[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 96 (Friday, May 17, 2019)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 22642-22685]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-09583]



[[Page 22641]]

Vol. 84

Friday,

No. 96

May 17, 2019

Part III





 Envionmental Protection Agency





-----------------------------------------------------------------------





40 CFR Part 63





 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Boat 
Manufacturing and Reinforced Plastic Composites Production Residual 
Risk and Technology Review; Proposed Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 96 / Friday, May 17, 2019 / Proposed 
Rules  

[[Page 22642]]


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 63

[EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447 and EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449; FRL-9992-76-OAR]
RIN 2060-AT12


National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Boat 
Manufacturing and Reinforced Plastic Composites Production Residual 
Risk and Technology Review

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing 
amendments to the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 
Pollutants (NESHAP) for Boat Manufacturing and the NESHAP for 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production. The proposed amendments 
address the results of the residual risk and technology review (RTR) 
conducted as required under the Clean Air Act (CAA) for these source 
categories. The EPA is proposing to find the risks due to emissions of 
air toxics from these source categories under the current standards to 
be acceptable and that the standards provide an ample margin of safety 
to protect public health. We are proposing no revisions to the 
numerical emission limits or other aspects of the rules based on these 
risk analyses or technology reviews. Additionally, the EPA is proposing 
to amend provisions addressing emissions during periods of startup, 
shutdown, and malfunction (SSM) and to amend provisions regarding 
electronic reporting of certain notifications, performance test 
results, and semiannual reports.

DATES: 
    Comments. Comments must be received on or before July 1, 2019. 
Under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), comments on the information 
collection provisions are best assured of consideration if the Office 
of Management and Budget (OMB) receives a copy of your comments on or 
before June 17, 2019.
    Public Hearing. If anyone contacts us requesting a public hearing 
on or before May 22, 2019, we will hold a hearing. Additional 
information about the hearing, if requested, will be published in a 
subsequent Federal Register document and posted at https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/boat-manufacturing-national-emission-standards-hazardous-air for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP, and https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/reinforced-plastic-composites-production-national-emission for the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production NESHAP. See SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for 
information on requesting and registering for a public hearing.

ADDRESSES: 
    Comments. Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-
OAR-2016-0447 for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP and Docket ID No. EPA-
HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production 
NESHAP, at https://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions 
for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot be edited or 
removed from Regulations.gov. See SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION for detail 
about how the EPA treats submitted comments. Regulations.gov is our 
preferred method of receiving comments. However, the following other 
submission methods are also accepted:
     Email: [email protected]. Include Docket ID No. EPA-
HQ-OAR-2016-0447 for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP or Docket ID No. 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production 
NESHAP in the subject line of the message.
     Fax: (202) 566-9744. Attention Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2016-0447 for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP or Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-
OAR-2016-0449 for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP.
     Mail: To ship or send mail via the United States Postal 
Service, use the following address: U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, EPA Docket Center, Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447 for the 
Boat Manufacturing NESHAP or Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for the 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP, Mail Code 28221T, 1200 
Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460.
     Hand/Courier Delivery: Use the following Docket Center 
address if you are using express mail, commercial delivery, hand 
delivery, or courier: EPA Docket Center, EPA WJC West Building, Room 
3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004. Delivery 
verification signatures will be available only during regular business 
hours.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For questions about this proposed 
action, contact Mr. Brian Storey, Sector Policies and Programs Division 
(D243-04), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 
27711; telephone number: (919) 541-1103; fax number: (919) 541-4991; 
and email address: [email protected]. For specific information 
regarding the risk modeling methodology, contact Mr. James Hirtz, 
Health and Environmental Impacts Division (C539-02), Office of Air 
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; telephone number: (919) 
541-0881; fax number: (919) 541-0840; and email address: 
[email protected]. For information about the applicability of the 
Boat Manufacturing NESHAP or Reinforced Plastic Composites Production 
NESHAP to a particular entity, contact Mr. John Cox, Office of 
Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, EPA WJC South Building (Mail Code 2221A), 1200 Pennsylvania 
Avenue NW, Washington DC 20460; telephone number: (202) 564-1395; and 
email address: [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
    Public hearing. Please contact Ms. Nancy Perry at (919) 541-5628 or 
by email at [email protected] to request a public hearing, to 
register to speak at the public hearing, or to inquire as to whether a 
public hearing will be held.
    Docket. The EPA has established a docket for this rulemaking under 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447 for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP or 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production NESHAP. All documents in the docket are listed in 
Regulations.gov. Although listed, some information is not publicly 
available, e.g., Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other 
information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other 
material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the internet 
and will be publicly available only in hard copy. Publicly available 
docket materials are available either electronically in Regulations.gov 
or in hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, Room 3334, EPA WJC West 
Building, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC. The Public 
Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through 
Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number for the Public 
Reading Room is (202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the EPA 
Docket Center is (202) 566-1742.
    Instructions. Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2016-0447 for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP or Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-

[[Page 22643]]

OAR-2016-0449 for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP. 
The EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included in the 
public docket without change and may be made available online at 
https://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information 
provided, unless the comment includes information claimed to be CBI or 
other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Do not 
submit information that you consider to be CBI or otherwise protected 
through https://www.regulations.gov or email. This type of information 
should be submitted by mail as discussed below.
    The EPA may publish any comment received to its public docket. 
Multimedia submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a 
written comment. The written comment is considered the official comment 
and should include discussion of all points you wish to make. The EPA 
will generally not consider comments or comment contents located 
outside of the primary submission (i.e., on the Web, cloud, or other 
file sharing system). For additional submission methods, the full EPA 
public comment policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, 
and general guidance on making effective comments, please visit https://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.
    The https://www.regulations.gov website allows you to submit your 
comment anonymously, which means the EPA will not know your identity or 
contact information unless you provide it in the body of your comment. 
If you send an email comment directly to the EPA without going through 
https://www.regulations.gov, your email address will be automatically 
captured and included as part of the comment that is placed in the 
public docket and made available on the internet. If you submit an 
electronic comment, the EPA recommends that you include your name and 
other contact information in the body of your comment and with any 
digital storage media you submit. If the EPA cannot read your comment 
due to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, 
the EPA may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic files 
should not include special characters or any form of encryption and be 
free of any defects or viruses. For additional information about the 
EPA's public docket, visit the EPA Docket Center homepage at https://www.epa.gov/dockets.
    Submitting CBI. Do not submit information containing CBI to the EPA 
through https://www.regulations.gov or email. Clearly mark the part or 
all of the information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI information on 
any digital storage media that you mail to the EPA, mark the outside of 
the digital storage media as CBI and then identify electronically 
within the digital storage media the specific information that is 
claimed as CBI. In addition to one complete version of the comments 
that includes information claimed as CBI, you must submit a copy of the 
comments that does not contain the information claimed as CBI directly 
to the public docket through the procedures outlined in Instructions 
above. If you submit any digital storage media that does not contain 
CBI, mark the outside of the digital storage media clearly that it does 
not contain CBI. Information not marked as CBI will be included in the 
public docket and the EPA's electronic public docket without prior 
notice. Information marked as CBI will not be disclosed except in 
accordance with procedures set forth in 40 Code of Federal Regulations 
(CFR) part 2. Send or deliver information identified as CBI only to the 
following address: OAQPS Document Control Officer (C404-02), OAQPS, 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North 
Carolina 27711, Attention Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447 for the 
Boat Manufacturing NESHAP or Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for the 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP.
    Preamble Acronyms and Abbreviations. We use multiple acronyms and 
terms in this preamble. While this list may not be exhaustive, to ease 
the reading of this preamble and for reference purposes, the EPA 
defines the following terms and acronyms here:

AEGL acute exposure guideline level
AERMOD air dispersion model used by the HEM-3 model
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
BMC bulk molding compound
CAA Clean Air Act
CalEPA California EPA
CBI Confidential Business Information
CEDRI compliance and emissions data reporting interface
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERPG Emergency Response Planning Guideline
ERT electronic reporting tool
GACT generally available control technologies
HAP hazardous air pollutant(s)
HCl hydrochloric acid
HEM-3 Human Exposure Model, Version 1.1.0
HF hydrogen fluoride
HI hazard index
HQ hazard quotient
ICR information collection request
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System km kilometer
MACT maximum achievable control technology
MDI 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate
mg/m\3\ milligrams per cubic meter
MIR maximum individual risk
MMA methyl methacrylate
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NEI national emissions inventory
NESHAP national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants
NSR new source review
NTTAA National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OMB Office of Management and Budget
PB-HAP hazardous air pollutants known to be persistent and bio-
accumulative in the environment
POM polycyclic organic matter
ppm parts per million
PRA Paperwork Reduction Act
RBLC Reasonably Available Control Technology, Best Available Control 
Technology, and Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (RACT/BACT/LAER) 
Clearinghouse
REL reference exposure level
RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act
RfC reference concentration
RTR residual risk and technology review
SAB Science Advisory Board
SMC sheet molding compound
SSM startup, shutdown, and malfunction
TOSHI target organ-specific hazard index
tpy tons per year
TRIM.FaTE Total Risk Integrated Methodology. Fate, Transport, and 
Ecological Exposure model
UF uncertainty factor
[micro]g/m\3\ microgram per cubic meter
UMRA Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
URE unit risk estimate

    Organization of this Document. The information in this preamble is 
organized as follows:

I. General Information
    A. Does this action apply to me?
    B. Where can I get a copy of this document and other related 
information?
II. Background
    A. What is the statutory authority for this action?
    B. What is this source category and how does the current NESHAP 
regulate its HAP emissions?
    C. What data collection activities were conducted to support 
this action?
    D. What other relevant background information and data are 
available?
III. Analytical Procedures and Decision Making
    A. How do we consider risk in our decision-making?
    B. How do we perform the technology review?
    C. How do we estimate post-MACT risk posed by the source 
category?
IV. Analytical Results and Proposed Decisions

[[Page 22644]]

    A. What are the results of the risk assessment and analyses for 
the Boat Manufacturing source category?
    B. What are our proposed decisions regarding risk acceptability, 
ample margin of safety, and adverse environmental effect for the 
Boat Manufacturing source category?
    C. What are the results and proposed decisions based on our 
technology review for the Boat Manufacturing source category?
    D. What other actions are we proposing for the Boat 
Manufacturing source category?
    E. What compliance dates are we proposing for the Boat 
Manufacturing source category?
    F. What are the results of the risk assessment and analyses for 
the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source category?
    G. What are our proposed decisions regarding risk acceptability, 
ample margin of safety, and adverse environmental effect for the 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source category?
    H. What are the results and proposed decisions based on our 
technology review for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production 
source category?
    I. What other actions are we proposing for the Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production source category?
    J. What compliance dates are we proposing for the Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production source category?
V. Summary of Cost, Environmental, and Economic Impacts
    A. What are the affected sources?
    B. What are the air quality impacts?
    C. What are the cost impacts?
    D. What are the economic impacts?
    E. What are the benefits?
VI. Request for Comments
VII. Submitting Data Corrections
VIII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
    A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and 
Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
    B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulation and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs
    C. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)
    D. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
    E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)
    F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
    G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments
    H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From 
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
    I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)
    K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address 
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
Populations

I. General Information

A. Does this action apply to me?

    Table 1 of this preamble lists the NESHAP and associated regulated 
industrial source categories that are the subject of this proposal. 
Table 1 is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide 
for readers regarding the entities that this proposed action is likely 
to affect. The proposed standards, once promulgated, will be directly 
applicable to the affected sources. Federal, state, local, and tribal 
government entities would not be affected by this proposed action.

    Table 1--NESHAP and Industrial Source Categories Affected by This
                             Proposed Action
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 NESHAP and source category      NAICS code \1\      Regulated entities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boat Manufacturing..........  336612..............  Boat manufacturing
                                                     facilities that
                                                     perform fiberglass
                                                     production
                                                     operations or
                                                     aluminum coating
                                                     operations.
Reinforced Plastic            326113, 326121,       Reinforced plastic
 Composites Production.        326122, 326130,       composites
                               326140, 326191,       production
                               327110, 327991,       facilities that
                               332321, 332420,       manufacture
                               333132, 333415,       intermediate, and/
                               333611, 333924,       or final products
                               334310, 335311,       using styrene
                               335313, 335932,       containing
                               336111, 336211,       thermoset resins
                               336213, 336214,       and gel coats.
                               336320, 336413,
                               336510, 337110,
                               337125, 337127,
                               337215, 339920,
                               339991.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ North American Industry Classification System.

B. Where can I get a copy of this document and other related 
information?

    In addition to being available in the docket, an electronic copy of 
this action is available on the internet. Following signature by the 
EPA Administrator, the EPA will post a copy of this proposed action at 
https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/boat-manufacturing-national-emission-standards-hazardous-air for the Boat 
Manufacturing NESHAP, and https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/reinforced-plastic-composites-production-national-emission 
for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP. Following 
publication in the Federal Register, the EPA will post the Federal 
Register version of the proposal and key technical documents at this 
same website. Information on the overall RTR program is available at 
https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html.
    A redline version of the regulatory language that incorporates the 
proposed changes in this action is available in the docket for this 
action (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447 for the Boat Manufacturing 
NESHAP or Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production NESHAP).

II. Background

A. What is the statutory authority for this action?

    The statutory authority for this action is provided by sections 112 
and 301 of the CAA, as amended (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.). Section 112 of 
the CAA establishes a two-stage regulatory process to develop standards 
for emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from stationary 
sources. Generally, the first stage involves establishing technology-
based standards and the second stage involves evaluating those 
standards that are based on maximum achievable control technology 
(MACT) to determine whether additional standards are needed to address 
any remaining risk associated with HAP emissions. This second stage is 
commonly referred to as the ``residual risk review.'' In addition to 
the residual risk review, the CAA also requires the EPA to review 
standards set under CAA section 112 every 8 years to determine if there 
are ``developments in practices, processes, or control technologies'' 
that may be appropriate to incorporate into the standards. This review 
is commonly referred to as the ``technology review.'' When the two 
reviews are combined into a single rulemaking, it is commonly referred 
to as the ``risk and technology review.''

[[Page 22645]]

The discussion that follows identifies the most relevant statutory 
sections and briefly explains the contours of the methodology used to 
implement these statutory requirements. A more comprehensive discussion 
appears in the document titled CAA Section 112 Risk and Technology 
Reviews: Statutory Authority and Methodology in the docket for this 
rulemaking.
    In the first stage of the CAA section 112 standard setting process, 
the EPA promulgates technology-based standards under CAA section 112(d) 
for categories of sources identified as emitting one or more of the HAP 
listed in CAA section 112(b). Sources of HAP emissions are either major 
sources or area sources, and CAA section 112 establishes different 
requirements for major source standards and area source standards. 
``Major sources'' are those that emit or have the potential to emit 10 
tons per year (tpy) or more of a single HAP or 25 tpy or more of any 
combination of HAP. All other sources are ``area sources.'' For major 
sources, CAA section 112(d)(2) provides that the technology-based 
NESHAP must reflect the maximum degree of emission reductions of HAP 
achievable (after considering cost, energy requirements, and non-air 
quality health and environmental impacts). These standards are commonly 
referred to as MACT standards. CAA section 112(d)(3) also establishes a 
minimum control level for MACT standards, known as the MACT ``floor.'' 
The EPA must also consider control options that are more stringent than 
the floor. Standards more stringent than the floor are commonly 
referred to as beyond-the-floor standards. In certain instances, as 
provided in CAA section 112(h), the EPA may set work practice standards 
where it is not feasible to prescribe or enforce a numerical emission 
standard. For area sources, CAA section 112(d)(5) gives the EPA 
discretion to set standards based on generally available control 
technologies or management practices (GACT standards) in lieu of MACT 
standards.
    The second stage in standard-setting focuses on identifying and 
addressing any remaining (i.e., ``residual'') risk according to CAA 
section 112(f). For source categories subject to MACT standards, 
section 112(f)(2) of the CAA requires the EPA to determine whether 
promulgation of additional standards is needed to provide an ample 
margin of safety to protect public health or to prevent an adverse 
environmental effect. Section 112(d)(5) of the CAA provides that this 
residual risk review is not required for categories of area sources 
subject to GACT standards. Section 112(f)(2)(B) of the CAA further 
expressly preserves the EPA's use of the two-step approach for 
developing standards to address any residual risk and the Agency's 
interpretation of ``ample margin of safety'' developed in the National 
Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Benzene Emissions 
from Maleic Anhydride Plants, Ethylbenzene/Styrene Plants, Benzene 
Storage Vessels, Benzene Equipment Leaks, and Coke By-Product Recovery 
Plants (Benzene NESHAP) (54 FR 38044, September 14, 1989). The EPA 
notified Congress in the Risk Report that the Agency intended to use 
the Benzene NESHAP approach in making CAA section 112(f) residual risk 
determinations (EPA-453/R-99-001, p. ES-11). The EPA subsequently 
adopted this approach in its residual risk determinations and the 
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit 
(the Court) upheld the EPA's interpretation that CAA section 112(f)(2) 
incorporates the approach established in the Benzene NESHAP. See NRDC 
v. EPA, 529 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2008).
    The approach incorporated into the CAA and used by the EPA to 
evaluate residual risk and to develop standards under CAA section 
112(f)(2) is a two-step approach. In the first step, the EPA determines 
whether risks are acceptable. This determination ``considers all health 
information, including risk estimation uncertainty, and includes a 
presumptive limit on maximum individual lifetime [cancer] risk (MIR) 
\1\ of approximately 1 in 10 thousand.'' 54 FR 38045, September 14, 
1989. If risks are unacceptable, the EPA must determine the emissions 
standards necessary to reduce risk to an acceptable level without 
considering costs. In the second step of the approach, the EPA 
considers whether the emissions standards provide an ample margin of 
safety to protect public health ``in consideration of all health 
information, including the number of persons at risk levels higher than 
approximately 1 in 1 million, as well as other relevant factors, 
including costs and economic impacts, technological feasibility, and 
other factors relevant to each particular decision.'' Id. The EPA must 
promulgate emission standards necessary to provide an ample margin of 
safety to protect public health. After conducting the ample margin of 
safety analysis, we consider whether a more stringent standard is 
necessary to prevent, taking into consideration costs, energy, safety, 
and other relevant factors, an adverse environmental effect.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Although defined as ``maximum individual risk,'' MIR refers 
only to cancer risk. MIR, one metric for assessing cancer risk, is 
the estimated risk if an individual were exposed to the maximum 
level of a pollutant for a lifetime.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    CAA section 112(d)(6) separately requires the EPA to review 
standards promulgated under CAA section 112 and revise them ``as 
necessary (taking into account developments in practices, processes, 
and control technologies)'' no less often than every 8 years. In 
conducting this review, which we call the ``technology review,'' the 
EPA is not required to recalculate the MACT floor. Natural Resources 
Defense Council (NRDC) v. EPA, 529 F.3d 1077, 1084 (D.C. Cir. 2008). 
Association of Battery Recyclers, Inc. v. EPA, 716 F.3d 667 (D.C. Cir. 
2013). The EPA may consider cost in deciding whether to revise the 
standards pursuant to CAA section 112(d)(6).

B. What is this source category and how does the current NESHAP 
regulate its HAP emissions?

1. What is the Boat Manufacturing source category and how does the 
current NESHAP regulate its HAP emissions?
    The Boat Manufacturing NESHAP was promulgated on August 22, 2001 
(66 FR 44218), and codified at 40 CFR part 63, subpart VVVV. As 
promulgated, the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP applies to fiberglass and 
aluminum boat manufacturing operations located at facilities considered 
to be major sources of HAP emissions. The HAP emissions from these boat 
manufacturing operations and processes are fugitive emissions. Fugitive 
emissions result from HAP evaporating from the resins, gel coats, 
solvents, adhesives, and surface coatings used in manufacturing 
processes. The following is a brief description of these processes and 
operations found at boat manufacturing facilities: Fiberglass boat 
manufacturing operations; fabric and carpet adhesive operations; and 
aluminum boat surface coating operations.
    Fiberglass boat manufacturing operations. Fiberglass boat 
manufacturing involves using glass fiber reinforcements laid in a mold 
and saturating the fiberglass with resin. The resin hardens to form a 
rigid plastic part reinforced with fiberglass. Manufacturing processes 
are generally considered either ``open molding'' or ``closed molding.''
    In open molding, the outer parts of the boat are built by first 
spraying a mold with a layer of gel coat, which is a pigmented 
polyester resin that hardens and becomes the smooth outside surface of 
the part. The inside of the hardened gel coat layer is coated

[[Page 22646]]

with chopped glass fibers and polyester or vinylester resin. Additional 
layers of fiberglass cloth or chopped glass fibers saturated with resin 
are added until the part is the final thickness. The same basic process 
is used to build or repair molds with tooling gel coat and tooling 
resin.
    Closed molding processes include resin infusion molding and resin 
transfer molding. These processes are typically used to produce smaller 
boat parts and involve packing a mold cavity with fiberglass 
reinforcement and infusing the fiber with resin either under pressure, 
where the resin is ``pushed'' into the mold cavity, or under vacuum, 
where the air of the mold cavity is removed and replaced by resin. In 
either process, the mold is sealed, to effectively transfer the resin 
into the mold cavity and to control the saturation of the fiber 
reinforcement.
    The resins that are used in fiberglass boat manufacturing contain 
styrene as a solvent and a cross-linking agent. Gel coats contain 
styrene and methyl methacrylate (MMA) which provides resistance to 
degradation of the gel coat by ultraviolet light. Styrene and MMA are 
HAP, and, in an open mold process, a fraction evaporates during resin 
and gel coat application and curing. Resins and gel coats containing 
styrene and MMA are also used to make the molds used in the 
manufacturing process. Mixing is done to resins or gel coats to mix the 
resins and gel coats with promoters, fillers, or other additives before 
being applied to the mold. Some HAP from the resins and gel coats are 
emitted during the mixing process. Resin and gel coat application 
equipment requires solvent cleaning to remove uncured resin or gel coat 
when not in use. The resin or gel coat can catalyze in the hoses or gun 
if not flushed with a solvent after each use.
    For some types of boats, the void spaces between the walls of the 
boat are filled with a foam to provide additional buoyancy to the boat, 
once constructed. The foam is formed by pouring a two-part foam product 
into the void space. The two-part product consists of resin, where the 
HAP is predominantly styrene and 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate 
(MDI), another HAP in the process. The MDI component of the foam is a 
reactant that reacts with the resin, when combined, to form the 
hardened polyurethane foam.
    Fabric and carpet adhesive operations. The interiors of many types 
of fiberglass boats and aluminum boats are covered with carpeting or 
fabric to improve the appearance, provide traction, or deaden sound. 
The material is bonded to the interior with contact adhesives. The 
adhesives can include HAP such as methylene chloride, toluene, xylenes, 
and methyl chloroform.
    Aluminum boat surface coatings. Aluminum boat hull topsides and 
decks are painted with coatings applied with spray guns. These coatings 
may be high-gloss polyurethane coatings or low-gloss single-part 
coatings. These surface coatings often contain HAP solvents, such as 
toluene, xylenes, and isocyanates. The HAP-containing solvents are also 
used to clean surfaces before finishing (wipe-down solvents) and for 
cleaning paint and coating spray guns.
    The Boat Manufacturing NESHAP regulates organic HAP from sources 
that manufacture non-commercial and non-military aluminum boats or all 
types of fiberglass boats. Coating operations on vessels used for 
commercial and military purposes are covered by the Shipbuilding and 
Repair NESHAP (40 CFR part 63, subpart II). The Boat Manufacturing 
NESHAP applies to the following operations: All open molding 
operations, including pigmented gel coat, clear gel coat, production 
resin, tooling resin, and tooling gel coat, and all closed molding 
resin operations. The NESHAP regulates HAP emissions by setting a HAP 
content limit for the resins and gel coats used at each regulated open 
molding resin and gel coat operation. For each regulated open molding 
resin operation, the NESHAP establishes separate HAP content limits for 
atomized and non-atomized resin application methods. For closed molding 
operations, no limits apply to the resin application operation if it 
meets the specific definition of closed molding provided in the NESHAP. 
If a molding operation does not meet the definition of closed molding 
that is provided in the NESHAP, then it must comply with the applicable 
emission limits for open molding. Other operations are subject to 
either work practice requirements or HAP content limits, including the 
following:
     All resin and gel coat application equipment cleaning;
     All resin and gel coat mixing operations; and
     All carpet and fabric adhesive operations.
    Resin and gel coat mixing containers with a capacity of 208 liters 
(55 gallons) or more must be covered with tightly fitted lids. Routine 
resin and gel coat equipment cleaning operations must use solvents 
containing no more than 5-percent organic HAP, but solvents used to 
remove cured resin or gel coat from equipment are exempt from the HAP 
content limits. However, the containers used to hold the exempt solvent 
and to clean equipment being used with cured resin and gel coat must be 
covered, and there is an annual limit on the amount of exempt solvent 
that can be used. Lastly, the NESHAP includes HAP limits for carpet and 
fabric adhesives operations, limiting use to those adhesives that 
contain no more than 5-percent organic HAP by weight.
    The Boat Manufacturing NESHAP applies to aluminum recreational boat 
manufacturing facilities performing the following operations:
     All aluminum recreational boat surface coating and 
associated spray gun cleaning and wipe-down solvent operations; and
     All carpet and fabric adhesive operations.
    The NESHAP includes the following requirements for aluminum 
recreational boat manufacturing:
     Aluminum wipe-down solvents are limited to no more than 
0.33 kilograms of organic HAP per liter of total coating solids applied 
(2.75 pounds per gallon) from aluminum primers, clear coats, and top 
coats combined (no limit applies when cleaning surfaces are receiving 
decals or adhesive graphics).
     Aluminum recreational boat surface coatings (including 
thinners, activators, primers, topcoats, and clear coats) are limited 
to no more than 1.22 kilograms of organic HAP per liter of total 
coating solids applied (10.18 pounds per gallon) from aluminum primers, 
clear coats, and top coats combined.
     Combined aluminum surface coatings and aluminum wipe-down 
solvents are limited to no more than 1.55 kilograms of organic HAP per 
liter of total coating solids applied (12.9 pounds per gallon) from 
aluminum primers, clear coats, and top coats combined.
    In addition, aluminum recreational boat manufacturing facilities 
must meet work practice standards to ensure that spray guns are cleaned 
and the cleaning solvent is stored in an enclosed device, and that the 
enclosure remains closed when not in use.
    The applicability of Boat Manufacturing NESHAP requirements is 
described in greater detail in the 2001 rule (66 FR 44218) and 40 CFR 
part 63, subpart VVVV.
2. What is the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source category 
and how does the current NESHAP regulate its HAP emissions?
    The Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP was originally 
promulgated on April 21, 2003 (68 FR 19375) and was amended on August 
25, 2005 (70 FR 50118). The requirements

[[Page 22647]]

are codified at 40 CFR part 63, subpart WWWW. The Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production source category includes the manufacturing of 
reinforced and non-reinforced plastic composite products and the 
production of plastic molding compounds used in the production of 
plastic composite products. As with boat manufacturing, reinforced 
plastic composite products are manufactured using resins containing 
styrene. Some processes use gel coats containing styrene and MMA. 
Operations also include mixing, tooling, and equipment cleaning. Many 
of the reinforced plastic composites products are manufactured using an 
open molding process similar to the boat manufacturing industry. As 
with boat manufacturing, the air emissions resulting from an open mold 
manufacturing process are fugitive in nature. Additionally, however, 
the reinforced plastic composites production processes can include 
pultrusion, sheet molding compound (SMC) and bulk molding compound 
(BMC) manufacturing, filament winding, casting, and other processes. 
The following paragraphs provide a brief description of some of the 
various processes utilized in the Reinforced Plastic Composites 
Production source category.
    Open Mold Process. The use of open molds is similar to the boat 
manufacturing operations, where the mold is sprayed with a layer of gel 
coat, or chopped glass fibers and polyester or vinylester resin. 
Additional layers of fiberglass and resin are added until the 
manufactured part is the final thickness. In addition, woven roving or 
mats can also be used instead of chopped fiber, in which case a spray 
gun would apply resin to saturate the fiberglass mat. Once the material 
has been applied to the mold, brushes or rollers are used to remove any 
entrapped air and to assure that the laminate is thoroughly ``wet.''
    Pultrusion. Pultrusion is a continuous manufacturing process that 
produces parts with constant cross-sectional shapes. In a pultrusion 
operation, the composite is pulled through an extrusion-type die by a 
gripper/puller system. Reinforcing fibers are pulled through a resin 
bath where all materials are thoroughly impregnated with liquid resin. 
The wet fibrous laminate is formed to the desired geometric shape in a 
pre-forming section and pulled into the heated steel die. As an 
alternative to using a resin bath, resin can be injected into the pre-
forming section (resin injection) or directly into the forming die (die 
injection). In the die, the resin cure is initiated by elevated 
temperatures. The laminate solidifies in the exact shape of the die 
cavity as it is being continuously pulled by the pultrusion machine. 
The cured product can then be cut to desired lengths.
    Compression Molding. Compression molding operations involve 
compressing the composite material under hydraulic pressure in matched 
metal dies and holding the configured, condensed material in the 
desired shape until the resin system has cured. The composite materials 
used in the compression molding process include SMC and BMC. SMC 
manufacturing includes an integrated composite material which contains 
all reinforcement, resin, fillers, chemical thickeners, catalyst, mold 
release agents, and other ingredients in an easily handled sheet. BMC 
manufacturing includes preparing a putty-like molding compound, which 
contains resins, catalysts, fillers, and reinforcements in a ``ready-
to-mold'' form. The production output in compression molding is 
relatively high because the molding compounds cure rapidly in the 
heated mold. The materials generally yield a good finish without 
application of gel coat. Both surfaces of the molded product will be as 
smooth as the mold surface.
    Filament Winding. Filament winding is a composite production 
process for manufacturing products that are surfaces of revolution. In 
this process, fibers are impregnated with resin in a resin bath and 
wrapped around a rotating mold surface following a machine controlled 
geometric pattern. The product is then cured in an oven or at room 
temperature. All types of reinforcing fibers can be utilized in 
filament winding, but continuous glass fiber is most commonly used due 
to its high specific strength and relative low cost. Different winding 
patterns can be applied alone or in combination to achieve the desired 
strength and shape characteristics.
    Polymer Casting. In the polymer casting process, polymers, fillers, 
and additives are combined by pouring or dispensing these materials 
into open or partially open molds and allowing the materials to cure. 
Fiberglass reinforcement is generally not used in cast polymer 
products. In the polymer casting process, the resin matrix is catalyzed 
and cast onto the mold which is usually vibrated to allow air bubbles 
to escape. Following vibration, the product enters an exothermic stage 
in which the matrix's chemical reaction generates heat that causes the 
product to cure. In some cases, an oven is used to accelerate cure.
    Centrifugal Casting. In centrifugal casting, resin and fiber 
reinforcements (if needed) are deposited against the inside surface of 
a rotating mold. A resin applicator which is often located in the 
center of the rotating mold supplies the resin to the inside of the 
cast. Centrifugal force holds the material in place while the part is 
cured. The outside surface of the part, which is cured against the 
inside surface of the mold, represents the finished surface. The 
interior surface of the centrifugally cast part can be improved by 
adding an additional coat of pure resin.
    The Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP applies to 
owners/operators of reinforced plastic composites production facilities 
located at major sources of HAP emissions. Applicable production is 
limited to operations in which reinforced and/or nonreinforced plastic 
composites or plastic molding compounds are manufactured using 
thermoset resins and/or gel coats that contain styrene to produce 
plastic composites. Applicable operations also include cleaning, 
mixing, HAP-containing materials storage, and repair operations 
associated with the production of plastic composites. The Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production NESHAP does not apply to those facilities 
who only repair reinforced plastic composites products. These repairs 
include the non-routine manufacturing of individual components or parts 
intended to repair a larger item. Additionally, the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production NESHAP does not apply to research and development 
facilities, as defined in section 112(c)(7) of the CAA. Lastly, the 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP is limited to those 
facilities that use greater than 1.2 tpy of thermoset resins and gel 
coats (combined) that contain styrene. Facilities are required to 
incorporate pollution-prevention techniques in their production 
processes. These techniques include the following:
     Using raw materials containing low amounts of air toxics;
     Non-atomized resin application; and
     Covering open resin baths and tanks.

In general, the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP 
requirements apply to three groups of operations, which include the 
following:
     Sources required to reduce HAP emissions by 95 percent;
     Sources required to comply with work practice standards; 
and
     Sources required to comply with emission limits.


[[Page 22648]]


The applicability of these requirements is described in greater detail 
in the 2003 rule (68 FR 19375), and 40 CFR part 63, subpart WWWW.

C. What data collection activities were conducted to support this 
action?

    For the residual risk assessment, the EPA sent out an information 
collection request (ICR) to nine parent companies subject to the Boat 
Manufacturing NESHAP, requesting information regarding the boat 
manufacturing process and the associated air emissions. The information 
requested included description of HAP-emitting processes, information 
on the HAP-containing materials used, estimates of emissions, and 
descriptions of control technologies, if present. After receiving 
information, as requested, from the boat manufacturing facilities 
surveyed, the EPA compiled the data with the intent to use the 
information as a reference to develop the risk assessment modeling 
file. The ICR information provided supplemental information regarding 
processes, the sources of HAP emissions, material usages, and stack 
information. No ICR was sent to sources in the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production source category.
    For both the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP RTR and the Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production NESHAP RTR, the EPA used data from the 
2014 National Emissions Inventory (NEI). The NEI is a database that 
contains information about sources that emit criteria air pollutants, 
their precursors, and HAP. The database includes estimates of annual 
air pollutant emissions from point, nonpoint, and mobile sources in the 
50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin 
Islands. The EPA collects this information and releases an updated 
version of the NEI database every 3 years. The NEI includes data 
necessary for conducting risk modeling, including annual HAP emissions 
estimates from individual emission points at facilities and the related 
emissions release parameters. The EPA used NEI emissions and supporting 
data as the primary data to develop the model input files for the 
residual risk assessments for the Boat Manufacturing and Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production source categories. Additional information 
on the development of the modeling file for each source category can be 
found in Appendix 1 to the Residual Risk Assessment for the Boat 
Manufacturing Source Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447) 
and Appendix 1 to the Residual Risk Assessment for the reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production Source Category in Support of the 2018 
Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2016-0449).
    For both the risk modeling and technology review portion of these 
RTRs, the EPA visited one boat manufacturing facility and six 
reinforced plastic composites production facilities. During the visits, 
the EPA discussed process operations, compliance with the existing 
NESHAP, description of the emission points, process controls, 
unregulated emissions, and other aspects of facility operations. We 
used the information provided by the facilities to understand the 
various operations, and in our evaluation of existing controls and new 
developments in practices, processes, and control technologies for both 
source categories. The site visit reports are included as attachments 
to the memorandum, Technology Review for Boat Manufacturing and 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production Source Category, in the docket 
for each source category (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447 for the 
Boat Manufacturing NESHAP and Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for 
the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP).
    For both the risk modeling and technology review, the EPA also 
gathered data from facility construction and operating permits 
regarding emission points, air pollution control devices, and process 
operations. We collected permits and supporting documentation from 
state permitting authorities through state-maintained online databases. 
The facility permits were also used to confirm that the facilities were 
major sources of HAP and were subject to the NESHAP that are the 
subject of these risk assessments. In certain cases, we contacted 
facility owners or operators to confirm and clarify the sources of 
emissions that were reported in the NEI.

D. What other relevant background information and data are available?

    For the technology review portion of these RTRs, we collected 
information from the Reasonably Available Control Technology, Best 
Available Control Technology, and Lowest Achievable Emission Rate 
Clearinghouse (RBLC). This is a database that contains case-specific 
information on air pollution technologies that have been required to 
reduce the emissions of air pollutants from stationary sources. Under 
the EPA's New Source Review (NSR) program, if a facility is planning 
new construction or a modification that will increase the air emissions 
above certain defined thresholds, an NSR permit must be obtained. The 
RBLC promotes the sharing of information among permitting agencies and 
aids in case-by-case determinations for NSR permits. We examined 
information contained in the RBLC to determine what technologies are 
currently used for these source categories to reduce air emissions.
    Additional information about these data collection activities for 
the technology reviews is contained in the technology review memorandum 
titled Technology Review for Boat Manufacturing and Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production Source Category (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-
0447 for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP and Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2016-0449 for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP).

III. Analytical Procedures and Decision-Making

    In this section, we describe the analyses performed to support the 
proposed decisions for the RTR and other issues addressed in this 
proposal.

A. How do we consider risk in our decision-making?

    As discussed in section II.A of this preamble and in the Benzene 
NESHAP, in evaluating and developing standards under CAA section 
112(f)(2), we apply a two-step approach to determine whether or not 
risks are acceptable and to determine if the standards provide an ample 
margin of safety to protect public health. As explained in the Benzene 
NESHAP, ``the first step judgment on acceptability cannot be reduced to 
any single factor'' and, thus, ``[t]he Administrator believes that the 
acceptability of risk under section 112 is best judged on the basis of 
a broad set of health risk measures and information.'' 54 FR 38046, 
September 14, 1989. Similarly, with regard to the ample margin of 
safety determination, ``the Agency again considers all of the health 
risk and other health information considered in the first step. Beyond 
that information, additional factors relating to the appropriate level 
of control will also be considered, including cost and economic impacts 
of controls, technological feasibility, uncertainties, and any other 
relevant factors.'' Id.
    The Benzene NESHAP approach provides flexibility regarding factors 
the EPA may consider in making determinations and how the EPA may weigh 
those factors for each source category. The EPA conducts a risk 
assessment that provides estimates of

[[Page 22649]]

the MIR posed by the HAP emissions from each source in the source 
category, the hazard index (HI) for chronic exposures to HAP with the 
potential to cause noncancer health effects, and the hazard quotient 
(HQ) for acute exposures to HAP with the potential to cause noncancer 
health effects.\2\ The assessment also provides estimates of the 
distribution of cancer risk within the exposed populations, cancer 
incidence, and an evaluation of the potential for an adverse 
environmental effect. The scope of the EPA's risk analysis is 
consistent with the EPA's response to comments on our policy under the 
Benzene NESHAP where the EPA explained that:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ The MIR is defined as the cancer risk associated with a 
lifetime of exposure at the highest concentration of HAP where 
people are likely to live. The HQ is the ratio of the potential 
exposure to the HAP to the level at or below which no adverse 
chronic noncancer effects are expected; the HI is the sum of HQs for 
HAP that affect the same target organ or organ system.

[t]he policy chosen by the Administrator permits consideration of 
multiple measures of health risk. Not only can the MIR figure be 
considered, but also incidence, the presence of non-cancer health 
effects, and the uncertainties of the risk estimates. In this way, 
the effect on the most exposed individuals can be reviewed as well 
as the impact on the general public. These factors can then be 
weighed in each individual case. This approach complies with the 
Vinyl Chloride mandate that the Administrator ascertain an 
acceptable level of risk to the public by employing his expertise to 
assess available data. It also complies with the Congressional 
intent behind the CAA, which did not exclude the use of any 
particular measure of public health risk from the EPA's 
consideration with respect to CAA section 112 regulations, and 
thereby implicitly permits consideration of any and all measures of 
health risk which the Administrator, in his judgment, believes are 
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
appropriate to determining what will `protect the public health'.

    See 54 FR 38057, September 14, 1989. Thus, the level of the MIR is 
only one factor to be weighed in determining acceptability of risk. The 
Benzene NESHAP explained that ``an MIR of approximately one in 10 
thousand should ordinarily be the upper end of the range of 
acceptability. As risks increase above this benchmark, they become 
presumptively less acceptable under CAA section 112, and would be 
weighed with the other health risk measures and information in making 
an overall judgment on acceptability. Or, the Agency may find, in a 
particular case, that a risk that includes an MIR less than the 
presumptively acceptable level is unacceptable in the light of other 
health risk factors.'' Id. at 38045. Similarly, with regard to the 
ample margin of safety analysis, the EPA stated in the Benzene NESHAP 
that: ``EPA believes the relative weight of the many factors that can 
be considered in selecting an ample margin of safety can only be 
determined for each specific source category. This occurs mainly 
because technological and economic factors (along with the health-
related factors) vary from source category to source category.'' Id. at 
38061. We also consider the uncertainties associated with the various 
risk analyses, as discussed earlier in this preamble, in our 
determinations of acceptability and ample margin of safety.
    The EPA notes that it has not considered certain health information 
to date in making residual risk determinations. At this time, we do not 
attempt to quantify the HAP risk that may be associated with emissions 
from other facilities that do not include the source categories under 
review, mobile source emissions, natural source emissions, persistent 
environmental pollution, or atmospheric transformation in the vicinity 
of the sources in the categories.
    The EPA understands the potential importance of considering an 
individual's total exposure to HAP in addition to considering exposure 
to HAP emissions from the source category and facility. We recognize 
that such consideration may be particularly important when assessing 
noncancer risk, where pollutant-specific exposure health reference 
levels (e.g., reference concentrations (RfCs)) are based on the 
assumption that thresholds exist for adverse health effects. For 
example, the EPA recognizes that, although exposures attributable to 
emissions from a source category or facility alone may not indicate the 
potential for increased risk of adverse noncancer health effects in a 
population, the exposures resulting from emissions from the facility in 
combination with emissions from all of the other sources (e.g., other 
facilities) to which an individual is exposed may be sufficient to 
result in an increased risk of adverse noncancer health effects. In May 
2010, the Science Advisory Board (SAB) advised the EPA ``that RTR 
assessments will be most useful to decision makers and communities if 
results are presented in the broader context of aggregate and 
cumulative risks, including background concentrations and contributions 
from other sources in the area.'' \3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ Recommendations of the SAB Risk and Technology Review (RTR) 
Panel are provided in their report, which is available at: https://
yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/
4AB3966E263D943A8525771F00668381/$File/EPA-SAB-10-007-unsigned.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In response to the SAB recommendations, the EPA incorporates 
cumulative risk analyses into its RTR risk assessments, including those 
reflected in this proposal. The Agency (1) conducts facility-wide 
assessments, which include source category emission points, as well as 
other emission points within the facilities; (2) combines exposures 
from multiple sources in the same category that could affect the same 
individuals; and (3) for some persistent and bioaccumulative 
pollutants, analyzes the ingestion route of exposure. In addition, the 
RTR risk assessments consider aggregate cancer risk from all 
carcinogens and aggregated noncancer HQs for all noncarcinogens 
affecting the same target organ or target organ system.
    Although we are interested in placing source category and facility-
wide HAP risk in the context of total HAP risk from all sources 
combined in the vicinity of each source, we are concerned about the 
uncertainties of doing so. Estimates of total HAP risk from emission 
sources other than those that we have studied in depth during this RTR 
review would have significantly greater associated uncertainties than 
the source category or facility-wide estimates. Such aggregate or 
cumulative assessments would compound those uncertainties, making the 
assessments too unreliable.

B. How do we perform the technology review?

    Our technology review focuses on the identification and evaluation 
of developments in practices, processes, and control technologies that 
have occurred since the MACT standards were promulgated. Where we 
identify such developments, we analyze their technical feasibility, 
estimated costs, energy implications, and non-air environmental 
impacts. We also consider the emission reductions associated with 
applying each development. This analysis informs our decision of 
whether it is ``necessary'' to revise the emissions standards. In 
addition, we consider the appropriateness of applying controls to new 
sources versus retrofitting existing sources. For this exercise, we 
consider any of the following to be a ``development'':
     Any add-on control technology or other equipment that was 
not identified and considered during development of the original MACT 
standards;
     Any improvements in add-on control technology or other 
equipment (that were identified and considered during development of 
the original

[[Page 22650]]

MACT standards) that could result in additional emissions reduction;
     Any work practice or operational procedure that was not 
identified or considered during development of the original MACT 
standards;
     Any process change or pollution prevention alternative 
that could be broadly applied to the industry and that was not 
identified or considered during development of the original MACT 
standards; and
     Any significant changes in the cost (including cost 
effectiveness) of applying controls (including controls the EPA 
considered during the development of the original MACT standards).
    In addition to reviewing the practices, processes, and control 
technologies that were considered at the time we originally developed 
the NESHAP, we review a variety of data sources in our investigation of 
potential practices, processes, or controls to consider. See sections 
II.C and II.D of this preamble for information on the specific data 
sources that were reviewed as part of the technology review.

C. How do we estimate post-MACT risk posed by the source category?

    In this section, we provide a complete description of the types of 
analyses that we generally perform during the risk assessment process. 
In some cases, we do not perform a specific analysis because it is not 
relevant. For example, in the absence of emissions of HAP known to be 
persistent and bioaccumulative in the environment (PB-HAP), we would 
not perform a multipathway exposure assessment. Where we do not perform 
an analysis, we state that we do not and provide the reason. While we 
present all of our risk assessment methods, we only present risk 
assessment results for the analyses actually conducted (see sections 
IV.B and IV.G).
    The EPA conducts a risk assessment that provides estimates of the 
MIR for cancer posed by the HAP emissions from each source in the 
source category, the HI for chronic exposures to HAP with the potential 
to cause noncancer health effects, and the HQ for acute exposures to 
HAP with the potential to cause noncancer health effects. The 
assessment also provides estimates of the distribution of cancer risk 
within the exposed populations, cancer incidence, and an evaluation of 
the potential for an adverse environmental effect. The seven sections 
that follow this paragraph describe how we estimated emissions and 
conducted the risk assessment. The docket for the Boat Manufacturing 
NESHAP rulemaking contains the following document which provides more 
information on the risk assessment inputs and models: Residual Risk 
Assessment for Boat Manufacturing Source Category in Support of the 
2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule. The docket for the 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP rulemaking contains the 
following document which provides more information on the risk 
assessment inputs and models: Residual Risk Assessment for Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production Source Category in Support of the 2018 
Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule. The methods used to assess 
risk (as described in the seven primary steps below) are consistent 
with those described by the EPA in the document reviewed by a panel of 
the EPA's SAB in 2009; \4\ and described in the SAB review report 
issued in 2010. They are also consistent with the key recommendations 
contained in that report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ U.S. EPA. Risk and Technology Review (RTR) Risk Assessment 
Methodologies: For Review by the EPA's Science Advisory Board with 
Case Studies--MACT I Petroleum Refining Sources and Portland Cement 
Manufacturing, June 2009. EPA-452/R-09-006. https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/rrisk/rtrpg.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. How did we estimate actual emissions and identify the emissions 
release characteristics?
    The actual emissions and the emission release characteristics for 
each facility in each of the two source categories were obtained from 
the 2014 NEI. In addition, the EPA provided draft actual emissions data 
and stack parameters to facilities in the two source categories for 
review and confirmation. In some cases, facilities were contacted to 
confirm emissions that appeared to be outliers, that were otherwise 
inconsistent with our understanding of the industry, or that were 
associated with high risk values in our initial risk screening 
analyses. Where appropriate, emission values and release 
characteristics were corrected, based on revised stack parameter 
information provided by the facilities. These revisions were documented 
and are included in the docket for each source category. Additional 
information on the development of the modeling file for each source 
category, including the development of the actual emissions and 
emissions release characteristics, can be found in Appendix 1 to the 
Residual Risk Assessment for Boat Manufacturing Source Category in 
Support of the 2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule document 
and Appendix 1 to the Residual Risk Assessment for Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production Source Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule document, located in the docket for 
each source category (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447 for the Boat 
Manufacturing NESHAP and Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for the 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP).
2. How did we estimate MACT-allowable emissions?
    The available emissions data in the RTR emissions dataset include 
estimates of the mass of HAP emitted during a specified annual time 
period. These ``actual'' emission levels are often lower than the 
emission levels allowed under the requirements of the current MACT 
standards. The emissions allowed under the MACT standards are referred 
to as the ``MACT-allowable'' emissions. We discussed the consideration 
of both MACT-allowable and actual emissions in the final Coke Oven 
Batteries RTR (70 FR 19998-19999, April 15, 2005) and in the proposed 
and final Hazardous Organic NESHAP RTR (71 FR 34428, June 14, 2006, and 
71 FR 76609, December 21, 2006, respectively). In those actions, we 
noted that assessing the risk at the MACT-allowable level is inherently 
reasonable since that risk reflects the maximum level facilities could 
emit and still comply with national emission standards. We also 
explained that it is reasonable to consider actual emissions, where 
such data are available, in both steps of the risk analysis, in 
accordance with the Benzene NESHAP approach. (54 FR 38044, September 
14, 1989.)
    The MACT for each of the two source categories includes HAP limits 
for materials (i.e., resin and gel coats) used during open molding 
operations. A majority of the facilities in both source categories use 
compliant materials to demonstrate compliance. The EPA's actual 
emissions estimates were based on the category information reported in 
the 2014 NEI. Since the majority of facilities use compliant materials, 
it is reasonable to assume that the actual emissions and the allowable 
emissions are equal. This is because the allowable limits of the MACT 
represent the HAP content of the materials being used. Further, this 
compliance approach is referenced in, and, therefore, required by 
facility permits. However, to supplement this information, and to 
estimate a more conservative allowable emissions multiplier, the EPA 
gathered current and historical publicly available category-specific 
data from the U.S. Census Bureau over a 5-year period

[[Page 22651]]

(2010 to 2014). Based an analysis of the source categories, and the 
utilization information indicated by the U.S. Census Bureau data for 
both source categories, the EPA calculated allowable emissions by 
developing a multiplier applied to the current actual emission rates. 
The multiplier is based on historical data and utilization rates for 
each category for the years 2010 to 2014. The multiplier developed for 
both source categories is the ratio of the peak utilization rate to the 
average utilization rate for the years 2005 to 2014. Details regarding 
the development of the allowable multiplier are presented in the 
memorandum, Emissions Data for the National Emission Standards for 
Hazardous Air Pollutants for Boat Manufacturing and the National 
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production, located in the docket for each source category 
(Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447 for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP 
and Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production NESHAP).
3. How do we conduct dispersion modeling, determine inhalation 
exposures, and estimate individual and population inhalation risk?
    Both long-term and short-term inhalation exposure concentrations 
and health risk from the source category addressed in this proposal 
were estimated using the Human Exposure Model (HEM-3).\5\ The HEM-3 
performs three primary risk assessment activities: (1) Conducting 
dispersion modeling to estimate the concentrations of HAP in ambient 
air, (2) estimating long-term and short-term inhalation exposures to 
individuals residing within 50 kilometer (km) of the modeled sources, 
and (3) estimating individual and population-level inhalation risk 
using the exposure estimates and quantitative dose-response 
information.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ For more information about HEM-3, go to https://www.epa.gov/fera/risk-assessment-and-modeling-human-exposure-model-hem.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Dispersion Modeling
    The air dispersion model AERMOD, used by the HEM-3 model, is one of 
the EPA's preferred models for assessing air pollutant concentrations 
from industrial facilities.\6\ To perform the dispersion modeling and 
to develop the preliminary risk estimates, HEM-3 draws on three data 
libraries. The first is a library of meteorological data, which is used 
for dispersion calculations. This library includes 1 year (2016) of 
hourly surface and upper air observations from 824 meteorological 
stations selected to provide coverage of the United States and Puerto 
Rico. A second library of United States Census Bureau census block \7\ 
internal point locations and populations provides the basis of human 
exposure calculations (U.S. Census, 2010). In addition, for each census 
block, the census library includes the elevation and controlling hill 
height, which are also used in dispersion calculations. A third library 
of pollutant-specific dose-response values is used to estimate health 
risk. These are discussed below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ U.S. EPA. Revision to the Guideline on Air Quality Models: 
Adoption of a Preferred General Purpose (Flat and Complex Terrain) 
Dispersion Model and Other Revisions (70 FR 68218, November 9, 
2005).
    \7\ A census block is the smallest geographic area for which 
census statistics are tabulated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Risk From Chronic Exposure to HAP
    In developing the risk assessment for chronic exposures, we use the 
estimated annual average ambient air concentrations of each HAP emitted 
by each source in the source category. The HAP air concentrations at 
each nearby census block centroid located within 50 km of the facility 
are a surrogate for the chronic inhalation exposure concentration for 
all the people who reside in that census block. A distance of 50 km is 
consistent with both the analysis supporting the 1989 Benzene NESHAP 
(54 FR 38044, September 14, 1989) and the limitations of Gaussian 
dispersion models, including AERMOD.
    For each facility, we calculate the MIR as the cancer risk 
associated with a continuous lifetime (24 hours per day, 7 days per 
week, 52 weeks per year, 70 years) exposure to the maximum 
concentration at the centroid of each inhabited census block. We 
calculate individual cancer risk by multiplying the estimated lifetime 
exposure to the ambient concentration of each HAP (in micrograms per 
cubic meter ([mu]g/m\3\)) by its unit risk estimate (URE). The URE is 
an upper-bound estimate of an individual's incremental risk of 
contracting cancer over a lifetime of exposure to a concentration of 1 
microgram of the pollutant per cubic meter of air. For residual risk 
assessments, we generally use UREs from the EPA's Integrated Risk 
Information System (IRIS). For carcinogenic pollutants without IRIS 
values, we look to other reputable sources of cancer dose-response 
values, often using California EPA (CalEPA) UREs, where available. In 
cases where new, scientifically credible dose-response values have been 
developed in a manner consistent with EPA guidelines and have undergone 
a peer review process similar to that used by the EPA, we may use such 
dose-response values in place of, or in addition to, other values, if 
appropriate. The pollutant-specific dose-response values used to 
estimate health risk are available at https://www.epa.gov/fera/dose-response-assessment-assessing-health-risks-associated-exposure-hazardous-air-pollutants.
    In March 2018, the International Agency for Research on Cancer 
(IARC) revised the weight of evidence classification of styrene to 
Group 2A--``probably carcinogenic to humans.'' Presently, the EPA's 
IRIS database and other reputable peer-reviewed sources of cancer dose-
response values are not available to assess cancer risks for this 
pollutant.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications-volumes/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To estimate individual lifetime cancer risks associated with 
exposure to HAP emissions from each facility in the source category, we 
sum the risks for each of the carcinogenic HAP \9\ emitted by the 
modeled facility. We estimate cancer risk at every census block within 
50 km of every facility in the source category. The MIR is the highest 
individual lifetime cancer risk estimated for any of those census 
blocks. In addition to calculating the MIR, we estimate the 
distribution of individual cancer risks for the source category by 
summing the number of individuals within 50 km of the sources whose 
estimated risk falls within a specified risk range. We also estimate 
annual cancer incidence by multiplying the estimated lifetime cancer 
risk at each census block by the number of people residing in that 
block, summing results

[[Page 22652]]

for all of the census blocks, and then dividing this result by a 70-
year lifetime.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ The EPA's 2005 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment 
classifies carcinogens as: ``carcinogenic to humans,'' ``likely to 
be carcinogenic to humans,'' and ``suggestive evidence of 
carcinogenic potential.'' These classifications also coincide with 
the terms ``known carcinogen, probable carcinogen, and possible 
carcinogen,'' respectively, which are the terms advocated in the 
EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, published in 1986 
(51 FR 33992, September 24, 1986). In August 2000, the document, 
Supplemental Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of 
Chemical Mixtures (EPA/630/R-00/002), was published as a supplement 
to the 1986 document. Copies of both documents can be obtained from 
https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=20533&CFID=70315376&CFTOKEN=71597944. Summing 
the risk of these individual compounds to obtain the cumulative 
cancer risk is an approach that was recommended by the EPA's SAB in 
their 2002 peer review of the EPA's National Air Toxics Assessment 
(NATA) titled NATA--Evaluating the National-scale Air Toxics 
Assessment 1996 Data--an SAB Advisory, available at https://
yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/
214C6E915BB04E14852570CA007A682C/$File/ecadv02001.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To assess the risk of noncancer health effects from chronic 
exposure to HAP, we calculate either an HQ or a target organ-specific 
hazard index (TOSHI). We calculate an HQ when a single noncancer HAP is 
emitted. Where more than one noncancer HAP is emitted, we sum the HQ 
for each of the HAP that affects a common target organ or target organ 
system to obtain a TOSHI. The HQ is the estimated exposure divided by 
the chronic noncancer dose-response value, which is a value selected 
from one of several sources. The preferred chronic noncancer dose-
response value is the EPA RfC, defined as ``an estimate (with 
uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous 
inhalation exposure to the human population (including sensitive 
subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of 
deleterious effects during a lifetime'' (https://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/glossariesandkeywordlists/search.do?details=&vocabName=IRIS%20Glossary). In cases where an RfC 
from the EPA's IRIS is not available or where the EPA determines that 
using a value other than the RfC is appropriate, the chronic noncancer 
dose-response value can be a value from the following prioritized 
sources, which define their dose-response values similarly to the EPA: 
(1) The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 
Minimum Risk Level (https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/index.asp); (2) the 
CalEPA Chronic Reference Exposure Level (REL) (https://oehha.ca.gov/air/crnr/notice-adoption-air-toxics-hot-spots-program-guidance-manual-preparation-health-risk-0); or (3), as noted above, a scientifically 
credible dose-response value that has been developed in a manner 
consistent with the EPA guidelines and has undergone a peer review 
process similar to that used by the EPA. The pollutant-specific dose-
response values used to estimate health risks are available at https://www.epa.gov/fera/dose-response-assessment-assessing-health-risks-associated-exposure-hazardous-air-pollutants.
c. Risk From Acute Exposure to HAP That May Cause Health Effects Other 
Than Cancer
    For each HAP for which appropriate acute inhalation dose-response 
values are available, the EPA also assesses the potential health risks 
due to acute exposure. For these assessments, the EPA makes 
conservative assumptions about emission rates, meteorology, and 
exposure location. We use the peak hourly emission rate,\10\ worst-case 
dispersion conditions, and, in accordance with our mandate under 
section 112 of the CAA, the point of highest off-site exposure to 
assess the potential risk to the maximally exposed individual.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ In the absence of hourly emission data, we develop 
estimates of maximum hourly emission rates by multiplying the 
average actual annual emissions rates by a factor to account for 
variability. This is documented in Residual Risk Assessment for Boat 
Manufacturing Source Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule document and the Residual Risk 
Assessment for Reinforced Plastic Composites Production Source 
Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed 
Rule, and in Appendix 5 of the report: Analysis of Data on Short-
term Emission Rates Relative to Long-term Emission Rates. Both are 
available in the docket for this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To characterize the potential health risks associated with 
estimated acute inhalation exposures to a HAP, we generally use 
multiple acute dose-response values, including acute RELs, acute 
exposure guideline levels (AEGLs), and emergency response planning 
guidelines (ERPG) for 1-hour exposure durations), if available, to 
calculate acute HQs. The acute HQ is calculated by dividing the 
estimated acute exposure by the acute dose-response value. For each HAP 
for which acute dose-response values are available, the EPA calculates 
acute HQs.
    An acute REL is defined as ``the concentration level at or below 
which no adverse health effects are anticipated for a specified 
exposure duration.'' \11\ Acute RELs are based on the most sensitive, 
relevant, adverse health effect reported in the peer-reviewed medical 
and toxicological literature. They are designed to protect the most 
sensitive individuals in the population through the inclusion of 
margins of safety. Because margins of safety are incorporated to 
address data gaps and uncertainties, exceeding the REL does not 
automatically indicate an adverse health impact. AEGLs represent 
threshold exposure limits for the general public and are applicable to 
emergency exposures ranging from 10 minutes to 8 hours.\12\ They are 
guideline levels for ``once-in-a-lifetime, short-term exposures to 
airborne concentrations of acutely toxic, high-priority chemicals.'' 
Id. at 21. The AEGL-1 is specifically defined as ``the airborne 
concentration (expressed as parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per 
cubic meter (mg/m\3\)) of a substance above which it is predicted that 
the general population, including susceptible individuals, could 
experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic 
nonsensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are 
transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure.'' The document 
also notes that ``Airborne concentrations below AEGL-1 represent 
exposure levels that can produce mild and progressively increasing but 
transient and nondisabling odor, taste, and sensory irritation or 
certain asymptomatic, nonsensory effects.'' Id. AEGL-2 are defined as 
``the airborne concentration (expressed as parts per million or 
milligrams per cubic meter) of a substance above which it is predicted 
that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could 
experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health 
effects or an impaired ability to escape.'' Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ CalEPA issues acute RELs as part of its Air Toxics Hot 
Spots Program, and the 1-hour and 8-hour values are documented in 
Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part I, The 
Determination of Acute Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne 
Toxicants, which is available at https://oehha.ca.gov/air/general-info/oehha-acute-8-hour-and-chronic-reference-exposure-level-rel-summary.
    \12\ National Academy of Sciences, 2001. Standing Operating 
Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Levels for Hazardous 
Chemicals, page 2. Available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/sop_final_standing_operating_procedures_2001.pdf. Note that the 
National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for 
Hazardous Substances ended in October 2011, but the AEGL program 
continues to operate at the EPA and works with the National 
Academies to publish final AEGLs (https://www.epa.gov/aegl).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ERPGs are ``developed for emergency planning and are intended as 
health-based guideline concentrations for single exposures to 
chemicals.'' \13\ Id. at 1. The ERPG-1 is defined as ``the maximum 
airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all 
individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing 
other than mild transient adverse health effects or without perceiving 
a clearly defined, objectionable odor.'' Id. at 2. Similarly, the ERPG-
2 is defined as ``the maximum airborne concentration below which it is 
believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one 
hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious 
health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual's ability 
to take protective action.'' Id. at 1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ ERPGS Procedures and Responsibilities. March 2014. American 
Industrial Hygiene Association. Available at: https://www.aiha.org/get-involved/AIHAGuidelineFoundation/EmergencyResponsePlanningGuidelines/Documents/ERPG%20Committee%20Standard%20Operating%20Procedures%20%20-%20March%202014%20Revision%20%28Updated%2010-2-2014%29.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    An acute REL for 1-hour exposure durations is typically lower than 
its corresponding AEGL-1 and ERPG-1. Even though their definitions are

[[Page 22653]]

slightly different, AEGL-1s are often the same as the corresponding 
ERPG-1s, and AEGL-2s are often equal to ERPG-2s. The maximum HQs from 
our acute inhalation screening risk assessment typically result when we 
use the acute REL for a HAP. In cases where the maximum acute HQ 
exceeds 1, we also report the HQ based on the next highest acute dose-
response value (usually the AEGL-1 and/or the ERPG-1).
    For the Boat Manufacturing and Reinforced Plastic Composites 
Production source categories, the hourly emission rates of the various 
HAP will not have high variability during the manufacturing processes 
and, therefore, are expected to remain constant over the time the 
process is operating. This is because the application of resins and gel 
coats, adhesives, foam, and other regulated sources of HAP in the 
source categories are most efficient when applied at a constant 
pressure, with maximum coverage, with the most efficient spray patterns 
and number of passes made by the operator. Based on this information, 
the default acute emission factor of 10 times the annual hourly 
emission rate is not reasonable for the Boat Manufacturing and 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source categories. However, 
many facilities do not operate three shifts a day. Therefore, a days 
worth of emissions may occur over a time period of as little as 8 
hours. With this understanding of the processes, we, therefore, assumed 
the maximum rate of emissions would occur in this 8-hour period each 
day. Based on this information, an acute emission factor of 3 was 
calculated to be applied to actual annual hourly emission rates, 
derived from the ratio of an 8-hour shift in a 24-hour day. A further 
discussion of why this factor was chosen can be found in the 
memorandum, Emissions Data for the National Emission Standards for 
Hazardous Air Pollutants for Boat Manufacturing and the National 
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production, available in the dockets for this rulemaking 
(Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447 for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP 
and Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production NESHAP).
    In our acute inhalation screening risk assessment, acute impacts 
are deemed negligible for HAP for which acute HQs are less than or 
equal to 1 (even under the conservative assumptions of the screening 
assessment), and no further analysis is performed for these HAP. In 
cases where an acute HQ from the screening step is greater than 1, we 
consider additional site-specific data to develop a more refined 
estimate of the potential for acute exposures of concern. These 
refinements are discussed more fully in the Residual Risk Assessment 
for Boat Manufacturing Source Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule document and the Residual Risk 
Assessment for Reinforced Plastic Composites Production Source Category 
in Support of the 2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule 
document, which are available in the docket for each of the respective 
source categories.
4. How do we conduct the multipathway exposure and risk screening 
assessment?
    The EPA conducts a tiered screening assessment examining the 
potential for significant human health risks due to exposures via 
routes other than inhalation (i.e., ingestion). We first determine 
whether any sources in the source categories emit any HAP known to be 
PB-HAP, as identified in the EPA's Air Toxics Risk Assessment Library 
(See Volume 1, Appendix D, at https://www2.epa.gov/fera/risk-assessment-and-modeling-air-toxics-risk-assessment-reference-library).
    For the Boat Manufacturing source category, we identified PB-HAP 
emissions of arsenic, polycyclic organic matter (POM), and cadmium, and 
for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source category, we 
identified PB-HAP emissions of arsenic, POM, cadmium, and mercury, so 
we proceeded to the next step of the evaluation. In this step, we 
determine whether the facility-specific emission rates of the emitted 
PB-HAP are large enough to create the potential for significant human 
health risk through ingestion exposure under reasonable worst-case 
conditions. To facilitate this step, we use previously developed 
screening threshold emission rates for several PB-HAP that are based on 
a hypothetical upper-end screening exposure scenario developed for use 
in conjunction with the EPA's Total Risk Integrated Methodology.Fate, 
Transport, and Ecological Exposure (TRIM.FaTE) model. The PB-HAP with 
screening threshold emission rates are arsenic compounds, cadmium 
compounds, chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans, mercury compounds, 
and POM. Based on the EPA estimates of toxicity and bioaccumulation 
potential, the pollutants above represent a conservative list for 
inclusion in multipathway risk assessments for RTR rules. (See Volume 
1, Appendix D at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/201308/documents/volume_1_reflibrary.pdf). In the assessments for the Boat 
Manufacturing source category, and for the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production source category, we compare the facility-specific 
emission rates of these PB-HAP to the screening threshold emission 
rates for each PB-HAP to assess the potential for significant human 
health risks via the ingestion pathway. We call this application of the 
TRIM.FaTE model the Tier 1 screening assessment. The ratio of a 
facility's actual emission rate to the Tier 1 screening threshold 
emission rate is a ``screening value.''
    We derive the Tier 1 screening threshold emission rates for these 
PB-HAP (other than lead compounds) to correspond to a maximum excess 
lifetime cancer risk of 1-in-1 million (i.e., for arsenic compounds, 
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans and POM) or, for HAP that 
cause noncancer health effects (i.e., cadmium compounds and mercury 
compounds), a maximum HQ of 1. If the emission rate of any one PB-HAP 
or combination of carcinogenic PB-HAP in the Tier 1 screening 
assessment exceeds the Tier 1 screening threshold emission rate for any 
facility (i.e., the screening value is greater than 1), we conduct a 
second screening assessment, which we call the Tier 2 screening 
assessment.
    In the Tier 2 screening assessment, the location of each facility 
that exceeds a Tier 1 screening threshold emission rate is used to 
refine the assumptions associated with the Tier 1 fisher and farmer 
exposure scenarios at that facility. A key assumption in the Tier 1 
screening assessment is that a lake and/or farm is located near the 
facility. As part of the Tier 2 screening assessment, we use a United 
States Geological Survey (USGS) database to identify actual waterbodies 
within 50 km of each facility. We also examine the differences between 
local meteorology near the facility and the meteorology used in the 
Tier 1 screening assessment. We then adjust the previously-developed 
Tier 1 screening threshold emission rates for each PB-HAP for each 
facility based on an understanding of how exposure concentrations 
estimated for the screening scenario change with the use of local 
meteorology and USGS waterbody data. If the PB-HAP emission rates for a 
facility exceed the Tier 2 screening threshold emission rates and data 
are available, we may conduct a Tier 3 screening assessment. If PB-HAP 
emission rates do not exceed a Tier 2 screening value of 1, we consider 
those PB-HAP emissions to pose risks below a level of concern.

[[Page 22654]]

    There are several analyses that can be included in a Tier 3 
screening assessment, depending upon the extent of refinement 
warranted, including validating that the lakes are fishable, 
considering plume-rise to estimate emissions lost above the mixing 
layer, and considering hourly effects of meteorology and plume rise on 
chemical fate and transport. If the Tier 3 screening assessment 
indicates that risks above levels of concern cannot be ruled out, the 
EPA may further refine the screening assessment through a site-specific 
assessment.
    In evaluating the potential multipathway risk from emissions of 
lead compounds reported by both source categories, rather than 
developing a screening threshold emission rate, we compare maximum 
estimated chronic inhalation exposure concentrations to the level of 
the current National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead.\14\ 
Values below the level of the primary (health-based) lead NAAQS are 
considered to have a low potential for multipathway risk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ In doing so, the EPA notes that the legal standard for a 
primary NAAQS--that a standard is requisite to protect public health 
and provide an adequate margin of safety (CAA section 109(b))--
differs from the CAA section 112(f) standard (requiring, among other 
things, that the standard provide an ``ample margin of safety to 
protect public health''). However, the primary lead NAAQS is a 
reasonable measure of determining risk acceptability (i.e., the 
first step of the Benzene NESHAP analysis) since it is designed to 
protect the most susceptible group in the human population--
children, including children living near major lead emitting 
sources. 73 FR 67002/3; 73 FR 67000/3; 73 FR 67005/1. In addition, 
applying the level of the primary lead NAAQS at the risk 
acceptability step is conservative, since that primary lead NAAQS 
reflects an adequate margin of safety.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For further information on the multipathway assessment approach, 
see the Residual Risk Assessment for Boat Manufacturing Source Category 
in Support of the 2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule 
document and the Residual Risk Assessment for Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production Source Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule document, which are available in the 
respective dockets for the source categories in this action.
5. How do we conduct the environmental risk screening assessment?
a. Adverse Environmental Effect, Environmental HAP, and Ecological 
Benchmarks
    The EPA conducts a screening assessment to examine the potential 
for an adverse environmental effect as required under section 
112(f)(2)(A) of the CAA. Section 112(a)(7) of the CAA defines ``adverse 
environmental effect'' as ``any significant and widespread adverse 
effect, which may reasonably be anticipated, to wildlife, aquatic life, 
or other natural resources, including adverse impacts on populations of 
endangered or threatened species or significant degradation of 
environmental quality over broad areas.''
    The EPA focuses on eight HAP, which are referred to as 
``environmental HAP,'' in its screening assessment: Six PB-HAP and two 
acid gases. The PB-HAP included in the screening assessment are arsenic 
compounds, cadmium compounds, dioxins/furans, POM, mercury (both 
inorganic mercury and methyl mercury), and lead compounds. The acid 
gases included in the screening assessment are hydrochloric acid (HCl) 
and hydrogen fluoride (HF).
    HAP that persist and bioaccumulate are of particular environmental 
concern because they accumulate in the soil, sediment, and water. The 
acid gases, HCl and HF, are included due to their well-documented 
potential to cause direct damage to terrestrial plants. In the 
environmental risk screening assessment, we evaluate the following four 
exposure media: Terrestrial soils, surface water bodies (includes 
water-column and benthic sediments), fish consumed by wildlife, and 
air. Within these four exposure media, we evaluate nine ecological 
assessment endpoints, which are defined by the ecological entity and 
its attributes. For PB-HAP (other than lead), both community-level and 
population-level endpoints are included. For acid gases, the ecological 
assessment evaluated is terrestrial plant communities.
    An ecological benchmark represents a concentration of HAP that has 
been linked to a particular environmental effect level. For each 
environmental HAP, we identified the available ecological benchmarks 
for each assessment endpoint. We identified, where possible, ecological 
benchmarks at the following effect levels: Probable effect levels, 
lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, and no-observed-adverse-effect 
level. In cases where multiple effect levels were available for a 
particular PB-HAP and assessment endpoint, we use all of the available 
effect levels to help us to determine whether ecological risks exist 
and, if so, whether the risks could be considered significant and 
widespread.
    For further information on how the environmental risk screening 
assessment was conducted, including a discussion of the risk metrics 
used, how the environmental HAP were identified, and how the ecological 
benchmarks were selected, see Appendix 9 of the Residual Risk 
Assessment for Boat Manufacturing Source Category in Support of the 
2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule document and the Residual 
Risk Assessment for Reinforced Plastic Composites Production Source 
Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed 
Rule document, which are available in the docket for the source 
categories in this action.
b. Environmental Risk Screening Methodology
    For the environmental risk screening assessment, the EPA first 
determined whether any facilities in the Boat Manufacturing or 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source categories emitted any 
of the environmental HAP. For the Boat Manufacturing source category, 
we identified emissions of arsenic, POM, cadmium, and HCl. For the 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source category, we identified 
emissions of arsenic, POM, cadmium, mercury, and HCl. Because one or 
more of the environmental HAP evaluated above are emitted by at least 
one facility in the source categories, we proceeded to the second step 
of the evaluation.
c. PB-HAP Methodology
    The environmental screening assessment includes six PB-HAP, arsenic 
compounds, cadmium compounds, dioxins/furans, POM, mercury (both 
inorganic mercury and methyl mercury), and lead compounds. With the 
exception of lead, the environmental risk screening assessment for PB-
HAP consists of three tiers. The first tier of the environmental risk 
screening assessment uses the same health-protective conceptual model 
that is used for the Tier 1 human health screening assessment. 
TRIM.FaTE model simulations were used to back-calculate Tier 1 
screening threshold emission rates. The screening threshold emission 
rates represent the emission rate in tpy that results in media 
concentrations at the facility that equal the relevant ecological 
benchmark. To assess emissions from each facility in the category, the 
reported emission rate for each PB-HAP was compared to the Tier 1 
screening threshold emission rate for that PB-HAP for each assessment 
endpoint and effect level. If emissions from a facility do not exceed 
the Tier 1 screening threshold emission rate, the facility ``passes'' 
the screening assessment, and, therefore, is not evaluated further 
under the screening

[[Page 22655]]

approach. If emissions from a facility exceed the Tier 1 screening 
threshold emission rate, we evaluate the facility further in Tier 2.
    In Tier 2 of the environmental screening assessment, the screening 
threshold emission rates are adjusted to account for local meteorology 
and the actual location of lakes in the vicinity of facilities that did 
not pass the Tier 1 screening assessment. For soils, we evaluate the 
average soil concentration for all soil parcels within a 7.5-km radius 
for each facility and PB-HAP. For the water, sediment, and fish tissue 
concentrations, the highest value for each facility for each pollutant 
is used. If emission concentrations from a facility do not exceed the 
Tier 2 screening threshold emission rate, the facility ``passes'' the 
screening assessment and typically is not evaluated further. If 
emissions from a facility exceed the Tier 2 screening threshold 
emission rate, we evaluate the facility further in Tier 3.
    As in the multipathway human health risk assessment, in Tier 3 of 
the environmental screening assessment, we examine the suitability of 
the lakes around the facilities to support life and remove those that 
are not suitable (e.g., lakes that have been filled in or are 
industrial ponds), adjust emissions for plume-rise, and conduct hour-
by-hour time-series assessments. If these Tier 3 adjustments to the 
screening threshold emission rates still indicate the potential for an 
adverse environmental effect (i.e., facility emission rate exceeds the 
screening threshold emission rate), we may elect to conduct a more 
refined assessment using more site-specific information. If, after 
additional refinement, the facility emission rate still exceeds the 
screening threshold emission rate, the facility may have the potential 
to cause an adverse environmental effect.
    To evaluate the potential for an adverse environmental effect from 
lead, we compared the average modeled air concentrations (from HEM-3) 
of lead around each facility in the source category to the level of the 
secondary NAAQS for lead. The secondary lead NAAQS is a reasonable 
means of evaluating environmental risk because it is set to provide 
substantial protection against adverse welfare effects which can 
include ``effects on soils, water, crops, vegetation, man-made 
materials, animals, wildlife, weather, visibility and climate, damage 
to and deterioration of property, and hazards to transportation, as 
well as effects on economic values and on personal comfort and well-
being.''
d. Acid Gas Environmental Risk Methodology
    The environmental screening assessment for acid gases evaluates the 
potential phytotoxicity and reduced productivity of plants due to 
chronic exposure to HF and HCl. The environmental risk screening 
methodology for acid gases is a single-tier screening assessment that 
compares modeled ambient air concentrations (from AERMOD) to the 
ecological benchmarks for each acid gas. To identify a potential 
adverse environmental effect (as defined in section 112(a)(7) of the 
CAA) from emissions of HF and HCl, we evaluate the following metrics: 
The size of the modeled area around each facility that exceeds the 
ecological benchmark for each acid gas, in acres and km\2\; the 
percentage of the modeled area around each facility that exceeds the 
ecological benchmark for each acid gas; and the area-weighted average 
screening value around each facility (calculated by dividing the area-
weighted average concentration over the 50-km modeling domain by the 
ecological benchmark for each acid gas). For further information on the 
environmental screening assessment approach, see Appendix 9 of the 
Residual Risk Assessment for Boat Manufacturing Source Category in 
Support of the 2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule document 
and the Residual Risk Assessment for Reinforced Plastic Composites 
Production Source Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and Technology 
Review Proposed Rule document, which are available in the docket for 
the source categories in this action.
6. How do we conduct facility-wide assessments?
    To put the source category risks in context, we typically examine 
the risks from the entire ``facility,'' where the facility includes all 
HAP-emitting operations within a contiguous area and under common 
control. In other words, we examine the HAP emissions not only from the 
source category emission points of interest, but also emissions of HAP 
from all other emission sources at the facility for which we have data. 
For the source categories in this action, we conducted the facility-
wide assessment using datasets compiled from the 2014 NEI. The source 
category records of that NEI dataset were removed, evaluated, and 
updated as described in section II.C of this preamble: What data 
collection activities were conducted to support this action? Once a 
quality assured source category dataset was available, it was placed 
back with the remaining records from the NEI for that facility. The 
facility-wide file was then used to analyze risks due to the inhalation 
of HAP that are emitted ``facility-wide'' for the populations residing 
within 50 km of each facility, consistent with the methods used for the 
source category analysis described above. For these facility-wide risk 
analyses, the modeled source category risks were compared to the 
facility-wide risks to determine the portion of the facility-wide risks 
that could be attributed to the source category addressed in this 
proposal. We also specifically examined the facility that was 
associated with the highest estimate of risk and determined the 
percentage of that risk attributable to the source category of 
interest. The Residual Risk Assessment for Boat Manufacturing Source 
Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed 
Rule document and the Residual Risk Assessment for Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production Source Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule document, available through the docket 
for the source categories in this action, provides the methodology and 
results of the facility-wide analyses, including all facility-wide 
risks and the percentage of source category contribution to facility-
wide risks.
7. How do we consider uncertainties in risk assessment?
    Uncertainty and the potential for bias are inherent in all risk 
assessments, including those performed for this proposal. Although 
uncertainty exists, we believe that our approach, which used 
conservative tools and assumptions, ensures that our decisions are 
health and environmentally protective. A brief discussion of the 
uncertainties in the RTR emissions datasets, dispersion modeling, 
inhalation exposure estimates, and dose-response relationships follows 
below. Also included are those uncertainties specific to our acute 
screening assessments, multipathway screening assessments, and our 
environmental risk screening assessments. A more thorough discussion of 
these uncertainties is included in the Residual Risk Assessment for 
Boat Manufacturing Source Category in Support of the 2018 Risk and 
Technology Review Proposed Rule document and the Residual Risk 
Assessment for Reinforced Plastic Composites Production Source Category 
in Support of the 2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule 
document, which are available in the source category dockets for this 
action.

[[Page 22656]]

a. Uncertainties in the RTR Emissions Dataset
    Although the development of the RTR emissions datasets involved 
quality assurance/quality control processes, the accuracy of emissions 
values will vary depending on the source of the data, the degree to 
which data are incomplete or missing, the degree to which assumptions 
made to complete the datasets are accurate, errors in emission 
estimates, and other factors. The emission estimates considered in the 
analysis for each source category generally are annual totals for 2014, 
and they do not reflect short-term fluctuations during the course of a 
year or variations from year to year. The estimates of peak hourly 
emission rates for the acute effects screening assessment were based on 
an emission adjustment factor applied to the average annual hourly 
emission rates, which are intended to account for emission fluctuations 
due to normal facility operations.
b. Uncertainties in Dispersion Modeling
    We recognize there is uncertainty in ambient concentration 
estimates associated with any model, including the EPA's recommended 
regulatory dispersion model, AERMOD. In using a model to estimate 
ambient pollutant concentrations, the user chooses certain options to 
apply. For RTR assessments, we select some model options that have the 
potential to overestimate ambient air concentrations (e.g., not 
including plume depletion or pollutant transformation). We select other 
model options that have the potential to underestimate ambient impacts 
(e.g., not including building downwash). Other options that we select 
have the potential to either under- or overestimate ambient levels 
(e.g., meteorology and receptor locations). On balance, considering the 
directional nature of the uncertainties commonly present in ambient 
concentrations estimated by dispersion models, the approach we apply in 
the RTR assessments should yield unbiased estimates of ambient HAP 
concentrations. We also note that the selection of meteorology dataset 
location could have an impact on the risk estimates. As we continue to 
update and expand our library of meteorological station data used in 
our risk assessments, we expect to reduce this variability.
c. Uncertainties in Inhalation Exposure Assessment
    Although every effort is made to identify all of the relevant 
facilities and emission points, as well as to develop accurate 
estimates of the annual emission rates for all relevant HAP, the 
uncertainties in our emission inventory likely dominate the 
uncertainties in the exposure assessment. Some uncertainties in our 
exposure assessment include human mobility, using the centroid of each 
census block, assuming lifetime exposure, and assuming only outdoor 
exposures. For most of these factors, there is neither an under nor 
overestimate when looking at the maximum individual risk or the 
incidence, but the shape of the distribution of risks may be affected. 
With respect to outdoor exposures, actual exposures may not be as high 
if people spend time indoors, especially for very reactive pollutants 
or larger particles. For all factors, we reduce uncertainty when 
possible. For example, with respect to census-block centroids, we 
analyze large blocks using aerial imagery and adjust locations of the 
block centroids to better represent the population in the blocks. We 
also add additional receptor locations where the population of a block 
is not well represented by a single location.
d. Uncertainties in Dose-Response Relationships
    There are uncertainties inherent in the development of the dose-
response values used in our risk assessments for cancer effects from 
chronic exposures and noncancer effects from both chronic and acute 
exposures. Some uncertainties are generally expressed quantitatively, 
and others are generally expressed in qualitative terms. We note, as a 
preface to this discussion, a point on dose-response uncertainty that 
is stated in the EPA's 2005 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment; 
namely, that ``the primary goal of EPA actions is protection of human 
health; accordingly, as an Agency policy, risk assessment procedures, 
including default options that are used in the absence of scientific 
data to the contrary, should be health protective'' (the EPA's 2005 
Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, page 1-7). This is the 
approach followed here as summarized in the next paragraphs.
    Cancer UREs used in our risk assessments are those that have been 
developed to generally provide an upper bound estimate of risk.\15\ 
That is, they represent a ``plausible upper limit to the true value of 
a quantity'' (although this is usually not a true statistical 
confidence limit). In some circumstances, the true risk could be as low 
as zero; however, in other circumstances the risk could be greater.\16\ 
Chronic noncancer RfC and reference dose values represent chronic 
exposure levels that are intended to be health-protective levels. To 
derive dose-response values that are intended to be ``without 
appreciable risk,'' the methodology relies upon an uncertainty factor 
(UF) approach,\17\ which considers uncertainty, variability, and gaps 
in the available data. The UFs are applied to derive dose-response 
values that are intended to protect against appreciable risk of 
deleterious effects.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ IRIS glossary (https://ofmpub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/glossariesandkeywordlists/search.do?details=&glossaryName=IRIS%20Glossary).
    \16\ An exception to this is the URE for benzene, which is 
considered to cover a range of values, each end of which is 
considered to be equally plausible, and which is based on maximum 
likelihood estimates.
    \17\ See A Review of the Reference Dose and Reference 
Concentration Processes, U.S. EPA, December 2002, and Methods for 
Derivation of Inhalation Reference Concentrations and Application of 
Inhalation Dosimetry, U.S. EPA, 1994.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many of the UFs used to account for variability and uncertainty in 
the development of acute dose-response values are quite similar to 
those developed for chronic durations. Additional adjustments are often 
applied to account for uncertainty in extrapolation from observations 
at one exposure duration (e.g., 4 hours) to derive an acute dose-
response value at another exposure duration (e.g., 1 hour). Not all 
acute dose-response values are developed for the same purpose, and care 
must be taken when interpreting the results of an acute assessment of 
human health effects relative to the dose-response value or values 
being exceeded. Where relevant to the estimated exposures, the lack of 
acute dose-response values at different levels of severity should be 
factored into the risk characterization as potential uncertainties.
    Uncertainty also exists in the selection of ecological benchmarks 
for the environmental risk screening assessment. We established a 
hierarchy of preferred benchmark sources to allow selection of 
benchmarks for each environmental HAP at each ecological assessment 
endpoint. We searched for benchmarks for three effect levels (i.e., no-
effects level, threshold-effect level, and probable effect level), but 
not all combinations of ecological assessment/environmental HAP had 
benchmarks for all three effect levels. Where multiple effect levels 
were available for a particular HAP and assessment endpoint, we used 
all of the available effect levels to help us determine whether risk 
exists and whether the risk

[[Page 22657]]

could be considered significant and widespread.
    Although we make every effort to identify appropriate human health 
effect dose-response values for all pollutants emitted by the sources 
in this risk assessment, some HAP emitted by these source categories 
are lacking dose-response assessments. Accordingly, these pollutants 
cannot be included in the quantitative risk assessment, which could 
result in quantitative estimates understating HAP risk. To help to 
alleviate this potential underestimate, where we conclude similarity 
with a HAP for which a dose-response value is available, we use that 
value as a surrogate for the assessment of the HAP for which no value 
is available. To the extent use of surrogates indicates appreciable 
risk, we may identify a need to increase priority for an IRIS 
assessment for that substance. We additionally note that, generally 
speaking, HAP of greatest concern due to environmental exposures and 
hazard are those for which dose-response assessments have been 
performed, reducing the likelihood of understating risk. Further, HAP 
not included in the quantitative assessment are assessed qualitatively 
and considered in the risk characterization that informs the risk 
management decisions, including consideration of HAP reductions 
achieved by various control options.
    For a group of compounds that are unspeciated (e.g., glycol 
ethers), we conservatively use the most protective dose-response value 
of an individual compound in that group to estimate risk. Similarly, 
for an individual compound in a group (e.g., ethylene glycol diethyl 
ether) that does not have a specified dose-response value, we also 
apply the most protective dose-response value from the other compounds 
in the group to estimate risk.
e. Uncertainties in Acute Inhalation Screening Assessments
    In addition to the uncertainties highlighted above, there are 
several factors specific to the acute exposure assessment that the EPA 
conducts as part of the risk review under section 112 of the CAA. The 
accuracy of an acute inhalation exposure assessment depends on the 
simultaneous occurrence of independent factors that may vary greatly, 
such as hourly emissions rates, meteorology, and the presence of humans 
at the location of the maximum concentration. In the acute screening 
assessment that we conduct under the RTR program, we assume that peak 
emissions from the source category and worst-case meteorological 
conditions co-occur, thus, resulting in maximum ambient concentrations. 
These two events are unlikely to occur at the same time, making these 
assumptions conservative. We then include the additional assumption 
that a person is located at this point during this same time period. 
For this source category, these assumptions would tend to be worst-case 
actual exposures, as it is unlikely that a person would be located at 
the point of maximum exposure during the time when peak emissions and 
worst-case meteorological conditions occur simultaneously.
f. Uncertainties in the Multipathway and Environmental Risk Screening 
Assessments
    For each source category, we generally rely on site-specific levels 
of PB-HAP or environmental HAP emissions to determine whether a refined 
assessment of the impacts from multipathway exposures is necessary or 
whether it is necessary to perform an environmental screening 
assessment. This determination is based on the results of a three-
tiered screening assessment that relies on the outputs from models--
TRIM.FaTE and AERMOD--that estimate environmental pollutant 
concentrations and human exposures for five PB-HAP (dioxins, POM, 
mercury, cadmium, and arsenic) and two acid gases (HF and HCl). For 
lead, we use AERMOD to determine ambient air concentrations, which are 
then compared to the secondary NAAQS standard for lead. Two important 
types of uncertainty associated with the use of these models in RTR 
risk assessments and inherent to any assessment that relies on 
environmental modeling are model uncertainty and input uncertainty.\18\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ In the context of this discussion, the term ``uncertainty'' 
as it pertains to exposure and risk encompasses both variability in 
the range of expected inputs and screening results due to existing 
spatial, temporal, and other factors, as well as uncertainty in 
being able to accurately estimate the true result.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Model uncertainty concerns whether the model adequately represents 
the actual processes (e.g., movement and accumulation) that might occur 
in the environment. For example, does the model adequately describe the 
movement of a pollutant through the soil? This type of uncertainty is 
difficult to quantify. However, based on feedback received from 
previous EPA SAB reviews and other reviews, we are confident that the 
models used in the screening assessments are appropriate and state-of-
the-art for the multipathway and environmental screening risk 
assessments conducted in support of RTR.
    Input uncertainty is concerned with how accurately the models have 
been configured and parameterized for the assessment at hand. For Tier 
1 of the multipathway and environmental screening assessments, we 
configured the models to avoid underestimating exposure and risk. This 
was accomplished by selecting upper-end values from nationally 
representative datasets for the more influential parameters in the 
environmental model, including selection and spatial configuration of 
the area of interest, lake location and size, meteorology, surface 
water, soil characteristics, and structure of the aquatic food web. We 
also assume an ingestion exposure scenario and values for human 
exposure factors that represent reasonable maximum exposures.
    In Tier 2 of the multipathway and environmental screening 
assessments, we refine the model inputs to account for meteorological 
patterns in the vicinity of the facility versus using upper-end 
national values, and we identify the actual location of lakes near the 
facility rather than the default lake location that we apply in Tier 1. 
By refining the screening approach in Tier 2 to account for local 
geographical and meteorological data, we decrease the likelihood that 
concentrations in environmental media are overestimated, thereby 
increasing the usefulness of the screening assessment. In Tier 3 of the 
screening assessments, we refine the model inputs again to account for 
hour-by-hour plume rise and the height of the mixing layer. We can also 
use those hour-by-hour meteorological data in a TRIM.FaTE run using the 
screening configuration corresponding to the lake location. These 
refinements produce a more accurate estimate of chemical concentrations 
in the media of interest, thereby reducing the uncertainty with those 
estimates. The assumptions and the associated uncertainties regarding 
the selected ingestion exposure scenario are the same for all three 
tiers.
    For the environmental screening assessment for acid gases, we 
employ a single-tiered approach. We use the modeled air concentrations 
and compare those with ecological benchmarks.
    For all tiers of the multipathway and environmental screening 
assessments, our approach to addressing model input uncertainty is 
generally cautious. We choose model inputs from the upper end of the 
range of possible values for the influential parameters used in the 
models, and we assume that the exposed individual exhibits ingestion

[[Page 22658]]

behavior that would lead to a high total exposure. This approach 
reduces the likelihood of not identifying high risks for adverse 
impacts.
    Despite the uncertainties, when individual pollutants or facilities 
do not exceed screening threshold emission rates (i.e., screen out), we 
are confident that the potential for adverse multipathway impacts on 
human health is very low. On the other hand, when individual pollutants 
or facilities do exceed screening threshold emission rates, it does not 
mean that impacts are significant, only that we cannot rule out that 
possibility and that a refined assessment for the site might be 
necessary to obtain a more accurate risk characterization for the 
source category.
    The EPA evaluates the following HAP in the multipathway and/or 
environmental risk screening assessments, where applicable: Arsenic, 
cadmium, dioxins/furans, lead, mercury (both inorganic and methyl 
mercury), POM, HCl, and HF. These HAP represent pollutants that can 
cause adverse impacts either through direct exposure to HAP in the air 
or through exposure to HAP that are deposited from the air onto soils 
and surface waters and then through the environment into the food web. 
These HAP represent those HAP for which we can conduct a meaningful 
multipathway or environmental screening risk assessment. For other HAP 
not included in our screening assessments, the model has not been 
parameterized such that it can be used for that purpose. In some cases, 
depending on the HAP, we may not have appropriate multipathway models 
that allow us to predict the concentration of that pollutant. The EPA 
acknowledges that other HAP beyond these that we are evaluating may 
have the potential to cause adverse effects and, therefore, the EPA may 
evaluate other relevant HAP in the future, as modeling science and 
resources allow.

IV. Analytical Results and Proposed Decisions

A. What are the results of the risk assessment and analyses for the 
Boat Manufacturing source category?

1. Inhalation Risk Assessment Results
    Table 2 of this preamble provides an overall summary of the 
inhalation risk results. The results of the chronic baseline inhalation 
cancer risk assessment indicate that, based on estimates of current 
actual and allowable emissions, the MIR posed by the Boat Manufacturing 
source category was estimated to be 0.2-in-1 million and 0.3-in-1 
million, respectively, from HAP being emitted from the open molding 
(resin/gelcoat) manufacturing process. The total estimated cancer 
incidence from the Boat Manufacturing source category based on actual 
emission levels is 0.00001 excess cancer cases per year, or one case in 
every 100,000 years. The total estimated cancer incidence from boat 
manufacturing industry emission sources based on allowable emission 
levels is 0.00002 excess cancer cases per year, or one case in every 
50,000 years. Emissions of nickel compounds, ethyl benzene, and 
tetrachloroethene contributed 95 percent to this cancer incidence. 
Based upon actual or allowable emissions, no people were exposed to 
cancer risks greater than or equal to 1-in-1 million.

                                   Table 2--Inhalation Risk Assessment Summary for Boat Manufacturing Source Category
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Cancer MIR (in-1 million)                                              Population
                                -----------------------------------------------     Cancer        Population     with risk of
                                                                                   incidence    with risk of 1-     10-in-1     Max chronic noncancer HI
                                     Based on actual       Based on allowable     (cases per     in-1 million     million or    (actuals and allowables)
                                        emissions              emissions             year)        or greater        greater
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source category................  0.2 (nickel compounds,  0.3 (nickel                   0.00001               0               0  HI <1
                                  ethyl benzene,          compounds, ethyl
                                  tetrachloroethene).     benzene,
                                                          tetrachloroethene).
Whole Facility.................  0.4 (naphthalene).....  .....................         0.00004               0               0  HI = 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The maximum chronic noncancer TOSHI values for the source category, 
based on actual and allowable emissions, were estimated to be less than 
1, with cobalt compounds driving the TOSHI value from open contact 
molding (resin spray layup and spray gel coat application) processes.
2. Acute Risk Results
    Worst-case acute HQs were calculated for every HAP for which there 
is an acute health benchmark using actual emissions. The maximum acute 
noncancer HQ value for the source category was equal to 1 from styrene 
emissions (based on the acute (1-hr) REL for styrene). As noted above 
in section III.C.3.c, the highest HQ assumes that the primary source of 
the styrene emissions from open molding (resin/gelcoat) operations was 
modeled with an hourly emissions multiplier of 3 times the annual 
emissions rate. Acute HQs are not calculated for allowable or whole 
facility emissions.
3. Multipathway Risk Screening Results
    Results of the worst-case Tier 1 screening analysis indicated one 
facility reporting PB-HAP emissions (based on estimates of actual 
emissions) for the source category, with no exceedences of the 
screening values for the carcinogenic PB-HAP (arsenic and POM 
compounds) or the noncarcinogenic PB-HAP (cadmium). The remaining PB-
HAP, mercury and dioxins/furans, were not emitted by any facility in 
the source category.
    In evaluating the potential for multipathway effects from emissions 
of lead, we compared modeled hourly lead concentrations to the 
secondary NAAQS for lead (0.15 [mu]g/m\3\). The highest hourly lead 
concentration, 0.054 [micro]g/m\3\, is below the NAAQS for lead, 
indicating a low potential for multipathway impacts of concern due to 
lead.
4. Environmental Risk Screening Results
    As described in section III.A of this preamble, we conducted an 
environmental risk screening assessment for the Boat Manufacturing 
source category for the following five pollutants: Cadmium, arsenic, 
lead, POM, and HCl. For the three remaining pollutants (dioxin/furans, 
mercury, and HF) an environmental risk screening assessment was not 
performed because these pollutants are not emitted by the Boat 
Manufacturing source category.
    In the Tier 1 screening analysis for PB-HAP (other than lead, which 
was evaluated differently), we did not find any exceedances of the 
ecological benchmarks evaluated. For lead, we did not find any 
exceedances of the secondary lead NAAQS. For HCl, the average modeled 
concentration around

[[Page 22659]]

each facility (i.e., the average concentration of all off-site data 
points in the modeling domain) did not exceed any ecological benchmark. 
In addition, each individually modeled concentration of HCl (i.e., each 
off-site data point in the modeling domain) was below the ecological 
benchmarks for all facilities. Based on the results of the 
environmental risk screening analysis, we do not expect an adverse 
environmental effect as a result of PB-HAP emissions from this source 
category.
5. Facility-Wide Risk Results
    Results of the assessment of facility-wide emissions indicate none 
of the 93 facilities have a facility-wide cancer risk greater than or 
equal to 1-in-1 million; refer to Table 2. The maximum facility-wide 
cancer risk is 0.4-in-1 million, mainly driven by naphthalene emissions 
from fiberglass resin product (atomized spray of gel coat) processes.
    The total estimated cancer incidence from the whole facility is 
0.00004 excess cancer cases per year, or one case in every 25,000 
years, with no people estimated to have cancer risks greater than or 
equal to 1-in-1 million from exposure to whole facility emissions.
    The maximum facility-wide chronic noncancer TOSHI is estimated to 
be equal to 1, mainly driven by emissions of styrene from open contact 
molding (resin spray layup and spray gel coat application) processes.
6. What demographic groups might benefit from this regulation?
    To examine the potential for any environmental justice issues that 
might be associated with the source category, we performed a 
demographic analysis, which is an assessment of risks to individual 
demographic groups of the populations living within 5 km and within 50 
km of the facilities. In the analysis, we evaluated the distribution of 
HAP-related cancer and noncancer risks from the Boat Manufacturing 
source category across different demographic groups within the 
populations living near facilities.\19\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ Demographic groups included in the analysis are: White, 
African American, Native American, other races and multiracial, 
Hispanic or Latino, children 17 years of age and under, adults 18 to 
64 years of age, adults 65 years of age and over, adults without a 
high school diploma, people living below the poverty level, people 
living two times the poverty level, and linguistically isolated 
people.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Results of the demographic analysis indicate that, for 7 of the 11 
demographic groups, Hispanic or Latino, minority, people living below 
the poverty level, linguistically isolated people, adults without a 
high school diploma, adults 65 years of age or older, and African 
Americans, the percentage of the population that resides within 5 km of 
facilities in the source category is greater than the corresponding 
national percentage for the same demographic groups. When examining the 
risk levels of those exposed to emissions from boat manufacturing 
facilities, we find that no one is exposed to a cancer risk at or above 
1-in-1 million or to a chronic noncancer TOSHI greater than 1.
    The methodology and the results of the demographic analysis are 
presented in a technical report, Risk and Technology Review--Analysis 
of Demographic Factors for Populations Living Near Boat Manufacturing 
Source Category Operations, available in the docket for this action.

B. What are our proposed decisions regarding risk acceptability, ample 
margin of safety, and adverse environmental effect for the Boat 
Manufacturing source category?

1. Risk Acceptability
    As noted in section II.A of this preamble, the EPA sets standards 
under CAA section 112(f)(2) using ``a two-step standard-setting 
approach, with an analytical first step to determine an 'acceptable 
risk' that considers all health information, including risk estimation 
uncertainty, and includes a presumptive limit on MIR of approximately 
1-in-10 thousand'' (54 FR 38045, September 14, 1989).
    For the Boat Manufacturing source category, the risk analysis 
indicates that the cancer risks to the individual most exposed could be 
up to 0.2-in-1 million due to actual emissions and up to 0.3-in-1 
million based on allowable emissions. These risks are considerably less 
than 100-in-1 million, which is the presumptive upper limit of 
acceptable risk. The risk analysis also shows very low cancer incidence 
(0.00001 cases per year for actual emissions and 0.00002 cases per year 
for allowable emissions). We did not identify potential for adverse 
chronic noncancer health effects. The acute noncancer risks based on 
actual emissions are low at an HQ of 1 for styrene. Therefore, we find 
there is little potential concern of acute noncancer health impacts 
from actual emissions. In addition, the risk assessment indicates no 
significant potential for multipathway health effects.
    Considering all of the health risk information and factors 
discussed above, including the uncertainties discussed in section 
III.C.7 of this preamble, we propose that the risks from the Boat 
Manufacturing source category are acceptable.
2. Ample Margin of Safety Analysis
    Under the ample margin of safety analysis, we evaluated the cost 
and feasibility of available control technologies and other measures 
(including the controls, measures, and costs reviewed under the 
technology review) that could be applied in this source category to 
further reduce the risks (or potential risks) due to emissions of HAP, 
considering all of the health risks and other health information 
considered in the risk acceptability determination described above. In 
this analysis, we considered the results of the technology review, risk 
assessment, and other aspects of our MACT rule review to determine 
whether there are any cost-effective controls or other measures that 
would reduce emissions further and would be necessary to provide an 
ample margin of safety to protect public health.
    Our risk analysis indicated the risks from the Boat Manufacturing 
source category are low for both cancer and noncancer health effects, 
and, therefore, any risk reductions from further available control 
options would result in minimal health benefits. As noted in section 
VI.A of this preamble, no additional control measures were identified 
for reducing HAP emissions from the Boat Manufacturing source category. 
Thus, we are proposing that the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP provides and 
ample margin of safety to protect health.
3. Adverse Environmental Effect
    As described in section III.A, and in section IV.A.4 of this 
preamble, we conducted an environmental risk screening assessment for 
the Boat Manufacturing source category for the following five 
pollutants: Cadmium, arsenic, lead, POM, and HCl. For the three 
remaining pollutants (dioxin/furans, mercury, and HF), an environmental 
risk screening assessment was not performed because these pollutants 
are not emitted by the Boat Manufacturing source category.
    In the Tier 1 screening analysis for PB-HAP (other than lead, which 
was evaluated differently), we did not find any exceedances of the 
ecological benchmarks evaluated. For lead, we did not find any 
exceedances of the secondary lead NAAQS. For HCl, the average modeled 
concentration around each facility (i.e., the average concentration of 
all off-site data points in the modeling domain) did not exceed any 
ecological benchmark. In addition, each individually modeled

[[Page 22660]]

concentration of HCl (i.e., each off-site data point in the modeling 
domain) was below the ecological benchmarks for all facilities. 
Therefore, we do not expect adverse environmental effects as a result 
of HAP emissions from this source category and we are proposing that it 
is not necessary to set a more stringent standard to prevent, taking 
into consideration costs, energy, safety, and other relevant factors, 
an adverse environmental effect.

C. What are the results and proposed decisions based on our technology 
review for the Boat Manufacturing source category?

    As described in section III.B of this preamble, our technology 
review focused on the identification and evaluation of developments in 
practices, processes, and control technologies that have occurred since 
the MACT standards were promulgated. In conducting the technology 
review, we reviewed various informational sources regarding the 
emissions from the Boat Manufacturing source category. The review 
included a search of the RBLC database, reviews of air permits for boat 
manufacturing facilities, and a review of relevant literature. We 
reviewed these data sources for information on practices, processes, 
and control technologies that were not considered during the 
development of the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP. We also looked for 
information on improvements in practices, processes, and control 
technologies that have occurred since the development of the Boat 
Manufacturing NESHAP.
    After reviewing information from the aforementioned sources, we did 
not identify any new developments in processes or control technologies 
used at boat manufacturing facilities. We also considered improvements 
in thermal oxidizers as HAP controls, given they were identified as 
potential add-on controls in the July 14, 2000, proposed rule (65 FR 
43851). We did not identify any improvements in performance of thermal 
oxidizers, and we continue to believe that a thermal oxidizer is not a 
cost-effective add-on control option for this source category, due to 
the direct costs associated with high energy requirements for dilute 
HAP streams or the costs associated with operating a capture and 
control system (for concentrated HAP streams).
    Based on the technology review, we have determined that there are 
no cost-effective developments in processes or control technologies 
that warrant revisions to the MACT standards for this source category. 
We identified and seek comment on a general practice utilized by many 
boat manufacturing facilities that has potential to reduce the amount 
of HAP emissions emitted in open molding resin and gel coat application 
operations. Specifically, we reviewed the practice that some facilities 
in the boat manufacturing industry have implemented which includes 
training their spray gun operators to deliver a controlled spray when 
applying resin and/or gel coat during open molding production. Industry 
representatives indicated that controlling the amount of overspray from 
resins and/or gel coat application during open molding operations could 
potentially reduce HAP emissions by 40 to 50 percent. From a practical 
standpoint, controlling overspray reduces the amount of resin or gel 
coat that is wasted and not applied to the product being manufactured; 
the EPA seeks comment to determine whether this practice is widely used 
by industry, whether significant HAP reductions are achieved industry-
wide, or whether HAP reductions can be achieved in the manufacturing of 
large and small boats or large and small boat parts.
    The EPA will review the information provided in public responses to 
determine whether the rule should be amended to include a controlled-
spray training program as a work practice standard. Additional 
information of our technology review can be found in the memorandum, 
Technology Review for Boat Manufacturing and Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production Source Category, which is available in the docket 
for this action (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447).

D. What other actions are we proposing for the Boat Manufacturing 
source category?

    In addition to the proposed actions described above, we are 
proposing additional revisions to the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP. We are 
proposing revisions to the SSM provisions of the rule in order to 
ensure that it is consistent with the Court decision in Sierra Club v. 
EPA, 551 F. 3d 1019 (D.C. Cir. 2008), which vacated two provisions that 
exempted sources from the requirement to comply with otherwise 
applicable CAA section 112(d) emission standards during periods of SSM. 
We also are proposing to revise the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP to 
include electronic reporting provisions. Our analyses and proposed 
changes related to these issues are discussed below.
1. SSM Requirements
a. Proposed Elimination of the SSM Exemption
    In its 2008 decision in Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F.3d 1019 (D.C. 
Cir. 2008), the Court vacated portions of two provisions in the EPA's 
CAA section 112 regulations governing the emissions of HAP during 
periods of SSM. Specifically, the Court vacated the SSM exemption 
contained in 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) and 40 CFR 63.6(h)(1), holding that 
under section 302(k) of the CAA, emissions standards or limitations 
must be continuous in nature and that the SSM exemption violates the 
CAA's requirement that some CAA section 112 standards apply 
continuously.
    We are proposing the elimination of SSM exemptions in this rule, 
including any reference to requirements included in 40 CFR part 63, 
part A (General Provisions). Consistent with Sierra Club v. EPA, we are 
proposing standards in this rule that apply at all times. We are also 
proposing several revisions to Table 8 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart VVVV, 
as is explained in more detail below. For example, we are proposing to 
eliminate the incorporation of the General Provisions' requirement that 
each source develop an SSM plan. We also are proposing to eliminate and 
revise certain recordkeeping and reporting requirements related to the 
SSM exemption as further described below.
    The EPA has attempted to ensure that the provisions we are 
proposing to eliminate are inappropriate, unnecessary, or redundant in 
the absence of the SSM exemption. We are specifically seeking comment 
on whether we have successfully done so.
    In proposing the standards in this rule, the EPA has taken into 
account startup and shutdown periods and, for the reasons explained 
below, has not proposed alternate standards for those periods.
    Periods of startup, normal operations, and shutdown are all 
predictable and routine aspects of a source's operations. Malfunctions, 
in contrast, are neither predictable nor routine. Instead they are, by 
definition, sudden, infrequent, and not reasonably preventable failures 
of emissions control, process, or monitoring equipment. (40 CFR 63.2, 
Definition of malfunction). The EPA interprets CAA section 112 as not 
requiring emissions that occur during periods of malfunction to be 
factored into development of CAA section 112 standards, and this 
reading has been upheld as reasonable by the Court in U.S. Sugar Corp. 
v. EPA, 830 F.3d 579, 606-610 (2016). Under CAA section 112, emissions 
standards for new

[[Page 22661]]

sources must be no less stringent than the level ``achieved'' by the 
best controlled similar source and for existing sources generally must 
be no less stringent than the average emission limitation ``achieved'' 
by the best performing 12 percent of sources in the category. There is 
nothing in CAA section 112 that directs the Agency to consider 
malfunctions in determining the level ``achieved'' by the best 
performing sources when setting emission standards. As the Court has 
recognized, the phrase ``average emissions limitation achieved by the 
best performing 12 percent of'' sources ``says nothing about how the 
performance of the best units is to be calculated.'' Nat'l Ass'n of 
Clean Water Agencies v. EPA, 734 F.3d 1115, 1141 (D.C. Cir. 2013). 
While the EPA accounts for variability in setting emissions standards, 
nothing in CAA section 112 requires the Agency to consider malfunctions 
as part of that analysis. The EPA is not required to treat a 
malfunction in the same manner as the type of variation in performance 
that occurs during routine operations of a source. A malfunction is a 
failure of the source to perform in a ``normal or usual manner'' and no 
statutory language compels the EPA to consider such events in setting 
CAA section 112 standards.
    As the Court recognized in U.S. Sugar Corp, accounting for 
malfunctions in setting standards would be difficult, if not 
impossible, given the myriad different types of malfunctions that can 
occur across all sources in the category and given the difficulties 
associated with predicting or accounting for the frequency, degree, and 
duration of various malfunctions that might occur. Id. at 608 (``The 
EPA would have to conceive of a standard that could apply equally to 
the wide range of possible boiler malfunctions, ranging from an 
explosion to minor mechanical defects. Any possible standard is likely 
to be hopelessly generic to govern such a wide array of 
circumstances.'') As such, the performance of units that are 
malfunctioning is not ``reasonably'' foreseeable. See, e.g., Sierra 
Club v. EPA, 167 F.3d 658, 662 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (``The EPA typically 
has wide latitude in determining the extent of data-gathering necessary 
to solve a problem. We generally defer to an agency's decision to 
proceed on the basis of imperfect scientific information, rather than 
to 'invest the resources to conduct the perfect study.'') See also, 
Weyerhaeuser v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011, 1058 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (``In the 
nature of things, no general limit, individual permit, or even any 
upset provision can anticipate all upset situations. After a certain 
point, the transgression of regulatory limits caused by `uncontrollable 
acts of third parties,' such as strikes, sabotage, operator 
intoxication or insanity, and a variety of other eventualities, must be 
a matter for the administrative exercise of case-by-case enforcement 
discretion, not for specification in advance by regulation.''). In 
addition, emissions during a malfunction event can be significantly 
higher than emissions at any other time of source operation. For 
example, if an air pollution control device with 99-percent removal 
goes off-line as a result of a malfunction (as might happen if, for 
example, the bags in a baghouse catch fire) and the emission unit is a 
steady state type unit that would take days to shut down, the source 
would go from 99-percent control to zero control until the control 
device was repaired. The source's emissions during the malfunction 
would be 100 times higher than during normal operations. As such, the 
emissions over a 4-day malfunction period would exceed the annual 
emissions of the source during normal operations. As this example 
illustrates, accounting for malfunctions could lead to standards that 
are not reflective of (and significantly less stringent than) levels 
that are achieved by a well-performing non-malfunctioning source. It is 
reasonable to interpret CAA section 112 to avoid such a result. The 
EPA's approach to malfunctions is consistent with CAA section 112 and 
is a reasonable interpretation of the statute.
    Although no statutory language compels the EPA to set standards for 
malfunctions, the EPA has the discretion to do so where feasible. For 
example, in the Petroleum Refinery Sector Risk and Technology Review, 
the EPA established a work practice standard for unique types of 
malfunction that result in releases from pressure relief devices or 
emergency flaring events because the EPA had information to determine 
that such work practices reflected the level of control that applies to 
the best performers. 80 FR 75178, 75211-14 (December 1, 2015). The EPA 
will consider whether circumstances warrant setting standards for a 
particular type of malfunction and, if so, whether the EPA has 
sufficient information to identify the relevant best performing sources 
and establish a standard for such malfunctions. We also encourage 
commenters to provide any such information.
    In the event that a source fails to comply with the applicable CAA 
section 112(d) standards as a result of a malfunction event, the EPA 
would determine an appropriate response based on, among other things, 
the good faith efforts of the source to minimize emissions during 
malfunction periods, including preventative and corrective actions, as 
well as root cause analyses to ascertain and rectify excess emissions. 
The EPA would also consider whether the source's failure to comply with 
the CAA section 112(d) standard was, in fact, sudden, infrequent, not 
reasonably preventable, and was not instead caused, in part, by poor 
maintenance or careless operation. 40 CFR 63.2 (Definition of 
malfunction).
    If the EPA determines in a particular case that an enforcement 
action against a source for violation of an emission standard is 
warranted, the source can raise any and all defenses in that 
enforcement action and the federal district court will determine what, 
if any, relief is appropriate. The same is true for citizen enforcement 
actions. Similarly, the presiding officer in an administrative 
proceeding can consider any defense raised and determine whether 
administrative penalties are appropriate.
    In summary, the EPA interpretation of the CAA and, in particular, 
CAA section 112 is reasonable and encourages practices that will avoid 
malfunctions. Administrative and judicial procedures for addressing 
exceedances of the standards fully recognize that violations may occur 
despite good faith efforts to comply and can accommodate those 
situations. U.S. Sugar Corp. v. EPA, 830 F.3d 579, 606-610 (2016).
b. Proposed Revisions to the General Provisions Applicability Table
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 8 to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart VVVV) entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(3) by changing 
the ``yes'' in column 3 to a ``no.'' Generally, these paragraphs 
require development of an SSM plan and specify SSM recordkeeping and 
reporting requirements related to the SSM plan. As noted, the EPA is 
proposing to remove the SSM exemptions. Therefore, affected units will 
be subject to an emission standard during such events. The 
applicability of a standard during such events will ensure that sources 
have ample incentive to plan for and achieve compliance and, thus, the 
SSM plan requirements are no longer necessary.
    We are proposing to revise Table 8 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart VVVV, 
to indicate that 40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)(i) and (iii) does not apply to 40 
CFR part 63, subpart VVVV. The cross-references to the general duty and 
SSM plan

[[Page 22662]]

requirements in those subparagraphs of the General Provisions are not 
necessary in light of other requirements of 40 CFR 63.8 that require 
good air pollution control practices (40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)) and that set 
out the requirements of a quality control program for monitoring 
equipment (40 CFR 63.8(d)).
    We are proposing to revise Table 8 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart VVVV, 
to indicate that 40 CFR 63.8(d)(3) does not apply to 40 CFR part 63, 
subpart VVVV. The final sentence in 40 CFR 63.8(d)(3) refers to the 
General Provisions' SSM plan requirement which is no longer applicable.
    We are proposing to revise the Table 8 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
VVVV, entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(i) by changing the ``yes'' in column 
3 to a ``no.'' Section 63.10(b)(2)(i) describes the recordkeeping 
requirements during startup and shutdown. These recording provisions 
are no longer necessary because the EPA is proposing that recordkeeping 
and reporting applicable to normal operations will apply to startup and 
shutdown. In the absence of special provisions applicable to startup 
and shutdown, such as a startup and shutdown plan, there is no reason 
to retain additional recordkeeping for startup and shutdown periods.
    We are proposing to revise Table 8 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart VVVV, 
to indicate 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(ii), 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(iv), and 40 CFR 
63.10(b)(2)(v) do not apply. Section 63.10(b)(2)(ii) describes the 
recordkeeping requirements during a malfunction. The EPA is proposing 
to amend the requirements of 40 CFR 63.5767(d) to indicate that if a 
facility has an add-on control device, they must keep records of any 
failures to meet the applicable standards, including the date, time, 
and duration of the failure. The EPA is also proposing to add to 40 CFR 
63.5767(d) a requirement that sources keep records that include a list 
of the affected add-on control device and actions taken to minimize 
emissions, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated pollutant 
emitted over any emission limit, and a description of the method used 
to estimate the emissions. The EPA is proposing to require that sources 
keep records of this information to ensure that there is adequate 
information to allow the EPA to determine the severity of any failure 
to meet a standard, and to provide data that may document how the 
source met the general duty to minimize emissions when the source has 
failed to meet an applicable standard.
    The provision of 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(iv), when applicable, requires 
sources to record actions taken during SSM events when actions were 
inconsistent with their SSM plan. The requirement is no longer 
appropriate because SSM plans will no longer be required. The 
requirement previously applicable under 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(iv)(B) to 
record actions to minimize emissions and record corrective actions is 
now applicable by reference to 40 CFR 63.5767(d).
    The provision of 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(v), when applicable, requires 
sources to record actions taken during SSM events to show that actions 
taken were consistent with their SSM plan. The requirement is no longer 
appropriate because SSM plans will no longer be required.
    We are proposing to revise Table 8 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart VVVV, 
to indicate that 40 CFR 63.10(c)(15) does not apply. When applicable, 
the provision allows an owner or operator to use the affected source's 
SSM plan or records kept to satisfy the recordkeeping requirements of 
the SSM plan specified in 40 CFR 63.6(e) to also satisfy the 
requirements of 40 CFR 63.10(c)(10) through (12). The EPA is proposing 
to eliminate this requirement because SSM plans would no longer be 
required, and, therefore, 40 CFR 63.10(c)(15) no longer serves any 
useful purpose for affected units.
    We are proposing to revise the Table 8 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
VVVV, entry for 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5) by changing the ``yes'' in column 3 
to a ``no.'' Section 63.10(d)(5) describes the reporting requirements 
for startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions. To replace the General 
Provisions reporting requirement, the EPA is proposing to add reporting 
requirements to 40 CFR 63.5764. The replacement language differs from 
the General Provisions requirement in that it eliminates periodic SSM 
reports as a stand-alone report. We are proposing language that 
requires sources with add-on control devices that fail to meet an 
applicable standard at any time to report the information concerning 
such events in a compliance report already required under this rule on 
a semiannual basis. We are proposing that the report must contain the 
number, date, time, duration, and the cause of such events (including 
unknown cause, if applicable), a list of the affected sources or 
equipment, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated pollutant 
emitted over any emission limit, and a description of the method used 
to estimate the emissions.
    Examples of such methods would include product-loss calculations, 
mass balance calculations, measurements when available, or engineering 
judgment based on known process parameters. The EPA is proposing this 
requirement to ensure that there is adequate information to determine 
compliance, to allow the EPA to determine the severity of the failure 
to meet an applicable standard, and to provide data that may document 
how the source met the general duty to minimize emissions during a 
failure to meet an applicable standard.
    We will no longer require owners or operators to determine whether 
actions taken to correct a malfunction are consistent with an SSM plan 
because plans would no longer be required. The proposed amendments, 
therefore, eliminate the cross reference to 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5)(i) that 
contains the description of the previously required SSM report format 
and submittal schedule from this section. These specifications are no 
longer necessary because the events will be reported in otherwise 
required reports with similar format and submittal requirements.
    The proposed amendments also eliminate the cross reference to 40 
CFR 63.10(d)(5)(ii). Section 63.10(d)(5)(ii) describes an immediate 
report for startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions when a source failed 
to meet an applicable standard, but did not follow the SSM plan. We 
will no longer require owners and operators to report when actions 
taken during a startup, shutdown, or malfunction were not consistent 
with an SSM plan because plans would no longer be required.
c. Definitions
    We are proposing that definitions of ``Startup'' and ``Shutdown'' 
be added to 40 CFR 63.5779. The current rule relies on the 40 CFR part 
63, subpart A, definitions of these terms which are based on the 
setting in operation of, and cessation of operation of add-on control 
devices. Because we are proposing that standards in this rule apply at 
all times, we find it appropriate to propose definitions of startup and 
shutdown based on these periods to clarify that it is the setting in 
operation of, and cessation of operation of add-on control devices that 
define startup and shutdown for purposes of 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
VVVV.
    We are proposing that the definition of ``Deviation'' in 40 CFR 
63.5779 be revised to remove language that differentiates between 
normal operations, startup and shutdown, and malfunction events.
2. Electronic Reporting Requirements
    The EPA is proposing that owners and operators of facilities 
subject to the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP submit

[[Page 22663]]

electronic copies of initial notifications required in 40 CFR 63.9(b), 
notifications of compliance status required in 40 CFR 63.9(h), 
performance test reports, and semiannual reports through the EPA's 
Central Data Exchange (CDX), using the Compliance and Emissions Data 
Reporting Interface (CEDRI). A description of the electronic data 
submission process is provided in the memorandum, ``Electronic 
Reporting Requirements for New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and 
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) 
Rules,'' available in Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447. The proposed 
rule requires that performance test results collected using test 
methods that are supported by the EPA's Electronic Reporting Tool (ERT) 
as listed on the ERT website \20\ at the time of the test be submitted 
in the format generated through the use of the ERT and that other 
performance test results be submitted in portable document format using 
the attachment module of the ERT. For semiannual reports, the proposed 
rule requires that owners and operators use the appropriate spreadsheet 
template to submit information to CEDRI. A draft version of the 
proposed template for these reports is included in the docket for this 
rulemaking (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447). The EPA specifically 
requests comment on the content, layout, and overall design of the 
template.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/electronic-reporting-tool-ert.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, by making the reports addressed in this proposed 
rulemaking readily available, the EPA, the regulated community, and the 
public will benefit when the EPA conducts its CAA-required technology 
and risk-based reviews. As a result of having performance test reports 
and air emission data readily accessible, our ability to carry out 
comprehensive reviews will be increased and achieved within a shorter 
period of time. These data will provide useful information on control 
efficiencies being achieved and maintained in practice within a source 
category and across source categories for regulated sources and 
pollutants. These reports can also be used to inform the technology-
review process by providing information on improvements to add-on 
technology and new control technology.
    Under an electronic reporting system, the EPA's Office of Air 
Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) would have air emissions and 
performance test data in hand; OAQPS would not have to collect these 
data from the EPA Regional offices or from delegated air agencies or 
industry sources in cases where these reports are not submitted to the 
EPA Regional offices. Thus, we anticipate fewer or less substantial 
ICRs may be needed in conjunction with prospective CAA-required 
technology and risk-based reviews. We expect this to result in a 
decrease in time spent by industry to respond to data collection 
requests. We also expect the ICRs to contain less extensive stack 
testing provisions, as we will already have stack test data 
electronically. Reduced testing requirements would be a cost savings to 
industry. The EPA should also be able to conduct these required reviews 
more quickly, as OAQPS will not have to include the ICR collection time 
in the process or spend time collecting reports from the EPA Regional 
offices. While the regulated community may benefit from a reduced 
burden of ICRs, the general public benefits from the Agency's ability 
to provide these required reviews more quickly, resulting in increased 
public health and environmental protection.
    Electronic reporting minimizes submission of unnecessary or 
duplicative reports in cases where facilities report to multiple 
government agencies and the agencies opt to rely on the EPA's 
electronic reporting system to view report submissions. Where air 
agencies continue to require a paper copy of these reports and will 
accept a hard copy of the electronic report, facilities will have the 
option to print paper copies of the electronic reporting forms to 
submit to the air agencies, and, thus, minimize the time spent 
reporting to multiple agencies. Additionally, maintenance and storage 
costs associated with retaining paper records could likewise be 
minimized by replacing those records with electronic records of 
electronically submitted data and reports.
    Air agencies could benefit from more streamlined and automated 
review of the electronically submitted data. For example, because 
performance test data would be readily-available in standard electronic 
format, air agencies would be able to review reports and data 
electronically rather than having to conduct a review of the reports 
and data manually. Having reports and associated data in electronic 
format facilitates review through the use of software ``search'' 
options, as well as the downloading and analyzing of data in 
spreadsheet format. Additionally, air agencies would benefit from the 
reported data being accessible to them through the EPA's electronic 
reporting system wherever and whenever they want or need access (as 
long as they have access to the internet). The ability to access and 
review reports electronically assists air agencies in determining 
compliance with applicable regulations more quickly and accurately, 
potentially allowing a faster response to violations, which could 
minimize harmful air emissions. This benefits both air agencies and the 
general public.
    The proposed electronic reporting of test data is consistent with 
electronic data trends (e.g., electronic banking and income tax 
filing). Electronic reporting of environmental data is already common 
practice in many media offices at the EPA. The changes being proposed 
in this rulemaking are needed to continue the EPA's transition to 
electronic reporting.
    Additionally, the EPA has identified two broad circumstances in 
which electronic reporting extensions may be provided. In both 
circumstances, the decision to accept the claim of needing additional 
time to report is within the discretion of the Administrator, and 
reporting should occur as soon as possible. The EPA is providing these 
potential extensions to protect owners and operators from noncompliance 
in cases where they cannot successfully submit a report by the 
reporting deadline for reasons outside of their control. The situation 
where an extension may be warranted due to outages of the EPA's CDX or 
CEDRI which precludes an owner or operator from accessing the system 
and submitting required reports is addressed in 40 CFR 63.5764. The 
situation where an extension may be warranted due to a force majeure 
event, which is defined as an event that will be or has been caused by 
circumstances beyond the control of the affected facility, its 
contractors, or any entity controlled by the affected facility that 
prevents an owner or operator from complying with the requirement to 
submit a report electronically as required by this rule is addressed in 
40 CFR 63.5764. Examples of such events are acts of nature, acts of war 
or terrorism, equipment failure, or safety hazards beyond the control 
of the facility.
    The electronic submittal of the reports addressed in this proposed 
rulemaking will increase the usefulness of the data contained in those 
reports, is in keeping with current trends in data availability and 
transparency, will further assist in the protection of public health 
and the environment, will improve compliance by facilitating the 
ability of regulated facilities to demonstrate compliance with 
requirements and by facilitating the ability of delegated state, local, 
tribal, and territorial air agencies and

[[Page 22664]]

the EPA to assess and determine compliance, and will ultimately reduce 
burden on regulated facilities, delegated air agencies, and the EPA. 
Electronic reporting also eliminates paper-based, manual processes, 
thereby saving time and resources, simplifying data entry, eliminating 
redundancies, minimizing data reporting errors, and providing data 
quickly and accurately to the affected facilities, air agencies, the 
EPA, and the public. Moreover, electronic reporting is consistent with 
the EPA's plan \21\ to implement Executive Order 13563 and is in 
keeping with the EPA's Agency-wide policy \22\ developed in response to 
the White House's Digital Government Strategy.\23\ For more information 
on the benefits of electronic reporting, see the memorandum, Electronic 
Reporting Requirements for New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and 
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) 
Rules, available in Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ EPA's Final Plan for Periodic Retrospective Reviews, August 
2011. Available at: https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OA-2011-0156-0154.
    \22\ E-Reporting Policy Statement for EPA Regulations, September 
2013. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/epa-ereporting-policy-statement-2013-09-30.pdf.
    \23\ Digital Government: Building a 21st Century Platform to 
Better Serve the American People, May 2012. Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/egov/digital-government/digital-government.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In this action, we are amending the rule to include 40 CFR 63.5765 
describing the provisions for electronic reporting. In addition, 40 CFR 
63.5770 has been amended to indicate that records may be stored as 
electronic documents.

E. What compliance dates are we proposing for the Boat Manufacturing 
source category?

    The EPA is proposing that affected sources that commenced 
construction or reconstruction on or before May 17, 2019 must comply 
with all of the amendments, with the exception of the proposed 
electronic format for submitting notifications and compliance reports, 
no later than 180 days after the effective date of the final rule, or 
upon startup, whichever is later. Affected sources that commence 
construction or reconstruction after May 17, 2019 must comply with all 
requirements of the subpart, including the amendments being proposed, 
with the exception of the proposed electronic format for submitting 
notifications and compliance reports, no later than the effective date 
of the final rule or upon startup, whichever is later. All affected 
facilities would have to continue to meet the current requirements of 
40 CFR part 63, subpart VVVV, until the applicable compliance date of 
the amended rule. The final action is not expected to be a ``major 
rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2), so the effective date of the 
final rule will be the promulgation date as specified in CAA section 
112(d)(10).
    For existing sources, we are proposing two changes that would 
impact ongoing compliance requirements for 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
VVVV. As discussed elsewhere in this preamble, we are proposing to add 
a requirement that notifications, performance test results, and 
compliance reports be submitted electronically. We are also proposing 
to change the requirements for SSM by removing the exemption from the 
requirements to meet the standard during SSM periods and by removing 
the requirement to develop and implement an SSM plan. Our experience 
with similar industries that are required to convert reporting 
mechanisms to install necessary hardware and software, become familiar 
with the process of submitting performance test results electronically 
through the EPA's CEDRI, test these new electronic submission 
capabilities, and reliably employ electronic reporting shows that a 
time period of a minimum of 90 days, and, more typically, 180 days is 
generally necessary to successfully accomplish these revisions. Our 
experience with similar industries further shows that this sort of 
regulated facility generally requires a time period of 180 days to read 
and understand the amended rule requirements; to evaluate their 
operations to ensure that they can meet the standards during periods of 
startup and shutdown as defined in the rule and make any necessary 
adjustments; and to update their operation, maintenance, and monitoring 
plan to reflect the revised requirements. The EPA recognizes the 
confusion that multiple different compliance dates for individual 
requirements would create and the additional burden such an assortment 
of dates would impose. From our assessment of the timeframe needed for 
compliance with the entirety of the revised requirements, the EPA 
considers a period of 180 days to be the most expeditious compliance 
period practicable and, thus, is proposing that all affected sources 
that commenced construction or reconstruction on or before May 17, 2019 
be in compliance with all of this regulation's revised requirements 
within 180 days of the regulation's effective date.
    We solicit comment on the proposed compliance periods, and we 
specifically request submission of information from sources in this 
source category regarding specific actions that would need to be 
undertaken to comply with the proposed amended requirements and the 
time needed to make the adjustments for compliance with any of the 
revised requirements. We note that information provided may result in 
changes to the proposed compliance dates.

F. What are the results of the risk assessment and analyses for the 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source category?

1. Inhalation Risk Assessment Results
    Table 3 of this preamble provides an overall summary of the 
inhalation risk results. The results of the chronic baseline inhalation 
cancer risk assessment indicate that, based on estimates of current 
actual and allowable emissions, the MIR posed by the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production source category was estimated to be 4-in-1 
million for both model runs, from volatile organic compound HAP being 
emitted from pultrusion processes. The total estimated cancer incidence 
from reinforced plastic composites production emission sources based on 
actual and allowable emission levels is 0.001 excess cancer cases per 
year, or one case in every 1,000 years. Emissions of acrylonitrile, 
naphthalene, ethyl benzene, and benzo(ghi)perylene contributed 91 
percent to this cancer incidence. Based upon actual emissions, 1,500 
people were exposed to cancer risks greater than or equal to 1-in-1 
million; for allowable emissions, approximately 2,100 people were 
estimated to be exposed to cancer risks greater than or equal to 1-in-1 
million.

[[Page 22665]]



                        Table 3--Inhalation Risk Assessment Summary for Reinforced Plastic Composites Production Source Category
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Cancer MIR (in-1 million)                                              Population
                                -----------------------------------------------     Cancer        Population     with risk of
                                                                                   incidence    with risk of 1-     10-in-1     Max chronic noncancer HI
                                     Based on actual       Based on allowable     (cases per     in-1 million     million or    (actuals and allowables)
                                        emissions              emissions             year)        or greater        greater
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source Category................  4 (formaldehyde, ethyl  4 (formaldehyde,                0.001           1,500               0  HI = 1
                                  benzene).               ethyl benzene).
Whole Facility.................  20 (cadmium,7-12-       .....................           0.001           4,500             800  HI = 1
                                  dimethylbenz
                                  [a]anthracene,
                                  nickel, formaldehyde.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The maximum chronic noncancer TOSHI values for the source category, 
based on actual emissions, were estimated to be 1, with cobalt 
compounds driving the TOSHI value from the application of gel-coat and 
resins.
2. Acute Risk Results
    Worst-case acute HQs were calculated for every HAP for which there 
is an acute health benchmark using actual emissions. The maximum off-
site acute noncancer HQ value for the source category was equal to 3 
from styrene emissions (based on the acute (1-hour) REL). The acute 
risks were based on actual emissions utilizing an hourly emissions 
multiplier of 3 times the annual emissions rate. Acute HQs are not 
calculated for allowable or whole facility emissions.
3. Multipathway Risk Screening Results
    Results of the worst-case Tier 1 screening analysis indicate that 
PB-HAP emissions (based on estimates of actual emissions) from the 
source category did not exceed the screening values for the 
carcinogenic PB-HAP (arsenic compounds) or the noncarcinogenic PB-HAP 
(cadmium and mercury) that were emitted by 100 facilities of the 448 
facilities in the source category. The only carcinogenic PB-HAP to 
exceed the Tier 1 screening value of 1 was POM compounds from two 
facilities with a maximum Tier 1 cancer screening value of 6. No 
additional multipathway screening was conducted for this source 
category.
    An exceedance of a screening value in any of the tiers cannot be 
equated with a risk value or a HQ (or HI). Rather, it represents a 
high-end estimate of what the risk or hazard may be. For example, 
facility emissions exceeding the screening value by a factor of 2 for a 
non-carcinogen can be interpreted to mean that we are confident that 
the HQ would be lower than 2. Similarly, facility emissions exceeding 
the screening value by a factor of 20 for a carcinogen means that we 
are confident that the risk is lower than 20-in-1 million. Our 
confidence comes from the health-protective assumptions that are in the 
screens: We choose inputs from the upper end of the range of possible 
values for the influential parameters used in the screens; and we 
assume that the exposed individual exhibits ingestion behavior that 
would lead to a high total exposure.
    In evaluating the potential for multipathway effects from emissions 
of lead, we compared modeled hourly lead concentrations to the 
secondary NAAQS for lead (0.15 [mu]g/m\3\). The highest hourly lead 
concentration, 0.013 [micro]g/m\3\, is below the NAAQS for lead, 
indicating a low potential for multipathway impacts of concern due to 
lead.
4. Environmental Risk Screening Results
    As described in section III.A of this preamble, we conducted an 
environmental risk screening assessment for the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production source category for the following six pollutants: 
Cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, POM, and HCl. For the remaining two 
pollutants (dioxin/furans and HF), an environmental risk screening 
assessment was not performed because these pollutants are not emitted 
by the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source category.
    In the Tier 1 screening analysis for PB-HAP (other than lead, which 
was evaluated differently), we did not find any exceedances of the 
ecological benchmarks evaluated. For lead, we did not estimate any 
exceedances of the secondary lead NAAQS. For HCl, the average modeled 
concentration around each facility (i.e., the average concentration of 
all off-site data points in the modeling domain) did not exceed any 
ecological benchmark. In addition, each individual modeled 
concentration of HCl (i.e., each off-site data point in the modeling 
domain) was below the ecological benchmarks for all facilities. Based 
on the results of the environmental risk screening analysis, we do not 
expect an adverse environmental effect as a result of HAP emissions 
from this source category.
5. Facility-Wide Risk Results
    Results of the assessment of facility-wide emissions indicate that 
eleven of the 448 facilities have a facility-wide cancer risk greater 
than or equal to 1-in-1 million, and 1 facility has a facility-wide 
cancer risk greater than or equal to 10-in-1 million; refer to Table 4. 
The maximum facility-wide cancer risk is 20-in-1 million, mainly driven 
by cadmium compounds emissions from in-process fuel use of natural gas.
    The total estimated cancer incidence from the whole facility is 
0.001 excess cancer cases per year, or one case in every 1,000 years, 
with 4,500 people estimated to have cancer risks greater than or equal 
to 1-in-1 million from exposure to whole facility emissions and 800 
people estimated to have cancer risks greater than or equal to 10-in-1 
million.
    The maximum facility-wide chronic non-cancer TOSHI is estimated to 
be equal to 1, mainly driven by cobalt emissions from the application 
of gel-coats and resins.
6. What demographic groups might benefit from this regulation?
    To examine the potential for any environmental justice issues that 
might be associated with the source category, we performed a 
demographic analysis, which is an assessment of risk to individual 
demographic groups of the populations living within 5 km and within 50 
km of the facilities. In the analysis, we evaluated the distribution of 
HAP-related cancer and noncancer risk from the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production source category across different demographic 
groups

[[Page 22666]]

within the populations living near facilities.\24\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ Demographic groups included in the analysis are: White, 
African American, Native American, other races and multiracial, 
Hispanic or Latino, children 17 years of age and under, adults 18 to 
64 years of age, adults 65 years of age and over, adults without a 
high school diploma, people living below the poverty level, people 
living two times the poverty level, and linguistically isolated 
people.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The results of the demographic analysis are summarized in Table 4 
below. These results, for various demographic groups, are based on the 
estimated risk from actual emissions levels for the population living 
within 50 km of the facilities.

               Table 4--Reinforced Plastic Composites Production Demographic Risk Analysis Results
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Population with cancer
                                                                risk at or above 1-in-1  Population with chronic
                                              Nationwide             million due to         HI above 1 due to
                                                                   Reinforced Plastic       Reinforced Plastic
                                                                 Composites Production    Composites Production
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Population.....................              317,746,049                    1,564                        0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Race by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
White................................                       62                       62                        0
All Other Races......................                       38                       38                        0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Race by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
White................................                       62                       62                        0
African American.....................                       12                       26                        0
Native American......................                      0.8                        0                        0
Hispanic or Latino...................                       18                        7                        0
Other and Multiracial................                        7                        5                        0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Ethnicity by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hispanic.............................                       18                        7                        0
Non-Hispanic.........................                       82                       93                        0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Income by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Below Poverty Level..................                       14                       42                        0
Above Poverty Level..................                       86                       58                        0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Education by Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Over 25 and without High School                             14                       16                        0
 Diploma.............................
Over 25 and with a High School                              86                       84                        0
 Diploma.............................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The results of the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source 
category demographic analysis indicate that emissions from the source 
category expose approximately 1,600 people to a cancer risk at or above 
1-in-1 million and no people to a chronic noncancer TOSHI greater than 
1. The percentages of the at-risk population for 3 of the 11 
demographic groups, people living below the poverty level, adults 
without a high school diploma, and African Americans, that reside 
within 50 km of facilities in the source category are greater than the 
corresponding national percentage for the same demographic groups.
    The methodology and the results of the demographic analysis are 
presented in a technical report, Risk and Technology Review--Analysis 
of Demographic Factors for Populations Living Near Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production Source Category, available in the docket for this 
action.

G. What are our proposed decisions regarding risk acceptability, ample 
margin of safety, and adverse environmental effect for the Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production source category?

1. Risk Acceptability
    As noted in section II.A of this preamble, the EPA sets standards 
under CAA section 112(f)(2) using ``a two-step standard-setting 
approach, with an analytical first step to determine an 'acceptable 
risk' that considers all health information, including risk estimation 
uncertainty, and includes a presumptive limit on MIR of approximately 
1-in-10 thousand'' (54 FR 38045, September 14, 1989).
    For the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source category, 
the risk analysis indicates that the cancer risks to the individual 
most exposed could be up to 4-in-1 million due to actual emissions and 
up to 4-in-1 million based on allowable emissions. These risks are 
considerably less than 100-in-1 million, which is the presumptive upper 
limit of acceptable risk. The risk analysis also shows very low cancer 
incidence (0.001 cases per year for actual emissions and 0.001 cases 
per year for allowable emissions), and we did not identify potential 
for adverse chronic noncancer health effects. The results of the acute 
screening analysis estimate a maximum acute noncancer HQ of 3 based on 
the acute REL for styrene. To better characterize the potential health 
risks associated with estimated worst-case acute exposures to HAP, we 
examine a wider range of available acute health metrics than we do for 
our chronic risk assessments. This is in acknowledgement that there are 
generally more data gaps and uncertainties in acute reference values

[[Page 22667]]

than there are in chronic reference values. By definition, the acute 
REL represents a health-protective level of exposure, with effects not 
anticipated below those levels, even for repeated exposures; however, 
the level of exposure that would cause health effects is not 
specifically known. As the exposure concentration increases above the 
acute REL, the potential for effects increases. Therefore, when an REL 
is exceeded and an AEGL-1 or ERPG-1 level is available (i.e., levels at 
which mild, reversible effects are anticipated in the general public 
for a single exposure), we typically use them as an additional 
comparative measure, as they provide an upperbound for exposure levels 
above which exposed individuals could experience effects.
    Based on the AEGL-1 for styrene, the HQ is less than 1 (0.7), below 
the level at which mild, reversible effects would be anticipated. In 
addition, the acute screening assessment includes the conservative 
(health protective) assumptions that every process releases its peak 
hourly emissions at the same hour, that the worst-case dispersion 
conditions occur at that same hour, and that an individual is present 
at the location of maximum concentration for that hour. Together, these 
factors lead us to conclude that significant acute effects are not 
anticipated due to emissions from this category. In addition, the risk 
assessment indicates no significant potential for multipathway health 
effects.
    Considering all of the health risk information and factors 
discussed above, we propose to find that the risks from the Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production source category are acceptable.
2. Ample Margin of Safety Analysis
    Under the ample margin of safety analysis, we evaluated the cost 
and feasibility of available control technologies and other measures 
(including the controls, measures, and costs reviewed under the 
technology review) that could be applied in this source category to 
further reduce the risks (or potential risks) due to emissions of HAP, 
considering all of the health risks and other health information 
considered in the risk acceptability determination described above. In 
this analysis, we considered the results of the technology review, risk 
assessment, and other aspects of our MACT rule review to determine 
whether there are any cost-effective controls or other measures that 
would reduce emissions further and would be necessary to provide an 
ample margin of safety to protect public health.
    Our risk analysis indicated the risks from the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production source category are low for both cancer and 
noncancer health effects, and, therefore, any risk reductions from 
further available control options would result in minimal health 
benefits. As noted in section IV.I of this preamble, no additional 
control measures were identified for reducing HAP emissions from 
sources in the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source 
category. Thus, we are proposing that the Reinforced Plastic Composites 
Production NESHAP provides an ample margin of safety to protect health.
3. Adverse Environmental Effect
    As described in sections III.A and IV.F.4, of this preamble, we 
conducted an environmental risk screening assessment for the Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production source category for the following six 
pollutants: Cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead, POM, and HCl. For arsenic, 
an environmental risk screening assessment was not performed because 
this pollutant is not emitted by the Reinforced Plastic Composites 
Production source category.
    In the Tier 1 screening analysis for PB-HAP (other than lead, which 
was evaluated differently), we did not find any exceedances of the 
ecological benchmarks evaluated. For lead, we did not estimate any 
exceedances of the secondary lead NAAQS. For HCl, the average modeled 
concentration around each facility (i.e., the average concentration of 
all off-site data points in the modeling domain) did not exceed any 
ecological benchmark. In addition, each individual modeled 
concentration of HCl (i.e., each off-site data point in the modeling 
domain) was below the ecological benchmarks for all facilities. 
Therefore, we do not expect adverse environmental effects as a result 
of HAP emissions from this source category and we are proposing that it 
is not necessary to set a more stringent standard to prevent, taking 
into consideration costs, energy, safety, and other relevant factors, 
an adverse environmental effect.

H. What are the results and proposed decisions based on our technology 
review for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source 
category?

    As described in section III.B of this preamble, our technology 
review focused on the identification and evaluation of developments in 
practices, processes, and control technologies that have occurred since 
the MACT standards were promulgated. In conducting the technology 
review, we reviewed various informational sources regarding the 
emissions from the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source 
category. The review included a search of the RBLC database, reviews of 
air permits for reinforced plastic composites production facilities, 
and a review of relevant literature. We reviewed these data sources for 
information on practices, processes, and control technologies that were 
not considered during the development of the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production NESHAP. We also looked for information on 
improvements in practices, processes, and control technologies that 
have occurred since development of the Reinforced Plastic Composites 
Production NESHAP.
    After reviewing information from the aforementioned sources, we did 
not identify any new developments in processes or control technologies 
used at reinforced plastic composites production facilities. We 
considered improvements in thermal oxidizers as HAP controls, given 
they were identified as potential add-on controls in the August 2, 
2001, proposed rule (66 FR 40333). We did not identify any improvements 
in performance of thermal oxidizers, and we continue to believe that a 
thermal oxidizer is not a cost effective add-on control option for 
existing sources in this source category, due to the direct costs 
associated with high energy requirements for dilute HAP streams or the 
costs associated with operating a capture and control system. As with 
the Boat Manufacturing source category, we evaluated a controlled-spray 
training program as a practice that has potential to reduce the amount 
of HAP emitted in open molding resin and gel coat application 
operations. Specifically, we observed some facilities in the Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production source category implementing a practice 
where the amount of overspray, during resin or gel coat application, 
was being weighed to determine the application efficiency. Further 
discussions with facility representatives and with the trade 
association indicated that facilities train their spray gun operators 
to deliver a controlled spray when applying resin and/or gel coat 
during open molding production, and that the practice of weighing the 
amount of overspray is an indicator of the effectiveness of their 
training program. As with the Boat Manufacturing source category, the 
EPA is seeking comment to determine the amount of HAP reductions that 
could be achieved, and whether HAP reductions can be applicable to all 
open mold production operations by all facilities in the source 
category. The EPA seeks

[[Page 22668]]

comment to determine whether this practice is widely used by industry, 
whether significant HAP reductions are achieved industry-wide, or 
whether HAP reductions can be achieved in the manufacturing of large 
and small parts.
    Based on the technology review, we determined that there are no 
cost-effective developments in processes or control technologies that 
warrant revisions to the MACT standards for this source category. We 
will review any information provided in public responses to determine 
whether the rule should be amended to include a controlled-spray 
training program as standard cost-effective means to reduce HAP 
emissions. Additional details of our technology review can be found in 
the memorandum, Technology Review for Boat Manufacturing and Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production Source Category, which is available in 
the docket for this action (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449).

I. What other actions are we proposing for the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production source category?

    In addition to the proposed actions described above, we are 
proposing additional revisions to the Reinforced Plastic Composites 
Production NESHAP. We are proposing revisions to the SSM provisions in 
order to ensure that they are consistent with the Court decision in 
Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F. 3d 1019 (D.C. Cir. 2008), which vacated two 
provisions that exempted sources from the requirement to comply with 
otherwise applicable CAA section 112(d) emission standards during 
periods of SSM. We also are proposing to revise the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production NESHAP to include electronic reporting 
provisions. Our analyses and proposed changes related to these issues 
are discussed below.
1. SSM Requirements
a. Proposed Elimination of the SSM Exemption
    We are proposing the elimination of the SSM exemption in the 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP which appears at 40 CFR 
63.5835(b). As discussed at greater length in section IV.D.a and 
consistent with Sierra Club v. EPA, we are proposing standards in this 
rule that apply at all times. We are also proposing several revisions 
to Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart WWWW (the General Provisions 
Applicability Table), as is explained in more detail below. For 
example, we are proposing to eliminate the incorporation of the General 
Provisions' requirement that each source develop an SSM plan. We also 
are proposing to eliminate and revise certain recordkeeping and 
reporting requirements related to the SSM exemption as further 
described below.
    The EPA has attempted to ensure that the provisions we are 
proposing to eliminate are inappropriate, unnecessary, or redundant in 
the absence of the SSM exemption. We are specifically seeking comment 
on whether we have successfully done so.
    In proposing the standards in this rule, the EPA has taken into 
account startup and shutdown periods and, for the reasons explained in 
section IV.I.1 of this preamble, has not proposed alternate standards 
for those periods.
b. Proposed Revisions to the General Provisions Applicability Table
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 15 
to 40 CFR part 63, subpart WWWW) to indicate that 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) 
does not apply to the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP. 
We are proposing instead to add general duty regulatory text at 40 CFR 
63.5835(b) that reflects the general duty to minimize emissions while 
eliminating the reference to periods covered by an SSM exemption. The 
current language in 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) characterizes what the general 
duty entails during periods of SSM. With the elimination of the SSM 
exemption, there is no need to differentiate between normal operations, 
startup and shutdown, and malfunction events in describing the general 
duty. Therefore, the language the EPA is proposing for 40 CFR 
63.5835(b) does not include that language from 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1).
    We are also proposing to revise Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW, to indicate that 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(ii) does not apply.
    We are proposing to revise the Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW, entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(3) by changing the ``yes'' in column 3 
to a ``no.'' As previously stated, these paragraphs require development 
of an SSM plan and specify SSM recordkeeping and reporting requirements 
related to the SSM plan. As noted, since the EPA is proposing to remove 
the SSM exemptions, affected units will be subject to an emission 
standard during such events. The applicability of a standard during 
such events will ensure that sources have ample incentive to plan for 
and achieve compliance and, thus, the SSM plan requirements are no 
longer necessary.
    We are proposing to revise the Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW, entry for 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) by changing the ``yes'' in column 3 
to a ``no.'' The current language of 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) exempts sources 
from non-opacity standards during periods of SSM. As discussed above, 
the Court in Sierra Club vacated the exemptions contained in this 
provision and held that the CAA requires that some CAA section 112 
standards apply continuously. Consistent with Sierra Club, the EPA is 
proposing to revise standards in this rule to apply at all times.
    We are proposing to revise Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW, to indicate that 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1) does not apply. Section 
63.7(e)(1) describes performance testing requirements. The EPA is 
instead proposing to revise performance testing requirement at 40 CFR 
63.5850(d). The performance testing requirements we are proposing to 
add differ from the General Provisions performance testing provisions 
in several respects. The regulatory text does not include the language 
in 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1) that restated the SSM exemption and language that 
precluded startup and shutdown periods from being considered 
``representative'' for purposes of performance testing. The proposed 
performance testing provisions exclude periods of startup and shutdown. 
As in 40 CFR 63.7(e)(1), performance tests conducted under this subpart 
should not be conducted during malfunctions because conditions during 
malfunctions are often not representative of normal operating 
conditions. The EPA is proposing to add language that requires the 
owner or operator to record the process information that is necessary 
to document operating conditions during the test and include in such 
record an explanation to support that such conditions represent normal 
operation. Section 63.7(e) requires that the owner or operator make 
available to the Administrator such records ``as may be necessary to 
determine the condition of the performance test'' available to the 
Administrator upon request, but does not specifically require the 
information to be recorded. The regulatory text the EPA is proposing to 
add to this provision builds on that requirement and makes explicit the 
requirement to record the information.
    We are proposing to revise Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW, to indicate that 40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)(i) and (iii) do not apply to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart WWWW. The cross-references to the general duty 
and SSM plan requirements in those subparagraphs are not necessary in 
light of other requirements of 40 CFR 63.8 that require

[[Page 22669]]

good air pollution control practices (40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)) and that set 
out the requirements of a quality control program for monitoring 
equipment (40 CFR 63.8(d)).
    We are proposing to revise Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW, to indicate 40 CFR 63.8(d)(3) does not apply.
    We are proposing to revise the Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW, entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(i) by changing the ``yes'' in column 
3 to a ``no.'' Section 63.10(b)(2)(i) describes the recordkeeping 
requirements during startup and shutdown. These recording provisions 
are no longer necessary because the EPA is proposing that recordkeeping 
and reporting applicable to normal operations will apply to startup and 
shutdown. In the absence of special provisions applicable to startup 
and shutdown, such as a startup and shutdown plan, there is no reason 
to retain additional recordkeeping for startup and shutdown periods.
    We are proposing to revise the Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW, entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(ii) through (v) by changing the 
``yes'' in column 3 to a ``no.'' Sections 63.10(b)(2)(ii) through (v) 
describes the recordkeeping requirements during startup, shutdown, and 
malfunction. The EPA is proposing to add such requirements to 40 CFR 
63.5915(a). The regulatory text we are proposing to add differs from 
the General Provisions it is replacing in that the General Provisions 
requires the creation and retention of a record of the occurrence and 
duration of each malfunction of process, air pollution control, and 
monitoring equipment. The EPA is proposing that this requirement apply 
to any failure to meet an applicable standard and is requiring that the 
source record the date, time, and duration of the failure rather than 
the ``occurrence.'' In this rule amendment the EPA is proposing to add 
to 40 CFR 63.5915(a) a requirement that sources keep records that 
include a list of the affected source or equipment and actions taken to 
minimize emissions, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated 
pollutant emitted over any emission limit, and a description of the 
method used to estimate the emissions. The EPA is proposing to require 
that sources keep records of this information to ensure that there is 
adequate information to allow the EPA to determine the severity of any 
failure to meet a standard, and to provide data that may document how 
the source met the general duty to minimize emissions when the source 
has failed to meet an applicable standard.
    We are proposing to revise Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW, to indicate that 40 CFR 63.10(c)(15) does not apply. When 
applicable, the provision allowed an owner or operator to use the 
affected source's SSM plan or records kept to satisfy the recordkeeping 
requirements of the SSM plan, specified in 40 CFR 63.6(e), to also 
satisfy the requirements of 40 CFR 63.10(c)(10) through (12). The EPA 
is proposing to eliminate this requirement because SSM plans would no 
longer be required, and, therefore, 40 CFR 63.10(c)(15) no longer 
serves any useful purpose for affected units.
    We are proposing to revise the Table 15 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW, entry for 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5) by changing the ``yes'' in column 3 
to a ``no.'' Section 63.10(d)(5) describes the reporting requirements 
for startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions. To replace the General 
Provisions reporting requirement, the EPA is proposing to add reporting 
requirements to 40 CFR 63.5910(h). We are proposing language that 
requires sources that fail to meet an applicable standard at any time 
to report the information concerning such events in the semiannual 
compliance report. We are proposing that the report must contain the 
number, date, time, duration, and the cause of such events (including 
unknown cause, if applicable), a list of the affected sources or 
equipment, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated pollutant 
emitted over any emission limit, and a description of the method used 
to estimate the emissions. The EPA is proposing this requirement to 
ensure that there is adequate information to determine compliance, to 
allow the EPA to determine the severity of the failure to meet an 
applicable standard, and to provide data that may document how the 
source met the general duty to minimize emissions during a failure to 
meet an applicable standard.
c. Proposed Revisions to Definitions
    We are proposing that the definition of ``Deviation'' in 40 CFR 
63.5900(e) be revised to remove language that differentiates between 
normal operations, startup and shutdown, and malfunction events.
2. Electronic Reporting Requirements
    The EPA is proposing that owners and operators of facilities 
subject to the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP submit 
electronic copies of initial notifications required in 40 CFR 63.9(b), 
notifications of compliance status required in 40 CFR 63.9(h), 
performance test reports, and semiannual reports through the EPA's CDX, 
using CEDRI. A description of the electronic data submission process is 
provided in the memorandum, Electronic Reporting Requirements for New 
Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for 
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Rules, available in Docket ID No. 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449. The proposed rule requires that performance test 
results collected using test methods that are supported by the EPA's 
ERT as listed on the ERT website \25\ at the time of the test be 
submitted in the format generated through the use of the ERT and that 
other performance test results be submitted in portable document format 
using the attachment module of the ERT. For semiannual reports, the 
proposed rule requires that owners and operators use the appropriate 
spreadsheet template to submit information to CEDRI. A draft version of 
the proposed template for these reports is included in the docket for 
this rulemaking (Docket ID. No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449). The EPA 
specifically requests comment on the content, layout, and overall 
design of the template.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/electronic-reporting-tool-ert.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The EPA has identified two broad circumstances in which electronic 
reporting extensions may be provided. In both circumstances, the 
decision to accept the claim of needing additional time to report is 
within the discretion of the Administrator, and reporting should occur 
as soon as possible. The EPA is providing these potential extensions to 
protect owners and operators from noncompliance in cases where they 
cannot successfully submit a report by the reporting deadline for 
reasons outside of their control. The situation where an extension may 
be warranted due to outages of the EPA's CDX or CEDRI which precludes 
an owner or operator from accessing the system and submitting required 
reports is addressed in 40 CFR 63.5910. The situation where an 
extension may be warranted due to a force majeure event, which is 
defined as an event that will be or has been caused by circumstances 
beyond the control of the affected facility, its contractors, or any 
entity controlled by the affected facility that prevents an owner or 
operator from complying with the requirement to submit a report 
electronically as required by this rule is addressed in 40 CFR 63.5910. 
Examples of such events are acts of nature, acts of war or terrorism, 
equipment failure, or safety hazards beyond the control of the 
facility.

[[Page 22670]]

    The electronic submittal of the reports addressed in this proposed 
rulemaking will increase the usefulness of the data contained in those 
reports, is in keeping with current trends in data availability and 
transparency, will further assist in the protection of public health 
and the environment, will improve compliance by facilitating the 
ability of regulated facilities to demonstrate compliance with 
requirements and by facilitating the ability of delegated state, local, 
tribal, and territorial air agencies and the EPA to assess and 
determine compliance, and will ultimately reduce burden on regulated 
facilities, delegated air agencies, and the EPA. Electronic reporting 
also eliminates paper-based, manual processes, thereby saving time and 
resources, simplifying data entry, eliminating redundancies, minimizing 
data reporting errors, and providing data quickly and accurately to the 
affected facilities, air agencies, the EPA, and the public. Moreover, 
electronic reporting is consistent with the EPA's plan \26\ to 
implement Executive Order 13563 and is in keeping with the EPA's 
agency-wide policy \27\ developed in response to the White House's 
Digital Government Strategy.\28\ For more information on the benefits 
of electronic reporting, see the memorandum, Electronic Reporting 
Requirements for New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and National 
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Rules, 
available in Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ EPA's Final Plan for Periodic Retrospective Reviews, August 
2011. Available at: https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OA-2011-0156-0154.
    \27\ E-Reporting Policy Statement for EPA Regulations, September 
2013. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/epa-ereporting-policy-statement-2013-09-30.pdf.
    \28\ Digital Government: Building a 21st Century Platform to 
Better Serve the American People, May 2012. Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/egov/digital-government/digital-government.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In this action, we are amending the rule to include 40 CFR 63.5912 
describing the provisions for electronic reporting. In addition, 40 CFR 
63.5920 has been amended to indicate that records may be stored as 
electronic documents.
3. Correction to Table 4, Work Practice Standards.
    In this action, we are adding text to Table 4 to 40 CFR part 63, 
subpart WWWW to clarify that mixers that route emissions to a capture 
and control device system that is at least 95- percent efficient 
overall are not required to have covers. In the 2003 NESHAP rulemaking, 
we determined that MACT for existing sources was pollution prevention 
measures (for mixing and BMC manufacturing operations) and that MACT 
for new sources was 95-percent control. We also considered whether the 
new source MACT floor for mixing operations should be incorporation of 
the pollution prevention measures (in this case covering the mixers) 
combined with 95-percent control. We determined that the best 
controlled facilities which route emissions to a 95-percent efficient 
control device do not also incorporate the best pollution prevention 
techniques. Therefore, we concluded that combining the pollution 
prevention requirements with the 95-percent control requirements would 
result in an overall control level that exceeds the levels at the best 
controlled facilities. (66 FR 40332, August 2, 2001). However, the text 
in table 4 of the regulation did not directly address whether mixers 
that capture and control emissions by 95 percent overall need to have 
covers. We have added text in line 6 of table 4 to clarify that covers 
are not required for mixers that fully capture and route emissions to a 
control device with at least 95-percent efficiency.

J. What compliance dates are we proposing for the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production source category?

    The EPA is proposing that affected sources that commenced 
construction or reconstruction on or before May 17, 2019 must comply 
with all of the amendments, with the exception of the proposed 
electronic format for submitting notifications and compliance reports, 
no later than 180 days after the effective date of the final rule. 
Affected sources that commence construction or reconstruction after May 
17, 2019 must comply with all requirements of the subpart, including 
the amendments being proposed, with the exception of the proposed 
electronic format for submitting notifications and compliance reports, 
no later than the effective date of the final rule or upon startup, 
whichever is later. All affected facilities would have to continue to 
meet the current requirements of 40 CFR part 63, subpart WWWW, until 
the applicable compliance date of the amended rule. The final action is 
not expected to be a ``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2), so 
the effective date of the final rule will be the promulgation date as 
specified in CAA section 112(d)(10).
    For existing sources, we are proposing two changes that would 
impact ongoing compliance requirements for 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
WWWW. As discussed elsewhere in this preamble, we are proposing to add 
a requirement that notifications, performance test results, and 
compliance reports be submitted electronically. We are also proposing 
to change the requirements for SSM by removing the exemption from the 
requirements to meet the standard during SSM periods and by removing 
the requirement to develop and implement an SSM plan. Our experience 
with similar industries that are required to convert reporting 
mechanisms to install necessary hardware and software, become familiar 
with the process of submitting performance test results electronically 
through the EPA's CEDRI, test these new electronic submission 
capabilities, and reliably employ electronic reporting shows that a 
time period of a minimum of 90 days, and, more typically, 180 days is 
generally necessary to successfully accomplish these revisions. Our 
experience with similar industries further shows that this sort of 
regulated facility generally requires a time period of 180 days to read 
and understand the amended rule requirements; to evaluate their 
operations to ensure that they can meet the standards during periods of 
startup and shutdown as defined in the rule and make any necessary 
adjustments; and to update their operation, maintenance, and monitoring 
plan to reflect the revised requirements. The EPA recognizes the 
confusion that multiple different compliance dates for individual 
requirements would create and the additional burden such an assortment 
of dates would impose. From our assessment of the timeframe needed for 
compliance with the entirety of the revised requirements, the EPA 
considers a period of 180 days to be the most expeditious compliance 
period practicable and, thus, is proposing that all affected sources 
that commenced construction or reconstruction on or before May 17, 2019 
be in compliance with all of this regulation's revised requirements 
within 180 days of the regulation's effective date.
    We solicit comment on the proposed compliance periods, and we 
specifically request submission of information from sources in this 
source category regarding specific actions that would need to be 
undertaken to comply with the proposed amended requirements and the 
time needed to make the adjustments for compliance with any of the 
revised requirements. We note that information provided may result in 
changes to the proposed compliance dates.

[[Page 22671]]

V. Summary of Cost, Environmental, and Economic Impacts

A. What are the affected sources?

    The EPA estimates that there are 93 boat manufacturing facilities 
that are subject to the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP affected by the 
proposed amendments to 40 CFR part 63, subpart VVVV, and 448 reinforced 
plastic composites production facilities subject to the Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production NESHAP, affected by the proposed 
amendments to 40 CFR part 63, subpart WWWW. The bases of our estimates 
of affected facilities are provided in the memorandum, Emissions Data 
for the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for 
Boat Manufacturing and the National Emission Standards for Hazardous 
Air Pollutants for Reinforced Plastic Composites Production, which is 
available in the respective dockets for this action. We are not 
currently aware of any planned or potential new or reconstructed 
manufacturing facilities in either of the source categories.

B. What are the air quality impacts?

    All major sources in the two source categories would be required to 
comply with the relevant emission standards at all times without the 
SSM exemption. We were unable to quantify the specific emissions 
reductions associated with eliminating the SSM exemption. However, 
eliminating the SSM exemption has the potential to reduce emissions by 
requiring facilities to meet the applicable standard during SSM 
periods.

C. What are the cost impacts?

    The one-time cost associated with reviewing the revised rules and 
becoming familiar with the electronic reporting requirements is 
estimated to be $446,448 (2016$); the one-time cost is composed of 
$75,629 for the Boat Manufacturing source category (93 facilities), and 
$370,819 for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source 
category (448 facilities). The total cost per facility in the Boat 
Manufacturing source category is estimated to be $399 per facility to 
review the final rule requirements and $414 per facility to become 
familiar with the electronic reporting requirements. The total cost per 
facility in the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production source 
category is estimated to be $414 per facility to review the final rule 
requirements and $414 per facility to become familiar with the 
electronic reporting requirements. All other costs associated with 
notifications, reporting, and recordkeeping are believed to be 
unchanged because the facilities in each source category are currently 
required to comply with notification, reporting, and recordkeeping 
requirements, and will continue to be required to comply with those 
requirements. The number of personnel-hours required to develop the 
materials in support of reports required by the NESHAP remain 
unchanged.

D. What are the economic impacts?

    Economic impact analyses focus on changes in market prices and 
output levels. If changes in market prices and output levels in the 
primary markets are significant enough, impacts on other markets may 
also be examined. Both the magnitude of costs needed to comply with a 
proposed rule and the distribution of these costs among affected 
facilities can have a role in determining how the market will change in 
response to a proposed rule.
    The cost per facility for all of the facilities in both source 
categories to review the proposed rule requirements and to become 
familiar with the electronic reporting requirements are less than 1 
percent of annual sales revenues. These costs are not expected to 
result in a significant market impact, regardless of whether they are 
passed on to the purchaser or absorbed by the firms.
    In addition, the EPA prepared a small business screening assessment 
to determine whether any of the identified affected entities are small 
entities, as defined by the U.S. Small Business Administration. As 
result of our small business screening, we have identified 73 out of 
the 93 facilities in the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP as small entities, 
while 309 out of the 448 facilities in the Reinforced Plastic 
Composites Production NESHAP are small entities. For both industries, 
the costs associated with becoming familiar with the proposed rule 
requirements and to become familiar with the electronic reporting 
requirements are less than 1 percent of their annual sales revenues. 
Therefore, there are no significant economic impacts on a substantial 
number of small entities from these proposed amendments.

E. What are the benefits?

    The EPA does not anticipate reductions in HAP emissions as a result 
of the proposed amendments to the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP or the 
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP. Because these proposed 
amendments are not considered economically significant, as defined by 
Executive Order 12866, and because no emission reductions were 
estimated, we did not estimate any health benefits from reducing 
emissions.

VI. Request for Comments

    We solicit comments on all aspects of this proposed action. In 
addition to general comments on this proposed action, we are also 
interested in additional data that may improve the risk assessments and 
other analyses. We are specifically interested in receiving any 
improvements to the data used in the site-specific emissions profiles 
used for risk modeling. Such data should include supporting 
documentation in sufficient detail to allow characterization of the 
quality and representativeness of the data or information. Section VII 
of this preamble provides more information on submitting data.
    During site visits to various reinforced plastic composites 
production facilities, the EPA noted that a common practice observed at 
multiple facilities was the weighing of overspray collected from the 
floor as an indicator of spray efficiency. Overspray in this context 
would refer to the resin or gel coat that has left the spray gun, but 
was not applied to the product being manufactured. The EPA is also 
aware of a controlled-spray certification program offered by the 
American Composites Manufacturers Association (ACMA). After discussing 
the training program in greater detail with ACMA, and general 
controlled-spray training with the National Marine Manufacturers 
Association (NMMA), we are soliciting comment to collect information 
regarding the potential cost and benefit of revising the Boat 
Manufacturing NESHAP and/or the Reinforced Plastic Composites 
Production NESHAP to include controlled-spray training as a work 
practice standard. The work practice standard would apply to operations 
where styrene-containing resins and gel coats are sprayed onto an open 
mold. Refer to the memorandum with the subject, Controlled Spray 
Program: Request for Comments, in the docket (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2016-0447 for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP and EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 
for the Reinforced Plastic Composites Production NESHAP). The 
referenced document includes background information related to 
controlling overspray during open molding operations, description of 
the type of information we are currently seeking, and proposed work 
practice language for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP and the Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Manufacturing NESHAP.

[[Page 22672]]

VII. Submitting Data Corrections

    The site-specific emissions profiles used in the source category 
risk and demographic analyses and instructions are available for 
download on the RTR website at https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. The data files include detailed information for each HAP 
emissions release point for the facilities in the source category.
    If you believe that the data are not representative or are 
inaccurate, please identify the data in question, provide your reason 
for concern, and provide any ``improved'' data that you have, if 
available. When you submit data, we request that you provide 
documentation of the basis for the revised values to support your 
suggested changes. To submit comments on the data downloaded from the 
RTR website, complete the following steps:
    1. Within this downloaded file, enter suggested revisions to the 
data fields appropriate for that information.
    2. Fill in the commenter information fields for each suggested 
revision (i.e., commenter name, commenter organization, commenter email 
address, commenter phone number, and revision comments).
    3. Gather documentation for any suggested emissions revisions 
(e.g., performance test reports, material balance calculations).
    4. Send the entire downloaded file with suggested revisions in 
Microsoft[supreg] Access format and all accompanying documentation to 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0447 for the Boat Manufacturing NESHAP 
and EPA-HQ-OAR-2016-0449 for the Reinforced Plastic Composites 
Production NESHAP (through the method described in the ADDRESSES 
section of this preamble).
    5. If you are providing comments on a single facility or multiple 
facilities, you need only submit one file for all facilities. The file 
should contain all suggested changes for all sources at that facility 
(or facilities). We request that all data revision comments be 
submitted in the form of updated Microsoft[supreg] Excel files that are 
generated by the Microsoft[supreg] Access file. These files are 
provided on the RTR website at https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html.

VIII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Additional information about these statutes and Executive Orders 
can be found at https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/laws-and-executive-orders.

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    This action is not a significant regulatory action and was, 
therefore, not submitted to OMB for review.

B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulation and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs

    This action is not expected to be an Executive Order 13771 
regulatory action because this action is not significant under 
Executive Order 12866.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    The information collection activities in this proposed rule have 
been submitted for approval to OMB under the PRA, as discussed for each 
source category covered by this proposal in sections VIII.C.1 and 2.
1. Boat Manufacturing
    The ICR document that the EPA prepared has been assigned EPA ICR 
number 1966.06. You can find a copy of the ICR in the docket for this 
rule, and it is briefly summarized here. We are proposing changes to 
the recordkeeping and reporting requirements associated with 40 CFR 
part 63, subpart VVVV, in the form of eliminating the SSM plan and 
reporting requirements; including reporting requirements for deviations 
in the semiannual report; and including the requirement for electronic 
submittal of reports. In addition, the number of facilities subject to 
the standards changed. The number of respondents was reduced from 441 
to 93 based on consultation with industry representatives and state/
local agencies.
    Respondents/affected entities: The respondents to the recordkeeping 
and reporting requirements are owners or operators of boat 
manufacturing facilities subject to 40 CFR part 63, subpart VVVV.
    Respondent's obligation to respond: Mandatory (40 CFR part 63, 
subpart VVVV).
    Estimated number of respondents: 93 facilities.
    Frequency of response: The frequency of responses varies depending 
on the burden item. Responses include one-time review of rule 
amendments, reports of periodic performance tests, and semiannual 
compliance reports.
    Total estimated burden: The annual recordkeeping and reporting 
burden for responding facilities to comply with all of the requirements 
in the NESHAP, averaged over the 3 years of this ICR, is estimated to 
be 7,914 hours (per year). The average annual burden to the Agency over 
the 3 years after the amendments are final is estimated to be 2,318 
hours (per year) for the Agency. Burden is defined at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
    Total estimated cost: The annual recordkeeping and reporting cost 
for responding facilities to comply with all of the requirements in the 
NESHAP, averaged over the 3 years of this ICR, is estimated to be 
$816,500 (rounded, per year). There are no estimated capital and 
operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. The total average annual Agency 
cost over the first 3 years after the amendments are final is estimated 
to be $107,700.
2. Reinforced Plastic Composites Production
    The ICR document that the EPA prepared has been assigned EPA ICR 
number 1976.06. You can find a copy of the ICR in the docket for this 
rule, and it is briefly summarized here. We are proposing changes to 
the recordkeeping and reporting requirements associated with 40 CFR 
part 63, subpart WWWW, in the form of eliminating the SSM plan and 
reporting requirements; including reporting requirements for deviations 
in the semiannual report; and including the requirement for electronic 
submittal of reports. In addition, the number of facilities subject to 
the standards changed. The number of respondents was reduced from 584 
to 448 based on consultation with industry representatives and state/
local agencies.
    Respondents/affected entities: The respondents to the recordkeeping 
and reporting requirements are owners or operators of reinforced 
plastic composites production facilities subject to 40 CFR part 63, 
subpart WWWW.
    Respondent's obligation to respond: Mandatory (40 CFR part 63, 
subpart WWWW).
    Estimated number of respondents: 448 facilities.
    Frequency of response: The frequency of responses varies depending 
on the burden item. Responses include one-time review of rule 
amendments, reports of periodic performance tests, and semiannual 
compliance reports.
    Total estimated burden: The annual recordkeeping and reporting 
burden for responding facilities to comply with all of the requirements 
in the NESHAP, averaged over the 3 years of this ICR, is estimated to 
be 38,125 hours (per year). The average annual burden to the Agency 
over the 3 years after the amendments are final is estimated to be 
2,318 hours (per year) for the Agency. Burden is defined at 5 CFR 
1320.3(b).
    Total estimated cost: The annual recordkeeping and reporting cost 
for responding facilities to comply with all of the requirements in the 
NESHAP,

[[Page 22673]]

averaged over the 3 years of this ICR, is estimated to be $3,933,400 
(rounded, per year). There are no estimated capital and O&M costs. The 
total average annual Agency cost over the first 3 years after the 
amendments are final is estimated to be $107,700.
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for the 
EPA's regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9.
    Submit your comments on the Agency's need for this information, the 
accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods 
for minimizing respondent burden to the EPA using the dockets 
identified at the beginning of this rule. You may also send your ICR-
related comments to OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs 
via email to [email protected], Attention: Desk Officer for 
the EPA. Since OMB is required to make a decision concerning the ICR 
between 30 and 60 days after receipt, OMB must receive comments no 
later than June 17, 2019. The EPA will respond to any ICR-related 
comments in the final rule.

D. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    I certify that this action will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities under the RFA. This 
action will not impose any requirements on the boat manufacturing and/
or reinforced plastic composites production industries as a whole, and 
therefore, will not impose any requirements on small entities included 
in each source category.

E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    This action does not contain an unfunded mandate of $100 million or 
more as described in UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538, and does not 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments. The action imposes 
no enforceable duty on any state, local, or tribal governments or the 
private sector.

F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have 
substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between 
the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government.

G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This action does not have tribal implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13175. No tribal facilities are known to be engaged in 
the Boat Manufacturing or Reinforced Plastic Composites Production 
source categories, and would not be affected by this action. Thus, 
Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action.

H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is 
not economically significant as defined in Executive Order 12866, and 
because the EPA does not believe the environmental health or safety 
risks addressed by this action present a disproportionate risk to 
children. This action's health and risk assessments are contained in 
sections III.A and IV.A and B of this preamble.

I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13211 because it is 
not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866.

J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)

    This rulemaking does not involve technical standards.

K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    The EPA believes that this action does not have disproportionately 
high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority 
populations, low-income populations, and/or indigenous peoples, as 
specified in Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
    The documentation for this decision is contained in sections IV.A, 
IV.B, IV.F, and IV.G of this preamble. As discussed in sections IV.A, 
IV.B, IV.F, and IV.G of this preamble, we performed a demographic 
analysis for each source category, which is an assessment of risks to 
individual demographic groups, of the population close to the 
facilities (within 50 km and within 5 km). In our analysis, we 
evaluated the distribution of HAP-related cancer risks and noncancer 
hazards from the Boat Manufacturing source category and the Reinforced 
Plastic Composites Production source category across different social, 
demographic, and economic groups within the populations living near 
operations identified as having the highest risks.
    Results of the demographic analysis performed for the Boat 
Manufacturing source category indicate that, for seven of the 11 
demographic groups, Hispanic or Latino, minority, people living below 
the poverty level, linguistically isolated people, adults without a 
high school diploma, adults 65 years of age or older, and African 
Americans that reside within 5 km of facilities in the source category 
is greater than the corresponding national percentage for the same 
demographic groups. When examining the risk levels of those exposed to 
emissions from boat manufacturing facilities, we find that no one is 
exposed to a cancer risk at or above 1-in-1 million or to a chronic 
noncancer TOSHI greater than 1.
    The results of the Reinforced Plastic Composite Production source 
category demographic analysis indicate that emissions from the source 
category expose approximately 1,600 people to a cancer risk at or above 
1-in-1 million and no people to a chronic noncancer TOSHI greater than 
1. The percentages of the at-risk population for three of the 11 
demographic groups; people living below the poverty level, adults 
without a high school diploma, and African Americans that reside within 
50 km of facilities in the source category is greater than the 
corresponding national percentage for the same demographic groups.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 63

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Hazardous 
substances, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Dated: April 18, 2019.
Andrew R. Wheeler,
Administrator.

    For the reasons set out in the preamble, title 40, chapter I, part 
63 of the Code of Federal Regulations is proposed to be amended as 
follows:

PART 63--NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS 
FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES

0
1. The authority citation for part 63 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Subpart VVVV--National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 
Pollutants for Boat Manufacturing


Sec.  63.5764   [Amended]

0
2. Section 63.5764 is amended by removing paragraph (e).

[[Page 22674]]

0
3. Section 63.5765 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  63.5765  How do I submit my reports?

    (a) Within 60 days after the date of completing each performance 
test required by this subpart, you must submit the results of the 
performance test following the procedures specified in paragraphs 
(a)(1) through (3) of this section.
    (1) Data collected using test methods supported by the EPA's 
Electronic Reporting Tool (ERT) as listed on the EPA's ERT website 
(https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/electronic-reporting-tool-ert) at the time of the test. Submit the results of the 
performance test to the EPA via the Compliance and Emissions Data 
Reporting Interface (CEDRI), which can be accessed through the EPA's 
Central Data Exchange (CDX) (https://cdx.epa.gov/). The data must be 
submitted in a file format generated through the use of the EPA's ERT. 
Alternatively, you may submit an electronic file consistent with the 
extensible markup language (XML) schema listed on the EPA's ERT 
website.
    (2) Data collected using test methods that are not supported by the 
EPA's ERT as listed on the EPA's ERT website at the time of the test. 
The results of the performance test must be included as an attachment 
in the ERT or an alternate electronic file consistent with the XML 
schema listed on the EPA's ERT website. Submit the ERT generated 
package or alternative file to the EPA via CEDRI.
    (3) Confidential business information (CBI). If you claim some of 
the information submitted under paragraph (a)(1) of this section is 
CBI, you must submit a complete file, including information claimed to 
be CBI, to the EPA. The file must be generated through the use of the 
EPA's ERT or an alternate electronic file consistent with the XML 
schema listed on the EPA's ERT website. Submit the file on a compact 
disc, flash drive, or other commonly used electronic storage medium and 
clearly mark the medium as CBI. Mail the electronic medium to U.S. EPA/
OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, Attention: Group Leader, Measurement Policy 
Group, MD C404-02, 4930 Old Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same file 
with the CBI omitted must be submitted to the EPA via the EPA's CDX as 
described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
    (b) Within 60 days after the date of completing each continuous 
monitoring system (CMS) performance evaluation as defined in Sec.  
63.2, you must submit the results of the performance evaluation 
following the procedures specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of 
this section.
    (1) Performance evaluations of CMS measuring relative accuracy test 
audit (RATA) pollutants that are supported by the EPA's ERT as listed 
on the EPA's ERT website at the time of the evaluation. Submit the 
results of the performance evaluation to the EPA via CEDRI, which can 
be accessed through the EPA's CDX. The data must be submitted in a file 
format generated through the use of the EPA's ERT. Alternatively, you 
may submit an electronic file consistent with the XML schema listed on 
the EPA's ERT website.
    (2) Performance evaluations of CMS measuring RATA pollutants that 
are not supported by the EPA's ERT as listed on the EPA's ERT website 
at the time of the evaluation. The results of the performance 
evaluation must be included as an attachment in the ERT or an alternate 
electronic file consistent with the XML schema listed on the EPA's ERT 
website. Submit the ERT generated package or alternative file to the 
EPA via CEDRI.
    (3) Confidential business information. If you claim some of the 
information submitted under paragraph (a)(1) of this section is CBI, 
you must submit a complete file, including information claimed to be 
CBI, to the EPA. The file must be generated through the use of the 
EPA's ERT or an alternate electronic file consistent with the XML 
schema listed on the EPA's ERT website. Submit the file on a compact 
disc, flash drive, or other commonly used electronic storage medium and 
clearly mark the medium as CBI. Mail the electronic medium to U.S. EPA/
OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, Attention: Group Leader, Measurement Policy 
Group, MD C404-02, 4930 Old Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same file 
with the CBI omitted must be submitted to the EPA via the EPA's CDX as 
described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
    (c) You must submit to the Administrator semiannual compliance 
reports of the information required in Sec.  63.5764(c) and (d) . 
Beginning on [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE 
IN THE Federal Register], submit all subsequent reports following the 
procedure specified in paragraph (d) of this section.
    (d) If you are required to submit reports following the procedure 
specified in this paragraph, beginning on [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register], you must submit 
all subsequent reports to the EPA via the Compliance and Emissions Data 
Reporting Interface (CEDRI), which can be accessed through the EPA's 
Central Data Exchange (CDX) (https://cdx.epa.gov/). You must use the 
appropriate electronic report template on the CEDRI website (https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/compliance-and-emissions-data-reporting-interface-cedri) for this subpart. The date 
report templates become available will be listed on the CEDRI website. 
The report must be submitted by the deadline specified in this subpart, 
regardless of the method in which the report is submitted. If you claim 
some of the information required to be submitted via CEDRI is 
confidential business information (CBI), submit a complete report, 
including information claimed to be CBI, to the EPA. The report must be 
generated using the appropriate form on the CEDRI website or an 
alternate electronic file consistent with the XML schema listed on the 
CEDRI website. Submit the file on a compact disc, flash drive, or other 
commonly used electronic storage medium and clearly mark the medium as 
CBI. Mail the electronic medium to U.S. EPA/OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, 
Attention: Group Leader, Measurement Policy Group, MD C404-02, 4930 Old 
Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same file with the CBI omitted must be 
submitted to the EPA via the EPA's CDX as described earlier in this 
paragraph.
    (e) If you are required to electronically submit a report through 
CEDRI in the EPA's CDX, you may assert a claim of EPA system outage for 
failure to timely comply with the reporting requirement. To assert a 
claim of EPA system outage, you must meet the requirements outlined in 
paragraphs (e)(1) through (7) of this section.
    (1) You must have been or will be precluded from accessing CEDRI 
and submitting a required report within the time prescribed due to an 
outage of either the EPA's CEDRI or CDX systems.
    (2) The outage must have occurred within the period of time 
beginning five business days prior to the date that the submission is 
due.
    (3) The outage may be planned or unplanned.
    (4) You must submit notification to the Administrator in writing as 
soon as possible following the date you first knew, or through due 
diligence should have known, that the event may cause or has caused a 
delay in reporting.
    (5) You must provide to the Administrator a written description 
identifying:
    (i) The date(s) and time(s) when CDX or CEDRI was accessed and the 
system was unavailable;

[[Page 22675]]

    (ii) A rationale for attributing the delay in reporting beyond the 
regulatory deadline to EPA system outage;
    (iii) Measures taken or to be taken to minimize the delay in 
reporting; and
    (iv) The date by which you propose to report, or if you have 
already met the reporting requirement at the time of the notification, 
the date you reported.
    (6) The decision to accept the claim of EPA system outage and allow 
an extension to the reporting deadline is solely within the discretion 
of the Administrator.
    (7) In any circumstance, the report must be submitted 
electronically as soon as possible after the outage is resolved.
    (f) If you are required to electronically submit a report through 
CEDRI in the EPA's CDX, you may assert a claim of force majeure for 
failure to timely comply with the reporting requirement. To assert a 
claim of force majuere, you must meet the requirements outlined in 
paragraphs (f)(1) through (5) of this section.
    (1) You may submit a claim if a force majeure event is about to 
occur, occurs, or has occurred or there are lingering effects from such 
an event within the period of time beginning five business days prior 
to the date the submission is due. For the purposes of this section, a 
force majeure event is defined as an event that will be or has been 
caused by circumstances beyond the control of the affected facility, 
its contractors, or any entity controlled by the affected facility that 
prevents you from complying with the requirement to submit a report 
electronically within the time period prescribed. Examples of such 
events are acts of nature (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes, or floods), 
acts of war or terrorism, or equipment failure or safety hazard beyond 
the control of the affected facility (e.g., large scale power outage).
    (2) You must submit notification to the Administrator in writing as 
soon as possible following the date you first knew, or through due 
diligence should have known, that the event may cause or has caused a 
delay in reporting.
    (3) You must provide to the Administrator:
    (i) A written description of the force majeure event;
    (ii) A rationale for attributing the delay in reporting beyond the 
regulatory deadline to the force majeure event;
    (iii) Measures taken or to be taken to minimize the delay in 
reporting; and
    (iv) The date by which you propose to report, or if you have 
already met the reporting requirement at the time of the notification, 
the date you reported.
    (4) The decision to accept the claim of force majeure and allow an 
extension to the reporting deadline is solely within the discretion of 
the Administrator.
    (5) In any circumstance, the reporting must occur as soon as 
possible after the force majeure event occurs.
0
4. Section 63.5767 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  63.5767  What records must I keep?

* * * * *
    (d) If your facility has an add-on control device, you must keep 
the records of any failures to meet the applicable standards, including 
the date, time, and duration of the failure; a list of the affected 
add-on control device and actions taken to minimize emissions, an 
estimate of the quantity of each regulated pollutant emitted over any 
emission limit, and a description of the method used to estimate the 
emissions; control device performance tests; and continuous monitoring 
system performance evaluations.
0
5. Section 63.5770 is amended by adding paragraph (e) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  63.5770  In what form and for how long must I keep my records?

* * * * *
    (e) Any records required to be maintained by this part that are 
submitted electronically via the EPA's CEDRI may be maintained in 
electronic format. This ability to maintain electronic copies does not 
affect the requirement for facilities to make records, data, and 
reports available upon request to a delegated air agency or the EPA as 
part of an on-site compliance evaluation.
0
6. Section 63.5779 is amended by removing the definition for 
``Deviation'' and adding in alphabetical order definitions for 
``Deviation after [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL 
RULE IN THE Federal Register],'' ``Deviation before [DATE 181 DAYS 
AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register],'' 
``Shutdown,'' and ``Startup'' to read as follows:


Sec.  63.5779  What definitions apply to this subpart?

* * * * *
    Deviation after [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE 
FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register] means any instance in which an 
affected source subject to this subpart, or an owner or operator of 
such a source:
    (1) Fails to meet any requirement or obligation established by this 
subpart, including, but not limited to, any emission limit, operating 
limit, or work practice standard; or
    (2) Fails to meet any term or condition that is adopted to 
implement an applicable requirement in this subpart and that is 
included in the operating permit for any affected source required to 
obtain such a permit.
    Deviation before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE 
FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register] means any instance in which an 
affected source subject to this subpart, or an owner or operator of 
such a source:
    (1) Fails to meet any requirement or obligation established by this 
subpart, including, but not limited to, any emission limit, operating 
limit, or work practice standard; or
    (2) Fails to meet any term or condition that is adopted to 
implement an applicable requirement in this subpart and that is 
included in the operating permit for any affected source required to 
obtain such a permit; or
    (3) Fails to meet any emission limit, or operating limit, or work 
practice standard in this subpart during startup, shutdown, or 
malfunction, regardless of whether or not such failure is permitted by 
this subpart.
* * * * *
    Shutdown after [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE 
FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register] means the cessation of operation of 
the add-on control devices.
    Startup after [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL 
RULE IN THE Federal Register] means the setting in operation of the 
add-on control devices.
0
7. Table 8 to Subpart VVVV of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:

Table 8 to Subpart VVVV of Part 63--Applicability of General Provisions 
(40 CFR Part 63, Subpart A) to Subpart VVVV

    As specified in Sec.  63.5773, you must comply with the applicable 
requirements of the General Provisions according to the following 
table:

[[Page 22676]]



----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Citation                       Requirement        Applies to subpart VVVV       Explanation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   63.1(a)..........................  General Applicability  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.1(b)..........................  Initial Applicability  Yes.....................
                                           Determination.
Sec.   63.1(c)(1).......................  Applicability After    Yes.....................
                                           Standard Established.
Sec.   63.1(c)(2).......................  .....................  Yes.....................  Area sources are not
                                                                                            regulated by subpart
                                                                                            VVVV.
Sec.   63.1(c)(3).......................  .....................  No......................  [Reserved].
Sec.   63.1(c)(4)-(5)...................  .....................  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.1(d)..........................  .....................  No......................  [Reserved].
Sec.   63.1(e)..........................  Applicability of       Yes.....................
                                           Permit Program.
Sec.   63.2.............................  Definitions..........  Yes.....................  Additional
                                                                                            definitions are
                                                                                            found in Sec.
                                                                                            63.5779.
Sec.   63.3.............................  Units and              Yes.....................
                                           Abbreviations.
Sec.   63.4(a)..........................  Prohibited Activities  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.4(b)-(c)......................  Circumvention/         Yes.....................
                                           Severability.
Sec.   63.5(a)..........................  Construction/          Yes.....................
                                           Reconstruction.
Sec.   63.5(b)..........................  Requirements for       Yes.....................
                                           Existing, Newly
                                           Constructed, and
                                           Reconstructed
                                           Sources.
Sec.   63.5(c)..........................  .....................  No......................  [Reserved].
Sec.   63.5(d)..........................  Application for        Yes.....................
                                           Approval of
                                           Construction/
                                           Reconstruction.
Sec.   63.5(e)..........................  Approval of            Yes.....................
                                           Construction/
                                           Reconstruction.
Sec.   63.5(f)..........................  Approval of            Yes.....................
                                           Construction/
                                           Reconstruction Based
                                           on prior State
                                           Review.
Sec.   63.6(a)..........................  Compliance with        Yes.....................
                                           Standards and
                                           Maintenance
                                           Requirements--Applic
                                           ability.
Sec.   63.6(b)..........................  Compliance Dates for   Yes.....................  Sec.   63.695
                                           New and                                          specifies compliance
                                           Reconstructed                                    dates, including the
                                           Sources.                                         compliance date for
                                                                                            new area sources
                                                                                            that become major
                                                                                            sources after the
                                                                                            effective date of
                                                                                            the rule.
Sec.   63.6(c)..........................  Compliance Dates for   Yes.....................  Sec.   63.5695
                                           Existing Sources.                                specifies compliance
                                                                                            dates, including the
                                                                                            compliance date for
                                                                                            existing area
                                                                                            sources that become
                                                                                            major sources after
                                                                                            the effective date
                                                                                            of the rule.
Sec.   63.6(d)..........................  .....................  No......................  [Reserved].
Sec.   63.6(e)(1)-(2)...................  Operation and          No......................  Operating
                                           Maintenance                                      requirements for
                                           Requirements.                                    open molding
                                                                                            operations with add-
                                                                                            on controls are
                                                                                            specified in Sec.
                                                                                            63.5725.
Sec.   63.6(e)(3).......................  Startup, Shut Down,    No......................  Only sources with add-
                                           and Malfunction                                  on controls must
                                           Plans.                                           complete startup,
                                                                                            shutdown, and
                                                                                            malfunction plans.
Sec.   63.6(f)..........................  Compliance with        Yes.....................
                                           Nonopacity Emission
                                           Standards.
Sec.   63.6(g)..........................  Use of an Alternative  Yes.....................
                                           Nonopacity Emission
                                           Standard.
Sec.   63.6(h)..........................  Compliance with        No......................  Subpart VVVV does not
                                           Opacity/Visible                                  specify opacity or
                                           Emissions Standards.                             visible emission
                                                                                            standards.
Sec.   63.6(i)..........................  Extension of           Yes.....................
                                           Compliance with
                                           Emission Standards.
Sec.   63.6(j)..........................  Exemption from         Yes.....................
                                           Compliance with
                                           Emission Standards.
Sec.   63.7(a)(1).......................  Performance Test       Yes.....................
                                           Requirements.
Sec.   63.7(a)(2).......................  Dates for performance  No......................  Sec.   63.5716
                                           tests.                                           specifies
                                                                                            performance test
                                                                                            dates.
Sec.   63.7(a)(3).......................  Performance testing    Yes.....................
                                           at other times.
Sec.   63.7(b)-(h)......................  Other performance      Yes.....................
                                           testing requirements.
Sec.   63.8(a)(1)-(2)...................  Monitoring             Yes.....................  All of Sec.   63.8
                                           Requirements--Applic                             applies only to
                                           ability.                                         sources with add-on
                                                                                            controls. Additional
                                                                                            monitoring
                                                                                            requirements for
                                                                                            sources with add-on
                                                                                            controls are found
                                                                                            in Sec.   63.5725.
Sec.   63.8(a)(3).......................  .....................  No......................  [Reserved].
Sec.   63.8(a)(4).......................  .....................  No......................  Subpart VVVV does not
                                                                                            refer directly or
                                                                                            indirectly to Sec.
                                                                                            63.11.
Sec.   63.8(b)(1).......................  Conduct of Monitoring  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.8(b)(2)-(3)...................  Multiple Effluents     Yes.....................  Applies to sources
                                           and Multiple                                     that use a CMS on
                                           Continuous                                       the control device
                                           Monitoring Systems                               stack.
                                           (CMS).
Sec.   63.8(c)(1)(i) and (iii)..........  Continuous Monitoring  No......................  References to
                                           System Operation and                             startup, shutdown,
                                           Maintenance.                                     malfunction are not
                                                                                            applicable.
Sec.   63.8(c)(1)-(4)...................  Continuous Monitoring  Yes.....................  Except those
                                           System Operation and                             provisions in Sec.
                                           Maintenance.                                     63.8(c)(1)(i) and
                                                                                            (iii) as noted
                                                                                            above.
Sec.   63.8(c)(5).......................  Continuous Opacity     No......................  Subpart VVVV does not
                                           Monitoring Systems                               have opacity or
                                           (COMS).                                          visible emission
                                                                                            standards.
Sec.   63.8(c)(6)-(8)...................  Continuous Monitoring  Yes.....................
                                           System Calibration
                                           Checks and Out-of-
                                           Control Periods.

[[Page 22677]]

 
Sec.   63.8(d)..........................  Quality Control        Yes.....................  Except those
                                           Program.                                         provisions of Sec.
                                                                                            63.8(d)(3) regarding
                                                                                            a startup, shutdown,
                                                                                            malfunction plan as
                                                                                            noted below.
Sec.   63.8(d)(3).......................  Quality Control        No......................  No requirement for a
                                           Program.                                         startup, shutdown,
                                                                                            malfunction plan.
Sec.   63.8(e)..........................  CMS Performance        Yes.....................
                                           Evaluation.
Sec.   63.8(f)(1)-(5)...................  Use of an Alternative  Yes.....................
                                           Monitoring Method.
Sec.   63.8(f)(6).......................  Alternative to         Yes.....................  Applies only to
                                           Relative Accuracy                                sources that use
                                           Test.                                            continuous emission
                                                                                            monitoring systems
                                                                                            (CEMS).
Sec.   63.8(g)..........................  Data Reduction.......  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.9(a)..........................  Notification           Yes.....................
                                           Requirements--Applic
                                           ability.
Sec.   63.9(b)..........................  Initial Notifications  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.9(c)..........................  Request for            Yes.....................
                                           Compliance Extension.
Sec.   63.9(d)..........................  Notification That a    Yes.....................
                                           New Source Is
                                           Subject to Special
                                           Compliance
                                           Requirements.
Sec.   63.9(e)..........................  Notification of        Yes.....................  Applies only to
                                           Performance Test.                                sources with add-on
                                                                                            controls.
Sec.   63.9(f)..........................  Notification of        No......................  Subpart VVVV does not
                                           Visible Emissions/                               have opacity or
                                           Opacity Test.                                    visible emission
                                                                                            standards.
Sec.   63.9(g)(1).......................  Additional CMS         Yes.....................  Applies only to
                                           Notifications--Date                              sources with add-on
                                           of CMS Performance                               controls.
                                           Evaluation.
Sec.   63.9(g)(2).......................  Use of COMS Data.....  No......................  Subpart VVVV does not
                                                                                            require the use of
                                                                                            COMS.
Sec.   63.9(g)(3).......................  Alternative to         Yes.....................  Applies only to
                                           Relative Accuracy                                sources with CEMS.
                                           Testing.
Sec.   63.9(h)..........................  Notification of        Yes.....................
                                           Compliance Status.
Sec.   63.9(i)..........................  Adjustment of          Yes.....................
                                           Deadlines.
Sec.   63.9(j)..........................  Change in Previous     Yes.....................
                                           Information.
Sec.   63.10(a).........................  Recordkeeping/         Yes.....................
                                           Reporting--Applicabi
                                           lity.
Sec.   63.10(b)(1)......................  General Recordkeeping  Yes.....................  Sec.  Sec.   63.567
                                           Requirements.                                    and 63.5770 specify
                                                                                            additional
                                                                                            recordkeeping
                                                                                            requirements.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(i), (iii), (vi)-(xiv)  General Recordkeeping  Yes.....................
                                           Requirements.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(ii), (iv), (v).......  Recordkeeping          No......................
                                           Relevant to Startup,
                                           Shutdown, and
                                           Malfunction Periods.
Sec.   63.10(b)(3)......................  Recordkeeping          Yes.....................  Sec.   63.5686
                                           Requirements for                                 specifies
                                           Applicability                                    applicability
                                           Determinations.                                  determinations for
                                                                                            non-major sources.
Sec.   63.10(c)(1)-(14).................  Additional             Yes.....................  Applies only to
                                           Recordkeeping for                                sources with add-on
                                           Sources with CMS.                                controls.
Sec.   63.10(c)(15).....................  Additional             No......................  No requirement for a
                                           Recordkeeping for                                startup, shutdown,
                                           Sources with CMS.                                malfunction plan.
Sec.   63.10(d)(1)......................  General Reporting      Yes.....................  Sec.   63.5764
                                           Requirements.                                    specifies additional
                                                                                            reporting
                                                                                            requirements.
Sec.   63.10(d)(2)......................  Performance Test       Yes.....................  Sec.   63.5764
                                           Results.                                         specifies additional
                                                                                            requirements for
                                                                                            reporting
                                                                                            performance test
                                                                                            results.
Sec.   63.10(d)(3)......................  Opacity or Visible     No......................  Subpart VVVV does not
                                           Emissions                                        specify opacity or
                                           Observations.                                    visible emission
                                                                                            standards.
Sec.   63.10(d)(4)......................  Progress Reports for   Yes.....................
                                           Sources with
                                           Compliance
                                           Extensions.
Sec.   63.10(d)(5)......................  Startup, Shutdown,     No......................  Applies only to
                                           and Malfunction                                  sources with add-on
                                           Reports.                                         controls.
Sec.   63.10(e)(1)......................  Additional CMS         Yes.....................  Applies only to
                                           Reports--General.                                sources with add-on
                                                                                            controls.
Sec.   63.10(e)(2)......................  Reporting Results of   Yes.....................  Applies only to
                                           CMS Performance                                  sources with add-on
                                           Evaluations.                                     controls.
Sec.   63.10(e)(3)......................  Excess Emissions/CMS   Yes.....................  Applies only to
                                           Performance Reports.                             sources with add-on
                                                                                            controls.
Sec.   63.10(e)(4)......................  COMS Data Reports....  No......................  Subpart VVVV does not
                                                                                            specify opacity or
                                                                                            visible emission
                                                                                            standards.
Sec.   63.10(f).........................  Recordkeeping/         Yes.....................
                                           Reporting Waiver.
Sec.   63.11............................  Control Device         No......................  Facilities subject to
                                           Requirements--Applic                             subpart VVVV do not
                                           ability.                                         use flares as
                                                                                            control devices.
Sec.   63.12............................  State Authority and    Yes.....................  Sec.   63.5776 lists
                                           Delegations.                                     those sections of
                                                                                            subpart A that are
                                                                                            not delegated.
Sec.   63.13............................  Addresses............  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.14............................  Incorporation by       Yes.....................
                                           Reference.
Sec.   63.15............................  Availability of        Yes.....................
                                           Information/
                                           Confidentiality.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Subpart WWWW--National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air 
Pollutants: Reinforced Plastic Composites Production

0
8. Section 63.5835 is amended by revising paragraph (b) and removing 
paragraph (d). The revision reads as follows:


Sec.  63.5835  What are my general requirements for complying with this 
subpart?

* * * * *
    (b) You must be in compliance with all organic HAP emissions limits 
in this subpart that you meet using add-on controls at all times.
* * * * *
0
9. Section 63.5900 is amended by revising paragraph (c), and removing

[[Page 22678]]

paragraphs (d) and (e). The revision reads as follows:


Sec.  63.5900  How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the 
standards?

* * * * *
    (c) You must meet the organic HAP emissions limits and work 
practice standards that apply to you at all times.
0
10. Section 63.5910 is amended by removing and reserving paragraph 
(c)(4), and revising paragraph (d) introductory text, and paragraphs 
(e), and (h). The revisions read as follows:


Sec.  63.5910  What reports must I submit and when?

* * * * *
    (d) For each deviation from an organic HAP emissions limitation 
(i.e., emissions limit and operating limit) and for each deviation from 
the requirements for work practice standards that occurs at an affected 
source where you are not using a CMS to comply with the organic HAP 
emissions limitations or work practice standards in this subpart, the 
compliance report must contain the information in paragraphs (c)(1) 
through (3) of this section and in paragraphs (d)(1) and (2) of this 
section.
* * * * *
    (e) For each deviation from an organic HAP emissions limitation 
(i.e., emissions limit and operating limit) occurring at an affected 
source where you are using a CMS to comply with the organic HAP 
emissions limitation in this subpart, you must include the information 
in paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section and in paragraphs 
(e)(1) through (6) of this section.
    (1) The date and time that each malfunction started and stopped.
    (2) The date and time that each CMS was inoperative, except for 
zero (low-level) and high-level checks.
    (3) The date, time, and duration that each CMS was out of control, 
including the information in Sec.  63.8(c)(8).
    (4) The date and time that each deviation started and stopped.
    (5) A summary of the total duration of the deviation during the 
reporting period and the total duration as a percent of the total 
source operating time during that reporting period.
    (6) A breakdown of the total duration of the deviations during the 
reporting period into those that are due to control equipment problems, 
process problems, other known causes, and other unknown causes.
* * * * *
    (h) Submit compliance reports based on the requirements in table 14 
to this subpart, and not based on the requirements in Sec.  63.999.
* * * * *
0
11. Section 63.5912 is added to read as follows:


Sec.  63.5912  How do I submit my reports?

    (a) Within 60 days after the date of completing each performance 
test required by this subpart, you must submit the results of the 
performance test following the procedures specified in paragraphs 
(a)(1) through (3) of this section.
    (1) Data collected using test methods supported by the EPA's 
Electronic Reporting Tool (ERT) as listed on the EPA's ERT website 
(https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/electronic-reporting-tool-ert) at the time of the test. Submit the results of the 
performance test to the EPA via the Compliance and Emissions Data 
Reporting Interface (CEDRI), which can be accessed through the EPA's 
Central Data Exchange (CDX) (https://cdx.epa.gov/). The data must be 
submitted in a file format generated through the use of the EPA's ERT. 
Alternatively, you may submit an electronic file consistent with the 
extensible markup language (XML) schema listed on the EPA's ERT 
website.
    (2) Data collected using test methods that are not supported by the 
EPA's ERT as listed on the EPA's ERT website at the time of the test. 
The results of the performance test must be included as an attachment 
in the ERT or an alternate electronic file consistent with the XML 
schema listed on the EPA's ERT website. Submit the ERT generated 
package or alternative file to the EPA via CEDRI.
    (3) Confidential business information (CBI). If you claim some of 
the information submitted under paragraph (a)(1) of this section is 
CBI, you must submit a complete file, including information claimed to 
be CBI, to the EPA. The file must be generated through the use of the 
EPA's ERT or an alternate electronic file consistent with the XML 
schema listed on the EPA's ERT website. Submit the file on a compact 
disc, flash drive, or other commonly used electronic storage medium and 
clearly mark the medium as CBI. Mail the electronic medium to U.S. EPA/
OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, Attention: Group Leader, Measurement Policy 
Group, MD C404-02, 4930 Old Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same file 
with the CBI omitted must be submitted to the EPA via the EPA's CDX as 
described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
    (b) Within 60 days after the date of completing each continuous 
monitoring system (CMS) performance evaluation as defined in Sec.  
63.2, you must submit the results of the performance evaluation 
following the procedures specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of 
this section.
    (1) Performance evaluations of CMS measuring relative accuracy test 
audit (RATA) pollutants that are supported by the EPA's ERT as listed 
on the EPA's ERT website at the time of the evaluation. Submit the 
results of the performance evaluation to the EPA via CEDRI, which can 
be accessed through the EPA's CDX. The data must be submitted in a file 
format generated through the use of the EPA's ERT. Alternatively, you 
may submit an electronic file consistent with the XML schema listed on 
the EPA's ERT website.
    (2) Performance evaluations of CMS measuring RATA pollutants that 
are not supported by the EPA's ERT as listed on the EPA's ERT website 
at the time of the evaluation. The results of the performance 
evaluation must be included as an attachment in the ERT or an alternate 
electronic file consistent with the XML schema listed on the EPA's ERT 
website. Submit the ERT generated package or alternative file to the 
EPA via CEDRI.
    (3) Confidential business information (CBI). If you claim some of 
the information submitted under paragraph (a)(1) of this section is 
CBI, you must submit a complete file, including information claimed to 
be CBI, to the EPA. The file must be generated through the use of the 
EPA's ERT or an alternate electronic file consistent with the XML 
schema listed on the EPA's ERT website. Submit the file on a compact 
disc, flash drive, or other commonly used electronic storage medium and 
clearly mark the medium as CBI. Mail the electronic medium to U.S. EPA/
OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, Attention: Group Leader, Measurement Policy 
Group, MD C404-02, 4930 Old Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same file 
with the CBI omitted must be submitted to the EPA via the EPA's CDX as 
described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
    (c) You must submit to the Administrator semiannual compliance 
reports containing the information specified in Sec.  63.5910(c) 
through (f). Beginning on [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF 
THE FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register], submit all subsequent reports 
following the procedure specified in paragraph (d) of this section.
    (d) If you are required to submit reports following the procedure 
specified in this paragraph, beginning on [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER DATE OF

[[Page 22679]]

PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register], you must submit 
all subsequent reports to the EPA via the Compliance and Emissions Data 
Reporting Interface (CEDRI), which can be accessed through the EPA's 
Central Data Exchange (CDX) (https://cdx.epa.gov/). You must use the 
appropriate electronic report template on the CEDRI website (https://www.epa.gov/electronic-reporting-air-emissions/compliance-and-emissions-data-reporting-interface-cedri) for this subpart. The date 
report templates become available will be listed on the CEDRI website. 
The report must be submitted by the deadline specified in this subpart, 
regardless of the method in which the report is submitted. If you claim 
some of the information required to be submitted via CEDRI is 
confidential business information (CBI), submit a complete report, 
including information claimed to be CBI, to the EPA. The report must be 
generated using the appropriate form on the CEDRI website or an 
alternate electronic file consistent with the XML schema listed on the 
CEDRI website. Submit the file on a compact disc, flash drive, or other 
commonly used electronic storage medium and clearly mark the medium as 
CBI. Mail the electronic medium to U.S. EPA/OAQPS/CORE CBI Office, 
Attention: Group Leader, Measurement Policy Group, MD C404-02, 4930 Old 
Page Rd., Durham, NC 27703. The same file with the CBI omitted must be 
submitted to the EPA via the EPA's CDX as described earlier in this 
paragraph.
    (e) If you are required to electronically submit a report through 
CEDRI in the EPA's CDX, you may assert a claim of EPA system outage for 
failure to timely comply with the reporting requirement. To assert a 
claim of EPA system outage, you must meet the requirements outlined in 
paragraphs (e)(1) through (7) of this section.
    (1) You must have been or will be precluded from accessing CEDRI 
and submitting a required report within the time prescribed due to an 
outage of either the EPA's CEDRI or CDX systems.
    (2) The outage must have occurred within the period of time 
beginning five business days prior to the date that the submission is 
due.
    (3) The outage may be planned or unplanned.
    (4) You must submit notification to the Administrator in writing as 
soon as possible following the date you first knew, or through due 
diligence should have known, that the event may cause or has caused a 
delay in reporting.
    (5) You must provide to the Administrator a written description 
identifying:
    (i) The date(s) and time(s) when CDX or CEDRI was accessed and the 
system was unavailable;
    (ii) A rationale for attributing the delay in reporting beyond the 
regulatory deadline to EPA system outage;
    (iii) Measures taken or to be taken to minimize the delay in 
reporting; and
    (iv) The date by which you propose to report, or if you have 
already met the reporting requirement at the time of the notification, 
the date you reported.
    (6) The decision to accept the claim of EPA system outage and allow 
an extension to the reporting deadline is solely within the discretion 
of the Administrator.
    (7) In any circumstance, the report must be submitted 
electronically as soon as possible after the outage is resolved.
    (f) If you are required to electronically submit a report through 
CEDRI in the EPA's CDX, you may assert a claim of force majeure for 
failure to timely comply with the reporting requirement. To assert a 
claim of force majuere, you must meet the requirements outlined in 
paragraphs (f)(1) through (5) of this section.
    (1) You may submit a claim if a force majeure event is about to 
occur, occurs, or has occurred or there are lingering effects from such 
an event within the period of time beginning five business days prior 
to the date the submission is due. For the purposes of this section, a 
force majeure event is defined as an event that will be or has been 
caused by circumstances beyond the control of the affected facility, 
its contractors, or any entity controlled by the affected facility that 
prevents you from complying with the requirement to submit a report 
electronically within the time period prescribed. Examples of such 
events are acts of nature (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes, or floods), 
acts of war or terrorism, or equipment failure or safety hazard beyond 
the control of the affected facility (e.g., large scale power outage).
    (2) You must submit notification to the Administrator in writing as 
soon as possible following the date you first knew, or through due 
diligence should have known, that the event may cause or has caused a 
delay in reporting.
    (3) You must provide to the Administrator:
    (i) A written description of the force majeure event;
    (ii) A rationale for attributing the delay in reporting beyond the 
regulatory deadline to the force majeure event;
    (iii) Measures taken or to be taken to minimize the delay in 
reporting; and
    (iv) The date by which you propose to report, or if you have 
already met the reporting requirement at the time of the notification, 
the date you reported.
    (4) The decision to accept the claim of force majeure and allow an 
extension to the reporting deadline is solely within the discretion of 
the Administrator.
    (5) In any circumstance, the reporting must occur as soon as 
possible after the force majeure event occurs.


Sec.  63.5915   [Amended]

0
12. Section 63.5915 is amended by removing and reserving paragraph 
(a)(2).
0
13. Section 63.5920 is amended by adding paragraph (e) to read as 
follows:


Sec.  63.5920  In what form and how long must I keep my records?

* * * * *
    (e) Any records required to be maintained by this part that are 
submitted electronically via the EPA's CEDRI may be maintained in 
electronic format. This ability to maintain electronic copies does not 
affect the requirement for facilities to make records, data, and 
reports available upon request to a delegated air agency or the EPA as 
part of an on-site compliance evaluation.
0
14. Section 63.5935 is amended by adding the definitions of ``Deviation 
after [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE 
Federal Register],'' and ``Deviation before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER DATE 
OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register],'' to read as 
follows.


Sec.  63.5935  What definitions apply to this subpart?

* * * * *
    Deviation after [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE 
FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register] means any instance in which an 
affected source subject to this subpart, or an owner or operator of 
such a source:
    (1) Fails to meet any requirement or obligation established by this 
subpart, including, but not limited to, any emission limit, operating 
limit, or work practice standard; or
    (2) Fails to meet any term or condition that is adopted to 
implement an applicable requirement in this subpart and that is 
included in the operating permit for any affected source required to 
obtain such a permit.
    Deviation before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE 
FINAL RULE IN THE Federal Register] means any instance in which an 
affected source subject to this subpart, or an owner or operator of 
such a source:

[[Page 22680]]

    (1) Fails to meet any requirement or obligation established by this 
subpart, including, but not limited to, any emission limit, operating 
limit, or work practice standard; or
    (2) Fails to meet any term or condition that is adopted to 
implement an applicable requirement in this subpart and that is 
included in the operating permit for any affected source required to 
obtain such a permit; or
    (3) Fails to meet any emission limit, or operating limit, or work 
practice standard in this subpart during startup, shutdown, or 
malfunction, regardless of whether or not such failure is permitted by 
this subpart.
* * * * *
0
15. Table 4 of Subpart WWWW of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:

Table 4 to Subpart WWWW of Part 63--Work Practice Standards

    As specified in Sec.  63.5805, you must meet the work practice 
standards in the following table that apply to you:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
               For . . .                          You must . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. a new or existing closed molding      uncover, unwrap or expose only
 operation using compression/injection    one charge per mold cycle per
 molding.                                 compression/injection molding
                                          machine. For machines with
                                          multiple molds, one charge
                                          means sufficient material to
                                          fill all molds for one cycle.
                                          For machines with robotic
                                          loaders, no more than one
                                          charge may be exposed prior to
                                          the loader. For machines fed
                                          by hoppers, sufficient
                                          material may be uncovered to
                                          fill the hopper. Hoppers must
                                          be closed when not adding
                                          materials. Materials may be
                                          uncovered to feed to slitting
                                          machines. Materials must be
                                          recovered after slitting.
2. a new or existing cleaning operation  not use cleaning solvents that
                                          contain HAP, except that
                                          styrene may be used as a
                                          cleaner in closed systems, and
                                          organic HAP containing
                                          cleaners may be used to clean
                                          cured resin from application
                                          equipment. Application
                                          equipment includes any
                                          equipment that directly
                                          contacts resin.
3. a new or existing materials HAP-      keep containers that store HAP-
 containing materials storage operation.  containing materials closed or
                                          covered except during the
                                          addition or removal of
                                          materials. Bulk HAP-containing
                                          materials storage tanks may be
                                          vented as necessary for
                                          safety.
4. an existing or new SMC manufacturing  close or cover the resin
 operation.                               delivery system to the doctor
                                          box on each SMC manufacturing
                                          machine. The doctor box itself
                                          may be open.
5. an existing or new SMC manufacturing  use a nylon containing film to
 operation.                               enclose SMC.
6. all mixing or BMC manufacturing       use mixer covers with no
 operations \1\.                          visible gaps present in the
                                          mixer covers, except that gaps
                                          of up to 1 inch are
                                          permissible around mixer
                                          shafts and any required
                                          instrumentation. use mixer
                                          covers with no visible gaps
                                          present in the mixer covers,
                                          except that gaps of up to 1
                                          inch are permissible around
                                          mixer shafts and any required
                                          instrumentation. Mixers where
                                          the emissions are fully
                                          captured and routed to a 95
                                          percent efficient control
                                          device are exempt from this
                                          requirement.
7. all mixing or BMC manufacturing       close any mixer vents when
 operations \1\.                          actual mixing is occurring,
                                          except that venting is allowed
                                          during addition of materials,
                                          or as necessary prior to
                                          adding materials or opening
                                          the cover for safety. Vents
                                          routed to a 95 percent
                                          efficient control device are
                                          exempt from this requirement.
8. all mixing or BMC manufacturing       keep the mixer covers closed
 operations \1\.                          while actual mixing is
                                          occurring except when adding
                                          materials or changing covers
                                          to the mixing vessels.
9. a new or existing pultrusion          i. not allow vents from the
 operation manufacturing parts that       building ventilation system,
 meet the following criteria: 1,000 or    or local or portable fans to
 more reinforcements or the glass         blow directly on or across the
 equivalent of 1,000 ends of 113 yield    wet-out area(s),
 roving or more; and have a cross        ii. not permit point suction of
 sectional area of 60 square inches or    ambient air in the wet-out
 more that is not subject to the 95       area(s) unless that air is
 percent organic HAP emission reduction   directed to a control device,
 requirement.                            iii. use devices such as
                                          deflectors, baffles, and
                                          curtains when practical to
                                          reduce air flow velocity
                                          across the wet-out area(s),
                                         iv. direct any compressed air
                                          exhausts away from resin and
                                          wet-out area(s),
                                         v. convey resin collected from
                                          drip-off pans or other devices
                                          to reservoirs, tanks, or sumps
                                          via covered troughs, pipes, or
                                          other covered conveyance that
                                          shields the resin from the
                                          ambient air,
                                         vi. cover all reservoirs,
                                          tanks, sumps, or HAP-
                                          containing materials storage
                                          vessels except when they are
                                          being charged or filled, and
                                         vii. cover or shield from
                                          ambient air resin delivery
                                          systems to the wet-out area(s)
                                          from reservoirs, tanks, or
                                          sumps where practical.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Containers of 5 gallons or less may be open when active mixing is
  taking place, or during periods when they are in process (i.e., they
  are actively being used to apply resin). For polymer casting mixing
  operations, containers with a surface area of 500 square inches or
  less may be open while active mixing is taking place.

0
16. Table 14 of Subpart WWWW of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:

Table 14 to Subpart WWWW of Part 63--Requirements for Reports

    As required in Sec.  63.5910(a), (b), (g), and (h), you must submit 
reports on the schedule shown in the following table:

[[Page 22681]]



------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    The report must      You must submit
     You must submit a(n)            contain . . .      the report . . .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Compliance report..........  a. A statement that     Semiannually
                                 there were no           according to
                                 deviations during       the
                                 that reporting period   requirements in
                                 if there were no        Sec.
                                 deviations from any     63.5910(b).
                                 emission limitations
                                 (emission limit,
                                 operating limit,
                                 opacity limit, and
                                 visible emission
                                 limit) that apply to
                                 you and there were no
                                 deviations from the
                                 requirements for work
                                 practice standards in
                                 Table 4 to this
                                 subpart that apply to
                                 you. If there were no
                                 periods during which
                                 the CMS, including
                                 CEMS, and operating
                                 parameter monitoring
                                 systems, was out of
                                 control as specified
                                 in Sec.   63.8(c)(7),
                                 the report must also
                                 contain a statement
                                 that there were no
                                 periods during which
                                 the CMS was out of
                                 control during the
                                 reporting period.
                                b. The information in   Semiannually
                                 Sec.   63.5910(d) if    according to
                                 you have a deviation    the
                                 from any emission       requirements in
                                 limitation (emission    Sec.
                                 limit, operating        63.5910(b).
                                 limit, or work
                                 practice standard)
                                 during the reporting
                                 period. If there were
                                 periods during which
                                 the CMS, including
                                 CEMS, and operating
                                 parameter monitoring
                                 systems, was out of
                                 control, as specified
                                 in Sec.   63.8(c)(7),
                                 the report must
                                 contain the
                                 information in Sec.
                                 63.5910(e).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
17. Table 15 of Subpart WWWW of Part 63 is revised to read as follows:

Table 15 to Subpart WWWW of Part 63--Applicability of General 
Provisions (Subpart A) to Subpart WWWW of Part 63

    As specified in Sec.  63.5925, the parts of the General Provisions 
which apply to you are shown in the following table:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               Subject to the
 The general provisions reference . . .    That addresses . . .   And applies to subpart    following additional
                                                                   WWWW of part 63 . . .     information . . .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec.   63.1(a)(1).......................  General applicability  Yes.....................  Additional terms
                                           of the general                                   defined in subpart
                                           provisions.                                      WWWW of part 63,
                                                                                            when overlap between
                                                                                            subparts A and WWWW
                                                                                            of part 63 of this
                                                                                            part, subpart WWWW
                                                                                            of part 63 takes
                                                                                            precedence.
Sec.   63.1(a)(2) through (4)...........  General applicability  Yes.....................
                                           of the general
                                           provisions.
Sec.   63.1(a)(5).......................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.1(a)(6).......................  General applicability  Yes.....................
                                           of the general
                                           provisions.
Sec.   63.1(a)(7) through (9)...........  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.1(a)(10) through (14).........  General applicability  Yes.....................
                                           of the general
                                           provisions.
Sec.   63.1(b)(1).......................  Initial applicability  Yes.....................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           determination.                                   63 clarifies the
                                                                                            applicability in
                                                                                            Sec.  Sec.   63.5780
                                                                                            and 63.5785.
Sec.   63.1(b)(2).......................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.1(b)(3).......................  Record of the          Yes.....................
                                           applicability
                                           determination.
Sec.   63.1(c)(1).......................  Applicability of this  Yes.....................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           part after a                                     63 clarifies the
                                           relevant standard                                applicability of
                                           has been set under                               each paragraph of
                                           this part.                                       subpart A to sources
                                                                                            subject to subpart
                                                                                            WWWW of part 63.
Sec.   63.1(c)(2).......................  Title V operating      Yes.....................  All major affected
                                           permit requirement.                              sources are required
                                                                                            to obtain a title V
                                                                                            operating permit.
                                                                                            Area sources are not
                                                                                            subject to subpart
                                                                                            WWWW of part 63.
Sec.   63.1(c)(3) and (4)...............  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.1(c)(5).......................  Notification           Yes.....................
                                           requirements for an
                                           area source that
                                           increases HAP
                                           emissions to major
                                           source levels.
Sec.   63.1(d)..........................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.1(e)..........................  Applicability of       Yes.....................
                                           permit program
                                           before a relevant
                                           standard has been
                                           set under this part.
Sec.   63.2.............................  Definitions..........  Yes.....................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                                                                            63 defines terms in
                                                                                            Sec.   63.5935. When
                                                                                            overlap between
                                                                                            subparts A and WWWW
                                                                                            of part 63 occurs,
                                                                                            you must comply with
                                                                                            the subpart WWWW of
                                                                                            part 63 definitions,
                                                                                            which take
                                                                                            precedence over the
                                                                                            subpart A
                                                                                            definitions.
Sec.   63.3.............................  Units and              Yes.....................  Other units and
                                           abbreviations.                                   abbreviations used
                                                                                            in subpart WWWW of
                                                                                            part 63 are defined
                                                                                            in subpart WWWW of
                                                                                            part 63.
Sec.   63.4.............................  Prohibited activities  Yes.....................  Sec.   63.4(a)(3)
                                           and circumvention.                               through (5) is
                                                                                            reserved and does
                                                                                            not apply.
Sec.   63.5(a)(1) and (2)...............  Applicability of       Yes.....................  Existing facilities
                                           construction and                                 do not become
                                           reconstruction.                                  reconstructed under
                                                                                            subpart WWWW of part
                                                                                            63.

[[Page 22682]]

 
Sec.   63.5(b)(1).......................  Relevant standards     Yes.....................  Existing facilities
                                           for new sources upon                             do not become
                                           construction.                                    reconstructed under
                                                                                            subpart WWWW of part
                                                                                            63.
Sec.   63.5(b)(2).......................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.5(b)(3).......................  New construction/      Yes.....................  Existing facilities
                                           reconstruction.                                  do not become
                                                                                            reconstructed under
                                                                                            subpart WWWW of part
                                                                                            63.
Sec.   63.5(b)(4).......................  Construction/          Yes.....................  Existing facilities
                                           reconstruction                                   do not become
                                           notification.                                    reconstructed under
                                                                                            subpart WWWW of part
                                                                                            63.
Sec.   63.5(b)(5).......................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.5(b)(6).......................  Equipment addition or  Yes.....................  Existing facilities
                                           process change.                                  do not become
                                                                                            reconstructed under
                                                                                            subpart WWWW of part
                                                                                            63.
Sec.   63.5(c)..........................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.5(d)(1).......................  General application    Yes.....................  Existing facilities
                                           for approval of                                  do not become
                                           construction or                                  reconstructed under
                                           reconstruction.                                  subpart WWWW of part
                                                                                            63.
Sec.   63.5(d)(2).......................  Application for        Yes.....................
                                           approval of
                                           construction.
Sec.   63.5(d)(3).......................  Application for        No......................
                                           approval of
                                           reconstruction.
Sec.   63.5(d)(4).......................  Additional             Yes.....................
                                           information.
Sec.   63.5(e)(1) through (5)...........  Approval of            Yes.....................
                                           construction or
                                           reconstruction.
Sec.   63.5(f)(1) and (2)...............  Approval of            Yes.....................
                                           construction or
                                           reconstruction based
                                           on prior State
                                           preconstruction
                                           review.
Sec.   63.6(a)(1).......................  Applicability of       Yes.....................
                                           compliance with
                                           standards and
                                           maintenance
                                           requirements.
Sec.   63.6(a)(2).......................  Applicability of area  Yes.....................
                                           sources that
                                           increase HAP
                                           emissions to become
                                           major sources.
Sec.   63.6(b)(1) through (5)...........  Compliance dates for   Yes.....................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           new and                                          63 clarifies
                                           reconstructed                                    compliance dates in
                                           sources.                                         Sec.   63.5800.
Sec.   63.6(b)(6).......................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.6(b)(7).......................  Compliance dates for   Yes.....................  New operations at an
                                           new operations or                                existing facility
                                           equipment that cause                             are not subject to
                                           an area source to                                new source
                                           become a major                                   standards.
                                           source.
Sec.   63.6(c)(1) and (2)...............  Compliance dates for   Yes.....................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           existing sources.                                63 clarifies
                                                                                            compliance dates in
                                                                                            Sec.   63.5800.
Sec.   63.6(c)(3) and (4)...............  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.6(c)(5).......................  Compliance dates for   Yes.....................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           existing area                                    63 clarifies
                                           sources that become                              compliance dates in
                                           major.                                           Sec.   63.5800.
Sec.   63.6(d)..........................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.6(e)(1).......................  Operation &            Yes.....................  Except portions of
                                           maintenance                                      Sec.   63.6(e)(1)(i)
                                           requirements.                                    and (ii) specific to
                                                                                            conditions during
                                                                                            startup, shutdown,
                                                                                            or malfunction.
Sec.   63.6(e)(3).......................  Startup, shutdown,     No......................
                                           and malfunction plan
                                           and recordkeeping.
Sec.   63.6(f)(1).......................  Compliance except      No......................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           during periods of                                63 requires
                                           startup, shutdown,                               compliance at all
                                           and malfunction.                                 times.
Sec.   63.6(f)(2) and (3)...............  Methods for            Yes.....................
                                           determining
                                           compliance.
Sec.   63.6(g)(1) through (3)...........  Alternative standard.  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.6(h)..........................  Opacity and visible    No......................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           emission Standards.                              63 does not contain
                                                                                            opacity or visible
                                                                                            emission standards.
Sec.   63.6(i)(1) through (14)..........  Compliance extensions  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.6(i)(15)......................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.6(i)(16)......................  Compliance extensions  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.6(j)..........................  Presidential           Yes.....................
                                           compliance exemption.
Sec.   63.7(a)(1).......................  Applicability of       Yes.....................
                                           performance testing
                                           requirements.
Sec.   63.7(a)(2).......................  Performance test       No......................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           dates.                                           63 initial
                                                                                            compliance
                                                                                            requirements are in
                                                                                            Sec.   63.5840.
Sec.   63.7(a)(3).......................  CAA Section 114        Yes.....................
                                           authority.
Sec.   63.7(b)(1).......................  Notification of        Yes.....................
                                           performance test.
Sec.   63.7(b)(2).......................  Notification           Yes.....................
                                           rescheduled
                                           performance test.
Sec.   63.7(c)..........................  Quality assurance      Yes.....................  Except that the test
                                           program, including                               plan must be
                                           test plan.                                       submitted with the
                                                                                            notification of the
                                                                                            performance test.
Sec.   63.7(d)..........................  Performance testing    Yes.....................
                                           facilities.
Sec.   63.7(e)..........................  Conditions for         Yes.....................  Performance test
                                           conducting                                       requirements are
                                           performance tests.                               contained in Sec.
                                                                                            63.5850. Additional
                                                                                            requirements for
                                                                                            conducting
                                                                                            performance tests
                                                                                            for continuous
                                                                                            lamination/casting
                                                                                            are included in Sec.
                                                                                              63.5870.
                                                                                           Conditions specific
                                                                                            to operations during
                                                                                            periods of startup,
                                                                                            shutdown, and
                                                                                            malfunction in Sec.
                                                                                             63.7(e)(1) do not
                                                                                            apply.
Sec.   63.7(f)..........................  Use of alternative     Yes.....................
                                           test method.
Sec.   63.7(g)..........................  Performance test data  Yes.....................
                                           analysis,
                                           recordkeeping, and
                                           reporting.
Sec.   63.7(h)..........................  Waiver of performance  Yes.....................
                                           tests.

[[Page 22683]]

 
Sec.   63.8(a)(1) and (2)...............  Applicability of       Yes.....................
                                           monitoring
                                           requirements.
Sec.   63.8(a)(3).......................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.8(a)(4).......................  Monitoring             Yes.....................
                                           requirements when
                                           using flares.
Sec.   63.8(b)(1).......................  Conduct of monitoring  Yes.....................
                                           exceptions.
Sec.   63.8(b)(2) and (3)...............  Multiple effluents     Yes.....................
                                           and multiple
                                           monitoring systems.
Sec.   63.8(c)(1).......................  Compliance with CMS    Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           operation and                                    if you elect to use
                                           maintenance                                      a CMS to demonstrate
                                           requirements.                                    continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
                                                                                           Except references to
                                                                                            SSM plans in Sec.
                                                                                            63.8(c)(1)(i) and
                                                                                            Sec.
                                                                                            63.8(c)(1)(iii).
Sec.   63.8(c)(2) and (3)...............  Monitoring system      Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           installation.                                    if you elect to use
                                                                                            a CMS to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.8(c)(4).......................  CMS requirements.....  Yes.....................  This section applies
                                                                                            if you elect to use
                                                                                            a CMS to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.8(c)(5).......................  Continuous Opacity     No......................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           Monitoring System                                63 does not contain
                                           (COMS) minimum                                   opacity standards.
                                           procedures.
Sec.   63.8(c)(6) through (8)...........  CMS calibration and    Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           periods CMS is out                               if you elect to use
                                           of control.                                      a CMS to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.8(d)(1)-(2)...................  CMS quality control    Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           program, including                               if you elect to use
                                           test plan and all                                a CMS to demonstrate
                                           previous versions.                               continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.8(d)(3).......................  CMS quality control    Yes.....................  Except references to
                                           program, including                               SSM plans in Sec.
                                           test plan and all                                63.8(d)(3).
                                           previous versions.
Sec.   63.8(e)(1).......................  Performance            Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           evaluation of CMS.                               if you elect to use
                                                                                            a CMS to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.8(e)(2).......................  Notification of        Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           performance                                      if you elect to use
                                           evaluation.                                      a CMS to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.8(e)(3) and (4)...............  CMS requirements/      Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           alternatives.                                    if you elect to use
                                                                                            a CMS to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.8(e)(5)(i)....................  Reporting performance  Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           evaluation results.                              if you elect to use
                                                                                            a CMS to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.8(e)(5)(ii)...................  Results of COMS        No......................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           performance                                      63 does not contain
                                           evaluation.                                      opacity standards.
Sec.   63.8(f)(1) through (3)...........  Use of an alternative  Yes.....................
                                           monitoring method.
Sec.   63.8(f)(4).......................  Request to use an      Yes.....................
                                           alternative
                                           monitoring method.
Sec.   63.8(f)(5).......................  Approval of request    Yes.....................
                                           to use an
                                           alternative
                                           monitoring method.
Sec.   63.8(f)(6).......................  Request for            Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           alternative to                                   if you elect to use
                                           relative accuracy                                a CMS to demonstrate
                                           test and associated                              continuous
                                           records.                                         compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.8(g)(1) through (5)...........  Data reduction.......  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.9(a)(1) through (4)...........  Notification           Yes.....................
                                           requirements and
                                           general information.
Sec.   63.9(b)(1).......................  Initial notification   Yes.....................
                                           applicability.
Sec.   63.9(b)(2).......................  Notification for       Yes.....................
                                           affected source with
                                           initial startup
                                           before effective
                                           date of standard.
Sec.   63.9(b)(3).......................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.9(b)(4)(i)....................  Notification for a     Yes.....................
                                           new or reconstructed
                                           major affected
                                           source with initial
                                           startup after
                                           effective date for
                                           which an application
                                           for approval of
                                           construction or
                                           reconstruction is
                                           required.
Sec.   63.9(b)(4)(ii) through (iv)......  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.9(b)(4)(v)....................  Notification for a     Yes.....................  Existing facilities
                                           new or reconstructed                             do not become
                                           major affected                                   reconstructed under
                                           source with initial                              subpart WWWW of part
                                           startup after                                    63.
                                           effective date for
                                           which an application
                                           for approval of
                                           construction or
                                           reconstruction is
                                           required.

[[Page 22684]]

 
Sec.   63.9(b)(5).......................  Notification that you  Yes.....................  Existing facilities
                                           are subject to this                              do not become
                                           subpart for new or                               reconstructed under
                                           reconstructed                                    subpart WWWW of part
                                           affected source with                             63.
                                           initial startup
                                           after effective date
                                           and for which an
                                           application for
                                           approval of
                                           construction or
                                           reconstruction is
                                           not required.
Sec.   63.9(c)..........................  Request for            Yes.....................
                                           compliance extension.
Sec.   63.9(d)..........................  Notification of        Yes.....................
                                           special compliance
                                           requirements for new
                                           source.
Sec.   63.9(e)..........................  Notification of        Yes.....................
                                           performance test.
Sec.   63.9(f)..........................  Notification of        No......................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           opacity and visible                              63 does not contain
                                           emissions                                        opacity or visible
                                           observations.                                    emission standards.
Sec.   63.9(g)(1).......................  Additional             Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           notification                                     if you elect to use
                                           requirements for                                 a CMS to demonstrate
                                           sources using CMS.                               continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.9(g)(2).......................  Notification of        No......................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           compliance with                                  63 does not contain
                                           opacity emission                                 opacity emission
                                           standard.                                        standards.
Sec.   63.9(g)(3).......................  Notification that      Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           criterion to                                     if you elect to use
                                           continue use of                                  a CMS to demonstrate
                                           alternative to                                   continuous
                                           relative accuracy                                compliance with an
                                           testing has been                                 emission limit.
                                           exceeded.
Sec.   63.9(h)(1) through (3)...........  Notification of        Yes.....................
                                           compliance status.
Sec.   63.9(h)(4).......................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.9(h)(5) and (6)...............  Notification of        Yes.....................
                                           compliance status.
Sec.   63.9(i)..........................  Adjustment of          Yes.....................
                                           submittal deadlines.
Sec.   63.9(j)..........................  Change in information  Yes.....................
                                           provided.
Sec.   63.10(a).........................  Applicability of       Yes.....................
                                           recordkeeping and
                                           reporting.
Sec.   63.10(b)(1)......................  Records retention....  Yes.....................
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(i) through (v).......  Records related to     No......................
                                           startup, shutdown,
                                           and malfunction.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(vi) through (xi).....  CMS records, data on   Yes.....................
                                           performance tests,
                                           CMS performance
                                           evaluations,
                                           measurements
                                           necessary to
                                           determine conditions
                                           of performance
                                           tests, and
                                           performance
                                           evaluations.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(xii).................  Record of waiver of    Yes.....................
                                           recordkeeping and
                                           reporting.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(xiii)................  Record for             Yes.....................
                                           alternative to the
                                           relative accuracy
                                           test.
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(xiv).................  Records supporting     Yes.....................
                                           initial notification
                                           and notification of
                                           compliance status.
Sec.   63.10(b)(3)......................  Records for            Yes.....................
                                           applicability
                                           determinations.
Sec.   63.10(c)(1)......................  CMS records..........  Yes.....................  This section applies
                                                                                            if you elect to use
                                                                                            a CMS to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.10(c)(2) through (4)..........  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.10(c)(5) through (8)..........  CMS records..........  Yes.....................  This section applies
                                                                                            if you elect to use
                                                                                            a CMS to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.10(c)(9)......................  Reserved.............  No......................
Sec.   63.10(c)(10) through (14)........  CMS records..........  Yes.....................  This section applies
                                                                                            if you elect to use
                                                                                            a CMS to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.10(c)(15).....................  CMS records..........  No......................
Sec.   63.10(d)(1)......................  General reporting      Yes.....................
                                           requirements.
Sec.   63.10(d)(2)......................  Report of performance  Yes.....................
                                           test results.
Sec.   63.10(d)(3)......................  Reporting results of   No......................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                           opacity or visible                               63 does not contain
                                           emission                                         opacity or visible
                                           observations.                                    emission standards.
Sec.   63.10(d)(4)......................  Progress reports as    Yes.....................
                                           part of extension of
                                           compliance.
Sec.   63.10(d)(5)......................  Startup, shutdown,     No......................
                                           and malfunction
                                           reports.
Sec.   63.10(e)(1) through (3)..........  Additional reporting   Yes.....................  This section applies
                                           requirements for CMS.                            if you have an add-
                                                                                            on control device
                                                                                            and elect to use a
                                                                                            CEM to demonstrate
                                                                                            continuous
                                                                                            compliance with an
                                                                                            emission limit.
Sec.   63.10(e)(4)......................  Reporting COMS data..  No......................  Subpart WWWW of part
                                                                                            63 does not contain
                                                                                            opacity standards.
Sec.   63.10(f).........................  Waiver for             Yes.....................
                                           recordkeeping or
                                           reporting.
Sec.   63.11............................  Control device         Yes.....................  Only applies if you
                                           requirements.                                    elect to use a flare
                                                                                            as a control device.
Sec.   63.12............................  State authority and    Yes.....................
                                           delegations.
Sec.   63.13............................  Addresses of State     Yes.....................
                                           air pollution
                                           control agencies and
                                           EPA Regional Offices.
Sec.   63.14............................  Incorporations by      Yes.....................
                                           reference.

[[Page 22685]]

 
Sec.   63.15............................  Availability of        Yes.....................
                                           information and
                                           confidentiality.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[FR Doc. 2019-09583 Filed 5-16-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6560-50-P