[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 120 (Friday, June 21, 2019)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 29288-29370]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-12437]



[[Page 29287]]

Vol. 84

Friday,

No. 120

June 21, 2019

Part II





 Department of the Treasury





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Internal Revenue Service





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26 CFR Part 1





Guidance Related to Section 951A (Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income) 
and Certain Guidance Related to Foreign Tax Credits; Final Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 84 , No. 120 / Friday, June 21, 2019 / Rules 
and Regulations  

[[Page 29288]]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Part 1

[TD 9866]
RIN 1545-BO54; 1545-BO62


Guidance Related to Section 951A (Global Intangible Low-Taxed 
Income) and Certain Guidance Related to Foreign Tax Credits

AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.

ACTION: Final and temporary regulations.

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SUMMARY: This document contains final regulations that provide guidance 
to determine the amount of global intangible low-taxed income included 
in the gross income of certain United States shareholders of foreign 
corporations, including United States shareholders that are members of 
a consolidated group. This document also contains final regulations 
relating to the determination of a United States shareholder's pro rata 
share of a controlled foreign corporation's subpart F income included 
in the shareholder's gross income, as well as certain reporting 
requirements relating to inclusions of subpart F income and global 
intangible low-taxed income. Finally, this document contains final 
regulations relating to certain foreign tax credit provisions 
applicable to persons that directly or indirectly own stock in foreign 
corporations.

DATES: 
    Effective date: These regulations are effective on June 21, 2019.
    Applicability dates: For dates of applicability, see Sec. Sec.  
1.78-1(c), 1.861-12(k), 1.951-1(i), 1.951A-7, 1.1502-51(g), 1.6038-
2(m), and 1.6038-5(e).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Concerning the regulations Sec. Sec.  
1.951-1, 1.951A-0 through 1.951A-7, 1.6038-2, and 1.6038-5, Jorge M. 
Oben at (202) 317-6934; concerning the regulations Sec. Sec.  1.951A-
1(e) and 1.951A-3(g), Jennifer N. Keeney at (202) 317-5045; concerning 
the regulations Sec. Sec.  1.1502-12, 1.1502-32, and 1.1502-51, 
Katherine H. Zhang at (202) 317-6848 or Kevin M. Jacobs at (202) 317-
5332; concerning the regulations Sec. Sec.  1.78-1, 1.861-12, 1.861-
12T, and 1.965-7, Karen J. Cate at (202) 317-6936 (not toll free 
numbers).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    Section 951A was added to the Internal Revenue Code (the ``Code'') 
\1\ by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, Public Law 115-97, 131 Stat. 2054, 
2208 (2017) (the ``Act''), which was enacted on December 22, 2017. On 
October 10, 2018, the Department of the Treasury (``Treasury 
Department'') and the IRS published proposed regulations (REG-104390-
18) under sections 951, 951A, 1502, and 6038 in the Federal Register 
(83 FR 51072) (the ``proposed regulations''). A public hearing on the 
proposed regulations was held on February 13, 2019. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS also received written comments with respect to 
the proposed regulations.
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    \1\ Except as otherwise stated, all section references in this 
preamble are to the Internal Revenue Code.
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    In addition, on December 7, 2018, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS published proposed regulations (REG-105600-18) relating to foreign 
tax credits in the Federal Register (83 FR 63200) (``foreign tax credit 
proposed regulations''). A public hearing on these regulations was 
scheduled for March 14, 2019, but it was not held because there were no 
requests to speak. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
received written comments with respect to the foreign tax credit 
proposed regulations. Certain rules in the foreign tax credit proposed 
regulations are being finalized in this Treasury decision to ensure 
that the applicability dates of these rules coincide with the 
applicability dates of the statutory provisions to which they relate. 
See section 7805(b)(2). The rules being finalized relate to Sec. Sec.  
1.78-1, 1.861-12(c)(2), and 1.965-7(e). See part XI of the Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions section.
    Comments outside the scope of this rulemaking are generally not 
addressed but may be considered in connection with future guidance 
projects. In this regard, the Treasury Department and the IRS expect 
that future guidance will address issues concerning the allocation and 
apportionment of expenses in order to determine a taxpayer's foreign 
tax credit limitation under section 904. All written comments received 
in response to the proposed regulations and the foreign tax credit 
proposed regulations are available at www.regulations.gov or upon 
request. Terms used but not defined in this preamble have the meaning 
provided in these final regulations.

Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions

I. Overview

    The final regulations retain the basic approach and structure of 
the proposed regulations and foreign tax credit proposed regulations, 
with certain revisions. This Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions section discusses those revisions as well as comments 
received in response to the solicitation of comments in the notices of 
proposed rulemaking accompanying those regulations.

II. Comments and Revisions to Proposed Sec.  1.951-1--Amounts Included 
in Gross Income of United States Shareholders

A. Hypothetical Distribution of Allocable E&P

    A United States shareholder (``U.S. shareholder'') who owns stock 
of a foreign corporation on the last day of the foreign corporation's 
taxable year on which the foreign corporation is a controlled foreign 
corporation (``CFC'') includes in gross income its ``pro rata share'' 
of the CFC's subpart F income (as defined in section 952) for the 
taxable year. See section 951(a)(1) and Sec.  1.951-1(a). In general, a 
U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of subpart F income is determined 
based on its proportionate share of a hypothetical distribution of all 
the current earnings and profits (``E&P'' and ``current E&P'') of the 
CFC. See section 951(a)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(i) and (e)(1). A 
U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of tested income (as defined in 
section 951A(c)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(1)), tested loss (as 
defined in section 951A(c)(2)(B)(i) and Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(2)), 
qualified business asset investment (``QBAI'') (as defined in section 
951A(d)(1) and Sec.  1.951A-3(b)), tested interest expense (as defined 
in Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)), and tested interest income (as defined in 
Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(2)) (each a ``tested item'') generally are also 
determined based on a hypothetical distribution of current E&P, with 
certain modifications to account for the differences between each 
tested item and subpart F income. See section 951A(e)(1) and Sec.  
1.951A-1(d).
    For purposes of the hypothetical distribution, the proposed 
regulations define ``current E&P'' for a taxable year as the greater of 
(i) the E&P of the corporation for the taxable year determined under 
section 964, or (ii) the sum of the subpart F income (as determined 
under section 952, as increased under section 951A(c)(2)(B)(ii) and 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-6(d)) and the tested income of

[[Page 29289]]

the corporation for the taxable year. See proposed Sec.  1.951-
1(e)(1)(ii). One comment asserted that using the term ``current 
earnings and profits'' for this purpose is confusing because the 
definition differs significantly from the definition of ``earnings and 
profits'' provided in section 964(a), and therefore suggested using a 
different term for this purpose. In response to this comment, the final 
regulations replace the term ``current earnings and profits'' with 
``allocable earnings and profits'' (``allocable E&P'').

B. Pro Rata Share Anti-Abuse Rule

    The proposed regulations provide that any transaction or 
arrangement that is part of a plan a principal purpose of which is the 
avoidance of Federal income taxation, including, but not limited to, a 
transaction or arrangement to reduce a U.S. shareholder's pro rata 
share of the subpart F income of a CFC, which transaction or 
arrangement would otherwise avoid Federal income taxation, is 
disregarded in determining such U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of 
the subpart F income of the corporation (the ``pro rata share anti-
abuse rule''). See proposed Sec.  1.951-1(e)(6). The pro rata share 
anti-abuse rule also applies in determining the pro rata share of each 
tested item of a CFC for purposes of determining a U.S. shareholder's 
global intangible low-taxed income (``GILTI'') inclusion amount under 
section 951A(a) and Sec.  1.951A-1(b). See id.
    Several comments suggested that the pro rata share anti-abuse rule 
is overbroad and could be interpreted to apply to nearly all 
transactions, arrangements, or tax elections that reduce the pro rata 
share amounts of a U.S. shareholder. In particular, comments noted 
that, under one interpretation of the rule, a U.S. shareholder that 
disposes of CFC stock could be required indefinitely to include its 
``pro rata share'' of the CFC's subpart F income or tested items with 
respect to such stock. These comments recommended that the final 
regulations clarify the scope of the rule and, in particular, provide 
that the rule applies only to reallocate subpart F income and tested 
items of a CFC as of a hypothetical distribution date among persons 
that own, directly or indirectly, shares of the CFC on such date. 
According to these comments, the rule, as narrowed in this manner, 
could not apply to cause a U.S. person that disposes of stock of a CFC 
before a hypothetical distribution date to be treated as having a pro 
rata share of the CFC's subpart F income or tested items as of such 
date by reason of such stock.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that the scope of the pro 
rata share anti-abuse rule should be clarified. Accordingly, the final 
regulations clarify that the rule applies only to require appropriate 
adjustments to the allocation of allocable E&P that would be 
distributed in a hypothetical distribution with respect to any share 
outstanding as of the hypothetical distribution date. See Sec.  1.951-
1(e)(6). Thus, under the rule, if applicable, adjustments will be made 
solely to the allocation of allocable E&P in the hypothetical 
distribution between shareholders that own, directly or indirectly, 
stock of the CFC as of the relevant hypothetical distribution date. As 
clarified, the rule will not apply to adjust the allocable E&P 
allocated to a shareholder by reason of a transfer of CFC stock, except 
by reason of a change to the distribution rights with respect to stock 
in connection with such transfer (for example, an issuance of a new 
class of stock, including by recapitalization).
    Other comments suggested that the final regulations limit the pro 
rata share anti-abuse rule to transactions or arrangements that lack 
economic substance or are artificial, or only to transactions or 
arrangements that result in non-economic allocations that shift subpart 
F income or tested items away from a U.S. shareholder. One comment 
suggested that the rule should apply only to enumerated transactions 
identified by the Treasury Department and the IRS as being abusive, and 
another comment suggested that the regulations should include examples 
illustrating transactions to which the pro rata share anti-abuse rule 
would or would not apply.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS do not adopt these 
recommendations. Transactions that lack economic substance or are 
artificial would typically be disregarded under general tax principles, 
and non-economic allocations would generally be addressed through the 
facts and circumstances approach of Sec.  1.951-1(e)(3) (as discussed 
in part II.C of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions 
section), such that limiting the pro rata share anti-abuse rule in the 
manner recommended could render it superfluous. Moreover, the concerns 
underlying the rule may arise in non-artificial transactions, or 
transactions with substance, that would be respected under general tax 
principles. In addition, attempting to specifically identify all the 
transactions covered by the rule or to specify such transactions by 
example would be impractical and inconsistent with one of the purposes 
underlying any anti-avoidance rule--that is, to deter the development 
and implementation of new transactions or arrangements intended to 
avoid the operative rule.
    Another comment recommended an exception to the pro rata share 
anti-abuse rule for transactions entered into with unrelated parties 
and for transactions entered into with related parties located in the 
same country of tax residence as the relevant CFC. The comment also 
recommended a ``small business'' exception for U.S. shareholders with 
worldwide gross receipts under $25 million. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS have determined that the policy concerns underlying the rule 
can be implicated by transactions that involve unrelated parties, such 
as accommodation parties (for instance, a financial institution) that 
hold stock with certain distribution rights in order to reduce an 
unrelated U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of subpart F income or 
tested items. Further, these concerns can arise regardless of whether 
the parties involved are located in the same country of tax residence 
as the CFC. Finally, the Treasury Department and the IRS have concluded 
that the level of gross receipts of the shareholders is not relevant 
to, and therefore does not justify, an exception to the rule. Any 
administrative burden on small businesses would not stem from the rule 
itself but rather from engaging in a transaction a principal purpose of 
which is to avoid Federal income taxation. Accordingly, these 
recommendations are not adopted.

C. Facts and Circumstances Approach

    Section 1.951-1(e)(3)(ii) of the existing regulations provides 
special rules applicable to CFCs with two or more classes of stock with 
discretionary distribution rights. Under these rules, the allocation of 
current E&P is primarily based on the relative fair market value of the 
stock with discretionary distribution rights. The preamble to the 
proposed regulations notes that this fair market value allocation 
method had been the basis of certain attempted avoidance structures. 
Accordingly, the proposed regulations adopt a facts and circumstances 
approach in allocating current E&P in a hypothetical distribution 
between multiple classes of stock, including stock with discretionary 
distribution rights. See proposed Sec.  1.951-1(e)(3). The proposed 
regulations provide that, where appropriate, the relative fair market 
value of the stock may still be taken into account, but as one of 
several factors, none of which is dispositive. See id.

[[Page 29290]]

    A comment asserted that the facts and circumstances approach set 
forth in the proposed regulations is a vague and subjective standard 
that would create uncertainty, while the fair market value approach in 
the existing regulations for stock with discretionary distribution 
rights is a long-standing and objective standard. The comment further 
noted that the preamble to the 2005 Treasury decision that adopts the 
fair market value approach specifically rejects the facts and 
circumstances approach, stating that ``the interests of sound tax 
policy and administration are served by requiring the value-based 
allocation.'' TD 9222, 70 FR 49864 (August 25, 2005). The comment 
recommended that the fair market value approach be retained in the 
final regulations, in lieu of the proposed facts and circumstances 
approach, for purposes of determining the pro rata share of subpart F 
income and tested items.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined, based on 
experience administering the fair market value approach, that a facts 
and circumstances approach, in which the fair market value of stock is 
relevant but not determinative, would be a more reliable method for 
determining a U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of subpart F income 
(and tested items) than the fair market value approach. While fair 
market value is easily determinable for publicly traded stock, 
determining the fair market value of privately-held stock is more 
difficult and typically requires a determination of the stock's rights 
to distributions of current and accumulated E&P and capital, as well as 
the voting rights with respect to such stock. In contrast, under 
section 951(a)(2) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1), a shareholder's pro rata 
share of subpart F income is determined based solely on a hypothetical 
distribution of subpart F income for the taxable year. Furthermore, the 
amount of subpart F income treated as distributed in the hypothetical 
distribution is determined under Sec.  1.951-1(e) based on a 
distribution of allocable E&P. Thus, the most relevant attribute of any 
share of CFC stock for purposes of the hypothetical distribution is its 
economic rights with respect to the allocable E&P of the CFC, which is 
generally determined by reference to its current E&P. Generally, a 
share's voting rights, rights to distributions of E&P accumulated 
before the current year, and rights to capital, all of which are also 
taken into account in determining fair market value, are not relevant 
to the hypothetical distribution of allocable E&P, and therefore a fair 
market value approach can distort the determination required under 
section 951(a)(2) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1). A more flexible facts and 
circumstances approach that considers fair market value as a factor can 
also take into account other factors related to the expected 
distributions of allocable E&P with respect to such stock, without 
taking into account capital liquidation rights and other factors that 
are not relevant to the distribution of allocable E&P. Accordingly, the 
final regulations do not adopt this recommendation.

D. Modifications to Example 4

    The proposed regulations provide that no amount of current E&P is 
distributed in the hypothetical distribution with respect to a 
particular class of stock to the extent that a distribution of such 
amount would constitute a redemption of stock (even if the redemption 
would be treated as a dividend under sections 301 and 302(d)), a 
distribution in liquidation, or a return of capital. See proposed Sec.  
1.951-1(e)(4)(i). The proposed regulations include an example to 
illustrate the application of this rule. See proposed Sec.  1.951-
1(e)(7)(v) Example 4. A comment asserted that proposed Sec.  1.951-
1(e)(4)(i) and the example illustrating the rule are confusing because, 
given the definition of current E&P in the proposed regulations, the 
hypothetical distribution would typically not give rise to a return of 
capital (other than through a redemption).
    This rule is not intended to refer to the consequences of the 
hypothetical distribution itself (for example, the extent to which it 
could give rise to a return of capital), but rather is intended to 
provide that terms of the stock or related agreements and arrangements 
that could give rise to redemptions, liquidations, or returns of 
capital if actually exercised (or otherwise taken into account) are not 
taken into account for purposes of the hypothetical distribution. The 
final regulations and the related example are clarified to reflect this 
intent. See Sec.  1.951-1(e)(4)(i) and Sec.  1.951-1(e)(7)(v) Example 
4. Similarly, the final regulations clarify that the facts and 
circumstances taken into account in determining the distribution rights 
of a class of stock do not include actual distributions (or any amount 
treated as a dividend) made during the taxable year that includes the 
hypothetical distribution date. See Sec.  1.951-1(e)(3). Such 
distributions (or dividends) are not relevant in determining a class of 
stock's economic rights and interest in the allocable E&P (which are 
not reduced by actual distributions during the taxable year) as of the 
hypothetical distribution date.

E. Application of Section 951(a)(2)(B) to Subpart F Income and Tested 
Income in the Same Taxable Year

    Under section 951(a)(2)(B), a U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of 
subpart F income with respect to stock for a taxable year (as 
determined under section 951(a)(2)(A)) is reduced by the amount of 
distributions received by any other person during the year as a 
dividend with respect to the stock, subject to a limitation based on 
the period of the taxable year in which the shareholder owned the stock 
within the meaning of section 958(a). Section 951A(e)(1) provides that 
the pro rata share of tested income, tested loss, and QBAI is 
determined under the rules of section 951(a)(2) in the same manner as 
such section applies to subpart F income. Accordingly, the proposed 
regulations provide that a U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of tested 
income is determined under section 951(a)(2) and Sec.  1.951-1(b) and 
(e), generally substituting ``tested income'' for ``subpart F income'' 
each place it appears. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(2).
    Because section 951(a)(2)(B) applies for purposes of determining 
the pro rata share of both subpart F income and tested income, the 
proposed regulations could be interpreted as permitting a dollar-for-
dollar reduction under section 951(a)(2)(B) in both a U.S. 
shareholder's pro rata share of subpart F income and its pro rata share 
of tested income. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined 
that this would be an inappropriate double benefit that is not 
contemplated under section 951(a)(2)(B) and section 951A(e)(1). 
Accordingly, the regulations under section 951(a)(2)(B) are revised to 
clarify that a dividend received during the taxable year by a person 
other than the U.S. shareholder reduces the U.S. shareholder's pro rata 
share of subpart F income and its pro rata share of tested income in 
the same proportion as its pro rata share of each amount bears to its 
aggregate pro rata share of both amounts. See Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(ii).
    The examples in Sec.  1.951-1(b)(2) are modified solely to 
illustrate the application of the revised rule in Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1) 
and to conform to the terminology in the final regulations. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS are studying the application of section 
951(a)(2)(A) and (B) in certain cases that may lead to inappropriate 
results, for example, due to the concurrent application of the 
provisions. In addition, the Treasury Department and the IRS are 
studying the application of

[[Page 29291]]

section 951(a)(2)(B) with respect to dividends paid to foreign persons, 
dividends that give rise to a deduction under section 245A(a), and 
dividends paid on stock after the disposition of such stock by a U.S. 
shareholder. Comments are requested in this regard.

F. Revisions to Cumulative Preferred Stock Rule

    The proposed regulations provide a special rule applicable to 
preferred shares with accrued but unpaid dividends that do not compound 
annually at or above the applicable Federal rate (``AFR'') under 
section 1274(d)(1) (``cumulative preferred stock rule''). See proposed 
Sec.  1.951-1(e)(4)(ii). If the cumulative preferred stock rule applies 
with respect to stock, the current E&P allocable to the stock may not 
exceed the amount of dividends actually paid during the taxable year 
with respect to the stock plus the present value of the unpaid current 
dividends with respect to the stock determined by using the AFR that 
applies on the date the stock is issued for the term from such issue 
date to the mandatory redemption date and assuming the dividends will 
be paid at the mandatory redemption date. See id.
    A comment stated that it is unclear whether the applicability of 
the cumulative preferred stock rule is determined based on the AFR as 
of the issuance date or, alternatively, the AFR for the current year. 
The comment suggested that, because the amount of the preferred 
dividend determined under the cumulative preferred stock rule is based 
on the AFR as of the issue date, for consistency, the applicability of 
the rule should be determined by reference to the AFR as of the issue 
date as well. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with this 
comment, and the final regulations are revised accordingly. See Sec.  
1.951-1(e)(4)(ii).
    The proposed regulations provide that the amount of any arrearage 
on cumulative preferred stock is determined taking into account the 
time value of money principles in the cumulative preferred stock rule. 
See proposed Sec.  1.951-1(e)(4)(iii). A comment recommended that the 
rule be clarified to reference the calculation of the present value of 
the unpaid current dividends described in the cumulative preferred 
stock rule. The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with this 
comment, and the final regulations are revised accordingly. See Sec.  
1.951-1(e)(4)(iii).
    The proposed regulations contain a special rule for purposes of 
sections 951 through 964 to treat a controlled domestic partnership as 
a foreign partnership to determine stock ownership in a CFC by a U.S. 
person for purposes of section 958(a) if certain conditions are met. 
See proposed Sec.  1.951-1(h). A comment suggested that because the 
proposed regulations define a ``controlled domestic partnership'' by 
reference to a specific U.S. shareholder, the rule could be read to 
apply only with respect to that shareholder but not with respect to 
other partners of the controlled domestic partnership, for which the 
partnership would therefore still be treated as domestic. The comment 
requested that the final regulations clarify that the treatment as a 
foreign partnership is with respect to all partners of the partnership. 
The rule, if applicable, is intended to treat a domestic partnership as 
a foreign partnership with respect to all its partners. The final 
regulations revise the definition of controlled domestic partnership to 
clarify the scope of the rule. See Sec.  1.951-1(h)(2); see also Sec.  
1.965-1(e)(2). A change is also made to Sec.  1.951-1(h) to conform to 
the change in the final regulations to the treatment of domestic 
partnerships for purposes of section 951A. See part VII.C of this 
Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section.
    Finally, certain regulations have been revised to reflect the 
repeal of section 954(f) (regarding foreign base company shipping 
income) and section 955 (regarding foreign investments in less 
developed countries). See Public Law 108-357, 415(a)(2) (2004) and 
Public Law 115-97, 14212(a) (2017). The Treasury Department and the IRS 
intend to revise other regulations to reflect the repeal of these 
provisions in future guidance projects.

III. Comments and Revisions to Proposed Sec.  1.951A-1--General 
Provisions

A. CFC Inclusion Date

    The proposed regulations provide that, for purposes of determining 
the GILTI inclusion amount of a U.S. shareholder for a U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year, the U.S. shareholder takes into account its pro rata 
share of a tested item with respect to a CFC for the U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year that includes a CFC inclusion date with respect to the 
CFC. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(1). Under the proposed regulations, 
the term ``U.S. shareholder inclusion year'' means a taxable year of a 
U.S. shareholder that includes a CFC inclusion date of a CFC of the 
U.S. shareholder, the term ``CFC inclusion date'' means the last day of 
a CFC inclusion year on which a foreign corporation is a CFC, and the 
term ``CFC inclusion year'' means any taxable year of a foreign 
corporation beginning after December 31, 2017, at any time during which 
the corporation is a CFC. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-1(e)(1), (2) and 
(4).
    Several comments noted that, under certain circumstances, the 
requirement that a U.S. shareholder take into account its pro rata 
share of a CFC's tested items for a U.S. shareholder inclusion year 
that includes a CFC inclusion date could have the effect of requiring a 
U.S. shareholder to take into account its pro rata share of the CFC's 
tested items for a U.S. shareholder inclusion year that does not 
include the last day of the CFC inclusion year. This could happen, for 
instance, if a U.S. person with a taxable year ending December 31, 
2019, sells a wholly-owned foreign corporation with a taxable year 
ending November 30, 2020, to a foreign person on December 1, 2019 and, 
as a result of the sale, the foreign corporation ceases to be a CFC; in 
that case, under the proposed regulations, the CFC inclusion date with 
respect to the foreign corporation would be December 1, 2019, whereas 
the CFC inclusion year of the foreign corporation would not end until 
November 30, 2020. The comments raised several concerns, in particular, 
that the U.S. person in this example would be unable to determine its 
pro rata share of any tested item of the foreign corporation as of 
December 31, 2019, since the foreign corporation's tested items could 
not be determined until November 30, 2020. The comments also noted that 
the proposed regulations' definition of CFC inclusion date was 
inconsistent with section 951A(e)(1), which provides that the pro rata 
share of certain amounts is taken into account in the taxable year of 
the U.S. shareholder in which or with which the taxable year of the CFC 
ends. The comments recommended that the relevant definitions be revised 
to accord with section 951A(e)(1).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with these comments. 
Accordingly, the final regulations provide that a U.S. shareholder 
takes into account its pro rata share of a tested item of a CFC in the 
U.S. shareholder inclusion year that includes the last day of the CFC 
inclusion year. See Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(1). However, consistent with 
sections 951(a)(2) and 951A(e)(1), a U.S. shareholder's pro rata share 
of each tested item of a CFC is still determined based on the section 
958(a) stock owned by the shareholder on the last day of the CFC's 
taxable year on which it is a CFC (the ``hypothetical distribution 
date''). See Sec. Sec.  1.951-1(e)(1)(i) and 1.951A-1(f)(3). The term 
``hypothetical distribution date'' in the final regulations has the 
same meaning as the

[[Page 29292]]

term ``CFC inclusion date'' in the proposed regulations.

B. Pro Rata Share of Certain Tested Items

1. Pro Rata Share of QBAI
    The proposed regulations provide that, in general, a U.S. 
shareholder's pro rata share of the QBAI of a tested income CFC is 
proportionate to the U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of the tested 
income of the tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year. See 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(3)(i). However, the proposed regulations 
provide that, to the extent the amount of a tested income CFC's QBAI is 
greater than ten times its tested income for the year (that is, the 
point at which the shareholder's deemed tangible income return 
(``DTIR'') attributable to the QBAI would fully offset its pro rata 
share of the tested income CFC's tested income), the excess QBAI is 
allocated solely to common shares (and not to preferred shares) (the 
``excess QBAI rule''). See proposed Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(3)(ii). The 
excess QBAI rule is intended to ensure that a shareholder cannot obtain 
an increase in its DTIR by reason of preferred stock that exceeds the 
increase in its aggregate pro rata share of tested income from the 
ownership of the stock. Without the excess QBAI rule, U.S. persons 
would be incentivized to acquire debt-like preferred stock of CFCs that 
have significant amounts of QBAI and minimal tested income in order to 
effectively exempt some or all of the U.S. person's pro rata shares of 
tested income from other CFCs from taxation under section 951A. The 
preamble to the proposed regulations requested comments on the approach 
in the proposed regulations, including the excess QBAI rule, for 
determining a U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of a CFC's QBAI.
    The only comment received with respect to the QBAI allocation 
approach in the proposed regulations agreed that it was appropriate to 
limit the allocation of QBAI to a preferred shareholder, because the 
debt-like claim that a preferred shareholder has on a CFC should not 
entitle it to an amount of QBAI that could be used to effectively 
exempt tested income of the shareholder's other CFCs. The comment noted 
that, in cases where a CFC has minimal tested income and substantial 
QBAI, the approach in the proposed regulations could result in a common 
shareholder receiving a pro rata share of QBAI that is disproportionate 
to its pro rata share of tested income, but acknowledged that this 
effect would be reversed in future years when the CFC generates more 
tested income.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the comment that the 
approach in the proposed regulations achieves the correct result over a 
multi-year period. Accordingly, the final regulations generally adopt 
the QBAI allocation rule of the proposed regulations, with certain 
modifications to the excess QBAI rule to better effectuate the purposes 
of the rule. Specifically, the final regulations provide that, in the 
case of a tested income CFC with tested income that is less than ten 
percent of its QBAI (the tested income CFC's ``hypothetical tangible 
return''), a shareholder's pro rata share of QBAI is determined based 
on the shareholder's pro rata share of this hypothetical tangible 
return. See Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(3)(ii)(A) and (C). A U.S. shareholder's 
pro rata share of the hypothetical tangible return is determined under 
the rules for determining the shareholder's pro rata share of tested 
income, for this purpose treating the hypothetical tangible return as 
tested income. See Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(3)(ii)(B). In most cases, the 
excess QBAI rule in the final regulations will produce the same results 
as the excess QBAI rule in the proposed regulations. However, unlike 
the excess QBAI rule in the proposed regulations, the application of 
the excess QBAI rule in the final regulations is not limited to 
preferred stock.\2\ Further, with respect to common stock, by 
untethering the allocation of excess QBAI from the allocation of tested 
income, and instead applying a hypothetical distribution model to the 
excess QBAI, the rule ensures that the reduction under section 
951(a)(2)(B) and Sec.  1.951A-1(b)(1)(ii) to a U.S. shareholder's pro 
rata share of tested income does not result in an excessive reduction 
to the U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of QBAI. See Sec.  1.951A-
1(d)(3)(iii)(C) Example 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ When the excess QBAI rule in the final regulations applies 
to a CFC with preferred stock, the increase to the preferred 
shareholder's DTIR by reason of the preferred stock generally will 
be limited to an amount equal to its pro rata share of tested 
income, consistent with the purpose of the rule in the proposed 
regulations. This is the case because the formula for determining 
the preferred shareholder's pro rata share of QBAI (that is, 
multiplying the CFC's QBAI by the ratio that such shareholder's pro 
rata share of the hypothetical tangible return bears to the CFC's 
total hypothetical tangible return) will yield a product that equals 
10 times that shareholder's pro rata share of tested income. For an 
illustration, see Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(3)(iii)(B) Example 2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    One comment recommended that the final regulations allocate QBAI to 
convertible preferred stock or participating preferred stock by 
bifurcating the stock into preferred stock (to the extent of the 
dividend and liquidation preference) and common stock (to the extent 
that the participation right is ``in the money''), and then allocating 
QBAI to each component separately. This issue has been mooted because 
the determination of a U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of QBAI no 
longer depends on whether the stock owned by the shareholder is common 
or preferred. Accordingly, the final regulations do not adopt this 
recommendation.
    Finally, for the avoidance of doubt, the final regulations clarify 
that the aggregate amount of any tested item (including QBAI) of a CFC 
for a CFC inclusion year allocated to the CFC's stock cannot exceed the 
amount of such tested item of the CFC for the CFC inclusion year. See 
Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(1).
2. Pro Rata Share of Tested Loss
    The proposed regulations provide that a CFC's tested loss is 
allocated based on a hypothetical distribution of an amount of current 
E&P equal to the amount of tested loss, except that, in general, tested 
loss is allocated only to common stock. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-
1(d)(4)(i)(C). The general rule that tested loss is allocated only to 
common stock is subject to two exceptions. First, the proposed 
regulations allocate tested loss to preferred shares to the extent the 
tested loss reduces the E&P accumulated since the issuance of those 
preferred shares to an amount below the amount necessary to satisfy any 
accrued but unpaid dividends with respect to such preferred shares. See 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(4)(ii). Second, when the common stock has no 
liquidation value, the proposed regulations allocate tested loss to 
classes of preferred stock with liquidation value in reverse order of 
priority. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(4)(iii). These two exceptions 
result in tested loss allocations corresponding to changes in the 
economic value of the CFC stock. The preamble to the proposed 
regulations requested comments on the proposed approach for determining 
a U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of a CFC's tested loss, including 
how (or whether) to allocate tested loss of a CFC when no class of CFC 
stock has positive liquidation value.
    Comments were supportive of the approach taken in the proposed 
regulations to determine pro rata shares of tested loss because the 
approach avoids complexity, minimizes the potential for abusive 
allocations of tested loss, and is consistent with the economic reality 
that common stock generally bears the risk of loss before preferred 
stock. One comment that was

[[Page 29293]]

supportive of the approach in the proposed regulations suggested a 
possible alternative approach of allocating tested loss to preferred 
shares to the extent the preferred shares were allocated subpart F 
income. However, the comment noted that the approach of the proposed 
regulations is simpler and that the suggested approach would require 
additional rules to ensure that corresponding allocations of tested 
income were made in future periods to the preferred shares to reflect 
an actual payment of a dividend to the preferred shares. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS agree with the comment that the approach for 
allocating tested loss in the proposed regulations is simpler and that 
the suggested approach would require adjustments to the pro rata share 
rules for tested income as well, resulting in more complex tracking of 
previous year pro rata allocations for CFCs and their shareholders to 
determine current year allocations. Accordingly, the suggestion is not 
adopted.
    One comment recommended that if no class of stock has liquidation 
value, the tested loss should be allocated first to any shareholders 
that hold guaranteed debt of the CFC, and then to the most senior class 
of common stock, unless another class of stock will in fact bear the 
economic loss. The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined, 
based on experience with pro rata share rules in the subpart F context, 
that the facts and circumstances approach provides a flexible and 
appropriate allocation of tested loss, including in cases where no 
class of stock has liquidation value. Therefore, this comment is not 
adopted.

IV. Comments and Revisions to Proposed Sec.  1.951A-2--Tested Income 
and Tested Loss

A. Determination of Gross Income and Allowable Deductions

    For purposes of determining tested income or tested loss, gross 
tested income is reduced by deductions (including taxes) properly 
allocable to the gross tested income (or which would be properly 
allocable to gross tested income if there were such gross income) under 
rules similar to the rules of section 954(b)(5). See section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(ii). The proposed regulations provide that, for purposes 
of determining tested income and tested loss, the gross income and 
allowable deductions of a CFC for a CFC inclusion year are determined 
under the rules of Sec.  1.952-2 for determining the subpart F income 
of a CFC. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(2). Section 1.952-2 provides 
rules for determining gross income and taxable income of a foreign 
corporation. For this purpose, and subject to certain exceptions, these 
rules generally treat foreign corporations as domestic corporations. 
See Sec.  1.952-2(a)(1) and (b)(1).
    The preamble to the proposed regulations requested comments on the 
application of Sec.  1.952-2 for purposes of determining subpart F 
income, tested income, and tested loss, including whether other 
approaches for determining tested income and tested loss, or whether 
additional modifications to Sec.  1.952-2 for purposes of calculating 
tested income and tested loss, would be appropriate. Several comments 
were received in response to this request. The comments generally 
supported applying Sec.  1.952-2 for purposes of determining tested 
income. However, a number of comments requested modifications to, or 
clarifications regarding, the application of Sec.  1.952-2. Some 
comments suggested that Sec.  1.952-2 be revised for purposes of 
determining tested income and tested loss to allow the use of net 
operating loss carryforwards under section 172 and net capital losses 
subject to limits under section 1212. Another comment requested that 
the Treasury Department and the IRS provide a list of specific 
deductions allowed to a CFC that would be disallowed to a domestic 
corporation, such as under section 162(m) or 280G. The same comment 
requested clarification that carryforwards of a CFC's disallowed 
interest deduction under section 163(j)(2) are not subject to any 
limitation or restrictions. Several comments suggested that section 
245A should apply to determine a CFC's subpart F income and tested 
income and tested loss under Sec.  1.952-2. There is also a concern 
that Sec.  1.952-2 could be interpreted so expansively as to entitle a 
CFC to a deduction expressly limited to domestic corporations, such as 
a deduction under section 250.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS intend to address issues 
related to the application of Sec.  1.952-2, taking into account these 
comments, in connection with a future guidance project. This guidance 
is expected to clarify that, in general, any provision that is 
expressly limited in its application to domestic corporations, such as 
section 250, does not apply to CFCs by reason of Sec.  1.952-2. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS continue to study whether, and to what 
extent, section 245A should apply to dividends received by a CFC and 
welcome comments on this subject.
    Section 1.952-2(b)(2) provides that the taxable income of a CFC 
engaged in the business of reinsuring or issuing insurance or annuity 
contracts and which, if it were a domestic corporation engaged in such 
business, would be taxable as a life insurance company to which 
subchapter L applies, is generally determined by treating such 
corporation as a domestic corporation taxable under subchapter L and by 
applying the principles of Sec. Sec.  1.953-4 and 1.953-5 for 
determining taxable income. These regulations, which were promulgated 
in 1964, have not been updated to reflect current sections 953(a), 
953(b)(3), and 954(i). A comment requested that the final regulations 
confirm that the rules of current sections 953 and 954(i) apply in 
determining the tested income or tested loss of a CFC described in 
Sec.  1.952-2(b)(2). The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that the 
tested income or tested loss of a CFC described in Sec.  1.952-2(b)(2) 
is calculated in the same manner as its insurance income under sections 
953 and 954(i), and the rule is revised accordingly. See Sec.  1.951A-
2(c)(2)(i). However, no inference is intended that a CFC may determine 
reserve amounts based on foreign statement reserves in the absence of a 
ruling request. See section 954(i)(4)(B)(ii). In this regard, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS intend to address, in separate 
guidance, the use of foreign statement reserves for purposes of 
measuring qualified insurance income under section 954(i).

B. Gross Income Excluded by Reason of Section 954(b)(4)

    Section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(III) provides that gross tested income 
does not include any item of gross income excluded from foreign base 
company income (as defined in section 954) (``FBCI'') or insurance 
income (as defined in section 953) ``by reason of section 954(b)(4)'' 
(the ``GILTI high tax exclusion''). The proposed regulations clarify 
that the GILTI high tax exclusion applies only to items of gross income 
that are excluded from FBCI or insurance income solely by reason of an 
election under section 954(b)(4) and Sec.  1.954-1(d)(5). See proposed 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(1)(iii). Thus, this exclusion does not apply to any 
item of gross income excluded from FBCI or insurance income by reason 
of an exception other than section 954(b)(4), regardless of the 
effective rate of foreign tax to which such item is subject.
    One comment noted that this clarification is consistent with the 
language of the GILTI high tax exclusion, which is limited by its terms 
to income subject to the high tax exception of section 954(b)(4). 
Several comments, however, requested that the final regulations expand 
the GILTI high tax exclusion to exclude additional

[[Page 29294]]

categories of high-taxed income. These comments asserted, based on the 
legislative history of the Act, that Congress intended that income of a 
CFC would be subject to tax under the GILTI regime only if it is 
subject to a low rate of foreign tax. Some of these comments suggested 
that the exclusion be expanded to apply to high-taxed income that would 
be FBCI or insurance income but for the application of one or more 
exceptions in section 954(c), (h), or (i). Others recommended that the 
final regulations apply the GILTI high tax exclusion to any item of 
gross income subject to a sufficiently high effective foreign tax rate, 
regardless of whether such income would be FBCI or insurance income but 
for an exception. Comments suggested that the Treasury Department and 
the IRS could exercise their authority under section 951A(f)(1)(B) to 
treat a GILTI inclusion as a subpart F inclusion that could potentially 
be excludible, on an elective basis, from FBCI (or insurance income) 
under section 954(b)(4).
    Comments recommending an expansion of the GILTI high tax exclusion 
to any item of high-taxed income suggested various methods to determine 
the appropriate foreign tax rate for this purpose. One comment 
recommended the same threshold as used for the high tax exception for 
subpart F income under section 954(b)(4)--that is, a rate that is 90 
percent of the maximum rate specified in section 11 (21 percent), or 
18.9 percent. Another comment recommended a 13.125 percent rate, citing 
the conference report accompanying the Act that indicated that, in 
general, no residual U.S. tax would be owed on GILTI subject to a 
foreign tax rate greater than or equal to that rate. H.R. Rep. No. 115-
466, at 627 (2017) (Conf. Rep.) (``Conference Report'').
    Other comments suggested that even if the GILTI high tax exclusion 
is not expanded to take into account all high-taxed income, taxpayers 
should be permitted to elect to treat income that would otherwise be 
gross tested income as subpart F income in order to qualify for the 
exception under section 954(b)(4), for example, through a rebuttable 
presumption that all income (or alternatively, all high-taxed income) 
of a CFC is subpart F income. One comment asserted that such a rule 
would be consistent with taxpayers' historical ability to elect through 
the choice of transactional or operational structure to subject their 
CFC income to current taxation under subpart F. For example, the 
comment stated that a taxpayer could cause a CFC to make a loan to its 
U.S. shareholder, resulting in an inclusion under section 956, or could 
intentionally structure its operations in a manner that causes income 
to be characterized as FBCI. The comment also asserted that a rule that 
effectively permits a taxpayer to elect into subpart F income is 
consistent with the regulations under section 954, which permit an 
election to be made with respect to high-taxed income under section 
954(b)(4) notwithstanding that that provision, similar to section 
954(a) itself, is expressed as a mandatory rule. See Sec.  1.954-1(d).
    The final regulations do not adopt these comments. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS have declined to exercise regulatory authority 
under section 951A(f)(1)(B) because that authority relates to the 
treatment of a GILTI inclusion amount, rather than an item of gross 
tested income. A GILTI inclusion amount is determined based on a U.S. 
shareholder's pro rata share of all the tested items of one or more 
CFCs and, as a result, the determination of the extent to which foreign 
tax is imposed on any single item of net income for purposes of section 
954(b)(4) cannot be made by reference to a GILTI inclusion amount. The 
final regulations also do not permit taxpayers to elect to treat income 
that would otherwise be gross tested income as subpart F income in 
order to qualify for the exception under section 954(b)(4). Unlike 
section 954(b)(4), nothing in section 954(a) or the legislative history 
suggests that taxpayers should be permitted to treat income that is not 
described in section 954(a), such as gross tested income, as FBCI 
through a rebuttable presumption or otherwise. In addition, this type 
of rebuttable presumption could give rise to significant 
administrability concerns. These concerns are discussed further in a 
notice of proposed rulemaking published in the same issue of the 
Federal Register addressing an election under section 954(b)(4) with 
respect to income that would otherwise qualify as tested income.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS continue to believe that the 
GILTI high tax exclusion, as articulated in the proposed regulations, 
reflects a reasonable interpretation of section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(III) 
and section 954(b)(4), for the reasons stated in the notice of proposed 
rulemaking accompanying the proposed regulations. Accordingly, the 
final regulations retain the GILTI high tax exclusion without 
modification. See Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(1)(iii). However, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS are studying, in light of the addition of 
section 951A by the Act, the appropriate circumstances under which 
taxpayers should be permitted to make an election under section 
954(b)(4), with respect to income that would not be FBCI or insurance 
income, to exclude such income from gross tested income under the GILTI 
high tax exclusion using authority other than section 951A(f)(1)(B). In 
that regard, existing Sec.  1.954-1(d)(1) does not provide the 
necessary framework for applying the exception under section 954(b)(4) 
to income that would be gross tested income, such as rules to determine 
the scope of an item of gross tested income to which the election 
applies and rules to determine the rate of foreign tax on such items. 
Therefore, the Treasury Department and the IRS are issuing a notice of 
proposed rulemaking published in the same issue of the Federal Register 
as these final regulations that will propose a framework under which 
taxpayers would be permitted to make an election under section 
954(b)(4) with respect to income that would otherwise be gross tested 
income in order to exclude that income from gross tested income by 
reason of the GILTI high tax exclusion. However, until the regulations 
described in the separate notice of proposed rulemaking are effective, 
a taxpayer may not exclude any item of income from gross tested income 
under section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(III) unless the income would be FBCI or 
insurance income but for the application of section 954(b)(4) and Sec.  
1.954-1(d).

C. Gross Income Taken Into Account in Determining Subpart F Income

1. In General
    Section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) provides that gross tested income is 
determined without regard to any gross income taken into account in 
determining the subpart F income of the corporation (the ``subpart F 
exclusion''). Section 952(a) defines ``subpart F income'' as the sum of 
certain categories of income, including FBCI and insurance income.
    Other than with respect to the coordination between the subpart F 
exclusion and section 952(c) (discussed in part IV.C.2 of this Summary 
of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section), the proposed 
regulations do not provide guidance on income that is ``taken into 
account in determining the subpart F income'' of a CFC within the 
meaning of the subpart F exclusion. In this regard, the final 
regulations provide rules for determining gross income included in FBCI 
and insurance company for purposes of the subpart F exclusion, 
including by reason of the application of the de minimis and full 
inclusion rules in section 954(b). See

[[Page 29295]]

Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(4)(ii)(A), (B), and Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(4)(iii)(C); see 
also part IV.C.3 of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions section. The final regulations also clarify the circumstances 
in which the subpart F exclusion applies to less common items included 
in subpart F income under section 952(a)(3) through (5) (subpart F 
income resulting from participation in or cooperation with certain 
international boycotts, payments of illegal bribes, kickbacks, or other 
payments, or income derived from any country during which section 
901(j) applies to that country). See Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(4)(ii)(C) 
through (E).
2. Coordination With Section 952(c)
a. In General
    The amount of subpart F income for a taxable year is subject to the 
E&P limitation and recapture provisions in section 952(c). Section 
952(c)(1)(A) provides that a CFC's subpart F income for any taxable 
year cannot exceed its E&P for that year. See also Sec.  1.952-1(c)(1). 
However, section 952(c)(2) provides that, to the extent subpart F 
income is reduced by reason of the E&P limitation in any taxable year, 
any excess of the E&P of the corporation for any subsequent taxable 
year over the subpart F income for that year is recharacterized as 
subpart F income. See also Sec.  1.952-1(f)(1). An amount recaptured 
under section 952(c)(2) is treated as subpart F income in the same 
separate category (as defined in Sec.  1.904-5(a)) as the subpart F 
income that was subject to the E&P limitation in a prior taxable year. 
See Sec.  1.952-1(f)(2)(ii).
    The Code does not provide a rule that explicitly coordinates the 
subpart F exclusion with section 952(c), which commenters identified as 
a source of confusion and potential inconsistency. In order to resolve 
this ambiguity, the proposed regulations set forth such a coordination 
rule by providing that the gross tested income and allowable deductions 
properly allocable to gross tested income are determined without regard 
to the application of section 952(c) (the ``section 952(c) coordination 
rule''). See proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(4)(i). Thus, income that would 
be subpart F income but for the application of the E&P limitation in 
section 952(c)(1)(A) is excluded from gross tested income by reason of 
the subpart F exclusion. In addition, income that gives rise to E&P 
that results in subpart F recapture under section 952(c)(2) is not 
excluded from gross tested income by reason of the subpart F exclusion. 
In effect, the section 952(c) coordination rule treats an item of gross 
income as ``taken into account'' in determining subpart F income to the 
extent, and only to the extent, that the item would be included in 
subpart F income absent the application of section 952(c).
    The proposed regulations include an example that illustrates this 
rule. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(4)(ii)(A). In the example, in Year 
1, FS, a CFC wholly owned by a U.S. shareholder, has $100x of foreign 
base company sales income, a $100x loss in foreign oil and gas 
extraction income, and no E&P. In Year 2, FS has gross income of $100x 
that is not otherwise excluded from the definition of gross tested 
income in proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(1)(i) through (v), and no 
allowable deductions, and $100x of E&P. The example concludes that in 
Year 1 FS has no subpart F income because of the E&P limitation in 
section 952(c)(1)(A) and no gross tested income because gross tested 
income is determined without regard to section 952(c). In Year 2, the 
example concludes that, because FS's E&P ($100x) exceed its Year 2 
subpart F income ($0), the subpart F income of Year 1 is recaptured in 
Year 2 under section 952(c)(2), and FS also has $100x of gross tested 
income in Year 2 because gross tested income is determined without 
regard to section 952(c).
    One comment agreed that the section 952(c) coordination rule was an 
appropriate interpretation of the statute, noting that the rule 
preserves the ability for section 952(c)(2) to recapture subpart F 
income generated in prior years, while preventing recapture under 
section 952(c)(2) from permanently exempting gross tested income 
generated in subsequent years. However, several comments suggested that 
the section 952(c) coordination rule be withdrawn. These comments 
asserted that the section 952(c) coordination rule can lead to double 
taxation because the rule can result in the taxation of an aggregate 
amount of CFC income in excess of the net economic CFC income over a 
multi-year period. Some comments further suggested that the section 
952(c) coordination rule is contrary to the language of the subpart F 
exclusion, on the grounds that any income of a CFC that generates E&P 
that are recharacterized as subpart F income by reason of the E&P 
recapture rule is ``taken into account in determining the subpart F 
income'' of the CFC and should therefore be excluded from gross tested 
income under the subpart F exclusion. Other comments recommended that 
the section 952(c) coordination rule be retained as it pertains to the 
E&P limitation rule under section 952(c)(1)(A), but be modified to 
exclude from its scope the E&P recapture rule of section 952(c)(2). 
Under that approach, both the subpart F income subject to E&P 
limitation in a prior year and gross income in a subsequent year that 
generates E&P giving rise to recapture of subpart F income would be 
excluded from gross tested income.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the 
section 952(c) coordination rule is consistent with the relevant 
statutory provisions and results in the appropriate amount of income 
that is subject to tax under sections 951 and 951A. Gross income that 
would be subpart F income during the current year but for the 
application section 952(c)(1)(A) is literally ``taken into account'' in 
determining subpart F income in that it potentially gives rise to 
future subpart F income by reason of section 952(c)(2). Furthermore, 
gross tested income is not subject to an E&P limitation analogous to 
the E&P limitation on subpart F income under section 952(c)(1)(A). In 
this regard, the determination of tested income under the GILTI regime 
is based on a taxable income concept, similar to the determination of 
income earned directly by a U.S. taxpayer, whereas the subpart F regime 
is rooted in a distributable dividend model, and thus predicated on the 
existence of E&P. Therefore, for example, a CFC may have $100x of gross 
tested income but no E&P in a taxable year (due, for instance, to a 
loss in foreign oil and gas extraction income), and the U.S. 
shareholder of the CFC (assuming no QBAI or other CFCs) will 
nonetheless have a $100x GILTI inclusion amount for the taxable year. 
This is the result under section 951A notwithstanding that the CFC in 
this case has no net economic income and no E&P for the year. If the 
same CFC for the same taxable year also has $100x of foreign base 
company sales income and $100x of E&P related to such income, in 
addition to the $100x GILTI inclusion amount, the CFC's U.S. 
shareholder would have a $100x subpart F inclusion. Under these facts, 
the U.S. shareholder is taxed on an aggregate amount of taxable income 
of the CFC ($200x) that exceeds the CFC's net economic income and E&P 
($100x). In this example, the U.S. shareholder is not subject to tax 
twice with respect to a single item of income, but rather is subject to 
tax once with respect to each of two items--the CFC's subpart F income 
of $100x and the CFC's gross tested income of $100x. The section 952(c) 
coordination rule merely ensures that the same result obtains whether 
all items of income and loss arise in a single year (as in this 
example) or arise

[[Page 29296]]

in different taxable years (as in the example in proposed Sec.  1.951A-
2(c)(4)(ii)(A)).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have also determined that it is 
not appropriate to exclude the E&P recapture rule from the scope of the 
section 952(c) coordination rule. Because section 951A contains no 
analog to the E&P limitation in section 952(c)(1)(A), it also contains 
no analog to the E&P recapture rule in section 952(c)(2). Without a 
GILTI recapture rule, the approach recommended by comments would 
effectively allow prior year losses in categories of income excluded 
from gross tested income (for example, subpart F income or foreign oil 
and gas extraction income) to permanently exempt gross tested income in 
subsequent years. For instance, if, in a taxable year, a CFC has $100x 
of foreign base company sales income, a $100x loss in foreign base 
company services income, and thus no subpart F income by reason of the 
E&P limitation of section 952(c)(1)(A), any gross tested income earned 
by the CFC in a subsequent year would recapture the foreign base 
company sales income from the previous year, and thus such gross income 
would never be subject to section 951A.
    In excluding certain categories of income from gross tested income 
(namely, subpart F income, foreign oil and gas extraction income, and 
effectively connected income), Congress not only ensured that such 
income would not be subject to the GILTI regime, but also that losses 
with respect to such income would not be permitted to reduce income 
subject to the GILTI regime. Likewise, section 951A(c)(2)(B)(ii) 
provides that a loss in a category of income subject to the GILTI 
regime (that is, tested loss) cannot reduce the income subject to the 
subpart F regime by reason of the E&P limitation rule of section 
952(c)(1)(A). See also Sec.  1.951A-6(b) and part VIII.A of this 
Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section. It is 
apparent, based on the purpose and structure of section 951A, that 
Congress intended for the GILTI and subpart F regimes to act as 
parallel, independent systems of taxation with respect to prescribed 
categories of CFC income, and losses with respect to one regime (or 
subject to neither regime) should not be permitted to permanently 
exempt the income subject to another regime. Therefore, an 
interpretation of section 952(c) that permits losses related to GILTI-
exempt categories of income to reduce gross tested income would be 
contrary to the purpose and structure of section 951A.
    A comment recommended, as an alternative to taking into account 
section 952(c)(2) recapture in determining gross tested income, that 
the recapture rules of section 952(c)(2) be modified so that E&P 
derived from gross tested income does not trigger recapture under 
section 952(c)(2). Although such amount would not be recaptured as 
subpart F income, the comment recommended that, in order to avoid 
double taxation of the same earnings, any recapture account should 
nonetheless be reduced by the amount treated as gross tested income. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that this 
recommendation is inconsistent with the language and purpose of section 
952(c)(2). Section 952(c)(2) requires recapture in any taxable year in 
which E&P exceed subpart F income, and the recommendation would not 
result in recapture in these circumstances. Further, the purpose of 
section 952(c)(2) is to postpone the inclusion of subpart F income to a 
subsequent taxable year in which the CFC has sufficient E&P. The 
recommendation, by reducing a recapture account without recapture of 
subpart F income, would result in the permanent exemption of subpart F 
income. Finally, as illustrated in this part IV.C of the Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions section, the simultaneous 
recapture of subpart F income and the inclusion of gross tested income 
does not amount to double taxation of a single item of income, but 
rather the single taxation of each of two items of income. Accordingly, 
this recommendation is not adopted.
    A comment recommended as another alternative that the section 
952(c)(2) coordination rule not be applied with respect to recapture 
accounts that existed before the Act. The comment asserted that it 
would be inappropriate for income that triggers recapture under section 
952(c)(2) based on pre-Act recapture account balances to also be 
treated as gross tested income because section 951A did not exist 
before 2018 and therefore no tested losses could have reduced subpart F 
income. The final regulations do not adopt this recommendation. Nothing 
in the statute or legislative history suggests that pre-Act recapture 
account balances should be treated differently than post-Act account 
balances. Further, there appears to be no stronger policy rationale for 
permitting losses that arose before the Act to permanently exempt gross 
tested income from taxation than for permitting GILTI-exempt losses 
that arise after the Act to do the same.
    While the comments with respect to the section 952(c) coordination 
rule generally pertained to the application of the E&P limitation in 
section 952(c)(1)(A), the same issues as discussed in respect to 
section 952(c)(1)(A) arise with respect to application of the qualified 
deficit rule in section 952(c)(1)(B) and the chain deficit rule in 
section 952(c)(1)(C). Accordingly, the final regulations revise the 
section 952(c) coordination rule to apply also to disregard the effect 
of a qualified deficit or a chain deficit in determining gross tested 
income. See Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(4)(ii).
    One comment requested clarification that income subject to the high 
tax exception of section 954(b)(4) is not included in gross tested 
income even if such income would also be excluded from subpart F income 
by reason of section 952(c)(1)(A). The comment provided an example in 
which a CFC has $100x of foreign base company services income, a $100x 
loss in another category of subpart F income, no E&P, and thus no 
subpart F income by reason of the E&P limitation of section 
952(c)(1)(A). According to the comment, if the election under section 
954(b)(4) is made with respect to the foreign base company services 
income, one interpretation of the proposed regulations is that the 
$100x of foreign base company services income is not excluded from 
gross tested income by either the subpart F exclusion under section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) (because such income is not included in subpart F 
by reason of the high tax exception of section 954(b)(4)) or the GILTI 
high tax exclusion under section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(III) (because such 
income is not excluded from subpart F income ``solely'' by reason of 
the high tax exception of section 954(b)(4)). The Treasury Department 
and the IRS have determined that such clarification is unnecessary 
because an election under section 954(b)(4) cannot be made with respect 
to a net item eliminated by reason of section 952(c)(1)(A). Section 
1.954-1(d)(4)(ii) provides that the net item of income to which the 
high tax exception of section 954(b)(4) applies is the subpart F income 
of a CFC determined after taking into account the earnings and profits 
limitation of section 952(c)(1)(A). Therefore, the net item of income 
that can be excluded under the high tax exception is determined after 
the application of section 952(c)(1)(A). Indeed, in the example 
presented by the comment, because the subpart F income of the CFC after 
application of the E&P limitation is zero, there is no net item of 
income for which an election under section 954(b)(4) and Sec.  1.954-
1(d)(5) can

[[Page 29297]]

be made. Accordingly, the $100x of foreign base company services income 
is excluded from gross tested income solely by reason of the subpart F 
exclusion under section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II).
b. Coordination With Qualified Deficit Rule in Section 952(c)(1)(B)
    The qualified deficit rule in section 952(c)(1)(B) reduces a U.S. 
shareholder's subpart F inclusion attributable to a qualified activity 
(defined in section 952(c)(1)(B)(iii)) to the extent of that 
shareholder's pro rata share of any qualified deficit (defined in 
section 952(c)(1)(B)(ii)). A comment suggested that a tested loss 
could, in some cases, also give rise to a qualified deficit that could 
reduce subpart F income in a subsequent taxable year. The comment 
asserted that this could occur, for example, if certain deductions and 
losses that make up a qualified deficit are also properly allocable to 
gross tested income. Accordingly, the comment recommended that the 
final regulations deny a U.S. shareholder the ability to both reduce 
its net CFC tested income and increase a qualified deficit by reason of 
the same economic loss.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that the same deduction 
or loss should not result in a double benefit under section 951A and 
the qualified deficit rule, but have not identified a situation in 
which a single deduction or loss can both reduce tested income (or 
increase tested loss) and also give rise to or increase a qualified 
deficit. A deduction or loss that is properly allocable to gross tested 
income cannot also be attributable to a qualified activity that gives 
rise to subpart F income, and the same deduction cannot be taken into 
account more than once under sections 954(b)(5) and 951A(c)(2)(A)(ii). 
Nevertheless, for the avoidance of doubt, the final regulations provide 
that deductions that are allocated and apportioned to gross tested 
income are not attributable to a qualified activity and thus do not 
also increase or give rise to a qualified deficit. See Sec.  1.951A-
2(c)(3).
c. Coordination With Section 952(c)(1)(B)(vii)
    Section 952(c)(1)(B)(vii)(I) contains an election to apply section 
953(a) without regard to the same country exception in section 
953(a)(1)(A). Comments requested that the section 952(c) coordination 
rule be modified to clarify that gross tested income is determined 
after giving effect to the election in section 952(c)(1)(B)(vii)(I). 
The rule in proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(4) was not intended to address 
the election in section 952(c)(1)(B)(vii)(I). Accordingly, the final 
regulations modify the section 952(c) coordination rule to apply only 
with respect to the E&P limitation rules of section 952(c)(1) 
(including the qualified deficit and chain deficit rules) and the E&P 
recapture rule of section 952(c)(2).

3. Coordination With De Minimis Rule, Full Inclusion Rule, and High Tax 
Exception

    Section 954(a) provides that FBCI for a taxable year is equal to 
the sum of foreign personal holding company income (as determined under 
section 954(c)) (``FPHCI''), foreign base company sales income (as 
determined under section 954(d)) and foreign base company services 
income (as determined under section 954(e)). However, section 
954(b)(3)(A) provides that if the sum of FBCI (determined without 
regard to allocable deductions) (``gross FBCI'') and gross insurance 
income for the taxable year is less than the lesser of five percent of 
gross income or $1,000,000, then no part of the gross income for the 
taxable year is treated as FBCI or insurance income (the ``de minimis 
rule''). Conversely, section 954(b)(3)(B) provides that if the sum of 
gross FBCI and gross insurance income for the taxable year exceeds 70 
percent of gross income, the entire gross income for the taxable year 
is treated as gross FBCI or gross insurance income, as appropriate (the 
``full inclusion rule'').
    One comment requested that the de minimis and full inclusion rules 
be taken into account for purposes of determining ``gross income taken 
into account'' in determining subpart F income within the meaning of 
the subpart F exclusion. The comment asserted that such a rule would 
prevent double taxation because full inclusion subpart F income would 
be taxed solely under section 951 (and not section 951A), whereas de 
minimis subpart F income would be taxed solely under section 951A (and 
not section 951).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with this comment. 
Accordingly, subject to the application of the section 952(c) 
coordination rule, discussed in part IV.C.2 of this Summary of Comments 
and Explanation of Revisions section, the final regulations provide 
that the subpart F exclusion applies to gross income included in FBCI 
(adjusted net FBCI as defined in Sec.  1.954-1(a)(5)) or insurance 
income (adjusted net insurance income as defined in Sec.  1.954-
1(a)(6)). See Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(4)(i). Thus, for purposes of the 
subpart F exclusion, gross income taken into account in determining 
subpart F income does not include any item of gross income excluded 
from FBCI or insurance income under the de minimis rule or the high tax 
exception of section 954(b)(4), but generally does include any item of 
gross income included in FBCI or insurance income under the full 
inclusion rule. In addition, for purposes of the subpart F exclusion, 
gross income taken into account in determining subpart F income does 
not include gross income that qualifies for an exception to a category 
of FBCI described in section 954(a), including amounts excepted from 
the definition of FPHCI, such as rents and royalties derived from an 
active business under section 954(c)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.954-2(b)(5) and 
(6) or active financing income under section 954(h).
    Section 1.954-1(d)(6) provides that an item of gross income that is 
included in FBCI or insurance income under the full inclusion rule 
(``full inclusion FBCI'') is excluded from subpart F income if more 
than 90 percent of the gross FBCI and gross insurance income for the 
taxable year (determined without regard to the full inclusion rule) is 
attributable to net amounts excluded from subpart F income under the 
high tax exception of section 954(b)(4). The Treasury Department and 
the IRS have determined that it would be inappropriate for an item of 
gross income that would be included in gross tested income but for the 
full inclusion rule to be excluded from both gross tested income (by 
reason of the subpart F exclusion) and subpart F income (by reason of 
Sec.  1.954-1(d)(6)). Accordingly, the final regulations provide that 
full inclusion FBCI excluded from subpart F income by reason of Sec.  
1.954-1(d)(6) is not excluded from gross tested income by reason of the 
subpart F exclusion. See Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(4)(iii)(C). The final 
regulations further clarify that income excluded from subpart F income 
under Sec.  1.954-1(d)(6) is also not excluded from gross tested income 
by reason of the GILTI high tax exclusion (discussed in part IV.B of 
this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section). See id. 
Accordingly, income excluded from subpart F income by reason of Sec.  
1.954-1(d)(6) is included in gross tested income.

D. Effect of Basis Adjustments Under Section 961(c)

    Section 961(c) provides that, under regulations prescribed by the 
Secretary, if a U.S. shareholder is treated under section 958(a)(2) as 
owning stock of a CFC which is owned by another CFC, then adjustments 
similar to those provided under section 961(a) and (b) are made to the 
basis in such stock, and the basis in stock of any other CFC by

[[Page 29298]]

reason of which the U.S. shareholder is considered under section 
958(a)(2) as owning the stock. The provision further provides, however, 
that these adjustments are made only for the purposes of determining 
the amount included under section 951 in the gross income of such U.S. 
shareholder (or any successor U.S. shareholder). There are no 
regulations in effect under section 961(c).
    Comments have questioned whether basis adjustments under section 
961(c) should be taken into account for purposes of determining gross 
tested income of a CFC upon the CFC's disposition of stock of another 
CFC. One comment noted that, while section 951A(f)(1)(A) treats a GILTI 
inclusion in the same manner as a subpart F inclusion for purposes of 
basis adjustments under section 961, the resulting basis under section 
961(c) only applies for purposes of determining amounts included in 
gross income under section 951. The comment recommended nonetheless 
that regulations provide that section 961(c) basis adjustments apply 
both for purposes of determining subpart F income and gross tested 
income to prevent certain items of income from being inappropriately 
taxed twice; the comment further noted, however, that unintentional 
non-taxation should also be avoided.
    The interaction of basis adjustments under section 961(c) and 
section 951A will be further considered in connection with a guidance 
project addressing previously taxed E&P (``PTEP'') under sections 959 
and 961. See Notice 2019-1, 2019-2 I.R.B. 275, section 3 (announcing an 
intention to address PTEP in forthcoming proposed regulations). The 
Treasury Department and the IRS are sensitive to the concern expressed 
in the comment but are also aware that taking into account section 
961(c) basis adjustments for purposes of determining gross tested 
income could inappropriately reduce the amount of stock gain subject to 
tax. This may occur because, as was the case before the Act, section 
961(c) adjustments are not taken into account for purposes of 
determining E&P, and thus a disposition of lower-tier CFC stock may 
generate E&P for the upper-tier CFC to the extent of the amount of the 
gain in the stock determined without regard to section 961(c). If the 
resulting E&P give rise to a dividend (including by reason of a 
disposition under section 1248) to a corporate U.S. shareholder, the 
dividend may result in an offsetting dividends received deduction. See 
sections 245A(a) and 1248(j). If section 245A(a) applies to the 
dividend, the taxable portion of any unrealized appreciation in the 
upper-tier CFC stock, to the extent attributable to unrealized 
appreciation in assets of the upper-tier CFC, would effectively be 
reduced in an amount equal to the dividend, either because of a 
dividend distribution that reduces the value in the upper-tier CFC 
stock without a corresponding basis reduction (section 961(d) applies 
only to the extent loss would otherwise be recognized) or by reason of 
a disposition to the extent the gain is recharacterized under section 
1248(j) as a dividend for purposes of applying section 245A. Comments 
are requested on this issue, including the extent to which adjustments 
should be made to minimize the potential for the same item of income 
being subject to tax more than once and to minimize the inappropriate 
reduction of gain in CFC stock held by corporate U.S. shareholders.

E. Deduction or Loss Attributable to Disqualified Basis

1. In General
    The proposed regulations include a rule that generally disallows, 
for purposes of calculating tested income or tested loss, any deduction 
or loss attributable to disqualified basis in depreciable or 
amortizable property (including, for example, intangible property) 
resulting from a disqualified transfer of the property. See proposed 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5). The relevant terms for purposes of applying the 
rule in proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) are defined by reference to 
certain provisions and terms in proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2) 
(disregarding disqualified basis for purposes of determining QBAI), 
with certain modifications. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5)(iii). In 
general, the term ``disqualified basis'' is defined as the excess of a 
property's adjusted basis immediately after a disqualified transfer, 
over the sum of the property's adjusted basis immediately before the 
disqualified transfer and the amount of gain recognized by the 
transferor in the disqualified transfer that is subject to tax as 
subpart F income or effectively connected income. See proposed Sec.  
1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(A) and (B). The term ``disqualified transfer'' is 
defined as a transfer of property by a transferor CFC during the 
transferor CFC's disqualified period to a related person in which gain 
was recognized, in whole or in part. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(C). Finally, the term ``disqualified period'' is defined 
with respect to a transferor CFC as the period that begins on January 
1, 2018, and ends as of the close of the transferor CFC's last taxable 
year that is not a CFC inclusion year. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(D). Income generated by fiscal-year CFCs during the 
disqualified period is subject to neither the transition tax under 
section 965 nor the tax on GILTI under section 951A.
    In response to comments, the Treasury Department and the IRS have 
revised these rules in a manner consistent with the purpose of the rule 
in the proposed regulations, as discussed in this part IV.E of the 
Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section. Certain 
comments and revisions related to the determination of disqualified 
basis for purposes of both proposed Sec. Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) and 
1.951A-3(h)(2) are discussed in part IV.E.3 and 4 of this Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions section. For a discussion of 
additional comments and revisions related to the determination of 
disqualified basis for purposes of both proposed Sec. Sec.  1.951A-
2(c)(5) and 1.951A-3(h)(2), see part V.G of this Summary of Comments 
and Explanation of Revisions section.
2. Authority
    Several comments recommended that the rule in proposed Sec.  
1.951A-2(c)(5) be withdrawn or substantially narrowed and re-proposed. 
Some of these comments recommended that the rule be revised to apply 
only to ``non-economic'' transactions or transactions engaged in with a 
tax-avoidance purpose, or that avoidance-type transactions be addressed 
through existing statutory or judicial doctrines. One comment 
recommended that the rule continue to be limited to transfers between 
related persons because third-party sales are fundamentally different 
from the ``non-economic transactions'' described in the legislative 
history. However, one comment opposed any additional limitations or 
weakening of the anti-abuse rules in the proposed regulations.
    Several comments questioned the Treasury Department and the IRS's 
authority for issuing the rule. Many of these comments asserted that 
section 951A(d)(4), which provides authority to issue regulations that 
are ``appropriate to prevent the avoidance of the purposes of this 
subsection,'' does not authorize the Treasury Department and the IRS to 
promulgate rules that apply for any purpose other than for purposes of 
determining QBAI under section 951A(d). Also, two comments stated that 
the disallowance of deductions under proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) is 
contrary to, and therefore not authorized by, section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(ii), which requires that the deductions of the CFC

[[Page 29299]]

be allocated to gross tested income under rules similar to the rules of 
section 954(b)(5) for purposes of calculating tested income or tested 
loss.
    In response to these comments, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
have revised the proposed rule in a manner that better reflects the 
source of its authority. Section 7805(a) provides that ``the Secretary 
shall prescribe all needful rules and regulations for the enforcement 
of this title, including all rules and regulations as may be necessary 
by reason of any alteration of law in relation to internal revenue.'' 
Section 951A(c)(2)(A) defines ``tested income'' by reference to certain 
items of gross income, reduced by ``the deductions (including taxes) 
properly allocable to such gross income under rules similar to the 
rules of section 954(b)(5) (or to which such deductions would be 
allocable if there were such gross income).'' Section 954(b)(5) 
provides that FPHCI, foreign base company sales income, and foreign 
base company services income are reduced, ``under regulations 
prescribed by the Secretary,'' by deductions ``properly allocable'' to 
such income. Similarly, section 882(c)(1)(A) provides that, for 
purposes of determining a foreign corporation's income which is 
effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within 
the United States (``effectively connected income''), ``proper 
apportionment and allocation'' of deductions of the foreign corporation 
``shall be determined as provided in regulations prescribed by the 
Secretary.'' The rule, as revised in the final regulations, provides 
guidance for determining whether certain deductions or losses are 
``properly allocable'' to gross tested income, subpart F income, or 
effectively connected income within the meaning of section 
951A(c)(2)(A), section 954(b)(5), or section 882(c)(1)(A), 
respectively. See, for example, Redlark v. Commissioner, 141 F.3d 936, 
940-41 (9th Cir. 1998) and Miller v. United States, 65 F.3d 687, 690 
(8th Cir. 1995) (determining that the term ``properly allocable'' in 
section 163(e) is ambiguous and therefore there is an implicit 
legislative delegation of authority to the Commissioner to define the 
term).
    The legislative history to the Act indicates that section 965 was 
intended as a transition measure to the new territorial tax system in 
which section 951A applies, and that Congress intended that all 
earnings of a CFC would be potentially subject to tax under either 
section 965 or section 951A. Conference Report, at 613 (``The 
[transition tax applies in] the last taxable year of a deferred foreign 
income corporation that begins before January 1, 2018, which is that 
foreign corporation's last taxable year before the transition to the 
new corporate tax regime elsewhere in the bill goes into effect.''). 
Because the final date for measuring the E&P of a CFC for purposes of 
section 965 is December 31, 2017 (the ``final E&P measurement date''), 
and the effective date of section 951A is the first taxable year of a 
CFC beginning after December 31, 2017, all the earnings of a calendar 
year CFC are potentially subject to taxation under either section 965 
or section 951A. However, a fiscal year CFC (for example, a CFC with a 
taxable year ending November 30) may have a gap between its final E&P 
measurement date under section 965 (December 31, 2017) and the date on 
which section 951A first applies with respect to its income (December 
1, 2018, for a CFC with a taxable year ending November 30). Congress 
was aware that taxpayers could take advantage of this period to create 
``cost-free'' basis in assets that could be used to reduce their U.S. 
tax liability in subsequent years, and expected the Treasury Department 
and the IRS to issue regulations to prevent this result. See Conference 
Report, at 645 (``The conferees intend that non-economic transactions 
intended to affect tax attributes of CFCs and their U.S. shareholders 
(including amounts of tested income and tested loss, tested foreign 
income taxes, net deemed tangible income return, and QBAI) to minimize 
tax under this provision be disregarded. For example, the conferees 
expect the Secretary to prescribe regulations to address transactions 
that occur after the measurement date of post-1986 earnings and profits 
under amended section 965, but before the first taxable year for which 
new section 951A applies, if such transactions are undertaken to 
increase a CFC's QBAI.'').
    Consistent with the statute and the legislative history, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that a deduction or 
loss attributable to basis (disqualified basis) created by reason of a 
transfer from a CFC to a related CFC (a disqualified transfer) during 
the period between the final E&P measurement date and the effective 
date of section 951A (the disqualified period), to the extent no 
taxpayer included an amount in gross income by reason of such 
disqualified transfer, should not be permitted to reduce a taxpayer's 
U.S. income tax liability in subsequent years. Accordingly, the final 
regulations treat any deduction or loss attributable to disqualified 
basis as not ``properly allocable'' to gross tested income, subpart F 
income, or effectively connected income of the CFC (``residual CFC 
gross income''). See Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5)(i).
    While the rules that allocate and apportion expenses generally 
depend on the factual relationship between the item of expense and the 
associated gross income, the relevant statutory language in sections 
882(c)(1)(A), 951A(c)(2)(A)(ii), and 954(b)(5) does not constrain the 
Secretary from taking into account other considerations in determining 
whether it is ``proper'' for a certain item of expense to be allocated 
to, and therefore reduce, a particular item of gross income. Indeed, 
the Treasury Department and the IRS are not required to issue rules 
that mechanically allocate an item of expense to gross income to which 
such expense factually relates if taxable income would be distorted by 
reason of such allocation. In this regard, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS have determined that the rule in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) is 
necessary to ensure that transactions during the disqualified period, 
the income or earnings from which are not subject to tax, are not 
permitted to improperly reduce or eliminate a taxpayer's income that 
would be subject to tax after the disqualified period. This rule 
creates symmetry between the category of income generated by reason of 
a transfer during the disqualified period and the category of income to 
which any deduction or loss attributable to the resulting basis is 
allocated. That is, a disqualified transfer, by definition, generates 
residual CFC gross income (income that is not subpart F income, tested 
income, or effectively connected income), and the rule in Sec.  1.951A-
2(c)(5) allocates the deduction or loss attributable to the 
disqualified basis to the same category of income. In the case of a 
depreciable or amortizable asset with disqualified basis that is held 
until the end of its useful life, the aggregate amount of deduction or 
loss attributable to the disqualified basis allocated to residual CFC 
gross income under the rule will equal the amount of residual CFC gross 
income generated in the disqualified transfer.
    The rule in proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) provides that any 
deduction or loss attributable to disqualified basis is disregarded for 
purposes of determining tested income or tested loss. In contrast, the 
rule in the final regulations allocates and apportions any such 
deduction or loss to gross income other than gross tested income, 
subpart F income, or effectively connected income. With respect to the 
determination of tested

[[Page 29300]]

income or tested loss, whether an item of deduction or loss is 
disregarded (under the proposed regulations) or allocated to income 
other than gross tested income (under the final regulations) does not 
provide a different result. In either case, the deduction or loss is 
not permitted to reduce tested income or increase tested loss. However, 
by allocating an item of deduction or loss to residual CFC gross 
income, the rule in the final regulations ensures that any deduction or 
loss attributable to disqualified basis is also not taken into account 
for purposes of determining the CFC's subpart F income or effectively 
connected income. The broadening of the rule to allocate any deduction 
or loss attributable to disqualified basis away from subpart F income 
and effectively connected income is intended to ensure that taxpayers 
cannot simply circumvent the rule by converting their gross tested 
income into either subpart F income or effectively connected income, 
and thus be permitted to use the deduction or loss attributable to the 
disqualified basis against such income. The preamble to the proposed 
regulations evidenced an intention that taxpayers not be permitted to 
claim tax benefits with respect to cost-free disqualified basis, and 
the rule in the final regulations effectuates this intent by closing an 
obvious loophole. Furthermore, the rule ensures that the words 
``properly allocable'' are interpreted consistently across provisions--
sections 882(c)(1)(A), 951A(c)(2)(A)(ii), and 954(b)(5)--with respect 
to any deduction or loss attributable to disqualified basis.
    The rule in proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) applies only to 
deductions or losses attributable to disqualified basis in ``specified 
property,'' which is defined as property that is of a type with respect 
to which a deduction is allowable under section 167 or 197. See 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5)(ii). The Treasury Department and the IRS 
have concluded, however, that the rule should not be limited to 
specified property because deductions or losses attributable to 
disqualified basis in other property may also be used to 
inappropriately reduce a taxpayer's U.S. income tax liability. On the 
other hand, the Treasury Department and the IRS have concluded that it 
would be unduly burdensome to require CFCs to determine the 
disqualified basis in each item of inventory and that it is reasonable 
to expect that most inventory acquired during the disqualified period 
will be sold at a gain such that the disqualified basis in an item of 
inventory would rarely be relevant. Accordingly, the rule in the final 
regulations applies to deductions or losses attributable to 
disqualified basis in any property, other than property described in 
section 1221(a)(1), regardless of whether the property is of a type 
with respect to which a deduction is allowable under section 167 or 
197. See Sec. Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5)(iii)(A) and 1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii).
    One comment asserted that the use of the phrase ``non-economic 
transactions'' in the Conference Report means that the authority to 
draft anti-abuse rules pursuant to sections 7805 and 951A(d)(4) is 
limited to non-economic transactions, which necessitates a facts and 
circumstances test. The rule in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) is not premised 
upon facts and circumstances, such as a taxpayer's intent; rather, the 
rule is based on an interpretation of the term ``properly allocable'' 
in the context of a deduction or loss attributable to disqualified 
basis. Moreover, the rule applies only to a narrow subset of 
transactions--that is, transfers by fiscal year CFCs to related parties 
that occur between the final E&P measurement date under section 965 and 
the effective date of section 951A--and only has the effect of 
allocating a deduction or loss attributable to the cost-free basis 
created in such transaction to residual CFC gross income. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS have concluded that these narrowly circumscribed 
transactions will in almost all cases be motivated by tax avoidance 
rather than business exigencies, and that the allocation and 
apportionment of deduction or loss to residual CFC gross income is an 
appropriately tailored measure to address these transactions.
    Based on the foregoing, the Treasury Department and the IRS have 
concluded that the rule in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5), with the modifications 
discussed in this part IV.E of the Summary of Comments and Explanation 
of Revisions section, represents an appropriate exercise of its 
authority under sections 951A and 7805.
3. Effect of Disqualified Basis for Purposes of Determining Income or 
Gain
    Some comments noted that the rule in proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) 
addresses only deductions or losses attributable to disqualified basis 
and does not address the effect of disqualified basis in determining a 
CFC's income or gain upon the disposition of property. For example, 
assume USP, a domestic corporation, wholly owns CFC1, which holds 
property with a fair market value of $100x and an adjusted basis of 
$80x, $70x of which is disqualified basis. CFC1 sells the property to 
an unrelated party in exchange for $100x of cash and, without regard to 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5), recognizes $20x of gain. The comments 
asked whether, under the rule, the disqualified basis of $70x in the 
property is disregarded such that the sale results in $90x (rather than 
$20x) of gross tested income to CFC1.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the rule 
in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) should apply only for purposes of determining 
whether a deduction or loss is properly allocable to gross tested 
income, subpart F income, or effectively connected income. Thus, 
disqualified basis is not disregarded for purposes of determining 
income or gain recognized on the disposition of the property. However, 
because many taxpayers capitalize depreciation or amortization expense 
to other property, including inventory, and recover those costs through 
cost of goods sold or depreciation of the other property, the final 
regulations also provide that any depreciation, amortization, or cost 
recovery allowances attributable to disqualified basis is not properly 
allocable to property produced or acquired for resale under section 
263, 263A, or 471. See Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5)(i). This rule ensures that 
depreciation or amortization expenses attributable to disqualified 
basis are not permitted to indirectly reduce taxable income through the 
depreciation expense of other property or from the disposition of 
inventory.
    As discussed in part V.G of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section, disqualified basis is generally 
reduced or eliminated to the extent that such basis reduces taxable 
income. Therefore, a sale of property with disqualified basis generally 
results in the elimination of the disqualified basis, because the basis 
is taken into account in determining the CFC's taxable income. As a 
result, absent a special provision, a CFC could ``cleanse'' the 
disqualified basis in property by selling the property to a related 
person after the disqualified period; the related person would have no 
disqualified basis in the property, and the selling CFC would recognize 
income only to the extent the amount realized exceeded its adjusted 
basis in the property (for this purpose, including its disqualified 
basis). To address this obvious loophole, the final regulations provide 
that, except to the extent that any loss recognized on the transfer of 
such property is treated as attributable to disqualified basis under 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5), or the basis is reduced or eliminated in a 
nonrecognition transaction within the meaning of

[[Page 29301]]

section 7701(a)(45), a transfer of property with disqualified basis in 
the hands of a CFC to a related person does not reduce the disqualified 
basis in the hands of the transferee. See Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(1)(ii). Thus, for example, if a CFC sells property with 
an adjusted basis of $80x and disqualified basis of $70x to a related 
person for $100x in a fully taxable exchange, the selling CFC would 
recognize $20x of gross income on the sale, which income may be 
included in gross tested income, and the disqualified basis in the 
property immediately after the transfer would remain $70x in the hands 
of the related person.
4. Concurrent Application of the Rule With Other Provisions
    One comment asserted that if the Treasury Department and the IRS 
retain the rule in proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5), then the disqualified 
transfer should be disregarded for all U.S. tax purposes, including for 
purposes of determining the gain or loss recognized by the transferor 
CFC by reason of the transfer and the tax attributes of the transferor 
CFC created by reason of the transfer. The comment expressed concern 
with potentially adverse consequences to the transferor CFC from the 
concurrent application of the rule and certain other provisions, such 
as incremental subpart F income generated by reason of the transfer, 
additional E&P that could dilute foreign tax credits with respect to a 
subpart F inclusion, and immediate U.S. taxation on any effectively 
connected income under section 882 from the transfer.
    As discussed in part IV.E.2 of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section, the rule in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) is 
intended to provide guidance on determining whether deductions of a CFC 
attributable to disqualified basis are properly allocable to gross 
tested income, subpart F income, and effectively connected income. The 
rule is not intended to disregard the transfer that created the 
disqualified basis in its entirety. Moreover, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS have determined that disregarding the transfer for all U.S. 
tax purposes is not appropriate because the property has in fact been 
transferred. In addition, disqualified basis in property does not 
include basis resulting from ``qualified gain,'' which is gain from the 
transfer included by the transferor CFC as effectively connected income 
or by a U.S. shareholder as its pro rata share of subpart F income. See 
Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(C)(3). Thus, the rule in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) 
does not apply to basis created in connection with amounts that are 
taxed under sections 882 and 951. Accordingly, this recommendation is 
not adopted.
    Section 901(m) disallows certain foreign tax credits on foreign 
income not taken into account for U.S. tax purposes as a result of a 
``covered asset acquisition,'' which includes an acquisition of assets 
for U.S. tax purposes that is treated as the acquisition of stock of a 
corporation (or is disregarded) for foreign tax purposes and an 
acquisition of an interest in a partnership which has an election in 
effect under section 754. See section 901(m)(2)(B) and (C). One comment 
noted that a disqualified transfer subject to the rule in proposed 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) could also constitute a covered asset acquisition 
under section 901(m), such as the sale of an interest in a disregarded 
entity during the disqualified period. In such a case, according to the 
comment, a deduction or loss that is not taken into account for 
purposes of determining tested income or tested loss under the rule may 
nevertheless be taken into account for purposes of section 901(m) such 
that foreign tax credits under section 960 might be disallowed. The 
comment asserted that the concurrent application of the rule and 
section 901(m) could be unduly punitive to taxpayers that engaged in 
disqualified transfers that were also covered asset acquisitions and 
therefore recommended that a deduction or loss attributable to 
disqualified basis also be disregarded for purposes of section 901(m).
    Disqualified basis could give rise to policy concerns under section 
901(m) even when a deduction attributable to the disqualified basis is 
not taken into account in determining tested income or tested loss (or 
subpart F income or effectively connected income). For example, a 
deduction or loss attributable to the disqualified basis can reduce E&P 
for a taxable year, with the result that subpart F income for the 
taxable year may be limited under section 952(c)(1)(A). Indeed, 
proposed Sec.  1.901(m)-5(b)(1) provides that basis differences must be 
taken into account under section 901(m) regardless of whether the 
deduction is deferred or disallowed for U.S. income tax purposes.
    Based on the foregoing, the Treasury Department and the IRS have 
determined that it is not appropriate to disregard disqualified basis 
for purposes of section 901(m). However, in response to this comment, 
the final regulations permit taxpayers to make an election pursuant to 
which the adjusted basis in each property with disqualified basis held 
by a CFC or a partnership is reduced by the amount of the disqualified 
basis and the disqualified basis is eliminated. See Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3). This reduction in adjusted basis is for all purposes 
of the Code, including section 901(m). Thus, if an election is made, a 
disqualified transfer of property that is also a covered asset 
acquisition of a relevant foreign asset will result in neither 
disqualified basis in the property within the meaning of Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii) nor a basis difference with respect to the relevant foreign 
asset within the meaning of section 901(m)(3)(C). As a result, in the 
case of an election, the rule in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) and section 
901(m) will not apply concurrently with respect to a disqualified 
transfer that is also a covered asset acquisition.

F. Other Comments and Revisions

1. Tested Loss Carryforward
    In determining a U.S. shareholder's net CFC tested income for a 
taxable year, the U.S. shareholder's aggregate pro rata share of tested 
losses for the taxable year reduces the shareholder's aggregate pro 
rata share of tested income for the taxable year. See section 
951A(c)(1). Comments recommended that the final regulations include a 
provision allowing a U.S. shareholder's aggregate pro rata share of 
tested losses in excess of the shareholder's aggregate pro rata share 
of tested income for the taxable year to be carried forward to offset 
the shareholder's net CFC tested income in subsequent years.
    A GILTI inclusion amount is an annual calculation, and nothing in 
the statute or legislative history suggests that unused items, such as 
a U.S. shareholder's aggregate pro rata share of tested losses in 
excess of the shareholder's aggregate pro rata share of tested income 
for the taxable year, can or should be carried to another taxable year. 
Accordingly, this recommendation is not adopted.
2. Deemed Payments Under Section 367(d)
    In general, section 367(d) provides that if a U.S. person transfers 
intangible property to a foreign corporation in an exchange described 
in section 351 or 361, the person is treated as having sold the 
property in exchange for payments contingent upon the productivity, 
use, or disposition of such property. The regulations under section 
367(d) provide that the deemed payment may be treated as an expense 
(whether or not that amount is actually paid) of the transferee foreign 
corporation that is properly allocated and apportioned to gross income 
subject to subpart F under

[[Page 29302]]

the provisions of Sec. Sec.  1.954-1(c) and 1.861-8. See Sec.  
1.367(d)-1T(c)(2)(ii) and (e)(2)(ii).
    In response to comments, the final regulations clarify that a 
deemed payment under section 367(d) is treated as an allowable 
deduction for purposes of determining tested income and tested loss. 
See Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(2)(ii). Accordingly, consistent with the 
regulations under section 367(d), such deemed payments may be allocated 
and apportioned to gross tested income to the extent provided under 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3).
3. Compute Tested Income in the Same Manner as E&P
    A comment requested that the final regulations provide that tested 
income and tested loss be determined under the principles of section 
964, which provides rules for the calculation of E&P of foreign 
corporations. Another comment requested that the final regulations 
permit small CFCs to make an annual election to treat their tested 
income or tested loss for a CFC inclusion year to be equal to their E&P 
for such CFC inclusion year. Section 951A(c)(2) is clear that tested 
income or tested loss for a CFC inclusion year is computed by 
subtracting properly allocable deductions from gross tested income, and 
there is nothing in the statute or legislative history that indicates 
that tested income or tested loss should be limited by, or otherwise 
determined by reference to, E&P for such year. Accordingly, these 
recommendations are not adopted.
4. Effect of Losses in Other Categories of Income
    The proposed regulations provide that allowable deductions are 
allocated and apportioned to gross tested income under the principles 
of section 954(b)(5) and Sec.  1.954-1(c), by treating gross tested 
income within a single category (as defined in Sec.  1.904-5(a)) as a 
single item of gross income, in addition to the items in Sec.  1.954-
1(c)(1)(iii). See proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). The final regulations 
clarify that losses in other categories of income (such as FBCI) cannot 
reduce gross tested income, and that tested losses cannot reduce other 
categories of income. See Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3).

V. Comments and Revisions to Proposed Sec.  1.951A-3--Qualified 
Business Asset Investment

A. Inability of Tested Loss CFCs To Have QBAI

    A U.S. shareholder's GILTI inclusion amount is equal to the excess 
of its net CFC tested income over its net DTIR for the taxable year. 
See section 951A(b)(1) and Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(1). A U.S. shareholder's 
net DTIR is equal to 10 percent of its aggregate pro rata share of the 
QBAI of its CFCs. See section 951A(b)(2) and Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(3). A 
CFC's QBAI is equal to its aggregate average adjusted basis in 
specified tangible property. See section 951A(1) and proposed Sec.  
1.951A-3(b). Specified tangible property is defined as tangible 
property used in the production of tested income. See section 
951A(d)(2)(A) and proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(c)(1). Consistent with the 
statute and the Conference Report, the proposed regulations clarify 
that tangible property of a tested loss CFC is not used in the 
production of tested income within the meaning of section 
951A(d)(2)(A). See Conference Report, at 642, fn. 1536. In this regard, 
the proposed regulations provide that tangible property of a tested 
loss CFC is not specified tangible property and thus a tested loss 
CFC's QBAI is zero (the ``tested loss QBAI exclusion''). See proposed 
Sec.  1.951A-3(b), (c)(1), and (g)(1).
    Comments recommended that the final regulations eliminate the 
tested loss QBAI exclusion, such that a tested loss CFC could have 
specified tangible property and therefore QBAI. One of the comments 
noted that the version of section 951A in the House bill defined 
specified tangible property as any tangible property to the extent such 
property is used in the production of tested income or tested loss. See 
H.R. 1, 115th Cong. Sec.  4301(a) (2017). The comment posited that the 
text of the statute is ambiguous, the tested loss QBAI exclusion is 
otherwise inconsistent with section 951A, and the exclusion is not 
compelled by the statute. The comment also asserted that this rule may 
be easily avoided by combining a tested loss CFC with a tested income 
CFC (including through an election under Sec.  301.7701-3 to change the 
classification of either entity for U.S. tax purposes) because there is 
no corollary to the tested loss QBAI exclusion for partnerships or 
disregarded entities.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS reject this recommendation. The 
Senate amendment to the House bill struck the reference to ``tested 
loss'' in the definition of specified tangible property, and the 
Conference Report explains that the term ``used in the production of 
tested income'' means that ``[s]pecified tangible property does not 
include property used in the production of a tested loss, so that a CFC 
that has a tested loss in a taxable year does not have QBAI for the 
taxable year.'' See Conference Report, at 642, fn.1536. Thus, the 
statute, taking into account the footnote in the Conference Report, 
unambiguously provides that tested loss CFCs cannot have QBAI. 
Accordingly, the final regulations retain the tested loss QBAI 
exclusion. But cf. part VI.D of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section regarding a reduction to tested 
interest expense of a CFC for a ``tested loss QBAI amount,'' a new 
component in computing specified interest expense.
    One comment requested that, if the tested loss QBAI exclusion is 
retained, proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(b) and (c) should be revised to 
clarify that the exclusion applies only for a CFC inclusion year with 
respect to which a CFC is a tested loss CFC. The final regulations do 
not revise these provisions because it is sufficiently clear that the 
tested loss QBAI exclusion rule applies only with respect to a CFC 
inclusion year of a CFC for which it is a tested loss CFC and that a 
CFC is a tested loss CFC only for a CFC inclusion year in which the CFC 
does not have tested income. See Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(2).

B. Determination of Depreciable Property

    Section 951A(d)(1)(B) provides that specified tangible property is 
taken into account in determining QBAI only if the property is of a 
type with respect to which a depreciation deduction is allowable under 
section 167. Similarly, the proposed regulations define ``specified 
tangible property'' as tangible property used in the production of 
tested income, and define ``tangible property'' as property for which 
the depreciation deduction provided by section 167(a) is eligible to be 
determined under section 168 (even if the CFC has elected not to apply 
section 168). See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(c)(1) and (2).
    A comment recommended that, for purposes of determining QBAI, the 
final regulations take into account the entire adjusted basis in 
precious metals and other similar tangible property that are used in 
the production of tested income, even if only a portion of the adjusted 
basis in such property is depreciable in calculating regular taxable 
income. The comment suggested that if property is depreciable in part, 
then the entire asset is ``of a type'' with respect to which a 
deduction is allowable under section 167 within the meaning of section 
951A(d)(1)(B).
    In defining QBAI, section 951A(d) distinguishes between depreciable 
tangible property and non-depreciable tangible property, such as land. 
Section 951A(d) defines QBAI as specified tangible property ``of a 
type'' for which

[[Page 29303]]

a deduction is allowable under section 167. The proposed and final 
regulations interpret the phrase ``of a type'' consistent with the 
interpretation of the phrase ``of a character'' with respect to section 
168. See Rev. Rul. 2015-11, 2015-21 I.R.B. 975. See Sec.  1.951A-
3(c)(2) (defining tangible property as property for which the 
depreciation deduction provided by section 167(a) is eligible to be 
determined under section 168 (with certain exclusions)). The Treasury 
Department and the IRS determined that for consistency, the same 
standard for determining whether property is depreciable should apply 
for determining whether property qualifies as QBAI.
    In Newark Morning Ledger Co. v. United States, 507 U.S. 546 (1993), 
the Supreme Court provided that ``[w]hether or not . . . a tangible 
asset, is depreciable for Federal income tax purposes depends upon the 
determination that the asset is actually exhausting, and that such 
exhaustion is susceptible of measurement.'' Newark Morning Ledger Co. 
v. United States at 566. Although unrecoverable commodities used in a 
business are depreciable, recoverable commodities used in a business 
are not depreciable because they do not suffer from exhaustion, wear 
and tear, or obsolescence over a determinable useful life. 
O'Shaughnessy v. Commissioner, 332 F.3d 1125 (8th Cir. 2003); Arkla, 
Inc. v. United States, 765 F.2d 487 (5th Cir. 1985). The recoverable 
quantity of a commodity used in the business suffers no change in its 
physical characteristics or value as a result of its use in the 
business. The comment seemed to imply that precious metals were a 
single unit of property that was partially depreciable and partially 
non-depreciable, rather than quantities of metal in separate categories 
of property, one of which is depreciable.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that it would 
not be appropriate for purposes of determining a CFC's QBAI to take 
into account the CFC's entire adjusted basis in an asset that is only 
partially depreciable. Taking into account basis that is not subject to 
a depreciation allowance would overstate a CFC's QBAI. For example, in 
the case of precious metals that are partially depreciable, such as 
platinum used in a catalyst, a portion of the metal may be subject to 
exhaustion, wear and tear, or obsolescence during its useful life. The 
remainder of the metal is recoverable for reuse or sale. When initially 
purchased, the value and tax basis of the recoverable portion generally 
should reflect the forward price of such metal. The value and tax basis 
of the depreciable portion of the metal generally should reflect the 
net present value of the expected returns generated by the metal. QBAI 
is a proxy for the base upon which non-extraordinary, tangible returns 
should be calculated. See S. Comm. on the Budget, Reconciliation 
Recommendations Pursuant to H. Con. Res. 71, S. Print No. 115-20, at 
371 (2017) (``Senate Explanation'') (The provision approximates . . . 
tangible income . . . as a 10-percent return on . . . the adjusted 
basis in tangible depreciable property.''). Therefore, only the 
depreciable portion of the precious metal, which is associated with the 
tangible returns, should be taken into account in this measurement. 
Given that liquid commodity markets exist for these precious metals, 
taxpayers could sell the future rights to the recoverable portion of 
the asset (thereby reducing their economic outlay and exposure with 
respect to the property). Cf. Guardian Industries v. Commissioner, 97 
T.C. 308 (1991) (taxpayer regularly sold silver waste from photographic 
development process to refiners). Thus, the depreciable portion of the 
asset represents the taxpayer's economic investment in generating 
tangible returns. Accordingly, the comment is not adopted.
    The comment also requested that in calculating the adjusted basis 
in precious metals for QBAI purposes, the final regulations provide 
that class lives applied to precious metals for purposes of the 
alternative depreciation system (``ADS'') are the same class lives 
determined under the principles of Rev. Rul. 2015-11, rather than the 
ADS class lives of the equipment to which the precious metals attach. 
This recommendation is not adopted because Rev. Rul. 2015-11 does not 
establish principles for determining class lives of the precious metals 
discussed therein, but rather addresses whether certain precious metals 
are depreciable under the facts and circumstances described in the 
ruling.
    One comment requested that all expenditures paid or incurred with 
respect to the acquisition, exploration, and development of a mine or 
other natural deposit should be taken into account in determining QBAI. 
The comment stated that such exploration and development costs for 
mining operations are ``of a type'' for which depreciation is allowed, 
even though the costs are recovered through depletion rather than 
depreciation. The comment also recommended that the adjusted basis in a 
mine or other natural deposit included as QBAI should be determined 
using cost depletion, rather than percentage depletion.
    Section 951A(d)(1)(B) limits property taken into account in 
determining QBAI to tangible property of a type with respect to which a 
deduction is allowable under section 167. Congress did not extend the 
definition of QBAI to property of a type with respect to which a 
deduction is allowed under section 611 (the allowance of deduction for 
depletion). Although the comment focused on the similarities between 
cost depletion and depreciation, there are also similarities between 
cost depletion of mineral properties and the acquisition cost of 
inventory. The inventory cost of a severed mineral includes the cost 
depletion attributable to the severed mineral. See section 263A and 
Sec.  1.263A-1(e)(3)(ii)(J). In essence, the acquisition cost of the 
mineral property recovered through cost depletion is the inventory cost 
of the severed mineral, and QBAI does not include inventory. 
Accordingly, the recommendation is not adopted.
    The proposed regulations define ``tangible property'' as property 
for which the depreciation deduction provided by section 167(a) is 
eligible to be determined under section 168 without regard to section 
168(f)(1), (2), or (5) and the date placed in service. See proposed 
Sec.  1.951A-3(c)(2). Section 168(k) increases the depreciation 
deduction allowed under section 167(a) with respect to qualified 
property, which includes tangible and certain intangible property. The 
final regulations revise the definition of tangible property in Sec.  
1.951A-3(c)(2) to exclude certain intangible property to which section 
168(k) applies, namely, computer software, qualified film or television 
productions, and qualified live theatrical productions described in 
section 168(k)(2)(A).

C. Determination of Basis Under Alternative Depreciation System

    For purposes of determining QBAI, the adjusted basis in specified 
tangible property is determined by using ADS under section 168(g), and 
by allocating the depreciation deduction with respect to such property 
for the CFC inclusion year ratably to each day during the period in the 
taxable year to which such depreciation relates. See section 951A(d)(3) 
\3\ and Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(1). ADS

[[Page 29304]]

applies to determine the adjusted basis in property for purposes of 
determining QBAI regardless of whether the property was placed in 
service before the enactment of section 951A, or whether the basis in 
the property is determined under another depreciation method for other 
purposes of the Code. See section 951A(d)(3) and Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(2). 
In addition, for purposes of determining income and E&P, a CFC is 
generally required to use ADS for depreciable property used 
predominantly outside the United States. See section 168(g) and 
Sec. Sec.  1.952-2(c)(2)(ii) and (iv) and 1.964-1(a)(2). However, a CFC 
may instead use for this purpose a depreciation method used for its 
books of account regularly maintained for accounting to shareholders or 
a method conforming to United States generally accepted accounting 
principles (a ``non-ADS depreciation method'') if the differences 
between ADS and the non-ADS depreciation method are immaterial. See 
Sec. Sec.  1.952-2(c)(2)(ii) and (iv) and 1.964-1(a)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ As enacted, section 951A(d) contains two paragraphs 
designated as paragraph (3). The section 951A(d)(3) discussed in 
this part V.C of the Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions section relates to the determination of the adjusted basis 
in property for purposes of calculating QBAI.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A comment recommended that ADS not be required under section 
951A(d) for specified tangible property placed in service before the 
enactment of section 951A. This comment asserted that section 
951A(d)(3) does not compel the conclusion that ADS must be used for 
assets placed in service before the enactment of section 951A, and 
cited compliance concerns as a justification for not requiring the use 
of ADS with respect to such assets. Another comment recommended that 
the final regulations permit taxpayers to elect to compute the adjusted 
basis in all specified tangible property of a CFC--not just specified 
tangible property placed in service before the enactment of section 
951A--under the method that the CFC uses to compute its tested income 
and tested loss, even if such method is not ADS.
    Section 951A(d)(3) is clear that the adjusted basis in specified 
tangible property is determined using ADS under section 168(g), and 
therefore the final regulations do not adopt the recommendation to 
permit taxpayers an election to compute the adjusted basis in all 
specified tangible property under the CFC's non-ADS depreciation 
method. However, recognizing the potential burden of re-determining the 
basis under ADS of all specified tangible property held by a CFC placed 
in service before the enactment of section 951A, and given that a non-
ADS depreciation method is permissible only when there are immaterial 
differences between ADS and such other method, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS have determined that a transition rule is warranted for 
CFCs that are not required to use ADS for purposes of computing income 
and E&P. Accordingly, the final regulations provide that a CFC that is 
not required to use ADS for purposes of computing income and E&P may 
elect, for purposes of calculating QBAI, to use its non-ADS 
depreciation method to determine the adjusted basis in specified 
tangible property placed in service before the first taxable year 
beginning after December 22, 2017, subject to a special rule related to 
salvage value. See Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(3)(ii). The election also applies 
to the determination of a CFC's partner adjusted basis under Sec.  
1.951A-3(g)(3) in partnership specified tangible property placed in 
service before the CFC's first taxable year beginning after December 
22, 2017. See id. This transition rule does not apply for purposes of 
determining the foreign-derived intangible income (``FDII'') of a 
domestic corporation. Cf. section 250(b)(2)(B) (in calculating deemed 
tangible income return for purposes of FDII, QBAI is generally 
determined under section 951A(d)).
    A comment requested that the final regulations confirm that the use 
of ADS in determining the basis in specified tangible property, whether 
placed in service before or after the enactment of section 951A, for 
purposes of determining QBAI is not a change in method of accounting 
or, if it is a change in method, that global approval under section 
446(e) be given for such a change. Another comment recommended that a 
CFC switching to ADS for property placed in service before the 
enactment of section 951A should not be required to file Form 3115 to 
request an accounting method change for depreciation, and that the 
cumulative adjustment should be taken into account for the adjusted 
basis in the specified tangible property as of the CFC's first day of 
the first year to which section 951A applies.
    The determination of the adjusted basis in property under section 
951A(d) is not a method of accounting subject to the consent 
requirement of section 446(e). As a result, a CFC does not need the 
Commissioner's consent to use ADS for purposes of determining its 
adjusted basis in specified tangible property in determining its QBAI. 
A CFC that uses ADS for purposes of determining QBAI should determine 
the correct basis in the property under ADS as of the CFC's first day 
of the first taxable year to which section 951A applies and apply 
section 951A(d)(3) accordingly. The final regulations also clarify that 
the adjusted basis in property is determined based on the cost 
capitalization methods of accounting used by the CFC for purposes of 
determining its tested income and tested loss. See Sec.  1.951A-
3(e)(1).
    A change to ADS from another depreciation method for purposes of 
computing tested income or tested loss is a change in method of 
accounting subject to section 446(e). The Treasury Department and the 
IRS expect that many CFCs that are not already using ADS for purposes 
of computing income and E&P will change their method of accounting for 
depreciation to the straight-line method, the applicable recovery 
period, or the applicable convention under ADS to comply with Sec.  
1.952-2(c)(2)(iv) and Sec.  1.964-1(c)(1)(iii)(c) and that most of such 
changes are already eligible for automatic consent under Rev. Proc. 
2015-13, 2015-5 I.R.B. 419. The Treasury Department and the IRS intend 
to publish another revenue procedure further expanding the availability 
of automatic consent for depreciation changes and updating the terms 
and conditions in sections 7.07 and 7.09 of Rev. Proc. 2015-13 (related 
to the source, separate limitation classification, and character of 
section 481(a) adjustments) to take into account section 951A. After 
the change in accounting method, the basis in specified tangible 
property will be the correct basis for purposes of determining income, 
E&P, and QBAI.
    The final regulations clarify the interaction between the daily 
proration of depreciation rule in section 951A(d)(3) and the applicable 
convention under ADS. Under section 951A(d)(3), the adjusted basis in 
property is determined by allocating the depreciation deduction with 
respect to property to each day during the period in the taxable year 
to which the depreciation relates. The half-year convention, mid-month 
convention, and mid-quarter convention in section 168(d) treat property 
as placed in service (or disposed of) for purposes of section 168 at 
the midpoint of the taxable year, month, or quarter, as applicable, 
irrespective of when the property was placed in service (or disposed 
of) during the taxable year. The final regulations clarify that the 
period in the CFC inclusion year to which such depreciation relates is 
determined without regard to the applicable convention under section 
168(d). See Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(1). Accordingly, in the year property is 
placed in service, the depreciation deduction allowed for the taxable 
year is prorated from the day the property is actually placed in 
service, and, in the year property is disposed of, the

[[Page 29305]]

depreciation deduction allowed for the taxable year is prorated to the 
date of disposition. Allocating depreciation to each day during the 
period in which the property is used irrespective of the applicable 
convention ensures that the average of the aggregate adjusted basis as 
of the close of each quarter is properly adjusted to reflect the 
depreciation allowed for the taxable year.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS continue to study issues 
related to the determination of QBAI for purposes of section 951A. In 
particular, the Treasury Department and the IRS are aware that a CFC 
that is a partner in a foreign partnership may have difficulty 
determining the basis in partnership property under ADS, particularly 
when the partnership is not controlled by U.S. persons. Comments are 
requested on methodologies for determining the basis in partnership 
property owned by a foreign partnership that is not controlled directly 
or indirectly by U.S. persons.

D. Dual Use Property

    Section 951A(d)(2)(B) provides that if property is used both in the 
production of tested income and income that is not tested income, the 
property is specified tangible property in the same proportion that the 
gross income described in section 951A(c)(1)(A) produced with respect 
to such property bears to the total gross income produced with respect 
to such property. The proposed regulations provide that if tangible 
property is used in both the production of gross tested income and 
other income, the portion of the adjusted basis in the property treated 
as adjusted basis in specified tangible property is determined by 
multiplying the average of the adjusted basis in the property by the 
dual use ratio. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(d)(1). If the property 
produces directly identifiable income for a CFC inclusion year, the 
dual use ratio is the ratio of the gross tested income produced by the 
property to the total amount of gross income produced by the property. 
See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(d)(2)(i). In all other cases, the dual use 
ratio is the ratio of the gross tested income of the tested income CFC 
to the total amount of gross income of the tested income CFC. See 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(d)(2)(ii).
    Under the proposed regulations, the dual use ratio requires a 
determination of whether and how much gross income is ``directly 
identifiable'' with particular specified tangible property. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that application of the 
directly identifiable standard could result in substantial uncertainty 
and controversy. In addition, the Treasury Department and the IRS have 
determined that the rules under section 861 for allocating a 
depreciation or amortization deduction attributable to property owned 
by a CFC to categories of income of the CFC represent a reliable and 
well-understood proxy for determining the type of income produced by 
the property, even in circumstances where there is no income that is 
``directly identifiable'' with the property. Accordingly, the final 
regulations provide that the dual use ratio, with respect to tangible 
property for a CFC inclusion year, is the ratio calculated as the sum 
of the amount of the depreciation deduction with respect to the 
property for the CFC inclusion year that is allocated and apportioned 
to gross tested income for the CFC inclusion year under Sec.  1.951A-
2(c)(3) and the depreciation with respect to the property capitalized 
to inventory or other property held for sale, the gross income or loss 
from the sale of which is taken into account in determining tested 
income for the CFC inclusion year, divided by the sum of the total 
amount of the depreciation deduction with respect to the property for 
the CFC inclusion year and the total amount of depreciation with 
respect to the property capitalized to inventory or other property held 
for sale, the gross income or loss from the sale of which is taken into 
account for the CFC inclusion year. See Sec.  1.951A-3(d)(3). The dual 
use ratio also applies with respect to partnership specified tangible 
property, except, for this purpose, determined by reference to a tested 
income CFC's distributive share of the amounts described in the 
preceding sentence. See Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(3)(iii) and part V.E of this 
Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section.
    A comment recommended that the final regulations clarify, through 
additional examples, that the method for determining the dual use ratio 
with respect to specified tangible property does not change if (i) the 
dual use property becomes or ceases to be specified tangible property 
during the year, or (ii) the dual use property gives rise to increasing 
or decreasing gross tested income across quarters in a taxable year. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that additional 
examples are unnecessary. As the comment suggests, the dual use ratio 
is not determined on the basis of the type and amount of gross income 
produced by the property as of any particular quarter close, but rather 
is determined based on the type and the amount of gross income produced 
by the property for the entire taxable year. In this regard, there is 
no ambiguity in the language in the regulations, and therefore no need 
for additional clarification.
    The rules in Sec.  1.951A-3 do not apply in determining QBAI for 
purposes of computing the deduction of a domestic corporation under 
section 250 for its FDII. See proposed Sec.  1.250(b)-2 (REG-104464-18, 
84 FR 8188 (March 6, 2019)) for the QBAI rules related to the FDII 
deduction. However, it is anticipated that, except as indicated in part 
V.D of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section 
with respect to the election to use a non-ADS depreciation method for 
assets placed in service before the enactment of section 951A, 
revisions similar to the revisions to proposed Sec.  1.951A-3 discussed 
in parts V.B through E of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions section will be made to proposed Sec.  1.250(b)-2.

E. Partnership QBAI

    Section 951A(d)(3) \4\ provides that, for purposes of calculating 
QBAI, if a CFC holds an interest in a partnership at the close of the 
CFC's taxable year, the CFC takes into account its distributive share 
of the aggregate of the partnership's adjusted basis in depreciable 
tangible property used in its trade or business that is used in the 
production of tested income (determined with respect to the CFC's 
distributive share of income with respect to such property). For this 
purpose, a CFC's distributive share of the adjusted basis in any 
property is the CFC's distributive share of income with respect to such 
property. See section 951A(d)(3) (flush language).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ As enacted, section 951A(d) contains two paragraphs 
designated as paragraph (3). The section 951A(d)(3) discussed in 
this part V.E of the Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions section relates to tangible property held by a partnership 
taken into account in calculating the QBAI of a CFC partner.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed regulations implement the rule in section 951A(d)(3) 
by providing that, if a tested income CFC holds an interest in one or 
more partnerships as of the close of a CFC inclusion year, the QBAI of 
the tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year is increased by the 
sum of the tested income CFC's partnership QBAI with respect to each 
partnership for the CFC inclusion year. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-
3(g)(1). A tested income CFC's partnership QBAI with respect to a 
partnership is the sum of the tested income CFC's share of the 
partnership's adjusted basis in partnership specified tangible property 
as of the close of a partnership taxable year that ends with

[[Page 29306]]

or within a CFC inclusion year. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(2)(i). A 
tested income CFC's share of the partnership's adjusted basis in 
partnership specified tangible property is determined by multiplying 
the partnership's adjusted basis in the property by the tested income 
CFC's partnership QBAI ratio with respect to the property. See id. 
Similar to the rule for dual use property, under the proposed 
regulations, the tested income CFC's partnership QBAI ratio with 
respect to partnership specified tangible property depends on whether 
the property produces directly identifiable income. In the case of 
partnership specified tangible property that produces directly 
identifiable income for a partnership taxable year, a tested income 
CFC's partnership QBAI ratio with respect to the property is the tested 
income CFC's distributive share of the gross income produced by the 
property for the partnership taxable year that is included in the gross 
tested income of the tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year to 
the total gross income produced by the property for the partnership 
taxable year. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(2)(ii)(A). In the case of 
partnership specified tangible property that does not produce directly 
identifiable income for a partnership taxable year, a tested income 
CFC's partnership QBAI ratio with respect to the property is the tested 
income CFC's distributive share of the gross income of the partnership 
for the partnership taxable year that is included in the gross tested 
income of the tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year to the total 
amount of gross income of the partnership for the partnership taxable 
year. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(2)(ii)(B).
    The partnership QBAI ratio in the proposed regulations is 
effectively an amalgamation of two ratios--a ratio that describes the 
portion of the partnership specified tangible property that is used in 
the production of gross tested income (that is, the dual use ratio) and 
a ratio that describes a tested income CFC's proportionate interest in 
all the income produced by the property. The final regulations 
disaggregate the partnership QBAI ratio into these two ratios--the dual 
use ratio (as defined in Sec.  1.951A-3(d)(3)) and a new proportionate 
share ratio (as defined in Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(4)(ii)). Accordingly, the 
final regulations provide that a tested income CFC's ``partner adjusted 
basis'' with respect to partnership specified tangible property--that 
is, the adjusted basis in partnership specified tangible property taken 
into account in determining the tested income CFC's partnership QBAI--
is generally, in the case of partnership specified tangible property 
used in the production of only gross tested income (``sole use 
partnership property''), the tested income CFC's proportionate share of 
the partnership's adjusted basis in the property for the partnership 
taxable year. See Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(3)(ii). A tested income CFC's 
partner adjusted basis with respect to partnership specified tangible 
property used in the production of gross tested income and gross income 
that is not gross tested income (``dual use partnership property'') is 
generally the tested income CFC's proportionate share of the 
partnership's adjusted basis in the property for the partnership 
taxable year, multiplied by the tested income CFC's dual use ratio with 
respect to the property (determined by reference to the tested income 
CFC's distributive share of amounts described in Sec.  1.951A-3(d)(3)). 
See Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(3)(iii). In either case, a tested income CFC's 
proportionate share of the partnership's adjusted basis in partnership 
specified tangible property is the partnership's adjusted basis in the 
property for the partnership taxable year multiplied by the tested 
income CFC's proportionate share ratio with respect to the property for 
the partnership taxable year.
    As discussed in part V.D of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section, a rule that determines adjusted basis 
in specified tangible property taken into account in determining QBAI 
by reference to the ``directly identifiable income'' attributable to 
such property would lead to substantial uncertainty and controversy, 
whereas the rules under section 861 for allocating and apportioning 
depreciation attributable to property owned by a CFC to categories of 
income represent a longstanding proxy for determining the types of 
income produced by the property. For this reason, the final regulations 
determine the dual use ratio by reference to the amount of depreciation 
deductions allocated to gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). 
Similarly, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that 
calculating partnership QBAI by reference to the ``directly 
identifiable income'' produced by partnership specified tangible 
property would lead to substantial uncertainty and controversy, and 
that a partner's share of a depreciation deduction with respect to 
partnership specified tangible property is a reliable proxy for 
determining a CFC's distributive share of income with respect to such 
property. Accordingly, the final regulations determine the 
proportionate share ratio with respect to partnership specified 
tangible property also by reference to the depreciation with respect to 
the property, rather than the directly identifiable income attributable 
to the property or the gross income of the partner. See Sec.  1.951A-
3(g)(4)(ii).
    A comment requested clarification that the partnership QBAI ratio 
in the proposed regulations, which references the amount of ``gross 
income'' produced by the property, is determined by reference to 
``gross taxable income,'' rather than gross section 704(b) income. The 
comment also recommended that if the partnership QBAI ratio is 
determined by reference to a partnership's gross taxable income, that 
section 704(c) allocations (including items of income under the 
remedial method) be taken into account in determining the CFC's 
distributive share of the gross income produced by the property for the 
partnership taxable year. The specific comment regarding the 
calculation of gross income produced by property has been mooted by the 
change to determining the dual use and proportionate share ratios by 
reference to the depreciation with respect to the property. However, 
the comment remains relevant to the calculation of the depreciation 
with respect to property for purposes of determining the dual use ratio 
and proportionate share ratio.
    For purposes of the proportionate share ratio, the final 
regulations do not adopt this recommendation. Section 704(b) income 
represents a partner's economic interest in the partnership and 
therefore more closely aligns with the economic production of income 
from partnership property that QBAI is intended to measure. 
Accordingly, the final regulations clarify that the proportionate share 
ratio is determined by reference to the amount of depreciation with 
respect to property (and a tested income CFC's distributive share of 
such amount) determined under section 704(b). See Sec.  1.951A-
3(g)(4)(i). Therefore, items determined under section 704(c) are not 
taken into account for purposes of determining a tested income CFC's 
partner adjusted basis in partnership specified tangible property held 
by a partnership and thus the tested income CFC's partnership QBAI with 
respect to the partnership. However, because the dual use ratio is 
determined by reference to the allocation and apportionment of 
depreciation deductions to gross tested income of a tested income CFC, 
and thus is based on a taxable income concept, items determined under 
section 704(c) are taken into account for

[[Page 29307]]

purposes of determining the dual use ratio.
    The proposed regulations provide that partnership QBAI is the sum 
of the tested income CFC's share of the partnership's adjusted basis in 
partnership specified tangible property. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-
3(g)(2)(i). A comment recommended that the final regulations clarify 
that the adjusted basis in partnership specified tangible property 
includes any basis adjustment under section 743(b). In response to this 
comment, the final regulations clarify that an adjustment under section 
743(b) to the adjusted basis in partnership specified tangible property 
with respect to a tested income CFC is taken into account in 
determining the tested income CFC's partner adjusted basis in the 
partnership specified tangible property. See Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(3) and 
(7). In addition, to ensure that the adjusted basis in property other 
than tangible property is not inappropriately shifted to tangible 
property for purposes of determining QBAI, the final regulations 
provide that basis adjustments to partnership specified tangible 
property under section 734(b) are taken into account only if they are 
basis adjustments under section 734(b)(1)(B) or 734(b)(2)(B) 
attributable to distributions of tangible property or basis adjustments 
under section 734(b)(1)(A) or 734(b)(2)(A) by reason of gain or loss 
recognized by a distributee partner under section 731(a). See Sec.  
1.951A-3(g)(6).
    A comment also requested that the final regulations clarify that a 
CFC's QBAI is increased not only for partnership specified tangible 
property owned by partnerships in which the CFC is a direct partner, 
but also for lower-tier partnerships in which the CFC indirectly owns 
an interest through one or more upper-tier partnerships. The final 
regulations make this clarification. See Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(1).
    Finally, a comment suggested that, under section 951A(d)(3) and the 
proposed regulations, a disposition of a partnership interest by a 
tested income CFC could result in the CFC including its distributive 
share of partnership income in its gross tested income, but not taking 
into account any of the partnership's basis in partnership specified 
tangible property for purposes of calculating the CFC's QBAI. Under 
section 951A(d)(3) and proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(1), if a CFC holds an 
interest in a partnership at the close of the taxable year of the CFC, 
the CFC takes into account its share of a partnership's adjusted basis 
in certain tangible property for QBAI purposes. However, neither 
section 951A(d)(3) nor the proposed regulations have a rule that would 
allow a tested income CFC to increase its QBAI for its share of 
partnership QBAI if the tested income CFC owned the partnership 
interest for part of the year but not at the close of the CFC taxable 
year. However, a partner that disposes of its entire partnership 
interest before the close of the CFC taxable year could have a 
distributive share of partnership income if the partnership taxable 
year closes before the close of the CFC taxable year, including by 
reason of the disposition itself. See section 706(c)(2)(A) (taxable 
year of partnership closes with respect to partner whose entire 
interest terminates, including by reason of a disposition).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that a partner that has a 
distributive share of income from a partnership should also be 
permitted partnership QBAI with respect to the partnership. Therefore, 
the final regulations are revised to provide that a partner need only 
hold an interest in a partnership during the CFC inclusion year to have 
partnership QBAI with respect to the partnership. See Sec.  1.951A-
3(g)(1). The final regulations also provide that section 706(d) applies 
to determine a tested income CFC's partner adjusted basis in 
partnership specified tangible property owned by a partnership if there 
is a change in the tested income CFC's interest in the partnership 
during the CFC inclusion year. See Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(3)(i).

F. Disregard of Basis in Specified Tangible Property Held Temporarily

    Section 951A(d)(4) authorizes the issuance of regulations or other 
guidance that the Secretary determines are appropriate to prevent the 
avoidance of the purposes of section 951A(d), including regulations or 
other guidance which provide for the treatment of property that is 
transferred, or held, temporarily. The proposed regulations provide 
that if a tested income CFC (``acquiring CFC'') acquires specified 
tangible property with a principal purpose of reducing the GILTI 
inclusion amount of a U.S. shareholder for any U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year, and the tested income CFC holds the property 
temporarily but over at least the close of one quarter, the specified 
tangible property is disregarded in determining the acquiring CFC's 
average adjusted basis in specified tangible property for purposes of 
determining the acquiring CFC's QBAI for any CFC inclusion year during 
which the tested income CFC held the property (the ``temporary 
ownership rule''). See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(1). If an acquisition 
of specified tangible property would, but for the temporary ownership 
rule, reduce the GILTI inclusion amount of a U.S. shareholder, then the 
property is ``per se'' treated as temporarily held and acquired with a 
principal purpose of reducing the GILTI inclusion amount of a U.S. 
shareholder if the tested income CFC holds the property for less than a 
12-month period that includes at least the close of one quarter during 
its taxable year (the ``12-month per se rule''). See id. Therefore, the 
specified tangible property is disregarded under the proposed 
regulations for purposes of determining QBAI.
    Although some comments supported the temporary ownership rule and, 
in particular, stated that the principal purpose standard was a 
reasonable interpretation of section 951A(d)(4), many comments asserted 
that it was overbroad. Comments expressed particular concern with the 
scope of the 12-month per se rule, noting for example that it could (i) 
apply to transactions not motivated by tax avoidance such as ordinary 
course transactions, (ii) require burdensome asset-level tracking of 
CFC property, and (iii) lead to uncertain return filing positions or 
financial accounting volatility if property acquired by a CFC has not 
yet been held for 12 months when a U.S. shareholder files its return or 
publishes a financial statement.
    Comments suggested various ways to minimize the scope of the 
temporary ownership rule, including (i) eliminating the 12-month per se 
rule; (ii) converting the 12-month per se rule into a rebuttable 
presumption; (iii) providing an exception for property transferred 
among related CFCs owned by a U.S. shareholder when there is no 
decrease in that shareholder's GILTI inclusion amount (for this 
purpose, treating a consolidated group as a single entity); (iv) 
providing that, for purposes of applying the 12-month per se rule, a 
CFC's holding period in property received in a nonrecognition 
transaction include a tacked holding period under section 1223(2); (v) 
providing de minimis or ordinary course transaction exceptions; (vi) 
excepting acquisitions of property that result in effectively connected 
income or subpart F income to the transferor; (vii) tailoring the 
rule's application depending on whether property is acquired from or 
transferred to unrelated parties; and (viii) establishing a period of 
ownership that will not be considered temporary.
    In response to the comments, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
have determined that it is appropriate to narrow the scope of the 
temporary ownership rule, and that the following

[[Page 29308]]

changes strike the appropriate balance between mitigating the 
compliance burden and identifying transactions that have the potential 
to avoid the purposes of section 951A(d). First, the final regulations 
make certain technical changes that are intended to refine and clarify 
the application of the temporary ownership rule. For example, the rule 
applies, in part, based on a principal purpose of increasing the DTIR 
of a U.S. shareholder (``applicable U.S. shareholder'') and, for this 
purpose, certain related U.S. persons are treated as a single 
applicable U.S. shareholder. See Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(1)(i) and (vi). 
Further, in response to comments, the final regulations clarify that 
property held temporarily over a quarter close is subject to the 
temporary ownership rule only if the holding of the property over the 
quarter close would, without regard to the temporary ownership rule, 
increase the DTIR of an applicable U.S. shareholder for its taxable 
year. See Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(1)(i).
    The final regulations also clarify that a CFC's holding period for 
purposes of this rule does not include the holding period for which the 
property was held by any other person under section 1223. See Sec.  
1.951A-3(h)(1)(v). The final regulations do not adopt the request to 
permit a tacking of holding periods for purpose of the temporary 
ownership rule, because temporary acquisitions of property through 
nonrecognition transactions, particularly between related parties, can 
artificially increase a U.S. shareholder's DTIR by, for instance, 
causing the property to be taken into account for an additional quarter 
close for purposes of calculating QBAI.
    The final regulations also modify the 12-month per se rule to make 
it a presumption rather than a per se rule. Therefore, under the final 
regulations the temporary ownership rule is presumed to apply only if 
property is held for less than 12 months. See Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(1)(iv)(A). This presumption may be rebutted if the facts and 
circumstances clearly establish that the subsequent transfer of the 
property was not contemplated when the property was acquired by the 
acquiring CFC and that a principal purpose of the acquisition of the 
property was not to increase the DTIR of the applicable U.S. 
shareholder. See id. As a result of this change, a taxpayer generally 
will know when it files its return whether the temporary ownership rule 
will apply. In order to rebut the presumption, a taxpayer must attach a 
statement to the Form 5471 filed with the taxpayer's return for the 
taxable year of the CFC in which the subsequent transfer occurs 
disclosing that it rebuts the presumption. See id. In response to a 
comment, the final regulations include a second presumption that 
generally provides that property is presumed not to be subject to the 
temporary ownership rule if held for more than 36 months. See Sec.  
1.951A-3(h)(1)(iv)(B).
    The final regulations clarify that the adjusted basis in property 
may be disregarded under the rule for multiple quarter closes. See 
Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(1)(ii). However, in the case that the temporary 
holding results in the property being taken into account for only one 
additional quarter close of a tested income CFC in determining the DTIR 
of a U.S. shareholder inclusion year, the adjusted basis in the 
property is disregarded under this rule only as of the first tested 
quarter close that follows the acquisition. See id.; see also Sec.  
1.951A-3(h)(1)(vii)(C) (Example 2) (disregarding the adjusted basis in 
specified tangible property for a single quarter due to differences in 
CFC taxable years). This rule ensures that the adjusted basis in 
property is not inappropriately disregarded in excess of the amount 
necessary to eliminate the increase in the DTIR of the applicable U.S. 
shareholder by reason of the temporary holding.
    The final regulations also include a safe harbor for certain 
transfers involving CFCs. See Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(1)(iii). Under the safe 
harbor, the holding of property as of a tested quarter close is not 
treated as increasing the DTIR if certain conditions are satisfied. In 
general, the safe harbor applies to transfers between CFCs that are 
owned in the same proportion by the U.S. shareholder, have the same 
taxable years, and are all tested income CFCs. The safe harbor is 
intended to exempt non-tax motivated transfers from the rule when the 
temporary holding of the property does not have the potential for 
increasing the DTIR of an applicable U.S. shareholder. The addition of 
the safe harbor responds to the comment requesting that the rule be 
tailored depending on whether the transfers involve related or 
unrelated parties.
    In addition, in response to comments, the final regulations include 
four new examples to illustrate the application of the rule. See Sec.  
1.951A-3(h)(1)(vii). The examples identify a transaction that is not 
subject to the rule due to the application of the safe harbor, and 
three transactions that are subject to the rule, including transfers of 
property between CFCs that have different taxable years, and an 
acquisition of property by a tested income CFC from a tested loss CFC, 
which cannot have QBAI pursuant to Sec.  1.951A-3(b) and (c)(1).
    The final regulations do not adopt the comments requesting a de 
minimis or ordinary course transaction exception. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS have determined that these types of exceptions 
are unnecessary due to the narrowed and refined scope of the rule in 
the final regulations, including as a result of converting the 12-month 
per se rule into a rebuttable presumption, adding the safe harbor, and 
illustrating certain transactions that are targeted by the rule through 
new examples. Moreover, because the rule is limited to the temporary 
holding of depreciable property used in a CFC's trade or business (that 
is, specified tangible property), the Treasury Department and the IRS 
do not anticipate that many such assets will be acquired and disposed 
of in the ``ordinary course'' of a CFC's business, however that 
standard is defined.
    Finally, the final regulations do not adopt the comment requesting 
an exception for acquisitions of property that result in effectively 
connected income or subpart F income to the transferor. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS have concluded that, unlike the rule that 
addresses disqualified basis in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) and Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2), the treatment of gain recognized by the transferor (if any) is 
not relevant for purposes of determining whether it is appropriate to 
take into account specified tangible property held temporarily for 
purposes of determining QBAI. Nothing in section 951A(d)(4) or the 
legislative history suggests that transfers of property that result in 
income or gain that is subject to U.S. tax should be exempt from the 
rule. Indeed, the policy concern underlying this rule--the temporary 
holding of specified tangible property with a principal purpose of 
increasing the DTIR of a U.S. shareholder--is present regardless of 
whether the basis in the specified tangible property reflects gain that 
is subject to U.S. tax.

G. Determination of Disqualified Basis

    The determination of disqualified basis is relevant for purposes of 
both the rule in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) (allocating deductions 
attributable to disqualified basis to residual CFC gross income) and 
the rule in Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2) (disregarding disqualified basis for 
purposes of calculating QBAI). This part V.G of the Summary of Comments 
and Explanation of Revisions section describes comments and revisions 
related to the computation of disqualified basis both for purposes of 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) and Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2). For other comments and 
revisions related to the computation of

[[Page 29309]]

disqualified basis discussed in the context of the application of Sec.  
1.951A-2(c)(5), see part IV.E.3 and 4 of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section.
    As described in part IV.E.1 of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section, the proposed regulations define 
``disqualified basis'' in property as the excess of the property's 
adjusted basis immediately after a disqualified transfer, over the sum 
of the property's adjusted basis immediately before the disqualified 
transfer and the qualified gain amount with respect to the disqualified 
transfer. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(A). In addition, the 
proposed regulations define ``disqualified transfer'' as a transfer of 
property by a transferor CFC during a transferor CFC's disqualified 
period to a related person in which gain was recognized, in whole or in 
part. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(C). One comment recommended 
that the definition of disqualified transfer not be expanded to include 
transfers of property to unrelated persons. The final regulations do 
not modify the definition of disqualified transfer, and therefore the 
term continues to be limited to transfers of property by a CFC to a 
related person. See Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(C)(2).
    A comment noted that the proposed regulations do not explain 
whether the computation of disqualified basis in property takes into 
account basis adjustments under section 743(b) or section 734(b) 
allocated to that property under section 755 during the disqualified 
period. The final regulations clarify that adjustments under sections 
732(d), 734(b), and 743(b) can create, increase, or reduce disqualified 
basis in property. See Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(A) and (B).
    The proposed regulations provide that disqualified basis may be 
reduced or eliminated through depreciation, amortization, sales or 
exchanges, section 362(e), and other methods. See proposed Sec.  
1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(A). The final regulations clarify the circumstances 
under which disqualified basis is reduced. Specifically, the final 
regulations provide that disqualified basis in property is reduced to 
the extent that a deduction or loss attributable to the disqualified 
basis in the property is taken into account in reducing gross income, 
including any deduction or loss allocated to residual CFC gross income 
by reason of the rule in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5). See Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(1)(i).
    The proposed regulations provide that, if the adjusted basis in 
property with disqualified basis and adjusted basis other than 
disqualified basis is reduced or eliminated, then the disqualified 
basis in the property is reduced or eliminated in the same proportion 
that the disqualified basis bears to the total adjusted basis in the 
property. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(A). The final 
regulations adopt this rule without substantial modification, except 
that the final regulations provide a special rule where a loss is 
recognized on a taxable sale or exchange. See Sec. Sec.  1.951A-
2(c)(5)(ii) and 1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(1)(i). In the case of a loss 
recognized on a taxable sale or exchange of the property, the loss is 
treated as attributable to disqualified basis to the extent thereof. 
See id. Therefore, to the extent of the disqualified basis, the loss on 
the sale is allocated to residual CFC gross income and the disqualified 
basis in the property is reduced.
    A comment noted that the proposed regulations do not specify when 
the proportion of the disqualified basis to the total adjusted basis in 
the property is determined for purposes of determining the reduction to 
disqualified basis. The comment recommended that the Treasury 
Department and the IRS clarify that this proportion is determined 
immediately after the disqualified transfer and does not change 
throughout the useful life of the property absent a subsequent 
disqualified transfer. The final regulations do not adopt this 
recommendation, because the proportion of disqualified basis to total 
adjusted basis in property can change by reason of one or more 
transactions subsequent to a disqualified transfer. For instance, a 
loss recognized on a taxable sale of property with disqualified basis 
and adjusted basis other than disqualified basis, which reduces 
disqualified basis to the extent of the loss under Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(1)(i), will have the effect of decreasing the proportion 
of disqualified basis to total adjusted basis. See, generally, 1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(B) and this part V.G of the Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions for additional adjustments to disqualified 
basis.
    A comment recommended that the Treasury Department and the IRS 
clarify that depreciation or amortization that is disregarded for 
purposes of determining tested income or tested loss under proposed 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) nonetheless reduces the adjusted basis in the 
property. The final regulations do not disregard a deduction or loss 
attributable to disqualified basis, but rather allocate and apportion 
such deduction or loss to residual CFC gross income. Depreciation or 
amortization that is allocated and apportioned to residual CFC gross 
income continues to reduce the adjusted basis in the property in 
accordance with section 1016(a)(2). Accordingly, clarification that any 
depreciation or amortization attributable to disqualified basis in 
property reduces adjusted basis in the property is unnecessary.
    Disqualified basis in property is generally an attribute specific 
to the property itself, rather than an attribute of a CFC or a U.S. 
shareholder with respect to the property. The final regulations, 
however, provide rules to treat basis in other property as disqualified 
basis if such basis was determined, in whole or in part, by reference 
to the basis in property with disqualified basis. See Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(2). These rules are intended to prevent taxpayers from 
eliminating disqualified basis in nonrecognition transactions that 
would otherwise have the effect of granting taxpayers the benefit of 
the disqualified basis. This could occur, for example, if property with 
disqualified basis is transferred in a nonrecognition transaction, such 
as a like-kind exchange under section 1031, in exchange for other 
depreciable property. In that case, a portion of the basis in the newly 
acquired property is treated as disqualified basis. Also, disqualified 
basis may be duplicated through certain nonrecognition transactions. 
For example, if property with disqualified basis is transferred in a 
section 351 exchange, both the stock received by the transferor and the 
property received by the transferee will have disqualified basis, in 
each case determined by reference to the disqualified basis in the 
property in the hands of the transferor immediately before the 
transaction. See Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(2)(ii). The final 
regulations also provide that basis arising from other transactions, 
such as distributions of property from a partnership to a partner, can 
create disqualified basis in property to the extent the transaction has 
the effect of shifting disqualified basis from one property to another. 
See Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(2)(i). This might occur, for example, 
if low-basis property is distributed in liquidation of a high-basis 
partner under section 732(b) resulting in a decrease to disqualified 
basis in other partnership property under section 734(b)(2)(B). See 
Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(iii)(D) Example 4.
    The final regulations also clarify how disqualified basis is 
disregarded under Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(i) in the case of dual use 
property and partnership specified tangible property for purposes of

[[Page 29310]]

determining QBAI and partnership QBAI, respectively. The portion of the 
adjusted basis in dual use property with disqualified basis that is 
taken into account for determining QBAI is the average adjusted basis 
in the property, multiplied by the dual use ratio, and then reduced by 
the disqualified basis in the property. See Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(i)(B); 
see also Sec.  1.951A-3(d)(4) Example. For purposes of determining 
partnership QBAI, a CFC's partner adjusted basis with respect to 
partnership specified tangible property with disqualified basis is 
first determined under the general rules of Sec.  1.951A-3(g)(3)(i) and 
then reduced by the partner's share of the disqualified basis in the 
property. See Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(i)(C). In either case, the 
allocation and apportionment rules of Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) are not 
taken into account for purposes of applying the dual use ratio and the 
proportionate share ratio to determine the amount of the adjusted basis 
in property that is reduced by the disqualified basis. See Sec.  
1.951A-3(h)(2)(i)(B) and (C).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on the 
application of the rules that reduce or increase disqualified basis 
including, for example, how the rules should apply in an exchange under 
section 1031 where property with disqualified basis is exchanged for 
property with no disqualified basis.

VI. Comments and Revisions to Proposed Sec.  1.951A-4--Tested Interest 
Expense and Tested Interest Income

A. Determination of Specified Interest Expense Under Netting Approach

    Section 951A(b)(2)(B) reduces net DTIR of a U.S. shareholder by 
interest expense that reduces tested income (or increases tested loss) 
for the taxable year of the shareholder to the extent the interest 
income attributable to such expense is not taken into account in 
determining such shareholder's net CFC tested income. The proposed 
regulations adopt a netting approach to determine the amount of 
interest expense of a U.S. shareholder described in section 
951A(b)(2)(B) (``specified interest expense''), defining such amount as 
the excess of such shareholder's pro rata share of ``tested interest 
expense'' of each CFC over its pro rata share of ``tested interest 
income'' of each CFC. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(3)(iii).
    Several comments agreed with the adoption of the netting approach, 
principally on the grounds of administrability and policy. However, one 
comment noted that the netting approach for determining specified 
interest expense is potentially more favorable to taxpayers than 
permitted by the statute because it provides that specified interest 
expense is reduced by all interest income included in the tested income 
of the U.S. shareholder (subject to certain exceptions), even if earned 
from unrelated parties.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the 
netting approach appropriately balances administrability concerns with 
the purpose and language of section 951A(b)(2)(B). As discussed in the 
preamble to the proposed regulations, the netting approach avoids the 
complexity related to a tracing approach, under which a U.S. 
shareholder's pro rata share of each item of interest expense of a CFC 
would have to be matched to the shareholder's pro rata share of the 
interest income attributable to such interest expense received by a 
CFC. Furthermore, the amount of specified interest expense should, in 
most cases, be the same whether determined under a netting approach or 
under a tracing approach. In this regard, while the netting approach 
does not require a factual link between the interest income and 
interest expense, only interest income included in gross tested income, 
other than income included by reason of section 954(h) or (i) (that is, 
``qualified interest income''), is taken into account for this purpose. 
Because interest income is generally FPHCI under section 954(c)(1)(A) 
and qualified interest income is not taken into account under the 
netting approach, interest income taken into account under the netting 
approach is generally limited to interest income that is excluded from 
subpart F income by reason of section 954(c)(3) or (6). Furthermore, 
because the exceptions under section 954(c)(3) and (6) apply only to 
interest income paid or accrued by related party foreign corporations, 
both the interest income excluded by reason of section 954(c)(3) or (6) 
and the interest expense attributable to such interest income will 
generally be taken into account in determining the net CFC tested 
income of either the same U.S. shareholder or a related U.S. 
shareholder. Accordingly, the final regulations retain the netting 
approach for determining specified interest expense, with certain 
modifications described in part VI.B through D of this Summary of 
Comments and Explanation of Revisions section. See Sec.  1.951A-
1(c)(3)(iii).

B. Definition of Tested Interest Expense and Tested Interest Income

    For purposes of determining specified interest expense, ``tested 
interest expense'' is defined in the proposed regulations as interest 
expense paid or accrued by a CFC that is taken into account in 
determining the tested income or tested loss of the CFC, reduced by the 
qualified interest expense of the CFC. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-
4(b)(1)(i). For this purpose, ``interest expense'' is defined as any 
expense or loss treated as interest expense under the Code or 
regulations, and any other expense or loss incurred in a transaction or 
series of integrated or related transactions in which the use of funds 
is secured for a period of time if such expense or loss is 
predominantly incurred in consideration of the time value of money. See 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)(ii). The proposed regulations include 
similar definitions for ``tested interest income'' and ``interest 
income.'' See proposed Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(2)(i) and (ii).
    One comment asserted that the concepts of ``predominantly incurred 
in consideration of the time value of money'' and ``predominantly 
derived from consideration of the time value of money'' are new and 
unclear, and lack analogies in other authorities. The comment also 
stated that this new standard is further complicated by references to 
``a transaction or series of integrated or related transactions.'' 
Other comments asserted that creating a new standard for interest 
expense and interest income specifically for specified interest expense 
would result in additional confusion and complexity. Another comment 
questioned the inclusion of interest equivalents in the definition of 
interest in the proposed regulations and noted that, because the 
definition covers both interest income and interest expense, there is a 
particular risk of whipsaw to the government unless the authority for 
the regulations is clear. Some comments recommended that the final 
regulations replace the definitions of interest expense and interest 
income in the proposed regulations with references to interest expense 
or interest income under any provision of the Code or regulations, or 
as a consequence of issuing or holding an instrument that is treated as 
indebtedness for Federal income tax purposes, such as instruments 
characterized as indebtedness under judicial factors or administrative 
guidance, or payments ``equivalent to interest.''
    The Treasury Department and the IRS did not intend to create a new 
standard of interest solely for purposes of determining specified 
interest expense. In this regard, the reduction of net DTIR by 
specified interest expense under section 951A(b)(2)(B) and the 
limitation

[[Page 29311]]

on business interest under section 163(j) are meant to achieve similar 
policy goals, namely preventing certain interest expense in excess of 
interest income from being taken into account in determining taxable 
income. Further, because the amount of interest expense subject to each 
of these provisions is determined, in part, by reference to interest 
income received, each of these provisions need clear and consistent 
definitions of both interest expense and interest income, including 
when and to what extent transactions that result in a financing from an 
economic perspective may be treated as generating interest expense and 
interest income. Finally, the relevant terms used in each provision--
``interest expense'' and ``interest income'' in section 951A(b)(2)(B) 
and ``business interest'' and ``business interest income'' in section 
163(j)--do not differ meaningfully in their respective contexts and 
therefore do not necessitate different definitions. As a result of the 
foregoing, and in order to reduce administrative complexity, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that taxpayers and the 
government would benefit from the application of a single definition of 
interest for both section 951A(b)(2)(B) and section 163(j) (rather than 
the application of two partially overlapping, but ultimately different 
standards). Accordingly, the final regulations define ``interest 
expense'' and ``interest income'' by reference to the definition of 
interest expense and interest income under section 163(j). See Sec.  
1.951A-4(b)(1)(ii) and (2)(ii).
    The regulations under section 163(j), when finalized, will address 
comments on the validity of the definition of interest expense and 
interest income that are used in those regulations. Because the final 
regulations adopt this definition for purposes of determining specified 
interest expense, the discussion in the regulations under section 
163(j) will, by extension, address the validity of the definitions as 
used in these final regulations.
    Finally, the definition of tested interest expense is revised in 
the final regulations to mean interest expense that is ``allocated and 
apportioned to gross tested income'' of a CFC under Sec.  1.951A-
2(c)(3). See Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)(i). This revision does not reflect a 
substantive change to the definition in the proposed regulations--
interest expense ``taken into account in determining the tested income 
or tested loss''--but rather is intended to more clearly articulate 
that definition.

C. Determination of Qualified Interest Expense and Qualified Interest 
Income

    The proposed regulations provide that, for purposes of determining 
the specified interest expense of a U.S. shareholder, the tested 
interest expense and tested interest income of a ``qualified CFC'' are 
reduced by its ``qualified interest expense'' and ``qualified interest 
income,'' respectively. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1) and (2). The 
reduction for qualified interest expense and qualified interest income 
is intended to neutralize the effect of interest expense and interest 
income attributable to the active conduct of a financing or insurance 
business on a U.S. shareholder's net DTIR. For example, absent the rule 
for qualified interest expense, the third-party interest expense of a 
captive finance company--to the extent its interest expense exceeds its 
interest income--could inappropriately increase specified interest 
expense (and thus reduce the net DTIR) of its U.S. shareholder. 
Alternatively, under a netting approach to calculating specified 
interest expense, the third-party interest income of a captive finance 
company--to the extent its interest income exceeds interest expense--
could inappropriately reduce the specified interest expense (and thus 
increase the net DTIR) of its U.S. shareholder.
    For purposes of these rules, the proposed regulations define a 
``qualified CFC'' as an eligible controlled foreign corporation (within 
the meaning of section 954(h)(2)) or a qualifying insurance company 
(within the meaning of section 953(e)(3)). See proposed Sec.  1.951A-
4(b)(1)(iv). Further, ``qualified interest income'' is defined as 
interest income included in the gross tested income of the qualified 
CFC that is excluded from FPHCI by reason of section 954(h) or (i). See 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(2)(iii). The proposed regulations define 
``qualified interest expense'' as the portion of the interest expense 
of a qualified CFC, which portion is determined based on a two-step 
approach. First, a qualified CFC's interest expense is multiplied by a 
fraction, the numerator of which is the CFC's average basis in assets 
which give rise to income excluded from FPHCI by reason of section 
954(h) or (i), and the denominator is the CFC's average basis in all 
its assets. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)(iii)(A). Second, the 
product of the first step is reduced by the interest income of the 
qualified CFC that is excluded from FPHCI by reason of section 
954(c)(3) or (6). See proposed Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)(iii)(B). This two-
step approach effectively treats all interest expense of a qualified 
CFC as attributable ratably to the assets of the qualified CFC that 
give rise to income excluded from FPHCI by reason of section 954(h) and 
(i), but then traces such interest expense, after attribution to such 
assets, to any interest income received from related CFCs to the extent 
thereof.
    A comment indicated that the two-step approach in the proposed 
regulations can understate the amount of qualified interest expense. 
Specifically, the comment noted that the proposed regulations include 
related party receivables in the denominator of the fraction under the 
first step, thus diluting the fraction and resulting in less qualified 
interest expense, and then interest income from such receivables 
further reduce qualified interest expense dollar-for-dollar under the 
second step. The comment recommended that, to avoid double counting, 
related party receivables should be excluded from the fraction in the 
first step.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agree with the comment that, 
under the two-step approach to the proposed regulations, related party 
receivables are effectively double-counted, and therefore the final 
regulations eliminate the second step reduction for interest income 
included in the gross tested income of a qualified CFC that is excluded 
from FPHCI by reason of section 954(c)(3) or (6). See Sec.  1.951A-
4(b)(1)(iii)(A). This revision ensures that a related party receivable 
is not double-counted in the determination of qualified interest 
expense, and thus qualified interest expense as calculated under the 
final regulations more accurately reflects the interest expense 
incurred to earn income earned from unrelated parties in an active 
financing or insurance business. Further, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS preferred the elimination of the second step reduction for 
resolving the double-counting issue, rather than the recommended 
alternative of excluding related party receivables from the fraction in 
the first step, because the elimination of an additional step 
substantially simplifies the calculation of qualified interest expense.
    In addition, with regard to the effect of related party receivables 
on the computation of qualified interest expense, the final regulations 
clarify that a receivable that gives rise to income that is excludible 
from FPHCI by reason of section 954(c)(3) or (6) is excluded from the 
numerator of the fraction (that is, the receivable is not a ``qualified 
asset'' within the meaning of Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)(iii)(B), a new term 
in

[[Page 29312]]

the final regulations), notwithstanding that such receivable may also 
give rise to income excluded from FPHCI by reason of section 954(h) or 
(i). See Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)(iii)(B)(2). Similarly, the final 
regulations clarify that interest income that is excludible from FPHCI 
by reason of section 954(c)(3) or (6) is excluded from qualified 
interest income, notwithstanding that such income may also be excluded 
from FPHCI by reason of section 954(h) or (i). See Sec.  1.951A-
4(b)(2)(iii)(B). These clarifications ensure that the computation of 
qualified interest income and qualified interest expense is determined 
by reference only to interest expense and interest income attributable 
to a CFC's active conduct of a financing or insurance business with 
unrelated persons.
    A comment recommended that, for purposes of determining the amount 
of qualified interest expense of a CFC, instruments or obligations that 
give rise to interest income derived by active securities and 
derivatives dealers that is excluded from FPHCI under section 
954(c)(2)(C) should also be included in the numerator for calculating 
qualified interest expense. The final regulations adopt this 
recommendation by including such instruments or obligations in the 
definition of qualified assets. See Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)(iii)(B)(1). 
Similarly, interest income excluded from FPHCI under section 
954(c)(2)(C) is included in the definition of qualified interest 
income. See Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(2)(iii)(A).
    A comment suggested that the benefit to some U.S. shareholders from 
the exclusion for qualified interest expense may not justify the 
difficulty and expense to determine the amount excluded. Therefore, the 
comment recommended that the final regulations provide taxpayers the 
ability to either establish the amount of their qualified interest 
expense or, alternatively, to assume that none of their interest 
expense constitutes qualified interest expense. The Treasury Department 
and the IRS agree that taxpayers should not be required to reduce their 
CFCs' tested interest expense by their CFCs' qualified interest expense 
if the taxpayer determines that the value of such reduction is 
outweighed by the cost of compliance. Accordingly, the final 
regulations provide that a CFC's qualified interest expense is taken 
into account only to the extent established by the CFC. See Sec.  
1.951A-4(b)(1)(iii)(A). Thus, if a CFC does not establish an amount of 
qualified interest expense, the taxpayer can assume that none of the 
CFC's interest expense is qualified interest expense. However, 
regardless of whether a CFC avails itself of the reduction for 
qualified interest expense, the exclusion for qualified interest income 
is mandatory. See Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(2)(iii)(A).
    A comment recommended an exception from the qualified interest 
rules for a CFC that is a qualified insurance company under section 
954(i), or in the alternative, an exception from the qualified interest 
rules for any CFC that is part of a financial services group defined in 
section 904(d)(2)(C)(ii), with the result that all interest income and 
interest expense of such CFCs would be tested interest income and 
tested interest expense taken into account in determining a U.S. 
shareholder's specified interest expense. The comment speculated that 
the qualified interest rules may have been crafted to address a CFC 
involved in a financial services business that was not a member of a 
business group primarily engaged in a financial services business. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS decline to adopt this recommendation. 
The qualified interest rules are intended to neutralize the effect of 
an active finance business or an active business of a CFC on the 
specified interest expense (and thus net DTIR) of its U.S. shareholder, 
irrespective of whether the CFC is a member of a business group 
primarily engaged in such activities. In contrast, the recommended 
exception would permit interest income from an active finance business 
or active insurance business in excess of the associated interest 
expense to net against other interest expense in the computation of 
specified interest expense.
    The same comment also explained that some foreign financial service 
groups borrow externally through a holding company to fund their 
qualifying insurance company subsidiaries that earn qualified interest 
income. The comment noted that the proposed regulations create a 
mismatch between the treatment of the interest income of the 
subsidiaries, which is qualified interest income of a qualified CFC and 
thus not taken into account in calculating specified interest expense, 
and the interest expense of the holding company, which is not qualified 
interest expense of a qualified CFC and thus is taken into account in 
calculating specified interest expense. To address this mismatch, the 
final regulations eliminate the term ``qualified CFC.'' Therefore, if a 
holding company that is not engaged in an active financing or insurance 
business borrows to fund the activities of subsidiaries that are 
engaged in an active financing or insurance business, the interest 
expense of the holding company may constitute qualified interest 
expense and thus be disregarded in determining specified interest 
expense. In this regard, the final regulations retain the rule that the 
adjusted basis in stock of a subsidiary is treated as basis in a 
qualified asset to the extent that the assets of the subsidiary are 
qualified assets. See Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)(iii)(B)(3). In addition, the 
final regulations provide a new rule that treats a CFC that owns 25 
percent or more of the capital or profits interest in a partnership as 
owning its attributable share of any property held by the partnership, 
as determined under the principles of Sec.  1.956-4(b). See Sec.  
1.951A-4(b)(1)(iii)(B)(4). Therefore, under the final regulations, 
whether, and to what extent, the interest expense of a CFC is qualified 
interest expense depends entirely on the nature of the assets it holds 
directly and indirectly, and not on whether the CFC itself is engaged 
in an active financing or insurance business.
    Finally, the definition of qualified interest expense in the 
proposed regulations includes a parenthetical that indicates that the 
fraction for determining qualified interest expense cannot exceed one. 
See proposed Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)(iii). The Treasury Department and the 
IRS have determined that, because the numerator (average basis in 
qualified assets) is a subset of the denominator (average basis in all 
assets), this fraction can never exceed one, even without regard to the 
parenthetical. Therefore, the final regulations eliminate the 
parenthetical in the definition of qualified interest expense as 
surplusage. See Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)(iii)(A).

D. Interest Expense Paid or Accrued by a Tested Loss CFC

    Under the proposed regulations, tested interest expense includes 
interest expense paid or accrued by a tested loss CFC, notwithstanding 
that the proposed regulations provide that a tested loss CFC has no 
QBAI. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-3(b) and Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1). As 
discussed in part V.A of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions section, the final regulations continue to provide that a 
tested loss CFC has no QBAI. See Sec.  1.951A-3(b). Comments 
recommended that, if the rule excluding the QBAI of a tested loss CFC 
were retained, the final regulations should also exclude all interest 
expense of a tested loss CFC from the calculation of tested interest 
expense. Comments asserted that exempting interest expense of tested 
loss CFCs from the calculation of specified interest expense, in

[[Page 29313]]

conjunction with the exclusion of the QBAI of tested loss CFCs, would 
produce appropriate results, though one comment acknowledged that such 
a rule might need to be accompanied by an anti-abuse rule. One comment 
asserted that excluding interest expense of a tested loss CFC would be 
appropriate under section 951A(b)(2)(B), because that subparagraph 
refers only to interest expense ``taken into account under subsection 
(c)(2)(A)(ii),'' which, according to the comment, describes only 
deductions taken into account in determining tested income. Another 
comment recommended that, rather than excluding all the interest 
expense of a tested loss CFC, the final regulations should exclude the 
interest expense incurred to fund acquisitions of tangible property 
held by the tested loss CFC. The comments suggested that including 
interest expense of a tested loss CFC (or incurred to acquire tangible 
property of the tested loss CFC), which reduces net DTIR of a U.S. 
shareholder, while excluding the QBAI of a tested loss CFC, which 
increases the net DTIR of a U.S. shareholder, results in unfair and 
asymmetrical treatment of tested loss CFCs.
    The final regulations do not adopt the recommendation to exclude 
all interest expense of a tested loss CFC, because such exclusion would 
be inconsistent with the text of section 951A(d)(2)(A) and footnote 
1563 of the Conference Report and could create an incentive to 
inappropriately shift interest expense to a tested loss CFC in order to 
avoid reducing a U.S. shareholder's net DTIR. The reference to section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(ii) in section 951A(b)(2)(B) encompasses all deductions 
properly allocable to gross tested income, including deductions taken 
into account in determining tested loss. See section 951A(c)(2)(B)(i) 
(defining tested loss as the excess of deduction described in section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(ii) over gross tested income described in section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(i)).
    However, in response to the comments, the final regulations reduce 
a tested loss CFC's tested interest expense by its tested loss QBAI 
amount, an amount equal to 10 percent of the QBAI that the tested loss 
CFC would have had if it were instead a tested income CFC. See Sec.  
1.951A-4(b)(1)(i) and (iv) and (c) Example 5. This rule has the effect 
of not taking into account the tested interest expense of a tested loss 
CFC to the extent that such tested interest expense is less than or 
equal to a notional 10 percent return on the tested loss CFC's tangible 
assets that are used in the production of gross tested income.

E. Interest Expense Paid or Accrued to a U.S. Shareholder

    As discussed in part VI.A of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section, the proposed regulations adopt a 
netting approach with the result that specified interest expense is the 
excess of a U.S. shareholder's pro rata share of tested interest 
expense of each CFC over its pro rata share of tested interest income 
of each CFC. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(3)(ii). Several comments 
recommended that the final regulations exclude interest expense paid by 
a CFC to a U.S. shareholder or a related U.S. person from the 
definition of tested interest expense. One comment recommended that 
this exclusion be applied to a payment of interest to any U.S. person, 
whereas two comments suggested that this exclusion also apply to 
interest expense to the extent the related interest income is subject 
to U.S. tax as effectively connected income or subpart F income. These 
comments asserted that interest expense should not generally increase 
specified interest expense to the extent that the related interest 
income is subject to U.S. tax at the regular statutory rate, at least 
in the hands of a U.S. shareholder or related person. According to 
these comments, excluding interest expense under these circumstance 
would be consistent with the policy of section 951A(b)(2)(B), which 
does not reduce a U.S. shareholder's net DTIR for a CFC's interest 
expense to the extent that the related income increases the U.S. 
shareholder's net CFC tested income.
    The final regulations do not adopt these recommendations. Section 
951A(b)(2)(B) generally reduces net DTIR of a U.S. shareholder by the 
full amount of its pro rata share of the interest expense of a CFC, but 
then provides a limited exception for the CFC's interest expense to the 
extent the related interest income is taken into account in determining 
the net CFC tested income of the U.S. shareholder. In effect, the rule 
generally reduces net DTIR of a U.S. shareholder by its pro rata share 
of the net external interest expense incurred by its CFCs. Thus, 
borrowing between commonly-owned CFCs generally does not reduce net 
DTIR, whereas external borrowing generally does. The statute does not 
provide a similar exception for any payment of interest to the extent 
the related interest income is subject to U.S. tax, nor is there any 
indication in the legislative history of the Act that Congress intended 
that the Treasury Department and the IRS should provide such an 
exception. Further, an exception for interest paid to U.S. persons 
could permit taxpayers to circumvent section 951A(b)(2)(B) by borrowing 
externally at the U.S. shareholder level and then on-lending the 
borrowed funds to CFCs. In this case, the borrowing by the U.S. 
shareholder would not reduce net DTIR, notwithstanding that the 
borrowing is factually traceable to the acquisition by the CFC of 
specified tangible property and net DTIR would have been reduced if 
instead the CFC had borrowed directly from the third party.

VII. Comments and Revisions to Proposed Sec.  1.951A-5--Domestic 
Partnerships and Their Partners

A. Proposed Hybrid Approach

    The proposed regulations provide that, in general, a domestic 
partnership that is a U.S. shareholder (``U.S. shareholder 
partnership'') of a CFC (``partnership CFC'') determines a GILTI 
inclusion amount, and partners of the partnership that are not also 
U.S. shareholders of the partnership CFC take into account their 
distributive share of the partnership's GILTI inclusion amount. See 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-5(b). Partners that are U.S. shareholders of a 
partnership CFC (``U.S. shareholder partners''), however, do not take 
into account their distributive share of the partnership's GILTI 
inclusion amount to the extent determined by reference to the 
partnership CFC but instead are treated as proportionately owning the 
stock of the partnership CFC within the meaning of section 958(a) as if 
the domestic partnership were an aggregate of its partners. To 
accomplish this result, the proposed regulations, with respect to U.S. 
shareholder partners, treat the domestic partnership in the same manner 
as a foreign partnership, which is treated as an aggregate of its 
partners under section 958(a)(2). As a result, a U.S. shareholder 
partner determines its GILTI inclusion amount taking into account its 
pro rata share of any tested item of the partnership CFC. If the U.S. 
shareholder partnership holds other partnership CFCs in which the 
partner is not a U.S. shareholder, then a separate GILTI computation is 
made at the partnership level with respect to such partnership CFCs' 
tested items, and the partner includes its distributive share of this 
separately determined GILTI inclusion amount as well. See proposed 
Sec.  1.951A-5(c). This hybrid approach (``proposed hybrid approach'') 
of treating a domestic partnership as an entity with respect to 
partners that are not U.S. shareholders,

[[Page 29314]]

but as an aggregate of its partners with respect to partners that are 
U.S. shareholders, is intended to balance the policies underlying GILTI 
with the relevant statutory provisions. In particular, a domestic 
partnership is a U.S. person under sections 957(c) and 7701(a)(30) and 
thus a U.S. shareholder under section 951(b), which suggests that a 
domestic partnership should generally be treated as an entity for 
purposes of subpart F. On the other hand, if a domestic partnership 
were treated strictly as an entity for purposes of section 951A, a 
domestic partnership with a GILTI inclusion amount would be ineligible 
for foreign tax credits under section 960(d) or a deduction under 
section 250 with respect to its GILTI inclusion amount.
    In the proposed regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
rejected an approach that would treat a domestic partnership as an 
entity with respect to all its partners (``pure entity approach'') for 
purposes of section 951A, because treating a domestic partnership as 
the section 958(a) owner of stock in all cases would frustrate the 
GILTI framework by creating unintended planning opportunities for well-
advised taxpayers and traps for the unwary. However, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS also did not adopt an approach that would treat 
a domestic partnership as an aggregate with respect to all its partners 
(``pure aggregate approach'') for purposes of GILTI, because such an 
approach would be inconsistent with the treatment of domestic 
partnerships as entities for purposes of subpart F.

B. Comments on Proposed Hybrid Approach

    Two comments were received on the treatment of domestic 
partnerships and their partners under the proposed regulations. These 
comments raised concerns regarding the procedural and computational 
complexity of the proposed hybrid approach. The comments highlighted 
the difficulty that some partnerships would have in determining whether 
and to what extent its partners are U.S. shareholder partners of 
partnership CFCs in order to determine whether and with respect to 
which partnership CFCs to calculate a partnership-level GILTI inclusion 
amount for each of its partners. In this regard, a partner of a U.S. 
shareholder partnership may itself be a U.S. shareholder of one or more 
partnership CFCs, but not a U.S. shareholder of one or more others. 
According to the comments, the proposed hybrid approach also raises 
administrability concerns under the centralized partnership audit 
regime enacted by section 1101 of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, 
Public Law 114-74 (BBA) as some determinations are made at the 
partnership level and others at the partner level.
    The comments also raised concerns that the determination of a GILTI 
inclusion amount at the partnership level and the disparate treatment 
of U.S. shareholder partners and non-U.S. shareholder partners under 
the proposed hybrid approach leads to uncertainty regarding the 
application of sections 959 and 961 (regarding PTEP and corresponding 
basis adjustments) with respect to domestic partnerships and 
partnership CFCs, basis adjustments with respect to partnership 
interests and partnership CFCs, and capital accounts determined and 
maintained in accordance with Sec.  1.704-1(b)(2). For instance, there 
are no rules in the proposed regulations regarding whether and to what 
extent a U.S. shareholder partner's capital account in a partnership is 
adjusted when the U.S. shareholder partner computes its GILTI inclusion 
amount based on its pro rata shares of tested items of partnership 
CFCs. The comments noted that if the capital account of a U.S. 
shareholder partner is not adjusted for its pro rata shares of tested 
items of a partnership CFC, then the economic arrangement between the 
U.S. shareholder partner and other partners could be distorted.
    Neither comment recommended a pure entity approach as its primary 
recommendation. One comment supported a pure entity approach over the 
proposed hybrid approach, although it recommended a pure entity 
approach only if a pure aggregate approach were not adopted. Another 
comment recommended that the pure entity approach not be adopted in any 
case. Both comments noted that the pure entity approach would avoid the 
complexities inherent in the proposed hybrid approach and conform the 
treatment of domestic partnerships for GILTI purposes with the 
treatment under subpart F before the enactment of section 951A. 
However, the comments noted that a pure entity approach is inconsistent 
with the purpose of section 951A, which is to compute a single GILTI 
inclusion amount for a taxpayer by reference to the items of all the 
taxpayer's CFCs. The comments agreed that the preamble to the proposed 
regulations articulated valid policy reasons for rejecting the pure 
entity approach, namely, that such approach presents both an 
inappropriate planning opportunity as well as a trap for the unwary.
    Both comments primarily recommended a pure aggregate approach. 
Under a pure aggregate approach, a domestic partnership would not have 
a GILTI inclusion amount, and thus no partner of the partnership would 
have a distributive share of such amount. Rather, for purposes of 
determining the partner's GILTI inclusion amount, a partner would be 
treated as owning directly the stock of CFCs owned by a domestic 
partnership for purposes of determining its own GILTI inclusion amount. 
Thus, under a pure aggregate approach, unlike under the proposed hybrid 
approach or a pure entity approach, a partner that is not a U.S. 
shareholder of a partnership CFC would not have a pro rata share of the 
partnership CFC's tested items or a distributive share of a GILTI 
inclusion amount of the partnership. According to comments, a pure 
aggregate approach would reduce complexities inherent in the proposed 
hybrid approach in terms of administration and compliance. A pure 
aggregate approach would also avoid the disparate and arbitrary effects 
of a pure entity approach, under which a U.S. shareholder's GILTI 
inclusion amount may vary significantly depending on whether it owns 
CFCs through a domestic partnership as opposed to directly or through a 
foreign partnership. The comments acknowledged that while domestic 
partnerships have historically been treated as entities for purposes of 
subpart F, the enactment of section 951A and its reliance on 
shareholder-level calculations justifies a reconsideration of this 
approach.
    One comment recommended that the pure aggregate approach apply also 
to the determination of whether a foreign corporation owned by a 
domestic partnership is a CFC. Under this approach, a domestic 
partnership would also be treated as a foreign partnership for purposes 
of determining whether a domestic partnership is a U.S. shareholder of 
a foreign corporation and therefore whether the foreign corporation is 
owned in the aggregate more than 50 percent (by voting power or value) 
by U.S. shareholders. The same comment suggested that if this approach 
were not adopted, the final regulations should either adopt the 
proposed hybrid approach or an aggregate approach that would require 
even non-U.S. shareholder partners to take into account their pro rata 
shares of tested items of CFCs owned by a domestic partnership. This 
approach, in contrast to the pure entity approach and the proposed 
hybrid approach, would permit a partner that is not a U.S.

[[Page 29315]]

shareholder with respect to a partnership CFC to nonetheless aggregate 
its pro rata shares of the tested items of such partnership CFC with 
its pro rata shares of the tested items of any non-partnership CFCs 
with respect to which the partner is a U.S. shareholder for purposes of 
determining a single GILTI inclusion amount for the partner.
    The other comment recommended that if the pure aggregate approach 
or the pure entity approach were not adopted, the final regulations 
adopt an approach under which a domestic partnership would be treated 
as an entity for purposes of determining its GILTI inclusion amount and 
each partner's distributive share of such amount, but then each 
partner's overall GILTI inclusion amount would be adjusted by its 
separately-computed GILTI inclusion amount with respect to non-
partnership CFCs of the partner. This adjustment would be positive to 
the extent of the partner's net CFC tested income with respect to CFCs 
owned outside a domestic partnership, but it could be negative if the 
partner had a ``net CFC tested loss'' (that is, aggregate pro rata 
shares of tested loss in excess of aggregate pro rata share of tested 
income) with respect to such CFCs.

C. Adoption of Aggregate Treatment for Purposes of Determining GILTI 
Inclusion Amounts

    After consideration of the comments received, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS have decided not to adopt the proposed hybrid 
approach in the final regulations. Instead, the final regulations adopt 
an approach that treats a domestic partnership as an aggregate for 
purposes of determining the level (that is, partnership or partner) at 
which a GILTI inclusion amount is calculated and taken into gross 
income. Specifically, the final regulations provide that, in general, 
for purposes of section 951A and the section 951A regulations, and for 
purposes of any other provision that applies by reference to section 
951A or the section 951A regulations (for instance, sections 959, 960, 
and 961), a domestic partnership is not treated as owning stock of a 
foreign corporation within the meaning of section 958(a). See Sec.  
1.951A-1(e)(1). Rather, the partners of a domestic partnership are 
treated as owning proportionately the stock of CFCs owned by the 
partnership in the same manner as if the partnership were a foreign 
partnership under section 958(a)(2). See id. Because a domestic 
partnership is not treated as owning section 958(a) stock for purposes 
of section 951A, a domestic partnership does not have a GILTI inclusion 
amount and thus no partner of the partnership has a distributive share 
of a GILTI inclusion amount. Furthermore, because only a U.S. 
shareholder can have a pro rata share of a tested item of a CFC under 
section 951A(e)(1) and Sec.  1.951A-1(d), a partner that is not a U.S. 
shareholder of a CFC owned by the partnership does not have a pro rata 
share of any tested item of the CFC. For the reasons discussed in this 
part VII.C of the Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions 
section, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that this 
approach best reconciles the relevant statutory provisions, the 
policies underlying GILTI, and the administrative and compliance 
concerns raised by the comments.
    Since the enactment of subpart F, domestic partnerships have 
generally been treated as entities, rather than as aggregates of their 
partners, for purposes of determining whether a foreign corporation is 
a CFC. See Sec.  1.701-2(f) Example 3 (concluding that a domestic 
partnership that wholly owns a foreign corporation is treated as an 
entity and the U.S. shareholder of the foreign corporation, and that 
the foreign corporation is a CFC for section 904 purposes). In 
addition, domestic partnerships have generally been treated as entities 
for purposes of determining the U.S. shareholder that has the subpart F 
inclusion with respect to such foreign corporation. But cf. Sec. Sec.  
1.951-1(h) and 1.965-1(e) (treating certain domestic partnerships owned 
by CFCs as foreign partnerships for purposes of determining the U.S. 
shareholder that has a subpart F inclusion with respect to CFCs owned 
by such domestic partnerships).
    The GILTI rules employ the basic subpart F architecture in several 
regards, such as for purposes of determining a U.S. shareholder's pro 
rata share of tested items. See section 951A(e)(1). Nevertheless, there 
is no indication that Congress intended to incorporate the historical 
treatment of domestic partnerships under subpart F into the GILTI 
regime, particularly given that respecting a domestic partnership as 
the owner under section 958(a) of the stock of a CFC for purposes of 
GILTI would frustrate the statutory framework. In addition, no 
provision in the Code prescribes the treatment of domestic partnerships 
for purposes of section 958(a) in determining GILTI.
    Given the silence in the statute with respect to the treatment of 
domestic partnerships for purposes of GILTI, the Act's legislative 
history, and the overall significance of the GILTI regime with respect 
to the taxation of CFC earnings after the Act, the Treasury Department 
and the IRS have determined that it is an appropriate occasion to 
reexamine whether a domestic partnership should be treated as an entity 
or an aggregate in determining the owners of section 958(a) stock for 
purposes of sections 951 and 951A. The 1954 legislative history makes 
clear that this determination should be based on the policies of the 
provision at issue. See H.R. Rep. No. 83-2543, at 59 (1954) (Conf. 
Rep.). In this regard, the Act fundamentally changed the policies 
relating to the taxation of CFC earnings relative to those in 1962. 
Moreover, an aggregate approach applies if it is appropriate to carry 
out the purpose of a provision of the Code, unless an entity approach 
is specifically prescribed and clearly contemplated by the relevant 
statute. Cf. Sec.  1.701-2(e).
    As discussed in the preamble to the proposed regulations, an 
aggregate approach to domestic partnerships furthers the purposes of 
the GILTI regime. It is consistent with the general intent of the GILTI 
regime to determine tax liability at the U.S. shareholder level on an 
aggregate basis rather than on a CFC-by-CFC basis. See Senate 
Explanation at 371 (``The committee believes that calculating GILTI on 
an aggregate basis, instead of on a CFC-by-CFC basis, reflects the 
interconnected nature of a U.S. corporation's global operations and is 
a more accurate way of determining a U.S. corporation's global 
intangible income.''); see also House Ways and Means Committee, 115th 
Cong., Rep. on H.R. 1, H.R. Rep. No. 115-409, at 389 (Comm. Print 2017) 
(``[I]n making this measurement, the Committee recognizes the 
integrated nature of modern supply chains and believes it is more 
appropriate to look at a multinational enterprise's foreign operations 
on an aggregate basis, rather than by entity or by country.''). A pure 
entity approach undermines this overall framework in two ways. First, 
under a pure entity approach, well-advised taxpayers might avail 
themselves of domestic partnerships to segregate tested items in a 
manner that is inconsistent with the overall framework of section 951A. 
In this regard, taxpayers generally would lower their tax liability by 
separating through one or more domestic partnerships their CFCs with 
high-taxed tested income and tested interest expense from their CFCs 
with low-taxed tested income, QBAI, and tested losses. Second, a pure 
entity approach would represent a trap for an unwary taxpayer by, for 
example, preventing the use of the tested losses

[[Page 29316]]

of CFCs directly held by a taxpayer to offset the tested income of CFCs 
held by the taxpayer through one or more domestic partnerships. This 
result would not occur if the domestic partnership were treated as an 
aggregate of its partners. In this regard, the proposal to ``adjust'' a 
partner's distributive shares of its domestic partnerships' GILTI 
inclusion amount by the partner's net CFC tested income and the net CFC 
tested loss calculated with respect to the partner's CFCs held outside 
the partnership would not fully address these concerns. That is, the 
partner would be permitted the full benefit of its aggregate pro rata 
share of tested losses with respect to CFCs outside the partnership, 
but the specified interest expense with respect to CFCs outside the 
partnership would be effectively segregated from the QBAI of CFCs 
inside the partnership (and therefore would not reduce the partner's 
net DTIR), and vice versa.
    In addition, an aggregate approach with respect to section 958(a) 
furthers the policies of other provisions related to section 951A. The 
legislative history makes clear that Congress intended for a domestic 
corporate partner of a domestic partnership to obtain the benefit of a 
foreign tax credit under section 960(d) and a deduction under section 
250 with respect to a GILTI inclusion amount. See Conference Report, at 
623, fn. 1517. However, only domestic corporations (not domestic 
partnerships) are eligible for a foreign tax credit under section 
960(d) or a deduction under section 250. Moreover, absent treating a 
domestic partnership as an aggregate for purposes of section 951A, a 
domestic corporate partner's inclusion percentage under section 
960(d)(2) is determined without regard to any CFC owned by the 
partnership because such partner has no pro rata share of the tested 
income of such CFC. See section 960(d)(2)(B) (the denominator of the 
inclusion percentage of a domestic corporation is the corporation's 
aggregate pro rata share of tested income amount under section 
951A(c)(1)(A)). Therefore, a strict entity approach to section 960(d) 
might suggest that domestic corporate partners of a domestic 
partnership are ineligible for foreign tax credits with respect to a 
GILTI inclusion amount of the partnership. On the other hand, an 
aggregate approach to domestic partnerships furthers Congressional 
policy by treating domestic corporate partners as owning (within the 
meaning of section 958(a)) stock of CFCs owned by domestic partnerships 
and thus determining the domestic corporate partner's GILTI inclusion 
amount by reference to CFCs owned by the domestic partnership.
    The final regulations treat a domestic partnership as an aggregate 
of its partners in determining section 958(a) stock ownership by 
providing that, for purposes of section 951A and the section 951A 
regulations, a domestic partnership is treated in the same manner as a 
foreign partnership. See Sec.  1.951A-1(e)(1). For purposes of subpart 
F, a foreign partnership is explicitly treated as an aggregate of its 
partners, and rules regarding aggregation of foreign partnerships are 
relatively well-developed and understood. See section 958(a)(2). 
Therefore, rather than developing a new standard for the treatment of 
domestic partnerships as an aggregate, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS have determined that it would be simpler and more administrable to 
incorporate the aggregate approach by reference to the rules related to 
foreign partnerships under section 958(a)(2).
    The final regulations do not adopt the recommendation to extend the 
treatment of a domestic partnership as an aggregate of its partners to 
the determination of U.S. shareholder and CFC status. The Treasury 
Department and the IRS have determined that an approach that treats a 
domestic partnership as an aggregate of its partners for purposes of 
determining CFC status would not be consistent with the relevant 
statutory provisions. A domestic partnership is a U.S. person under 
section 957(c) and section 7701(a)(30) and, therefore, can be a U.S. 
shareholder under section 951(b). Indeed, when subpart F was enacted in 
1962, the legislative history indicated that domestic partnerships 
generally should be treated as U.S. shareholders. See S. Rep. No. 1881, 
87th Cong., 2d Sess. 80 n.1 (1962) (``U.S. shareholders are defined in 
the bill as `U.S. persons' with 10-percent stockholding. U.S. persons, 
in general, are U.S. citizens and residents and domestic corporations, 
partnerships and estates or trusts.''). Furthermore, sections 958(b) 
and 318(a)(3) treat a partnership (including a domestic partnership) as 
owning the stock of its partners for purposes of determining whether 
the foreign corporation is owned more than 50 percent by U.S. 
shareholders, which suggests that partnerships are treated as entities 
for purposes of determining ownership under section 958(b). See also 
sections 958(b) and 318(a)(2) (treating stock owned by a partnership, 
domestic or foreign, as owned proportionately by its partners).
    The final regulations also do not extend aggregate treatment to the 
determination of the controlling domestic shareholders (as defined in 
Sec.  1.964-1(c)(5)) of a CFC for purposes of any election made under 
the section 951A regulations. See Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(3)(ii) (election to 
use a non-ADS depreciation method for pre-enactment property) and Sec.  
1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) (election to eliminate disqualified basis). As 
a result, a domestic partnership that satisfies the ownership 
requirements of Sec.  1.964-1(c)(5) with respect to a CFC, and not its 
partners, is treated as the controlling domestic shareholder of the CFC 
and the partnership files the relevant elections with respect to the 
CFC. The treatment of a domestic partnership as the controlling 
domestic shareholder reduces the number of persons that need to comply 
with the rules of Sec.  1.964-1(c)(3), and ensures that any election 
with respect to a CFC that could affect the tax consequences of a U.S. 
person that is a partner of a domestic partnership is made by such 
partnership. Accordingly, the final regulations provide that the 
aggregation rule for domestic partnerships does not apply for purposes 
of determining whether a U.S. person is a U.S. shareholder, whether a 
U.S. shareholder is a controlling domestic shareholder (as defined in 
Sec.  1.964-1(c)(5)), or whether a foreign corporation is a CFC. See 
Sec.  1.951A-1(e)(2).
    The treatment of domestic partnerships as foreign partnerships in 
the final regulations is solely for purposes of section 951A and the 
section 951A regulations and for purposes of any other provision that 
applies by reference to a GILTI inclusion amount (such as sections 959 
and 961). The rule does not affect the determination of ownership under 
section 958(a) for any other provision of the Code (such as section 
1248(a)), nor does it change whether such partner has a distributive 
share of a domestic partnership's subpart F inclusion under section 
951(a). However, the Treasury Department and the IRS are proposing in a 
notice of proposed rulemaking published in the same issue of the 
Federal Register as these final regulations to apply a similar 
aggregate treatment to domestic partnerships for purposes of section 
951.
    Under section 1373(a), an S corporation is treated as a partnership 
and its shareholders as partners for purposes of subpart F, including 
section 951A. Therefore, for purposes of determining a GILTI inclusion 
amount of a shareholder of an S corporation, under Sec.  1.951A-1(e), 
the S corporation

[[Page 29317]]

is not treated as owning stock of a foreign corporation within the 
meaning of section 958(a) but instead is treated in the same manner as 
a foreign partnership. The Treasury Department and the IRS are studying 
the application of section 1373(a) with respect to section 951A, as 
well as the broader implications of treating S corporations as 
partnerships for purposes of subpart F. Comments are requested in this 
regard.
    Conforming changes are also made to other aspects of the final 
regulations to account for the aggregate treatment of domestic 
partnerships under Sec.  1.951A-1(e). For instance, the proposed 
regulations provide that, for purposes of determining whether a U.S. 
shareholder has a pro rata share of an accrual for purposes of sections 
163(e)(3)(B)(i) and 267(a)(3)(B), a domestic partnership's pro rata 
share of the accrual is taken into account only to the extent that U.S. 
persons include in gross income a distributive share of the domestic 
partnership's GILTI inclusion amount. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-
5(c)(2). This rule is no longer necessary under the final regulations 
because a domestic partnership does not have a GILTI inclusion amount, 
and partners that are U.S. shareholders have their own pro rata shares 
of the accrual. Therefore, this rule is eliminated in the final 
regulations. See Sec.  1.951A-5(c). In addition, the partnership 
blocker rule is modified such that it no longer applies for purposes of 
section 951A. See Sec.  1.951-1(h)(1). It is no longer necessary to 
apply the rule for purposes of section 951A because, for such purposes, 
a domestic partnership is not treated as owning stock of a foreign 
corporation within the meaning of section 958(a).

VIII. Comments and Revisions to Proposed Sec.  1.951A-6--Treatment of 
GILTI Inclusion Amount and Adjustments to E&P and Basis Related to 
Tested Loss CFCs

A. Increase of E&P by Tested Losses for Purposes of Section 
952(c)(1)(A)

    Section 951A(c)(2)(B)(ii) provides that section 952(c)(1)(A) is 
applied by increasing the E&P of a tested loss CFC by the amount of its 
tested loss. See also proposed Sec.  1.951A-6(d). Comments asserted 
that proposed Sec.  1.951A-6(d) has the effect of increasing E&P by a 
tested loss even if, and to the extent, the tested loss does not 
provide a benefit to a U.S. shareholder because its aggregate pro rata 
share of tested losses exceeds its aggregate pro rata share of tested 
income. These comments argued that this result is not appropriate 
because, based on the heading of section 951A(c)(2)(B)(ii) 
(``Coordination with subpart F to deny double benefit of losses''), the 
provision is limited to denying a double benefit from a tested loss 
(that is, a reduction in both net CFC tested income and subpart F 
income), and that there can be no such double benefit to the extent 
that the tested loss does not reduce a U.S. shareholder's net CFC 
tested income. These comments recommended that proposed Sec.  1.951A-
6(d) be modified such that it applies only to a tested loss to the 
extent the tested loss is ``used'' within the meaning of proposed Sec.  
1.951A-6(e).
    The final regulations do not adopt this recommendation. Section 
951A(c)(2)(B)(ii), by its terms, increases E&P for purposes of section 
952(c)(1)(A) by the amount of any tested loss. There is no indication 
in the provision or legislative history that limiting the application 
of section 951A(c)(2)(B)(ii) to a tested loss that reduces net CFC 
tested income would be appropriate, and the heading of the provision 
has no legal effect. See section 7806(b). Accordingly, the rule is 
adopted without modification in Sec.  1.951A-6(b).

B. Treating GILTI Inclusion Amounts as Subpart F Inclusions for 
Purposes of the Personal Holding Company Rules

    A comment requested clarification regarding the treatment of a 
GILTI inclusion amount for purposes of the personal holding company 
rules in sections 541 through 547. Section 541(a) imposes a 20-percent 
tax on the undistributed personal holding company income of a personal 
holding company. Section 542(a) defines a ``personal holding company'' 
as a corporation if at least 60 percent of its adjusted ordinary gross 
income for the taxable year is personal holding company income and 
certain ownership requirements are satisfied. Section 543(a) defines 
``personal holding company income'' by reference to certain categories 
of passive income, including dividends. However, for this purpose, 
dividends received by a U.S. shareholder from a CFC are excluded from 
the definition of personal holding company income. See section 
543(a)(1)(C). The comment noted that the existing regulations under 
section 951 provide that for purposes of determining whether a 
corporate U.S. shareholder is a personal holding company, the character 
of a subpart F inclusion of such domestic corporation is determined as 
if the amount that results in the subpart F inclusion were realized 
directly by the corporation from the source from which it is realized 
by the CFC. See Sec.  1.951-1(a)(3).
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that it would 
be inappropriate to treat any portion of a GILTI inclusion amount as 
personal holding company income. A GILTI inclusion amount is determined 
by reference to income that would have been taxed, if at all, as 
dividends from CFCs before the enactment of section 951A, which are 
specifically excluded from the definition of personal holding company 
income under section 543(a)(1)(C). Further, there is no indication in 
the legislative history that Congress intended through the enactment of 
section 951A to substantially change the types of income that would be 
taken into account in determining personal holding company status. 
Accordingly, the final regulations clarify that in determining whether 
a corporate U.S. shareholder is a personal holding company, a GILTI 
inclusion amount is not treated as personal holding company income (as 
defined in section 543(a)). See Sec.  1.951A-5(d).

C. Adjustments to Basis Related to Net Used Tested Loss

    To eliminate the potential for the duplicative use of a loss, the 
proposed regulations set forth rules providing for downward adjustments 
to the adjusted basis in stock of a tested loss CFC to the extent its 
tested loss was used to offset tested income of another CFC. See 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-6(e). These adjustments are generally made at the 
time of a direct or indirect disposition of stock of the tested loss 
CFC. See proposed Sec.  1.951A-6(e)(1). Comments raised many 
significant issues with respect to these rules.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS remain concerned that, absent 
basis adjustments, a tested loss can result in the creation of 
uneconomic or duplicative loss, but have determined that the rules in 
the proposed regulations related to basis adjustments should not be 
adopted in these final regulations. Instead, the rules related to basis 
adjustments, including the comments received with respect to such 
rules, will be considered in a separate project. Accordingly, the final 
regulations reserve on the rules related to adjustments to stock of 
tested loss CFCs. See Sec.  1.951A-6(c). Any rules issued under Sec.  
1.951A-6(c) will apply only with respect to tested losses incurred in 
taxable years of CFCs and their U.S. shareholders ending after the date 
of publication of any future guidance.
    For a discussion of corresponding rules for basis adjustments 
within a consolidated group, as provided for in proposed Sec. Sec.  
1.1502-13, 1.1502-32, and

[[Page 29318]]

1.1502-51, see part IX.C of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of 
Revisions section.

IX. Comments and Revisions to Proposed Sec. Sec.  1.1502-13, 1.1502-32, 
and 1.1502-51--Consolidated Section 951A

A. Calculation of GILTI Inclusion Amount

    Section 1502 provides that consolidated return regulations will be 
promulgated to clearly reflect the income tax liability of a 
consolidated group and each member of the consolidated group (a 
``member''). However, in the context of section 951A, clear reflection 
of the GILTI inclusion amounts of both individual members and the 
consolidated group as a whole is not feasible. Section 951A requires a 
U.S. shareholder-level calculation, where, for example, the 
shareholder's pro rata share of the tested income of one CFC may be 
offset by its pro rata share of the tested loss or QBAI of another CFC, 
to produce a smaller GILTI inclusion amount. Accordingly, calculating a 
member's GILTI inclusion amount on a completely separate-entity basis, 
solely based on its pro rata share of the items of its CFCs, would 
clearly reflect the income tax liability of the member. However, such 
an approach would mean that the consolidated group's GILTI inclusion 
amount would vary depending on which members own each CFC, particularly 
in cases in which the CFCs held by some members produce tested income, 
but the CFCs held by other members produce tested loss. This 
variability undermines the clear reflection of the income tax liability 
of the consolidated group as a whole. The Treasury Department and the 
IRS determined in the proposed regulations that members' GILTI 
inclusion amounts should be determined in a manner that clearly 
reflects the income tax liability of the consolidated group and that 
creates consistent results regardless of which member of a consolidated 
group owns the stock of the CFCs (``single-entity treatment''). This 
approach removes incentives for inappropriate planning and also 
eliminates traps for the unwary.
    The proposed regulations accomplish these goals by providing that 
the GILTI inclusion amount of a member is determined pursuant to a 
multi-step process. As in the case of a non-member, the GILTI inclusion 
amount of a member equals the excess (if any) of the member's net CFC 
tested income over the member's net DTIR for the taxable year. See 
proposed Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(1) and proposed Sec.  1.1502-51(b). For 
purposes of determining a member's net CFC tested income, a member's 
aggregate pro rata share of tested income is determined on a separate-
entity basis by aggregating its pro rata share of the tested income of 
each of its CFCs. See proposed Sec.  1.1502-51(e)(1) and (12). However, 
a member's aggregate pro rata share of tested loss and its net DTIR for 
the taxable year is calculated in three steps--first, each member's pro 
rata share of each tested item other than tested income is determined 
on a separate-entity basis by reference to its pro rata share of each 
CFC; second, each member's pro rata share of each tested item other 
than tested income is aggregated into a consolidated sum; and third, 
each member is then allocated a portion of the consolidated sum of each 
such tested item based on its relative amount of tested income (the 
``aggregation approach''). See proposed Sec.  1.1502-51(e)(2), (3), 
(4), (5), (7), and (10). The aggregation approach has the effect of 
determining the aggregate amount of GILTI inclusion amounts of members 
on a single-entity basis, but then determining each member's share of 
the consolidated group's aggregate GILTI inclusion amount based on its 
relative pro rata share of tested income as determined on a separate-
entity basis.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS received several comments 
addressing the calculation of a member's GILTI inclusion amount. These 
comments generally supported single-entity treatment, but they 
expressed concern about the lack of clear reflection of income at the 
member level. The concern arises from the movement of the economic 
benefit (in the GILTI computation) of one member's pro rata share of a 
tested loss with respect to stock held by the member to other members, 
including those not holding such stock. The comments considered whether 
alternative methods could be used that both provide for single-entity 
treatment and minimize uneconomic results to members. In particular, 
the comments raised the possibility that the tested loss of a CFC 
should first offset the tested income of a CFC owned by the same member 
(the ``priority allocation approach'').
    One comment evaluated the merits of the priority allocation 
approach versus the aggregation approach. The comment identified the 
tension in the section 951A context between clearly reflecting income 
tax liability at the consolidated group level and doing so at the 
member level, and it considered possible ways to alleviate this 
conflict. The comment ultimately endorsed maintaining the approach in 
proposed Sec.  1.1502-51, due to the additional rules and complexities 
required to rationalize the priority allocation approach.
    Two of the comments proposed similar methods for determining a 
member's GILTI inclusion amount. One of these comments suggested 
calculating the consolidated group's GILTI inclusion amount as if 
members holding CFC stock were divisions of a single corporation, then 
allocating the resulting consolidated group amount among members based 
on each member's net CFC tested income. For this purpose, net CFC 
tested income is calculated in a manner consistent with the priority 
allocation approach, by allowing the member's tested losses to be used 
first to offset the same member's tested income. The other comment 
suggested calculating and allocating the consolidated group's GILTI 
inclusion amount in the same manner, but would extend application of 
this method to foreign tax credits with respect to tested income. This 
second comment proposed using the aggregation approach to determine the 
amount of such credits available to the consolidated group (and the 
identity of the CFCs to whom the credits are attributable), but 
allocating certain basis adjustments in member stock related to such 
credits under the priority allocation approach. As an alternative, the 
second comment would base the allocations on the relative amounts of 
foreign tax credits paid by each member's CFCs.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS decline to adopt these comments 
because they do not produce reasonable results that are consistent with 
single-entity treatment. In particular, the first of these comments 
does not provide for single-entity treatment when foreign tax credits 
are taken into account, instead allowing for wide variation in the 
availability of foreign tax credits depending on which member of a 
consolidated group owns the stock of the CFCs. The variation arises 
because a corporate U.S. shareholder is deemed to pay a portion of the 
foreign income taxes paid or accrued by its CFCs based on the 
shareholder's GILTI inclusion amount. See section 960(d). A priority 
allocation approach, like the separate entity calculations discussed in 
a preceding paragraph, would change members' GILTI inclusion amounts 
based on which member owns the stock of the CFCs. By extension, a 
priority allocation approach would also change the amount of foreign 
tax credits that are available to the consolidated group based on which 
member owns the stock of the CFCs. This disparity would allow for tax 
planning to maximize the availability of foreign tax credits with 
respect to tested income.

[[Page 29319]]

    The second of these comments contains proposals that contravene 
longstanding foreign tax credit principles, by divorcing a member's 
income inclusion from the member's deemed payments of foreign tax. 
Absent a GILTI inclusion amount and ownership of a CFC that has paid or 
accrued foreign taxes on tested income, a U.S. shareholder can claim no 
foreign tax credits with respect to tested income. And yet under the 
proposed method, a consolidated group's foreign tax credits may reflect 
foreign taxes paid or accrued by CFCs of members that have no GILTI 
inclusion amount. For these reasons, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS do not adopt this method.
    Based on the foregoing, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
continue to believe that the aggregation approach balances, to the 
greatest extent possible, the clear reflection of the income tax 
liability under section 951A of a consolidated group with reasonable 
results to its individual members. Accordingly, the final regulations 
generally adopt the aggregation approach from the proposed regulations 
without substantial changes.

B. Applicability Date for Consolidated Groups

    For a discussion of the applicability date for Sec.  1.1502-51, see 
part XI.A of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions 
section.

C. Basis Adjustments to Member Stock

    The proposed regulations contain special rules, applicable to 
consolidated groups, that reflect the downward basis adjustments set 
forth in proposed Sec.  1.951A-6(e) with respect to the stock of tested 
loss CFCs. See proposed Sec. Sec.  1.1502-32(b)(3)(ii)(E) and 
(b)(3)(iii)(C), and 1.1502-51(c) and (d). As discussed above in part 
VIII.C of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions 
section, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that the 
rules related to basis adjustments for tested loss CFCs should not be 
adopted in these final regulations and will instead be considered in a 
separate project. Correspondingly, the special rules for consolidated 
groups that reflect such rules are likewise reserved. See Sec. Sec.  
1.1502-32(b)(3)(ii)(E) and (b)(3)(iii)(C), and 1.1502-51(c) and (d). 
These special rules, along with related comments, will be considered in 
the same project as the rules related to basis adjustments for tested 
loss CFCs and will apply only to taxable years of U.S. shareholders 
that are members of a consolidated group ending after the date of 
publication of the final rules.

D. Portion of Proposed Regulations not Being Finalized

    The proposed regulations would treat a member as receiving tax-
exempt income immediately before another member recognizes income, 
gain, deduction, or loss with respect to a share of the first member's 
stock (the ``F adjustment''). See proposed Sec.  1.1502-
32(b)(3)(ii)(F). The amount of the tax-exempt income would be 
determined based in part on the aggregate tested income and aggregate 
tested losses of the member's CFCs in prior taxable years.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have become aware of serious 
flaws with the F adjustment. Examples of the problems include 
unintended and duplicative tax benefits, distortive effects, and 
possible avoidance of Code provisions and regulations. Therefore, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS have decided not to finalize the F 
adjustment. As a result, taxpayers may not rely on the F adjustment. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS continue to study a number of 
issues regarding consolidated stock basis in this area.

X. Comments and Revisions to Proposed Sec. Sec.  1.78-1, 1.861-
12(c)(2), and 1.965-7(e) of the Foreign Tax Credit Proposed Regulations

A. Special Applicability Date Under Section 78

    The foreign tax credit proposed regulations revise Sec.  1.78-1 to 
reflect the amendments to section 78 made by the Act, as well as make 
conforming changes to reflect pre-Act statutory amendments. In 
addition, the foreign tax credit proposed regulations provide that 
amounts treated as dividends under section 78 (``section 78 
dividends'') that relate to taxable years of foreign corporations that 
begin before January 1, 2018 (as well as section 78 dividends that 
relate to later taxable years), are not treated as dividends for 
purposes of section 245A.
    Comments questioned whether the Treasury Department and the IRS 
have authority to treat section 78 dividends relating to taxable years 
of foreign corporations beginning before January 1, 2018, as ineligible 
for the dividends-received deduction under section 245A, which 
generally applies to certain dividends paid after December 31, 2017. 
Although some comments acknowledged that allowing a dividends-received 
deduction for section 78 dividends would provide taxpayers with a 
double benefit that clearly was not intended by Congress, the comments 
claimed that the statutory language directly provides for the 
dividends-received deduction, and therefore the rule applying proposed 
Sec.  1.78-1(c) to taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018, 
should be eliminated.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that sections 
7805(a), 7805(b)(2), and 245A(g) provide ample authority for the rule 
and therefore finalize the proposed applicability date without change. 
Section 7805(a) provides that the Treasury Department and the IRS shall 
prescribe all needful rules and regulations for the enforcement of 
title 26, including all rules and regulations as may be necessary by 
reason of any alteration of law in relation to internal revenue. The 
enactment of the Act and the addition of section 245A necessitated 
regulations to ensure that section 78 continues to serve its intended 
purpose. The purpose of the section 78 dividend is to ensure that a 
U.S. shareholder cannot effectively both deduct and credit the foreign 
taxes paid by a foreign subsidiary that are deemed paid by the U.S. 
shareholder. See Elizabeth A. Owens & Gerald T. Ball, The Indirect 
Credit Sec.  2.2B1a n.54 (1975); Stanley Surrey, ``Current Issues in 
the Taxation of Corporate Foreign Investment,'' 56 Columbia Law Rev. 
815, 828 (June 1956) (describing the ``mathematical quirk'' that 
necessitated enactment of section 78). Allowing a dividends-received 
deduction for a section 78 dividend would undermine the purpose of the 
section 78 dividend because taxpayers would effectively be allowed both 
a credit and deduction for the same foreign tax. For this reason, 
section 78 (as revised by the Act) provides that a section 78 dividend 
is not eligible for a dividends-received deduction under section 245A.
    As noted in the preamble to the foreign tax credit proposed 
regulations, the special applicability date rule under Sec.  1.78-1(c) 
is necessary to ensure that this principle is consistently applied with 
respect to a CFC that uses a fiscal year beginning in 2017 as its U.S. 
taxable year (a ``fiscal year CFC'') in order to prevent the arbitrary 
disparate treatment of similarly situated taxpayers. Otherwise, a U.S. 
shareholder of a fiscal year CFC would effectively be able to take both 
a credit and a deduction for foreign taxes by claiming a section 245A 
deduction with respect to its section 78 dividend. In contrast, section 
78 (as revised by the Act) would apply correctly to a U.S. shareholder 
of a CFC using the calendar year as its U.S. taxable year that was also 
subject to section 245A.

[[Page 29320]]

    The special applicability date is also consistent with the grant of 
authority under section 245A(g) to provide rules as may be necessary or 
appropriate to carry out the provisions of section 245A. Section 245A 
was intended to provide for tax-exempt treatment of certain E&P earned 
through foreign subsidiaries as part of a new participation exemption 
system. See Conference Report, at 470 (2017) (section 245A ``allows an 
exemption for certain foreign income''). Notably, the amount of a 
dividend eligible for a dividends-received deduction under section 245A 
is determined based on the amount of a foreign corporation's 
``undistributed foreign earnings.'' It would be incompatible with the 
purpose of section 245A to exempt income arising by reason of a section 
78 dividend, which is not paid out of a foreign corporation's 
undistributed foreign earnings but instead represents earnings that 
could not be distributed since they were used to pay foreign tax.

B. Application of Basis Adjustment for Purposes of Characterizing 
Certain Stock

    Proposed Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2) clarifies certain rules for adjusting 
the stock basis in a 10 percent owned corporation, including that the 
adjustment to basis for E&P includes PTEP. Proposed Sec.  1.861-
12(c)(2)(i)(B)(2). Additionally, in order to account for the 
application of section 965(b)(4)(A) and (B), relating to the treatment 
of reduced E&P of a deferred foreign income corporation and increased 
E&P of an E&P deficit foreign corporation, proposed Sec.  1.861-
12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) provides that, for purposes of Sec.  1.861-
12(c)(2), a taxpayer determines the basis in the stock of a specified 
foreign corporation as if it had made the election under Sec.  1.965-
2(f)(2), even if the taxpayer did not in fact make the election. 
However, the taxpayer does not include the amount by which basis with 
respect to a deferred foreign income corporation is increased under 
Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(A), because the amount of that increase would 
be reversed if the increase were by operation of section 961. After 
issuance of the foreign tax credit proposed regulations, final 
regulations issued under section 965 (TD 9864, 84 FR 1838 (February 5, 
2019)) altered the election under Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2) to allow 
taxpayers to limit the reduction in basis with respect to an E&P 
deficit foreign corporation under the election to the amount of the 
taxpayer's basis in the respective share of stock of the relevant 
foreign corporation.
    One comment requested a special rule with respect to the adjustment 
to basis for E&P to account for the increase to E&P of an E&P deficit 
foreign corporation under section 965(b)(4)(B). Alternatively, the 
comment requested that the adjustment for E&P not include PTEP. 
However, proposed Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) already accounts 
for the increase in E&P of an E&P deficit foreign corporation under 
section 965(b)(4)(B) by providing for an equivalent reduction in the 
adjusted basis of the foreign corporation. Accordingly, the 
recommendation is not adopted.
    Another comment requested that the rule in proposed Sec.  1.861-
12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) be revised in light of the changes to Sec.  
1.965-2(f)(2) to similarly provide that any reductions in basis be 
limited to the amount of the taxpayer's basis in the 10 percent owned 
corporation. This comment noted that in the absence of such a rule, the 
application of proposed Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) could reduce 
the adjusted basis of the stock below zero, which would be 
inappropriate for purposes of applying the expense allocation rules. 
The Treasury Department and the IRS agree that, for purposes of 
applying the expense allocation rules, a taxpayer should not have an 
adjusted basis below zero in the stock of a 10 percent owned 
corporation. However, rather than limit the reduction in stock basis to 
the amount of the taxpayer's basis in the 10 percent owned corporation, 
the final regulations provide that Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) 
may cause the taxpayer's adjusted basis in the stock of the corporation 
to be negative, as long as the adjustment for E&P provided for in Sec.  
1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(A) increases the taxpayer's adjusted basis to zero or 
an amount above zero. If the taxpayer's adjusted basis in the 10 
percent owned corporation is still below zero after application of 
Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(A)(1) and (2), then for purposes of Sec.  
1.861-12, the taxpayer's adjusted basis in the 10 percent owned 
corporation is zero for the taxable year. Section 1.861-
12(c)(2)(i)(A)(3); see also Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(C)(3) (Example 3) 
and (4) (Example 4). The Treasury Department and the IRS have 
determined that allowing the adjusted basis in stock to be negative 
before the application of the adjustment for E&P most accurately 
reflects the value of the stock in the 10 percent owned corporation.
    Additionally, these final regulations modify proposed Sec.  1.861-
12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) to make clear that the adjustment in Sec.  1.861-
12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) may cause a taxpayer's adjusted basis in stock in 
the 10 percent owned corporation to be negative, and to account for the 
changes made to Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2). Specifically, Sec.  1.861-
12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) now provides that the taxpayer first adjusts its 
basis in the 10 percent owned corporation as if it did not make the 
election in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(i) and then, if applicable, adjusts the 
basis in the 10 percent owned corporation by the amount described in 
Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(B)(1). These changes are not intended to alter 
the outcome of the application of the rule to the taxpayer's adjusted 
basis in the stock of the 10 percent owned corporation as compared to 
the rule articulated in the foreign tax credit proposed regulations; 
rather, the changes are intended to make the rule more straightforward 
for taxpayers to apply and to clarify any ambiguities about the 
application of the rule where the adjustment exceeded the taxpayer's 
adjusted basis in the stock. See Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(C)(1) (Example 
1) and (2) (Example 2).

C. Effect of Section 965(n) Election

    Under section 965(n), a taxpayer may elect to exclude the amount of 
section 965(a) inclusions (reduced by section 965(c) deductions) and 
associated section 78 dividends in determining the amount of the net 
operating loss carryover or carryback that is deductible in the taxable 
year of the inclusions. Section 1.965-7(e)(1), as added by TD 9846, 84 
FR 1838 (February 5, 2019), provides that, if the taxpayer makes a 
section 965(n) election, the taxpayer does not take into account the 
amount of the section 965(a) inclusions (reduced by section 965(c) 
deductions) and associated section 78 dividends in determining the 
amount of the net operating loss for the taxable year.
    Proposed Sec.  1.965-7(e)(1)(i), included in the foreign tax credit 
proposed regulations, provides that the amount by which the section 
965(n) election creates or increases the net operating loss for the 
taxable year is the ``deferred amount.'' Proposed Sec.  1.965-
7(e)(1)(iv)(B) provides ordering rules to coordinate the election's 
effect on section 172 with the computation of the foreign tax credit 
limitations under section 904. The foreign tax credit proposed 
regulations provide that the deferred amount comprises a ratable 
portion of the deductions (other than the section 965(c) deduction) 
allocated and apportioned to each statutory and residual grouping for 
section 904 purposes.
    Before the issuance of the foreign tax credit proposed regulations, 
the Treasury Department and the IRS were aware that some taxpayers were 
taking the position that the source and separate

[[Page 29321]]

category of the deferred amount consisted solely of deductions 
allocated and apportioned to the section 965(a) inclusion. Under this 
approach, the deferred amount would likely consist primarily of 
deductions allocated and apportioned to foreign source general category 
income because that is the likely source and separate category of the 
section 965(a) inclusion; as a result, the electing taxpayer would 
generally have a greater amount of foreign source general category 
income and thus be able to credit more foreign taxes paid or accrued 
with respect to general category income (relative to the result under 
the foreign tax credit proposed regulations).
    After publication of the foreign tax credit proposed regulations, a 
comment recommended not finalizing the proposed ordering rules because 
taxpayers did not have a chance to consider those ordering rules before 
deciding to make an election under section 965(n). The comment also 
argued that the foreign tax credit proposed regulations are 
inconsistent with the statutory language in section 965(n), and with 
existing rules on the allocation and apportionment of expenses under 
section 904, to the extent they defer deductions that would be taken 
against income other than the section 965(a) inclusion. In addition, 
the comment stated that the foreign tax credit proposed regulations are 
inconsistent with the operation of section 965 and section 904 to the 
extent they treat the section 965(a) inclusion net of the section 
965(c) deduction, rather than the section 965(a) inclusion without 
reduction for the section 965(c) deduction, as the gross income in the 
statutory grouping for section 904 purposes. The comment also suggested 
that the exclusion of the section 965(c) deductions from the deferred 
amount was inappropriate. The comment further stated that, if the 
regulations are finalized as proposed, taxpayers should be allowed to 
revoke the section 965(n) election. Finally, the comment recommended 
that proposed Sec.  1.965-7(e)(1)(iv)(B) be revised to refer to 
allocation of all deductions (other than the net operating loss 
carryover or carryback to that year that is not allowed by reason of 
the section 965(n) election), rather than refer solely to allocation of 
deductions that would have been allowed for the year but for the 
section 965(n) election.
    The final regulations include the ordering rules from the foreign 
tax credit proposed regulations, with some modifications to take into 
account the comments. In general, the Treasury Department and the IRS 
have determined that these rules are consistent with sections 965(n) 
and 904. Section 965(n) does not modify the generally applicable rules 
concerning the allocation and apportionment of expenses for section 904 
purposes, nor does it provide an ordering rule for determining which 
deductions create or increase the amount of a current year net 
operating loss by reason of the section 965(n) election. Section 965(n) 
applies solely to determine the amount of the net operating loss for 
the election year and the amount of net operating loss carryover or 
carryback to that year. It does not require or permit the reallocation 
of deductions that are allocated and apportioned to the separate 
category containing the section 965(a) inclusion and associated section 
78 dividends, regardless of whether any deductions are deferred by 
reason of the section 965(n) election. For example, if a taxpayer with 
only U.S. source and general category income has U.S. source taxable 
income exceeding the amount of deductions allocated and apportioned to 
foreign source general category income that includes a section 965(a) 
inclusion and associated section 78 dividends, a section 965(n) 
election would not result in a deferred amount and would not affect the 
calculation of the taxpayer's foreign tax credit limitation. Similarly, 
a taxpayer with U.S. source income in excess of its net operating loss 
carryover would have no basis to prevent general category income that 
includes a section 965(a) inclusion from being reduced by a general 
category section 172 deduction. A pro rata convention for determining 
the source and separate category of the deferred amount is more neutral 
and more consistent with the operation of the expense allocation rules 
in the absence of a deferred amount than a rule stacking the deferred 
amount first out of deductions that would reduce the section 965(a) 
inclusion and associated section 78 dividends. Therefore, the final 
regulations include the proposed rules applying the existing rules on 
the allocation and apportionment of expenses for purposes of section 
904, and determining the source and separate category of the deferred 
amount on a pro rata basis. However, in response to the comment 
regarding the exclusion of the section 965(c) deductions from the 
deferred amount, the Treasury Department and the IRS agree that section 
965(n) does not provide that the deferred amount includes or excludes 
specific deductions for purposes of section 904. Therefore, the final 
regulations include the section 965(c) deduction in determining the 
source and separate category of the deferred amount. See Sec.  1.965-
7(e)(1)(iv)(B)(2).
    Separately, the Treasury Department and the IRS have determined 
that nothing in proposed Sec.  1.965-7(e)(1)(iv)(B)(2) suggests that 
the allocation and apportionment of expenses is based on the section 
965(a) inclusion net of the section 965(c) deduction, as opposed to the 
section 965(a) inclusion not reduced by the section 965(c) deduction. 
All expenses are allocated and apportioned according to the regulations 
under Sec. Sec.  1.861-8 through 1.861-17. See proposed Sec.  1.965-
7(e)(1)(iv)(B)(1). The section 965(c) deduction is definitely related 
to the section 965(a) inclusion. See Sec.  1.861-8(b). Other deductions 
are allocated and apportioned according to the regulations under 
Sec. Sec.  1.861-8 through 1.861-17. For example, a deduction that is 
not definitely related to any gross income must be ratably apportioned 
between the statutory grouping of gross income and the residual 
grouping. The gross income utilized for such ratable apportionment is 
not reduced by the section 965(c) deduction. See Sec.  1.861-8(c)(3).
    The final regulations also adopt the comment's alternative 
suggestion to allow taxpayers a limited period to revoke a prior 
election under section 965(n) in order to account for the fact that the 
foreign tax credit proposed regulations were issued after some 
taxpayers were required to make the election under section 965(n). See 
Sec.  1.965-7(e)(2)(ii)(B). For administrability reasons, in order to 
minimize the number of amended returns that a taxpayer may need to file 
in connection with section 965, the deadline for a revocation is based 
on the extended due dates for the taxpayer's returns. In addition, in 
response to the comment's request for clarification, proposed Sec.  
1.965-7(e)(1)(iv)(B)(1) is revised in the final regulation to clarify 
that it refers to all deductions (other than the net operating loss 
carryover or carryback to that year that is not allowed by reason of 
the section 965(n) election).
    Another comment requested guidance providing that a taxpayer that 
had made a timely election under section 965(n) be treated as having 
made a timely election under section 965(h). Under section 965(h), a 
taxpayer may elect to pay its section 965(h) net tax liability in eight 
installments. Section 965(h)(5) provides that the election must be made 
no later than the due date for the tax return for the inclusion year 
and in the manner prescribed by the Secretary. Section 1.965-
7(b)(2)(ii) provides that relief is not available under Sec.  301.9100-

[[Page 29322]]

2 or Sec.  301.9100-3 to file a late election. The comment explained 
that, as a result of the ordering rules in the foreign tax credit 
proposed regulations, some taxpayers will have a section 965(h) net tax 
liability in excess of amounts paid with respect to the tax year ending 
December 31, 2017. Those taxpayers did not make a timely election under 
section 965(h) because they may have determined that they did not have 
a section 965(h) net tax liability in excess of amounts paid because 
they calculated their section 904 foreign tax credit limitation in the 
inclusion year without allocating or apportioning any expenses to 
reduce the amount described in Sec.  1.965-7(e)(1)(ii), which is 
inconsistent with the rules in the foreign tax credit proposed 
regulations.
    The final regulations do not adopt this recommendation. The statute 
requires that the election must be made not later than the due date for 
the tax return for the inclusion year. See section 965(h)(5); see also 
TD 9846, 84 FR 1838, 1868 (February 5, 2019) (denying a similar request 
to permit late elections under section 965). Moreover, regulations 
deeming an election to be made by default would not be appropriate, 
because the statute requires an affirmative election. Cf. 83 FR 39514, 
39533-39534 (August 9, 2018) (denying a similar request to provide for 
default section 965(h) elections). For these reasons, these regulations 
do not treat a taxpayer that has made a timely election under section 
965(n) as having made a timely election under section 965(h).
    Finally, the final regulations include two new examples to 
illustrate the application of Sec.  1.965-7(e)(1). See Sec.  1.965-
7(e)(3).
    Consistent with Sec.  1.965-9, the final regulations in Sec.  
1.965-7(e) apply to the last taxable year of a foreign corporation that 
begins before January 1, 2018, and with respect to a U.S. person, 
beginning the taxable year in which or with which such taxable year of 
the foreign corporation ends.

XI. Comments and Revisions Regarding Applicability Dates

A. Proposed Regulations

    The proposed regulations provide that Sec.  1.951-1(e), other than 
paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(B) (regarding the determination of allocable E&P), 
applies to taxable years of U.S. shareholders ending on or after 
October 3, 2018. Comments requested certain changes and guidance 
related to the applicability date of proposed Sec.  1.951-1(e)(6), the 
substance of which is discussed more fully in part II.B of this Summary 
of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section. Comments recommended 
that the pro rata share anti-abuse rule in proposed Sec.  1.951-1(e)(6) 
not be applied to transactions or arrangements entered into before the 
general applicability date of Sec.  1.951-1(e). Under this 
recommendation, transactions or arrangements entered into before the 
general applicability date of Sec.  1.951-1(e)(6), regardless of 
whether they would be subject to the pro rata share anti-abuse rule, 
would be given effect for purposes of determining a U.S. shareholder's 
pro rata share of subpart F income and tested items for taxable years 
ending after the general applicability date. The Treasury Department 
and the IRS do not adopt this recommendation because it would have the 
effect of grandfathering existing transactions or arrangements entered 
into with a principal purpose of avoiding Federal income taxation.
    A comment also recommended that taxpayers be permitted, but not 
required, to apply the facts and circumstances method under Sec.  
1.951-1(e)(3), the substance of which is discussed more fully in part 
II.C of this Summary of Comments and Explanation of Revisions section, 
to taxable years ending on or after December 31, 2017, and before 
October 3, 2018. The comment stated that, under section 965, a U.S. 
shareholder with a taxable year ending on December 31 may be required 
to determine its pro rata share of the increase to subpart F income of 
its foreign subsidiaries in both its 2017 taxable year with respect to 
foreign subsidiaries with a taxable year ending December 31, and its 
2018 taxable year with respect to foreign subsidiaries with a taxable 
year ending November 30. Accordingly, given the applicability date in 
the proposed regulations, for purposes of determining such U.S. 
shareholder's inclusion under section 965, the U.S. shareholder could 
be required to apply, with respect to its calendar year foreign 
subsidiaries, the fair market value method under the existing 
regulations for classes of stock with discretionary distribution 
rights, but then apply, with respect to its fiscal year foreign 
subsidiaries, the facts and circumstances method for stock with the 
same characteristics. The comment suggested that allowing U.S. 
shareholders to rely on the facts and circumstances method for taxable 
years ending on or after December 31, 2017, and before October 3, 2018, 
would enable taxpayers to apply a uniform method for allocating the 
section 965(a) earnings amounts of all relevant foreign subsidiaries 
among or between U.S. shareholders, would provide more certainty, would 
be less administratively burdensome, and would not result in improper 
allocations of subpart F income because the method is consistent with 
each shareholder's economic rights and interests.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that it would 
be inappropriate to permit U.S. shareholders the ability to choose 
whether to rely on the new allocation rules under Sec.  1.951-1(e)(3) 
for taxable years of foreign corporations that end within the U.S. 
shareholder's taxable year ending before October 3, 2018, the general 
applicability date of Sec.  1.951-1(e). See Sec.  1.951-1(i). Rather 
than simplifying the process of determining their pro rata shares with 
respect to their calendar year foreign subsidiaries, the proposal would 
incentivize taxpayers to invest additional time and resources to 
determine their U.S. tax liability under both sets of pro rata share 
rules in order to determine the rules that result in the least amount 
of U.S. tax liability. In addition, because most tax returns of U.S. 
shareholders that include income from a foreign subsidiary with a 
taxable year ending on December 31, 2017, by reason of section 965 have 
already been filed, the proposal would increase the number of amended 
returns filed for those taxable years, thus creating additional 
compliance burdens for taxpayers and administrative costs for the 
government. Accordingly, the final regulations do not adopt this 
proposal.
    There were no comments related to the applicability dates of other 
provisions of the proposed regulations. The final regulations adopt the 
applicability dates of the proposed regulations without substantial 
changes. Therefore, consistent with the applicability date of section 
951A, Sec. Sec.  1.951A-1 through 1.951A-6, including Sec. Sec.  
1.951A-2(c)(5) and -3(h)(2), apply to taxable years of foreign 
corporations beginning after December 31, 2017, and to taxable years of 
U.S. shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign 
corporations end. The applicability dates with respect to the rules in 
Sec.  1.951-1 are as follows. Paragraphs (a), (b)(1)(ii), (b)(2), 
(e)(1)(ii)(B), and (g)(1) apply to taxable years of foreign 
corporations beginning after December 31, 2017, and to taxable years of 
U.S. shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign 
corporations end. Paragraph (e), except for paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(B), 
applies to taxable years of U.S. shareholders ending on or after 
October 3, 2018. Paragraph (h) applies to taxable years of domestic 
partnerships ending on or after

[[Page 29323]]

May 14, 2010. Sections 1.6038-2(a) and Sec.  1.6038-5 apply to taxable 
years of foreign corporations beginning on or after October 3, 2018.
    These final regulations modify applicability dates in the proposed 
regulations related to consolidated groups. Proposed Sec.  1.1502-51 
applies to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after 
December 31, 2017, and to taxable years of U.S. shareholders in which 
or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end. The 
Treasury Department and the IRS have determined that for U.S. 
shareholders that are members of a consolidated group, the 
applicability date for Sec.  1.1502-51 should be postponed to taxable 
years of such members for which the due date (without extensions) of 
the consolidated return is after the date on which these final 
regulations are published in the Federal Register. However, the final 
regulations provide that a consolidated group may apply the rules of 
Sec.  1.1502-51 in their entirety to all of its members for all taxable 
years described in Sec.  1.951A-7. See Sec.  1.1502-51(g).

B. Foreign Tax Credit Proposed Regulations

    No significant changes were made to the applicability dates of the 
portions of the final regulations that relate to rules that were in the 
foreign tax credit proposed regulations. Under Sec.  1.965-9(a), the 
provisions of Sec.  1.965-7 contained in this final regulation apply 
beginning the last taxable year of a foreign corporation that begins 
before January 1, 2018, and with respect to a United States person, 
beginning the taxable year in which or with which such taxable year of 
the foreign corporation ends. In general, Sec.  1.78-1 applies to 
taxable years of foreign corporations that begin after December 31, 
2017, and to taxable years of U.S. shareholders in which or with which 
such taxable years of foreign corporations end, and Sec.  1.861-12(c) 
applies to taxable years that both begin after December 31, 2017, and 
end on or after December 4, 2018.
    A special applicability date was provided in proposed Sec.  1.861-
12(k) in order to apply Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) to the last 
taxable year of a foreign corporation beginning before January 1, 2018, 
since there may be an inclusion under section 965 for that taxable 
year. In the final regulations, this special applicability date is 
extended to Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(A) to accommodate the changes that 
were made to that rule to further implement the rule in Sec.  1.861-
12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii). A special applicability date is provided in 
Sec.  1.78-1(c) in order to apply the second sentence of Sec.  1.78-
1(a) to section 78 dividends received after December 31, 2017, with 
respect to a taxable year of a foreign corporation beginning before 
January 1, 2018. See part X.A of this Summary of Comments and 
Explanation of Revisions section regarding comments received about the 
special applicability date in Sec.  1.78-1(c).

XII. Comment Regarding Special Analyses

    One comment asserted that in issuing the proposed regulations, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS did not comply with the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (``RFA'') due to the number of small business entities 
impacted. The comment also stated that the Treasury Department and the 
IRS did not comply with the Paperwork Reduction Act (``PRA'') when they 
authorized the collection of information. Lastly, the comment claimed 
that the Treasury Department and the IRS did not comply with Executive 
Orders 12866 and 13563, as well as the Memorandum of Understanding, 
Review of Tax Regulations under Executive Order 12866, when they issued 
the proposed regulations.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS complied with the applicable 
requirements under the RFA, the PRA, and Executive Orders 12866 and 
13563 when issuing the proposed regulations. See 83 FR 51072, 51084 
Special Analyses section. The comment's assertion regarding the number 
of small business entities impacted by the proposed regulations is 
addressed in part III of the Special Analyses section.

Special Analyses

I. Regulatory Planning and Review--Economic Analysis

    Executive Orders 13563 and 12866 direct agencies to assess costs 
and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if regulation is 
necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits 
(including potential economic, environmental, public health and safety 
effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Executive Order 13563 
emphasizes the importance of quantifying both costs and benefits, of 
reducing costs, of harmonizing rules, and of promoting flexibility.
    These final regulations have been designated as subject to review 
under Executive Order 12866 pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement 
(April 11, 2018) between the Treasury Department and the Office of 
Management and Budget (OMB) regarding review of tax regulations. OMB 
has designated this final regulation as economically significant under 
section 1(c) of the Memorandum of Agreement. Accordingly, the final 
regulations have been reviewed by OMB's Office of Information and 
Regulatory Affairs. For purposes of E.O. 13771 this rule is regulatory. 
For more detail on the economic analysis, please refer to the following 
analysis.

A. Need for the Final Regulations

    The final regulations are needed to address remaining open 
questions regarding the application of section 951A and comments 
received on the proposed regulations. In addition, certain rules in the 
foreign tax credit proposed regulations need to be finalized to ensure 
that the applicability dates of these rules coincide with the 
applicability dates of the statutory provisions to which they relate.

B. Background

    The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act) established a system under 
which certain earnings of a foreign corporation can be repatriated to a 
corporate U.S. shareholder without U.S. tax. See section 14101(a) of 
the Act and section 245A. However, Congress recognized that, without 
any base protection measures, this system, known as a participation 
exemption system, could incentivize taxpayers to allocate income--in 
particular, mobile income from intangible property--that would 
otherwise be subject to the full U.S. corporate tax rate to controlled 
foreign corporations (CFCs) operating in low- or zero-tax 
jurisdictions. See Senate Explanation at 365. Therefore, Congress 
enacted section 951A in order to subject intangible income earned by a 
CFC to U.S. tax on a current basis, similar to the treatment of a CFC's 
subpart F income under section 951(a)(1)(A). However, in order to not 
harm the competitive position of U.S. corporations relative to their 
foreign peers, the global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) of a 
corporate U.S. shareholder is taxed at a reduced rate by reason of the 
deduction under section 250 (with the resulting U.S. tax further 
reduced by a portion of foreign tax credits under section 960(d)). Id. 
Also, due to the administrative difficulty in identifying income 
attributable to intangible assets, intangible income (and thus GILTI) 
is determined for purposes of section 951A based on a formulaic 
approach. Intangible income for this purpose is generally all net 
income (other than certain excluded items) less a 10-percent return 
(``normal return'') on certain tangible assets (``qualified

[[Page 29324]]

business asset investment'' or ``QBAI''). Id. at 366.
    The final regulations address open questions regarding the 
application of section 951A and comments received on the proposed 
regulations. In addition, certain rules in the foreign tax credit 
proposed regulations are being finalized in this Treasury decision to 
ensure that the applicability dates of these rules coincide with the 
applicability dates of the statutory provisions to which they relate. 
The final regulations retain the basic approach and structure of the 
proposed regulations and foreign tax credit proposed regulations, with 
certain revisions.
    The final regulations relating to GILTI provide general rules and 
definitions, guidance on the computation of a GILTI inclusion amount, 
rules regarding the interaction of certain aspects of section 951A with 
other provisions, guidance for consolidated groups and their members 
and partnerships and their partners, information reporting 
requirements, and rules to prevent the avoidance of GILTI. The 
regulations under sections 78, 861, and 965 finalize certain discrete 
provisions included in the foreign tax credit proposed regulations that 
relate to section 965.

C. Economic Analysis

1. Baseline
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have assessed the economic 
effects of the final regulations relative to a no-action baseline 
reflecting anticipated Federal income tax-related behavior in the 
absence of these final regulations.
2. Summary of Economic Effects
    To assess the economic effects of these final regulations, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS considered economic effects arising 
from three sorts of provisions of these final regulations. These are 
(i) effects arising from provisions that provide enhanced certainty and 
clarity; (ii) effects arising from provisions to prevent tax-avoidance 
behavior; and (iii) effects arising from other provisions.
    These final regulations provide certainty and clarity to taxpayers 
regarding terms and calculations they are required to apply under the 
statute. Because a tax had not been imposed on GILTI before the 
enactment of section 951A and because the statute is silent on certain 
aspects of definitions and calculations, taxpayers can particularly 
benefit from enhanced specificity regarding the relevant terms and 
necessary calculations they are required to apply under the statute. In 
the absence of this enhanced specificity, similarly situated taxpayers 
might interpret the statutory rules of section 951A differently, 
potentially resulting in inefficient patterns of economic activity or 
litigation in the event that a taxpayer's interpretation of the statute 
differs from that of the IRS. For example, different taxpayers might 
pursue income-generating activities based on different assumptions 
about whether that income will be counted as GILTI, and some taxpayers 
may forego specific investments that other taxpayers deem worthwhile 
based on different interpretations of the tax consequences alone. If 
the foregone activities would have been more profitable than those that 
were undertaken, U.S. economic performance would be negatively 
affected. The guidance provided in these regulations helps to ensure 
that taxpayers face more uniform incentives when making economic 
decisions, thereby improving U.S. economic performance. This guidance 
also helps to ensure that taxpayers make tax-related decisions under 
interpretations that are more consistent with the intent and purpose of 
the statute.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have not undertaken 
quantitative estimates of these effects. Any such quantitative 
estimates would be highly uncertain because the mix of interpretations 
that taxpayers might have pursued in the absence of this guidance and 
the mix of economic behaviors stemming from those interpretations are 
not readily known. More importantly, the relationship between a 
taxpayer's interpretation absent this guidance and the taxpayer's GILTI 
inclusion under the final regulations, a difference that is key to 
understanding the economic effects of the final regulations, is also 
not readily known.
    For example, the final regulations include provisions to address 
the treatment of domestic partnerships and partners for purposes of 
section 951A and the section 951A regulations. Part I.C.3.a.i of this 
Special Analyses section lays out some of the possible interpretations 
that taxpayers might have adopted in calculating their GILTI inclusion 
with respect to CFCs owned by a domestic partnership in the absence of 
specific guidance. Because GILTI and the GILTI partnership provisions 
are new and because taxpayers' ownership shares of CFCs both through 
and separate from domestic partnerships are not readily available, the 
Treasury Department and the IRS cannot readily predict the difference 
in taxpayers' marginal GILTI inclusion between any given interpretation 
under the baseline and the final regulation. Thus it is not feasible 
for the Treasury Department and the IRS to quantify with any reasonable 
precision the difference in economic activity that might be undertaken 
by those taxpayers based on those marginal GILTI inclusions.\5\ As data 
become available, the Treasury Department and the IRS will observe and 
monitor partner GILTI inclusions resulting from the statute and these 
supporting regulations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Part I.C.3.a.ii of this Special Analyses section provides 
further discussion of data limitations in identifying the set of 
affected taxpayers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With these considerations in mind, part I.C.3.a.i of this Special 
Analyses section explains the rationale behind the final regulations' 
approach to the treatment of partnerships and provides a qualitative 
assessment of the alternatives considered.
    The final regulations also include provisions designed to curtail 
improper tax avoidance behavior. In the absence of these provisions, 
taxpayers could potentially reduce their GILTI by holding specified 
tangible property over an additional quarter close. See part I.C.3.d.i 
of this Special Analyses section. This activity is economically 
inefficient to the extent that the taxpayer acquires the property or 
holds property longer than the taxpayer would have held it in the 
absence of this tax-avoidance opportunity. The cost of this 
inefficiency (relative to the final regulations, which reduce the 
incentives for such behavior) is roughly proportional to the amount of 
specified tangible property held longer than optimal, multiplied by the 
length of the extra holding period, multiplied by the difference 
between the use value of this property to the taxpayer and its 
alternative use. The benefit of the final regulations is the reduction 
in this inefficiency.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have not undertaken a 
quantitative estimate of this benefit but expect it to be small because 
the difference between the use value to the taxpayer of property held 
for tax avoidance purposes and its alternative use is not likely to be 
large.\6\ The Treasury Department and the IRS do not have readily 
available data on the amount of specified tangible property that might 
otherwise be used for tax avoidance purposes, the taxpayers who might 
hold this property, or the value differential of the property that 
would be held for tax avoidance purposes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ This claim refers solely to the economic benefit arising 
from this provision and does not refer to any estimate of the tax 
revenue effects of the provision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    While it is not currently feasible for the Treasury Department and 
the IRS to

[[Page 29325]]

quantify these effects, part I.C.3.c.i of these Special Analyses 
explains the rationale behind the final regulations' approach to the 
temporary holding of specified tangible property and provides a 
qualitative assessment of the alternatives considered.
    This economic analysis further considered the economic effects of 
all other provisions in the final regulations. For example, the statute 
dictates that, for the purpose of calculating QBAI, taxpayers should 
depreciate assets placed in service before the enactment of section 
951A using the alternative depreciation system (ADS) but grants 
authority to the Secretary under 951A(d)(4) to issue regulations to 
prevent the avoidance of the purposes of section 951A(d). By providing 
taxpayers an alternative to ADS, the final regulations reduce 
taxpayers' compliance burden and, by effecting changes in QBAI, change 
some taxpayers' marginal GILTI inclusion, an effect that may result in 
changes in economic activity and the location of such activity. 
Furthermore, the final regulations determine partnership QBAI by 
reference to the depreciation deductions generated by partnership 
specified tangible property because a CFC partner's share of these 
depreciation deductions can be used as a reliable proxy for determining 
a CFC's distributive share of tested income produced with respect to 
such property. The use of the proxy simplifies, and reduces the 
uncertainty in the computation for taxpayers, thereby reducing taxpayer 
burden relative to the baseline.
    The netting approach for specified interest expense adopted in 
these final regulations also reduces uncertainty and the complexity 
involved in characterizing income and matching expense to income which 
would be required under a tracing approach. Therefore, the netting 
approach simplifies the taxpayers' computations and reduces their 
compliance costs.
    With respect to partially depreciable assets, such as platinum 
catalysts, the final regulations treat a portion of the adjusted basis 
of the asset as giving rise to QBAI, rather than the asset's entire 
adjusted basis. The Treasury Department and the IRS determined that 
applying the same standard for determining whether property qualifies 
as QBAI and whether the property is depreciable is simpler for tax 
administration and compliance purposes than having two standards. 
Moreover, since QBAI generally is determined for purposes of FDII under 
section 951A(d), it is expected that the final rule will incentivize 
the use of partially depreciable assets within the United States versus 
without relative to an alternative of treating the entire adjusted 
basis of the asset as QBAI.
    Because GILTI is new and because tax filings do not report 
taxpayers' accounting methods for assets placed in service before the 
enactment of section 951A, the Treasury Department and the IRS do not 
have readily available data to project which taxpayers are affected by 
these regulations or to project their marginal GILTI inclusion for 
current income-generating activities. Thus it is not currently feasible 
for the Treasury Department and the IRS to estimate the economic 
effects of the final regulations relative to the baseline.
    With these considerations in mind, part I.C.3 of these Special 
Analyses explains the rationale behind the final regulations and 
provides a qualitative assessment of the alternatives considered.
3. Economic Effects of Provisions Substantially Revised From the 
Proposed Regulations
a. Treatment of Domestic Partnerships Under Section 951A
i. Background and Alternatives Considered
    Section 951A does not contain any specific rules on the treatment 
of a domestic partnership and their partners that directly or 
indirectly own stock of CFCs. The proposed regulations contain a rule 
that requires a domestic partnership that is a U.S. shareholder of a 
CFC to determine its GILTI inclusion amount. The proposed regulations 
then provide that partners of the partnership that are not separately 
U.S. shareholders of the CFC take into account their distributive share 
of the partnership's GILTI inclusion amount. In contrast, partners that 
are U.S. shareholders of the CFC are required to take into account 
their proportionate share of the partnership's pro rata share of tested 
items of the CFC for purposes of determining the U.S. shareholder's own 
GILTI inclusion amount. The proposed regulations thus adopt a hybrid 
approach under which the domestic partnership is treated as an entity 
with respect to partners that are not themselves U.S. shareholders of a 
CFC but as an aggregate with respect to partners that are themselves 
U.S. shareholders of the CFC. While the hybrid approach is consistent 
with the framework of section 951A, a number of comments pointed to 
administrative and procedural complexities with the approach of the 
proposed regulations. Thus the Treasury Department and the IRS re-
evaluated this approach for the final regulations.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS considered a number of 
alternatives for addressing the treatment of domestic partnerships in 
the final regulations. These alternatives were: (i) The hybrid approach 
set forth in the proposed regulations; (ii) an approach under which the 
domestic partnership would be treated as an entity for all purposes of 
section 951A; and (iii) an approach under which a domestic partnership 
would be treated as an entity for purposes of determining whether any 
U.S. person is a U.S. shareholder and any foreign corporation is a CFC, 
but as an aggregate for purposes of determining whether, and to what 
extent, any U.S. person has a GILTI inclusion. A fourth option, to 
apply a pure aggregate approach under which a domestic partnership 
would be treated as an aggregate of all of its partners for all 
purposes of section 951A, was rejected because the Treasury Department 
and the IRS determined that it is inconsistent with other sections of 
the Code.
    The first option was to finalize the hybrid approach set forth in 
the proposed regulations. While the hybrid approach is consistent with 
the framework of section 951A, a number of comments pointed to 
administrative and procedural complexities with the approach of the 
proposed regulations, including coordination with partners' capital 
accounts and basis adjustments with respect to partnership interests 
and CFCs. In particular, comments noted the uncertainty under the 
hybrid approach whether, and to what extent, a U.S. shareholder 
partner's pro rata share of tested income or tested loss of a 
partnership CFC should increase or decrease the partner's capital 
account with respect to the partnership or its basis in the partnership 
interest. Comments also noted that the hybrid approach can result in 
varied GILTI computations for partners depending on whether the partner 
is a U.S. shareholder of a CFC owned by a domestic partnership. 
Finally, comments noted that the hybrid approach would result in 
disparate treatment between partners that own stock in a CFC through a 
domestic partnership and partners that own stock in a CFC through a 
foreign partnership. These latter outcomes have clearly detrimental 
economic effects because they do not treat similar taxpayers in a 
similar fashion.
    The second option was to adopt a pure entity approach, meaning that 
the domestic partnership would determine its own GILTI inclusion amount 
and

[[Page 29326]]

each partner would take into account its distributive share of the 
partnership's GILTI inclusion amount. This approach is consistent with 
the historical treatment of domestic partnerships for purposes of 
subpart F. However, this approach is inconsistent with the policies 
underlying the GILTI provisions and interrelated rules, such as the 
deduction under section 250 and certain foreign tax credits for GILTI 
that are determined at the partner level (rather than the partnership 
level). Further, under this approach, many taxpayers would be compelled 
to reorganize their ownership structure--for instance, by eliminating 
their ownership of CFCs through domestic partnerships--to obtain full 
aggregation of tested items of their CFCs as envisioned by Congress. 
Yet other taxpayers would be incentivized to reorganize in an attempt 
to avoid full aggregation so as to reduce their inclusion below an 
amount that accurately reflects their GILTI. For instance, taxpayers 
could separate tested items that generally decrease a U.S. 
shareholder's GILTI (for example, qualified business asset investment) 
from certain tested items that reduce the benefit of such tested items 
(for example, specified interest expense), thus minimizing the U.S. 
shareholder's aggregate GILTI inclusion amount. Potentially 
reorganizing to realize a specific GILTI treatment suggests that tax 
instead of market signals are determining business structures. This can 
lead to higher compliance costs and inappropriate investment.
    The third option, which is adopted in the final regulations, is to 
apply an approach that treats a domestic partnership as an entity for 
purposes of determining whether any U.S. person is a U.S. shareholder 
and whether any foreign corporation is a CFC, but treats a domestic 
partnership as an aggregate for purposes of determining whether, and to 
what extent, a partner of a domestic partnership has a GILTI inclusion. 
Such an approach is consistent with the framework of section 951A and 
gives effect to the relevant statutory language that treats a domestic 
partnership as a U.S. shareholder and as owning stock for purposes of 
determining U.S. shareholder and CFC status. Moreover, this approach 
eliminates the administrative complexity identified by comments with 
respect to the hybrid approach in the proposed regulations by 
calculating a U.S. shareholder partner's GILTI inclusion amount solely 
at the partner level.
    The final regulations treat a domestic partnership as an aggregate 
by providing that, in general, for purposes of section 951A and the 
section 951A regulations, a domestic partnership is treated in the same 
manner as a foreign partnership. The final regulations employ the 
existing framework for foreign partnerships (which are generally 
treated as an aggregate of their partners for purposes of subpart F), 
rather than creating new aggregation rules specifically for the 
treatment of domestic partnerships, because such framework is 
relatively well-developed and understood. Using the same treatment for 
domestic and foreign partnerships is more likely to result in market 
forces determining organization form instead of tax law. In addition, 
by eliminating the complexity and traps for the unwary associated with 
the hybrid and entity approaches, respectively, the chosen approach 
reduces compliance costs relative to the alternatives.
ii. Affected Taxpayers
    The Treasury Department and the IRS estimate that there were 
approximately 7,000 U.S. partnerships with CFCs that e-filed at least 
one Form 5471 as Category 4 or 5 filers in 2015 and 2016.\7\ The 
identified partnerships had approximately 2 million partners, as 
indicated by the number of Schedules K-1 filed by the partnerships. 
This number includes both domestic and foreign partners, so it 
substantially overstates the number of partners that would actually be 
affected by the final regulations by including foreign partners.\8\ The 
final regulations affect domestic partners that are U.S. shareholders 
of a CFC owned by the domestic partnership because such partners will 
determine their GILTI inclusion amount by reference to their pro rata 
shares of tested items of CFCs owned by the partnership. Domestic 
partners that are not U.S. shareholders of a CFC owned by the domestic 
partnership will neither determine their own GILTI inclusion amount by 
reference to their pro rata shares of tested items of CFCs owned by the 
partnership nor include in their income a distributive share of the 
partnership's GILTI inclusion amount. This latter group is likely to be 
a substantial portion of domestic partners given the high number of 
partners per partnership and have lower compliance costs as a result of 
the final regulations. Because it is not possible to readily identify 
these types of partners based on available data, this number is an 
upper bound of partners who would have been affected by this rule had 
this rule been in effect in 2015 or 2016.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Data are from IRS's Research, Applied Analytics, and 
Statistics division based on data available in the Compliance Data 
Warehouse. Category 4 filer includes a U.S. person who had control 
of a foreign corporation during the annual accounting period of the 
foreign corporation. Category 5 includes a U.S. shareholder who owns 
stock in a foreign corporation that is a CFC and who owned that 
stock on the last day in the tax year of the foreign corporation in 
that year in which it was a CFC. For full definitions, see https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i5471.pdf.
    \8\ This analysis is based on the tax data readily available to 
the Treasury Department at this time. Some variables may be 
available on tax forms that are not available for statistical 
purposes. Moreover, with new tax provisions, such as section 951A, 
relevant data may not be available for a number of years for 
statistical purposes.
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b. Rule for Transfers During the Disqualified Period
i. Background and Alternatives Considered
    The proposed regulations include a rule in Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) to 
address transactions intended to reduce a GILTI inclusion amount as a 
result of a stepped-up basis in CFC assets attributable to related 
party transfers that occur during the disqualified period. The 
disqualified period of a CFC is the period between December 31, 2017, 
which is the last earnings and profits (E&P) measurement date under 
section 965, and the beginning of the CFC's first taxable year that 
begins after December 31, 2017, which is the first taxable year with 
respect to which section 951A is effective. A taxpayer that caused a 
CFC to sell its assets to a related party during the disqualified 
period would not be subject to taxation on the income or earnings from 
such sales under either section 965 (because it was after the final E&P 
measurement date) or section 951A (because it was before its effective 
date). However, absent a special rule, in subsequent years, the 
transaction would reduce a U.S. shareholder's GILTI, by either reducing 
the transferee CFC's tested income (or increase its tested loss) 
through the depreciation or amortization attributable to the ``cost-
free'' basis (disqualified basis) in assets created by reason of such 
related party transfer. Accordingly, the rule in the proposed 
regulations prevents the benefits of the disqualified basis by 
disallowing any deduction or loss attributable to the disqualified 
basis for purposes of determining tested income or tested loss.
    Because the rule in proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) only disallows 
the stepped-up basis created by reason of a disqualified transfer for 
purposes of determining a CFC's tested income and tested loss, under 
the proposed regulations, a taxpayer would have to keep track of both a 
CFC's disqualified

[[Page 29327]]

basis in an asset for purposes of section 951A and the CFC's adjusted 
basis in the asset for all other purposes of the Code. In addition, if 
the disqualified basis was not allowed for purposes of determining 
tested income and tested loss, a comment noted that it would be unfair 
for the basis to still be taken into account for purposes of section 
901(m), which disallows foreign tax credits for foreign income not 
subject to U.S. tax by reason of certain basis differences that arise 
by reason of covered asset acquisitions. A transfer subject to the rule 
(a disqualified transfer) can also be a covered asset acquisition, and 
therefore section 901(m) and proposed Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) could apply 
concurrently by reason of the same transaction.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS considered three options to 
address the treatment of disqualified basis. These options were: (i) 
Adopt the proposed regulations without change; (ii) revise the 
regulations to provide that disqualified basis is also not taken into 
account for purposes of certain other provisions (in addition to 
section 951A) to ensure that the rule only prevents the GILTI benefits 
that taxpayers were trying to achieve; or (iii) allow taxpayers to make 
an election that would disregard the disqualified basis for all 
purposes of the Code.
    The first option was to finalize without change the rule contained 
in the proposed regulations. On the one hand, this approach could be 
viewed as simple and targeted, because this rule would only disregard 
disqualified basis for purposes of determining GILTI, and the 
transactions subject to the rule were primarily intended to reduce 
GILTI. On the other hand, this rule could be considered unfair in 
certain cases because the concurrent application of both the rule and 
section 901(m), without a means for avoiding such concurrent 
application, could be viewed as unduly punitive to taxpayers that 
engaged in such transactions. In addition, this option would require 
taxpayers to track and maintain separate bases in the property for 
purposes of GILTI and all other purposes of the Code.
    The second option was to not take into account disqualified basis 
for certain other provisions (in addition to section 951A) to ensure 
that the rule only prevented the GILTI benefits that taxpayers were 
trying to achieve. Such an approach would result in additional and 
considerable complexity because numerous other provisions would have to 
be considered. In addition, simply not taking into account the basis 
for purposes of these other provisions may not alone provide 
appropriate results, without taking into account the policies 
underlying the specific provisions. Such particular policy 
considerations could require additional special and detailed rules or 
modifications to the general disallowance rules. In addition, it would 
be difficult to assess the effect that the disqualified basis would 
have on other provisions of the Code, or how it could affect different 
taxpayers with different tax postures.
    The third option, which is adopted in the final regulations, is to 
allow taxpayers to make an election that eliminates disqualified basis 
in property by reducing a commensurate amount of adjusted basis in the 
property for all purposes of the Code. Although this option was not as 
targeted as the second option, it was the simplest of the three options 
because it results in the property only having a single tax basis for 
all purposes of the Code such that different bases need not be tracked 
for different purposes. In addition, it does not result in additional 
complex rules, as would be required in the second option, because it 
simply applies for all purposes; once the basis is reduced, the Code 
simply applies to the property as if the basis were never stepped up. 
Finally, this approach permits taxpayers to decide whether the benefit 
of the additional adjusted basis associated with the disqualified basis 
outweighs the cost of complexity in applying the rule or, 
alternatively, whether the value of simplicity outweighs the benefit of 
the additional adjusted basis. By allowing this flexibility and 
adopting a single adjusted basis for all purposes of the Code, the 
adopted approach reduces complexity and compliance costs, relative to 
both alternatives considered.
ii. Affected Taxpayers
    The final regulations apply to any deduction or loss attributable 
to disqualified basis. Disqualified basis is created by reason of a 
disqualified transfer, which is defined as a transfer of property by a 
fiscal year CFC during the disqualified period to a related person in 
which gain was recognized, in whole or in part. A fiscal year CFC's 
disqualified period is the period that begins on January 1, 2018, and 
ends as of the close of the CFC's last taxable year that is not a CFC 
inclusion year. The taxpayer affected is a U.S. shareholder of any CFC 
that holds property with disqualified basis. In general these final 
regulations affect U.S. shareholders with at least one fiscal year CFC 
that has at least one other CFC where the fiscal-year CFC has property 
with unrealized gains that can be transferred during the disqualified 
period.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS do not have data identifying 
CFCs that engaged in transactions with related CFCs during the period 
after December 31, 2017 but before the effective date of section 951A. 
As an upper-bound estimate, there are approximately 3,000 U.S. 
shareholders of fiscal year CFCs with at least one related CFC that 
could potentially engage in a transaction.\9\ This is an overestimate 
since only those fiscal year CFCs with unrealized gains could take 
advantage of this disqualified period. The Treasury Department does not 
have data readily available to estimate these unrealized gains.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ Based on IRS Statistics of Income 2014 study file of C 
corporations with Form 5471 category 4 filers. Includes full and 
part year returns.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Transition Rule To Determine Normal Return Using the Alternative 
Depreciation System
i. Background and Alternatives Considered
    A U.S. shareholder's GILTI inclusion amount is based on a formulaic 
approach under which a 10-percent return attributed to certain tangible 
assets (QBAI) is computed and then each dollar of certain income above 
such ``normal return'' is effectively treated as intangible income. 
Under the statute, QBAI is measured by determining the adjusted basis 
in certain tangible property using the alternative depreciation system 
(ADS). Section 951A(d)(4) directs the Secretary to issue regulations or 
other guidance that is appropriate to prevent the avoidance of the 
purposes of section 951A(d), including with respect to the treatment of 
temporarily held or transferred property.
    The proposed regulations require the adjusted basis of all 
specified tangible property to be determined using ADS under section 
168(g) for purposes of determining the QBAI of a CFC. In general, the 
Code requires that tangible property used by a CFC outside the United 
States must be depreciated using ADS. Accordingly, in most instances, 
the depreciation method required under the proposed regulations will 
correspond to the CFC's depreciation method used for computing income. 
However, under existing regulations under section 952, a CFC may 
compute its income and E&P using the depreciation method used in 
keeping its accounting books and records or a method conforming to 
United States generally accepted accounting principles (``non-ADS 
depreciation method'') if the differences between

[[Page 29328]]

ADS and the non-ADS depreciation method are immaterial. In the case of 
a CFC that is permitted to use a non-ADS depreciation method, the 
proposed regulations would nonetheless require the CFC to determine its 
adjusted basis in its assets for purposes of calculating QBAI based on 
ADS. In particular, with respect to assets placed in service before the 
enactment of section 951A, the proposed regulations would require the 
CFC to determine the date the assets were placed in service, the ADS 
class life, and other information about the asset to correctly apply 
ADS as if the asset had been depreciated using ADS since the date the 
asset was placed in service. Several comments noted that this 
requirement could be onerous for specified tangible property acquired 
before the enactment of section 951A and requested relief from this 
requirement for such property.
    Although section 951A(d)(3) specifically requires use of ADS to 
determine the adjusted basis in specified tangible property, section 
951A(d)(4) authorizes the Secretary to issue regulations that are 
appropriate for purposes of determining QBAI. Thus, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS considered three options to address the use of 
ADS for specified tangible property placed in service prior to the 
enactment of section 951A. These options were: (i) Require the use of 
ADS for all property placed in service before the enactment of section 
951A, consistent with the proposed regulations; (ii) require ADS for 
determining the adjusted basis of specified tangible property, but on a 
``cut-off basis''; or (iii) allow the CFC to continue using its non-ADS 
depreciation method for property placed in service prior to the 
enactment of section 951A, and to include a special rule that requires 
depreciation of the ``salvage value.'' These options apply only where 
the CFC is not required to use ADS to compute its income under Sec.  
1.952-2 or E&P under Sec.  1.964-1 with respect to such property.
    The first option considered was to require the use of ADS for all 
property placed in service before the enactment of section 951A, 
consistent with the proposed regulations. However, Treasury and the IRS 
recognize that re-determining the adjusted basis in assets using a new 
depreciation method could be a difficult, uncertain, and time-consuming 
process for CFCs that have numerous items of specified tangible 
property acquired before the enactment of section 951A, in part, 
because the CFCs may not have kept the records necessary to make the 
determinations. Notably as described above, CFCs are permitted to 
compute their income and E&P using their non-ADS depreciation method 
for specified tangible property used outside the United States when the 
differences between the non-ADS depreciation method and ADS are 
immaterial. Therefore, the Treasury Department and the IRS determined 
that some relief from the administrative burden of re-determining the 
adjusted basis of each property placed in service before December 22, 
2017, should be available to CFCs that are not required to use ADS for 
computing income and E&P. Such relief will alleviate this 
administrative burden, but will not impact taxpayer incentives or cost 
of capital, because it pertains only to property already placed in 
service.
    The second option considered seeks to relieve burden by requiring 
ADS for determining the adjusted basis in specified tangible property, 
but on a ``cut-off basis.'' Under this option, the CFC would apply ADS 
to the adjusted basis determined using its non-ADS depreciation method 
as of the beginning of the first taxable year subject to section 951A. 
This option eliminates the need to re-determine the adjusted basis in 
the property as if ADS had been used since the property was placed in 
service. This approach could be implemented by applying ADS for the 
remaining ADS class life of the property or by treating the property as 
newly placed in service and applying the full ADS class life to the 
property. Each of those options would still require the CFC to 
determine when the property was placed in service and its ADS class 
life. In addition, applying ADS for the remaining ADS class life of the 
property would also require special rules for situations in which the 
property would have been fully depreciated under ADS before the first 
taxable year subject to section 951A, and applying ADS to the property 
based on the full ADS class life of the property would extend the 
period that the property is taken into account in the computation of 
QBAI. The Treasury Department and the IRS concluded that applying ADS 
on a cut-off basis under either approach did not significantly reduce 
the administrative burden of computing QBAI with respect to property 
placed in service prior to the enactment of section 951A.
    The third option considered was to allow the CFC to elect to use 
its non-ADS depreciation method for property acquired prior to the 
enactment of section 951A, and to include a special rule that requires 
depreciation of the ``salvage value'' (in other words, the portion of 
the basis of property that would not be fully depreciated under the 
non-ADS depreciation method). The special rule is required because 
otherwise the salvage value would be included in the CFC's QBAI until 
the CFC disposed of the asset. This option was the least 
administratively burdensome, and the least likely to result in 
controversy between taxpayers and the IRS. It reduces compliance costs 
relative to the two alternatives by eliminating the need to redetermine 
the adjusted basis, class life and date placed in service of property 
for which good records may not exist. As noted above, it does not 
impact taxpayers' incentives or cost of capital, because it applies to 
property already placed in service. Further, because relief is provided 
in instances in which the difference between ADS and a non-ADS 
depreciation method is immaterial, it is likely to result in only 
minimal differences in depreciation deductions and QBAI.\10\ Small 
changes in the QBAI have an even more muted impact on the determination 
of GILTI, because net DTIR, a component of the GILTI calculation, is 
only 10 percent of QBAI. Therefore, the impact of using a non-ADS 
depreciation method versus ADS for property placed in service before 
the enactment of section 951A is minimal. Accordingly, this is the 
option adopted in the final regulations.
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    \10\ Treasury Depreciation Model tabulations of depreciation 
rates by 2 digit industry indicate that, on average, book 
depreciation and ADS depreciation for property in the manufacturing, 
mining, construction, utilities, and wholesale trade industries, are 
within 10 percent of one another.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Affected Taxpayers
    The population of taxpayers potentially affected by this aspect of 
these final regulations are the U.S. shareholders of CFCs that are not 
required to use ADS when computing E&P, subpart F income, and tested 
income or tested loss, because the differences in the tax liability of 
such U.S. shareholders resulting from the use of the CFCs' non-ADS 
depreciation method are immaterial relative to the use of ADS. Only 
those taxpayers whose CFCs use a non-ADS depreciation method for 
property placed in service before December 22, 2017 instead of ADS when 
computing E&P would be affected by these final regulations.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS have previously projected that 
between 25,000 and 35,000 direct shareholders of CFCs would be 
potentially subject to GILTI and thus could be affected by this rule. 
This is an upper-bound estimate of taxpayers affected because it is not 
limited to those with CFCs that are permitted to use a non-ADS 
depreciation method with respect to property placed in service before 
the

[[Page 29329]]

enactment of section 951A. Precise identification of these taxpayers is 
not possible from readily available data because taxpayers do not 
report on Form 5471 what depreciation method they used in computing 
E&P.
d. Anti-Abuse Rule for Specified Tangible Property Held Temporarily
i. Background and Alternatives Considered
    The proposed regulations include an anti-abuse rule to address 
property that is held temporarily over the quarter close of a CFC with 
a principal purpose of reducing the GILTI inclusion amount of a U.S. 
shareholder of the CFC. In the absence of an anti-abuse rule, taxpayers 
could reduce their GILTI inclusion by having a CFC temporarily hold 
property over an additional quarter close in order to artificially 
increase the U.S. shareholder's ``normal return'' on tangible assets. 
The anti-abuse rule for temporarily held property in the proposed 
regulations included a ``per se'' rule, which deemed property to be 
held temporarily and acquired with a principal purpose of reducing a 
GILTI inclusion amount if held by the CFC for less than a 12-month 
period. Comments asserted that the anti-abuse rule was overbroad. In 
particular, comments expressed concerns that the 12-month per se rule 
could affect transactions not motivated by tax avoidance, such as 
ordinary course transactions, and create burdens resulting from having 
to track how long the specified tangible property is held.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS considered four options to 
address these concerns. These options were: (i) Adopt the proposed 
regulations without change; (ii) shorten the per se rule; (iii) 
eliminate the per se rule and rely on a principal purpose rule; or (iv) 
convert the per se rule into a rebuttable presumption, add a safe 
harbor, and clarify the scope of the rule.
    The first option was to finalize without change the rule contained 
in the proposed regulations. This approach is a simple and 
administrable rule for the IRS and taxpayers because it would not 
consider the taxpayer's motivation for holding property for less than 
12 months; however, it would not address the concern raised by comments 
that the rule can potentially apply to transactions that were not tax 
motivated and could therefore lead to a reduction in otherwise 
economically valuable transactions.
    The second option was to shorten the 12-month per se rule to, for 
example, six months. While this option could significantly reduce the 
number of transactions subject to the rule relative to the first 
option, and would be administrable for the IRS and taxpayers (because a 
taxpayer's motivation for holding the property would not be relevant), 
it could still apply to transactions that were not tax-motivated. In 
addition, it could increase the burden on IRS to enforce compliance 
because it would require additional resources to assert the rule for 
property held longer than six months, even though the property may 
still be held temporarily for tax-motivated reasons.
    The third option was to eliminate the per se rule and rely on a 
principal purpose rule. The rule would disregard the adjusted basis in 
property for purposes of computing QBAI if the property is held 
temporarily and is acquired with a principal purpose of reducing a 
GILTI inclusion amount. While this option would have the benefit of 
being flexible and, therefore, in theory could apply only to temporary 
holdings that were intended to reduce a U.S. shareholder's GILTI 
inclusion amount, it could create uncertainty for both taxpayers and 
the IRS. This uncertainty would result, in part, from the need to 
determine the taxpayer's principal purposes for each relevant 
acquisition and not having general guidelines for when property is 
considered to be held temporarily. It would also increase 
administrative and compliance costs for the IRS and taxpayers because 
there could be more disputes over the taxpayer's principal purpose and 
when a property is held temporarily.
    The fourth option that was considered involved several components. 
First, this option would convert the per se rule to a rebuttable 
presumption. Under this rule, property would be presumed to be 
temporarily held and acquired with a principal purpose of reducing a 
GILTI inclusion amount if the property is held for less than twelve 
months. However, the presumption could be rebutted if, in general, the 
facts and circumstances clearly establish that the subsequent transfer 
of the property by the CFC was not contemplated when the property was 
acquired and that a principal purpose of the acquisition of the 
property was not to increase the normal return of a U.S. shareholder. 
This option also would add a second presumption that generally provides 
that property is presumed to not be subject to the rule if held for 
more than 36 months. In addition, this option would include a ``safe 
harbor'' that generally applies to transfers between CFCs that are 
owned in the same proportion by U.S. shareholders, have the same 
taxable years, and are all tested income CFCs. Finally, this option 
would include examples to indicate types of transactions that are, and 
are not, subject to the rule.
    This fourth option more accurately identifies cases of potential 
abuse in comparison to the proposed regulations and the other options 
discussed in this part I.C.3.d.i of the Special Analyses section. 
Because it more accurately identifies cases of potential abuse, it 
yields more efficient outcomes because it does not penalize taxpayers 
with a legitimate business purpose for temporarily holding tangible 
property. This option provides flexibility to taxpayers holding 
property less than 12 months to either accept the presumption (and thus 
disregard the basis of the property under the anti-abuse rule) or, if 
appropriate, to choose to rebut the presumption by filing the 
appropriate statement. Taxpayers will have the flexibility to make the 
choice that appropriately balances the compliance costs related to 
rebutting the presumption with the tax cost of not rebutting the 
presumption depending on their particular circumstances. This option 
also relieves taxpayers of the burden of monitoring assets that are 
held more than 36 months, relative to the other options. In addition, 
the safe harbor would provide additional certainty to both taxpayers 
and the IRS, and eliminate any resulting compliance and administrative 
costs, because these transactions, which generally do not give rise to 
avoidance concerns, would be entirely excluded from the application of 
the rule. Although the compliance costs associated with a rebuttal 
based on facts and circumstances will likely be higher than under the 
first and second alternatives, those alternatives do not provide 
taxpayers with an opportunity to demonstrate the economic substance of 
the transaction, and the electivity of the rebuttal leaves taxpayers no 
worse off than under the first and second options. It is not clear 
whether the adopted approach has higher or lower compliance costs than 
the third approach, but Treasury and IRS determined the adopted 
approach to be superior for the reasons discussed above.
    The Treasury and the IRS determined that these changes strike an 
appropriate balance between (i) mitigating compliance burdens relative 
to the proposed regulations and providing certainty and flexibility to 
taxpayers and (ii) identifying transactions that have the potential for 
abuse. Thus, this is the approach adopted in the final regulations.

[[Page 29330]]

ii. Affected Taxpayers
    In principle, this aspect of the final regulations could apply to 
any tested income CFC that purchases tangible property and holds it 
temporarily. Therefore, this aspect of the regulations could affect any 
of the 25,000-35,000 persons with a potential GILTI inclusion and 
should be treated as an upper-bound estimate. In practice, however, it 
would only apply to U.S. shareholders of CFC that temporarily hold 
tangible property for tax minimization purposes, which would only be a 
small subset of sophisticated tax planners. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS do not have readily available data to enable estimating how 
many taxpayers could minimize tax in this way, nor which taxpayers 
would likely undertake such behavior in the absence of these 
regulations.
e. Application of Basis Adjustment for Purposes of Characterizing 
Certain Stock
i. Background and Alternatives Considered
    Under the Code, certain expenses, including interest, must be 
allocated based on the adjusted basis of the assets held by the 
taxpayer. For purposes of allocating expenses to stock of certain 
foreign corporations held directly by a taxpayer, section 864(e)(4) 
generally requires that a taxpayer adjust the adjusted basis of the 
stock by the aggregate amount of E&P of the foreign corporation and its 
subsidiaries. The combination of the adjusted basis of the stock of the 
foreign corporation and the increase or decrease (if the foreign 
corporation and its subsidiaries have a deficit in E&P) in that amount 
by the E&P of the foreign corporation approximate the value of the 
stock of the foreign corporation for purposes of the expense allocation 
rules. See Joint Committee on Tax'n, General Explanation of the Tax 
Reform Act of 1986 (Pub. L. 99-514) (May 4, 1987), JCS-10-87, at p. 946 
(noting that ``the failure to consider earnings and profits caused 
significant distortion'' for purposes of expense allocation rules 
because the value of the earnings and profits is reflected in the fair 
market value of the stock).
    Under section 965(b)(4)(B), if a taxpayer used a deficit in E&P to 
offset its inclusion under section 965(a), the deficit is eliminated by 
increasing the E&P of the foreign corporation with the deficit. 
However, because there is no offsetting reduction to the basis of the 
stock of the foreign corporation, the adjusted basis of that foreign 
corporation for purposes of section 864(e)(4) is increased as a result 
of the application of section 965(b)(4)(B), even though there has been 
no economic change to the value of the foreign corporation. Under final 
regulations under section 965, in general, a taxpayer may elect to 
reduce the basis in the stock of the foreign corporation, on a share by 
share basis, by the amount of the increase to the E&P of the foreign 
corporation under section 965(b)(4)(B). See Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(i). 
However, the election does not cause the taxpayer's basis to be reduced 
below zero, even if the amount of the increase to the E&P of the 
foreign corporation under section 965(b)(4)(B) exceeds the taxpayer's 
basis in the stock.
    The foreign tax credit proposed regulations provide that, for 
purposes of determining the adjusted basis of the stock of the foreign 
corporation under section 864(e)(4), a taxpayer should determine its 
adjusted basis in the stock of the foreign corporation as if the 
taxpayer had made in the election in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(i). See 
proposed Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii). After this adjustment, the 
taxpayer then follows the existing rule under section 864(e)(4) to 
increase or decrease the adjusted basis in the stock by the E&P of the 
foreign corporation and its subsidiaries.
    A comment requested that the foreign tax credit proposed 
regulations be amended to make clear that, for purposes of section 
864(e)(4), that the reduction in basis under proposed Sec.  1.861-
12(c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) does not cause the taxpayer's basis in the stock 
in the foreign corporation to be less than zero. This could happen, for 
example, where the increase in the foreign corporation's E&P under 
section 965(b)(4)(B) exceeded the taxpayer's adjusted basis in the 
stock of that foreign corporation.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS agreed that, for purposes of 
applying the expense allocation rules, a taxpayer should not have an 
adjusted basis below zero in the stock of a foreign corporation. When 
the adjusted basis of an asset is zero, no expenses are allocated to 
that asset and thus allowing a negative adjusted basis would serve no 
purpose for the expense allocation rules. However, because the 
adjustment to the stock of the foreign corporation in this case is two 
steps--the adjusted basis is reduced to account for the application of 
section 965(b)(4)(B) and then increased or decreased by the amount of 
E&P of the foreign corporation and its subsidiaries--the adjusted basis 
could be less than zero after the initial adjustment but still be 
positive after the second adjustment is taken into account. 
Accordingly, the Treasury Department and the IRS considered two options 
to address the concern expressed by the comment. These options were: 
(i) Adopt the foreign tax credit proposed regulations described above 
with a statement that the reduction in basis is limited to the 
taxpayer's adjusted basis in the stock of the foreign corporation; or 
(ii) allow a taxpayer's adjusted basis in the stock of the foreign 
corporation to be reduced below zero as a result of the adjustment for 
section 965(b)(4)(B) as long as the adjustment for E&P provided in 
section 864(e)(4) increased the adjusted basis of the foreign 
corporation to or above zero.
    The first option was to adopt the proposed regulations with a 
statement that the reduction in basis is limited to the taxpayer's 
adjusted basis in the stock of the foreign corporation. On one hand, 
this would address the concerns that the adjustment could cause a 
taxpayer's adjusted basis in the stock of the foreign corporation to be 
less than zero for purposes of the expense allocation rules. On the 
other hand, this would perpetuate some of the distortion created by the 
application of section 965(b)(4)(B). That is, because the increase in 
the E&P of the foreign corporation would exceed the downward adjustment 
in the basis of the foreign corporation, the adjusted basis in the 
stock of the foreign corporation would still be higher for purposes of 
section 864(e)(4) than if section 965(b)(4)(B) had not applied.
    The second option was to provide that the taxpayer's adjusted basis 
in the stock of the foreign corporation may be reduced below zero as a 
result of the adjustment for section 965(b)(4)(B) as long as the 
adjustment for E&P provided in section 864(e)(4) increased the adjusted 
basis of the foreign corporation to or above zero. This option fully 
addresses the non-economic increase to the E&P of the foreign 
corporation under section 965(b)(4)(B) because the adjusted basis of 
the foreign corporation is reduced by the full amount of the increase. 
However, it also still ensures that, for expense allocation purposes, 
the adjusted basis of the stock of the foreign corporation will not be 
below zero, after accounting for the E&P adjustment in section 
864(e)(4). The Treasury Department and the IRS selected this option for 
the final regulations because it addressed the concerns regarding 
negative adjusted basis while most accurately reflecting the value of 
the stock in the foreign corporation for purposes of the expense 
allocation rules, and did not increase compliance costs relative to the 
alternatives.

[[Page 29331]]

ii. Affected Taxpayers
    The taxpayers potentially affected by this aspect of the final 
regulations are those taxpayers that own at least 10 percent of a 
foreign corporation that had its E&P increased under section 
965(b)(4)(B). The Treasury Department and the IRS have not estimated 
how many taxpayers are likely to be affected by these regulations 
because this level of detail regarding taxpayer filings under section 
965 is not readily available. However, 100,000 taxpayers were estimated 
to pay the section 965 one-time tax. This is an upper-bound estimate of 
affected taxpayers since only those with an E&P adjustment under 
section 965(b)(4)(B) would be affected. Information on those taxpayers 
is not readily available to the Treasury Department and the IRS.

II. Paperwork Reduction Act

    In response to comments addressing the notices of proposed 
rulemaking preceding the final regulations, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS have added new collections of information with respect to 
section 951A and revised a collection of information with respect to 
section 965(n).
    The new collections of information in these regulations with 
respect to section 951A are in Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(3)(ii), (h)(1)(iv)(A), 
and (h)(2)(ii)(B)(3). The revised collection of information with 
respect to the election under section 965(n) is in Sec.  1.965-
7(e)(2)(ii)(B).
    The collection of information in Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(3)(ii) is an 
election that the controlling domestic shareholders of a CFC may make 
in order for the CFC to continue to use its book depreciation method 
(rather than converting to ADS) for purposes of determining the 
adjusted basis in specified tangible property placed in service before 
its first taxable year beginning after December 22, 2017 if certain 
conditions are met. This election is made by controlling domestic 
shareholders by attaching a statement meeting the requirements of Sec.  
1.964-1(c)(3)(ii) with their income tax returns following the notice 
requirements of Sec.  1.964-1(c)(3)(iii). This election, if made by a 
CFC, simplifies the calculation of the QBAI for the CFC attributable to 
property placed in service before December 22, 2017, which, and in 
turn, simplifies the calculation of the DTIR of the CFC's U.S. 
shareholders attributable to such property. For purposes of the 
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)) (``PRA''), the 
reporting burden associated with Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(3)(ii) will be 
reflected in the PRA submission associated with the Form 990 series, 
Form 1120 series, Form 1040 series, Form 1041 series, and Form 1065 
series (see chart at the end of this part II of this Special Analyses 
section for the status of the PRA submissions for these forms).
    The collection of information in Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(1)(iv)(A) is a 
statement that a U.S. shareholder must attach to a Form 5471 with 
respect to a CFC in order to rebut the presumption that a transfer of 
specified tangible property held by the CFC for less than 12 months was 
held temporarily with a principal purpose of increasing the DTIR of the 
U.S. shareholder. The information included in the statement is required 
in order for the IRS to be aware if the taxpayer takes the position 
that the temporary ownership rule of Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(1) does not 
apply. Without this statement, there is a presumption that such 
property is held temporarily with a principal purpose of increasing 
DTIR of a U.S. shareholder and a portion of the basis in the property 
may be disregarded for purposes of calculating QBAI of the CFC that 
holds the property temporarily. The statement indicates that the U.S. 
shareholder should be allowed the benefit of basis that would otherwise 
be disregarded for purposes of calculating QBAI. For purposes of the 
PRA, the reporting burden associated with Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(1)(iv)(A) 
will be reflected in the PRA submission associated with Form 5471, 
``Information Return of U.S. Persons With Respect to Certain Foreign 
Corporations'' (OMB control number 1545-0123).
    The collection of information in Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) is 
an election to disregard disqualified basis, which is certain basis 
that was created by reason of a disqualified transfer during the 
disqualified period of a transferor CFC, as those terms are defined in 
Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(C). This election would simplify recordkeeping 
with respect to the property because a separate record of the 
disqualified basis and total adjusted basis in the property would not 
have to be tracked. For purposes of determining disqualified basis, a 
disqualified transfer includes both a direct transfer during the 
disqualified period by one CFC to a related person, and also an 
indirect transfer of property owned by a partnership through, for 
example, a transfer by a CFC to a related person of an interest in the 
partnership, for which a section 754 election is in effect. Therefore, 
disqualified basis may exist in both property held by a CFC and 
property held by a partnership. Accordingly, there are two methods for 
making this election based upon whether the property with disqualified 
basis is held directly by a CFC or indirectly through a partnership in 
which the CFC is a partner. With respect to property held directly by 
the CFC, this election is made by controlling domestic shareholders of 
the CFC by attaching a statement meeting the requirements of Sec.  
1.964-1(c)(3)(ii) with their income tax returns following the notice 
requirements of Sec.  1.964-1(c)(3)(iii). See Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3)(ii). With respect to property held in a partnership 
in which the CFC is a partner, this election is made by the partnership 
by filing a statement as described in Sec.  1.754-1(b)(1) attached to 
the partnership return. See Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3)(iii). For 
purposes of the PRA, the reporting burden associated with Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3)(ii) will be reflected in the PRA submission 
associated with the Form 990 series, Form 1120 series, Form 1040 
series, Form 1041 series, and Form 1065 series (see chart at the end of 
this part II of the Special Analysis section for the status of the PRA 
submissions for these forms). For purposes of the PRA, the reporting 
burden associated with Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3)(iii) will be 
reflected in the PRA submission associated with Form 1065 (see chart at 
the end of this part II of the Special Analysis section for the status 
of the PRA submissions for this form).
    The collection of information in Sec.  1.965-7(e)(2)(ii)(B) 
requires a taxpayer revoking a section 965(n) election to attach a 
statement to that effect to an amended income tax return. The 
information is required in order for the IRS to be aware if a taxpayer 
revokes an election. The Treasury Department and the IRS have 
determined that the reporting burden associated with Sec.  1.965-
7(e)(2)(ii)(B) to revoke a section 965(n) election is reflected in the 
reporting burden associated with making the election. For purposes of 
the PRA, the reporting burden associated with Sec.  1.965-
7(e)(2)(ii)(B) will be reflected in the PRA submission associated with 
TD 9846, 84 FR 1838 (February 5, 2019) (OMB control number 1545-2280).
    The estimates for the number of impacted filers with respect to the 
collections of information described in this part II of the Special 
Analysis section are based on filers of income tax returns with a Form 
5471 attached because only filers that are U.S. shareholders of CFCs or 
that have at least a 10 percent ownership in a foreign corporation 
would be subject to the information collection requirements. The IRS 
estimates the number of affected filers to be the following:

[[Page 29332]]



                           Tax Forms Impacted
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Number of     Forms to which the
     Collection of information        respondents    information may be
                                      (estimated)         attached
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   1.951A-3(e)(3)(ii) Election   25,000-35,000  Form 990 series,
 to continue to use income and E&P                   Form 1120 series,
 depreciation method for property                    Form 1040 series,
 placed in service before the                        Form 1041 series,
 first taxable year beginning                        and Form 1065
 after December 22, 2017.                            series.
Sec.   1.951A-3(h)(1)(iv)(A)         25,000-35,000  Form 5471.
 Statement for less than 12 month
 property.
Sec.   1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3)      25,000-35,000  Form 990 series,
 Election to disregard                               Form 1120 series,
 disqualified basis.                                 Form 1040 series,
                                                     Form 1041 series,
                                                     and Form 1065
                                                     series.
Sec.   1.965-7(e)(2)(ii)(B)          25,000-35,000  Form 990 series,
 Statement to revoke section                         Form 1120 series,
 965(n) election.                                    Form 1040 series,
                                                     Form 1041 series,
                                                     and Form 1065
                                                     series.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: MeF, DCS, and CDW.

    The current status of the PRA submissions related to the tax forms 
that will be revised as a result of the information collections in the 
section 951A regulations is provided in the accompanying table. As 
described above, the reporting burdens associated with the information 
collections in the regulations are included in the aggregated burden 
estimates for OMB control numbers 1545-0123 (which represents a total 
estimated burden time for all forms and schedules for corporations of 
3.157 billion hours and total estimated monetized costs of $58.148 
billion ($2017)), 1545-0074 (which represents a total estimated burden 
time, including all other related forms and schedules for individuals, 
of 1.784 billion hours and total estimated monetized costs of $31.764 
billion ($2017)), 1545-0092 (which represents a total estimated burden 
time, including all other related forms and schedules for trusts and 
estates, of 307,844,800 hours and total estimated monetized costs of 
$9.950 billion ($2016)), and 1545-0047 (which represents a total 
estimated burden time, including all other related forms and schedules 
for tax-exempt organizations, of 50.450 million hours and total 
estimated monetized costs of $1,297,300,000 ($2017). The overall burden 
estimates provided for the OMB control numbers below are aggregate 
amounts that relate to the entire package of forms associated with the 
applicable OMB control number and will in the future include, but not 
isolate, the estimated burden of the tax forms that will be revised as 
a result of the information collections in the regulations. These 
numbers are therefore unrelated to the future calculations needed to 
assess the burden imposed by the regulations. These burdens have been 
reported for other regulations related to the taxation of cross-border 
income and the Treasury Department and the IRS urge readers to 
recognize that these numbers are duplicates and to guard against 
overcounting the burden that international tax provisions imposed prior 
to the Act. No burden estimates specific to the forms affected by the 
regulations are currently available. The Treasury Department and the 
IRS have not estimated the burden, including that of any new 
information collections, related to the requirements under the 
regulations. The Treasury Department and the IRS estimate PRA burdens 
on a taxpayer-type basis rather than a provision-specific basis. Those 
estimates would capture both changes made by the Act and those that 
arise out of discretionary authority exercised in the final 
regulations.
    The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on all aspects 
of information collection burdens related to the final regulations, 
including estimates for how much time it would take to comply with the 
paperwork burdens described above for each relevant form and ways for 
the IRS to minimize the paperwork burden. Proposed revisions (if any) 
to these forms that reflect the information collections contained in 
these final regulations will be made available for public comment at 
https://apps.irs.gov/app/picklist/list/draftTaxForms.html and will not 
be finalized until after these forms have been approved by OMB under 
the PRA.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Form                    Type of filer            OMB No.(s)                    Status
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Forms 990........................  Tax exempt entities    1545-0047............  Approved by OIRA 12/21/2018
                                    (NEW Model).                                  until 12/31/2019. The Form
                                                                                  will be updated with OMB
                                                                                  number 1545-0047 and the
                                                                                  corresponding PRA Notice on
                                                                                  the next revision.
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Link: https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewICR?ref_nbr=201811-1545-003
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Form 1040........................  Individual (NEW        1545-0074............  Limited Scope submission (1040
                                    Model).                                       only) approved on 12/7/2018
                                                                                  until 12/31/2019. Full ICR
                                                                                  submission for all forms in 6/
                                                                                  2019. 60 Day FRN not published
                                                                                  yet for full collection.
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Link: https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewICR?ref_nbr=201808-1545-031
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Form 1041........................  Trusts and estates...  1545-0092............  Submitted to OIRA for review on
                                                                                  9/27/2018.
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Link: https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewICR?ref_nbr=201806-1545-014
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Form 1065 and 1120...............  Business (NEW Model).  1545-0123............  Approved by OIRA 12/21/2018
                                                                                  until 12/31/2019.
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Link: https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewICR?ref_nbr=201805-1545-019
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 29333]]

 
Form 5471........................  Business (NEW Model).  1545-0123............  Published in the FRN on 10/8/
                                                                                  18. Public Comment period
                                                                                  closes on 12/10/18.
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Link: https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewICR?ref_nbr=201805-1545-019
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Individual (NEW        1545-0074............  Limited Scope submission (1040
                                    Model).                                       only) on 10/11/18 at OIRA for
                                                                                  review. Full ICR submission
                                                                                  for all forms in 3-2019. 60
                                                                                  Day FRN not published yet for
                                                                                  full collection.
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Link: https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewICR?ref_nbr=201808-1545-031
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In 2018, the IRS released and invited comments on drafts of the 
above forms in order to give members of the public advance notice and 
an opportunity to submit comments. The IRS received no comments on the 
portions of the forms that relate to section 951A during the comment 
period. Consequently, the IRS made the forms available in late 2018 and 
early 2019 for use by the public. The IRS is contemplating making 
additional changes to forms in order to implement these final 
regulations.

III. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    It is hereby certified that this final regulation will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities 
within the meaning of section 601(6) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act 
(5 U.S.C. chapter 6).
    Sections 951 and 951A generally affect U.S. shareholders of CFCs. 
Section 965 generally affects U.S. taxpayers who are at least 10-
percent shareholders of a foreign corporation. The reporting burdens in 
Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(3)(ii), (h)(1)(iv)(A), and (h)(2)(ii)(B)(3), and 
Sec.  1.965-7(e)(2)(ii)(B) generally affect U.S. taxpayers that elect 
to make or revoke certain elections or rebut a presumption. In general, 
foreign corporations are not considered small entities. Nor are U.S. 
taxpayers considered small entities to the extent the taxpayers are 
natural persons or entities other than small entities. For purposes of 
the PRA, the Treasury Department and the IRS estimate that there are 
25,000-35,000 respondents of all sizes that are likely to file Form 
5471. Only a small proportion of these filers are likely to be small 
business entities. This estimate was used in the proposed regulations 
(REG-104390-18), and comments were requested on the number of small 
entities that are likely to be impacted by the section 951A 
regulations.
    Examining the gross receipts of the e-filed Forms 5471 that is the 
basis of the 25,000-35,000 respondent estimates, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS have determined that the tax revenue from 
section 951A estimated by the Joint Committee on Taxation for 
businesses of all sizes is less than 0.3 percent of gross receipts as 
shown in the table below. Based on data for 2015 and 2016, total gross 
receipts for all businesses with gross receipts under $25 million is 
$60 billion while those over $25 million is $49.1 trillion. Given that 
tax on GILTI inclusion amounts is correlated with gross receipts, this 
results in businesses with less than $25 million in gross receipts 
accounting for approximately 0.01 percent of the tax revenue. Data are 
not readily available to determine the sectoral breakdown of these 
entities. Based on this analysis, smaller businesses are not 
significantly impacted by these final regulations.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               2017       2018       2019       2020       2021       2022       2023       2024       2025       2026
                                             billion    billion    billion    billion    billion    billion    billion    billion    billion    billion
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
JCT tax revenue...........................        7.7       12.5        9.6        9.5        9.3        9.0        9.2        9.3       15.1       21.2
Total gross receipts......................     30,727     53,870    566,676     59,644     62,684     65,865     69,201     72,710     76,348     80,094
Percent...................................       0.03       0.02       0.02       0.02       0.01       0.01       0.01       0.01       0.02       0.03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: RAAS, CDW (E-filed Form 5471, category 4 or 5, C and S corporations and partnerships); Conference Report, at 689.

    Although the Treasury Department and the IRS received one comment 
asserting that a substantial number of small entities would be affected 
by the proposed regulations, that comment was principally concerned 
with U.S. citizens living abroad that owned foreign corporations 
directly or indirectly through other foreign entities. U.S. citizens 
living abroad are not small business entities; thus, no small entity is 
affected in this scenario.
    Specifically, the small business entities that are subject to the 
requirements of Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(3)(ii), (h)(1)(iv)(A), and 
(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) of the final regulations are domestic small entities 
that are U.S. shareholders of one or more CFCs. The data to assess the 
number of small entities potentially affected by Sec.  1.951A-
3(e)(3)(ii), (h)(1)(iv)(A), and (h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) are not readily 
available. However, businesses that are U.S. shareholders of CFCs are 
generally not small businesses because the ownership of sufficient 
stock of a CFC in order to be a U.S. shareholder generally entails 
significant resources and investment. Therefore, the Treasury 
Department and the IRS have determined that a substantial number of 
domestic small business entities will not be subject to Sec.  1.951A-
3(e)(3)(ii), (h)(1)(iv)(A), and (h)(2)(ii)(B)(3). Moreover, as 
discussed above, smaller businesses are not significantly impacted by 
the final regulations. Consequently, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS have determined that Sec.  1.951A-3(e)(3)(ii), (h)(1)(iv)(A), and 
(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities. Accordingly, it is hereby 
certified that the collection of information requirements of Sec.  
1.951A-3(e)(3)(ii), (h)(1)(iv)(A), and (h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
    With respect to Sec.  1.965-7(e)(2)(ii)(B) regarding the revocation 
of the election under section 965(n), the Treasury Department and the 
IRS have determined that Sec.  1.965-7(e)(2)(ii)(B) will not have a 
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities 
for the reasons described in part III of the Special Analyses section 
in TD 9864, 84 FR 1838 (February 5, 2019). Accordingly, it is hereby 
certified that the collection of information requirements of Sec.  
1.965-7(e)(2)(ii)(B) will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.

[[Page 29334]]

    Pursuant to section 7805(f), the proposed regulations preceding 
these final regulations (REG-104390-18 and REG-105600-18) were 
submitted to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business 
Administration for comment on their impact on small business.

IV. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 requires 
that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits and take certain 
other actions before issuing a final rule that includes any Federal 
mandate that may result in expenditures in any one year by a state, 
local, or tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the private 
sector, of $100 million in 1995 dollars, updated annually for 
inflation. In 2019, that threshold is approximately $154 million. These 
regulations do not include any Federal mandate that may result in 
expenditures by state, local, or tribal governments, or by the private 
sector in excess of that threshold.

V. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    Executive Order 13132 (entitled ``Federalism'') prohibits an agency 
from publishing any rule that has federalism implications if the rule 
either imposes substantial, direct compliance costs on state and local 
governments, and is not required by statute, or preempts state law, 
unless the agency meets the consultation and funding requirements of 
section 6 of the Executive Order. These regulations do not have 
federalism implications and do not impose substantial direct compliance 
costs on state and local governments or preempt state law within the 
meaning of the Executive Order.

VI. Congressional Review Act

    The Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory 
Affairs of the OMB has determined that this Treasury decision is a 
major rule for purposes of the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801 
et seq.) (``CRA''). Under section 801(3) of the CRA, a major rule takes 
effect 60 days after the rule is published in the Federal Register. 
Notwithstanding this requirement, section 808(2) of the CRA allows 
agencies to dispense with the requirements of section 801 of the CRA 
when the agency for good cause finds that such procedure would be 
impracticable, unnecessary, or contrary to the public interest and that 
the rule shall take effect at such time as the agency promulgating the 
rule determines.
    Pursuant to section 808(2) of the CRA, the Treasury Department and 
the IRS find, for good cause, that a 60-day delay in the effective date 
is unnecessary and contrary to the public interest. The statutory 
provisions to which these rules relate were enacted on December 22, 
2017 and apply to taxable years of foreign corporations and to the 
taxable years of United States persons in which or with which such 
taxable years of foreign corporations end. In certain cases, these 
taxable years have already ended. This means that the statutory 
provisions are currently effective, and taxpayers may be subject to 
Federal income tax liability for their 2017 or 2018 taxable years 
reflecting these provisions. In certain cases, taxpayers may be 
required to file returns reflecting this Federal income liability 
during the 60-day period that begins after this rule is published in 
the Federal Register.
    These final regulations provide crucial guidance for taxpayers on 
how to apply the relevant statutory rules, compute their tax liability 
and accurately file their Federal income tax returns. These final 
regulations resolve statutory ambiguity, prevent abuse and grant 
taxpayer relief that would not be available based solely on the 
statute. Because taxpayers must already comply with the statute, a 60-
day delay in the effective date of the final regulations is unnecessary 
and contrary to the public interest. A delay would place certain 
taxpayers in the unusual position of having to determine whether to 
file tax returns during the pre-effective date period based on final 
regulations that are not yet effective. If taxpayers chose not to 
follow the final regulations and did not amend their returns after the 
regulations became effective, it would place significant strain on the 
IRS to ensure that taxpayers correctly calculated their tax 
liabilities. For example, in cases where taxpayers and their CFCs have 
engaged in disqualified transfers or other abusive transactions, a 
delayed effective date may hamper the IRS' ability to detect such 
transactions. Moreover, a delayed effective date could create 
uncertainty and possible restatements with respect to financial 
statement audits. Therefore, the rules in this Treasury decision are 
effective on the date of publication in the Federal Register and apply 
in certain cases to taxable years of foreign corporations and United 
States persons beginning before such date.
    The foregoing good cause statement only applies to the 60-day 
delayed effective date provision of section 801(3) of the CRA and is 
permitted under section 808(2) of the CRA. The Treasury Department and 
the IRS hereby comply with all aspects of the CRA and the 
Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 551 et seq.).

Drafting Information

    The principal authors of the regulations are Jorge M. Oben, Michael 
A. Kaercher, and Karen Cate of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel 
(International), Jennifer N. Keeney of the Office of the Associate 
Chief Counsel (Passthroughs and Special Industries), and Katherine H. 
Zhang and Kevin M. Jacobs of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel 
(Corporate). However, other personnel from the Treasury Department and 
the IRS participated in the development of the regulations.

Effect on Other Documents

    The following publications are obsolete as of June 21, 2019:
    Notice 2009-7 (2009-3 I.R.B. 312).
    Notice 2010-41 (2010-22 I.R.B. 715).

Statement of Availability of IRS Documents

    IRS Revenue Procedures, Revenue Rulings, notices, and other 
guidance cited in this document are published in the Internal Revenue 
Bulletin (or Cumulative Bulletin) and are available from the 
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, 
Washington, DC 20402, or by visiting the IRS website at http://www.irs.gov.

List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 1

    Income taxes, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Adoption of Amendments to the Regulations

    Accordingly, 26 CFR part 1 is amended as follows:

PART 1--INCOME TAXES

0
Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 1 is amended by adding 
entries for Sec. Sec.  1.78-1, 1.861-12, 1.951-1, 1.951A-2, 1.951A-3, 
1.951A-5, 1.1502-51, 1.6038-5 in numerical order to read in part as 
follows:

    Authority:  26 U.S.C. 7805 * * *

    Section 1.78-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 245A(g).
* * * * *
    Section 1.861-12 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 864(e)(7).
* * * * *
    Section 1.951-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 7701(a).
    Section 1.951A-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 882(c)(1)(A) and 
954(b)(5).
    Section 1.951A-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 951A(d)(4).
    Section 1.951A-5 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 951A(f)(1)(B).
* * * * *
    Section 1.1502-51 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
* * * * *

[[Page 29335]]

    Section 1.6038-5 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038.
* * * * *


0
Par. 2. Section 1.78-1 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  1.78-1  Gross up for deemed paid foreign tax credit.

    (a) Taxes deemed paid by certain domestic corporations treated as a 
dividend. If a domestic corporation chooses to have the benefits of the 
foreign tax credit under section 901 for any taxable year, an amount 
that is equal to the U.S. dollar amount of foreign income taxes deemed 
to be paid by the corporation for the year under section 960 (in the 
case of section 960(d), determined without regard to the phrase ``80 
percent of'' in section 960(d)(1)) is, to the extent provided by this 
section, treated as a dividend (a section 78 dividend) received by the 
domestic corporation from the foreign corporation. A section 78 
dividend is treated as a dividend for all purposes of the Code, except 
that it is not treated as a dividend for purposes of section 245 or 
245A, and does not increase the earnings and profits of the domestic 
corporation or decrease the earnings and profits of the foreign 
corporation. Any reduction under section 907(a) of the foreign income 
taxes deemed paid with respect to combined foreign oil and gas income 
does not affect the amount treated as a section 78 dividend. See Sec.  
1.907(a)-1(e)(3). Similarly, any reduction under section 901(e) of the 
foreign income taxes deemed paid with respect to foreign mineral income 
does not affect the amount treated as a section 78 dividend. See Sec.  
1.901-3(a)(2)(i), (b)(2)(i)(b), and (d) Example 8. Any reduction under 
section 6038(c)(1)(B) in the foreign taxes paid or accrued by a foreign 
corporation is taken into account in determining foreign taxes deemed 
paid and the amount treated as a section 78 dividend. See, for example, 
Sec.  1.6038-2(k)(5) Example 1. To the extent provided in the Code, 
section 78 does not apply to any tax not allowed as a credit. See, for 
example, sections 901(j)(3), 901(k)(7), 901(l)(4), 901(m)(6), and 
908(b). For rules on determining the source of a section 78 dividend in 
computing the limitation on the foreign tax credit under section 904, 
see Sec. Sec.  1.861-3(a)(3), 1.862-1(a)(1)(ii), and 1.904-5(m)(6). For 
rules on assigning a section 78 dividend to a separate category, see 
Sec.  1.904-4.
    (b) Date on which section 78 dividend is received. A section 78 
dividend is considered received by a domestic corporation on the date 
on which--
    (1) The corporation includes in gross income under section 
951(a)(1)(A) the amounts by reason of which there are deemed paid under 
section 960(a) the foreign income taxes that give rise to that section 
78 dividend, notwithstanding that the foreign income taxes may be 
carried back or carried over to another taxable year and deemed to be 
paid or accrued in such other taxable year under section 904(c); or
    (2) The corporation includes in gross income under section 951A(a) 
the amounts by reason of which there are deemed paid under section 
960(d) the foreign income taxes that give rise to that section 78 
dividend.
    (c) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years of 
foreign corporations that begin after December 31, 2017, and to taxable 
years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable 
years of foreign corporations end. The second sentence of paragraph (a) 
of this section also applies to section 78 dividends that are received 
after December 31, 2017, by reason of taxes deemed paid under section 
960(a) with respect to a taxable year of a foreign corporation 
beginning before January 1, 2018.

0
Par. 3. Section 1.861-12 is amended by revising paragraph (c)(2) and 
adding paragraph (k) to read as follows.


Sec.  1.861-12  Characterization rules and adjustments for certain 
assets.

* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (2) Basis adjustment for stock in 10 percent owned corporations--
(i) Taxpayers using the tax book value method--(A) General rule. For 
purposes of apportioning expenses on the basis of the tax book value of 
assets, the adjusted basis of any stock in a 10 percent owned 
corporation owned by the taxpayer either directly or indirectly through 
a partnership or other pass-through entity (after taking into account 
the adjustments described in paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B)(1) of this section) 
shall be--
    (1) Increased by the amount of the earnings and profits of such 
corporation (and of lower-tier 10 percent owned corporations) 
attributable to such stock and accumulated during the period the 
taxpayer or other members of its affiliated group held 10 percent or 
more of such stock; or
    (2) Reduced by any deficit in earnings and profits of such 
corporation (and of lower-tier 10 percent owned corporations) 
attributable to such stock for such period; or
    (3) Zero, if after application of paragraphs (c)(2)(i)(A)(1) and 
(2) of this section, the adjusted basis of the stock is less than zero.
    (B) Computational rules--(1) Adjustments to basis--(i) Application 
of section 961 or 1293(d). For purposes of this section, a taxpayer's 
adjusted basis in the stock of a foreign corporation does not include 
any amount included in basis under section 961 or 1293(d) of the Code.
    (ii) Application of section 965(b). For purposes of this section, 
if a taxpayer owned the stock of a specified foreign corporation (as 
defined in Sec.  1.965-1(f)(45)) as of the close of the last taxable 
year of the specified foreign corporation that began before January 1, 
2018, the taxpayer's adjusted basis in the stock of the specified 
foreign corporation for that taxable year and any subsequent taxable 
year is determined as if the taxpayer did not make the election 
described in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(i) (regardless of whether the election 
was actually made) and is further adjusted as described in this 
paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii). If Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(B) applied 
(or would have applied if the election had been made) with respect to 
the stock of a specified foreign corporation, the taxpayer's adjusted 
basis in the stock of the specified foreign corporation is reduced by 
the amount described in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(B)(1) (without regard 
to the rule for limited basis adjustments in Sec.  1.965-
2(f)(2)(ii)(B)(2) and the limitation in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(C), and 
without regard to the rules regarding the netting of basis adjustments 
in Sec.  1.965-2(h)(2)). The reduction in the taxpayer's adjusted basis 
in the stock may reduce the taxpayer's adjusted basis in the stock 
below zero prior to the application of paragraphs (c)(2)(i)(A)(1) and 
(2) of this section. No adjustment is made in the taxpayer's adjusted 
basis in the stock of a specified foreign corporation for an amount 
described in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(A). To the extent that, in an 
exchange described in section 351, 354, or 356, a taxpayer receives 
stock of a foreign corporation in exchange for stock of a specified 
foreign corporation described in this paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii), 
this paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) applies to such stock received.
    (2) Amount of earnings and profits. For purposes of this paragraph 
(c)(2), earnings and profits (or deficits) are computed under the rules 
of section 312 and, in the case of a foreign corporation, sections 
964(a) and 986 for taxable years of the 10 percent owned corporation 
ending on or before the close of the taxable year of the taxpayer. 
Accordingly, the earnings and profits of a controlled foreign 
corporation include all earnings and profits described in section 
959(c). The amount of the

[[Page 29336]]

earnings and profits with respect to stock of a foreign corporation 
held by the taxpayer is determined according to the attribution 
principles of section 1248 and the regulations under section 1248. The 
attribution principles of section 1248 apply without regard to the 
requirements of section 1248 that are not relevant to the determination 
of a shareholder's pro rata portion of earnings and profits, such as 
whether earnings and profits (or deficits) were derived (or incurred) 
during taxable years beginning before or after December 31, 1962.
    (3) Annual noncumulative adjustment. The adjustment required by 
paragraph (c)(2)(i)(A) of this section is made annually and is 
noncumulative. Thus, the adjusted basis of the stock (determined 
without regard to prior years' adjustments under paragraph (c)(2)(i)(A) 
of this section) is adjusted annually by the amount of accumulated 
earnings and profits (or deficits) attributable to the stock as of the 
end of each year.
    (4) Translation of non-dollar functional currency earnings and 
profits. Earnings and profits (or deficits) of a qualified business 
unit that has a functional currency other than the dollar must be 
computed under this paragraph (c)(2) in functional currency and 
translated into dollars using the exchange rate at the end of the 
taxpayer's current taxable year (and not the exchange rates for the 
years in which the earnings and profits or deficits were derived or 
incurred).
    (C) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of 
paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section.

    (1) Example 1: No election described in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(i)--
(i) Facts. USP, a domestic corporation, owns all of the stock of 
CFC1 and CFC2, both controlled foreign corporations. USP, CFC1, and 
CFC2 all use the calendar year as their U.S. taxable year. USP owned 
CFC1 and CFC2 as of December 31, 2017, and CFC1 and CFC2 were 
specified foreign corporations with respect to USP. USP's basis in 
each share of stock of each of CFC1 and CFC2 is identical. USP did 
not make the election described in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(i), but if 
USP had made the election, Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(B) would have 
applied to the stock of CFC2 and the amount described in Sec.  
1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(B)(1) (without regard to the rule for limited 
basis adjustments in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(B)(2) and without 
regard to the rules regarding the netting of basis adjustments in 
Sec.  1.965-2(h)(2)) with respect to the stock of CFC2, in 
aggregate, is $75x. For purposes of determining the value of the 
stock of CFC1 and CFC2 at the beginning of the 2019 taxable year, 
without regard to amounts included in basis under section 961 or 
1293(d), USP's adjusted basis in the stock of CFC1 is $100x and its 
adjusted basis in the stock of CFC2 is $350x (before the application 
of paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B) of this section).
    (ii) Analysis. Under paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) of this 
section, USP's adjusted basis in the stock of CFC1 is determined as 
if USP did not make the election described in Sec.  1.965-
2(f)(2)(i). USP's adjusted basis in the stock of CFC2 is then 
reduced by $75x, the amount described in Sec.  1.965-
2(f)(2)(ii)(B)(1), without regard to the rule for limited basis 
adjustments in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(B)(2) and without regard to 
the rules regarding the netting of basis adjustments in Sec.  1.965-
2(h)(2). No adjustment is made to USP's adjusted basis in the stock 
in CFC1. Accordingly, for purposes of determining the value of stock 
of CFC1 and CFC2 at the beginning of the 2019 taxable year, USP's 
adjusted basis in the stock of CFC1 is $100x and USP's adjusted 
basis in the stock of CFC2 is $275x ($350x-$75x).
    (2) Example 2: Election described in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(i)--(i) 
Facts. USP, a domestic corporation, owns all of the stock of CFC1, 
which owns all of the stock of CFC2, both controlled foreign 
corporations. USP, CFC1, and CFC2 all use the calendar year as their 
U.S. taxable year. USP owned CFC1, and CFC1 owned CFC2 as of 
December 31, 2017, and CFC1 and CFC2 were specified foreign 
corporations with respect to USP. USP's basis in each share of stock 
of CFC1 is identical. USP made the election described in Sec.  
1.965-2(f)(2)(i). As a result of the election, USP was required to 
increase its basis in the stock of CFC1 by $90x under Sec.  1.965-
2(f)(2)(ii)(A)(1), and to decrease its basis in the stock of CFC1 by 
$90x under Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(B)(1). Pursuant to Sec.  1.965-
2(h)(2), USP netted the increase of $90x against the decrease of 
$90x and made no net adjustment to the basis in the stock of CFC1. 
For purposes of determining the value of the stock of CFC1 at the 
beginning of the 2019 taxable year, without regard to amounts 
included in basis under section 961 or 1293(d), USP's adjusted basis 
in the stock of CFC1 is $600x (before the application of paragraph 
(c)(2)(i)(B) of this section).
    (ii) Analysis. Under paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) of this 
section, USP's adjusted basis in the stock of CFC1 is determined as 
if USP did not make the election described in Sec.  1.965-
2(f)(2)(i). While USP made the election, no adjustment was made to 
the stock of CFC1 as a result of the election. However, USP's 
adjusted basis in the stock of CFC1 is then reduced by $90x, the 
amount described in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(B)(1), without regard to 
the rules regarding the netting of basis described in Sec.  1.965-
2(h)(2). No adjustment is made to USP's basis in the stock of CFC1 
for the amount described in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(ii)(A)(1). 
Accordingly, for purposes of determining the value of stock of CFC1 
at the beginning of the 2019 taxable year, USP's adjusted basis in 
the stock of CFC1 is $510x ($600x-$90x).
    (3) Example 3: Adjusted basis below zero--(i) Facts. The facts 
are the same as in paragraph (c)(2)(i)(C)(1)(i) of this section (the 
facts in Example 1), except that for purposes of determining the 
value of the stock of CFC2 at the beginning of the 2019 taxable 
year, without regard to amounts included in basis under section 961 
or 1293(d), USP's adjusted basis in the stock of CFC2 is $0 (before 
the application of paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B) of this section). 
Additionally, the adjusted basis of USP in the stock of CFC1 and 
CFC2 at the end of the 2019 taxable year is the same as at the 
beginning of that year, and as of the end of the 2019 taxable year, 
CFC1 has earnings and profits of $25x and CFC2 has earnings and 
profits of $50x that are attributable to the stock owned by USP and 
accumulated during the period that USP held the stock of CFC1 and 
CFC2.
    (ii) Analysis. The analysis is the same as in paragraph 
(c)(2)(i)(C)(1)(ii) of this section (the analysis in Example 1) 
except that for purposes of determining the value of stock of CFC1 
and CFC2 at the beginning of the 2019 taxable year, USP's adjusted 
basis in the stock of CFC2 is -$75x ($0-$75x). Because USP's basis 
in the stock of CFC1 and CFC2 is the same at the end of the 2019 
taxable year, prior to the application of the adjustments in 
paragraphs (c)(2)(i)(A)(1) and (2) of this section, USP's adjusted 
basis in the stock of CFC1 is $100x and USP's adjusted basis in the 
stock of CFC2 is -$75x. Under paragraph (c)(2)(i)(A)(1) of this 
section, for purposes of apportioning expenses on the basis of the 
tax book value of assets, USP's adjusted basis in the stock of CFC1 
is $125x ($100x + $25x). Under paragraph (c)(2)(i)(A)(3) of this 
section, for purposes of apportioning expenses on the basis of the 
tax book value of assets, USP's adjusted basis in the stock of CFC2 
is $0 because after applying paragraph (c)(2)(i)(A)(1) of this 
section, USP's adjusted basis in the stock of CFC2 is less than zero 
(-$75x + $50x).
    (4) Example 4: Election described in Sec.  1.965-2(f)(2)(i) and 
adjusted basis below zero--(i) Facts. The facts are the same as in 
paragraph (c)(2)(i)(C)(3)(i) of this section (the facts in Example 
3), except that USP made the election described in Sec.  1.965-
2(f)(2)(i) and, as result, recognized $75x of gain under Sec.  
1.965-2(h)(3).
    (ii) Analysis. The analysis is the same as in paragraph 
(c)(2)(i)(C)(3)(ii) of this section (the analysis in Example 3).

    (c)(2)(ii) through (c)(2)(vi) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see 
Sec.  1.861-12T(c)(2)(ii) through (c)(2)(vi).
* * * * *
    (k) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years that 
both begin after December 31, 2017, and end on or after December 4, 
2018. Paragraphs (c)(2)(i)(A) and (c)(2)(i)(B)(1)(ii) of this section 
also apply to the last taxable year of a foreign corporation that 
begins before January 1, 2018, and with respect to a United States 
person, the taxable year in which or with which such taxable year of 
the foreign corporation ends.

0
Par. 4. Section 1.861-12T is amended by revising paragraph (c)(2)(i) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  1.861-12T  Characterization rules and adjustments for certain 
assets (temporary).

* * * * *

[[Page 29337]]

    (c) * * *
    (c)(2)(i)(A) through (C) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see 
Sec.  1.861-12(c)(2)(i)(A) through (c)(2)(i)(C).
* * * * *

0
Par. 5. Section 1.951-1 is amended by:
0
1. Revising paragraph (a) introductory text.
0
2. Revising paragraphs (b)(1)(ii), (b)(2), (c), (e), and (g)(1).
0
3. Adding paragraphs (h) and (i).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:


Sec.  1.951-1  Amounts included in gross income of United States 
shareholders.

    (a) In general. If a foreign corporation is a controlled foreign 
corporation (within the meaning of section 957) at any time during any 
taxable year of such corporation, every person--
* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ii) The lesser of--
    (A) The amount of distributions received by any other person during 
such taxable year as a dividend with respect to such stock multiplied 
by a fraction, the numerator of which is the subpart F income of such 
corporation for the taxable year and the denominator of which is the 
sum of the subpart F income and the tested income (as defined in 
section 951A(c)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(1)) of such corporation for 
the taxable year, and
    (B) The dividend which would have been received by such other 
person if the distributions by such corporation to all its shareholders 
had been the amount which bears the same ratio to the subpart F income 
of such corporation for the taxable year as the part of such year 
during which such shareholder did not own (within the meaning of 
section 958(a)) such stock bears to the entire taxable year.
    (2) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of 
this paragraph (b).
    (i) Facts. The following facts are assumed for purposes of the 
examples.
    (A) A is a United States shareholder.
    (B) M is a foreign corporation that has only one class of stock 
outstanding.
    (C) B is a nonresident alien individual, and stock owned by B is 
not considered owned by a domestic entity under section 958(b).
    (D) P and R are foreign corporations.
    (E) All persons use the calendar year as their taxable year.
    (F) Year 1 ends on or after October 3, 2018, and has 365 days.

    (ii) Example 1--(A) Facts. A owns 100% of the stock of M 
throughout Year 1. For Year 1, M derives $100x of subpart F income, 
has $100x of earnings and profits, and makes no distributions.
    (B) Analysis. Under section 951(a)(2) and paragraph (b)(1) of 
this section, A's pro rata share of the subpart F income of M for 
Year 1 is $100x.
    (iii) Example 2--(A) Facts. The facts are the same as in 
paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A) of this section (the facts in Example 1), 
except that instead of holding 100% of the stock of M for the entire 
year, A sells 60% of such stock to B on May 26, Year 1. Thus, M is a 
controlled foreign corporation for the period January 1, Year 1, 
through May 26, Year 1.
    (B) Analysis. Under section 951(a)(2)(A) and paragraph (b)(1)(i) 
of this section, A's pro rata share of the subpart F income of M is 
limited to the subpart F income of M which bears the same ratio to 
its subpart F income for such taxable year ($100x) as the part of 
such year during which M is a controlled foreign corporation bears 
to the entire taxable year (146/365). Accordingly, under section 
951(a)(2) and paragraph (b)(1) of this section, A's pro rata share 
of the subpart F income of M for Year 1 is $40x ($100x x 146/365).
    (iv) Example 3--(A) Facts. The facts are the same as in 
paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A) of this section (the facts in Example 1), 
except that instead of holding 100% of the stock of M for the entire 
year, A holds 60% of such stock on December 31, Year 1, having 
acquired such stock on May 26, Year 1, from B, who owned such stock 
from January 1, Year 1. Before A's acquisition of the stock, M had 
distributed a dividend of $15x to B in Year 1 with respect to the 
stock so acquired by A. M has no tested income for Year 1.
    (B) Analysis. Under section 951(a)(2) and paragraph (b)(1) of 
this section, A's pro rata share of the subpart F income of M for 
Year 1 is $21x, such amount being determined as follows:

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1 to paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(B):
 
M's subpart F income for Year 1.........................           $100x
Less: Reduction under section 951(a)(2)(A) for period (1-            40x
 1 through 5-26) during which M is not a controlled
 foreign corporation ($100x x 146/365)..................
Subpart F income for Year 1 as limited by section                    60x
 951(a)(2)(A)...........................................
A's pro rata share of subpart F income as determined                 36x
 under section 951(a)(2)(A) (0.6 x $60x)................
Less: Reduction under section 951(a)(2)(B) for dividends
 received by B during Year 1 with respect to the stock
 of M acquired by A:
    (i) Dividend received by B ($15x), multiplied by a               15x
     fraction ($100x/$100x), the numerator of which is
     the subpart F income of such corporation for the
     taxable year ($100x) and the denominator of which
     is the sum of the subpart F income and the tested
     income of such corporation for the taxable year
     ($100x) ($15x x ($100x/$100x)).....................
    (ii) B's pro rata share (60%) of the amount which                24x
     bears the same ratio to the subpart F income of
     such corporation for the taxable year ($100x) as
     the part of such year during which A did not own
     (within the meaning of section 958(a)) such stock
     bears to the entire taxable year (146/365) (0.6 x
     $100x x (146/365)).................................
    (iii) Amount of reduction under section 951(a)(2)(B)             15x
     (lesser of (i) or (ii))............................
A's pro rata share of subpart F income as determined                 21x
 under section 951(a)(2)................................
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (v) Example 4--(A) Facts. A owns 100% of the only class of stock 
of P throughout Year 1, and P owns 100% of the only class of stock 
of R throughout Year 1. For Year 1, R derives $100x of subpart F 
income, has $100x of earnings and profits, and distributes a 
dividend of $20x to P. R has no gross tested income. P has no income 
for Year 1 other than the dividend received from R.
    (B) Analysis. Under section 951(a)(2) and paragraph (b)(1) of 
this section, A's pro rata share of the subpart F income of R for 
Year 1 is $100x. A's pro rata share of the subpart F income of R is 
not reduced under section 951(a)(2)(B) and paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of 
this section for the dividend of $20x paid to P because there was no 
part of Year 1 during which A did not own (within the meaning of 
section 958(a)) the stock of R. Under section 959(b), the $20x 
distribution from R to P is not again includible in the gross income 
of A under section 951(a). The $20x distribution from R to P is not 
includible in the gross tested income of P.
    (vi) Example 5--(A) Facts. The facts are the same as in 
paragraph (b)(2)(v)(A) of this section (the facts in Example 4), 
except that instead of holding 100% of the stock of R for the entire 
year, P holds 60% of such stock on December 31, Year 1, having 
acquired such stock on March 14, Year 1, from B. Before P's 
acquisition of the stock, R had distributed a dividend of $100x to B 
in Year 1 with respect to the stock so acquired by P. The stock 
interest so acquired by P was owned by B from January 1, Year 1, 
until acquired by P. R also has $300x of tested income for Year 1.
    (B) Analysis--(1) Limitation of pro rata share of subpart F 
income. Under section 951(a)(2) and paragraph (b)(1) of this 
section, A's pro rata share of the subpart F income of

[[Page 29338]]

M for Year 1 is $28x, such amount being determined as follows:

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1 to paragraph (b)(2)(vi)(B)(1):
 
R's subpart F income for Year 1.........................           $100x
Less: Reduction under section 951(a)(2)(A) for period (1-            20x
 1 through 3-14) during which R is not a controlled
 foreign corporation ($100x x 73/365)...................
Subpart F income for Year 1 as limited by section                    80x
 951(a)(2)(A)...........................................
A's pro rata share of subpart F income as determined                 48x
 under section 951(a)(2)(A) (0.6 x $80x)................
Less: Reduction under section 951(a)(2)(B) for dividends
 received by B during Year 1 with respect to the stock
 of R indirectly acquired by A:
    (i) Dividend received by B ($100x) multiplied by a               25x
     fraction ($100x/$400x), the numerator of which is
     the subpart F income of such corporation for the
     taxable year ($100x) and the denominator of which
     is the sum of the subpart F income and the tested
     income of such corporation for the taxable year
     ($400x) ($100x x ($100x/$400x))....................
    (ii) B's pro rata share (60%) of the amount which                12x
     bears the same ratio to the subpart F income of
     such corporation for the taxable year ($100x) as
     the part of such year during which A did not own
     (within the meaning of section 958(a)) such stock
     bears to the entire taxable year (73/365) (0.6 x
     $100x x (73/365))..................................
    (iii) Amount of reduction under section 951(a)(2)(B)             12x
     (lesser of (i) or (ii))............................
    A's pro rata share of subpart F income as determined             36x
     under section 951(a)(2)............................
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (2) Limitation of pro rata share of tested income. Under section 
951A(e)(1) and Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(2), A's pro rata share of the 
tested income of M for Year 1 is $108x, such amount being determined 
as follows:

 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1 to paragraph (b)(2)(vi)(B)(2):
R's tested income for Year 1............................           $300x
Less: Reduction under section 951(a)(2)(A) for period (1-            60x
 1 through 3-14) during which R is not a controlled
 foreign corporation ($300x x 73/365)...................
Tested income for Year 1 as limited by under section                240x
 951(a)(2)(A)...........................................
A's pro rata share of tested income as determined under             144x
 Sec.   1.951A-1(d)(2) (0.6 x $240x)....................
Less: Reduction under section 951(a)(2)(B for dividends
 received by B during Year 1 with respect to the stock
 of R indirectly acquired by A:
    (i) Dividend received by B ($100x) multiplied by a               75x
     fraction ($300x/$400x), the numerator of which is
     the tested income of such corporation for the
     taxable year ($300x) and the denominator of which
     is the sum of the subpart F income and the tested
     income of such corporation for the taxable year
     ($400x) ($100x x ($300x/$400x))....................
    (ii) B's pro rata share (60%) of the amount which                36x
     bears the same ratio to the tested income of such
     corporation for the taxable year ($300x) as the
     part of such year during which A did not own
     (within the meaning of section 958(a)) such stock
     bears to the entire taxable year (73/365) (0.6 x
     $300x x (73/365))..................................
    (iii) Amount of reduction under section 951(a)(2)(B)             36x
     (lesser of (i) or (ii))............................
    A's pro rata share of tested income under section               108x
     951A(e)(1).........................................
------------------------------------------------------------------------


    (c) [Reserved]
* * * * *
    (e) Pro rata share of subpart F income defined--(1) In general--(i) 
Hypothetical distribution. For purposes of paragraph (b) of this 
section, a United States shareholder's pro rata share of a controlled 
foreign corporation's subpart F income for a taxable year is the amount 
that bears the same ratio to the corporation's subpart F income for the 
taxable year as the amount of the corporation's allocable earnings and 
profits that would be distributed with respect to the stock of the 
corporation which the United States shareholder owns (within the 
meaning of section 958(a)) for the taxable year bears to the total 
amount of the corporation's allocable earnings and profits that would 
be distributed with respect to the stock owned by all the shareholders 
of the corporation if all the allocable earnings and profits of the 
corporation for the taxable year (not reduced by actual distributions 
during the year) were distributed (hypothetical distribution) on the 
last day of the corporation's taxable year on which such corporation is 
a controlled foreign corporation (hypothetical distribution date).
    (ii) Definition of allocable earnings and profits. For purposes of 
this paragraph (e), the term allocable earnings and profits means, with 
respect to a controlled foreign corporation for a taxable year, the 
amount that is the greater of--
    (A) The earnings and profits of the corporation for the taxable 
year determined under section 964; and
    (B) The sum of the subpart F income (as determined under section 
952 after the application of section 951A(c)(2)(B)(ii) and Sec.  
1.951A-6(b)) of the corporation for the taxable year and the tested 
income (as defined in section 951A(c)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(1)) 
of the corporation for the taxable year.
    (2) One class of stock. If a controlled foreign corporation for a 
taxable year has only one class of stock outstanding on the 
hypothetical distribution date, the amount of the corporation's 
allocable earnings and profits distributed in the hypothetical 
distribution with respect to each share in the class of stock is 
determined as if the hypothetical distribution were made pro rata with 
respect to each share in the class of stock.
    (3) More than one class of stock. If a controlled foreign 
corporation for a taxable year has more than one class of stock 
outstanding on the hypothetical distribution date, the amount of the 
corporation's allocable earnings and profits distributed in the 
hypothetical distribution with respect to each class of stock is 
determined based on the distribution rights of each class of stock

[[Page 29339]]

on the hypothetical distribution date, which amount is then further 
distributed pro rata with respect to each share in the class of stock. 
Subject to paragraphs (e)(4) through (6) of this section, the 
distribution rights of a class of stock are determined taking into 
account all facts and circumstances related to the economic rights and 
interest in the allocable earnings and profits of the corporation of 
each class, including the terms of the class of stock, any agreement 
among the shareholders and, if and to the extent appropriate, the 
relative fair market value of shares of stock. For purposes of this 
paragraph (e)(3), facts and circumstances do not include actual 
distributions (including distributions by redemption) or any amount 
treated as a dividend under any other provision of subtitle A of the 
Internal Revenue Code (for example, under section 78, 356(a)(2), 
367(b), or 1248) made during the taxable year that includes the 
hypothetical distribution date.
    (4) Special rules--(i) Redemptions, liquidations, and returns of 
capital. No amount of allocable earnings and profits is distributed in 
the hypothetical distribution with respect to a particular class of 
stock based on the terms of the class of stock of the controlled 
foreign corporation or any agreement or arrangement with respect 
thereto that would result in a redemption (even if such redemption 
would be treated as a distribution of property to which section 301 
applies pursuant to section 302(d)), a distribution in liquidation, or 
a return of capital.
    (ii) Certain cumulative preferred stock. If a controlled foreign 
corporation has outstanding a class of redeemable preferred stock with 
cumulative dividend rights and dividend arrearages on such stock do not 
compound at least annually at a rate that equals or exceeds the 
applicable Federal rate (as defined in section 1274(d)(1)) that applies 
on the date the stock is issued for the term from such issue date to 
the mandatory redemption date based on a comparable compounding 
assumption (the relevant AFR), the amount of the corporation's 
allocable earnings and profits distributed in the hypothetical 
distribution with respect to the class of stock may not exceed the 
amount of dividends actually paid during the taxable year with respect 
to the class of stock plus the present value at the end of the 
controlled foreign corporation's taxable year of the unpaid current 
dividends with respect to the class determined using the relevant AFR 
and assuming the dividends will be paid at the mandatory redemption 
date. For purposes of this paragraph (e)(4)(ii), if the class of 
preferred stock does not have a mandatory redemption date, the 
mandatory redemption date is the date that the class of preferred stock 
is expected to be redeemed based on all facts and circumstances.
    (iii) Dividend arrearages. If there is an arrearage in dividends 
for prior taxable years with respect to a class of preferred stock of a 
controlled foreign corporation, an amount of the corporation's 
allocable earnings and profits is distributed in the hypothetical 
distribution to the class of preferred stock by reason of the arrearage 
only to the extent the arrearage exceeds the accumulated earnings and 
profits of the controlled foreign corporation remaining from prior 
taxable years beginning after December 31, 1962, as of the beginning of 
the taxable year, or the date on which such stock was issued, whichever 
is later (the applicable date). If there is an arrearage in dividends 
for prior taxable years with respect to more than one class of 
preferred stock, the previous sentence is applied to each class in 
order of priority, except that the accumulated earnings and profits 
remaining after the applicable date are reduced by the allocable 
earnings and profits necessary to satisfy arrearages with respect to 
classes of stock with a higher priority. For purposes of this paragraph 
(e)(4)(iii), the amount of any arrearage with respect to stock 
described in paragraph (e)(4)(ii) of this section is determined in the 
same manner as the present value of unpaid current dividends on such 
stock under paragraph (e)(4)(ii) of this section.
    (5) Restrictions or other limitations on distributions--(i) In 
general. A restriction or other limitation on distributions of an 
amount of earnings and profits by a controlled foreign corporation is 
not taken into account in determining the amount of the corporation's 
allocable earnings and profits distributed in a hypothetical 
distribution to a class of stock of the controlled foreign corporation.
    (ii) Definition. For purposes of paragraph (e)(5)(i) of this 
section, a restriction or other limitation on distributions includes 
any limitation that has the effect of limiting the distribution of an 
amount of earnings and profits by a controlled foreign corporation with 
respect to a class of stock of the corporation, other than currency or 
other restrictions or limitations imposed under the laws of any foreign 
country as provided in section 964(b).
    (iii) Exception for certain preferred distributions. For purposes 
of paragraph (e)(5)(i) of this section, the right to receive 
periodically a fixed amount (whether determined by a percentage of par 
value, a reference to a floating coupon rate, a stated return expressed 
in terms of a certain amount of U.S. dollars or foreign currency, or 
otherwise) with respect to a class of stock the distribution of which 
is a condition precedent to a further distribution of earnings and 
profits that year with respect to any class of stock (not including a 
distribution in partial or complete liquidation) is not a restriction 
or other limitation on the distribution of earnings and profits by a 
controlled foreign corporation.
    (iv) Illustrative list of restrictions and limitations. Except as 
provided in paragraph (e)(5)(iii) of this section, restrictions or 
other limitations on distributions include, but are not limited to--
    (A) An arrangement that restricts the ability of a controlled 
foreign corporation to pay dividends on a class of stock of the 
corporation until a condition or conditions are satisfied (for example, 
until another class of stock is redeemed);
    (B) A loan agreement entered into by a controlled foreign 
corporation that restricts or otherwise affects the ability to make 
distributions on its stock until certain requirements are satisfied; or
    (C) An arrangement that conditions the ability of a controlled 
foreign corporation to pay dividends to its shareholders on the 
financial condition of the corporation.
    (6) Transactions and arrangements with a principal purpose of 
changing pro rata shares. Appropriate adjustments must be made to the 
allocation of allocable earnings and profits that would be distributed 
(without regard to this paragraph (e)(6)) in a hypothetical 
distribution with respect to any share of stock outstanding as of the 
hypothetical distribution date to disregard the effect on the 
hypothetical distribution of any transaction or arrangement that is 
undertaken as part of a plan a principal purpose of which is the 
avoidance of Federal income taxation by changing the amount of 
allocable earnings and profits distributed in any hypothetical 
distribution with respect to such share. This paragraph (e)(6) also 
applies for purposes of the pro rata share rules described in Sec.  
1.951A-1(d) that reference this paragraph (e), including the rules in 
Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(3) that determine the pro rata share of qualified 
business asset investment based on the pro rata share of tested income.
    (7) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of 
this paragraph (e).

[[Page 29340]]

    (i) Facts. Except as otherwise stated, the following facts are 
assumed for purposes of the examples:
    (A) FC1 is a controlled foreign corporation.
    (B) USP1 and USP2 are domestic corporations.
    (C) Individual A is a foreign individual, and FC2 is a foreign 
corporation that is not a controlled foreign corporation.
    (D) All persons use the calendar year as their taxable year.
    (E) Any ownership of FC1 by any shareholder is for all of Year 1.
    (F) The common shareholders of FC1 are entitled to dividends when 
declared by FC1's board of directors.
    (G) There are no accrued but unpaid dividends with respect to 
preferred shares, the preferred stock is not described in paragraph 
(e)(4)(ii) of this section, and common shares have positive liquidation 
value.
    (H) There are no other facts and circumstances related to the 
economic rights and interest of any class of stock in the allocable 
earnings and profits of a foreign corporation, and no transaction or 
arrangement was entered into as part of a plan a principal purpose of 
which is the avoidance of Federal income taxation.
    (I) FC1 has neither tested income within the meaning of section 
951A(c)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(1) nor tested loss within the 
meaning of section 951A(c)(2)(B)(i) and Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(2).

    (ii) Example 1: Single class of stock--(A) Facts. FC1 has 
outstanding 100 shares of one class of stock. USP1 owns 60 shares of 
FC1. USP2 owns 40 shares of FC1. For Year 1, FC1 has $1,000x of 
earnings and profits and $100x of subpart F income within the 
meaning of section 952.
    (B) Analysis. FC1 has one class of stock. Therefore, under 
paragraph (e)(2) of this section, FC1's allocable earnings and 
profits of $1,000x are distributed in the hypothetical distribution 
pro rata to each share of stock. Accordingly, under paragraph (e)(1) 
of this section, for Year 1, USP1's pro rata share of FC1's subpart 
F income is $60x ($100x x $600x/$1,000x) and USP2's pro rata share 
of FC1's subpart F income is $40x ($100x x $400x/$1,000x).
    (iii) Example 2: Common and preferred stock--(A) Facts. FC1 has 
outstanding 70 shares of common stock and 30 shares of 4% 
nonparticipating, voting preferred stock with a par value of $10x 
per share. USP1 owns all of the common shares. Individual A owns all 
of the preferred shares. For Year 1, FC1 has $100x of earnings and 
profits and $50x of subpart F income within the meaning of section 
952.
    (B) Analysis. The distribution rights of the preferred shares 
are not a restriction or other limitation within the meaning of 
paragraph (e)(5) of this section. Under paragraph (e)(3) of this 
section, the amount of FC1's allocable earnings and profits 
distributed in the hypothetical distribution with respect to 
Individual A's preferred shares is $12x (0.04 x $10x x 30) and with 
respect to USP1's common shares is $88x ($100x-$12x). Accordingly, 
under paragraph (e)(1) of this section, USP1's pro rata share of 
FC1's subpart F income is $44x ($50x - $88x/$100x) for Year 1.
    (iv) Example 3: Restriction based on cumulative income--(A) 
Facts. FC1 has outstanding 10 shares of common stock and 400 shares 
of 2% nonparticipating, voting preferred stock with a par value of 
$1x per share. USP1 owns all of the common shares. FC2 owns all of 
the preferred shares. USP1 and FC2 cause the governing documents of 
FC1 to provide that no dividends may be paid to the common 
shareholders until FC1 cumulatively earns $100,000x of income. For 
Year 1, FC1 has $50x of earnings and profits and $50x of subpart F 
income within the meaning of section 952.
    (B) Analysis. The agreement restricting FC1's ability to pay 
dividends to common shareholders until FC1 cumulatively earns 
$100,000x of income is a restriction or other limitation within the 
meaning of paragraph (e)(5) of this section. Therefore, the 
restriction is disregarded for purposes of determining the amount of 
FC1's allocable earnings and profits distributed in the hypothetical 
distribution to a class of stock. The distribution rights of the 
preferred shares are not a restriction or other limitation within 
the meaning of paragraph (e)(5) of this section. Under paragraph 
(e)(3) of this section, the amount of FC1's allocable earnings and 
profits distributed in the hypothetical distribution with respect to 
FC2's preferred shares is $8x (0.02 x $1x x 400) and with respect to 
USP1's common shares is $42x ($50x - $8x). Accordingly, under 
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, USP1's pro rata share of FC1's 
subpart F income is $42x for Year 1.
    (v) Example 4: Redemption rights--(A) Facts. FC1 has outstanding 
40 shares of common stock and 10 shares of 4% nonparticipating, 
preferred stock with a par value of $50x per share. Pursuant to the 
terms of the preferred stock, FC1 has the right to redeem at any 
time, in whole or in part, the preferred stock. FC2 owns all of the 
preferred shares. USP1, wholly owned by FC2, owns all of the common 
shares. Pursuant to the governing documents of FC1, no dividends may 
be paid to the common shareholders while the preferred stock is 
outstanding. For Year 1, FC1 has $100x of earnings and profits and 
$100x of subpart F income within the meaning of section 952.
    (B) Analysis. The agreement restricting FC1's ability to pay 
dividends to common shareholders while the preferred stock is 
outstanding is a restriction or other limitation within the meaning 
of paragraph (e)(5) of this section. Therefore, the restriction is 
disregarded for purposes of determining the amount of FC1's 
allocable earnings and profits distributed in the hypothetical 
distribution to a class of stock. Under paragraph (e)(4)(i) of this 
section, no amount of allocable earnings and profits is distributed 
in the hypothetical distribution to the preferred shareholders on 
the hypothetical distribution date as a result of FC1's right to 
redeem the preferred shares. This is the case regardless of the 
restriction on paying dividends to the common shareholders while the 
preferred stock is outstanding, and regardless of the fact that a 
redemption of FC2's preferred shares would be treated as a 
distribution to which section 301 applies under section 302(d) (due 
to FC2's constructive ownership of the common shares). Thus, neither 
the restriction on paying dividends to the common shareholders while 
the preferred stock is outstanding nor FC1's redemption rights with 
respect to the preferred shares affects the distribution of 
allocable earnings and profits in the hypothetical distribution to 
FC1's shareholders. However, the distribution rights of the 
preferred shares are not a restriction or other limitation within 
the meaning of paragraph (e)(5) of this section. As a result, the 
amount of FC1's allocable earnings and profits distributed in the 
hypothetical distribution with respect to FC2's preferred shares is 
$20x (0.04 x $50x x 10) and with respect to USP1's common shares is 
$80x ($100x-$20x). Accordingly, under paragraph (e)(1) of this 
section, USP1's pro rata share of FC1's subpart F income is $80x for 
Year 1.
    (vi) Example 5: Shareholder owns common and preferred stock--(A) 
Facts. FC1 has outstanding 40 shares of common stock and 60 shares 
of 6% nonparticipating, nonvoting preferred stock with a par value 
of $100x per share. USP1 owns 30 shares of the common stock and 15 
shares of the preferred stock during Year 1. The remaining 10 shares 
of common stock and 45 shares of preferred stock of FC1 are owned by 
Individual A. For Year 1, FC1 has $1,000x of earnings and profits 
and $500x of subpart F income within the meaning of section 952.
    (B) Analysis. The right of the holder of the preferred stock to 
receive 6% of par value is not a restriction or other limitation 
within the meaning of paragraph (e)(5) of this section. The amount 
of FC1's allocable earnings and profits distributed in the 
hypothetical distribution with respect to FC1's preferred shares is 
$360x (0.06 x $100x x 60) and with respect to its common shares is 
$640x ($1,000x-$360x). As a result, the amount of FC1's allocable 
earnings and profits distributed in the hypothetical distribution to 
USP1 is $570x, the sum of $90x ($360x x 15/60) with respect to its 
preferred shares and $480x ($640x x 30/40) with respect to its 
common shares. Accordingly, under paragraph (e)(1) of this section, 
USP1's pro rata share of the subpart F income of FC1 is $285x ($500x 
x $570x/$1,000x).
    (vii) Example 6: Subpart F income and tested income--(A) Facts. 
FC1 has outstanding 700 shares of common stock and 300 shares of 4% 
nonparticipating, voting preferred stock with a par value of $100x 
per share. USP1 owns all of the common shares. USP2 owns all of the 
preferred shares. For Year 1, FC1 has $10,000x of earnings and 
profits, $2,000x of subpart F income within the meaning of section 
952, and $9,000x of tested income within the meaning of section 
951A(c)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(1).

[[Page 29341]]

    (B) Analysis--(1) Hypothetical distribution. The allocable 
earnings and profits of FC1 determined under paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of 
this section are $11,000x, the greater of FC1's earnings and profits 
as determined under section 964 ($10,000x) or the sum of FC1's 
subpart F income and tested income ($2,000x + $9,000x). The amount 
of FC1's allocable earnings and profits distributed in the 
hypothetical distribution with respect to USP2's preferred shares is 
$1,200x (0.04 x $100x x 300) and with respect to USP1's common 
shares is $9,800x ($11,000x-$1,200x).
    (2) Pro rata share of subpart F income. Accordingly, under 
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, USP1's pro rata share of FC1's 
subpart F income is $1,782x ($2,000x x $9,800x/$11,000x), and USP2's 
pro rata share of FC1's subpart F income is $218x ($2,000x x 
$1,200x/$11,000x).
    (3) Pro rata share of tested income. Accordingly, under Sec.  
1.951A-1(d)(2), USP1's pro rata share of FC1's tested income is 
$8,018x ($9,000x x $9,800x/$11,000x), and USP2's pro rata share of 
FC1's tested income is $982x ($9,000x x $1,200x/$11,000x) for Year 
1.
    (viii) Example 7: Subpart F income and tested loss--(A) Facts. 
The facts are the same as in paragraph (e)(7)(vii)(A) of this 
section (the facts in Example 6), except that for Year 1, FC1 has 
$8,000x of earnings and profits, $10,000x of subpart F income within 
the meaning of section 952 (but without regard to the limitation in 
section 952(c)(1)(A)), and $2,000x of tested loss within the meaning 
of section 951A(c)(2)(B)(i) and Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(2). Under section 
951A(c)(2)(B)(ii) and Sec.  1.951A-6(b), the earnings and profits of 
FC1 are increased for purposes of section 952(c)(1)(A) by the amount 
of FC1's tested loss. Accordingly, after the application of section 
951A(c)(2)(B)(ii) and Sec.  1.951A-6(b), the subpart F income of FC1 
is $10,000x.
    (B) Analysis--(1) Pro rata share of subpart F income. The 
allocable earnings and profits determined under paragraph (e)(1)(ii) 
of this section are $10,000x, the greater of the earnings and 
profits of FC1 determined under section 964 ($8,000x) or the sum of 
FC1's subpart F income and tested income ($10,000x + $0). The amount 
of FC1's allocable earnings and profits distributed in the 
hypothetical distribution with respect to USP2's preferred shares is 
$1,200x (.04 x $100x x 300) and with respect to USP1's common shares 
is $8,800x ($10,000x-$1,200x). Accordingly, under paragraph (e)(1) 
of this section, for Year 1, USP1's pro rata share of FC1's subpart 
F income is $8,800x and USP2's pro rata share of FC1's subpart F 
income is $1,200x.
    (2) Pro rata share of tested loss. The allocable earnings and 
profits determined under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(4)(i)(B) are $2,000x, the 
amount of FC1's tested loss. Under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(4)(i)(C), the 
entire $2,000x of tested loss is allocated in the hypothetical 
distribution to USP1's common shares. Accordingly, USP1's pro rata 
share of the tested loss is $2,000x.

* * * * *
    (g) * * *
    (1) In general. For purposes of sections 951 through 964, the term 
United States shareholder means, with respect to a foreign corporation, 
a United States person (as defined in section 957(c)) who owns within 
the meaning of section 958(a), or is considered as owning by applying 
the rules of ownership of section 958(b), 10 percent or more of the 
total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of 
such foreign corporation, or 10 percent or more of the total value of 
shares of all classes of stock of such foreign corporation.
* * * * *
    (h) Special rule for partnership blocker structures--(1) In 
general. For purposes of sections 951 through 964, other than for 
purposes of 951A, a controlled domestic partnership is treated as a 
foreign partnership in determining the stock of a controlled foreign 
corporation owned (within the meaning of section 958(a)) by a United 
States person if the following conditions are satisfied--
    (i) Without regard to paragraph (h) of this section, the controlled 
domestic partnership owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)) stock 
of a controlled foreign corporation; and
    (ii) If the controlled domestic partnership (and all other 
controlled domestic partnerships in the chain of ownership of the 
controlled foreign corporation) were treated as foreign--
    (A) The controlled foreign corporation would continue to be a 
controlled foreign corporation; and
    (B) At least one United States shareholder of the controlled 
foreign corporation would be treated as owning (within the meaning of 
section 958(a)) stock of the controlled foreign corporation through 
another foreign corporation that is a direct or indirect partner in the 
controlled domestic partnership.
    (2) Definition of a controlled domestic partnership. For purposes 
of paragraph (h)(1) of this section, the term controlled domestic 
partnership means a domestic partnership that is controlled by a United 
States shareholder described in paragraph (h)(1)(ii)(B) of this section 
and persons related to the United States shareholder. For purposes of 
this paragraph (h)(2), control is determined based on all the facts and 
circumstances, except that a partnership will be deemed to be 
controlled by a United States shareholder and related persons in any 
case in which those persons, in the aggregate, own (directly or 
indirectly through one or more partnerships) more than 50 percent of 
the interests in the partnership capital or profits. For purposes of 
this paragraph (h)(2), a related person is, with respect to a United 
States shareholder, a person that is related to the United States 
shareholder within the meaning of section 267(b) or 707(b)(1).

    (3) Example--(i) Facts. USP, a domestic corporation, owns all of 
the stock of CFC1 and CFC2. CFC1 and CFC2 own 60% and 40%, 
respectively, of the interests in the capital and profits of DPS, a 
domestic partnership. DPS owns all of the stock of CFC3. Each of 
CFC1, CFC2, and CFC3 is a controlled foreign corporation. USP, DPS, 
CFC1, CFC2, and CFC3 all use the calendar year as their taxable 
year. For Year 1, CFC3 has $100x of subpart F income and $100x of 
earnings and profits.
    (ii) Analysis. DPS is a controlled domestic partnership within 
the meaning of paragraph (h)(2) of this section because more than 
50% of the interests in its capital or profits are owned by persons 
related to USP within the meaning of section 267(b) (that is, CFC1 
and CFC2), and thus DPS is controlled by USP and related persons. 
The conditions of paragraph (h)(1) of this section are satisfied 
because, without regard to paragraph (h) of this section, DPS is a 
United States shareholder that owns (within the meaning of section 
958(a)) stock of CFC3, a controlled foreign corporation, and if DPS 
were treated as foreign, CFC3 would continue to be a controlled 
foreign corporation, and USP would be treated as owning (within the 
meaning of section 958(a)) stock of CFC3 through CFC1 and CFC2, 
which are both partners in DPS. Thus, under paragraph (h)(1) of this 
section, DPS is treated as a foreign partnership for purposes of 
determining the stock of CFC3 owned (within the meaning of section 
958(a)) by USP. Accordingly, USP's pro rata share of CFC3's subpart 
F income for Year 1 is $100x, and USP includes in its gross income 
$100x under section 951(a)(1)(A). DPS is not a United States 
shareholder of CFC3 for purposes of sections 951 through 964.

    (i) Applicability dates. Paragraphs (a), (b)(1)(ii), (b)(2), 
(e)(1)(ii)(B), and (g)(1) of this section apply to taxable years of 
foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2017, and to taxable 
years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable 
years of foreign corporations end. Except for paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(B) 
of this section, paragraph (e) of this section applies to taxable years 
of United States shareholders ending on or after October 3, 2018. 
Paragraph (h) of this section applies to taxable years of domestic 
partnerships ending on or after May 14, 2010.

0
Par. 6. Sections 1.951A-0 through 1.951A-7 are added to read as 
follows:


Sec.  1.951A-0  Outline of section 951A regulations.

    This section lists the headings for Sec. Sec.  1.951A-1 through 
1.951A-7.

Sec.  1.951A-1 General provisions.

    (a) Overview.
    (1) In general.

[[Page 29342]]

    (2) Scope.
    (b) Inclusion of global intangible low-taxed income.
    (c) Determination of GILTI inclusion amount.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Definition of net CFC tested income.
    (3) Definition of net deemed tangible income return.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Definition of deemed tangible income return.
    (iii) Definition of specified interest expense.
    (4) Determination of GILTI inclusion amount for consolidated 
groups.
    (d) Determination of pro rata share.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Tested income.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Special rule for prior allocation of tested loss.
    (3) Qualified business asset investment.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Special rule for excess hypothetical tangible return.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Determination of pro rata share of hypothetical tangible 
return.
    (C) Definition of hypothetical tangible return.
    (iii) Examples.
    (A) Example 1.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (i) Determination of pro rata share of tested income.
    (ii) Determination of pro rata share of qualified business asset 
investment.
    (B) Example 2.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (i) Determination of pro rata share of tested income.
    (ii) Determination of pro rata share of qualified business asset 
investment.
    (C) Example 3.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (i) Determination of pro rata share of tested income.
    (ii) Determination of pro rata share of qualified business asset 
investment.
    (4) Tested loss.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Special rule in case of accrued but unpaid dividends.
    (iii) Special rule for stock with no liquidation value.
    (iv) Examples.
    (A) Example 1.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (B) Example 2.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (i) Year 1.
    (ii) Year 2.
    (5) Tested interest expense.
    (6) Tested interest income.
    (e) Treatment of domestic partnerships.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Non-application for determination of status as United States 
shareholder and controlled foreign corporation.
    (3) Examples.
    (i) Example 1.
    (A) Facts.
    (B) Analysis.
    (1) CFC and United States shareholder determinations.
    (2) Application of section 951A.
    (ii) Example 2.
    (A) Facts.
    (B) Analysis.
    (1) CFC and United States shareholder determination.
    (2) Application of section 951A.
    (f) Definitions.
    (1) CFC inclusion year.
    (2) Controlled foreign corporation.
    (3) Hypothetical distribution date.
    (4) Section 958(a) stock.
    (5) Tested item.
    (6) United States shareholder.
    (7) U.S. shareholder inclusion year.

Sec.  1.951A-2 Tested income and tested loss.

    (a) Scope.
    (b) Definitions related to tested income and tested loss.
    (1) Tested income and tested income CFC.
    (2) Tested loss and tested loss CFC.
    (c) Rules relating to the determination of tested income and 
tested loss.
    (1) Definition of gross tested income.
    (2) Determination of gross income and allowable deductions.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Deemed payment under section 367(d).
    (3) Allocation of deductions to gross tested income.
    (4) Gross income taken into account in determining subpart F 
income.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Items of gross income included in subpart F income.
    (A) Insurance income.
    (B) Foreign base company income.
    (C) International boycott Income.
    (D) Illegal bribes, kickbacks, or other payments.
    (E) Income earned in certain foreign countries.
    (iii) Coordination rules.
    (A) Coordination with E&P limitation.
    (B) Coordination with E&P recapture.
    (C) Coordination with full inclusion rule and high tax 
exception.
    (iv) Examples.
    (A) Example 1.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (i) Year 1.
    (ii) Year 2.
    (B) Example 2.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (i) FC1.
    (ii) FC2.
    (C) Example 3.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (i) Foreign base company income.
    (ii) Recapture of subpart F income.
    (iii) Gross tested income.
    (5) Allocation of deduction or loss attributable to disqualified 
basis.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Determination of deduction or loss attributable to 
disqualified basis.
    (iii) Definitions.
    (A) Disqualified basis.
    (B) Residual CFC gross income.
    (iv) Examples.
    (A) Example 1: Sale of intangible property during the 
disqualified period.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (B) Example 2: Related party transfer after the disqualified 
period; gain recognition.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (C) Example 3: Related party transfer after the disqualified 
period; loss recognition.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.

Sec.  1.951A-3 Qualified business asset investment.

    (a) Scope.
    (b) Qualified business asset investment.
    (c) Specified tangible property.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Tangible property.
    (d) Dual use property.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Definition of dual use property.
    (3) Dual use ratio.
    (4) Example.
    (i) Facts.
    (ii) Analysis.
    (A) Dual use property.
    (B) Depreciation not capitalized to inventory.
    (C) Depreciation capitalized to inventory.
    (e) Determination of adjusted basis in specified tangible 
property.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Effect of change in law.
    (3) Specified tangible property placed in service before 
enactment of section 951A.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Election to use income and earnings and profits 
depreciation method for property placed in service before the first 
taxable year beginning after December 22, 2017.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Manner of making the election.
    (f) Special rules for short taxable years.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Determination of quarter closes.
    (3) Reduction of qualified business asset investment.
    (4) Example.
    (i) Facts.
    (ii) Analysis.
    (A) Determination of short taxable years and quarters.
    (B) Calculation of qualified business asset investment for the 
first short taxable year.
    (C) Calculation of qualified business asset investment for the 
second short taxable year.
    (g) Partnership property.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Determination of partnership QBAI.
    (3) Determination of partner adjusted basis.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Sole use partnership property.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Definition of sole use partnership property.
    (iii) Dual use partnership property.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Definition of dual use partnership property.
    (4) Determination of proportionate share of the partnership's 
adjusted basis in partnership specified tangible property.
    (i) In general.

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    (ii) Proportionate share ratio.
    (5) Definition of partnership specified tangible property.
    (6) Determination of partnership adjusted basis.
    (7) Determination of partner-specific QBAI basis.
    (8) Examples.
    (i) Facts.
    (ii) Example 1: Sole use partnership property.
    (A) Facts.
    (B) Analysis.
    (1) Sole use partnership property.
    (2) Proportionate share.
    (3) Partner adjusted basis.
    (4) Partnership QBAI.
    (iii) Example 2: Dual use partnership property.
    (A) Facts.
    (1) Asset C.
    (2) Asset D.
    (3) Asset E.
    (B) Analysis.
    (1) Asset C.
    (i) Proportionate share.
    (ii) Dual use ratio.
    (iii) Partner adjusted basis.
    (3) Asset D.
    (i) Proportionate share.
    (ii) Dual use ratio.
    (iii) Partner adjusted basis.
    (4) Asset E.
    (i) Proportionate share.
    (ii) Dual use ratio.
    (iii) Partner adjusted basis.
    (5) Partnership QBAI.
    (iv) Example 3: Sole use partnership specified tangible 
property; section 743(b) adjustments.
    (A) Facts.
    (B) Analysis.
    (v) Example 4: Tested income CFC with distributive share of loss 
from a partnership.
    (A) Facts.
    (B) Analysis.
    (vi) Example 5: Tested income CFC sale of partnership interest 
before CFC inclusion date.
    (A) Facts.
    (B) Analysis.
    (1) FC1.
    (2) FC2.
    (vii) Example 6: Partnership adjusted basis; distribution of 
property in liquidation of partnership interest.
    (A) Facts.
    (B) Analysis.
    (h) Anti-avoidance rules related to certain transfers of 
property.
    (1) Disregard of adjusted basis in specified tangible property 
held temporarily.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Disregard of first quarter close.
    (iii) Safe harbor for certain transfers involving CFCs.
    (iv) Determination of principal purpose and transitory holding.
    (A) Presumption for ownership less than 12 months.
    (B) Presumption for ownership greater than 36 months.
    (v) Determination of holding period.
    (vi) Treatment as single applicable U.S. shareholder.
    (vii) Examples.
    (A) Facts.
    (B) Example 1: Qualification for safe harbor.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (C) Example 2: Transfers between CFCs with different taxable 
year ends.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (D) Example 3: Acquisition from unrelated person.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (E) Example 4: Acquisitions from tested loss CFCs.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (2) Disregard of adjusted basis in property transferred during 
the disqualified period.
    (i) Operative rules.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Application to dual use property.
    (C) Application to partnership specified tangible property.
    (ii) Determination of disqualified basis.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Adjustments to disqualified basis.
    (1) Reduction or elimination of disqualified basis.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Exception for related party transfers.
    (2) Increase to disqualified basis for nonrecognition 
transactions.
    (i) Increase corresponding to adjustments in other property.
    (ii) Exchanged basis property.
    (iii) Increase by reason of section 732(d).
    (3) Election to eliminate disqualified basis.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Manner of making the election with respect to a controlled 
foreign corporation.
    (iii) Manner of making the election with respect to a 
partnership.
    (iv) Conditions of making an election.
    (C) Definitions related to disqualified basis.
    (1) Disqualified period.
    (2) Disqualified transfer.
    (3) Qualified gain amount.
    (4) Related person.
    (5) Transfer.
    (6) Transferor CFC.
    (iii) Examples.
    (A) Example 1: Sale of asset; disqualified period.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (B) Example 2: Sale of asset; no disqualified period.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (C) Example 3: Sale of partnership interest.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (D) Example 4: Distribution of property in liquidation of 
partnership interest.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (E) Example 5: Distribution of property to a partner in basis 
reduction transaction.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.
    (F) Example 6: Dual use property with disqualified basis.
    (1) Facts.
    (2) Analysis.

Sec.  1.951A-4 Tested interest expense and tested interest income.

    (a) Scope.
    (b) Definitions related to specified interest expense.
    (1) Tested interest expense.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Interest expense.
    (iii) Qualified interest expense.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Qualified asset.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Exclusion for related party receivables.
    (3) Look-through rule for subsidiary stock.
    (4) Look-through rule for certain partnership interests.
    (iv) Tested loss QBAI amount.
    (2) Tested interest income.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Interest income.
    (iii) Qualified interest income.
    (A) In general.
    (B) Exclusion for related party interest.
    (c) Examples.
    (1) Example 1: Wholly-owned CFCs.
    (i) Facts.
    (ii) Analysis.
    (A) CFC-level determination; tested interest expense and tested 
interest income.
    (1) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS1.
    (2) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS2.
    (B) United States shareholder-level determination; pro rata 
share and specified interest expense.
    (2) Example 2: Less than wholly-owned CFCs.
    (i) Facts.
    (ii) Analysis.
    (A) CFC-level determination; tested interest expense and tested 
interest income.
    (B) United States shareholder-level determination; pro rata 
share and specified interest expense.
    (3) Example 3: Operating company; qualified interest expense.
    (i) Facts.
    (ii) Analysis.
    (A) CFC-level determination; tested interest expense and tested 
interest income.
    (1) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS1.
    (2) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS2.
    (B) United States shareholder-level determination; pro rata 
share and specified interest expense.
    (4) Example 4: Holding company; qualified interest expense.
    (i) Facts.
    (ii) Analysis.
    (A) CFC-level determination; tested interest expense and tested 
interest income.
    (1) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS1.
    (2) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS2.
    (3) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS3.
    (B) United States shareholder-level determination; pro rata 
share and specified interest expense.
    (5) Example 5: Specified interest expense and tested loss QBAI 
amount.
    (i) Facts.
    (ii) Analysis.
    (A) CFC-level determination; tested interest expense and tested 
interest income.

[[Page 29344]]

    (1) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS1.
    (2) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS2.
    (B) United States shareholder-level determination; pro rata 
share and specified interest expense.

Sec.  1.951A-5 Treatment of GILTI inclusion amounts.

    (a) Scope.
    (b) Treatment as subpart F income for certain purposes.
    (1) In general.
    (2) Allocation of GILTI inclusion amount to tested income CFCs.
    (i) In general.
    (ii) Example.
    (A) Facts.
    (B) Analysis.
    (3) Translation of portion of GILTI inclusion amount allocated 
to tested income CFC.
    (c) Treatment as an amount includible in the gross income of a 
United States person.
    (d) Treatment for purposes of personal holding company rules.

Sec.  1.951A-6 Adjustments related to tested losses.

    (a) Scope.
    (b) Increase of earnings and profits of tested loss CFC for 
purposes of section 952(c)(1)(A).
    (c) [Reserved]

Sec.  1.951A-7 Applicability dates.

Sec.  1.951A-1 General provisions.

    (a) Overview--(1) In general. This section and Sec. Sec.  1.951A-2 
through 1.951A-7 (collectively, the section 951A regulations) provide 
rules to determine a United States shareholder's income inclusion under 
section 951A, describe certain consequences of an income inclusion 
under section 951A with respect to controlled foreign corporations and 
their United States shareholders, and define certain terms for purposes 
of section 951A and the section 951A regulations. This section provides 
general rules for determining a United States shareholder's inclusion 
of global intangible low-taxed income, including a rule relating to the 
application of section 951A and the section 951A regulations to 
domestic partnerships and their partners. Section 1.951A-2 provides 
rules for determining a controlled foreign corporation's tested income 
or tested loss. Section 1.951A-3 provides rules for determining a 
controlled foreign corporation's qualified business asset investment. 
Section 1.951A-4 provides rules for determining a controlled foreign 
corporation's tested interest expense and tested interest income. 
Section 1.951A-5 provides rules relating to the treatment of the 
inclusion of global intangible low-taxed income for certain purposes. 
Section 1.951A-6 provides certain adjustments to earnings and profits 
and basis of a controlled foreign corporation related to a tested loss. 
Section 1.951A-7 provides dates of applicability.
    (2) Scope. Paragraph (b) of this section provides the general rule 
requiring a United States shareholder to include in gross income its 
global intangible low-taxed income for a U.S. shareholder inclusion 
year. Paragraph (c) of this section provides rules for determining the 
amount of a United States shareholder's global intangible low-taxed 
income for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year, including a rule for 
the application of section 951A and the section 951A regulations to 
consolidated groups. Paragraph (d) of this section provides rules for 
determining a United States shareholder's pro rata share of certain 
items for purposes of determining the United States shareholder's 
global intangible low-taxed income. Paragraph (e) of this section 
provides rules for the treatment of a domestic partnership and its 
partners for purposes of section 951A and the section 951A regulations. 
Paragraph (f) of this section provides additional definitions for 
purposes of this section and the section 951A regulations.
    (b) Inclusion of global intangible low-taxed income. Each person 
who is a United States shareholder of any controlled foreign 
corporation and owns section 958(a) stock of any such controlled 
foreign corporation includes in gross income in the U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year the shareholder's GILTI inclusion amount, if any, for 
the U.S. shareholder inclusion year.
    (c) Determination of GILTI inclusion amount--(1) In general. Except 
as provided in paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the term GILTI 
inclusion amount means, with respect to a United States shareholder and 
a U.S. shareholder inclusion year, the excess (if any) of--
    (i) The shareholder's net CFC tested income (as defined in 
paragraph (c)(2) of this section) for the year, over
    (ii) The shareholder's net deemed tangible income return (as 
defined in paragraph (c)(3) of this section) for the year.
    (2) Definition of net CFC tested income. The term net CFC tested 
income means, with respect to a United States shareholder and a U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year, the excess (if any) of--
    (i) The aggregate of the shareholder's pro rata share of the tested 
income of each tested income CFC (as defined in Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(1)) 
for a CFC inclusion year that ends with or within the U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year, over
    (ii) The aggregate of the shareholder's pro rata share of the 
tested loss of each tested loss CFC (as defined in Sec.  1.951A-
2(b)(2)) for a CFC inclusion year that ends with or within the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year.
    (3) Definition of net deemed tangible income return--(i) In 
general. The term net deemed tangible income return means, with respect 
to a United States shareholder and a U.S. shareholder inclusion year, 
the excess (if any) of--
    (A) The shareholder's deemed tangible income return (as defined in 
paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section) for the U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year, over
    (B) The shareholder's specified interest expense (as defined in 
paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this section) for the U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year.
    (ii) Definition of deemed tangible income return. The term deemed 
tangible income return means, with respect to a United States 
shareholder and a U.S. shareholder inclusion year, 10 percent of the 
aggregate of the shareholder's pro rata share of the qualified business 
asset investment (as defined in Sec.  1.951A-3(b)) of each tested 
income CFC for a CFC inclusion year that ends with or within the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year.
    (iii) Definition of specified interest expense. The term specified 
interest expense means, with respect to a United States shareholder and 
a U.S. shareholder inclusion year, the excess (if any) of--
    (A) The aggregate of the shareholder's pro rata share of the tested 
interest expense (as defined in Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)) of each 
controlled foreign corporation for a CFC inclusion year that ends with 
or within the U.S. shareholder inclusion year, over
    (B) The aggregate of the shareholder's pro rata share of the tested 
interest income (as defined in Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(2)) of each controlled 
foreign corporation for a CFC inclusion year that ends with or within 
the U.S. shareholder inclusion year.
    (4) Determination of GILTI inclusion amount for consolidated 
groups. For purposes of section 951A and the section 951A regulations, 
a member of a consolidated group (as defined in Sec.  1.1502-1(h)) 
determines its GILTI inclusion amount taking into account the rules 
provided in Sec.  1.1502-51.
    (d) Determination of pro rata share--(1) In general. For purposes 
of paragraph (c) of this section, each United States shareholder that 
owns section 958(a) stock of a controlled foreign corporation as of a 
hypothetical distribution date determines its pro rata share (if any) 
of each tested item of the controlled foreign corporation for the CFC 
inclusion year that includes the

[[Page 29345]]

hypothetical distribution date and ends with or within the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year. Except as otherwise provided in this 
paragraph (d), a United States shareholder's pro rata share of each 
tested item is determined independently of its pro rata share of each 
other tested item. In no case may the sum of the pro rata share of any 
tested item of a controlled foreign corporation for a CFC inclusion 
year allocated to stock under this paragraph (d) exceed the amount of 
such tested item of the controlled foreign corporation for the CFC 
inclusion year. Except as modified in this paragraph (d), a United 
States shareholder's pro rata share of any tested item is determined 
under the rules of section 951(a)(2) and Sec.  1.951-1(b) and (e) in 
the same manner as those provisions apply to subpart F income. Under 
section 951(a)(2) and Sec.  1.951-1(b) and (e), as modified by this 
paragraph (d), a United States shareholder's pro rata share of any 
tested item for a U.S. shareholder inclusion year is determined with 
respect to the section 958(a) stock of the controlled foreign 
corporation owned by the United States shareholder on a hypothetical 
distribution date with respect to a CFC inclusion year that ends with 
or within the U.S. shareholder inclusion year. A United States 
shareholder's pro rata share of any tested item is translated into 
United States dollars using the average exchange rate for the CFC 
inclusion year of the controlled foreign corporation. Paragraphs (d)(2) 
through (5) of this section provide rules for determining a United 
States shareholder's pro rata share of each tested item of a controlled 
foreign corporation.
    (2) Tested income--(i) In general. Except as provided in paragraph 
(d)(2)(ii) of this section, a United States shareholder's pro rata 
share of the tested income of each tested income CFC for a U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year is determined under section 951(a)(2) and 
Sec.  1.951-1(b) and (e), substituting ``tested income'' for ``subpart 
F income'' each place it appears, other than in Sec.  1.951-
1(e)(1)(ii)(B) and the denominator of the fraction described in Sec.  
1.951-1(b)(1)(ii)(A).
    (ii) Special rule for prior allocation of tested loss. In any case 
in which tested loss has been allocated to any class of stock in a 
prior CFC inclusion year under paragraph (d)(4)(iii) of this section, 
tested income is first allocated to each such class of stock in the 
order of its liquidation priority to the extent of the excess (if any) 
of the sum of the tested loss allocated to each such class of stock for 
each prior CFC inclusion year under paragraph (d)(4)(iii) of this 
section, over the sum of the tested income allocated to each such class 
of stock for each prior CFC inclusion year under this paragraph 
(d)(2)(ii). Paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section applies for purposes of 
determining a United States shareholder's pro rata share of the 
remainder of the tested income, except that, for purposes of the 
hypothetical distribution of section 951(a)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951-
1(b)(1)(i) and (e)(1)(i), the amount of allocable earnings and profits 
of the tested income CFC is reduced by the amount of tested income 
allocated under the first sentence of this paragraph (d)(2)(ii). For an 
example of the application of this paragraph (d)(2), see paragraph 
(d)(4)(iv)(B) of this section (Example 2).
    (3) Qualified business asset investment--(i) In general. Except as 
provided in paragraphs (d)(3)(ii) of this section, a United States 
shareholder's pro rata share of the qualified business asset investment 
of a tested income CFC for a U.S. shareholder inclusion year bears the 
same ratio to the total qualified business asset investment of the 
tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year as the United States 
shareholder's pro rata share of the tested income of the tested income 
CFC for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year bears to the total tested 
income of the tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year.
    (ii) Special rule for excess hypothetical tangible return--(A) In 
general. If the tested income of a tested income CFC for a CFC 
inclusion year is less than the hypothetical tangible return of the 
tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year, a United States 
shareholder's pro rata share of the qualified business asset investment 
of the tested income CFC for a United States shareholder inclusion year 
bears the same ratio to the qualified business asset investment of the 
tested income CFC as the United States shareholder's pro rata share of 
the hypothetical tangible return of the CFC for the U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year bears to the total hypothetical tangible return of the 
CFC for the CFC inclusion year.
    (B) Determination of pro rata share of hypothetical tangible 
return. For purposes of paragraph (d)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, a 
United States shareholder's pro rata share of the hypothetical tangible 
return of a CFC for a CFC inclusion year is determined in the same 
manner as the United States shareholder's pro rata share of the tested 
income of the CFC for the CFC inclusion year under paragraph (d)(2) of 
this section by treating the amount of the hypothetical tangible return 
as the amount of tested income.
    (C) Definition of hypothetical tangible return. For purposes of 
this paragraph (d)(3)(ii), the term hypothetical tangible return means, 
with respect to a tested income CFC for a CFC inclusion year, 10 
percent of the qualified business asset investment of the tested income 
CFC for the CFC inclusion year.
    (iii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application 
of paragraphs (d)(2) and (3) of this section. See also Sec.  1.951-
1(e)(7)(vii) (Example 6) (illustrating a United States shareholder's 
pro rata share of tested income).

    (A) Example 1--(1) Facts. FS, a controlled foreign corporation, 
has outstanding 70 shares of common stock and 30 shares of 4% 
nonparticipating, cumulative preferred stock with a par value of 
$10x per share. P Corp, a domestic corporation and a United States 
shareholder of FS, owns all of the common shares. Individual A, a 
United States citizen and a United States shareholder, owns all of 
the preferred shares. Individual A, FS, and P Corp use the calendar 
year as their taxable year. Individual A and P Corp are shareholders 
of FS for all of Year 4. At the beginning of Year 4, FS had no 
dividend arrearages with respect to its preferred stock. For Year 4, 
FS has $100x of earnings and profits, $120x of tested income, and no 
subpart F income within the meaning of section 952. FS also has 
$750x of qualified business asset investment for Year 4.
    (2) Analysis--(i) Determination of pro rata share of tested 
income. For purposes of determining P Corp's pro rata share of FS's 
tested income under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, the amount of 
FS's allocable earnings and profits for purposes of the hypothetical 
distribution described in Sec.  1.951-1(e)(1)(i) is $120x, the 
greater of its earnings and profits as determined under section 964 
($100x) and the sum of its subpart F income and tested income ($0 + 
$120x). Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section and Sec.  1.951-
1(e)(3), the amount of FS's allocable earnings and profits 
distributed in the hypothetical distribution with respect to 
Individual A's preferred shares is $12x (0.04 x $10x x 30) and the 
amount distributed with respect to P Corp's common shares is $108x 
($120x - $12x). Accordingly, under paragraph (d)(2) of this section 
and Sec.  1.951-1(e)(1), Individual A's pro rata share of FS's 
tested income is $12x, and P Corp's pro rata share of FS's tested 
income is $108x for Year 4.
    (ii) Determination of pro rata share of qualified business asset 
investment. The special rule of paragraph (d)(3)(ii)(A) of this 
section does not apply because FS's tested income of $120x is not 
less than FS's hypothetical tangible return of $75x, which is 10% of 
FS's qualified business asset investment of $750x. Accordingly, 
under the general rule of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section, 
Individual A's and P Corp's respective pro rata shares of FS's 
qualified business asset investment bears the same ratio to FS's 
total qualified business asset investment as their respective pro 
rata shares of FS's tested income bears to FS's total tested income. 
Thus, Individual A's pro rata

[[Page 29346]]

share of FS's qualified business asset investment is $75x ($750x x 
$12x/$120x), and P Corp's pro rata share of FS's qualified business 
asset investment is $675x ($750x x $108x/$120x).
    (B) Example 2--(1) Facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(d)(3)(iv)(A)(1) of this section (the facts in Example 1 of this 
section), except that FS has $1,500x of qualified business asset 
investment for Year 4.
    (2) Analysis--(i) Determination of pro rata share of tested 
income. The analysis and the result are the same as in paragraph 
(d)(3)(iv)(A)(2)(i) of this section (paragraph (i) of the analysis 
in Example 1 of this section).
    (ii) Determination of pro rata share of qualified business asset 
investment. The special rule of paragraph (d)(3)(ii)(A) of this 
section applies because FS's tested income of $120x is less than 
FS's hypothetical tangible return of $150x, which is 10% of FS's 
qualified business asset investment of $1,500x. Under paragraph 
(d)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, Individual A's and P Corp's 
respective pro rata shares of FS's qualified business asset 
investment bears the same ratio to FS's qualified business asset 
investment as their respective pro rata shares of the hypothetical 
tangible return of FS bears to the total hypothetical tangible 
return of FS. Under paragraph (d)(3)(ii)(B) of this section, P 
Corp's and Individual A's respective pro rata share of FS's 
hypothetical tangible return is determined under paragraph (d)(2) of 
this section in the same manner as their respective pro rata shares 
of the tested income of FS by treating the hypothetical tangible 
return as the amount of tested income. The amount of FS's allocable 
earnings and profits for purposes of the hypothetical distribution 
described in Sec.  1.951-1(e)(1)(i) is $150x, the greater of its 
earnings and profits as determined under section 964 ($100x) and the 
sum of its subpart F income and hypothetical tangible return ($0 + 
$150x). The amount of FS's allocable earnings and profits 
distributed in the hypothetical distribution is $12x (.04 x $10x x 
30) with respect to Individual A's preferred shares and $138x ($150x 
- $12x) with respect to P Corp's common shares. Accordingly, 
Individual A's pro rata share of FS's qualified business asset 
investment is $120x ($1,500x x $12x/$150x), and P Corp's pro rata 
share of FS's qualified business asset investment is $1,380x 
($1,500x x $138x/$150x).
    (C) Example 3--(1) Facts. P Corp, a domestic corporation and a 
United States shareholder, owns 100% of the only class of stock of 
FS, a controlled foreign corporation, from January 1 of Year 1, 
until May 26 of Year 1. On May 26 of Year 1, P Corp sells all of its 
FS stock to R Corp, a domestic corporation that is not related to P 
Corp, and recognizes no gain or loss on the sale. R Corp, a United 
States shareholder of FS, owns 100% of the stock of FS from May 26 
through December 31 of Year 1. For Year 1, FS has $50x of earnings 
and profits, $50x of tested income, and no subpart F income within 
the meaning of section 952. FS also has $1,500x of qualified 
business asset investment for Year 1. On May 1 of Year 1, FS 
distributes a $20x dividend to P Corp. P Corp, R Corp, and FS all 
use the calendar year as their taxable year.
    (2) Analysis--(i) Determination of pro rata share of tested 
income. For purposes of determining R Corp's pro rata share of FS's 
tested income under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, the amount of 
FS's allocable earnings and profits for purposes of the hypothetical 
distribution described in Sec.  1.951-1(e)(1)(i) is $50x, the 
greater of its earnings and profits as determined under section 964 
($50x) or the sum of its subpart F income and tested income ($0 + 
$50x). Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section and Sec.  1.951-
1(e)(1), FS's allocable earnings and profits of $50x are distributed 
in the hypothetical distribution pro rata to each share of stock. R 
Corp's pro rata share of FS's tested income for Year 1 is its pro 
rata share under section 951(a)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(i) 
($50x), reduced under section 951(a)(2)(B) and Sec.  1.951-
1(b)(1)(ii) by $20x, which is the lesser of $20x, the dividend 
received by P Corp during Year 1 with respect to the FS stock 
acquired by R Corp ($20x), multiplied by a fraction, the numerator 
of which is the tested income ($50x) of FS for Year 1 and the 
denominator of which is the sum of the subpart F income ($0) and the 
tested income ($50x) of FS for Year 1 ($20x x $50x/$50x), and $20x, 
which is P Corp's pro rata share (100%) of the amount which bears 
the same ratio to FS's tested income for Year 1 ($50x) as the period 
during which R Corp did not own (within the meaning of section 
958(a)) the FS stock (146 days) bears to the entire taxable year (1 
x $50x x 146/365). Accordingly, R Corp's pro rata share of tested 
income of FS for Year 1 is $30x ($50x - $20x).
    (ii) Determination of pro rata share of qualified business asset 
investment. The special rule of paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this section 
applies because FS's tested income of $50x is less than FS's 
hypothetical tangible return of $150x, which is 10% of FS's 
qualified business asset investment of $1,500x. Under paragraph 
(d)(3)(ii) of this section, R Corp's pro rata share of FS's 
qualified business asset investment is the amount that bears the 
same ratio to FS's qualified business asset investment as R Corp's 
pro rata share of the hypothetical tangible return of FS bears to 
the total hypothetical tangible return of FS. R Corp's pro rata 
share of FS's hypothetical tangible return is its pro rata share 
under section 951(a)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(i) ($150x), 
reduced under section 951(a)(2)(B) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(ii) by 
$20x, which is the lesser of $20x, the dividend received by P Corp 
during Year 1 with respect to the FS stock acquired by R Corp ($20x) 
multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the hypothetical 
tangible return ($150x) of FS for Year 1 and the denominator of 
which is the sum of the subpart F income ($0) and the hypothetical 
tangible return ($150x) of FS for Year 1 ($20x x $150x/$150x), and 
$60x, which is P Corp's pro rata share (100%) of the amount which 
bears the same ratio to FS's hypothetical tangible return for Year 1 
($150x) as the period during which R Corp did not own (within the 
meaning of section 958(a)) the FS stock (146 days) bears to the 
entire taxable year (1 x $150x x 146/365). Accordingly, R Corp's pro 
rata share of the hypothetical tangible return of FS for Year 1 is 
$130x ($150x - $20x), and R Corp's pro rata share of FS's qualified 
business asset investment is $1,300x ($1,500x x $130x/$150x).

    (4) Tested loss--(i) In general. A United States shareholder's pro 
rata share of the tested loss of each tested loss CFC for a U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year is determined under section 951(a)(2) and 
Sec.  1.951-1(b) and (e) with the following modifications--
    (A) ``Tested loss'' is substituted for ``subpart F income'' each 
place it appears;
    (B) For purposes of the hypothetical distribution described in 
section 951(a)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(i) and (e)(1)(i), the 
amount of allocable earnings and profits of a controlled foreign 
corporation for a CFC inclusion year is treated as being equal to the 
tested loss of the tested loss CFC for the CFC inclusion year;
    (C) Except as provided in paragraphs (d)(4)(ii) and (iii) of this 
section, the hypothetical distribution described in section 
951(a)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(i) and (e)(1)(i) is treated as 
made solely with respect to the common stock of the tested loss CFC; 
and
    (D) In lieu of applying section 951(a)(2)(B) and Sec.  1.951-
1(b)(1)(ii), the United States shareholder's pro rata share of the 
tested loss allocated to section 958(a) stock of the tested loss CFC is 
reduced by an amount that bears the same ratio to the amount of the 
tested loss as the part of such year during which such shareholder did 
not own (within the meaning of section 958(a)) such stock bears to the 
entire taxable year.
    (ii) Special rule in case of accrued but unpaid dividends. If a 
tested loss CFC's earnings and profits that have accumulated since the 
issuance of preferred shares are reduced below the amount necessary to 
satisfy any accrued but unpaid dividends with respect to such preferred 
shares, then the amount by which the tested loss reduces the earnings 
and profits below the amount necessary to satisfy the accrued but 
unpaid dividends is allocated in the hypothetical distribution 
described in section 951(a)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(i) and 
(e)(1)(i) to the preferred stock of the tested loss CFC and the 
remainder of the tested loss is allocated in the hypothetical 
distribution to the common stock of the tested loss CFC.
    (iii) Special rule for stock with no liquidation value. If a tested 
loss CFC's common stock has a liquidation value of zero and there is at 
least one other class of equity with a liquidation preference relative 
to the common stock, then the

[[Page 29347]]

tested loss is allocated in the hypothetical distribution described in 
section 951(a)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(i) and (e)(1)(i) to the 
most junior class of equity with a positive liquidation value to the 
extent of such liquidation value. Thereafter, tested loss is allocated 
to the next most junior class of equity to the extent of its 
liquidation value and so on. All determinations of liquidation value 
are to be made as of the beginning of the CFC inclusion year of the 
tested loss CFC.
    (iv) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of 
this paragraph (d)(4). See also Sec.  1.951-1(e)(7)(viii) (Example 7) 
(illustrating a United States shareholder's pro rata share of subpart F 
income and tested loss).

    (A) Example 1--(1) Facts. FS, a controlled foreign corporation, 
has outstanding 70 shares of common stock and 30 shares of 4% 
nonparticipating, cumulative preferred stock with a par value of 
$10x per share. P Corp, a domestic corporation and a United States 
shareholder of FS, owns all of the common shares. Individual A, a 
United States citizen and a United States shareholder, owns all of 
the preferred shares. FS, Individual A, and P Corp all use the 
calendar year as their taxable year. Individual A and P Corp are 
shareholders of FS for all of Year 5. At the beginning of Year 5, FS 
had earnings and profits of $120x, which accumulated after the 
issuance of the preferred stock. At the end of Year 5, the accrued 
but unpaid dividends with respect to the preferred stock are $36x. 
For Year 5, FS has a $100x tested loss, and no other items of 
income, gain, deduction or loss. At the end of Year 5, FS has 
earnings and profits of $20x.
    (2) Analysis. FS is a tested loss CFC for Year 5. Before taking 
into account the tested loss in Year 5, FS had sufficient earnings 
and profits to satisfy the accrued but unpaid dividends of $36x. The 
amount of the reduction in earnings below the amount necessary to 
satisfy the accrued but unpaid dividends attributable to the tested 
loss is $16x ($36x - ($120x - $100x)). Accordingly, under paragraph 
(d)(4)(ii) of this section, $16x of the tested loss is allocated to 
Individual A's preferred stock in the hypothetical distribution 
described in section 951(a)(2)(A) and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(i) and 
(e)(1)(i), and $84x ($100x - $16x) of the tested loss is allocated 
to P Corp's common shares in the hypothetical distribution.
    (B) Example 2--(1) Facts. FS, a controlled foreign corporation, 
has outstanding 100 shares of common stock and 50 shares of 4% 
nonparticipating, cumulative preferred stock with a par value of 
$100x per share. P Corp, a domestic corporation and a United States 
shareholder of FS, owns all of the common shares. Individual A, a 
United States citizen and a United States shareholder, owns all of 
the preferred shares. FS, Individual A, and P Corp all use the 
calendar year as their taxable year. Individual A and P Corp are 
shareholders of FS for all of Year 1 and Year 2. At the beginning of 
Year 1, the common stock has no liquidation value and the preferred 
stock has a liquidation value of $5,000x and no accrued but unpaid 
dividends. In Year 1, FS has a tested loss of $1,000x and no other 
items of income, gain, deduction, or loss. In Year 2, FS has tested 
income of $3,000x and no other items of income, gain, deduction, or 
loss. FS has earnings and profits of $3,000x for Year 2. At the end 
of Year 2, FS has accrued but unpaid dividends of $400x with respect 
to the preferred stock, the sum of $200x for Year 1 (0.04 x $100x x 
50) and $200x for Year 2 (0.04 x $100x x 50).
    (2) Analysis--(i) Year 1. FS is a tested loss CFC in Year 1. The 
common stock of FS has liquidation value of zero, and the preferred 
stock has a liquidation preference relative to the common stock. The 
tested loss ($1,000x) does not exceed the liquidation value of the 
preferred stock ($5,000x). Accordingly, under paragraph (d)(4)(iii) 
of this section, the tested loss is allocated to the preferred stock 
in the hypothetical distribution described in section 951(a)(2)(A) 
and Sec.  1.951-1(b)(1)(i) and (e)(1)(i). Individual A's pro rata 
share of the tested loss is $1,000x, and P Corp's pro rata share of 
the tested loss is $0.
    (ii) Year 2. FS is a tested income CFC in Year 2. Because 
$1,000x of tested loss was allocated to the preferred stock in Year 
1 under paragraph (d)(4)(iii) of this section, the first $1,000x of 
tested income in Year 2 is allocated to the preferred stock under 
paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section. P Corp's and Individual A's 
pro rata shares of the remaining $2,000x of tested income are 
determined under the general rule of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this 
section, except that for purposes of the hypothetical distribution 
the amount of FS's allocable earnings and profits is reduced by the 
tested income allocated under paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section 
to $2,000x ($3,000x - $1,000x). Accordingly, under paragraph 
(d)(2)(i) of this section and Sec.  1.951-1(e), the amount of FS's 
allocable earnings and profits distributed in the hypothetical 
distribution with respect to Individual A's preferred stock is $400x 
($400x of accrued but unpaid dividends) and with respect to P Corp's 
common stock is $1,600x ($2,000x - $400x). Individual A's pro rata 
share of the tested income is $1,400x ($1,000x + $400x), and P 
Corp's pro rata share of the tested income is $1,600x.

    (5) Tested interest expense. A United States shareholder's pro rata 
share of tested interest expense of a controlled foreign corporation 
for a U.S. shareholder inclusion year is equal to the amount by which 
the tested interest expense reduces the shareholder's pro rata share of 
tested income of the controlled foreign corporation for the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year, increases the shareholder's pro rata share 
of tested loss of the controlled foreign corporation for the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year, or both.
    (6) Tested interest income. A United States shareholder's pro rata 
share of tested interest income of a controlled foreign corporation for 
a U.S. shareholder inclusion year is equal to the amount by which the 
tested interest income increases the shareholder's pro rata share of 
tested income of the controlled foreign corporation for the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year, reduces the shareholder's pro rata share of 
tested loss of the controlled foreign corporation for the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year, or both.
    (e) Treatment of domestic partnerships--(1) In general. For 
purposes of section 951A and the section 951A regulations, and for 
purposes of any other provision that applies by reference to section 
951A or the section 951A regulations, a domestic partnership is not 
treated as owning stock of a foreign corporation within the meaning of 
section 958(a). When the preceding sentence applies, a domestic 
partnership is treated in the same manner as a foreign partnership 
under section 958(a)(2) for purposes of determining the persons that 
own stock of the foreign corporation within the meaning of section 
958(a).
    (2) Non-application for determination of status as United States 
shareholder and controlled foreign corporation. Paragraph (e)(1) of 
this section does not apply for purposes of determining whether any 
United States person is a United States shareholder (as defined in 
section 951(b)), whether any United States shareholder is a controlling 
domestic shareholder (as defined in Sec.  1.964-1(c)(5)), or whether 
any foreign corporation is a controlled foreign corporation (as defined 
in section 957(a)).
    (3) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of 
this paragraph (e).

    (i) Example 1--(A) Facts. USP, a domestic corporation, and 
Individual A, a United States citizen unrelated to USP, own 95% and 
5%, respectively, of PRS, a domestic partnership. PRS owns 100% of 
the single class of stock of FC, a foreign corporation.
    (B) Analysis--(1) CFC and United States shareholder 
determinations. Under paragraph (e)(2) of this section, the 
determination of whether PRS, USP, and Individual A (each a United 
States person) are United States shareholders of FC and whether FC 
is a controlled foreign corporation is made without regard to 
paragraph (e)(1) of this section. PRS, a United States person, owns 
100% of the total combined voting power or value of the FC stock 
within the meaning of section 958(a). Accordingly, PRS is a United 
States shareholder under section 951(b), and FC is a controlled 
foreign corporation under section 957(a). USP is a United States 
shareholder of FC because it owns 95% of the total combined voting 
power or value of the FC stock under sections 958(b) and 
318(a)(2)(A). Individual A, however, is not a United States 
shareholder of FC because Individual A owns only 5% of the total 
combined voting power or value of the FC stock under sections 958(b) 
and 318(a)(2)(A).

[[Page 29348]]

    (2) Application of section 951A. Under paragraph (e)(1) of this 
section, for purposes of determining a GILTI inclusion amount under 
section 951A and paragraph (b) of this section, PRS is not treated 
as owning (within the meaning of section 958(a)) the FC stock; 
instead, PRS is treated in the same manner as a foreign partnership 
for purposes of determining the FC stock owned by USP and Individual 
A under section 958(a)(2). Therefore, for purposes of determining 
the GILTI inclusion amount of USP and Individual A, USP is treated 
as owning 95% of the FC stock under section 958(a), and Individual A 
is treated as owning 5% of the FC stock under section 958(a). USP is 
a United States shareholder of FC, and therefore USP determines its 
pro rata share of any tested item of FC based on its ownership of 
section 958(a) stock of FC. However, because Individual A is not a 
United States shareholder of FC, Individual A does not have a pro 
rata share of any tested item of FC.
    (ii) Example 2--(A) Facts. USP, a domestic corporation, and 
Individual A, a United States citizen, own 90% and 10%, 
respectively, of PRS1, a domestic partnership. PRS1 and Individual 
B, a nonresident alien individual, own 90% and 10%, respectively, of 
PRS2, a domestic partnership. PRS2 owns 100% of the single class of 
stock of FC, a foreign corporation. USP, Individual A, and 
Individual B are unrelated to each other.
    (B) Analysis--(1) CFC and United States shareholder 
determination. Under paragraph (e)(2) of this section, the 
determination of whether PRS1, PRS2, USP, and Individual A (each a 
United States person) are United States shareholders of FC and 
whether FC is a controlled foreign corporation is made without 
regard to paragraph (e)(1) of this section. PRS2 owns 100% of the 
total combined voting power or value of the FC stock within the 
meaning of section 958(a). Accordingly, PRS2 is a United States 
shareholder under section 951(b), and FC is a controlled foreign 
corporation under section 957(a). Under sections 958(b) and 
318(a)(2)(A), PRS1 is treated as owning 90% of the FC stock owned by 
PRS2. Accordingly, PRS1 is a United States shareholder under section 
951(b). Further, under section 958(b)(2), PRS1 is treated as owning 
100% of the FC stock for purposes of determining the FC stock 
treated as owned by USP and Individual A under section 318(a)(2)(A). 
Therefore, USP is treated as owning 90% of the FC stock under 
section 958(b) (100% x 100% x 90%), and Individual A is treated as 
owning 10% of the FC stock under section 958(b) (100% x 100% x 10%). 
Accordingly, both USP and Individual A are United States 
shareholders of FC under section 951(b).
    (2) Application of section 951A. Under paragraph (e)(1) of this 
section, for purposes of determining a GILTI inclusion amount under 
section 951A and paragraph (b) of this section, PRS1 and PRS2 are 
not treated as owning (within the meaning of section 958(a)) the FC 
stock; instead, PRS1 and PRS2 are treated in the same manner as 
foreign partnerships for purposes of determining the FC stock owned 
by USP and Individual A under section 958(a)(2). Therefore, for 
purposes of determining the GILTI inclusion of USP and Individual A, 
USP is treated as owning 81% (100% x 90% x 90%) of the FC stock 
under section 958(a), and Individual A is treated as owning 9% (100% 
x 90% x 10%) of the FC stock under section 958(a). Because USP and 
Individual A are both United States shareholders of FC, USP and 
Individual A determine their respective pro rata shares of any 
tested item of FC based on their ownership of section 958(a) stock 
of FC.

    (f) Definitions. This paragraph (f) provides additional definitions 
that apply for purposes of this section and the section 951A 
regulations. Other definitions relevant to the section 951A regulations 
are included in Sec. Sec.  1.951A-2 through 1.951A-4.
    (1) CFC inclusion year. The term CFC inclusion year means any 
taxable year of a foreign corporation beginning after December 31, 
2017, at any time during which the corporation is a controlled foreign 
corporation.
    (2) Controlled foreign corporation. The term controlled foreign 
corporation has the meaning set forth in section 957(a).
    (3) Hypothetical distribution date. The term hypothetical 
distribution date has the meaning set forth in Sec.  1.951-1(e)(1)(i).
    (4) Section 958(a) stock. The term section 958(a) stock means stock 
of a controlled foreign corporation owned (directly or indirectly) by a 
United States shareholder within the meaning of section 958(a), as 
modified by paragraph (e)(1) of this section.
    (5) Tested item. The term tested item means tested income, tested 
loss, qualified business asset investment, tested interest expense, or 
tested interest income.
    (6) United States shareholder. The term United States shareholder 
has the meaning set forth in section 951(b).
    (7) U.S. shareholder inclusion year. The term U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year means any taxable year of a United States shareholder in 
which or with which a CFC inclusion year of a controlled foreign 
corporation ends.


Sec.  1.951A-2  Tested income and tested loss.

    (a) Scope. This section provides rules for determining the tested 
income or tested loss of a controlled foreign corporation for purposes 
of determining a United States shareholder's net CFC tested income 
under Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(2). Paragraph (b) of this section provides 
definitions related to tested income and tested loss. Paragraph (c) of 
this section provides rules for determining the gross tested income of 
a controlled foreign corporation and the deductions that are properly 
allocable to gross tested income.
    (b) Definitions related to tested income and tested loss--(1) 
Tested income and tested income CFC. The term tested income means the 
excess (if any) of a controlled foreign corporation's gross tested 
income for a CFC inclusion year, over the allowable deductions 
(including taxes) properly allocable to the gross tested income for the 
CFC inclusion year (a controlled foreign corporation with tested income 
for a CFC inclusion year, a tested income CFC).
    (2) Tested loss and tested loss CFC. The term tested loss means the 
excess (if any) of a controlled foreign corporation's allowable 
deductions (including taxes) properly allocable to gross tested income 
(or that would be allocable to gross tested income if there were gross 
tested income) for a CFC inclusion year, over the gross tested income 
of the controlled foreign corporation for the CFC inclusion year (a 
controlled foreign corporation without tested income for a CFC 
inclusion year, a tested loss CFC).
    (c) Rules relating to the determination of tested income and tested 
loss--(1) Definition of gross tested income. The term gross tested 
income means the gross income of a controlled foreign corporation for a 
CFC inclusion year determined without regard to--
    (i) Items of income described in section 952(b),
    (ii) Gross income taken into account in determining the subpart F 
income of the corporation,
    (iii) Gross income excluded from the foreign base company income 
(as defined in section 954) or the insurance income (as defined in 
section 953) of the corporation solely by reason of an election made 
under section 954(b)(4) and Sec.  1.954-1(d)(5),
    (iv) Dividends received by the corporation from related persons (as 
defined in section 954(d)(3)), and
    (v) Foreign oil and gas extraction income (as defined in section 
907(c)(1)) of the corporation.
    (2) Determination of gross income and allowable deductions--(i) In 
general. For purposes of determining tested income and tested loss, the 
gross income and allowable deductions of a controlled foreign 
corporation for a CFC inclusion year are determined under the rules of 
Sec.  1.952-2 for determining the subpart F income of the controlled 
foreign corporation, except, for a controlled foreign corporation which 
is engaged in the business of reinsuring or issuing insurance or 
annuity contracts and which, if it were a domestic corporation engaged 
only in such business, would be taxable as an insurance company to 
which subchapter

[[Page 29349]]

L of chapter 1 of the Code applies, substituting ``the rules of 
sections 953 and 954(i)'' for ``the principles of Sec. Sec.  1.953-4 
and 1.953-5'' in Sec.  1.952-2(b)(2).
    (ii) Deemed payment under section 367(d). The allowable deductions 
of a controlled foreign corporation include a deemed payment of the 
controlled foreign corporation under section 367(d)(2)(A).
    (3) Allocation of deductions to gross tested income. Except as 
provided in paragraph (c)(5) of this section, any deductions of a 
controlled foreign corporation allowable under paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section are allocated and apportioned to gross tested income under the 
principles of section 954(b)(5) and Sec.  1.954-1(c), by treating gross 
tested income that falls within a single separate category (as defined 
in Sec.  1.904-5(a)) as a single item of gross income, separate and in 
addition to the items set forth in Sec.  1.954-1(c)(1)(iii). Losses in 
other separate categories of income resulting from the application of 
Sec.  1.954-1(c)(1)(i) cannot reduce any separate category of gross 
tested income, and losses in a separate category of gross tested income 
cannot reduce income in a category of subpart F income. In addition, 
deductions of a controlled foreign corporation that are allocated and 
apportioned to gross tested income under this paragraph (c)(3) are not 
taken into account for purposes of determining a qualified deficit as 
defined in section 952(c)(1)(B)(ii).
    (4) Gross income taken into account in determining subpart F 
income--(i) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (c)(4)(iii) of 
this section, gross income of a controlled foreign corporation for a 
CFC inclusion year described in section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section is gross income described in 
paragraphs (c)(4)(ii)(A) through (E) of this section.
    (ii) Items of gross income included in subpart F income--(A) 
Insurance income. Gross income described in this paragraph 
(c)(4)(ii)(A) is any item of gross income included in the insurance 
income (adjusted net insurance income as defined in Sec.  1.954-
1(a)(6)) of the controlled foreign corporation for the CFC inclusion 
year.
    (B) Foreign base company income. Gross income described in this 
paragraph (c)(4)(ii)(B) is any item of gross income included in the 
foreign base company income (adjusted net foreign base company income 
as defined in Sec.  1.954-1(a)(5)) of the controlled foreign 
corporation for the CFC inclusion year.
    (C) International boycott income. Gross income described in this 
paragraph (c)(4)(ii)(C) is the product of the gross income of the 
controlled foreign corporation for the CFC inclusion year that gives 
rise to the income described in section 952(a)(3)(A) multiplied by the 
international boycott factor described in section 952(a)(3)(B).
    (D) Illegal bribes, kickbacks, or other payments. Gross income 
described in this paragraph (c)(4)(ii)(D) is the sum of the amounts of 
the controlled foreign corporation for the CFC inclusion year described 
in section 952(a)(4).
    (E) Income earned in certain foreign countries. Gross income 
described in this paragraph (c)(4)(ii)(E) is income of the controlled 
foreign corporation for the CFC inclusion year described in section 
952(a)(5).
    (iii) Coordination rules--(A) Coordination with E&P limitation. 
Gross income of a controlled foreign corporation for a CFC inclusion 
year described in section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) 
of this section includes any item of gross income that is excluded from 
subpart F income of the controlled foreign corporation for the CFC 
inclusion year, or that is otherwise excluded from the amount included 
under section 951(a)(1)(A) in the gross income of a United States 
shareholder of the controlled foreign corporation for the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year in which or with which the CFC inclusion 
year ends, under section 952(c)(1) and Sec.  1.952-1(c), (d), or (e).
    (B) Coordination with E&P recapture. Gross income of a controlled 
foreign corporation for a CFC inclusion year described in section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section does not 
include any item of gross income that results in the recharacterization 
of earnings and profits as subpart F income of the controlled foreign 
corporation for the CFC inclusion year under section 952(c)(2) and 
Sec.  1.952-1(f)(2).
    (C) Coordination with full inclusion rule and high tax exception. 
Gross income of a controlled foreign corporation for a CFC inclusion 
year described in section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) 
of this section does not include full inclusion foreign base company 
income that is excluded from subpart F income under Sec.  1.954-
1(d)(6). Full inclusion foreign base company income that is excluded 
from subpart F income under Sec.  1.954-1(d)(6) is also not included in 
gross income of a controlled foreign corporation for a CFC inclusion 
year described in section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(III) and paragraph 
(c)(1)(iii) of this section.
    (iv) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of 
this paragraph (c)(4).

    (A) Example 1--(1) Facts. A Corp, a domestic corporation, owns 
100% of the single class of stock of FS, a controlled foreign 
corporation. Both A Corp and FS use the calendar year as their 
taxable year. In Year 1, FS has passive category foreign personal 
holding company income of $100x, a general category loss in foreign 
oil and gas extraction income of $100x, and earnings and profits of 
$0. FS has no other income. In Year 2, FS has general category gross 
income of $100x and earnings and profits of $100x. Without regard to 
section 952(c)(2), in Year 2 FS has no income described in any of 
the categories of income excluded from gross tested income in 
paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (v) of this section. FS has no 
allowable deductions properly allocable to gross tested income for 
Year 2.
    (2) Analysis--(i) Year 1. As a result of the earnings and 
profits limitation of section 952(c)(1)(A), FS has no subpart F 
income in Year 1, and A Corp has no inclusion with respect to FS 
under section 951(a)(1)(A). Under paragraph (c)(4)(ii)(A) of this 
section, gross income described in section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section includes any item of gross 
income excluded from the subpart F income of FS for Year 1 under 
section 952(c)(1)(A) and Sec.  1.952-1(c). Therefore, the $100x 
foreign personal holding company income of FS in Year 1 is excluded 
from gross tested income by reason of section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) 
and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, and FS has no gross tested 
income in Year 1.
    (ii) Year 2. In Year 2, under section 952(c)(2) and Sec.  1.952-
1(f)(2), FS's general category earnings and profits ($100x) in 
excess of its subpart F income ($0) give rise to the 
recharacterization of its passive category recapture account as 
subpart F income. Therefore, FS has passive category subpart F 
income of $100x in Year 2, and A Corp has an inclusion of $100x with 
respect to FS under section 951(a)(1)(A). Under paragraph 
(c)(4)(ii)(B) of this section, gross income described in section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section does 
not include any item of gross income that results in the 
recharacterization of earnings and profits as subpart F income in 
FS's taxable year under section 952(c)(2) and Sec.  1.952-1(f)(2). 
Accordingly, the $100x of general category gross income of FS in 
Year 2 is not excluded from gross tested income by reason of section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, and 
FS has $100x of general category gross tested income in Year 2.
    (B) Example 2--(1) Facts. A Corp, a domestic corporation, owns 
100% of the single class of stock of FC1 and FC2, controlled foreign 
corporations. A Corp, FC1, and FC2 use the calendar year as their 
taxable year. In Year 1, FC1 has gross income of $290x from product 
sales to unrelated persons within its country of incorporation, 
gross interest income of $10x (an amount that is less than 
$1,000,000) that does not qualify for an exception to foreign 
personal holding

[[Page 29350]]

company income, and earnings and profits of $300x. In Year 1, FC2 
has gross income of $45x for performing consulting services within 
its country of incorporation for unrelated persons, gross interest 
income of $150x (an amount that is not less than $1,000,000) that 
does not qualify for an exception to foreign personal holding 
company income, and earnings and profits of $195x.
    (2) Analysis--(i) FC1. In Year 1, by application of the de 
minimis rule of section 954(b)(3)(A) and Sec.  1.954-1(b)(1)(i), the 
$10x of gross interest income earned by FC1 is not treated as 
foreign base company income ($10x of gross foreign base company 
income is less than $15x, the lesser of 5% of $300x, FC's total 
gross income for Year 1, or $1,000,000). Accordingly, FC1 has no 
subpart F income in Year 1, and A Corp has no inclusion with respect 
to FC1 under section 951(a)(1)(A). Under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this 
section, gross income described in section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section is any item of gross income 
included in foreign base company income, and thus gross income 
described in section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) 
of this section does not include any item of gross income excluded 
from foreign base company income under the de minimis rule in 
section 954(b)(3)(A) and Sec.  1.954-1(b)(1)(i). Accordingly, FS's 
$10x of gross interest income in Year 1 is not excluded from gross 
tested income by reason of section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, and FC1 has $300x ($290x of 
gross sales income and $10x of gross interest income) of gross 
tested income in Year 1.
    (ii) FC2. In Year 1, by application of the full inclusion rule 
in section 954(b)(3)(B) and Sec.  1.954-1(b)(1)(ii), the $45x of 
gross income earned by FC2 for performing consulting services within 
its country of incorporation for unrelated persons is treated as 
foreign base company income ($150x of gross foreign base company 
income exceeds $136.5x, which is 70% of $195x, FC2's total gross 
income for Year 1). Therefore, FC2 has $195x of foreign base company 
income in Year 1, including $45x of full inclusion foreign base 
company income as defined in Sec.  1.954-1(b)(2), and A Corp has an 
inclusion of $195x with respect to FC2 under section 951(a)(1)(A). 
Under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, gross income described in 
section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this 
section is any item of gross income included in foreign base company 
income, and thus gross income described in section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section 
includes any item of gross income included as foreign base company 
income under the full inclusion rule in section 954(b)(3)(B) and 
Sec.  1.954-1(b)(1)(ii). Accordingly, FC2's $45x of gross services 
income and its $150x of gross interest income in Year 1 are excluded 
from gross tested income by reason of section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) 
and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, and FC2 has no gross 
tested income in Year 1.
    (C) Example 3--(1) Facts. A Corp, a domestic corporation, owns 
100% of the single class of stock of FS, a controlled foreign 
corporation. A Corp and FS use the calendar year as their taxable 
year. In Year 1, FS has gross income of $1,000x, of which $720x is 
general category foreign base company sales income and $280x is 
general category income from sales within its country of 
incorporation; FS has expenses of $650x (including creditable 
foreign income taxes), of which $500x are allocated and apportioned 
to foreign base company sales income and $150x are allocated and 
apportioned to sales income from sales within FS's country of 
incorporation; and FS has earnings and profits of $350x for Year 1. 
Foreign income tax of $55x is considered imposed on the $220x 
($720x-$500x) of net foreign base company sales income, and $26x is 
considered imposed on the $130x ($280x-$150x) of net income from 
sales within FS's country of operation. The maximum rate of tax in 
section 11 for the taxable year is 21%, and FS elects the high tax 
exception of section 954(b)(4) under Sec.  1.954-1(d)(1) for Year 1 
for its foreign base company sales income. In a prior taxable year, 
FS had losses with respect to income other than foreign base company 
or insurance income that, by reason of the limitation in section 
952(c)(1)(A), reduced the subpart F income of FS (consisting 
entirely of foreign source general category income) by $600x; as of 
the beginning of Year 1, such amount has not been recharacterized as 
subpart F income in a subsequent taxable year under section 
952(c)(2).
    (2) Analysis--(i) Foreign base company income. In Year 1, by 
application of the full inclusion rule in section 954(b)(3)(B) and 
Sec.  1.954-1(b)(1)(ii), the $280x of gross income earned by FS for 
sales within its country of incorporation is treated as foreign base 
company income ($720x of gross foreign base company income exceeds 
$700x, which is 70% of $1,000x, FS's total gross income for the 
taxable year). However, the $220x of foreign base company sales 
income qualifies for the high tax exception of section 954(b)(4) and 
Sec.  1.954-1(d)(1), because the effective rate of tax with respect 
to the net foreign base company sales income ($220x) is 20% ($55x/
($220x + $55x)) which is greater than 18.9% (90% of 21%, the maximum 
rate of tax in section 11 for the taxable year). Because the $220x 
of net foreign base company sales income qualifies for the high tax 
exception of section 954(b)(4) and Sec.  1.954-1(d)(1), the $130x of 
full inclusion foreign base company income is also excluded from 
subpart F income under Sec.  1.954-1(d)(6).
    (ii) Recapture of subpart F income. Under section 952(c)(2) and 
Sec.  1.952-1(f)(2), FS's general category earnings and profits 
($350x) in excess of its subpart F income ($0) give rise to the 
recharacterization of its general category recapture account ($600x) 
as subpart F income to the extent of current year earnings and 
profits. Therefore, FS has general category subpart F income of 
$350x in Year 1, and A Corp has an inclusion of $350x with respect 
to FS under section 951(a)(1)(A).
    (iii) Gross tested income. The $720x of gross foreign base 
company income is excluded from gross tested income under section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(III) and paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section. 
However, the $280x of gross sales income earned from sales within 
FS's country of incorporation is not excluded from gross tested 
income under either section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph 
(c)(1)(ii) of this section or section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(III) and 
paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section. Under paragraph (c)(4)(ii)(B) 
of this section, the $280x of gross sales income earned from sales 
within FS's country of incorporation is not excluded from gross 
tested income under section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph 
(c)(1)(ii) of this section, because gross income described in 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section does not include any item of 
gross income that results in the recharacterization of earnings and 
profits as subpart F income under section 952(c)(2) and Sec.  1.952-
1(f)(2). Further, under paragraph (c)(4)(iii) of this section, the 
$280x of gross sales income earned from sales within FS's country of 
incorporation is not excluded from gross tested income under either 
section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this 
section or section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(III) and paragraph (c)(1)(iii) 
of this section, because gross income described in section 
951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(II) and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section or 
section 951A(c)(2)(A)(i)(III) and paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this 
section does not include full inclusion foreign base company income 
that is excluded from subpart F income under Sec.  1.954-1(d)(6). 
Accordingly, FS has $280x of gross tested income for Year 1.

    (5) Allocation of deduction or loss attributable to disqualified 
basis--(i) In general. A deduction or loss attributable to disqualified 
basis is allocated and apportioned solely to residual CFC gross income, 
and any depreciation, amortization, or cost recovery allowances 
attributable to disqualified basis is not properly allocable to 
property produced or acquired for resale under section 263, 263A, or 
471.
    (ii) Determination of deduction or loss attributable to 
disqualified basis. Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph 
(c)(5)(ii), in the case of a depreciation or amortization deduction 
with respect to property with disqualified basis and adjusted basis 
other than disqualified basis, the deduction or loss is treated as 
attributable to the disqualified basis in the same proportion that the 
disqualified basis bears to the total adjusted basis in the property. 
In the case of a loss from a taxable sale or exchange of property with 
disqualified basis and adjusted basis other than disqualified basis, 
the loss is treated as attributable to disqualified basis to the extent 
thereof.
    (iii) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of 
this paragraph (c)(5).
    (A) Disqualified basis. The term disqualified basis has the meaning 
set forth in Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii).
    (B) Residual CFC gross income. The term residual CFC gross income 
means gross income other than gross tested income, gross income taken 
into

[[Page 29351]]

account in determining subpart F income, or gross income that is 
effectively connected, or treated as effectively connected, with the 
conduct of a trade or business in the United States (as described in 
Sec.  1.882-4(a)(1)).
    (iv) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of 
this paragraph (c)(5).

    (A) Example 1: Sale of intangible property during the 
disqualified period--(1) Facts. USP, a domestic corporation, owns 
all of the stock in CFC1 and CFC2, each a controlled foreign 
corporation. Both USP and CFC2 use the calendar year as their 
taxable year. CFC1 uses a taxable year ending November 30. On 
November 1, 2018, before the start of its first CFC inclusion year, 
CFC1 sells Asset A to CFC2 in exchange for $100x of cash. Asset A is 
intangible property that is amortizable under section 197. 
Immediately before the sale, the adjusted basis in Asset A is $20x, 
and CFC1 recognizes $80x of gain as a result of the sale ($100x-
$20x). CFC1's gain is not subject to U.S. tax or taken into account 
in determining an inclusion to USP under section 951(a)(1)(A).
    (2) Analysis. The sale by CFC1 is a disqualified transfer 
(within the meaning of Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(C)(2)) because it is 
a transfer of property in which gain was recognized by CFC1, CFC1 
and CFC2 are related persons, and the transfer occurs during the 
disqualified period (within the meaning of Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(C)(1)). The disqualified basis in Asset A is $80x, the 
excess of CFC2's adjusted basis in Asset A immediately after the 
disqualified transfer ($100x), over the sum of CFC1's basis in Asset 
A immediately before the transfer ($20x) and the qualified gain 
amount (as defined in Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(C)(3)) ($0). 
Accordingly, under paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section, any 
deduction or loss of CFC2 attributable to the disqualified basis is 
allocated and apportioned solely to residual CFC gross income of 
CFC2 and, therefore, is not taken into account in determining the 
tested income, tested loss, subpart F income, or effectively 
connected income of CFC2 for any CFC inclusion year.
    (B) Example 2: Related party transfer after the disqualified 
period; gain recognition--(1) Facts. The facts are the same as in 
paragraph (c)(5)(iv)(A)(1) of this section (the facts in Example 1), 
except that, on November 30, 2020, CFC2 sells Asset A to CFC3, a 
controlled foreign corporation wholly-owned by CFC2, in exchange for 
$120x of cash. Immediately before the sale, the adjusted basis in 
Asset A is $90x, $72x of which is disqualified basis. The gain 
recognized by CFC2 on the sale of Asset A is not described in 
paragraphs (c)(1)(i) through (v) of this section.
    (2) Analysis. Paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section does not apply 
to the sale of Asset A from CFC2 to CFC3 because the sale does not 
give rise to a deduction or loss attributable to disqualified basis, 
but instead gives rise to gain. Therefore, CFC2 recognizes $30x 
($120x-$90x) of gain that is included in gross tested income for its 
CFC inclusion year ending November 30, 2019. Under Sec.  1.951A-
3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(1)(ii), because CFC2 sold Asset A to CFC3, a related 
person, and CFC2 did not recognize a deduction or loss on the sale, 
the disqualified basis in Asset A is not reduced or eliminated by 
reason of the sale. Accordingly, under paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this 
section, any deduction or loss of CFC3 attributable to the $72x of 
disqualified basis in Asset A is allocated and apportioned solely to 
residual CFC gross income of CFC3.
    (C) Example 3: Related party transfer after the disqualified 
period; loss recognition--(1) Facts. The facts are the same as in 
paragraph (c)(5)(iv)(B)(1) of this section (the facts in Example 2), 
except that CFC2 sells Asset A to CFC3 in exchange for $70x of cash.
    (2) Analysis. Under paragraph (c)(5)(ii) of this section, the 
$20x loss recognized by CFC2 on the sale is attributable to 
disqualified basis, to the extent thereof, notwithstanding that the 
loss may be deferred under section 267(f). Thus, under paragraph 
(c)(5)(i) of this section, the loss is allocated and apportioned 
solely to residual CFC gross income of CFC2 in the CFC inclusion 
year in which the loss is taken into account pursuant to section 
267(f). Under Sec.  1.951A-3(h)(2)(ii)(B)(1)(ii), the disqualified 
basis in Asset A is reduced by $20x, the loss of CFC2 that is 
attributable to disqualified basis under paragraph (c)(5)(ii) of 
this section. Accordingly, under paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this 
section, any deduction or loss of CFC3 attributable to the remaining 
$52x of disqualified basis in Asset A is allocated and apportioned 
solely to residual CFC gross income of CFC3.

Sec.  1.951A-3  Qualified business asset investment.

    (a) Scope. This section provides rules for determining the 
qualified business asset investment of a controlled foreign corporation 
for purposes of determining a United States shareholder's deemed 
tangible income return under Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(3)(ii). Paragraph (b) of 
this section defines qualified business asset investment. Paragraph (c) 
of this section defines tangible property and specified tangible 
property. Paragraph (d) of this section provides rules for determining 
the portion of tangible property that is specified tangible property 
when the property is used in the production of both gross tested income 
and gross income that is not gross tested income. Paragraph (e) of this 
section provides rules for determining the adjusted basis in specified 
tangible property. Paragraph (f) of this section provides rules for 
determining qualified business asset investment of a tested income CFC 
with a short taxable year. Paragraph (g) of this section provides rules 
for increasing the qualified business asset investment of a tested 
income CFC by reason of property owned by a partnership. Paragraph (h) 
of this section provides anti-avoidance rules that disregard the basis 
in property transferred in certain transactions when determining the 
qualified business asset investment of a tested income CFC.
    (b) Qualified business asset investment. The term qualified 
business asset investment means the average of a tested income CFC's 
aggregate adjusted bases as of the close of each quarter of a CFC 
inclusion year in specified tangible property that is used in a trade 
or business of the tested income CFC and is of a type with respect to 
which a deduction is allowable under section 167. In the case of 
partially depreciable property, only the depreciable portion of the 
property is of a type with respect to which a deduction is allowable 
under section 167. A tested loss CFC has no qualified business asset 
investment.
    (c) Specified tangible property--(1) In general. The term specified 
tangible property means, with respect to a tested income CFC and a CFC 
inclusion year, tangible property of the tested income CFC used in the 
production of gross tested income for the CFC inclusion year. For 
purposes of the preceding sentence, tangible property of a tested 
income CFC is used in the production of gross tested income for a CFC 
inclusion year if some or all of the depreciation or cost recovery 
allowance with respect to the tangible property is either allocated and 
apportioned to the gross tested income of the tested income CFC for the 
CFC inclusion year under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) or capitalized to 
inventory or other property held for sale, some or all of the gross 
income or loss from the sale of which is taken into account in 
determining tested income of the tested income CFC for the CFC 
inclusion year. None of the tangible property of a tested loss CFC is 
specified tangible property.
    (2) Tangible property. The term tangible property means property 
for which the depreciation deduction provided by section 167(a) is 
eligible to be determined under section 168 without regard to section 
168(f)(1), (2), or (5), section 168(k)(2)(A)(i)(II), (IV), or (V), and 
the date placed in service.
    (d) Dual use property--(1) In general. The amount of the adjusted 
basis in dual use property of a tested income CFC for a CFC inclusion 
year that is treated as adjusted basis in specified tangible property 
for the CFC inclusion year is the average of the tested income CFC's 
adjusted basis in the property multiplied by the dual use ratio with 
respect to the property for the CFC inclusion year.
    (2) Definition of dual use property. The term dual use property 
means, with respect to a tested income CFC and a CFC inclusion year, 
specified tangible property of the tested income CFC that is used in 
both the production of gross

[[Page 29352]]

tested income and the production of gross income that is not gross 
tested income for the CFC inclusion year. For purposes of the preceding 
sentence, specified tangible property of a tested income CFC is used in 
the production of gross tested income and the production of gross 
income that is not gross tested income for a CFC inclusion year if less 
than all of the depreciation or cost recovery allowance with respect to 
the property is either allocated and apportioned to the gross tested 
income of the tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year under Sec.  
1.951A-2(c)(3) or capitalized to inventory or other property held for 
sale, the gross income or loss from the sale of which is taken into 
account in determining the tested income of the tested income CFC for 
the CFC inclusion year.
    (3) Dual use ratio. The term dual use ratio means, with respect to 
dual use property, a tested income CFC, and a CFC inclusion year, a 
ratio (expressed as a percentage) calculated as--
    (i) The sum of--
    (A) The depreciation deduction or cost recovery allowance with 
respect to the property that is allocated and apportioned to the gross 
tested income of the tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year under 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3), and
    (B) The depreciation or cost recovery allowance with respect to the 
property that is capitalized to inventory or other property held for 
sale, the gross income or loss from the sale of which is taken into 
account in determining the tested income of the tested income CFC for 
the CFC inclusion year, divided by
    (ii) The sum of--
    (A) The total amount of the tested income CFC's depreciation 
deduction or cost recovery allowance with respect to the property for 
the CFC inclusion year, and
    (B) The total amount of the tested income CFC's depreciation or 
cost recovery allowance with respect to the property capitalized to 
inventory or other property held for sale, the gross income or loss 
from the sale of which is taken into account in determining the income 
or loss of the tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year.

    (4) Example. The following example illustrates the application 
of this paragraph (d).
    (i) Facts. FS is a tested income CFC and a wholesale distributor 
of Product A. FS owns a warehouse and trucks that store and deliver 
Product A, respectively. The warehouse has an average adjusted basis 
for Year 1 of $20,000x. The depreciation with respect to the 
warehouse for Year 1 is $2,000x, which is capitalized to inventory 
of Product A. Of the $2,000x depreciation capitalized to inventory 
of Product A, $500x is capitalized to FS's ending inventory of 
Product A, $1,200x is capitalized to inventory of Product A, the 
gross income or loss from the sale of which is taken into account in 
determining FS's tested income for Year 1, and $300x is capitalized 
to inventory of Product A, the gross income or loss from the sale of 
which is taken into account in determining FS's foreign base company 
sales income for Year 1. The trucks have an average adjusted basis 
for Year 1 of $4,000x. FS does not capitalize depreciation with 
respect to the trucks to inventory or other property held for sale. 
FS's depreciation deduction with respect to the trucks is $20x for 
Year 1, $15x of which is allocated and apportioned to FS's gross 
tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3).
    (ii) Analysis--(A) Dual use property. The warehouse and trucks 
are property for which the depreciation deduction provided by 
section 167(a) is eligible to be determined under section 168 
(without regard to section 168(f)(1), (2), or (5), section 
168(k)(2)(A)(i)(II), (IV), or (V), and the date placed in service). 
Therefore, under paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the warehouse and 
trucks are tangible property. Furthermore, because the warehouse and 
trucks are used in the production of gross tested income in Year 1 
within the meaning of paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the 
warehouse and trucks are specified tangible property. Finally, 
because the warehouse and trucks are used in both the production of 
gross tested income and the production of gross income that is not 
gross tested income in Year 1 within the meaning of paragraph (d)(2) 
of this section, the warehouse and trucks are dual use property. 
Therefore, under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the amount of 
FS's adjusted basis in the warehouse and trucks that is treated as 
adjusted basis in specified tangible property for Year 1 is 
determined by multiplying FS's adjusted basis in the warehouse and 
trucks by FS's dual use ratio with respect to the warehouse and 
trucks determined under paragraph (d)(3) of this section.
    (B) Depreciation not capitalized to inventory. Because none of 
the depreciation with respect to the trucks is capitalized to 
inventory or other property held for sale, FS's dual use ratio with 
respect to the trucks is determined entirely by reference the 
depreciation deduction with respect to the trucks. Therefore, under 
paragraph (d)(3) of this section, FS's dual use ratio with respect 
to the trucks for Year 1 is 75%, which is FS's depreciation 
deduction with respect to the trucks that is allocated and 
apportioned to gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) for 
Year 1 ($15x), divided by the total amount of FS's depreciation 
deduction with respect to the trucks for Year 1 ($20x). Accordingly, 
under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, $3,000x ($4,000x x 0.75) of 
FS's average adjusted bases in the trucks is taken into account 
under paragraph (b) of this section in determining FS's qualified 
business asset investment for Year 1.
    (C) Depreciation capitalized to inventory. Because all of the 
depreciation with respect to the warehouse is capitalized to 
inventory, FS's dual use ratio with respect to the warehouse is 
determined entirely by reference to the depreciation with respect to 
the warehouse that is capitalized to inventory and included in cost 
of goods sold. Therefore, under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, 
FS's dual use ratio with respect to the warehouse for Year 1 is 80%, 
which is FS's depreciation with respect to the warehouse that is 
capitalized to inventory of Product A, the gross income or loss from 
the sale of which is taken into account in determining in FS's 
tested income for Year 1 ($1,200x), divided by FS's depreciation 
with respect to the warehouse that is capitalized to inventory of 
Product A, the gross income or loss from the sale of which is taken 
into account in determining FS's income for Year 1 ($1,500x). 
Accordingly, under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, $16,000x 
($20,000x x 0.8) of FS's average adjusted basis in the warehouse is 
taken into account under paragraph (b) of this section in 
determining FS's qualified business asset investment for Year 1.

    (e) Determination of adjusted basis in specified tangible 
property--(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of 
this section, the adjusted basis in specified tangible property for 
purposes of this section is determined by using the cost capitalization 
methods of accounting used by the controlled foreign corporation for 
purposes of determining the gross income and allowable deductions of 
the controlled foreign corporation under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(2) and the 
alternative depreciation system under section 168(g), and by allocating 
the depreciation deduction with respect to such property for a CFC 
inclusion year ratably to each day during the period in the CFC 
inclusion year to which such depreciation relates. For purposes of the 
preceding sentence, the period in the CFC inclusion year to which such 
depreciation relates is determined without regard to the applicable 
convention under section 168(d).
    (2) Effect of change in law. The adjusted basis in specified 
tangible property is determined without regard to any provision of law 
enacted after December 22, 2017, unless such later enacted law 
specifically and directly amends the definition of qualified business 
asset investment under section 951A.
    (3) Specified tangible property placed in service before enactment 
of section 951A--(i) In general. Except as provided in paragraph 
(e)(3)(ii) of this section, the adjusted basis in specified tangible 
property placed in service before December 22, 2017, is determined 
using the alternative depreciation system under section 168(g), as if 
this system had applied from the date that the property was placed in 
service.
    (ii) Election to use income and earnings and profits depreciation

[[Page 29353]]

method for property placed in service before the first taxable year 
beginning after December 22, 2017--(A) In general. If a controlled 
foreign corporation is not required to use, and does not in fact use, 
the alternative depreciation system under section 168(g) for purposes 
of determining income under Sec.  1.952-2 and earnings and profits 
under Sec.  1.964-1 with respect to property placed in service before 
the first taxable year beginning after December 22, 2017, and the 
controlling domestic shareholders (as defined in Sec.  1.964-1(c)(5)) 
of the controlled foreign corporation make an election described in 
this paragraph (e)(3)(ii), the adjusted basis in specified tangible 
property of the controlled foreign corporation that was placed in 
service before the first taxable year of the controlled foreign 
corporation beginning after December 22, 2017, and the partner adjusted 
basis in partnership specified tangible property of any partnership of 
which the controlled foreign corporation is a partner that was placed 
in service before the first taxable year of the partnership beginning 
after December 22, 2017, is determined for purposes of this section 
based on the method of accounting for depreciation used by the 
controlled foreign corporation for purposes of determining income under 
Sec.  1.952-2, subject to the modification described in this paragraph 
(e)(3)(ii)(A). If the controlled foreign corporation's method of 
accounting for depreciation takes into account salvage value of the 
property, the salvage value is reduced to zero by allocating the 
salvage value ratably to each day of the taxable year immediately after 
the last taxable year in which the method of accounting determined an 
amount of depreciation deduction for the property.
    (B) Manner of making the election. The controlling domestic 
shareholders making the election described in this paragraph (e)(3) 
must file a statement that meets the requirements of Sec.  1.964-
1(c)(3)(ii) with their income tax returns for the taxable year that 
includes the last day of the controlled foreign corporation's 
applicable taxable year and follow the notice requirements of Sec.  
1.964-1(c)(3)(iii). The controlled foreign corporation's applicable 
taxable year is the first CFC inclusion year that begins after December 
31, 2017, and ends within the controlling domestic shareholder's 
taxable year. For purposes of Sec.  301.9100-3 of this chapter 
(addressing requests for extensions of time for filing certain 
regulatory elections), a controlling domestic shareholder is qualified 
to make the election described in this paragraph (e)(3) only if the 
shareholder determined the adjusted basis in specified tangible 
property placed in service before the first taxable year beginning 
after December 22, 2017, by applying the method described in paragraph 
(e)(3)(ii)(A) of this section with respect to the first taxable year of 
the controlled foreign corporation beginning after December 22, 2017, 
and each subsequent taxable year. The election statement must be filed 
in accordance with the rules provided in forms or instructions.
    (f) Special rules for short taxable years--(1) In general. In the 
case of a tested income CFC that has a CFC inclusion year that is less 
than twelve months (a short taxable year), the rules for determining 
the qualified business asset investment of the tested income CFC under 
this section are modified as provided in paragraphs (f)(2) and (3) of 
this section with respect to the CFC inclusion year.
    (2) Determination of quarter closes. For purposes of determining 
quarter closes, in determining the qualified business asset investment 
of a tested income CFC for a short taxable year, the quarters of the 
tested income CFC for purposes of this section are the full quarters 
beginning and ending within the short taxable year (if any), 
determining quarter length as if the tested income CFC did not have a 
short taxable year, plus one or more short quarters (if any).
    (3) Reduction of qualified business asset investment. The qualified 
business asset investment of a tested income CFC for a short taxable 
year is the sum of--
    (i) The sum of the tested income CFC's aggregate adjusted bases in 
specified tangible property as of the close of each full quarter (if 
any) in the CFC inclusion year divided by four, plus
    (ii) The tested income CFC's aggregate adjusted bases in specified 
tangible property as of the close of each short quarter (if any) in the 
CFC inclusion year multiplied by the sum of the number of days in each 
short quarter divided by 365.

    (4) Example. The following example illustrates the application 
of this paragraph (f).
    (i) Facts. USP1, a domestic corporation, owns all of the stock 
of FS, a controlled foreign corporation. USP1 owns FS from the 
beginning of Year 1. On July 15, Year 1, USP1 sells FS to USP2, an 
unrelated person. USP2 makes a section 338(g) election with respect 
to the purchase of FS, as a result of which FS's taxable year is 
treated as ending on July 15. USP1, USP2, and FS all use the 
calendar year as their taxable year. FS's aggregate adjusted bases 
in specified tangible property is $250x as of March 31, $300x as of 
June 30, $275x as of July 15, $500x as of September 30, and $450x as 
of December 31.
    (ii) Analysis--(A) Determination of short taxable years and 
quarters. FS has two short taxable years in Year 1. The first short 
taxable year is from January 1 to July 15, with two full quarters 
(January 1 through March 31 and April 1 through June 30) and one 
short quarter (July 1 through July 15). The second taxable year is 
from July 16 to December 31, with one short quarter (July 16 through 
September 30) and one full quarter (October 1 through December 31).
    (B) Calculation of qualified business asset investment for the 
first short taxable year. Under paragraph (f)(2) of this section, 
for the first short taxable year in Year 1, FS has three quarter 
closes (March 31, June 30, and July 15). Under paragraph (f)(3) of 
this section, the qualified business asset investment of FS for the 
first short taxable year is $148.80x, the sum of $137.50x (($250x + 
$300x)/4) attributable to the two full quarters and $11.30x ($275x x 
15/365) attributable to the short quarter.
    (C) Calculation of qualified business asset investment for the 
second short taxable year. Under paragraph (f)(2) of this section, 
for the second short taxable year in Year 1, FS has two quarter 
closes (September 30 and December 31). Under paragraph (f)(3) of 
this section, the qualified business asset investment of FS for the 
second short taxable year is $217.98x, the sum of $112.50x ($450x/4) 
attributable to the one full quarter and $105.48x ($500x x 77/365) 
attributable to the short quarter.

    (g) Partnership property--(1) In general. If a tested income CFC 
holds an interest in one or more partnerships during a CFC inclusion 
year (including indirectly through one or more partnerships that are 
partners in a lower-tier partnership), the qualified business asset 
investment of the tested income CFC for the CFC inclusion year 
(determined without regard to this paragraph (g)(1)) is increased by 
the sum of the tested income CFC's partnership QBAI with respect to 
each partnership for the CFC inclusion year. A tested loss CFC has no 
partnership QBAI for a CFC inclusion year.
    (2) Determination of partnership QBAI. For purposes of paragraph 
(g)(1) of this section, the term partnership QBAI means, with respect 
to a partnership, a tested income CFC, and a CFC inclusion year, the 
sum of the tested income CFC's partner adjusted basis in each 
partnership specified tangible property of the partnership for each 
partnership taxable year that ends with or within the CFC inclusion 
year. If a partnership taxable year is less than twelve months, the 
principles of paragraph (f) of this section apply in determining a 
tested income CFC's partnership QBAI with respect to the partnership.
    (3) Determination of partner adjusted basis--(i) In general. For 
purposes of

[[Page 29354]]

paragraph (g)(2) of this section, the term partner adjusted basis means 
the amount described in paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section with 
respect to sole use partnership property or paragraph (g)(3)(iii) of 
this section with respect to dual use partnership property. The 
principles of section 706(d) apply to this determination.
    (ii) Sole use partnership property--(A) In general. The amount 
described in this paragraph (g)(3)(ii), with respect to sole use 
partnership property, a partnership taxable year, and a tested income 
CFC, is the sum of the tested income CFC's proportionate share of the 
partnership adjusted basis in the sole use partnership property for the 
partnership taxable year and the tested income CFC's partner-specific 
QBAI basis in the sole use partnership property for the partnership 
taxable year.
    (B) Definition of sole use partnership property. The term sole use 
partnership property means, with respect to a partnership, a 
partnership taxable year, and a tested income CFC, partnership 
specified tangible property of the partnership that is used in the 
production of only gross tested income of the tested income CFC for the 
CFC inclusion year in which or with which the partnership taxable year 
ends. For purposes of the preceding sentence, partnership specified 
tangible property of a partnership is used in the production of only 
gross tested income for a CFC inclusion year if all the tested income 
CFC's distributive share of the partnership's depreciation deduction or 
cost recovery allowance with respect to the property (if any) for the 
partnership taxable year that ends with or within the CFC inclusion 
year is allocated and apportioned to the tested income CFC's gross 
tested income for the CFC inclusion year under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) 
and, if any of the partnership's depreciation or cost recovery 
allowance with respect to the property is capitalized to inventory or 
other property held for sale, all the tested income CFC's distributive 
share of the partnership's gross income or loss from the sale of such 
inventory or other property for the partnership taxable year that ends 
with or within the CFC inclusion year is taken into account in 
determining the tested income of the tested income CFC for the CFC 
inclusion year.
    (iii) Dual use partnership property--(A) In general. The amount 
described in this paragraph (g)(3)(iii), with respect to dual use 
partnership property, a partnership taxable year, and a tested income 
CFC, is the sum of the tested income CFC's proportionate share of the 
partnership adjusted basis in the property for the partnership taxable 
year and the tested income CFC's partner-specific QBAI basis in the 
property for the partnership taxable year, multiplied by the tested 
income CFC's dual use ratio with respect to the property for the 
partnership taxable year determined under the principles of paragraph 
(d)(3) of this section, except that the ratio described in paragraph 
(d)(3) of this section is determined by reference to the tested income 
CFC's distributive share of the amounts described in paragraph (d)(3) 
of this section.
    (B) Definition of dual use partnership property. The term dual use 
partnership property means partnership specified tangible property 
other than sole use partnership property.
    (4) Determination of proportionate share of the partnership's 
adjusted basis in partnership specified tangible property--(i) In 
general. For purposes of paragraph (g)(3) of this section, the tested 
income CFC's proportionate share of the partnership adjusted basis in 
partnership specified tangible property for a partnership taxable year 
is the partnership adjusted basis in the property multiplied by the 
tested income CFC's proportionate share ratio with respect to the 
property for the partnership taxable year. Solely for purposes of 
determining the proportionate share ratio under paragraph (g)(4)(ii) of 
this section, the partnership's calculation of, and a partner's 
distributive share of, any income, loss, depreciation, or cost recovery 
allowance is determined under section 704(b).
    (ii) Proportionate share ratio. The term proportionate share ratio 
means, with respect to a partnership, a partnership taxable year, and a 
tested income CFC, the ratio (expressed as a percentage) calculated 
as--
    (A) The sum of--
    (1) The tested income CFC's distributive share of the partnership's 
depreciation deduction or cost recovery allowance with respect to the 
property for the partnership taxable year, and
    (2) The amount of the partnership's depreciation or cost recovery 
allowance with respect to the property that is capitalized to inventory 
or other property held for sale, the gross income or loss from the sale 
of which is taken into account in determining the tested income CFC's 
distributive share of the partnership's income or loss for the 
partnership taxable year, divided by
    (B) The sum of--
    (1) The total amount of the partnership's depreciation deduction or 
cost recovery allowance with respect to the property for the 
partnership taxable year, and
    (2) The total amount of the partnership's depreciation or cost 
recovery allowance with respect to the property capitalized to 
inventory or other property held for sale, the gross income or loss 
from the sale of which is taken into account in determining the 
partnership's income or loss for the partnership taxable year.
    (5) Definition of partnership specified tangible property. The term 
partnership specified tangible property means, with respect to a tested 
income CFC, tangible property (as defined in paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section) of a partnership that is--
    (i) Used in the trade or business of the partnership,
    (ii) Of a type with respect to which a deduction is allowable under 
section 167, and
    (iii) Used in the production of gross income included in the tested 
income CFC's gross tested income.
    (6) Determination of partnership adjusted basis. For purposes of 
this paragraph (g), the term partnership adjusted basis means, with 
respect to a partnership, partnership specified tangible property, and 
a partnership taxable year, the amount equal to the average of the 
partnership's adjusted basis in the partnership specified tangible 
property as of the close of each quarter in the partnership taxable 
year determined without regard to any adjustments under section 734(b) 
except for adjustments under section 734(b)(1)(B) or section 
734(b)(2)(B) that are attributable to distributions of tangible 
property (as defined in paragraph (c)(2) of this section) and for 
adjustments under section 734(b)(1)(A) or 734(b)(2)(A). The principles 
of paragraphs (e) and (h) of this section apply for purposes of 
determining a partnership's adjusted basis in partnership specified 
tangible property and the proportionate share of the partnership's 
adjusted basis in partnership specified tangible property.
    (7) Determination of partner-specific QBAI basis. For purposes of 
this paragraph (g), the term partner-specific QBAI basis means, with 
respect to a tested income CFC, a partnership, and partnership 
specified tangible property, the amount that is equal to the average of 
the basis adjustment under section 743(b) that is allocated to the 
partnership specified tangible property of the partnership with respect 
to the tested income CFC as of the close of each quarter in the 
partnership taxable year. For this purpose, a negative basis adjustment 
under section 743(b) is expressed as a negative number. The principles 
of paragraphs (e) and (h) of

[[Page 29355]]

this section apply for purposes of determining the partner-specific 
QBAI basis with respect to partnership specified tangible property.
    (8) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of this 
paragraph (g).
    (i) Facts. Except as otherwise stated, the following facts are 
assumed for purposes of the examples:
    (A) FC, FC1, FC2, and FC3 are tested income CFCs.
    (B) PRS is a partnership and its allocations satisfy the 
requirements of section 704.
    (C) All properties are partnership specified tangible property.
    (D) All persons use the calendar year as their taxable year.
    (E) There is neither disqualified basis nor partner-specific QBAI 
basis with respect to any property.

    (ii) Example 1: Sole use partnership property--(A) Facts. FC is 
a partner in PRS. PRS owns two properties, Asset A and Asset B. The 
average of PRS's adjusted basis as of the close of each quarter of 
PRS's taxable year in Asset A is $100x and in Asset B is $500x. In 
Year 1, PRS's section 704(b) depreciation deduction is $10x with 
respect to Asset A and $5x with respect to Asset B, and FC's section 
704(b) distributive share of the depreciation deduction is $8x with 
respect to Asset A and $1x with respect to Asset B. None of the 
depreciation with respect to Asset A or Asset B is capitalized to 
inventory or other property held for sale. FC's entire distributive 
share of the depreciation deduction with respect to Asset A and 
Asset B is allocated and apportioned to FC's gross tested income for 
Year 1 under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3).
    (B) Analysis--(1) Sole use partnership property. Because all of 
FC's distributive share of the depreciation deduction with respect 
to Asset A and B is allocated and apportioned to gross tested income 
for Year 1, Asset A and Asset B are sole use partnership property 
within the meaning of paragraph (g)(3)(ii)(B) of this section. 
Therefore, under paragraph (g)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, FC's 
partner adjusted basis in Asset A and Asset B is equal to the sum of 
FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted basis in 
Asset A and Asset B for Year 1 and FC's partner-specific QBAI basis 
in Asset A and Asset B for Year 1, respectively.
    (2) Proportionate share. Under paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this 
section, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted 
basis in Asset A and Asset B is PRS's partnership adjusted basis in 
Asset A and Asset B for Year 1, multiplied by FC's proportionate 
share ratio with respect to Asset A and Asset B for Year 1, 
respectively. Because none of the depreciation with respect to Asset 
A or Asset B is capitalized to inventory or other property held for 
sale, FC's proportionate share ratio with respect to Asset A and 
Asset B is determined entirely by reference to the depreciation 
deduction with respect to Asset A and Asset B. Therefore, FC's 
proportionate share ratio with respect to Asset A for Year 1 is 80%, 
which is the ratio of FC's section 704(b) distributive share of 
PRS's section 704(b) depreciation deduction with respect to Asset A 
for Year 1 ($8x), divided by the total amount of PRS's section 
704(b) depreciation deduction with respect to Asset A for Year 1 
($10x). FC's proportionate share ratio with respect to Asset B for 
Year 1 is 20%, which is the ratio of FC's section 704(b) 
distributive share of PRS's section 704(b) depreciation deduction 
with respect to Asset B for Year 1 ($1x), divided by the total 
amount of PRS's section 704(b) depreciation deduction with respect 
to Asset B for Year 1 ($5x). Accordingly, under paragraph (g)(4)(i) 
of this section, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership 
adjusted basis in Asset A is $80x ($100x x 0.8), and FC's 
proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted basis in Asset B 
is $100x ($500x x 0.2).
    (3) Partner adjusted basis. Because FC has no partner-specific 
QBAI basis with respect to Asset A and Asset B, FC's partner 
adjusted basis in Asset A and Asset B is determined entirely by 
reference to its proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted 
basis in Asset A and Asset B. Therefore, under paragraph 
(g)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, FC's partner adjusted basis in Asset 
A is $80x, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted 
basis in Asset A, and FC's partner adjusted basis in Asset B is 
$100x, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted basis 
in Asset A.
    (4) Partnership QBAI. Under paragraph (g)(2) of this section, 
FC's partnership QBAI with respect to PRS is $180x, the sum of FC's 
partner adjusted basis in Asset A ($80x) and FC's partner adjusted 
basis in Asset B ($100x). Accordingly, under paragraph (g)(1) of 
this section, FC increases its qualified business asset investment 
for Year 1 by $180x.
    (iii) Example 2: Dual use partnership property--(A) Facts. FC 
owns a 50% interest in PRS. All section 704(b) and tax items are 
identical and are allocated equally between FC and its other 
partner. PRS owns three properties, Asset C, Asset D, and Asset E. 
PRS sells two products, Product A and Product B. All of FC's 
distributive share of the gross income or loss from the sale of 
Product A is taken into account in determining FC's tested income, 
and none of FC's distributive share of the gross income or loss from 
the sale of Product B is taken into account in determining FC's 
tested income.
    (1) Asset C. The average of PRS's adjusted basis as of the close 
of each quarter of PRS's taxable year in Asset C is $100x. In Year 
1, PRS's depreciation is $10x with respect to Asset C, none of which 
is capitalized to inventory or other property held for sale. FC's 
distributive share of the depreciation deduction with respect to 
Asset C is $5x ($10x x 0.5), $3x of which is allocated and 
apportioned to FC's gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3).
    (2) Asset D. The average of PRS's adjusted basis as of the close 
of each quarter of PRS's taxable year in Asset D is $500x. In Year 
1, PRS's depreciation is $50x with respect to Asset D, $10x of which 
is capitalized to inventory of Product A and $40x is capitalized to 
inventory of Product B. None of the $10x depreciation with respect 
to Asset D capitalized to inventory of Product A is capitalized to 
ending inventory. However, of the $40x capitalized to inventory of 
Product B, $10x is capitalized to ending inventory. Therefore, the 
amount of depreciation with respect to Asset D capitalized to 
inventory of Product A that is taken into account in determining 
FC's distributive share of the income or loss of PRS for Year 1 is 
$5x ($10x x 0.5), and the amount of depreciation with respect to 
Asset D capitalized to inventory of Product B that is taken into 
account in determining FC's distributive share of the income or loss 
of PRS for Year 1 is $15x ($30x x 0.5).
    (3) Asset E. The average of PRS's adjusted basis as of the close 
of each quarter of PRS's taxable year in Asset E is $600x. In Year 
1, PRS's depreciation is $60x with respect to Asset E. Of the $60x 
depreciation with respect to Asset E, $20x is allowed as a 
deduction, $24x is capitalized to inventory of Product A, and $16x 
is capitalized to inventory of Product B. FC's distributive share of 
the depreciation deduction with respect to Asset E is $10x ($20x x 
0.5), $8x of which is allocated and apportioned to FC's gross tested 
income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). None of the $24x depreciation 
with respect to Asset E capitalized to inventory of Product A is 
capitalized to ending inventory. However, of the $16x depreciation 
with respect to Asset E capitalized to inventory of Product B, $10x 
is capitalized to ending inventory. Therefore, the amount of 
depreciation with respect to Asset E capitalized to inventory of 
Product A that is taken into account in determining FC's 
distributive share of the income or loss of PRS for Year 1 is $12x 
($24x x 0.5), and the amount of depreciation with respect to Asset E 
capitalized to inventory of Product B that is taken into account in 
determining FC's distributive share of the income or loss of PRS for 
Year 1 is $3x ($6x x 0.5).
    (B) Analysis. Because Asset C, Asset D, and Asset E are not used 
in the production of only gross tested income in Year 1 within the 
meaning of paragraph (g)(3)(ii)(B) of this section, Asset C, Asset 
D, and Asset E are partnership dual use property within the meaning 
of paragraph (g)(3)(iii)(B) of this section. Therefore, under 
paragraph (g)(3)(iii)(A) of this section, FC's partner adjusted 
basis in Asset C, Asset D, and Asset E is the sum of FC's 
proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted basis in Asset C, 
Asset D, and Asset E, respectively, for Year 1, and FC's partner-
specific QBAI basis in Asset C, Asset D, and Asset E, respectively, 
for Year 1, multiplied by FC's dual use ratio with respect to Asset 
C, Asset D, and Asset E, respectively, for Year 1, determined under 
the principles of paragraph (d)(3) of this section, except that the 
ratio described in paragraph (d)(3) of this section is determined by 
reference to FC's distributive share of the amounts described in 
paragraph (d)(3) of this section.
    (1) Asset C--(i) Proportionate share. Under paragraph (g)(4)(i) 
of this section, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership 
adjusted basis in Asset C is PRS's partnership adjusted basis in 
Asset C for Year 1, multiplied by FC's proportionate share ratio 
with respect to Asset C for Year 1. Because

[[Page 29356]]

none of the depreciation with respect to Asset C is capitalized to 
inventory or other property held for sale, FC's proportionate share 
ratio with respect to Asset C is determined entirely by reference to 
the depreciation deduction with respect to Asset C. Therefore, FC's 
proportionate share ratio with respect to Asset C is 50%, which is 
the ratio calculated as the amount of FC's section 704(b) 
distributive share of PRS's section 704(b) depreciation deduction 
with respect to Asset C for Year 1 ($5x), divided by the total 
amount of PRS's section 704(b) depreciation deduction with respect 
to Asset C for Year 1 ($10x). Accordingly, under paragraph (g)(4)(i) 
of this section, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership 
adjusted basis in Asset C is $50x ($100x x 0.5).
    (ii) Dual use ratio. Because none of the depreciation with 
respect to Asset C is capitalized to inventory or other property 
held for sale, FC's dual use ratio with respect to Asset C is 
determined entirely by reference to the depreciation deduction with 
respect to Asset C. Therefore, FC's dual use ratio with respect to 
Asset C is 60%, which is the ratio calculated as the amount of FC's 
distributive share of PRS's depreciation deduction with respect to 
Asset C that is allocated and apportioned to FC's gross tested 
income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) for Year 1 ($3x), divided by the 
total amount of FC's distributive share of PRS's depreciation 
deduction with respect to Asset C for Year 1 ($5x).
    (iii) Partner adjusted basis. Because FC has no partner-specific 
QBAI basis with respect to Asset C, FC's partner adjusted basis in 
Asset C is determined entirely by reference to FC's proportionate 
share of PRS's partnership adjusted basis in Asset C, multiplied by 
FC's dual use ratio with respect to Asset C. Under paragraph 
(g)(3)(iii)(A) of this section, FC's partner adjusted basis in Asset 
C is $30x, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted 
basis in Asset C for Year 1 ($50x), multiplied by FC's dual use 
ratio with respect to Asset C for Year 1 (60%).
    (3) Asset D--(i) Proportionate share. Under paragraph (g)(4)(i) 
of this section, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership 
adjusted basis in Asset D is PRS's partnership adjusted basis in 
Asset D for Year 1, multiplied by FC's proportionate share ratio 
with respect to Asset D for Year 1. Because all of the depreciation 
with respect to Asset D is capitalized to inventory, FC's 
proportionate share ratio with respect to Asset D is determined 
entirely by reference to the depreciation with respect to Asset D 
that is capitalized to inventory and included in cost of goods sold. 
Therefore, FC's proportionate share ratio with respect to Asset D is 
50%, which is the ratio calculated as the amount of PRS's section 
704(b) depreciation with respect to Asset D capitalized to Product A 
and Product B that is taken into account in determining FC's section 
704(b) distributive share of PRS's income or loss for Year 1 ($20x), 
divided by the total amount of PRS's section 704(b) depreciation 
with respect to Asset D capitalized to Product A and Product B that 
is taken into account in determining PRS's section 704(b) income or 
loss for Year 1 ($40x). Accordingly, under paragraph (g)(4)(i) of 
this section, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted 
basis in Asset D is $250x ($500x x 0.5).
    (ii) Dual use ratio. Because all of the depreciation with 
respect to Asset D is capitalized to inventory, FC's dual use ratio 
with respect to Asset D is determined entirely by reference to the 
depreciation with respect to Asset D that is capitalized to 
inventory and included in cost of goods sold. Therefore, FC's dual 
use ratio with respect to Asset D is 25%, which is the ratio 
calculated as the amount of depreciation with respect to Asset D 
capitalized to inventory of Product A and Product B that is taken 
into account in determining FC's tested income for Year 1 ($5x), 
divided by the total amount of depreciation with respect to Asset D 
capitalized to inventory of Product A and Product B that is taken 
into account in determining FC's income or loss for Year 1 ($20x).
    (iii) Partner adjusted basis. Because FC has no partner-specific 
QBAI basis with respect to Asset D, FC's partner adjusted basis in 
Asset D is determined entirely by reference to FC's proportionate 
share of PRS's partnership adjusted basis in Asset D, multiplied by 
FC's dual use ratio with respect to Asset D. Under paragraph 
(g)(3)(iii)(A) of this section, FC's partner adjusted basis in Asset 
D is $62.50x, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted 
basis in Asset D for Year 1 ($250x), multiplied by FC's dual use 
ratio with respect to Asset D for Year 1 (25%).
    (4) Asset E--(i) Proportionate share. Under paragraph (g)(4)(i) 
of this section, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership 
adjusted basis in Asset E is PRS's partnership adjusted basis in 
Asset E for Year 1, multiplied by FC's proportionate share ratio 
with respect to Asset E for Year 1. Because the depreciation with 
respect to Asset E is partly deducted and partly capitalized to 
inventory, FC's proportionate share ratio with respect to Asset E is 
determined by reference to both the depreciation that is deducted 
and the depreciation that is capitalized to inventory and included 
in cost of goods sold. Therefore, FC's proportionate share ratio 
with respect to Asset E is 50%, which is the ratio calculated as the 
sum ($25x) of the amount of FC's section 704(b) distributive share 
of PRS's section 704(b) depreciation deduction with respect to Asset 
E for Year 1 ($10x) and the amount of PRS's section 704(b) 
depreciation with respect to Asset E capitalized to inventory of 
Product A and Product B that is taken into account in determining 
FC's section 704(b) distributive share of PRS's income or loss for 
Year 1 ($15x), divided by the sum ($50x) of the total amount of 
PRS's section 704(b) depreciation deduction with respect to Asset E 
for Year 1 ($20x) and the total amount of PRS's section 704(b) 
depreciation with respect to Asset E capitalized to inventory of 
Product A and Product B that is taken into account in determining 
PRS's section 704(b) income or loss for Year 1 ($30x). Accordingly, 
under paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section, FC's proportionate share 
of PRS's partnership adjusted basis in Asset E is $300x ($600x x 
0.5).
    (ii) Dual use ratio. Because the depreciation with respect to 
Asset E is partly deducted and partly capitalized to inventory, FC's 
dual use ratio with respect to Asset E is determined by reference to 
the depreciation that is deducted and the depreciation that is 
capitalized to inventory and included in cost of goods sold. 
Therefore, FC's dual use ratio with respect to Asset E is 80%, which 
is the ratio calculated as the sum ($20x) of the amount of FC's 
distributive share of PRS's depreciation deduction with respect to 
Asset E that is allocated and apportioned to FC's gross tested 
income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) for Year 1 ($8x) and the amount of 
depreciation with respect to Asset E capitalized to inventory of 
Product A and Product B that is taken into account in determining 
FC's tested income for Year 1 ($12x), divided by the sum ($25x) of 
the total amount of FC's distributive share of PRS's depreciation 
deduction with respect to Asset E for Year 1 ($10x) and the total 
amount of depreciation with respect to Asset E capitalized to 
inventory of Product A and Product B that is taken into account in 
determining FC's income or loss for Year 1 ($15x).
    (iii) Partner adjusted basis. Because FC has no partner-specific 
QBAI basis with respect to Asset E, FC's partner adjusted basis in 
Asset E is determined entirely by reference to FC's proportionate 
share of PRS's partnership adjusted basis in Asset E, multiplied by 
FC's dual use ratio with respect to Asset E. Under paragraph 
(g)(3)(iii)(A) of this section, FC's partner adjusted basis in Asset 
E is $240x, FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted 
basis in Asset E for Year 1 ($300x), multiplied by FC's dual use 
ratio with respect to Asset E for Year 1 (80%).
    (5) Partnership QBAI. Under paragraph (g)(2) of this section, 
FC's partnership QBAI with respect to PRS is $332.50x, the sum of 
FC's partner adjusted basis in Asset C ($30x), FC's partner adjusted 
basis in Asset D ($62.50x), and FC's partner adjusted basis in Asset 
E ($240x). Accordingly, under paragraph (g)(1) of this section, FC 
increases its qualified business asset investment for Year 1 by 
$332.50x.
    (iv) Example 3: Sole use partnership specified tangible 
property; section 743(b) adjustments--(A) Facts. The facts are the 
same as in paragraph (g)(8)(ii)(A) of this section (the facts in 
Example 1), except that there is an average of $40x positive 
adjustment to the adjusted basis in Asset A as of the close of each 
quarter of PRS's taxable year with respect to FC under section 
743(b) and an average of $20x negative adjustment to the adjusted 
basis in Asset B as of the close of each quarter of PRS's taxable 
year with respect to FC under section 743(b).
    (B) Analysis. Under paragraph (g)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, 
FC's partner adjusted basis in Asset A is $120x, which is the sum of 
$80x (FC's proportionate share of PRS's partnership adjusted basis 
in Asset A as illustrated in paragraph (g)(8)(ii)(B)(2) of this 
section (paragraph (B)(2) of the analysis in Example 1)) and $40x 
(FC's partner-specific QBAI basis in Asset A). Under paragraph 
(g)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, FC's partner

[[Page 29357]]

adjusted basis in Asset B is $80x, the sum of $100x (FC's 
proportionate share of the partnership adjusted basis in the 
property as illustrated in paragraph (g)(8)(ii)(B)(2) of this 
section (paragraph (B)(2) of the analysis in Example 1)) and (-$20x) 
(FC's partner-specific QBAI basis in Asset B). Therefore, under 
paragraph (g)(2) of this section, FC's partnership QBAI with respect 
to PRS is $200x ($120x + $80x). Accordingly, under paragraph (g)(1) 
of this section, FC increases its qualified business asset 
investment for Year 1 by $200x.
    (v) Example 4: Tested income CFC with distributive share of loss 
from a partnership--(A) Facts. FC owns a 50% interest in PRS. All 
section 704(b) and tax items are identical and are allocated equally 
between FC and its other partner. PRS owns Asset F. None of the 
depreciation with respect to Asset F is capitalized to inventory or 
other property held for sale. The average of PRS's adjusted basis as 
of the close of each quarter of PRS's taxable year in Asset F is 
$220x. PRS has $20x of gross income, a $22x depreciation deduction 
with respect to Asset F, and no other income or expense in Year 1. 
FC's distributive share of the gross income is $10x, all of which is 
includible in FC's gross tested income in Year 1, and FC's 
distributive share of PRS's depreciation deduction with respect to 
Asset F is $11x in Year 1, all of which is allocated and apportioned 
to FC's gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). FC's 
distributive share of loss from PRS is $1x. FC also has $8x of gross 
tested income from other sources in Year 1 and no other deductions. 
Therefore, FC has tested income of $7x for Year 1.
    (B) Analysis. FC's partner adjusted basis in Asset F is $110x, 
which is the sum of FC's proportionate share of the partnership 
adjusted basis in the property ($220x x 0.5) and FC's partnership-
specific QBAI basis in Asset F ($0). Therefore, FC's partnership 
QBAI with respect to PRS is $110x. Accordingly, under paragraph 
(g)(1) of this section, FC increases its qualified business asset 
investment by $110x, notwithstanding that FC would not be a tested 
income CFC but for its $8x of gross tested income from other 
sources.
    (vi) Example 5: Tested income CFC sale of partnership interest 
before CFC inclusion date--(A) Facts. FC1 owns a 50% interest in PRS 
on January 1 of Year 1. On July 1 of Year 1, FC1 sells its entire 
interest in PRS to FC2. PRS owns Asset G. The average of PRS's 
adjusted basis as of the close of each quarter of PRS's taxable year 
in Asset G is $100x. FC1's section 704(b) distributive share of the 
depreciation deduction with respect to Asset G is 25% with respect 
to PRS's entire year. FC2's section 704(b) distributive share of the 
depreciation deduction with respect to Asset G is also 25% with 
respect to PRS's entire year. Both FC1's and FC2's entire 
distributive shares of the depreciation deduction with respect to 
Asset G are allocated and apportioned under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) to 
FC1's and FC2's gross tested income, respectively, for Year 1. PRS's 
allocations satisfy section 706(d).
    (B) Analysis--(1) FC1. Because FC1 owns an interest in PRS 
during FC1's CFC inclusion year and receives a distributive share of 
partnership items of the partnership under section 706(d), FC1 has 
partnership QBAI with respect to PRS in the amount determined under 
paragraph (g)(2) of this section. Under paragraph (g)(3)(i) of this 
section, FC1's partner adjusted basis in Asset G is $25x, the 
product of $100x (the partnership's adjusted basis in the property) 
and 25% (FC1's section 704(b) distributive share of depreciation 
deduction with respect to Asset G). Therefore, FC1's partnership 
QBAI with respect to PRS is $25x. Accordingly, under paragraph 
(g)(1) of this section, FC1 increases its qualified business asset 
investment by $25x for Year 1.
    (2) FC2. FC2's partner adjusted basis in Asset G is also $25x, 
the product of $100x (the partnership's adjusted basis in the 
property) and 25% (FC2's section 704(b) distributive share of 
depreciation deduction with respect to Asset G). Therefore, FC2's 
partnership QBAI with respect to PRS is $25x. Accordingly, under 
paragraph (g)(1) of this section, FC2 increases its qualified 
business asset investment by $25x for Year 1.
    (vii) Example 6: Partnership adjusted basis; distribution of 
property in liquidation of partnership interest--(A) Facts. FC1, 
FC2, and FC3 are equal partners in PRS, a partnership. FC1 and FC2 
each has an adjusted basis of $100x in its partnership interest. FC3 
has an adjusted basis of $50x in its partnership interest. PRS has a 
section 754 election in effect. PRS owns Asset H with a fair market 
value of $50x and an adjusted basis of $0, Asset I with a fair 
market value of $100x and an adjusted basis of $100x, and Asset J 
with a fair market value of $150x and an adjusted basis of $150x. 
Asset H and Asset J are tangible property, but Asset I is not 
tangible property. PRS distributes Asset I to FC3 in liquidation of 
FC3's interest in PRS. None of FC1, FC2, FC3, or PRS recognizes gain 
on the distribution. Under section 732(b), FC3's adjusted basis in 
Asset I is $50x. PRS's adjusted basis in Asset H is increased by 
$50x to $50x under section 734(b)(1)(B), which is the amount by 
which PRS's adjusted basis in Asset I immediately before the 
distribution exceeds FC3's adjusted basis in Asset I.
    (B) Analysis. Under paragraph (g)(6) of this section, PRS's 
adjusted basis in Asset H is determined without regard to any 
adjustments under section 734(b) except for adjustments under 
section 734(b)(1)(B) or section 734(b)(2)(B) that are attributable 
to distributions of tangible property and for adjustments under 
section 734(b)(1)(A) or 734(b)(2)(A). The adjustment to the adjusted 
basis in Asset H is under section 734(b)(1)(B) and is attributable 
to the distribution of Asset I, which is not tangible property. 
Accordingly, for purposes of applying paragraph (g)(1) of this 
section, PRS's adjusted basis in Asset H is $0.

    (h) Anti-avoidance rules related to certain transfers of property--
(1) Disregard of adjusted basis in specified tangible property held 
temporarily--(i) In general. For purposes of determining a controlled 
foreign corporation's aggregate adjusted bases in specified tangible 
property as of the close of a quarter (tested quarter close), the 
adjusted basis in specified tangible property is disregarded as of the 
tested quarter close if the controlled foreign corporation (acquiring 
CFC) acquires the property temporarily before the tested quarter close 
with a principal purpose of increasing the deemed tangible income 
return of a U.S. shareholder (applicable U.S. shareholder) for a U.S. 
shareholder year, and the holding of the property by the acquiring CFC 
as of the tested quarter close would, without regard to this paragraph 
(h)(1)(i), increase the deemed tangible income return of the applicable 
U.S. shareholder for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year.
    (ii) Disregard of first quarter close. The adjusted basis in 
specified tangible property may be disregarded under paragraph 
(h)(1)(i) of this section for purposes of multiple tested quarter 
closes that follow an acquisition and on which the acquiring CFC holds 
the property. However, if the holding of specified tangible property 
would, without regard to paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section, increase 
the deemed tangible income return of an applicable U.S. shareholder 
because the adjusted basis in such property is taken into account for 
only one additional quarter close of a tested income CFC of the 
applicable U.S. shareholder in determining the deemed tangible income 
return of the applicable U.S. shareholder of the U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year, the adjusted basis in the property is disregarded for 
purposes of determining the acquiring CFC's aggregate adjusted bases in 
specified tangible property only as of the first tested quarter close 
that follows the acquisition.
    (iii) Safe harbor for certain transfers involving CFCs. The holding 
of specified tangible property as of a tested quarter close does not 
increase the deemed tangible income return of an applicable U.S. 
shareholder within the meaning of paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section 
if each of the following conditions is satisfied with respect to the 
acquisition and subsequent transfer of property by the acquiring CFC--
    (A) A controlled foreign corporation (predecessor CFC) holds the 
property on a quarter close of the predecessor CFC (preceding quarter 
close) that occurs on the same date as the last quarter close of the 
acquiring CFC preceding the acquisition.
    (B) A controlled foreign corporation (successor CFC) holds the 
property on a quarter close of the successor CFC (succeeding quarter 
close) that occurs on the same date as the first quarter close of the 
acquiring CFC following the subsequent transfer.

[[Page 29358]]

    (C) The proportion of the stock that the applicable U.S. 
shareholder owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)) of the 
acquiring CFC on the tested quarter close does not exceed the 
proportion of the stock that the applicable U.S. shareholder owns of 
either the predecessor CFC on the preceding quarter close or the 
successor CFC on the succeeding quarter close; and
    (D) Each of the predecessor CFC and the successor CFC is a tested 
income CFC for its CFC inclusion year that includes the date of the 
tested quarter close.
    (iv) Determination of principal purpose and transitory holding--(A) 
Presumption for ownership less than 12 months. For purposes of 
paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section, specified tangible property is 
presumed to be acquired temporarily with a principal purpose of 
increasing the deemed tangible income return of an applicable U.S. 
shareholder for a U.S. shareholder inclusion year if the property is 
held by the acquiring CFC for less than 12 months and the holding of 
the property by the acquiring CFC as of the tested quarter close would 
have the effect of increasing the deemed tangible income return of the 
applicable U.S. shareholder for a U.S. shareholder inclusion year. The 
presumption described in the preceding sentence may be rebutted only if 
the facts and circumstances clearly establish that the subsequent 
transfer of the property by the acquiring CFC was not contemplated when 
the property was acquired by the acquiring CFC and that a principal 
purpose of the acquisition of the property was not to increase the 
deemed tangible income return of the applicable U.S. shareholder for a 
U.S. shareholder inclusion year. In order to rebut the presumption, a 
statement must be attached to the Form 5471 filed by the taxpayer for 
the taxable year of the CFC in which the subsequent transfer occurs and 
include any information required by applicable administrative 
announcements, forms or instructions. The statement must explain the 
facts and circumstances supporting the rebuttal and be in accordance 
with any rules provided in forms and instructions.
    (B) Presumption for ownership greater than 36 months. For purposes 
of paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section, specified tangible property is 
presumed not to be acquired temporarily with a principal purpose of 
increasing the deemed tangible income return of an applicable U.S. 
shareholder for a U.S. shareholder inclusion year if the property is 
held by the acquiring CFC for more than 36 months. The presumption 
described in the preceding sentence may be rebutted only if the facts 
and circumstances clearly establish that the subsequent transfer of the 
property by the acquiring CFC was contemplated when the property was 
acquired by the acquiring CFC and that a principal purpose of the 
acquisition of the property was to increase the deemed tangible income 
return of the applicable U.S. shareholder for a U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year.
    (v) Determination of holding period. For purposes of this paragraph 
(h)(1), the period during which an acquiring CFC holds specified 
tangible property is determined without regard to section 1223.
    (vi) Treatment as single applicable U.S. shareholder. For purposes 
of this paragraph (h)(1), all U.S. persons that are related persons are 
treated as a single applicable U.S. shareholder. For purposes of the 
preceding sentence, U.S. persons are related if they bear a 
relationship described in section 267(b) or 707(b) immediately before 
or immediately after a transaction.
    (vii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application 
of this paragraph (h)(1).
    (A) Facts. Except as otherwise stated, the following facts are 
assumed for purposes of the examples:
    (1) USP is a domestic corporation.
    (2) CFC1, CFC2 and CFC3 are tested income CFCs.
    (3) R is unrelated to USP.
    (4) All persons use the calendar year as their taxable year.
    (5) Asset A is specified tangible property.
    (6) Both Year 1 and Year 2 begin on or after January 1, 2018, and 
have 365 days.
    (7) USP has no specified interest expense (as defined in Sec.  
1.951A-1(c)(3)(iii)).

    (B) Example 1: Qualification for safe harbor--(1) Facts. USP 
owns all of the stock of CFC1, which owns all of the stock of CFC2, 
which owns all the stock of CFC3. As of January 1, Year 1, CFC1 owns 
Asset A, which is specified tangible property. On December 30, Year 
1, CFC1 transfers Asset A to CFC2. On April 10, Year 2, CFC2 
transfers Asset A to CFC3. CFC3 holds Asset A for the rest of Year 
2.
    (2) Analysis. Under the safe harbor of paragraph (h)(1)(iii) of 
this section, CFC2's holding of Asset A as of each of the December 
31, Year 1 tested quarter close and the March 31, Year 2 tested 
quarter close does not increase the deemed tangible income return of 
USP, the applicable United States shareholder, for Year 1 or Year 2 
because each of the requirements in paragraphs (h)(1)(iii)(A) 
through (D) of this section is satisfied. The requirement in 
paragraph (h)(1)(iii)(A) of this section is satisfied because CFC1, 
a predecessor CFC, held Asset A on September 30, Year 1, a quarter 
close of CFC1 that occurs on the same date as the last quarter close 
of CFC2, the acquiring CFC, preceding the December 30, Year 1 
acquisition of Asset A. The requirement in paragraph (h)(1)(iii)(B) 
of this section is satisfied because CFC3, a successor CFC, holds 
Asset A on June 30, Year 2, a quarter close of CFC3 that occurs on 
the same date as the first quarter close of CFC2 following April 10, 
Year 2, the date of the subsequent transfer of Asset A. The 
requirement in paragraph (h)(1)(iii)(C) of this section is satisfied 
because the proportion of stock that USP, the applicable U.S. 
shareholder, owns (within the meaning of section 958(a)) of CFC2, 
the acquiring CFC, on each of the December 31, Year 1 tested quarter 
close and the March 31, Year 2 tested quarter close (100%), does not 
exceed the proportion of the stock that USP owns of either CFC1 
(100%) on the preceding quarter close (September 30, Year 1) or of 
CFC3 (100%) on the succeeding quarter close (June 30, Year 2). 
Finally, the requirement in paragraph (h)(1)(iii)(D) of this section 
is satisfied because each of CFC1 and CFC3 is a tested income CFC 
for Year 1 and Year 2, the CFC inclusion years that include the 
December 31, Year 1 tested quarter close and the March 31, Year 2 
tested quarter close. Accordingly, paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this 
section does not apply to disregard the adjusted basis in Asset A in 
determining CFC2's aggregate adjusted basis in specified tangible 
property as of December 31, Year 1, or March 30, Year 2.
    (C) Example 2: Transfers between CFCs with different taxable 
year ends--(1) Facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(h)(1)(vii)(B)(1) of this section (the facts in Example 1), except 
that CFC1 has a taxable year ending November 30, and the facts and 
circumstances do not clearly establish that the April 10, Year 2 
transfer of Asset A by CFC2 was not contemplated when Asset A was 
acquired by CFC2 and that a principal purpose of the acquisition of 
the property was not to increase the deemed tangible income return 
of USP, the applicable U.S. shareholder.
    (2) Analysis. CFC2's holding of Asset A as of each of the 
December 31, Year 1 tested quarter close and the March 31, Year 2 
tested quarter close does not satisfy the safe harbor under 
paragraph (h)(1)(iii) of this section because CFC1, the predecessor 
CFC, does not hold Asset A on a quarter close of CFC1 that occurs on 
the same date as the September 30, Year 1, quarter close of CFC2, 
the acquiring CFC, which is the last quarter close of CFC2 preceding 
the December 30, Year 1 acquisition of Asset A. In addition, because 
CFC2 held Asset A for less than 12 months (from December 31, Year 1, 
until April 10, Year 2), the presumption in paragraph (h)(1)(iv)(A) 
of this section applies such that CFC2 is presumed to have acquired 
Asset A temporarily with a principal purpose of increasing the 
deemed tangible income return of USP for the shareholder inclusion 
year, and the facts and circumstances do not clearly establish that 
CFC2 did not acquire Asset A with such a principal purpose. Because 
CFC2 holds Asset A as of December

[[Page 29359]]

31, Year 1, the tested quarter close, the adjusted basis in Asset A 
would be, without regard to paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section, 
taken into account for purposes of determining USP's deemed tangible 
income return for its Year 1 taxable year as of five quarter closes 
(CFC1's quarter closes on February 28, May 31, August 31, and 
November 30, and CFC2's quarter close on December 31). If instead 
CFC1 had retained Asset A during the period CFC2 temporarily held 
the asset and had transferred Asset A directly to CFC3 on January 
10, Year 2, the adjusted basis in Asset A would have been taken into 
account for purposes of determining USP's deemed tangible income 
return for its Year 1 taxable year as of only four quarter closes 
(CFC1's quarter closes on February 28, May 30, August 30, and 
November 30). Under paragraph (h)(1)(ii) of this section, because 
the adjusted basis in Asset A would (without regard to paragraph 
(h)(1)(i) of this section) be taken into account for only one 
additional quarter close of a tested income CFC of USP in 
determining USP's deemed tangible income return for Year 1 and Year 
2, the adjusted basis in Asset A is disregarded for purposes of 
determining CFC's aggregate adjusted bases in specified tangible 
property only as of December 31, Year 1, the first tested quarter 
close that follows the acquisition. Accordingly, under paragraph 
(h)(1)(i) of this section, the adjusted basis in Asset A is 
disregarded in determining CFC2's aggregate adjusted basis in 
specified tangible property as of December 31, Year 1.
    (D) Example 3: Acquisition from unrelated person--(1) Facts. USP 
owns all of the stock of CFC1 and CFC2. CFC1 has a taxable year 
ending November 30. On October 30, Year 1, CFC1 acquires Asset B 
from R. On December 30, Year 1, CFC1 transfers Asset B to CFC2. The 
facts and circumstances do not clearly establish that the December 
31, Year 1, transfer of Asset B by CFC1 was not contemplated when 
Asset B was acquired by CFC1 and that a principal purpose of the 
acquisition of the property was not to increase the deemed tangible 
income return of USP, the applicable U.S. shareholder.
    (2) Analysis. CFC1's holding of Asset B as of the November 30, 
Year 1 tested quarter close does not satisfy the safe harbor under 
paragraph (h)(1)(iii) of this section because the requirements in 
paragraphs (h)(1)(iii)(A) through (D) of this section are not 
satisfied. Because CFC1 held Asset B for less than 12 months (from 
October 30, Year 1, until December 30, Year 1), the presumption in 
paragraph (h)(1)(iv)(A) of this section applies such that CFC1 is 
presumed to have held Asset B temporarily with a principal purpose 
of increasing the deemed tangible income return of USP for the 
taxable year, and the facts and circumstances do not clearly 
establish that CFC1 did not acquire Asset B with a principal purpose 
of increasing the deemed tangible income return of USP. Because CFC1 
holds Asset B as of November 30, Year 1, the adjusted basis in Asset 
B would be, without regard to paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section, 
taken into account for purposes of determining USP's deemed tangible 
income return for its Year 1 taxable year as of two quarter closes 
(CFC1's quarter close on November 30, Year 1, and CFC2's quarter 
close on December 31, Year 1). If instead CFC2 had acquired Asset B 
directly from R, the adjusted basis in Asset B would have been taken 
into account for purposes of determining USP's deemed tangible 
income return for its Year 1 taxable year as of only one quarter 
close (CFC2's quarter close on December 31, Year 1). Accordingly, 
under paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section, the adjusted basis in 
Asset B is disregarded in determining CFC1's aggregate adjusted 
basis in specified tangible property as of November 30, Year 1.
    (E) Example 4: Acquisitions from tested loss CFCs--(1) Facts. 
USP owns all of the stock of CFC1 and CFC2. As of January 1, Year 1, 
CFC1 owns Asset C. On March 30, Year 1, CFC1 transfers Asset C to 
CFC2. For Year 1, CFC1 is a tested loss CFC and CFC2 is a tested 
income CFC. On March 30, Year 2, CFC2 transfers Asset C back to 
CFC1. For Year 2, both CFC1 and CFC2 are tested income CFCs. A 
principal purpose of CFC2 holding Asset C as of March 31, Year 1, 
June 30, Year 1, September 30, Year 1, and December 31, Year 1, was 
to increase USP's deemed tangible income return.
    (2) Analysis. CFC2's holding of Asset C as of March 31, Year 1, 
June 30, Year 1, September 30, Year 1, and December 31, Year 1 does 
not satisfy the safe harbor under paragraph (h)(1)(iii) of this 
section because CFC1 is not a tested income CFC for Year 1 and thus 
the requirement in paragraph (h)(1)(iii)(D) of this section is not 
satisfied. Because CFC2 acquired Asset C before, and temporarily 
held as of, March 31, Year 1, June 30, Year 1, September 30, Year 1, 
December 31, Year 1 and the holding of the property by CFC2 as of 
each such tested quarter close would increase the deemed tangible 
income return of USP, under paragraph (h)(1)(i) of this section, the 
adjusted basis in Asset C is disregarded in determining CFC2's 
aggregate adjusted basis in specified tangible property as of each 
of March 31, Year 1, June 30, Year 1, September 30, Year 1, and 
December 31, Year 1.

    (2) Disregard of adjusted basis in property transferred during the 
disqualified period--(i) Operative rules--(A) In general. For purposes 
of determining the qualified business asset investment of a tested 
income CFC for any CFC inclusion year, disqualified basis in property 
is disregarded.
    (B) Application to dual use property. In the case of dual use 
property (as defined in paragraph (d)(2) of this section), paragraph 
(h)(2)(i)(A) of this section applies by reducing the amount of the 
adjusted basis in the property treated as adjusted basis in specified 
tangible property for the CFC inclusion year under paragraph (d)(1) of 
this section by the amount of the disqualified basis in the property. 
For purposes of determining the amount described in paragraph (d)(1) of 
this section, including for purposes of determining whether tangible 
property is dual use property within the meaning of paragraph (d)(2) of 
this section and for purposes of determining the dual use ratio with 
respect to dual use property under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, 
the rules of Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) are not taken into account.
    (C) Application to partnership specified tangible property. In the 
case of partnership specified tangible property (as defined in 
paragraph (g)(5) of this section), paragraph (h)(2)(i)(A) of this 
section applies by reducing a tested income CFC's partner adjusted 
basis with respect to partnership specified tangible property under 
paragraph (g)(3)(i) of this section by the tested income CFC's share of 
the disqualified basis in the partnership specified tangible property. 
A tested income CFC's share of disqualified basis in partnership 
specified tangible property is the sum of the tested income CFC's 
proportionate share of the disqualified basis in the partnership 
specified tangible property determined under the principles of 
paragraph (g)(4) of this section and the tested income CFC's partner-
specific QBAI basis in the property determined under the principles of 
paragraph (g)(7) of this section that is disqualified basis. For 
purposes of determining the amount described in paragraph (g)(3)(i) of 
this section, including for purposes of determining whether partnership 
specified tangible property is sole use partnership property within the 
meaning of paragraph (g)(3)(ii)(B) of this section or dual use 
partnership property within the meaning of paragraph (g)(3)(iii)(B) of 
this section and for purposes of determining the dual use ratio with 
respect to dual use partnership property under the principles of 
paragraph (d)(3) of this section, the rules of Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5) are 
not taken into account.
    (ii) Determination of disqualified basis--(A) In general. Subject 
to the adjustments described in paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(B) of this 
section, the term disqualified basis means, with respect to property 
(other than property described in section 1221(a)(1)), the excess (if 
any) of the property's adjusted basis immediately after a disqualified 
transfer, over the sum of the property's adjusted basis immediately 
before the disqualified transfer and the qualified gain amount with 
respect to the disqualified transfer. For this purpose, the adjusted 
basis in property immediately after a disqualified transfer includes a 
positive adjustment to the adjusted basis in partnership property with 
respect to a partner under section 734(b)(1)(A) or 743(b).
    (B) Adjustments to disqualified basis--(1) Reduction or elimination 
of

[[Page 29360]]

disqualified basis--(i) In general. Except to the extent provided in 
this paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(B)(1), disqualified basis in property is 
reduced or eliminated to the extent that such basis reduces taxable 
income through, for example, depreciation, amortization, and taxable 
sales or exchanges, or is otherwise reduced or eliminated, for example, 
through the application of section 362(e) or 732(a) or (b). In such 
circumstances, in the case of property with disqualified basis and 
adjusted basis other than disqualified basis, disqualified basis in the 
property is reduced or eliminated in the same proportion that the 
disqualified basis bears to the total adjusted basis in the property. 
However, in the case of a loss from a taxable sale or exchange, 
disqualified basis in the property is reduced or eliminated to the 
extent the loss is treated as attributable to disqualified basis under 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5)(ii).
    (ii) Exception for related party transfers. Disqualified basis in 
property is not reduced or eliminated by reason of any transfer of the 
property to a related person, except to the extent any loss recognized 
on the transfer of such property is treated as attributable to the 
disqualified basis under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5)(ii), or the basis is 
reduced or eliminated in a nonrecognition transaction within the 
meaning of section 7701(a)(45), for example, through the application of 
section 362(e) or 732(a) or (b).
    (2) Increase to disqualified basis for nonrecognition 
transactions--(i) Increase corresponding to adjustments in other 
property. If the adjusted basis in property is increased by reason of a 
nonrecognition transaction (as defined in section 7701(a)(45)), for 
example, through the application of section 732(b) or section 
734(b)(1)(B), the disqualified basis in the property is increased by a 
proportionate share of the aggregate reduction to the disqualified 
basis (if any) in one or more other properties by reason of such 
nonrecognition transaction under paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(B)(1) of this 
section.
    (ii) Exchanged basis property. Disqualified basis in exchanged 
basis property (as defined in section 7701(a)(44)) includes the amount 
of the disqualified basis in any property by reference to which the 
adjusted basis in the exchanged basis property was determined, in whole 
or in part, provided that the nonrecognition transaction giving rise to 
such exchanged basis did not also increase the disqualified basis in 
the exchanged basis property under paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(B)(2)(i) of 
this section.
    (iii) Increase by reason of section 732(d). Disqualified basis in 
property is increased by the amount of a positive adjustment to the 
adjusted basis in property under section 732(d) to the extent that, if 
an election provided in section 754 were in effect at the time of the 
acquisition described in section 732(d), the adjusted basis in the 
property immediately after the acquisition would have been disqualified 
basis under paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.
    (3) Election to eliminate disqualified basis--(i) In general. If an 
election made under this paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) with respect to a 
controlled foreign corporation or a partnership is effective, the 
adjusted basis in each property with disqualified basis held by the 
controlled foreign corporation or the partnership is reduced by the 
amount of the disqualified basis and the disqualified basis in each 
property is eliminated. The reduction of the adjusted basis and the 
elimination of the disqualified basis described in the preceding 
sentence is treated as occurring immediately after the disqualified 
transfer of each property.
    (ii) Manner of making the election with respect to a controlled 
foreign corporation. The election described in this paragraph 
(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) with respect to a controlled foreign corporation is 
made by each controlling domestic shareholder (as defined in Sec.  
1.964-1(c)(5)) of the controlled foreign corporation by filing a 
statement as described in Sec.  1.964-1(c)(3)(ii) with its income tax 
return for its taxable year that includes the last day of the taxable 
year of the controlled foreign corporation that includes the 
disqualified transfer and follow the notice requirements of Sec.  
1.964-1(c)(3)(iii). If the return for the taxable year has been filed 
before July 22, 2019, the statement must be included with an amended 
return filed within 180 days June 21, 2019. The election statement must 
be filed in accordance with the rules provided in forms or 
instructions.
    (iii) Manner of making the election with respect to a partnership. 
The election described in this paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) with respect 
to a partnership is made by the partnership by filing a statement as 
described in Sec.  1.754-1(b)(1) for the taxable year that includes the 
date of the disqualified transfer. If a return for the taxable year has 
been filed before July 22, 2019, the statement must be included with an 
amended return filed within 180 days of June 21, 2019. The election 
statement must be filed in accordance with the rules provided in forms 
or instructions.
    (iv) Conditions of making an election. An election under this 
paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) with respect to a controlled foreign 
corporation or a partnership is not effective unless the election is 
made with respect to each controlled foreign corporation or partnership 
that holds property with disqualified basis and that is related (within 
the meaning of section 267(b) and 707(b)) to the controlled foreign 
corporation or partnership and unless any return that has been filed 
that is inconsistent with the elimination of the adjusted basis and 
disqualified basis immediately after the disqualified transfer by 
reason of this paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(B)(3) is amended to take into 
account the elimination of the adjusted basis and disqualified basis 
immediately after the disqualified transfer by reason of this paragraph 
(h)(2)(ii)(B)(3).
    (C) Definitions related to disqualified basis. The following 
definitions apply for purposes of this paragraph (h)(2).
    (1) Disqualified period. The term disqualified period means, with 
respect to a transferor CFC, the period beginning on January 1, 2018, 
and ending as of the close of the transferor CFC's last taxable year 
that is not a CFC inclusion year. A transferor CFC that has a CFC 
inclusion year beginning January 1, 2018, has no disqualified period.
    (2) Disqualified transfer. The term disqualified transfer means a 
transfer of property during a transferor CFC's disqualified period by 
the transferor CFC to a related person in which gain was recognized, in 
whole or in part, by the transferor CFC.
    (3) Qualified gain amount. The term qualified gain amount means, 
with respect to a disqualified transfer by a transferor CFC, the sum of 
the following amounts:
    (i) The amount of gain recognized by the transferor CFC on the 
disqualified transfer of property that is subject to Federal income tax 
under section 882 (except to the extent the gain is exempt from tax 
pursuant to an applicable treaty obligation of the United States); and
    (ii) Any United States shareholder's pro rata share of the gain 
recognized by the transferor CFC on the disqualified transfer of 
property (determined without regard to properly allocable deductions) 
taken into account in determining the United States shareholder's 
inclusion under section 951(a)(1)(A), excluding any amount that is 
described in paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(C)(3)(i) of this section.
    (4) Related person. The term related person means, with respect to 
a person that transfers property, any person that

[[Page 29361]]

bears a relationship to such person described in section 267(b) or 
707(b) immediately before or immediately after the transfer.
    (5) Transfer. The term transfer includes any disposition of 
property, including any sale, exchange, contribution, or distribution 
of property, and includes an indirect transfer. For example, a transfer 
of an interest in a partnership is treated as an indirect transfer of 
the property of the partnership and a transfer by or to a partnership 
is treated as an indirect transfer by or to its partners. In addition, 
a distribution of property to a partner with respect to which gain is 
recognized to the distributee partner under section 731(a)(1) is 
treated as an indirect transfer of the property of the partnership.
    (6) Transferor CFC. The term transferor CFC means any controlled 
foreign corporation that transfers property during the disqualified 
period of the controlled foreign corporation.
    (iii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application 
of this paragraph (h)(2).

    (A) Example 1: Sale of asset; disqualified period--(1) Facts. 
USP, a domestic corporation, owns all of the stock of CFC1 and CFC2, 
each a controlled foreign corporation. Both USP and CFC2 use the 
calendar year as their taxable year. CFC1 uses a taxable year ending 
November 30. On November 1, 2018, before the start of its first CFC 
inclusion year, CFC1 sells Asset A, which has an adjusted basis of 
$10x in the hands of CFC1, to CFC2 in exchange for $100x of cash. 
CFC1 recognizes $90x of gain as a result of the sale ($100x - $10x), 
$30x of which is foreign base company income. USP includes in gross 
income under section 951(a)(1)(A) its pro rata share of the subpart 
F income of $30x. CFC1's gain is not otherwise subject to U.S. tax 
or taken into account in determining USP's inclusion under section 
951(a)(1)(A).
    (2) Analysis. The transfer of Asset A is a disqualified transfer 
of Asset A because it is a transfer of property (other than property 
described in section 1221(a)(1)) by CFC1; CFC1 and CFC2 are related 
persons; and the transfer occurs during the disqualified period, the 
period that begins on January 1, 2018, and ends the last day before 
the first CFC inclusion year of CFC1 (November 30, 2018). 
Accordingly, under paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(A) of this section, the 
disqualified basis in Asset A immediately after the disqualified 
transfer is $60x, the excess of CFC2's adjusted basis in Asset A 
immediately after the disqualified transfer ($100x), over the sum of 
CFC1's adjusted basis in Asset A immediately before the transfer 
($10x) and USP's pro rata share of the gain recognized by CFC1 on 
the transfer of the property taken into account by USP under section 
951(a)(1)(A) ($30x).
    (B) Example 2: Sale of asset; no disqualified period--(1) Facts. 
The facts are the same as in paragraph (h)(2)(iii)(A)(1) of this 
section (the facts in Example 1), except that CFC1 uses the calendar 
year as its taxable year.
    (2) Analysis. Because CFC1 has a taxable year beginning January 
1, 2018, CFC1 has no disqualified period. Accordingly, the property 
was not transferred during a disqualified period of CFC1, and there 
is no disqualified basis with respect to the property.
    (C) Example 3: Sale of partnership interest--(1) Facts. USP, a 
domestic corporation, owns all of the stock of CFC1, CFC2, and CFC3, 
each a controlled foreign corporation. CFC1 and CFC2 are equal 
partners in PRS, a partnership. PRS owns Asset B with an adjusted 
basis of $20x and a fair market value of $100x. PRS has a section 
754 election in effect. USP, CFC2, and CFC3 all use the calendar 
year as their taxable year. CFC1 uses a taxable year ending November 
30. On November 1, 2018, before the start of its first CFC inclusion 
year, CFC1 sells its interest in the partnership to CFC3 for $50x of 
cash. CFC1 has an adjusted basis of $10x in its partnership 
interest, and thus CFC1 recognizes $40x of gain as a result of the 
sale ($50x - $10x), none of which is foreign base company income or 
otherwise subject to U.S. tax. As a result of the sale, there is a 
$40x adjustment to the adjusted basis in Asset B with respect to 
CFC3 under section 743(b).
    (2) Analysis. The transfer of the PRS partnership interest is a 
disqualified transfer of Asset B because it is an indirect transfer 
of property (other than property described in section 1221(a)(1)) by 
CFC1; CFC1 and CFC3 are related persons; and the transfer occurs 
during the disqualified period, the period that begins on January 1, 
2018, and ends the last day before the first CFC inclusion year of 
CFC1 (November 30, 2018). Accordingly, under paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(A) 
of this section, the disqualified basis in Asset B immediately after 
the disqualified transfer is $40x, the excess of CFC3's share of 
adjusted basis in Asset B immediately after the disqualified 
transfer ($50x), taking into account the basis adjustment with 
respect to CFC3 under section 743(b), over CFC1's share of adjusted 
basis in the property immediately before the transfer ($10x).
    (D) Example 4: Distribution of property in liquidation of 
partnership interest--(1) Facts. FC1, FC2, and FC3 are controlled 
foreign corporations that are equal partners in PRS, a partnership. 
FC1's adjusted basis in its partnership interest in PRS is $0, FC2's 
basis is $50x, and FC3's basis is $50x. PRS has a section 754 
election in effect. PRS owns Asset C with a fair market value of 
$50x and an adjusted basis of $0, Asset D with a fair market value 
of $50x and an adjusted basis of $50x, and Asset E with a fair 
market value of $50x and an adjusted basis of $50x, and all the 
adjusted basis in Asset D and Asset E is disqualified basis. PRS 
distributes Asset C to FC3 in liquidation of FC3's interest in PRS. 
None of FC1, FC2, FC3, or PRS recognizes gain on the distribution. 
Under section 732(b), FC3's adjusted basis in Asset C is $50x. PRS's 
adjusted bases in Asset D and Asset E are decreased, in the 
aggregate, by $50x under section 734(b)(2)(B), which is the amount 
by which FC3's adjusted basis in Asset C exceeds PRS's adjusted 
basis in Asset C immediately before the distribution.
    (2) Analysis. The distribution of Asset C is a nonrecognition 
transaction under section 7701(a)(45). Under paragraph 
(h)(2)(ii)(B)(1)(i) of this section, the disqualified bases in Asset 
D and Asset E are reduced, in the aggregate, by $50x. Further, under 
paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(B)(2)(i) of this section, the disqualified 
basis in Asset C is increased by $50x, the aggregate reduction to 
the disqualified basis in Asset D and Asset E.
    (E) Example 5: Distribution of property to a partner in basis 
reduction transaction--(1) Facts. The facts are the same as in 
paragraph (h)(2)(iii)(D)(1) of this section (the facts in Example 
4), except PRS distributes Asset D to FC1. Under section 732(a), 
FC1's adjusted basis in Asset D is $0. PRS's adjusted basis in Asset 
C is increased by $50x under section 734(b)(1)(B), which is the 
amount by which PRS's adjusted basis in Asset D immediately before 
the distribution exceeds FC1's adjusted basis in Asset D under 
section 732(a).
    (2) Analysis. The distribution of Asset D is a nonrecognition 
transaction under section 7701(a)(45). Under paragraph 
(h)(2)(ii)(B)(1)(i) of this section, the disqualified basis in Asset 
D is reduced by $50x. Further, under paragraph (h)(2)(ii)(B)(2)(i) 
of this section, the disqualified basis in Asset C is increased by 
$50x, the reduction to the disqualified basis in Asset D.
    (F) Example 6: Dual use property with disqualified basis--(1) 
Facts. FS is a tested income CFC and a wholesale distributor of 
Product A. FS owns trucks that deliver Product A. The trucks are 
specified tangible property. In Year 1, FS earns $250x in total 
gross income from inventory sales of Product A, $200x of which is 
included in gross tested income. The trucks have an average adjusted 
basis for Year 1 of $4,000x, of which $2,500x is disqualified basis. 
FS does not capitalize depreciation with respect to the trucks to 
inventory or other property held for sale. The depreciation 
deduction with respect to the trucks is $20x, $15x of which would be 
allocated and apportioned to gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-
2(c)(3) without regard to Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5).
    (2) Analysis. Because the trucks are used in both the production 
of gross tested income and the production of gross income that is 
not gross tested income in Year 1, the trucks are dual use property 
within the meaning of paragraph (d)(2) of this section. Under 
paragraph (h)(2)(i)(A) of this section, the disqualified basis in 
the trucks is disregarded for purposes of determining FS's qualified 
business asset investment for Year 1. Under paragraph (h)(2)(i)(B) 
of this section, paragraph (h)(2)(i)(A) of this section applies by 
reducing the amount of FS's adjusted basis in the trucks treated as 
adjusted basis in specified tangible property for Year 1 under 
paragraph (d)(1) of this section (determined without regard to Sec.  
1.951A-2(c)(5)) by the amount of the disqualified basis in the 
trucks. Without regard to Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5), FS's adjusted basis 
in the trucks treated as adjusted basis in specified tangible 
property for Year 1 under paragraph

[[Page 29362]]

(d)(1) of this section is FS's adjusted basis in the trucks 
multiplied by FS's dual use ratio with respect to the trucks for 
Year 1. Because none of the depreciation with respect to the trucks 
is capitalized into inventory or other property held for sale, FS's 
dual use ratio with respect to the trucks is determined entirely by 
reference to the depreciation deduction with respect to the trucks. 
Therefore, under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, without regard to 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(5), FS's dual use ratio with respect to the trucks 
for Year 1 is 75%, which is FS's depreciation deduction with respect 
to the trucks that is allocated and apportioned to gross tested 
income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) for Year 1 ($15x), divided by FS's 
depreciation deduction with respect to the trucks for Year 1 ($20x). 
Accordingly, paragraph (d)(1) of this section, without regard to 
paragraph (h)(2)(i)(A) of this section, FS's adjusted basis in the 
trucks treated as adjusted basis in specified tangible property is 
$3,000x ($4,000x x 0.75). Under paragraph (h)(2)(i)(A) and (B) of 
this section, the amount of the adjusted basis in the trucks treated 
as adjusted basis in specified tangible property is reduced by the 
$2,500x of disqualified basis in the trucks. Accordingly, $500x 
($3,000x - $2,500x) of FS's average adjusted basis in the trucks is 
taken into account under paragraph (b) of this section in 
determining FS's qualified business asset investment for Year 1.


Sec.  1.951A-4  Tested interest expense and tested interest income.

    (a) Scope. This section provides rules for determining the tested 
interest expense and tested interest income of a controlled foreign 
corporation for purposes of determining a United States shareholder's 
specified interest expense under Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(3)(iii). Paragraph 
(b) of this section provides definitions related to tested interest 
expense and tested interest income. Paragraph (c) of this section 
provides examples illustrating these definitions and the application of 
Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(3)(iii). The amount of specified interest expense 
determined under Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(3)(iii) and this section is the 
amount of interest expense described in section 951A(b)(2)(B).
    (b) Definitions related to specified interest expense--(1) Tested 
interest expense--(i) In general. The term tested interest expense 
means, with respect to a controlled foreign corporation for a CFC 
inclusion year, interest expense paid or accrued by the controlled 
foreign corporation that is allocated and apportioned to gross tested 
income of the controlled foreign corporation for the CFC inclusion year 
under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3), reduced (but not below zero) by the sum of 
the qualified interest expense of the controlled foreign corporation 
for the CFC inclusion year and the tested loss QBAI amount of the 
controlled foreign corporation for the CFC inclusion year.
    (ii) Interest expense. The term interest expense means any expense 
or loss that is treated as interest expense under section 163(j).
    (iii) Qualified interest expense--(A) In general. The term 
qualified interest expense means, with respect to a controlled foreign 
corporation for a CFC inclusion year, to the extent established by the 
controlled foreign corporation, the interest expense paid or accrued by 
the controlled foreign corporation that is allocated and apportioned to 
gross tested income of the controlled foreign corporation for the CFC 
inclusion year under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3), multiplied by a fraction, 
the numerator of which is the average of the aggregate adjusted bases 
as of the close of each quarter of the CFC inclusion year of qualified 
assets held by the controlled foreign corporation, and the denominator 
of which is the average of the aggregate adjusted bases as of the close 
of each quarter of the CFC inclusion year of all assets held by the 
controlled foreign corporation.
    (B) Qualified asset--(1) In general. Except as provided in 
paragraph (b)(1)(iii)(B)(2) of this section, the term qualified asset 
means, with respect to a controlled foreign corporation for a CFC 
inclusion year, any obligation or financial instrument held by the 
controlled foreign corporation that gives rise to income included in 
the gross tested income of the controlled foreign corporation for the 
CFC inclusion year that is excluded from foreign personal holding 
company income (as defined in section 954(c)(1)) by reason of section 
954(c)(2)(C)(ii) or section 954(h) or (i).
    (2) Exclusion for related party receivables. A qualified asset does 
not include an asset that gives rise to interest income that is also 
excludible from foreign personal holding company income by reason of 
section 954(c)(3) or (6).
    (3) Look-through rule for subsidiary stock. For purposes of 
paragraph (b)(1)(iii)(A) of this section, the adjusted basis in the 
stock of another controlled foreign corporation held by a controlled 
foreign corporation is treated as adjusted basis in a qualified asset 
in an amount equal to the adjusted basis in the stock multiplied by the 
fraction described in paragraph (b)(1)(iii)(A) of this section 
determined with respect to the assets of such other controlled foreign 
corporation.
    (4) Look-through rule for certain partnership interests. For 
purposes of paragraph (b)(1)(iii)(A) of this section, if a controlled 
foreign corporation owns 25 percent or more of the capital or profits 
interest in a partnership the controlled foreign corporation is treated 
as holding its attributable share of any property held by the 
partnership, as determined under the principles of Sec.  1.956-4(b), 
and the controlled foreign corporation's basis in the partnership 
interest is not taken into account.
    (iv) Tested loss QBAI amount. The term tested loss QBAI amount 
means, with respect to a tested loss CFC for a CFC inclusion year, 10 
percent of the amount that would be the qualified business asset 
investment of the tested loss CFC for the CFC inclusion year under 
section 951A(d) and Sec.  1.951A-3 if the tested loss CFC were a tested 
income CFC for the CFC inclusion year.
    (2) Tested interest income--(i) In general. The term tested 
interest income means, with respect to a controlled foreign corporation 
for a CFC inclusion year, interest income included in gross tested 
income of the controlled foreign corporation for the CFC inclusion 
year, reduced by qualified interest income of the controlled foreign 
corporation for the CFC inclusion year.
    (ii) Interest income. The term interest income means any income or 
gain that is treated as interest income under section 163(j).
    (iii) Qualified interest income--(A) In general. Except as provided 
in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(B) of this section, the term qualified 
interest income means, with respect to a controlled foreign corporation 
for a CFC inclusion year, interest income of the controlled foreign 
corporation for the CFC inclusion year included in the gross tested 
income of the controlled foreign corporation for the CFC inclusion year 
that is excluded from foreign personal holding company income (as 
defined in section 954(c)(1)) by reason of section 954(c)(2)(C)(ii) or 
section 954(h) or (i).
    (B) Exclusion for related party interest. Qualified interest income 
does not include interest income that is also excludable from foreign 
personal holding company income by reason of section 954(c)(3) or (6).
    (c) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of 
this section.

    (1) Example 1: Wholly-owned CFCs--(i) Facts. A Corp, a domestic 
corporation, owns 100% of the single class of stock of each of FS1 
and FS2, each a controlled foreign corporation. A Corp, FS1, and FS2 
all use the calendar year as their taxable year. For Year 1, FS1 and 
FS2 are both tested income CFCs. In Year 1, FS1 pays $100x of 
interest to FS2. The interest expense of FS1 is allocated and 
apportioned to its gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). 
The interest income of FS2 is excluded from its foreign personal 
holding company income under section 954(c)(6). Also, in Year 1, FS2 
pays $100x of interest to a bank that is not related to FS2, which 
interest expense is allocated and apportioned to FS2's gross tested 
income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). Neither FS1 nor FS2 holds 
qualified

[[Page 29363]]

assets or owns stock of another controlled foreign corporation.
    (ii) Analysis--(A) CFC-level determination; tested interest 
expense and tested interest income--(1) Tested interest expense and 
tested interest income of FS1. FS1 has $100x of interest expense 
that is allocated and apportioned to its gross tested income under 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). FS1 has no interest income. Accordingly, FS1 
has $100x of tested interest expense and no tested interest income 
for Year 1.
    (2) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS2. 
FS2 has $100x of interest expense that is allocated and apportioned 
to its gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) and $100x of 
interest income that is included in its gross tested income. 
Accordingly, FS2 has $100x of tested interest expense and $100x of 
tested interest income for Year 1.
    (B) United States shareholder-level determination; pro rata 
share and specified interest expense. Under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(5) and 
(6), A Corp's pro rata share of FS1's tested interest expense is 
$100x, its pro rata share of FS2's tested interest expense is $100x, 
and its pro rata share of FS2's tested interest income is $100x. For 
Year 1, A Corp's aggregate pro rata share of tested interest expense 
is $200x and its aggregate pro rata share of tested interest income 
is $100x. Accordingly, under Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(3)(iii), A Corp's 
specified interest expense is $100x ($200x-$100x) for Year 1.
    (2) Example 2: Less than wholly-owned CFCs--(i) Facts. The facts 
are the same as in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section (the facts in 
Example 1), except that A Corp owns 50% of the single class of stock 
of FS1 and 80% of the single class of stock of FS2.
    (ii) Analysis--(A) CFC-level determination; tested interest 
expense and tested interest income. The analysis is the same as in 
paragraph (c)(1)(ii)(A) of this section (paragraph (A) of the 
analysis in Example 1).
    (B) United States shareholder-level determination; pro rata 
share and specified interest expense. Under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(5) and 
(6), A Corp's pro rata share of FS1's tested interest expense is 
$50x ($100x x 0.50), its pro rata share of FS2's tested interest 
expense is $80x ($100x x 0.80), and its pro rata share of FS2's 
tested interest income is $80x ($100x x 0.80). For Year 1, A Corp's 
aggregate pro rata share of the tested interest expense is $130x 
($50x + $80x) and its aggregate pro rata share of the tested 
interest income is $80x ($0 + $80x). Accordingly, under Sec.  
1.951A-1(c)(3)(iii), A Corp's specified interest expense is $50x 
($130x-$80x) for Year 1.
    (3) Example 3: Operating company; qualified interest expense--
(i) Facts. B Corp, a domestic corporation, owns 100% of the single 
class of stock of each of FS1 and FS2, each a controlled foreign 
corporation. For Year 1, FS1 and FS2 are both tested income CFCs. B 
Corp, FS1, and FS2 all use the calendar year as their taxable year. 
FS2 is an eligible controlled foreign corporation within the meaning 
of section 954(h)(2). In Year 1, FS1 pays $100x of interest to FS2. 
The interest expense of FS1 is allocated and apportioned to its 
gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). The interest income 
of FS2 is excluded from its foreign personal holding company income 
by reason of section 954(c)(6). In addition, in Year 1, FS2 receives 
$300x of interest from customers that are not related to FS2, which 
interest income is excluded from FS2's foreign personal holding 
company income by reason of section 954(h), and FS2 pays $300x of 
interest to a bank, which interest expense is allocated and 
apportioned to FS2's gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). 
Neither FS1 nor FS2 owns stock of another controlled foreign 
corporation. FS1 does not hold qualified assets. FS2's average 
adjusted bases in qualified assets is $8,000x, and FS2's average 
adjusted bases in all its assets is $12,000x.
    (ii) Analysis--(A) CFC-level determination; tested interest 
expense and tested interest income--(1) Tested interest expense and 
tested interest income of FS1. FS1 has $100x of interest expense 
that is allocated and apportioned to its gross tested income under 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). FS1 has no interest income. Accordingly, FS1 
has $100x of tested interest expense and no tested interest income 
for Year 1.
    (2) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS2. 
FS2 has $300x of interest expense that is allocated and apportioned 
to its gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) and $400x of 
interest income that is included in gross tested income. However, a 
portion of FS2's interest income is excluded from foreign personal 
holding company income by reason of section 954(h), and a portion of 
FS2's assets are qualified assets. As a result, in determining the 
tested interest income and tested interest expense of FS2, the 
qualified interest income and qualified interest expense of FS2 are 
excluded. FS2 has qualified interest income of $300x, the amount of 
FS2's interest income that is excluded from foreign personal holding 
company income by reason of section 954(h). In addition, FS2 has 
qualified interest expense of $200x, the amount of FS2's interest 
expense that is allocated and apportioned to its gross tested income 
under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) ($300x), multiplied by a fraction, the 
numerator of which is FS2's average adjusted bases in qualified 
assets ($8,000x), and the denominator of which is FS2's average 
adjusted bases in all its assets ($12,000x). Accordingly, FS2 has 
tested interest income of $100x ($400x-$300x) and tested interest 
expense of $100x ($300x-$200x) for Year 1.
    (B) United States shareholder-level determination; pro rata 
share and specified interest expense. Under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(5) and 
(6), B Corp's pro rata share of FS1's tested interest expense is 
$100x, its pro rata share of FS2's tested interest expense is $100x, 
and its pro rata share of FS2's tested interest income is $100x. For 
Year 1, B Corp's aggregate pro rata share of tested interest expense 
is $200x ($100x + $100x) and its aggregate pro rata share of tested 
interest income is $100x ($0 + $100x). Accordingly, under Sec.  
1.951A-1(c)(3)(iii), B Corp's specified interest expense is $100x 
($200x-$100x) for Year 1.
    (4) Example 4: Holding company; qualified interest expense--(i) 
Facts. C Corp, a domestic corporation, owns 100% of the single class 
of stock of each of FS1 and FS2, each a controlled foreign 
corporation. FS2 owns 100% of the single class of stock of FS3, a 
qualifying insurance company within the meaning of section 
953(e)(3). For Year 1, FS1, FS2, and FS3 are all tested income CFCs. 
C Corp, FS1, FS2, and FS3 all use the calendar year as their taxable 
year. In Year 1, FS1 pays $100x of interest to FS3. The interest 
expense of FS1 is allocated and apportioned to its gross tested 
income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). The interest income of FS3 is 
excluded from its foreign personal holding company income by reason 
of section 954(c)(6). In addition, FS3 receives $300x of interest 
from persons that are not related to FS3, which interest income is 
excluded from FS's foreign personal holding company income by reason 
of section 954(i). Also in Year 1, FS2 pays $300x of interest to a 
bank, which interest expense is allocated and apportioned to FS2's 
gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). None of FS1, FS2, or 
FS3 owns stock of another controlled foreign corporation, except for 
the stock of FS3 owned by FS2. FS2 has no assets other than the 
stock of FS3. Neither FS1 nor FS2 hold qualified assets directly. 
FS2's average adjusted bases in the FS3 stock is $6,000x. FS3's 
average adjusted bases in qualified assets is $8,000x, and FS3's 
average adjusted bases in all its assets is $12,000x.
    (ii) Analysis--(A) CFC-level determination; tested interest 
expense and tested interest income--(1) Tested interest expense and 
tested interest income of FS1. In Year 1, FS1 has $100x of interest 
expense allocated and apportioned to its gross tested income under 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). FS1 has no interest income. Accordingly, FS1 
has $100x of tested interest expense and no tested interest income 
for Year 1.
    (2) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS2. 
FS2 has $300x of interest expense that is allocated and apportioned 
to its gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). FS2 has no 
interest income. While FS2 holds no qualified assets directly, 
$4,000x of FS3's average adjusted basis in FS3 stock is treated as 
adjusted basis in a qualified asset, which is equal to FS3's average 
adjusted basis in FS3 stock ($6,000x) multiplied by a fraction, the 
numerator of which is FS3's average adjusted bases in qualified 
assets ($8,000x), and the denominator of which is FS3's average 
adjusted bases in all its assets ($12,000x). Accordingly, FS2 has 
qualified interest expense of $200x, the amount of FS2's interest 
expense allocated and apportioned to FS2's gross tested income under 
Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3) ($300x), multiplied by a fraction, the 
numerator of which is FS2's average adjusted bases in qualified 
assets ($4,000x), and the denominator of which is FS2's average 
adjusted bases in all its assets ($6,000x). Therefore, FS2 has 
tested interest expense of $100x ($300x-$200x) and no tested 
interest income for Year 1.
    (3) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS3. 
In Year 1, FS3 has no interest expense, but FS3 has $400x of 
interest income that is included in gross tested income. However, a 
portion of FS3's interest income is excluded from foreign personal 
holding company income by reason

[[Page 29364]]

of section 954(i). As a result, in determining the tested interest 
income of FS3, the qualified interest income of FS3 is excluded. FS3 
has qualified interest income of $300x, the amount of FS3's interest 
income that is excluded from foreign personal holding company income 
by reason of section 954(i). Therefore, FS2 has tested interest 
income of $100x ($400x-$300x) and no tested interest expense for 
Year 1.
    (B) United States shareholder-level determination; pro rata 
share and specified interest expense. Under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(5) and 
(6), C Corp's pro rata share of FS1's tested interest expense is 
$100x, its pro rata share of FS2's tested interest expense is $100x, 
and its pro rata share of FS3's tested interest income is $100x. For 
Year 1, C Corp's aggregate pro rata share of tested interest expense 
is $200x ($100x + $100x + $0) and its aggregate pro rata share of 
tested interest income is $100x ($0 + $0 + $100x). Accordingly, 
under Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(3)(iii), C Corp's specified interest expense 
is $100x ($200x-$100x) for Year 1.
    (5) Example 5: Specified interest expense and tested loss QBAI 
amount--(i) Facts. D Corp, a domestic corporation, owns 100% of a 
single class of stock of each of FS1 and FS2, each a controlled 
foreign corporation. For Year 1, FS1 is a tested income CFC and FS2 
is a tested loss CFC. D Corp, FS1, and FS2 all use the calendar year 
as their taxable year. In Year 1, FS1 pays $100x of interest to FS2. 
The interest expense of FS1 is allocated and apportioned to its 
gross tested income under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). The interest income 
of FS2 is excluded from its foreign personal holding company income 
by reason of section 954(c)(6). Also, in Year 1, FS2 pays $100x of 
interest to a bank that is not related to FS2, which interest 
expense is allocated and apportioned to FS2's gross tested income 
under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). Neither FS1 nor FS2 holds qualified 
assets or owns stock of another controlled foreign corporation. 
Because FS2 is a tested loss CFC, FS2 has no QBAI. See Sec.  1.951A-
3(b). However, if FS2 were a tested income CFC, FS2 would have QBAI 
of $1,000x.
    (ii) Analysis--(A) CFC-level determination; tested interest 
expense and tested interest income--(1) Tested interest expense and 
tested interest income of FS1. In Year 1, FS1 has $100x of interest 
expense that is allocated and apportioned to its gross tested income 
under Sec.  1.951A-2(c)(3). FS1 has no interest income. Accordingly, 
FS1 has $100x of tested interest expense and no tested interest 
income for Year 1.
    (2) Tested interest expense and tested interest income of FS2. 
FS2 has $100x of interest income that is included in gross tested 
income. Accordingly, FS2 has $100x of tested interest income. FS2 
also has 100x of interest expense that is allocated and apportioned 
to its gross tested income. However, because FS2 is a tested loss 
CFC, FS2's tested interest expense is reduced by its tested loss 
QBAI amount. FS2's tested loss QBAI amount is $100x (10% of $1,000x, 
the amount that would be QBAI if FS2 were a tested income CFC). 
Accordingly, FS2's tested interest expense is $0 ($100x interest 
expense-$100x tested loss QBAI amount) for Year 1.
    (B) United States shareholder-level determination; pro rata 
share and specified interest expense. Under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(5) and 
(6), D Corp's pro rata share of FS1's tested interest expense is 
$100x, its pro rata share of FS2's tested interest expense is $0, 
and its pro rata share of FS2's tested interest income is $100x. For 
Year 1, D Corp's aggregate pro rata share of tested interest expense 
is $100x, and its aggregate pro rata share of tested interest income 
is $100x. Accordingly, under Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(3)(iii), D Corp's 
specified interest expense is $0 ($100x-$100x) for Year 1.

Sec.  1.951A-5  Treatment of GILTI inclusion amounts.

    (a) Scope. This section provides rules relating to the treatment of 
GILTI inclusion amounts and adjustments to earnings and profits to 
account for tested losses. Paragraph (b) of this section provides that 
a GILTI inclusion amount is treated in the same manner as an amount 
included under section 951(a)(1)(A) for purposes of applying certain 
Code sections. Paragraph (c) of this section provides rules for the 
treatment of amounts taken into account in determining the net CFC 
tested income of a United States shareholder when applying sections 
163(e)(3)(B)(i) and 267(a)(3)(B). Paragraph (d) of this section 
provides a rule for the treatment of a GILTI inclusion amount for 
purposes of determining the personal holding company income of a United 
States shareholder that is a domestic corporation under section 543.
    (b) Treatment as subpart F income for certain purposes--(1) In 
general. A GILTI inclusion amount is treated in the same manner as an 
amount included under section 951(a)(1)(A) for purposes of applying 
sections 168(h)(2)(B), 535(b)(10), 851(b), 904(h)(1), 959, 961, 962, 
993(a)(1)(E), 996(f)(1), 1248(b)(1), 1248(d)(1), 1411, 6501(e)(1)(C), 
6654(d)(2)(D), and 6655(e)(4).
    (2) Allocation of GILTI inclusion amount to tested income CFCs--(i) 
In general. For purposes of the sections referred to in paragraph 
(b)(1) of this section, the portion of the GILTI inclusion amount of a 
United States shareholder for a U.S. shareholder inclusion year treated 
as being with respect to each controlled foreign corporation of the 
United States shareholder for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year is--
    (A) In the case of a tested loss CFC, zero, and
    (B) In the case of a tested income CFC, the portion of the GILTI 
inclusion amount of the United States shareholder which bears the same 
ratio to such amount as the United States shareholder's pro rata share 
of the tested income of the tested income CFC for the U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year bears to the aggregate amount of the United States 
shareholder's pro rata share of the tested income of each tested income 
CFC for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year.

    (ii) Example. The following example illustrates the application 
of paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section.
    (A) Facts. USP, a domestic corporation, owns all of the stock of 
three controlled foreign corporations, CFC1, CFC2, and CFC3. USP, 
CFC1, CFC2, and CFC3 all use the calendar year as their taxable 
year. In Year 1, CFC1 has tested income of $100x, CFC2 has tested 
income of $300x, and CFC3 has tested loss of $50x. USP has no net 
deemed tangible income return for Year 1.
    (B) Analysis. In Year 1, USP has net CFC tested income (as 
defined in Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(2)) of $350x ($100x + $300x-$50x) and, 
because USP has no net deemed tangible income return, a GILTI 
inclusion amount (as defined in Sec.  1.951A-1(c)(1)) of $350x 
($350x-$0). The aggregate amount of USP's pro rata share of tested 
income is $400x ($100x from CFC1 + $300x from CFC2). Therefore, 
under paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, the portion of USP's 
GILTI inclusion amount treated as being with respect to CFC1 is 
$87.50x ($350x x $100x/$400x). The portion of USP's GILTI inclusion 
amount treated as being with respect to CFC2 is $262.50x ($350x x 
$300x/$400x). The portion of USP's GILTI inclusion amount treated as 
being with respect to CFC3 is $0 because CFC3 is a tested loss CFC.

    (3) Translation of portion of GILTI inclusion amount allocated to 
tested income CFC. The portion of the GILTI inclusion amount of a 
United States shareholder allocated to a tested income CFC under 
section 951A(f)(2) and paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section is 
translated into the functional currency of the tested income CFC using 
the average exchange rate for the CFC inclusion year of the tested 
income CFC.
    (c) Treatment as an amount includible in the gross income of a 
United States person. For purposes of sections 163(e)(3)(B)(i) and 
267(a)(3)(B), an item (including original issue discount) is treated as 
includible in the gross income of a United States person to the extent 
that the item increases a United States shareholder's pro rata share of 
tested income of a controlled foreign corporation for a U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year, reduces the shareholder's pro rata share of 
tested loss of a controlled foreign corporation for the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year, or both.
    (d) Treatment for purposes of personal holding company rules. For 
purposes of determining whether a United States shareholder that is a 
domestic corporation is a personal holding company under section 542, 
no portion of the adjusted ordinary gross

[[Page 29365]]

income of such domestic corporation that consists of its GILTI 
inclusion amount for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year is personal 
holding company income (as defined in section 543(a)).


Sec.  1.951A-6  Adjustments related to tested losses.

    (a) Scope. This section provides rules relating to adjustments 
related to tested losses. Paragraph (b) of this section provides rules 
that increase the earnings and profits of a tested loss CFC for 
purposes of section 952(c)(1)(A). Paragraph (c) of this section is 
reserved for a rule for tested loss adjustments.
    (b) Increase of earnings and profits of tested loss CFC for 
purposes of section 952(c)(1)(A). For purposes of section 952(c)(1)(A) 
with respect to a CFC inclusion year, the earnings and profits of a 
tested loss CFC are increased by an amount equal to the tested loss of 
the tested loss CFC for the CFC inclusion year.
    (c) [Reserved]


Sec.  1.951A-7  Applicability dates.

    Sections 1.951A-1 through 1.951A-6 apply to taxable years of 
foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 2017, and to taxable 
years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable 
years of foreign corporations end.

0
Par. 7. Section 1.965-7 is amended by:
0
1. Revising the last sentence of paragraph (e)(1)(i).
0
2. Adding three sentences at the end of paragraph (e)(1)(i).
0
3. Adding paragraph (e)(1)(iv).
0
4. Revising paragraph (e)(2)(ii).
0
5. Adding paragraph (e)(3).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:


Sec.  1.965-7  Elections, payment, and other special rules.

* * * * *
    (e) * * *
    (1) . . . (i) . . . Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2)(ii)(B) 
of this section, the election for each taxable year is irrevocable. If 
the section 965(n) election creates or increases a net operating loss 
under section 172 for the taxable year, then the taxable income of the 
person for the taxable year cannot be less than the amount described in 
paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section. The amount of deductions equal to 
the amount by which a net operating loss is created or increased for 
the taxable year by reason of the section 965(n) election (the deferred 
amount) is not taken into account in computing taxable income or the 
separate foreign tax credit limitations under section 904 for that 
year. The source and separate category (as defined in Sec.  1.904-5(a)) 
components of the deferred amount are determined in accordance with 
paragraph (e)(1)(iv) of this section.
* * * * *
    (iv) Effect of section 965(n) election--(A) In general. The section 
965(n) election for a taxable year applies solely for purposes of 
determining the amount of net operating loss under section 172 for the 
taxable year and determining the amount of taxable income for the 
taxable year (computed without regard to the deduction allowable under 
section 172) that may be reduced by net operating loss carryovers or 
carrybacks to such taxable year under section 172. Paragraph 
(e)(1)(iv)(B) of this section provides a rule for coordinating the 
section 965(n) election's effect on section 172 with the computation of 
the separate foreign tax credit limitations under section 904.
    (B) Ordering rule for allocation and apportionment of deductions 
for purposes of the section 904 limitation. The effect of a section 
965(n) election with respect to a taxable year on the computation of 
the separate foreign tax credit limitations under section 904 is 
computed as follows and in the following order.
    (1) Deductions, including those that create or increase a net 
operating loss for the taxable year by reason of the section 965(n) 
election, are allocated and apportioned under Sec. Sec.  1.861-8 
through 1.861-17 to the relevant statutory and residual groupings, 
taking into account the amount described in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of 
this section. The source and separate category of the net operating 
loss carryover or carryback to the taxable year, if any, is determined 
under the rules of Sec.  1.904(g)-3(b), taking into account the amount 
described in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section. Therefore, if the 
amount of the net operating loss carryover or carryback to the taxable 
year (as reduced by reason of the section 965(n) election) exceeds the 
U.S. source loss component of the net operating loss that is carried 
over under Sec.  1.904(g)-3(b)(3)(i), but such excess is less than the 
potential carryovers (or carrybacks) of the separate limitation losses 
that are part of the net operating loss, the potential carryovers (or 
carrybacks) are proportionately reduced as provided in Sec.  1.904(g)-
3(b)(3)(ii) or (iii), as applicable.
    (2) If a net operating loss is created or increased for the taxable 
year by reason of the section 965(n) election, the deferred amount (as 
defined in paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this section) is not allowed as a 
deduction for the taxable year. See paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this 
section. The deferred amount (which is the corresponding addition to 
the net operating loss for the taxable year) comprises a ratable 
portion of the deductions (including the deduction allowed under 
section 965(c)) allocated and apportioned to each statutory and 
residual grouping under paragraph (e)(1)(iv)(B)(1) of this section. 
Such ratable portion equals the deferred amount multiplied by a 
fraction, the numerator of which is the deductions allocated and 
apportioned to the statutory or residual grouping under paragraph 
(e)(1)(iv)(B)(1) of this section and the denominator of which is the 
total deductions described in paragraph (e)(1)(iv)(B)(1) of this 
section. Accordingly, the fraction described in the previous sentence 
takes into account the deferred amount.
    (3) Taxable income and the separate foreign tax credit limitations 
under section 904 for the taxable year are computed without taking into 
account any deferred amount. Deductions allocated and apportioned to 
the statutory and residual groupings under paragraph (e)(1)(iv)(B)(1) 
of this section, to the extent deducted in the taxable year rather than 
deferred to create or increase a net operating loss, are combined with 
income in the statutory and residual groupings to which those 
deductions are assigned in order to compute the amount of separate 
limitation income or loss in each separate category and U.S. source 
income or loss for the taxable year. Section 904(b), (f), and (g) are 
then applied to determine the applicable foreign tax credit limitations 
for the taxable year.
    (2) * * *
    (ii) Timing--(A) In general. A section 965(n) election must be made 
no later than the due date (taking into account extensions, if any) for 
the person's return for the taxable year to which the election applies. 
Relief is not available under Sec.  301.9100-2 or Sec.  301.9100-3 of 
this chapter to make a late election.
    (B) Transition rule. In the case of a section 965(n) election made 
before June 21, 2019, the election may be revoked by attaching a 
statement, signed under penalties of perjury, to an amended return for 
the taxable year to which the election applies (the election year). The 
statement must include the person's name, taxpayer identification 
number, and a statement that the person revokes the section 965(n) 
election. The amended return to which the statement is attached must be 
filed by--
    (1) In the case of a revocation with respect to an election due 
before

[[Page 29366]]

February 5, 2019, the due date (taking into account extensions, if any, 
or any additional time that would have been granted if the person had 
made an extension request) for the return for the taxable year 
following the election year; or
    (2) In the case of a revocation with respect to an election due on 
or after February 5, 2019, the due date (taking into account 
extensions, if any, or any additional time that would have been granted 
if the person had made an extension request) for the return for the 
election year.
* * * * *
    (3) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of 
paragraph (e)(1)(iv) of this section.

    (i) Example 1: Net operating loss in inclusion year--(A) Facts. 
USP, a domestic corporation, has a section 965(a) inclusion of $100x 
and has a section 965(c) deduction of $70x for its taxable year 
ending December 31, 2017. USP also includes in gross income the 
amount treated as dividends under section 78 of $50x (the foreign 
taxes deemed paid under section 960(a) for the taxable year with 
respect to USP's section 965(a) inclusion). The section 965(a) 
inclusion and the section 78 dividends are foreign source general 
category income. During the 2017 taxable year, USP also has U.S. 
source gross income of $150x and other deductions of $210x, 
comprising $60x of interest expense and $150x of other deductible 
expenses that are not definitely related to any gross income. USP's 
total tax book value of its assets, as determined under Sec. Sec.  
1.861-9(g)(2) and 1.861-9T(g)(3), is divided equally between assets 
that generate foreign source general category income and assets that 
generate U.S. source income. USP elects under paragraph (e)(1)(i) of 
this section to not take into account the amount described in 
paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section in determining its net 
operating loss under section 172 for the taxable year. Before taking 
into account the section 965(n) election, USP's total deductions are 
$280x ($210x + $70x) and USP's taxable income is $20x ($100x + $50x 
+ $150x-$70x-$210x).
    (B) Analysis--(1) The amount described in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) 
of this section is $80x ($100x section 965(a) inclusion-$70x section 
965(c) deduction + $50x section 78 dividends). Not taking into 
account the $80x creates a net operating loss under section 172 of 
$60x ($20x taxable income without regard to the section 965(n) 
election-$80x) for the taxable year (the ``deferred amount''). Under 
paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this section, the deferred amount of $60x 
constitutes a net operating loss and is not allowed as a deduction 
for the taxable year. USP's taxable income for the year is $80x 
($100x + $50x + $150x-($280x-$60x)).
    (2) Under paragraph (e)(1)(iv)(B)(1) of this section, deductions 
are allocated and apportioned under Sec. Sec.  1.861-8 through 
1.861-17 to the relevant statutory and residual groupings, taking 
into account the amount described in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this 
section. Under Sec.  1.861-8(b), USP's section 965(c) deduction is 
definitely related to the section 965(a) inclusion, and, therefore, 
is allocated solely to foreign source general category income. Under 
Sec.  1.861-9T, based on USP's asset values, the interest expense of 
$60x is ratably apportioned $30x to foreign source general category 
income and $30x to U.S. source income. Under Sec.  1.861-8(c)(3), 
based on $150x of gross U.S. source income and $150x of gross 
foreign source general category income, the other expenses of $150x 
are ratably apportioned $75x to foreign source general category 
income and $75x to U.S. source income. Therefore, USP's deductions 
allocated and apportioned to foreign source general category income 
are $175x ($70x + $30x + $75x) and its deductions allocated and 
apportioned to U.S. source income are $105x ($30x + $75x).
    (3) Under paragraph (e)(1)(iv)(B)(2) of this section, the 
deferred amount of $60x comprises a ratable portion of the allocated 
and apportioned deductions. Therefore, $37.5x ($60x x $175x/$280x) 
of the deferred amount comprises deductions allocated and 
apportioned to foreign source general category income, and $22.5x 
($60x x $105x/$280x) comprises deductions allocated and apportioned 
to U.S. source income.
    (4) Under paragraph (e)(1)(iv)(B)(3) of this section, for 
purposes of the separate foreign tax credit limitation under section 
904, foreign source general category income for the taxable year is 
computed without taking into account the $37.5x of the deferred 
amount that is attributable to the deductions allocated and 
apportioned to the foreign source general category. Therefore, for 
the 2017 taxable year, foreign source general category income is 
$12.5x ($100x section 965(a) inclusion + $50x section 78 dividends-
($175x deductions-$37.5x deferred amount). The remaining taxable 
income of $67.5x is U.S. source income.
    (ii) Example 2: Net operating loss carryover to the inclusion 
year--(A) Facts. USP, a domestic corporation, has a section 965(a) 
inclusion of $100x and has a section 965(c) deduction of $60x for 
its taxable year ending December 31, 2017. USP also includes in 
gross income the amount treated as dividends under section 78 of 
$40x (the foreign taxes deemed paid under section 960(a) for the 
taxable year with respect to USP's section 965(a) inclusion). The 
section 965(a) inclusion and the section 78 dividends are foreign 
source general category income. USP also has U.S. source gross 
income of $200x, foreign source passive category gross income of 
$100x, and other deductions of $140x. Under Sec.  1.861-8(b), USP's 
$60x section 965(c) deduction is definitely related to the section 
965(a) inclusion, and, therefore, is allocated solely to foreign 
source general category income. Under Sec. Sec.  1.861-8 through 
1.861-17, USP allocates and apportions the other $140x of deductions 
as follows: $40x to foreign source general category income, $40x to 
foreign source passive category income, and $60x to U.S. source 
income. USP has a net operating loss of $260x for the 2016 taxable 
year consisting of a $120x U.S. source loss, a $75x general category 
separate limitation loss, and a $65x passive category separate 
limitation loss. Under paragraph (e)(1)(i) of this section, USP 
elects to not take into account the amount described in paragraph 
(e)(1)(ii) of this section in determining the amount of taxable 
income that may be reduced by net operating loss carryovers and 
carrybacks to the taxable year under section 172. USP's taxable 
income before taking into account the section 965(n) election and 
any net operating loss carryover deduction is $240x:

                                       Table 1 to Paragraph (e)(3)(ii)(A)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      General         Passive          U.S.            Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Section 965(a) inclusion........................           $100x  ..............  ..............           $100x
Section 78 dividend.............................             40x  ..............  ..............             40x
Other gross income..............................  ..............            100x            200x            300x
Section 965(c) deduction........................           (60x)  ..............  ..............           (60x)
Other deductions................................           (40x)           (40x)           (60x)          (140x)
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Income..................................             40x             60x            140x            240x
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (B) Analysis--(1) The amount described in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) 
of this section is $80x ($100x section 965(a) inclusion-$60x section 
965(c) deduction + $40x section 78 dividends). As a result of the 
section 965(n) election, the net operating loss deduction allowed in 
the 2017 taxable year is reduced from $240x to $160x (the amount of 
USP's taxable income reduced by the amount described in paragraph 
(e)(1)(ii) of this section).
    (2) Under paragraph (e)(1)(iv)(B)(1) of this section, the source 
and separate category of the net operating loss deduction allowed in 
the 2017 taxable year is determined under the rules of Sec.  
1.904(g)-3(b), taking into account the amount described in paragraph 
(e)(1)(ii) of this section. Under Sec.  1.904(g)-3(b)(3)(i), first 
the $120x U.S. source component of the net operating loss is 
allocated to U.S. source income for the 2017

[[Page 29367]]

taxable year. Because the total tentative carryover under Sec.  
1.904(g)-3(b)(3)(ii) of $100x ($40x in the general category and $60x 
in the passive category) exceeds the remaining net operating loss 
deduction of $40x ($160x-$120x), the tentative carryover amount from 
each separate category is reduced proportionately, to $16x ($40x x 
$40x/$100x) for the general category and $24x ($40x x $60x/$100x) 
for the passive category. Accordingly, $16x of the general category 
component of the net operating loss is carried forward, and $24x of 
the passive category component of the net operating loss is carried 
forward and combined with income in the same respective categories 
for the 2017 taxable year. After allocation of the net operating 
loss carryover from 2016, USP's taxable income for the 2017 taxable 
year is as follows:

                                      Table 1 to Paragraph (e)(3)(ii)(B)(2)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      General         Passive          U.S.            Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income before NOL deduction.................            $40x            $60x           $140x           $240x
NOL deduction...................................           (16x)           (24x)          (120x)          (160x)
    Net income after NOL deduction..............             24x             36x             20x             80x
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


* * * * *

0
Par. 8. Section 1.1502-12 is amended by adding paragraph (s) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  1.1502-12  Separate taxable income.

* * * * *
    (s) See Sec.  1.1502-51 for rules relating to the computation of a 
member's GILTI inclusion amount under section 951A and related basis 
adjustments.

0
Par. 9. Section 1.1502-32 is amended by adding and reserving paragraphs 
(b)(3)(ii)(E) and (b)(3)(iii)(C).


Sec.  1.1502-32  Investment adjustments.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (E) [Reserved]
    (iii) * * *
    (C) [Reserved]
* * * * *

0
Par. 10. Section 1.1502-51 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  1.1502-51  Consolidated section 951A.

    (a) In general. This section provides rules for applying section 
951A to each member of a consolidated group (each, a member) that is a 
United States shareholder of any controlled foreign corporation. 
Paragraph (b) of this section describes the inclusion of the GILTI 
inclusion amount by a member of a consolidated group. Paragraphs (c) 
and (d) of this section are reserved. Paragraph (e) of this section 
provides definitions for purposes of this section. Paragraph (f) of 
this section provides examples illustrating the rules of this section. 
Paragraph (g) of this section provides an applicability date.
    (b) Calculation of the GILTI inclusion amount for a member of a 
consolidated group. Each member who is a United States shareholder of 
any controlled foreign corporation includes in gross income in the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year the member's GILTI inclusion amount, if any, 
for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year. See section 951A(a) and Sec.  
1.951A-1(b). The GILTI inclusion amount of a member for a U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year is the excess (if any) of the member's net 
CFC tested income for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year, over the 
member's net deemed tangible income return for the U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year, determined using the definitions provided in paragraph 
(e) of this section. In addition, see Sec.  1.951A-1(e).
    (c) [Reserved]
    (d) [Reserved]
    (e) Definitions. Any term used but not defined in this section has 
the meaning set forth in Sec. Sec.  1.951A-1 through 1.951A-6. In 
addition, the following definitions apply for purposes of this section.
    (1) Aggregate tested income. With respect to a member, the term 
aggregate tested income means the aggregate of the member's pro rata 
share (determined under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(2)) of the tested income of 
each tested income CFC for a CFC inclusion year that ends with or 
within the U.S. shareholder inclusion year.
    (2) Aggregate tested loss. With respect to a member, the term 
aggregate tested loss means the aggregate of the member's pro rata 
share (determined under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(4)) of the tested loss of 
each tested loss CFC for a CFC inclusion year that ends with or within 
the U.S. shareholder inclusion year.
    (3) Allocable share. The term allocable share means, with respect 
to a member that is a United States shareholder and a U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year--
    (i) With respect to consolidated QBAI, the product of the 
consolidated QBAI of the member's consolidated group and the member's 
GILTI allocation ratio.
    (ii) With respect to consolidated specified interest expense, the 
product of the consolidated specified interest expense of the member's 
consolidated group and the member's GILTI allocation ratio.
    (iii) With respect to consolidated tested loss, the product of the 
consolidated tested loss of the member's consolidated group and the 
member's GILTI allocation ratio.
    (4) Consolidated QBAI. With respect to a consolidated group, the 
term consolidated QBAI means the sum of each member's pro rata share 
(determined under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(3)) of the qualified business asset 
investment of each tested income CFC for a CFC inclusion year that ends 
with or within the U.S. shareholder inclusion year.
    (5) Consolidated specified interest expense. With respect to a 
consolidated group, the term consolidated specified interest expense 
means the excess (if any) of--
    (i) The sum of each member's pro rata share (determined under Sec.  
1.951A-1(d)(5)) of the tested interest expense of each controlled 
foreign corporation for a CFC inclusion year that ends with or within 
the U.S. shareholder inclusion year, over
    (ii) The sum of each member's pro rata share (determined under 
Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(6)) of the tested interest income of each controlled 
foreign corporation for a CFC inclusion year that ends with or within 
the U.S. shareholder inclusion year.
    (6) Consolidated tested income. With respect to a consolidated 
group, the term consolidated tested income means the sum of each 
member's aggregate tested income for the U.S. shareholder inclusion 
year.
    (7) Consolidated tested loss. With respect to a consolidated group, 
the term consolidated tested loss means the sum of each member's 
aggregate tested loss for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year.
    (8) Controlled foreign corporation. The term controlled foreign 
corporation has the meaning provided in Sec.  1.951A-1(f)(2).
    (9) Deemed tangible income return. With respect to a member, the 
term deemed tangible income return means 10 percent of the member's 
allocable share of the consolidated QBAI.

[[Page 29368]]

    (10) GILTI allocation ratio. With respect to a member, the term 
GILTI allocation ratio means the ratio of--
    (i) The aggregate tested income of the member for the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year, to
    (ii) The consolidated tested income of the consolidated group of 
which the member is a member for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year.
    (11) GILTI inclusion amount. With respect to a member, the term 
GILTI inclusion amount has the meaning provided in paragraph (b) of 
this section.
    (12) Net CFC tested income. With respect to a member, the term net 
CFC tested income means the excess (if any) of--
    (i) The member's aggregate tested income, over
    (ii) The member's allocable share of the consolidated tested loss.
    (13) Net deemed tangible income return. With respect to a member, 
the term net deemed tangible income return means the excess (if any) of 
the member's deemed tangible income return over the member's allocable 
share of the consolidated specified interest expense.
    (14) through (16) [Reserved]
    (17) Qualified business asset investment. The term qualified 
business asset investment has the meaning provided in Sec.  1.951A-
3(b).
    (18) Tested income. The term tested income has the meaning provided 
in Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(1).
    (19) Tested income CFC. The term tested income CFC has the meaning 
provided in Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(1).
    (20) Tested interest expense. The term tested interest expense has 
the meaning provided in Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1).
    (21) Tested interest income. The term tested interest income has 
the meaning provided in Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(2).
    (22) Tested loss. The term tested loss has the meaning provided in 
Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(2).
    (23) Tested loss CFC. The term tested loss CFC has the meaning 
provided in Sec.  1.951A-2(b)(2).
    (24) United States shareholder. The term United States shareholder 
has the meaning provided in Sec.  1.951A-1(f)(6).
    (25) U.S. shareholder inclusion year. The term U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year has the meaning provided in Sec.  1.951A-1(f)(7).
    (f) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of this 
section. For purposes of the examples in this section, unless otherwise 
stated: P is the common parent of the P consolidated group; P owns all 
of the single class of stock of subsidiaries USS1, USS2, and USS3, all 
of whom are members of the P consolidated group; CFC1, CFC2, CFC3, and 
CFC4 are all controlled foreign corporations (within the meaning of 
paragraph (e)(8) of this section); and the taxable year of all persons 
is the calendar year.

    (1) Example 1: Calculation of net CFC tested income within a 
consolidated group when all CFCs are wholly owned by a member--(i) 
Facts. USS1 owns all of the single class of stock of CFC1. USS2 owns 
all of the single class of stock of each of CFC2 and CFC3. USS3 owns 
all of the single class of stock of CFC4. In Year 1, CFC1 has tested 
loss of $100x, CFC2 has tested income of $200x, CFC3 has tested loss 
of $200x, and CFC4 has tested income of $600x. None of CFC1, CFC2, 
CFC3, or CFC4 has qualified business asset investment in Year 1.
    (ii) Analysis--(A) Consolidated tested income and GILTI 
allocation ratio. USS1 has no aggregate tested income; USS2's 
aggregate tested income is $200x, its pro rata share (determined 
under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(2)) of CFC2's tested income; and USS3's 
aggregate tested income is $600x, its pro rata share (determined 
under Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(2)) of CFC4's tested income. Therefore, 
under paragraph (e)(6) of this section, the P consolidated group's 
consolidated tested income is $800x ($200x + $600x). As a result, 
the GILTI allocation ratios of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are 0 ($0/
$800x), 0.25 ($200x/$800x), and 0.75 ($600x/$800x), respectively.
    (B) Consolidated tested loss. Under paragraph (e)(7) of this 
section, the P consolidated group's consolidated tested loss is 
$300x ($100x + $200x), the sum of USS1's aggregate tested loss, 
which is equal to its pro rata share (determined under Sec.  1.951A-
1(d)(4)) of CFC1's tested loss ($100x), and USS2's aggregate tested 
loss, which is equal to its pro rata share (determined under Sec.  
1.951A-1(d)(4)) of CFC3's tested loss ($200x). Under paragraph 
(e)(3)(iii) of this section, a member's allocable share of the 
consolidated tested loss is the product of the consolidated tested 
loss of the member's consolidated group and the member's GILTI 
allocation ratio. Therefore, the allocable shares of the 
consolidated tested loss of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are $0 (0 x $300x), 
$75x (0.25 x $300x), and $225x (0.75 x $300x), respectively.
    (C) Calculation of net CFC tested income. Under paragraph 
(e)(12) of this section, a member's net CFC tested income is the 
excess (if any) of the member's aggregate tested income over the 
member's allocable share of the consolidated tested loss. As a 
result, the net CFC tested income of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are $0 
($0-$0), $125x ($200x-$75x), and $375x ($600x-$225x), respectively.
    (2) Example 2: Calculation of net CFC tested income within a 
consolidated group when ownership of a tested loss CFC is split 
between members--(i) Facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph 
(f)(1)(i) of this section (the facts in Example 1), except that USS2 
and USS3 each own 50% of the single class of stock of CFC3.
    (ii) Analysis. As in paragraph (f)(1)(ii)(A) of this section 
(paragraph (A) of the analysis in Example 1), USS1 has no aggregate 
tested income and a GILTI allocation ratio of 0, USS2 has $200x of 
aggregate tested income and a GILTI allocation ratio of 0.25, and 
USS3 has $600x of aggregate tested income and a GILTI allocation 
ratio of 0.75. Additionally, the P consolidated group's consolidated 
tested loss is $300x (the aggregate of USS1's aggregate tested loss, 
which is equal to its pro rata share (determined under Sec.  1.951A-
1(d)(4)) of CFC1's tested loss ($100x); USS2's aggregate tested 
loss, which is equal to its pro rata share (determined under Sec.  
1.951A-1(d)(4)) of CFC3's tested loss ($100x); and USS3's aggregate 
tested loss, which is equal to its pro rata share (determined under 
Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(4)) of CFC3's tested loss ($100x)). As a result, 
under paragraph (e)(12) of this section, as in paragraph 
(f)(1)(ii)(C) of this section (paragraph (C) of the analysis in 
Example 1), the net CFC tested income of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are $0 
($0-$0), $125x ($200x-$75x), and $375x ($600x-$225x), respectively.
    (3) Example 3: Calculation of GILTI inclusion amount--(i) Facts. 
The facts are the same as in paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section 
(the facts in Example 1), except that CFC2 and CFC4 have qualified 
business asset investment of $500x and $2,000x, respectively, for 
Year 1. In Year 1, CFC1 and CFC4 each have tested interest expense 
(within the meaning of Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(1)) of $25x, and none of 
CFC1, CFC2, CFC3, and CFC4 have tested interest income (within the 
meaning of Sec.  1.951A-4(b)(2)). CFC1's tested loss of $100x and 
CFC4's tested income of $600x take into account the tested interest 
expense.
    (ii) Analysis--(A) GILTI allocation ratio. As in paragraph 
(f)(1)(ii)(A) of this section (paragraph (A) of the analysis in 
Example 1), the GILTI allocation ratios of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are 
0 ($0/$800x), 0.25 ($200x/$800x), and 0.75 ($600x/$800x), 
respectively.
    (B) Consolidated QBAI. Under paragraph (e)(4) of this section, 
the P consolidated group's consolidated QBAI is $2,500x ($500x + 
$2,000x), the aggregate of USS2's pro rata share (determined under 
Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(3)) of the qualified business asset investment of 
CFC2 and USS3's pro rata share (determined under Sec.  1.951A-
1(d)(3)) of the qualified business asset investment of CFC4. Under 
paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section, a member's allocable share of 
consolidated QBAI is the product of the consolidated QBAI of the 
member's consolidated group and the member's GILTI allocation ratio. 
Therefore, the allocable shares of the consolidated QBAI of each of 
USS1, USS2, and USS3 are $0 (0 x $2,500x), $625x (0.25 x $2,500x), 
and $1,875x (0.75 x $2,500x), respectively.
    (C) Consolidated specified interest expense--(1) Pro rata share 
of tested interest expense. USS1's pro rata share (determined under 
Sec.  1.951A-1(d)(5)) of the tested interest expense of CFC1 is 
$25x, the amount by which the tested interest expense increases 
USS1's pro rata share of CFC1's tested loss (from $75x to $100x) for 
Year 1. USS3's pro rata share (determined under Sec.  1.951A-
1(d)(5)) of the tested interest expense of CFC4 is also $25x, the 
amount by which the tested interest expense decreases USS3's pro 
rata share of CFC4's tested income (from $625x to $600x).

[[Page 29369]]

    (2) Consolidated specified interest expense. Under paragraph 
(e)(5) of this section, the P consolidated group's consolidated 
specified interest expense is $50x, the excess of the sum of each 
member's pro rata share of the tested interest expense of each 
controlled foreign corporation ($50x, $25x from USS1 + $25x from 
USS3), over the sum of each member's pro rata share of tested 
interest income ($0). Under paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section, a 
member's allocable share of consolidated specified interest expense 
is the product of the consolidated specified interest expense of the 
member's consolidated group and the member's GILTI allocation ratio. 
Therefore, the allocable shares of consolidated specified interest 
expense of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are $0 (0 x $50x), $12.50x (0.25 x 
$50x), and $37.50x (0.75 x $50x), respectively.
    (D) Calculation of deemed tangible income return. Under 
paragraph (e)(9) of this section, a member's deemed tangible income 
return means 10 percent of the member's allocable share of the 
consolidated QBAI. As a result, the deemed tangible income returns 
of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are $0 (0.1 x $0), $62.50x (0.1 x $625x), 
and $187.50x (0.1 x $1,875x), respectively.
    (E) Calculation of net deemed tangible income return. Under 
paragraph (e)(13) of this section, a member's net deemed tangible 
income return means the excess (if any) of a member's deemed 
tangible income return over the member's allocable share of the 
consolidated specified interest expense. As a result, the net deemed 
tangible income returns of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are $0 ($0-$0), $50x 
($62.50x-$12.50x), and $150x ($187.50x-$37.50x), respectively.
    (F) Calculation of GILTI inclusion amount. Under paragraph (b) 
of this section, a member's GILTI inclusion amount for a U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year is the excess (if any) of the member's 
net CFC tested income for the U.S. shareholder inclusion year, over 
the shareholder's net deemed tangible income return for the U.S. 
shareholder inclusion year. As described in paragraph (f)(1)(ii)(C) 
of this section (paragraph (C) of the analysis in Example 1), the 
net CFC tested income of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are $0, $125x, and 
$375x, respectively. As described in paragraph (f)(3)(ii)(E) of this 
section (paragraph (E) of the analysis in this example), the net 
deemed tangible income returns of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are $0, $50x, 
and $150x, respectively. As a result, under paragraph (b) of this 
section, the GILTI inclusion amounts of USS1, USS2, and USS3 are $0 
($0-$0), $75x ($125x-$50x), and $225x ($375x-$150x), respectively.

    (g) Applicability date--(1) In general. Except as otherwise 
provided in this paragraph (g), this section applies to taxable years 
of United States shareholders for which the due date (without 
extensions) of the consolidated return is after June 21, 2019. However, 
a consolidated group may apply the rules of this section in their 
entirety to all taxable years of its members that are described in 
Sec.  1.951A-7. In such a case, the consolidated group must apply the 
rules of this section to all taxable years described in Sec.  1.951A-7 
and with respect to all members.
    (2) [Reserved]

0
Par. 11. Section 1.6038-2 is amended by revising the section heading, 
the introductory text of paragraph (a), and paragraph (m) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  1.6038-2  Information returns required of United States persons 
with respect to annual accounting periods of certain foreign 
corporations.

    (a) Requirement of return. Every U.S. person shall make a separate 
annual information return with respect to each annual accounting period 
(described in paragraph (e) of this section) of each foreign 
corporation which that person controls (as defined in paragraph (b) of 
this section) at any time during such annual accounting period.
* * * * *
    (m) Applicability dates--(1) In general. This section applies to 
taxable years of foreign corporations beginning on or after October 3, 
2018. See 26 CFR 1.6038-2 (revised as of April 1, 2018) for rules 
applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning before 
such date.
    (2) [Reserved]

0
Par. 12. Section 1.6038-5 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  1.6038-5  Information returns required of certain United States 
persons to report amounts determined with respect to certain foreign 
corporations for global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) purposes.

    (a) Requirement of return. Except as provided in paragraph (d) of 
this section, each United States person who is a United States 
shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) of any controlled foreign 
corporation (as defined in section 957) must make an annual return on 
Form 8992, ``U.S. Shareholder Calculation of Global Intangible Low-
Taxed Income (GILTI),'' (or successor form) for each U.S. shareholder 
inclusion year (as defined in Sec.  1.951A-1(f)(7)) setting forth the 
information with respect to each such controlled foreign corporation, 
in such form and manner, as Form 8992 (or successor form) prescribes.
    (b) Time and manner for filing. Returns on Form 8992 (or successor 
form) required under paragraph (a) of this section for a taxable year 
must be filed with the United States person's income tax return on or 
before the due date (taking into account extensions) for filing that 
person's income tax return.
    (c) Failure to furnish information--(1) Penalties. If any person 
required to file Form 8992 (or successor form) under section 6038 and 
this section fails to furnish the information prescribed on Form 8992 
within the time prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section, the 
penalties imposed by section 6038(b) and (c) apply.
    (2) Increase in penalty. If a failure described in paragraph (c)(1) 
of this section continues for more than 90 days after the date on which 
the Director of Field Operations, Area Director, or Director of 
Compliance Campus Operations mails notice of such failure to the person 
required to file Form 8992, such person shall pay a penalty of $10,000, 
in addition to the penalty imposed by section 6038(b)(1), for each 30-
day period (or a fraction of) during which such failure continues after 
such 90-day period has expired. The additional penalty imposed by 
section 6038(b)(2) and this paragraph (c)(2) shall be limited to a 
maximum of $50,000 for each failure.
    (3) Reasonable cause--(i) For purposes of section 6038(b) and (c) 
and this section, the time prescribed for furnishing information under 
paragraph (b) of this section, and the beginning of the 90-day period 
after mailing of notice by the director under paragraph (c)(2) of this 
section, shall be treated as being not earlier than the last day on 
which reasonable cause existed for failure to furnish the information.
    (ii) To show that reasonable cause existed for failure to furnish 
information as required by section 6038 and this section, the person 
required to report such information must make an affirmative showing of 
all facts alleged as reasonable cause for such failure in a written 
statement containing a declaration that it is made under the penalties 
of perjury. The statement must be filed with the director where the 
return is required to be filed. The director shall determine whether 
the failure to furnish information was due to reasonable cause, and if 
so, the period of time for which such reasonable cause existed. In the 
case of a return that has been filed as required by this section except 
for an omission of, or error with respect to, some of the information 
required, if the person who filed the return establishes to the 
satisfaction of the director that the person has substantially complied 
with this section, then the omission or error shall not constitute a 
failure under this section.
    (d) Exception from filing requirement. Any United States person 
that does not own, within the meaning of section 958(a), stock of a 
controlled foreign corporation in which the United States person is a 
United States shareholder for a taxable year is not required to file 
Form 8992. For this purpose, whether a

[[Page 29370]]

U.S. person owns, within the meaning of section 958(a), stock of a 
controlled foreign corporation is determined under Sec.  1.951A-1(e).
    (e) Applicability date. This section applies to taxable years of 
controlled foreign corporations beginning on or after October 3, 2018.

Kirsten Wielobob,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.

    Approved: June 6, 2019.
David J. Kautter,
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy).
[FR Doc. 2019-12437 Filed 6-14-19; 4:15 pm]
 BILLING CODE 4830-01-P