households. USCIS 
will require an individual applying to adjust status to lawful 
permanent residence (Form I-485) and who is subject to the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility to file Form I-944. The data collected 
on these forms will be used by USCIS to determine the likelihood of a 
declarant becoming a public charge based on the factors regarding age; 
health; family status; assets, resources, and financial status; and 
education and skills. The information collection serves the purpose of 
standardizing public charge evaluation metrics and ensures that 
declarants provide all essential information required for USCIS to 
assess self-sufficiency and adjudicate the declaration. If USCIS 
determines that a declarant is likely to become a public charge, the 
declarant may need to provide additional evidence to overcome this 
determination.
    (5) An estimate of the total number of respondents and the amount 
of time estimated for an average respondent to respond: The estimated 
total number of respondents for the information collection I-944 is 
382,264 and the estimated hour burden per response is 4.5 hours.
    (6) An estimate of the total public burden (in hours) associated 
with the collection: The total estimated annual hour burden associated 
with this collection is 1,720,188 hours.
    (7) An estimate of the total public burden (in cost) associated 
with the collection: The estimated total annual cost burden associated 
with this collection of information is $177,943,892.

[[Page 41498]]

USCIS Form I-356
    (1) Type of Information Collection Request: New Collection.
    (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Request for Cancellation of 
Public Charge Bond.
    (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component of the 
DHS sponsoring the collection: Form I-356; USCIS.
    (4) Affected public who will be asked or required to respond, as 
well as a brief abstract: Primary: Individuals or household, business 
or other for profits. The alien (on whose behalf a public charge bond 
has been posted) or the obligor (surety) (who is the obligor who posted 
a bond on the alien's behalf). The form is used to request cancellation 
of the public charge bond because of the alien's naturalization, 
permanent departure, or death. The form is also used by the alien or 
the obligor to request cancellation of the public charge bond upon the 
fifth anniversary of the alien's admission to the United States as a 
lawful permanent resident.
    (5) An estimate of the total number of respondents and the amount 
of time estimated for an average respondent to respond: The estimated 
total number of respondents for the information collection I-356 is 25 
and the estimated hour burden per response is 0.75 hour.
    (6) An estimate of the total public burden (in hours) associated 
with the collection: The total estimated annual hour burden associated 
with this collection is 19 hours.
    (7) An estimate of the total public burden (in cost) associated 
with the collection: The estimated total annual cost burden associated 
with this collection of information is $6,250.
USCIS Form I-945
    (1) Type of Information Collection Request: New Collection.
    (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Public Charge Bond.
    (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component of the 
DHS sponsoring the collection: Form I-945; USCIS.
    (4) Affected public who will be asked or required to respond, as 
well as a brief abstract: Primary: Individuals or households, business 
or other for profit. In certain instances, a surety bond, or cash or 
any cash equivalent and contract to secure the bond, can be posted on 
behalf of the alien to guarantee a set of conditions set by the 
Government concerning an alien, i.e., that the alien will not become a 
public charge as defined in 8 CFR 212.21 because he or she will not 
receive public benefits, as defined in the rule, after the alien's 
adjustment of status to that of a lawful permanent resident. An 
acceptable surety is generally any company listed on the Department of 
the Treasury's Listing of Approved Sureties (Department Circular 570) 
in effect on the date the bond is requested or an individual or an 
entity that deposits cash or a cash equivalent, such as a cashier's 
check or money order for the full value of the bond.
    (5) An estimate of the total number of respondents and the amount 
of time estimated for an average respondent to respond: The estimated 
total number of respondents for the information collection I-945 is 960 
and the estimated hour burden per response is one hour.
    (6) An estimate of the total public burden (in hours) associated 
with the collection: The total estimated annual hour burden associated 
with this collection is 960 hours.
    (7) An estimate of the total public burden (in cost) associated 
with the collection: The estimated total annual cost burden associated 
with this collection of information is $0.
USCIS Form I-485
    (1) Type of Information Collection Request: Revision of a Currently 
Approved Collection.
    (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Application to Register Permanent 
Residence or Adjust Status.
    (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component of the 
DHS sponsoring the collection: Form I-485; Supplement A; and Supplement 
J; USCIS.
    (4) Affected public who will be asked or required to respond, as 
well as a brief abstract: Primary: Individuals or households. The 
information collected is used to determine eligibility to adjust status 
under section 245 of the INA.
    (5) An estimate of the total number of respondents and the amount 
of time estimated for an average respondent to respond: The estimated 
total number of respondents for the information collection I-485 is 
382,264 and the estimated hour burden per response is 6.42 hours. The 
estimated total number of respondents for the information collection 
Supplement A is 36,000 and the estimated hour burden per response is 
1.25 hours. The estimated total number of respondents for the 
information collection Supplement J is 28,309 and the estimated hour 
burden per response is one hour. The estimated total number of 
respondents for the information collection of Biometrics is 305,811 and 
the estimated hour burden per response is 1.17 hours.
    (6) An estimate of the total public burden (in hours) associated 
with the collection: The total estimated annual hour burden associated 
with this collection is 2,885,243 hours.
    (7) An estimate of the total public burden (in cost) associated 
with the collection: The estimated total annual cost burden associated 
with this collection of information is $131,116,552.
USCIS Forms I-864; I-864A; I-864EZ
    (1) Type of Information Collection Request: Revision of a Currently 
Approved Collection.
    (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Affidavit of Support Under 
Section 213A of the INA; Contract Between Sponsor and Household Member; 
Affidavit of Support under Section 213 of the Act.
    (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component of the 
DHS sponsoring the collection: Form I-864; Form I-864A; and Form I-
864EZ; USCIS.
    (4) Affected public who will be asked or required to respond, as 
well as a brief abstract: Primary: Individuals or households. Form I-
864: USCIS uses the data collected on Form I-864 to determine whether 
the sponsor has the ability to support the sponsored alien under 
section 213A of the INA. This form standardizes evaluation of a 
sponsor's ability to support the sponsored alien and ensures that basic 
information required to assess eligibility is provided by petitioners. 
The information collection required on Form I-864A is necessary for 
public benefit agencies to enforce the affidavit of support in the 
event the sponsor used income of his or her household members to reach 
the required income level and the public benefit agencies are 
requesting reimbursement from the sponsor. Form I-864A: Form I-864A is 
a contract between the sponsor and the sponsor's household members. It 
is only required if the sponsor used income of his or her household 
members to reach the required 125 percent of the FPG. The contract 
holds these household members jointly and severally liable for the 
support of the sponsored immigrant. The information collection required 
on Form I-864A is necessary for public benefit agencies to enforce the 
affidavit of support in the event the sponsor used income of his or her 
household members to reach the required income level and the public 
benefit agencies are requesting reimbursement from the sponsor. Form I-
864EZ: USCIS uses Form I- 864EZ in exactly the same way as Form I-864; 
however, USCIS collects less information from the sponsors as

[[Page 41499]]

less information is needed from those who qualify in order to make an 
adjudication.
    (5) An estimate of the total number of respondents and the amount 
of time estimated for an average respondent to respond: The estimated 
total number of respondents for the information collection I-864 is 
453,345 and the estimated hour burden per response is 6 hours. The 
estimated total number of respondents for the information collection I-
864A is 215,800 and the estimated hour burden per response is 1.75 
hours. The estimated total number of respondents for the information 
collection I-864EZ is 100,000 and the estimated hour burden per 
response is 2.5 hours.
    (6) An estimate of the total public burden (in hours) associated 
with the collection: The total estimated annual hour burden associated 
with this collection is 3,347,720 hours.
    (7) An estimate of the total public burden (in cost) associated 
with the collection: The estimated total annual cost burden associated 
with this collection of information is $135,569,525.
USCIS Form I-129
    (1) Type of Information Collection Request: Revision of a Currently 
Approved Collection.
    (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Petition for Nonimmigrant Worker.
    (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component of the 
DHS sponsoring the collection: Form I-129; USCIS.
    (4) Affected public who will be asked or required to respond, as 
well as a brief abstract: Primary: Business or other for-profit. USCIS 
uses the data collected on this form to determine eligibility for the 
requested nonimmigrant petition and/or requests to extend or change 
nonimmigrant status. An employer (or agent, where applicable) uses this 
form to petition USCIS for an alien to temporarily enter as a 
nonimmigrant. An employer (or agent, where applicable) also uses this 
form to request an extension of stay or change of status on behalf of 
the alien worker. The form serves the purpose of standardizing requests 
for nonimmigrant workers, and ensuring that basic information required 
for assessing eligibility is provided by the petitioner while 
requesting that beneficiaries be classified under certain nonimmigrant 
employment categories. It also assists USCIS in compiling information 
required by Congress annually to assess effectiveness and utilization 
of certain nonimmigrant classifications.
    (5) An estimate of the total number of respondents and the amount 
of time estimated for an average respondent to respond: The estimated 
total number of respondents for the information collection I-129 is 
552,000 and the estimated hour burden per response is 2.84 hours. The 
estimated total number of respondents for the information collection I-
129, E-1/E-2 Classification Supplement is 4,760 and the estimated hour 
burden per response is 0.67 hours. The estimated total number of 
respondents for the information collection I-129, Trade Agreement 
Supplement is 3,057 and the estimated hour burden per response is 0.67 
hours. The estimated total number of respondents for the information 
collection I-129, H Classification Supplement is 255,872 and the 
estimated hour burden per response is two hours. The estimated total 
number of respondents for the information collection I-129, H-1B and H-
1B1 Data Collection and Filing Fee Exemption Supplement is 243,965 and 
the estimated hour burden per response is one hour. The estimated total 
number of respondents for the information collection I-129, L 
Classification Supplement is 37,831 and the estimated hour burden per 
response is 1.34 hours. The estimated total number of respondents for 
the information collection I-129, O and P Classifications Supplement is 
22,710 and the estimated hour burden per response is one hour. The 
estimated total number of respondents for the information collection I-
129, Q-1 Classification Supplement is 155 and the estimated hour burden 
per response is 0.34 hours. The estimated total number of respondents 
for the information collection I-129, R-1 Classification is 6,635 and 
the estimated hour burden per response is 2.34 hours.
    (6) An estimate of the total public burden (in hours) associated 
with the collection: The total estimated annual hour burden associated 
with this collection is 2,417,609 hours.
    (7) An estimate of the total public burden (in cost) associated 
with the collection: The estimated total annual cost burden associated 
with this collection of information is $132,368,220.
USCIS Form I-129CW
    (1) Type of Information Collection Request: Revision of a Currently 
Approved Collection.
    (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Petition for a CNMI-Only 
Nonimmigrant Transitional Worker.
    (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component of the 
DHS sponsoring the collection: Form I-129CW; USCIS.
    (4) Affected public who will be asked or required to respond, as 
well as a brief abstract: Primary: Business or other for profit. USCIS 
uses the data collected on this form to determine eligibility for the 
requested immigration benefits. An employer uses this form to petition 
USCIS for an alien to temporarily enter as a nonimmigrant into the CNMI 
to perform services or labor as a CNMI-Only Transitional Worker (CW-1). 
An employer also uses this form to request an extension of stay or 
change of status on behalf of the alien worker. The form serves the 
purpose of standardizing requests for these benefits, and ensuring that 
the basic information required to determine eligibility, is provided by 
the petitioners. USCIS collects biometrics from aliens present in the 
CNMI at the time of requesting initial grant of CW-1 status. The 
information is used to verify the alien's identity, background 
information and ultimately adjudicate their request for CW-1 status.
    (5) An estimate of the total number of respondents and the amount 
of time estimated for an average respondent to respond: The estimated 
total number of respondents for the information collection I-129CW is 
3,749 and the estimated hour burden per response is 3.5 hours.
    (6) An estimate of the total public burden (in hours) associated 
with the collection: The total estimated annual hour burden associated 
with this collection is 13,122 hours.
    (7) An estimate of the total public burden (in cost) associated 
with the collection: The estimated total annual cost burden associated 
with this collection of information is $459,253.
USCIS Form I-539 and Form I-539A
    (1) Type of Information Collection Request: Revision of a Currently 
Approved Collection.
    (2) Title of the Form/Collection: Application to Extend/Change 
Nonimmigrant Status.
    (3) Agency form number, if any, and the applicable component of the 
DHS sponsoring the collection: Form I-539; USCIS.
    (4) Affected public who will be asked or required to respond, as 
well as a brief abstract: Primary: Individuals or households. This form 
will be used for nonimmigrants to apply for an extension of stay, for a 
change to another nonimmigrant classification, or for obtaining V 
nonimmigrant classification.
    (5) An estimate of the total number of respondents and the amount 
of time estimated for an average respondent to

[[Page 41500]]

respond: The estimated total number of respondents for the information 
collection Form I-539 paper filers is 174,289 and the estimated hour 
burden per response is two hours. The estimated total number of 
respondents for the information collection Form I-539 e-filers is 
74,696 and the estimated hour burden per response is 1.08 hours. The 
estimated total number of respondents for the information collection I-
539A is 54,375 and the estimated hour burden per response is 0.5 hour. 
The estimated total number of respondents for the information 
collection of Biometrics is 248,985 and the estimated hour burden per 
response is 1.17 hours.
    (6) An estimate of the total public burden (in hours) associated 
with the collection: The total estimated annual hour burden associated 
with this collection is 747,974 hours.
    (7) An estimate of the total public burden (in cost) associated 
with the collection: The estimated total annual cost burden associated 
with this collection of information is $56,121,219.
USCIS Form I-912
    Under the PRA DHS is required to submit to OMB, for review and 
approval, covered reporting requirements inherent in a rule. This rule 
will require non-substantive edits to USCIS Form I-912, Request for Fee 
Waiver. These edits make clear to those who request fee waivers that an 
approved fee waiver can negatively impact eligibility for an 
immigration benefit that is subject to the public charge 
inadmissibility determination. Accordingly, USCIS has submitted a PRA 
Change Worksheet, Form OMB 83-C, and amended information collection 
instrument to OMB for review and approval in accordance with the PRA.
USCIS Form I-407
    Under the PRA, DHS is required to submit to OMB, for review and 
approval, covered reporting requirements inherent in a rule. This rule 
requires the use of USCIS Form I-407 but does not require any changes 
to the form or instructions and does not impact the number of 
respondents, time or cost burden. This form is currently approved by 
OMB under the PRA. The OMB control number for this information 
collection is 1615-0130.
USCIS Form I-693
    Under the PRA, DHS is required to submit to OMB, for review and 
approval, covered reporting requirements inherent in a rule. This rule 
requires the use of USCIS Form I-693 but does not require any changes 
to the form or instructions and does not impact the number of 
respondents, time or cost burden. This form is currently approved by 
OMB under the PRA. The OMB control number for this information 
collection is 1615-0033.

V. List of Subjects and Regulatory Amendments

List of Subjects

8 CFR Part 103

    Administrative practice and procedure, Authority delegations 
(Government agencies), Freedom of information, Immigration, Privacy, 
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Surety bonds.

8 CFR Part 212

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Immigration, 
Passports and visas, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

8 CFR Part 213

    Immigration, Surety bonds.

8 CFR Part 214

    Administrative practice and procedure, Aliens, Cultural exchange 
programs, Employment, Foreign officials, Health professions, Reporting 
and recordkeeping requirements, Students.

8 CFR Part 245

    Aliens, Immigration, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

8 CFR Part 248

    Aliens, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Accordingly, DHS amends chapter I of title 8 of the Code of Federal 
Regulations as follows:

PART 103--IMMIGRATION BENEFITS; BIOMETRIC REQUIREMENTS; 
AVAILABILITY OF RECORDS

0
1. The authority citation for part 103 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  5 U.S.C. 301, 552, 552a; 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1304, 
1356, 1365b; 31 U.S.C. 9701; Public Law 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (6 
U.S.C. 1 et seq.); E.O. 12356, 47 FR 14874, 15557, 3 CFR, 1982 
Comp., p.166; 8 CFR part 2; Pub. L. 112-54.

0
2. Section 103.6 is amended by:
    a. Revising paragraphs (a)(1), (a)(2)(i), and (c)(1);
0
b. Adding paragraph (d)(3); and
0
c. Revising paragraph (e) The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  103.6  Surety bonds.

    (a) * * *
    (1) Extension agreements; consent of surety; collateral security. 
All surety bonds posted in immigration cases must be executed on the 
forms designated by DHS, a copy of which, and any rider attached 
thereto, must be furnished to the obligor. DHS is authorized to approve 
a bond, a formal agreement for the extension of liability of surety, a 
request for delivery of collateral security to a duly appointed and 
undischarged administrator or executor of the estate of a deceased 
depositor, and a power of attorney executed on the form designated by 
DHS, if any. All other matters relating to bonds, including a power of 
attorney not executed on the form designated by DHS and a request for 
delivery of collateral security to other than the depositor or his or 
her approved attorney in fact, will be forwarded to the appropriate 
office for approval.
    (2) Bond riders--(i) General. A bond rider must be prepared on the 
form(s) designated by DHS, and attached to the bond. If a condition to 
be included in a bond is not on the original bond, a rider containing 
the condition must be executed.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (1) Public charge bonds. Special rules for the cancellation of 
public charge bonds are described in 8 CFR 213.1.
* * * * *
    (d) * * *
    (3) Public charge bonds. The threshold bond amount for public 
charge bonds is set forth in 8 CFR 213.1.
    (e) Breach of bond. Breach of public charge bonds is governed by 8 
CFR 213.1. For other immigration bonds, a bond is breached when there 
has been a substantial violation of the stipulated conditions. A final 
determination that a bond has been breached creates a claim in favor of 
the United States which may not be released by the officer. DHS will 
determine whether a bond has been breached. If DHS determines that a 
bond has been breached, it will notify the obligor of the decision, the 
reasons therefor, and inform the obligor of the right to appeal the 
decision in accordance with the provisions of this part.

0
3. Section 103.7 is amended by adding paragraphs (b)(1)(i)(LLL) and 
(MMM) to read as follows:


Sec.  103.7  Fees.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (i) * * *
    (LLL) Public Charge Bond, Form I-945. $25.
    (MMM) Request for Cancellation of Public Charge Bond, Form I-356. 
$25.

[[Page 41501]]

PART 212--DOCUMENTARY REQUIREMENTS: NONIMMIGRANTS; WAIVERS; 
ADMISSION OF CERTAIN INADMISSIBLE ALIENS; PAROLE

0
4. The authority citation for part 212 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  6 U.S.C. 111, 202(4) and 271; 8 U.S.C. 1101 and 
note, 1102, 1103, 1182 and note, 1184, 1185 note (section 7209 of 
Pub. L. 108-458), 1187, 1223, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1255, 1359; 8 CFR 
part 2.


0
5. Amend Sec.  212.18 by revising paragraph (b)(2) and (3) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  212.18  Application for Waivers of inadmissibility in connection 
with an application for adjustment of status by T nonimmigrant status 
holders

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (2) If an applicant is inadmissible under section 212(a)(1) of the 
Act, USCIS may waive such inadmissibility if it determines that 
granting a waiver is in the national interest.
    (3) If any other applicable provision of section 212(a) renders the 
applicant inadmissible, USCIS may grant a waiver of inadmissibility if 
the activities rendering the alien inadmissible were caused by or were 
incident to the victimization and USCIS determines that it is in the 
national interest to waive the applicable ground or grounds of 
inadmissibility.

0
6. Add Sec. Sec.  212.20 through 212.23 to read as follows:
Sec.
* * * * *
212.20 Applicability of public charge inadmissibility.
212.21 Definitions.
212.22 Public charge inadmissibility determination.
212.23 Exemptions and waivers for public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.


Sec.  212.20  Applicability of public charge inadmissibility.

    8 CFR 212.20 through 212.23 address the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility under section 212(a)(4) of the Act. Unless the alien 
requesting the immigration benefit or classification has been exempted 
from section 212(a)(4) of the Act as listed in 8 CFR 212.23(a), the 
provisions of Sec. Sec.  212.20 through 212.23 of this part apply to an 
applicant for admission or adjustment of status to lawful permanent 
resident, if the application is postmarked (or, if applicable, 
submitted electronically) on or after October 15, 2019.


Sec.  212.21  Definitions.

    For the purposes of 8 CFR 212.20 through 212.23, the following 
definitions apply:
    (a) Public Charge. Public charge means an alien who receives one or 
more public benefits, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, for 
more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period (such 
that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one month counts as two 
months).
    (b) Public benefit. Public benefit means:
    (1) Any Federal, State, local, or tribal cash assistance for income 
maintenance (other than tax credits), including:
    (i) Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 42 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.;
    (ii) Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 42 U.S.C. 601 
et seq.; or
    (iii) Federal, State or local cash benefit programs for income 
maintenance (often called ``General Assistance'' in the State context, 
but which also exist under other names); and
    (2) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 7 U.S.C. 2011 
to 2036c;
    (3) Section 8 Housing Assistance under the Housing Choice Voucher 
Program, as administered by HUD under 42 U.S.C. 1437f;
    (4) Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance (including Moderate 
Rehabilitation) under Section 8 of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937 (42 
U.S.C. 1437f); and
    (5) Medicaid under 42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq., except for:
    (i) Benefits received for an emergency medical condition as 
described in 42 U.S.C. 1396b(v)(2)-(3), 42 CFR 440.255(c);
    (ii) Services or benefits funded by Medicaid but provided under the 
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 20 U.S.C. 1400 et 
seq.;
    (iii) School-based services or benefits provided to individuals who 
are at or below the oldest age eligible for secondary education as 
determined under State or local law;
    (iv) Benefits received by an alien under 21 years of age, or a 
woman during pregnancy (and during the 60-day period beginning on the 
last day of the pregnancy).
    (6) Public Housing under section 9 of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937.
    (7) Public benefits, as defined in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(6) 
of this section, do not include any public benefits received by an 
alien who at the time of receipt of the public benefit, or at the time 
of filing or adjudication of the application for admission or 
adjustment of status, or application or request for extension of stay 
or change of status is--
    (i) Enlisted in the U.S. Armed Forces under the authority of 10 
U.S.C. 504(b)(1)(B) or 10 U.S.C. 504(b)(2), or
    (ii) Serving in active duty or in the Ready Reserve component of 
the U.S. Armed Forces, or
    (iii) Is the spouse or child, as defined in section 101(b) of the 
Act, of an alien described in paragraphs (b)(7)(i) or (ii) of this 
section.
    (8) In a subsequent adjudication for a benefit for which the public 
charge ground of inadmissibility applies, public benefits, as defined 
in this section, do not include any public benefits received by an 
alien during periods in which the alien was present in the United 
States in an immigration category that is exempt from the public charge 
ground of inadmissibility, as set forth in 8 CFR 212.23(a), or for 
which the alien received a waiver of public charge inadmissibility, as 
set forth in 8 CFR 212.23(b).
    (9) Public benefits, as defined in this section, do not include any 
public benefits that were or will be received by--
    (i) Children of U.S. citizens whose lawful admission for permanent 
residence and subsequent residence in the legal and physical custody of 
their U.S. citizen parent will result automatically in the child's 
acquisition of citizenship, upon meeting the eligibility criteria of 
section 320(a)-(b) of the Act, in accordance with 8 CFR part 320; or
    (ii) Children of U.S. citizens whose lawful admission for permanent 
residence will result automatically in the child's acquisition of 
citizenship upon finalization of adoption (if the child satisfies the 
requirements applicable to adopted children under INA 101(b)(1)), in 
the United States by the U.S. citizen parent(s), upon meeting the 
eligibility criteria of section 320(a)-(b) of the Act, in accordance 
with 8 CFR part 320; or
    (iii) Children of U.S. citizens who are entering the United States 
for the purpose of attending an interview under section 322 of the Act 
in accordance with 8 CFR part 322.
    (c) Likely at any time to become a public charge. Likely at any 
time to become a public charge means more likely than not at any time 
in the future to become a public charge, as defined in 212.21(a), based 
on the totality of the alien's circumstances.
    (d) Alien's household. For purposes of public charge 
inadmissibility determinations under section 212(a)(4) of the Act:
    (1) If the alien is 21 years of age or older, or under the age of 
21 and married, the alien's household includes:

[[Page 41502]]

    (i) The alien;
    (ii) The alien's spouse, if physically residing with the alien;
    (iii) The alien's children, as defined in 101(b)(1) of the Act, 
physically residing with the alien;
    (iv) The alien's other children, as defined in section 101(b)(1) of 
the Act, not physically residing with the alien for whom the alien 
provides or is required to provide at least 50 percent of the 
children's financial support, as evidenced by a child support order or 
agreement a custody order or agreement, or any other order or agreement 
specifying the amount of financial support to be provided by the alien;
    (v) Any other individuals (including a spouse not physically 
residing with the alien) to whom the alien provides, or is required to 
provide, at least 50 percent of the individual's financial support or 
who are listed as dependents on the alien's federal income tax return; 
and
    (vi) Any individual who provides to the alien at least 50 percent 
of the alien's financial support, or who lists the alien as a dependent 
on his or her federal income tax return.
    (2) If the alien is a child as defined in section 101(b)(1) of the 
Act, the alien's household includes the following individuals:
    (i) The alien;
    (ii) The alien's children as defined in section 101(b)(1) of the 
Act physically residing with the alien;
    (iii) The alien's other children as defined in section 101(b)(1) of 
the Act not physically residing with the alien for whom the alien 
provides or is required to provide at least 50 percent of the 
children's financial support, as evidenced by a child support order or 
agreement, a custody order or agreement, or any other order or 
agreement specifying the amount of financial support to be provided by 
the alien;
    (iv) The alien's parents, legal guardians, or any other individual 
providing or required to provide at least 50 percent of the alien's 
financial support to the alien as evidenced by a child support order or 
agreement, a custody order or agreement, or any other order or 
agreement specifying the amount of financial support to be provided to 
the alien;
    (v) The parents' or legal guardians' other children as defined in 
section 101(b)(1) of the Act physically residing with the alien;
    (vi) The alien's parents' or legal guardians' other children as 
defined in section 101(b)(1) of the Act, not physically residing with 
the alien for whom the parent or legal guardian provides or is required 
to provide at least 50 percent of the other children's financial 
support, as evidenced by a child support order or agreement, a custody 
order or agreement, or any other order or agreement specifying the 
amount of financial support to be provided by the parents or legal 
guardians; and
    (vii) Any other individual(s) to whom the alien's parents or legal 
guardians provide, or are required to provide at least 50 percent of 
such individual's financial support or who is listed as a dependent on 
the parent's or legal guardian's federal income tax return.
    (e) Receipt of public benefits. Receipt of public benefits occurs 
when a public benefit-granting agency provides a public benefit, as 
defined in paragraph (b) of this section, to an alien as a beneficiary, 
whether in the form of cash, voucher, services, or insurance coverage. 
Applying for a public benefit does not constitute receipt of public 
benefits although it may suggest a likelihood of future receipt. 
Certification for future receipt of a public benefit does not 
constitute receipt of public benefits, although it may suggest a 
likelihood of future receipt. An alien's receipt of, application for, 
or certification for public benefits solely on behalf of another 
individual does not constitute receipt of, application for, or 
certification for such alien.
    (f) Primary caregiver means an alien who is 18 years of age or 
older and has significant responsibility for actively caring for and 
managing the well-being of a child or an elderly, ill, or disabled 
person in the alien's household.


Sec.  212.22  Public charge inadmissibility determination.

    This section relates to the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
under section 212(a)(4) of the Act.
    (a) Prospective determination based on the totality of 
circumstances. The determination of an alien's likelihood of becoming a 
public charge at any time in the future must be based on the totality 
of the alien's circumstances by weighing all factors that are relevant 
to whether the alien is more likely than not at any time in the future 
to receive one or more public benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), 
for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period. 
Except as necessary to fully evaluate evidence provided in paragraph 
(b)(4)(ii)(E)(3) of this section, DHS will not specifically assess 
whether an alien qualifies or would qualify for any public benefit, as 
defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b).
    (b) Minimum factors to consider. A public charge inadmissibility 
determination must at least entail consideration of the alien's age; 
health; family status; education and skills; and assets, resources, and 
financial status, as follows:
    (1) The alien's age--(i) Standard. When considering an alien's age, 
DHS will consider whether the alien's age makes the alien more likely 
than not to become a public charge at any time in the future, such as 
by impacting the alien's ability to work, including whether the alien 
is between the age of 18 and the minimum ``early retirement age'' for 
Social Security set forth in 42 U.S.C. 416(l)(2).
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (2) The alien's health--(i) Standard. DHS will consider whether the 
alien's health makes the alien more likely than not to become a public 
charge at any time in the future, including whether the alien has been 
diagnosed with a medical condition that is likely to require extensive 
medical treatment or institutionalization or that will interfere with 
the alien's ability to provide and care for himself or herself, to 
attend school, or to work upon admission or adjustment of status.
    (ii) Evidence. USCIS' consideration includes but is not limited to 
the following:
    (A) A report of an immigration medical examination performed by a 
civil surgeon or panel physician where such examination is required (to 
which USCIS will generally defer absent evidence that such report is 
incomplete); or
    (B) Evidence of a medical condition that is likely to require 
extensive medical treatment or institutionalization or that will 
interfere with the alien's ability to provide and care for himself or 
herself, to attend school, or to work upon admission or adjustment of 
status.
    (3) The alien's family status--(i) Standard. When considering an 
alien's family status, DHS will consider the alien's household size, as 
defined in 8 CFR 212.21(d), and whether the alien's household size 
makes the alien more likely than not to become a public charge at any 
time in the future.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (4) The alien's assets, resources, and financial status--(i) 
Standard. When considering an alien's assets, resources, and financial 
status, DHS will consider whether such assets, resources, and financial 
status excluding any income from illegal activities or sources (e.g., 
proceeds from illegal gambling or drug sales, and income from public 
benefits listed in 8 CFR 212.21(b)), make the alien more likely than 
not to become a public charge at any time in the future, including 
whether:

[[Page 41503]]

    (A) The alien's household's annual gross income is at least 125 
percent of the most recent Federal Poverty Guideline (100 percent for 
an alien on active duty, other than training, in the U.S. Armed Forces) 
based on the alien's household size as defined by section 212.21(d);
    (B) If the alien's household's annual gross income is less than 125 
percent of the most recent Federal Poverty Guideline (100 percent for 
an alien on active duty, other than training, in the U.S. Armed 
Forces), the alien may submit evidence of ownership of significant 
assets. For purposes of this paragraph, an alien may establish 
ownership of significant assets, such as savings accounts, stocks, 
bonds, certificates of deposit, real estate or other assets, in which 
the combined cash value of all the assets (the total value of the 
assets less any offsetting liabilities) exceeds:
    (1) If the intending immigrant is the spouse or child of a United 
States citizen (and the child has reached his or her 18th birthday), 
three times the difference between the alien's household income and 125 
percent of the FPG (100 percent for those on active duty, other than 
training, in the U.S. Armed Forces) for the alien's household size;
    (2) If the intending immigrant is an orphan who will be adopted in 
the United States after the alien orphan acquires permanent residence 
(or in whose case the parents will need to seek a formal recognition of 
a foreign adoption under the law of the State of the intending 
immigrant's proposed residence because at least one of the parents did 
not see the child before or during the adoption), and who will, as a 
result of the adoption or formal recognition of the foreign adoption, 
acquire citizenship under section 320 of the Act, the difference 
between the alien's household income and 125 percent of the FPG (100 
percent for those on active duty, other than training, in the U.S. 
Armed Forces) for the alien's household size; or
    (3) In all other cases, five times the difference between the 
alien's household income and 125 percent of the FPG (100 percent for 
those on active duty, other than training, in the U.S. Armed Forces) 
for the alien's household size.
    (C) The alien has sufficient household assets and resources to 
cover any reasonably foreseeable medical costs, including as related to 
a medical condition that is likely to require extensive medical 
treatment or institutionalization or that will interfere with the 
alien's ability to provide care for himself or herself, to attend 
school, or to work;
    (D) The alien has any financial liabilities; and whether
    (E) The alien has applied for, been certified to receive, or 
received public benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), on or after 
October 15, 2019.
    (ii) Evidence. USCIS' consideration includes, but is not limited to 
the following:
    (A) The alien's annual gross household income including, but not 
limited to:
    (1) For each member of the household whose income will be 
considered, the most recent tax-year transcript from the U.S. Internal 
Revenue Service (IRS) of such household member's IRS Form 1040, U.S. 
Individual Income Tax Return; or
    (2) If the evidence in paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(A)(1) of this section 
is unavailable for a household member, other credible and probative 
evidence of such household member's income, including an explanation of 
why such transcript is not available, such as if the household member 
is not subject to taxation in the United States.
    (B) Any additional income from individuals not included in the 
alien's household provided to the alien's household on a continuing 
monthly or yearly basis for the most recent calendar year and on which 
the alien relies or will rely to meet the standard at 8 CFR 
212.22(b)(4)(i);
    (C) The household's cash assets and resources. Evidence of such 
cash assets and resources may include checking and savings account 
statements covering 12 months prior to filing the application;
    (D) The household's non-cash assets and resources, that can be 
converted into cash within 12 months, such as net cash value of real 
estate holdings minus the sum of all loans secured by a mortgage, trust 
deed, or other lien on the home; annuities; securities; retirement and 
educational accounts; and any other assets that can easily be converted 
into cash;
    (E) Evidence that the alien has:
    (1) Applied for or received any public benefit, as defined in 8 CFR 
212.21(b), on or after October 15, 2019 or disenrolled or requested to 
be disenrolled from such benefit(s); or
    (2) Been certified or approved to receive any public benefit, as 
defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), on or after October 15, 2019 or withdrew 
his or her application or disenrolled or requested to be to disenrolled 
from such benefit(s);
    (3) Submitted evidence from a Federal, State, local, or tribal 
agency administering a public benefit, as defined in 212.21(b), that 
the alien has specifically identified as showing that the alien does 
not qualify or would not qualify for such public benefit by virtue of, 
for instance, the alien's annual gross household income or prospective 
immigration status or length of stay;
    (F) Whether the alien has applied for or has received a USCIS fee 
waiver for an immigration benefit request on or after October 15, 2019, 
unless the fee waiver was applied for or granted as part of an 
application for which a public charge inadmissibility determination 
under section 212(a)(4) of the Act was not required.
    (G) The alien's credit history and credit score in the United 
States, and other evidence of the alien's liabilities not reflected in 
the credit history and credit score (e.g., any mortgages, car loans, 
unpaid child or spousal support, unpaid taxes, and credit card debt); 
and
    (H) Whether the alien has sufficient household assets and resources 
(including, for instance, health insurance not designated as a public 
benefit under 8 CFR 212.21(b)) to pay for reasonably foreseeable 
medical costs, such as costs related to a medical condition that is 
likely to require extensive medical treatment or institutionalization 
or that will interfere with the alien's ability to provide care for 
himself or herself, to attend school, or to work;
    (5) The alien's education and skills. (i) Standard. When 
considering an alien's education and skills, DHS will consider whether 
the alien has adequate education and skills to either obtain or 
maintain lawful employment with an income sufficient to avoid being 
more likely than not to become a public charge.
    (ii) Evidence. USCIS' consideration includes but is not limited to 
the following: (A) The alien's history of employment, excluding 
employment involving illegal activities, e.g., illegal gambling or drug 
sales. The alien must provide the following:
    (1) The last 3 years of the alien's tax transcripts from the U.S. 
Internal Revenue Service (IRS) of the alien's IRS Form 1040, U.S. 
Individual Income Tax Return; or
    (2) If the evidence in paragraph (b)(5)(ii)(A)(1) of this section 
is unavailable, other credible and probative evidence of the alien's 
history of employment for the last 3 years, including an explanation of 
why such transcripts are not available, such as if the alien is not 
subject to taxation in the United States;
    (B) Whether the alien has a high school diploma (or its equivalent) 
or has a higher education degree;

[[Page 41504]]

    (C) Whether the alien has any occupational skills, certifications, 
or licenses; and
    (D) Whether the alien is proficient in English or proficient in 
other languages in addition to English.
    (E) Whether the alien is a primary caregiver as defined in 8 CFR 
212.21(f), such that the alien lacks an employment history, is not 
currently employed, or is not employed full time. Only one alien within 
a household can be considered a primary caregiver of the same 
individual within the household. USCIS' consideration with respect this 
paragraph includes but is not limited to evidence that an individual 
the alien is caring for resides in the alien's household, evidence of 
the individual's age, and evidence of the individual's medical 
condition, including disability, if any.
    (6) The alien's prospective immigration status and expected period 
of admission.
    (i) Standard. DHS will consider the immigration status that the 
alien seeks and the expected period of admission as it relates to the 
alien's ability to financially support for himself or herself during 
the duration of the alien's stay, including:
    (A) Whether the alien is applying for adjustment of status or 
admission in a nonimmigrant or immigrant classification; and
    (B) If the alien is seeking admission as a nonimmigrant, the 
nonimmigrant classification and the anticipated period of temporary 
stay.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (7) An affidavit of support under section 213A of the Act, when 
required under section 212(a)(4) of the Act, that meets the 
requirements of section 213A of the Act and 8 CFR 213a--(i) Standard. 
If the alien is required under sections 212(a)(4)(C) or (D) to submit 
an affidavit of support under section 213A of the Act and 8 CFR part 
213a, and submits such a sufficient affidavit of support, DHS will 
consider the likelihood that the sponsor would actually provide the 
statutorily-required amount of financial support to the alien, and any 
other related considerations.
    (A) Evidence. USCIS consideration includes but is not limited to 
the following:
    (1) The sponsor's annual income, assets, and resources;
    (2) The sponsor's relationship to the applicant, including but not 
limited to whether the sponsor lives with the alien; and
    (3) Whether the sponsor has submitted an affidavit of support with 
respect to other individuals.
    (c) Heavily weighted factors. The factors below will weigh heavily 
in a public charge inadmissibility determination. The mere presence of 
any one heavily weighted factor does not, alone, make the alien more or 
less likely than not to become a public charge.
    (1) Heavily weighted negative factors. The following factors will 
weigh heavily in favor of a finding that an alien is likely at any time 
in the future to become a public charge:
    (i) The alien is not a full-time student and is authorized to work, 
but is unable to demonstrate current employment, recent employment 
history, or a reasonable prospect of future employment;
    (ii) The alien has received or has been certified or approved to 
receive one or more public benefits, as defined in Sec.  212.21(b), for 
more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period, 
beginning no earlier than 36 months prior to the alien's application 
for admission or adjustment of status on or after October 15, 2019;
    (iii)(A) The alien has been diagnosed with a medical condition that 
is likely to require extensive medical treatment or 
institutionalization or that will interfere with the alien's ability to 
provide for himself or herself, attend school, or work; and
    (B) The alien is uninsured and has neither the prospect of 
obtaining private health insurance, nor the financial resources to pay 
for reasonably foreseeable medical costs related to such medical 
condition; or
    (iv) The alien was previously found inadmissible or deportable on 
public charge grounds by an Immigration Judge or the Board of 
Immigration Appeals.
    (2) Heavily weighted positive factors. The following factors will 
weigh heavily in favor of a finding that an alien is not likely to 
become a public charge:
    (i) The alien's household has income, assets, or resources, and 
support (excluding any income from illegal activities, e.g., proceeds 
from illegal gambling or drug sales, and any income from public 
benefits as defined in Sec.  212.21(b)) of at least 250 percent of the 
Federal Poverty Guidelines for the alien's household size;
    (ii) The alien is authorized to work and is currently employed in a 
legal industry with an annual income, excluding any income from illegal 
activities such as proceeds from illegal gambling or drug sales, of at 
least 250 percent of the Federal Poverty Guidelines for the alien's 
household size; or
    (iii) The alien has private health insurance, except that for 
purposes of this paragraph (c)(2)(iii), private health insurance must 
be appropriate for the expected period of admission, and does not 
include health insurance for which the alien receives subsidies in the 
form of premium tax credits under the Patient Protection and Affordable 
Care Act, as amended.
    (d) Treatment of benefits received before October 15, 2019. For 
purposes of this regulation, DHS will consider, as a negative factor, 
but not as a heavily weighted negative factor as described in paragraph 
(c)(1) of this section, any amount of cash assistance for income 
maintenance, including Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Temporary 
Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), State and local cash assistance 
programs that provide benefits for income maintenance (often called 
``General Assistance'' programs), and programs (including Medicaid) 
supporting aliens who are institutionalized for long-term care, 
received, or certified for receipt, before October 15, 2019, as 
provided under the 1999 Interim Field Guidance, also known as the 1999 
Field Guidance on Deportability and Inadmissibility on Public Charge 
Grounds. DHS will not consider as a negative factor any other public 
benefits received, or certified for receipt, before October 15, 2019.


Sec.  212.23  Exemptions and waivers for public charge ground of 
inadmissibility.

     (a) Exemptions. The public charge ground of inadmissibility under 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act does not apply, based on statutory or 
regulatory authority, to the following categories of aliens:
    (1) Refugees at the time of admission under section 207 of the Act 
and at the time of adjustment of status to lawful permanent resident 
under section 209 of the Act;
    (2) Asylees at the time of grant under section 208 of the Act and 
at the time of adjustment of status to lawful permanent resident under 
section 209 of the Act;
    (3) Amerasian immigrants at the time of application for admission 
as described in sections 584 of the Foreign Operations, Export 
Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act of 1988, Public Law 
100-202, 101 Stat. 1329-183, section 101(e) (Dec. 22, 1987), as 
amended, 8 U.S.C. 1101 note;
    (4) Afghan and Iraqi Interpreter, or Afghan or Iraqi national 
employed by or on behalf of the U.S. Government as described in section 
1059(a)(2) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 
2006 Public Law 109-163 (Jan. 6, 2006), as amended, and section 602(b) 
of the Afghan Allies Protection Act of 2009, Public Law 111-8, title VI

[[Page 41505]]

(Mar. 11, 2009), as amended, 8 U.S.C. 1101 note, and section 1244(g) of 
the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, as amended 
Public Law 110-181 (Jan. 28, 2008);
    (5) Cuban and Haitian entrants applying for adjustment of status 
under section 202 of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 
(IRCA), Public Law 99-603, 100 Stat. 3359 (Nov. 6, 1986), as amended, 8 
U.S.C. 1255a note;
    (6) Aliens applying for adjustment of status under the Cuban 
Adjustment Act, Public Law 89-732 (Nov. 2, 1966), as amended, 8 U.S.C. 
1255 note;
    (7) Nicaraguans and other Central Americans applying for adjustment 
of status under sections 202(a) and section 203 of the Nicaraguan 
Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA), Public Law 105-
100, 111 Stat. 2193 (Nov. 19, 1997), as amended, 8 U.S.C. 1255 note;
    (8) Haitians applying for adjustment of status under section 902 of 
the Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act of 1998, Public Law 105-
277, 112 Stat. 2681 (Oct. 21, 1998), as amended, 8 U.S.C. 1255 note;
    (9) Lautenberg parolees as described in section 599E of the Foreign 
Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act 
of 1990, Public Law 101-167, 103 Stat. 1195, title V (Nov. 21, 1989), 
as amended, 8 U.S.C. 1255 note;
    (10) Special immigrant juveniles as described in section 245(h) of 
the Act;
    (11) Aliens who entered the United States prior to January 1, 1972, 
and who meet the other conditions for being granted lawful permanent 
residence under section 249 of the Act and 8 CFR part 249 (Registry);
    (12) Aliens applying for or re-registering for Temporary Protected 
Status as described in section 244 of the Act in accordance with 
section 244(c)(2)(A)(ii) of the Act and 8 CFR 244.3(a);
    (13) A nonimmigrant described in section 101(a)(15)(A)(i) and 
(A)(ii) of the Act (Ambassador, Public Minister, Career Diplomat or 
Consular Officer, or Immediate Family or Other Foreign Government 
Official or Employee, or Immediate Family), in accordance with section 
102 of the Act and 22 CFR 41.21(d);
    (14) A nonimmigrant classifiable as C-2 (alien in transit to U.N. 
Headquarters) or C-3 (foreign government official), 22 CFR 41.21(d);
    (15) A nonimmigrant described in section 101(a)(15)(G)(i), (G)(ii), 
(G)(iii), and (G)(iv), of the Act (Principal Resident Representative of 
Recognized Foreign Government to International Organization, and 
related categories), in accordance with section 102 of the Act and 22 
CFR 41.21(d);
    (16) A nonimmigrant classifiable as NATO-1, NATO-2, NATO-3, NATO-4 
(NATO representatives), and NATO-6 in accordance with 22 CFR 41.21(d);
    (17) An applicant for nonimmigrant status under section 
101(a)(15)(T) of the Act, in accordance with 8 CFR 212.16(b);
    (18) Except as provided in section 212.23(b), an individual who is 
seeking an immigration benefit for which admissibility is required, 
including but not limited to adjustment of status under section 245(a) 
of the Act and section 245(l) of the Act and who:
    (i) Has a pending application that sets forth a prima facie case 
for eligibility for nonimmigrant status under section 101(a)(15)(T) of 
the Act, or
    (ii) Has been granted nonimmigrant status under section 
101(a)(15)(T) of the Act, provided that the individual is in valid T 
nonimmigrant status at the time the benefit request is properly filed 
with USCIS and at the time the benefit request is adjudicated;
    (19) Except as provided in Sec.  212.23(b),
    (i) A petitioner for nonimmigrant status under section 
101(a)(15)(U) of the Act, in accordance with section 212(a)(4)(E)(ii) 
of the Act; or
    (ii) An individual who is granted nonimmigrant status under section 
101(a)(15)(U) of the Act in accordance with section 212(a)(4)(E)(ii) of 
the Act, who is seeking an immigration benefit for which admissibility 
is required, including, but not limited to, adjustment of status under 
section 245(a) of the Act, provided that the individual is in valid U 
nonimmigrant status at the time the benefit request is properly filed 
with USCIS and at the time the benefit request is adjudicated.
    (20) Except as provided in section 212.23(b), any alien who is a 
VAWA self-petitioner under section 212(a)(4)(E)(i) of the Act;
    (21) Except as provided in section 212.23(b), a qualified alien 
described in section 431(c) of the Personal Responsibility and Work 
Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, 8 U.S.C. 1641(c), under section 
212(a)(4)(E)(iii) of the Act;
    (22) Applicants adjusting status who qualify for a benefit under 
section 1703 of the National Defense Authorization Act, Public Law 108-
136, 117 Stat. 1392 (Nov. 24, 2003), 8 U.S.C. 1151 note (posthumous 
benefits to surviving spouses, children, and parents);
    (23) American Indians born in Canada determined to fall under 
section 289 of the Act;
    (24) Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians of the Kickapoo Tribe of 
Oklahoma, Public Law 97-429 (Jan. 8, 1983);
    (25) Nationals of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos applying for 
adjustment of status under section 586 of Public Law 106-429 under 8 
CFR 245.21;
    (26) Polish and Hungarian Parolees who were paroled into the United 
States from November 1, 1989 to December 31, 1991 under section 646(b) 
of the IIRIRA, Public Law 104-208, Div. C, Title VI, Subtitle D (Sept. 
30, 1996), 8 U.S.C. 1255 note; and
    (27) Any other categories of aliens exempt under any other law from 
the public charge ground of inadmissibility provisions under section 
212(a)(4) of the Act.
    (b) Limited Exemption. Aliens described in Sec. Sec.  212.23(a)(18) 
through (21) must submit an affidavit of support as described in 
section 213A of the Act if they are applying for adjustment of status 
based on an employment-based petition that requires such an affidavit 
of support as described in section 212(a)(4)(D) of the Act.
    (c) Waivers. A waiver for the public charge ground of 
inadmissibility may be authorized based on statutory or regulatory 
authority, for the following categories of aliens:
    (1) Applicants for admission as nonimmigrants under 101(a)(15)(S) 
of the Act;
    (2) Nonimmigrants admitted under section 101(a)(15)(S) of the Act 
applying for adjustment of status under section 245(j) of the Act 
(witnesses or informants); and
    (3) Any other waiver of the public charge ground of inadmissibility 
that is authorized by law or regulation.

PART 213--PUBLIC CHARGE BONDS

0
7. The authority citation for part 213 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1103; 1183; 8 CFR part 2.


0
8. Revise the part heading to read as set forth above.

0
9. Revise Sec.  213.1 to read as follows:


Sec.  213.1  Adjustment of status of aliens on submission of a public 
charge bond.

    (a) Inadmissible aliens. In accordance with section 213 of the Act, 
after an alien seeking adjustment of status has been found inadmissible 
as likely at any time in the future to become a public charge under 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act, DHS may allow the alien to submit a 
public charge bond, if the alien is otherwise admissible, in accordance 
with the requirements of 8 CFR 103.6 and this section. The public 
charge

[[Page 41506]]

bond must meet the conditions set forth in 8 CFR 103.6 and this 
section.
    (b) Discretion. The decision to allow an alien inadmissible under 
section 212(a)(4) of the Act to submit a public charge bond is in DHS's 
discretion. If an alien has one or more heavily weighted negative 
factors as defined in 8 CFR 212.22 in his or her case, DHS generally 
will not favorably exercise discretion to allow submission of a public 
charge bond.
    (c) Public Charge Bonds. (1) Types. DHS may require an alien to 
submit a surety bond, as listed in 8 CFR 103.6, or cash or any cash 
equivalents specified by DHS. DHS will notify the alien of the type of 
bond that may be submitted. All surety, cash, or cash equivalent bonds 
must be executed on a form designated by DHS and in accordance with 
form instructions. When a surety bond is accepted, the bond must comply 
with requirements applicable to surety bonds in 8 CFR 103.6 and this 
section. If cash or a cash equivalent, is being provided to secure a 
bond, DHS must issue a receipt on a form designated by DHS.
    (2) Amount. Any public charge bond must be in an amount decided by 
DHS, not less than $8,100, annually adjusted for inflation based on the 
Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), and rounded up to 
the nearest dollar. The bond amount decided by DHS may not be appealed 
by the alien or the bond obligor.
    (d) Conditions of the bond. A public charge bond must remain in 
effect until USCIS grants a request to cancel the bond in accordance 
with paragraph (g) of this section, whereby the alien naturalizes or 
otherwise obtains U.S. citizenship, permanently departs the United 
States, dies, the alien has reached his or her 5-year anniversary since 
becoming a lawful permanent resident, or the alien changes immigration 
status to one not subject to public charge ground of inadmissibility. 
An alien on whose behalf a public charge bond has been submitted may 
not receive any public benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), for 
more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 364month period (such 
that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one month counts as two 
months, after the alien's adjustment of status to that of a lawful 
permanent resident, until the bond is cancelled in accordance with 
paragraph (g) of this section. An alien must also comply with any other 
conditions imposed as part of the bond.
    (e) Submission. A public charge bond may be submitted on the 
alien's behalf only after DHS notifies the alien and the alien's 
representative, if any, that a bond may be submitted. The bond must be 
submitted to DHS in accordance with the instructions of the form 
designated by DHS for this purpose, with the fee prescribed in 8 CFR 
103.7(b), and any procedures contained in the DHS notification to the 
alien. DHS will specify the bond amount and any other conditions, as 
appropriate for the alien and the immigration benefit being sought. 
USCIS will notify the alien and the alien's representative, if any, 
that the bond has been accepted, and will provide a copy to the alien 
and the alien's representative, if any, of any communication between 
the obligor and the U.S. government. An obligor must notify DHS within 
30 days of any change in the obligor's or the alien's physical and 
mailing address.
    (f) Substitution. (1) Substitution Process. Either the obligor of 
the bond previously submitted to DHS or a new obligor may submit a 
substitute bond on the alien's behalf. The substitute bond must specify 
an effective date. The substitute bond must meet all of the 
requirements applicable to the initial bond as required by this section 
and 8 CFR 103.6, and if the obligor is different from the original 
obligor, the new obligor must assume all liabilities of the initial 
obligor. The substitute bond must also cover any breach of the bond 
conditions which occurred before DHS accepted the substitute bond, in 
the event DHS did not learn of the breach until after DHS accepted the 
substitute bond.
    (2) Acceptance. Upon submission of the substitute bond, DHS will 
review the substitute bond for sufficiency as set forth in this 
section. If the substitute bond is sufficient DHS will cancel the bond 
previously submitted to DHS, and replace it with the substitute bond. 
If the substitute bond is insufficient, DHS will notify the obligor of 
the substitute bond to correct the deficiency within the timeframe 
specified in the notice. If the deficiency is not corrected within the 
timeframe specified, the previously submitted bond will remain in 
effect.
    (g) Cancellation of the Public Charge Bond. (1) An alien or obligor 
may request that DHS cancel a public charge bond if the alien:
    (i) Naturalized or otherwise obtained United States citizenship;
    (ii) Permanently departed the United States;
    (iii) Died;
    (iv) Reached his or her 5-year anniversary since becoming a lawful 
permanent resident; or
    (v) Obtained a different immigration status not subject to public 
charge inadmissibility, as listed in 8 CFR 212.23, following the grant 
of lawful permanent resident status associated with the public charge 
bond.
    (2) Permanent Departure Defined. For purposes of this section, 
permanent departure means that the alien lost or abandoned his or her 
lawful permanent resident status, whether by operation of law or 
voluntarily, and physically departed the United States. An alien is 
only deemed to have voluntarily lost lawful permanent resident status 
when the alien has submitted a record of abandonment of lawful 
permanent resident status, on the form prescribed by DHS, from outside 
the United States, and in accordance with the form's instructions.
    (3) Cancellation Request. A request to cancel a public charge bond 
must be made by submitting a form designated by DHS, in accordance with 
that form's instructions and the fee prescribed in 8 CFR 103.7(b). If a 
request for cancellation of a public charge bond is not filed, the bond 
shall remain in effect until the form is filed, reviewed, and a 
decision is rendered. DHS may in its discretion cancel a public charge 
bond if it determines that an alien otherwise meets the eligibility 
requirements of paragraphs (g)(1) of this section.
    (4) Adjudication and Burden of Proof. The alien and the obligor 
have the burden to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that 
one of the conditions for cancellation of the public charge bond listed 
in paragraph (g)(1) of this section has been met. If DHS determines 
that the information included in the cancellation request is 
insufficient to determine whether cancellation is appropriate, DHS may 
request additional information as outlined in 8 CFR 103.2(b)(8). DHS 
must cancel a public charge bond if DHS determines that the conditions 
of the bond have been met, and that the bond was not breached, in 
accordance with paragraph (h) of this section. For cancellations under 
paragraph (g)(1)(iv) of this section, the alien or the obligor must 
establish that the public charge bond has not been breached during the 
5-year period preceding the alien's fifth anniversary of becoming a 
lawful permanent resident.
    (5) Decision. DHS will notify the obligor, the alien, and the 
alien's representative, if any, of its decision regarding the request 
to cancel the public charge bond. When the public charge bond is 
cancelled, the obligor is released from liability. If the public charge 
bond has been secured by a cash deposit or a cash equivalent, DHS will 
refund the cash deposit and any interest earned to the obligor 
consistent with 8 U.S.C. 1363 and 8 CFR 293.1. If DHS denies the 
request to cancel the bond,

[[Page 41507]]

DHS will notify the obligor and the alien, and the alien's 
representative, if any, of the reasons why, and of the right of the 
obligor to appeal in accordance with the requirements of 8 CFR part 
103, subpart A. An obligor may file a motion pursuant to 8 CFR 103.5 
after an unfavorable decision on appeal.
    (h) Breach. (1) Breach and Claim in Favor of the United States. An 
administratively final determination that a bond has been breached 
creates a claim in favor of the United States. Such claim may not be 
released or discharged by an immigration officer. A breach 
determination is administratively final when the time to file an appeal 
with the Administrative Appeals Office (AAO) pursuant to 8 CFR part 
103, subpart A, has expired or when the appeal is dismissed or 
rejected.
    (2) Breach of Bond Conditions. (i) The conditions of the bond are 
breached if the alien has received public benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 
212.21(b), for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month 
period (such that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one month 
counts as two months), after the alien's adjustment of status to that 
of a lawful permanent resident and before the bond is cancelled under 
paragraph (g) of this section. DHS will not consider any public 
benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), received by the alien during 
periods while an alien was present in the United States in a category 
that is exempt from the public charge ground of inadmissibility or for 
which the alien received a waiver of public charge inadmissibility, as 
set forth in 8 CFR 212.21(b) and 8 CFR 212.23, and public benefits 
received after the alien obtained U.S. citizenship, when determining 
whether the conditions of the bond have been breached. DHS will not 
consider any public benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 212.21 (b)(1) through 
(b)(3), received by an alien who, at the time of receipt filing, 
adjudication or bond breach or cancellation determination, is enlisted 
in the U.S. Armed Forces under the authority of 10 U.S.C. 504(b)(1)(B) 
or 10 U.S.C. 504(b)(2), serving in active duty or in the Ready Reserve 
component of the U.S. Armed Forces, or if received by such an 
individual's spouse or child as defined in section 101(b) of the Act; 
or
    (ii) The conditions of the bond otherwise imposed by DHS as part of 
the public charge bond are breached.
    (3) Adjudication. DHS will determine whether the conditions of the 
bond have been breached. If DHS determines that it has insufficient 
information from the benefit-granting agency to determine whether a 
breach occurred, DHS may request additional information from the 
benefit-granting agency. If DHS determines that it has insufficient 
information from the alien or the obligor, it may request additional 
information as outlined in 8 CFR part 103 before making a breach 
determination. If DHS intends to declare a bond breached based on 
information that is not otherwise protected from disclosure to the 
obligor, DHS will disclose such information to the obligor to the 
extent permitted by law, and provide the obligor with an opportunity to 
respond and submit rebuttal evidence, including specifying a deadline 
for a response. DHS will send a copy of this notification to the alien 
and the alien's representative, if any. After the obligor's response, 
or after the specified deadline has passed, DHS will make a breach 
determination.
    (4) Decision. DHS will notify the obligor and the alien, and the 
alien's representative, if any, of the breach determination. If DHS 
determines that a bond has been breached, DHS will inform the obligor 
of the right to appeal in accordance with the requirements of 8 CFR 
part 103, subpart A. With respect to a breach determination for a 
surety bond, the alien or the alien's representative, if any, may not 
appeal the breach determination or file a motion.
    (5) Demand for Payment. Demands for amounts due under the terms of 
the bond will be sent to the obligor and any agent/co-obligor after a 
declaration of breach becomes administratively final.
    (6) Amount of Bond Breach and Effect on Bond. The bond must be 
considered breached in the full amount of the bond.
    (i) Exhaustion of administrative remedies. Unless an administrative 
appeal is precluded by regulation, a party has not exhausted the 
administrative remedies available with respect to a public charge bond 
under this section until the party has obtained a final decision in an 
administrative appeal under 8 CFR part 103, subpart A.
    (ii) [Reserved]

PART 214--NONIMMIGRANT CLASSES

0
10. The authority citation for part 214 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 6 U.S.C. 202, 236; 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1102, 1103, 1182, 
1184, 1186a, 1187, 1221, 1281, 1282, 1301-1305 and 1372; sec. 643, 
Pub. L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009-708; Public Law 106-386, 114 Stat. 
1477-1480; section 141 of the Compacts of Free Association with the 
Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall 
Islands, and with the Government of Palau, 48 U.S.C. 1901 note, and 
1931 note, respectively; 48 U.S.C. 1806; 8 CFR part 2.


0
11. Section 214.1 is amended by:
0
a. Adding paragraph (a)(3)(iv),
0
b. Removing the term, ``and'' in paragraph (c)(4)(iii);
    The additions read as follows:


Sec.  214.1  Requirements for admission, extension, and maintenance of 
status.

    (a) * * *
    (3) * * *
    (iv) Except where the nonimmigrant classification for which the 
alien seeks to extend is exempt from section 212(a)(4) of the Act or 
that section has been waived, as a condition for approval of extension 
of status, the alien must demonstrate that he or she has not received 
since obtaining the nonimmigrant status he or she seeks to extend one 
or more public benefits as defined in 8 CFR 212.21(b), for more than 12 
months in the aggregate within any 36-month period (such that, for 
instance, receipt of two benefits in one month counts as two months). 
For the purposes of this determination, DHS will only consider public 
benefits received on or after October 15, 2019 for petitions or 
applications postmarked (or, if applicable, submitted electronically) 
on or after that date.
* * * * *

PART 245--ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO THAT OF A PERSON ADMITTED FOR 
PERMANENT RESIDENCE

0
12. The authority citation for part 245 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1182, 1255; Pub. L. 105-100, 
section 202, 111 Stat. 2160, 2193; Pub. L. 105-277, section 902, 112 
Stat. 2681; Pub. L. 110-229, tit. VII, 122 Stat. 754; 8 CFR part 2.


0
13. Amend Sec.  245.4 by redesignating the undesignated text as 
paragraph (a) and adding paragraph (b) to read as follows:


Sec.  245.4  Documentary requirements.

* * * * *
    (b) For purposes of public charge determinations under section 
212(a)(4) of the Act and 8 CFR 212.22, an alien who is seeking 
adjustment of status under this part must submit a declaration of self-
sufficiency on a form designated by DHS, in accordance with form 
instructions.

0
14. In Sec.  245.23, revise paragraph (c)(3) to read as follows:


Sec.  245.23  Adjustment of aliens in T nonimmigrant classification.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (3) The alien is inadmissible under any applicable provisions of 
section 212(a) of the Act and has not obtained a waiver of 
inadmissibility in accordance with 8 CFR 212.18 or

[[Page 41508]]

214.11(j). Where the alien establishes that the victimization was a 
central reason for the applicant's unlawful presence in the United 
States, section 212(a)(9)(B)(iii) of the Act is not applicable, and the 
applicant need not obtain a waiver of that ground of inadmissibility. 
The alien, however, must submit with the Form I-485 evidence sufficient 
to demonstrate that the victimization suffered was a central reason for 
the unlawful presence in the United States. To qualify for this 
exception, the victimization need not be the sole reason for the 
unlawful presence but the nexus between the victimization and the 
unlawful presence must be more than tangential, incidental, or 
superficial.

PART 248--CHANGE OF NONIMMIGRANT CLASSIFICATION

0
15. The authority citation for part 248 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1184, 1258; 8 CFR part 2.

0
16. Section 248.1 is amended by:
0
a. Revising paragraph (a);
0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (b) through (e) as paragraphs (c) through 
(f), respectively; and
0
c. Adding a new paragraph (b); and
0
d. Revising newly redesignated paragraph (c)(4).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  248.1  Eligibility.

    (a) General. Except for those classes enumerated in Sec.  248.2 of 
this part, any alien lawfully admitted to the United States as a 
nonimmigrant, including an alien who acquired such status in accordance 
with section 247 of the Act who is continuing to maintain his or her 
nonimmigrant status, may apply to have his or her nonimmigrant 
classification changed to any nonimmigrant classification other than 
that of a spouse or fiance(e), or the child of such alien, under 
section 101(a)(15)(K) of the Act or as an alien in transit under 
section 101(a)(15)(C) of the Act. Except where the nonimmigrant 
classification to which the alien seeks to change is exempted by law or 
regulation from section 212(a)(4) of the Act, as a condition for 
approval of a change of nonimmigrant status, the alien must demonstrate 
that he or she has not received since obtaining the nonimmigrant status 
from which he or she seeks to change, public benefits, as described in 
8 CFR 212.21(b), for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 
36-month period (such that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in 
one month counts as two months). DHS will only consider public benefits 
received on or after October 15, 2019 for petitions or applications 
postmarked (or, if applicable, submitted electronically) on or after 
that date . An alien defined by section 101(a)(15)(V) or 101(a)(15)(U) 
of the Act may be accorded nonimmigrant status in the United States by 
following the procedures set forth in 8 CFR 214.15(f) and 214.14, 
respectively.
    (b) Decision in change of status proceedings. Where an applicant or 
petitioner demonstrates eligibility for a requested change of status, 
it may be granted at the discretion of DHS. There is no appeal from the 
denial of an application for change of status.
    (c) * * *
    (4) As a condition for approval, an alien seeking to change 
nonimmigrant classification must demonstrate that he or she has not 
received, since obtaining the nonimmigrant status from which he or she 
seeks to change, one or more public benefits, as defined in 8 CFR 
212.21(b), for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month 
period (such that, for instance, receipt of two benefits in one month 
counts as two months). For purposes of this determination, DHS will 
only consider public benefits received on or after October 15, 2019 for 
petitions or applications postmarked (or, if applicable, submitted 
electronically) on or after that date. This provision does not apply to 
classes of nonimmigrants who are explicitly exempt by law or regulation 
from section 212(a)(4) of the Act.
* * * * *

Kevin K. McAleenan,
Acting Secretary of Homeland Security.
[FR Doc. 2019-17142 Filed 8-12-19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 9111-97-P