[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 94 (Wednesday, May 15, 2019)]
[Notices]
[Pages 21822-21832]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-09988]



[[Page 21822]]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

[Docket No. OSHA-2015-0024]


Jardon and Howard Technologies, Incorporated; Grant of a 
Permanent Variance

AGENCY: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Labor.

ACTION: Notice.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: In this notice, OSHA grants a permanent variance to Jardon and 
Howard Technologies, Incorporated from several provisions of OSHA 
standards that regulate commercial diving operations in Subpart T of 
OSHA's general industry standards.

DATES: The permanent variance specified by this notice becomes 
effective on May 15, 2019 and shall remain in effect until it is 
modified or revoked.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Information regarding this notice is 
available from the following sources:
    Press inquiries: Contact Mr. Frank Meilinger, Director, OSHA Office 
of Communications, U.S. Department of Labor; telephone: (202) 693-1999 
or email: [email protected].
    General and technical information: Contact Mr. Kevin Robinson, 
Director, Office of Technical Programs and Coordination Activities, 
Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management, Occupational 
Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; telephone: 
(202) 693-2110 or email: [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Copies of this Federal Register notice. 
Electronic copies of this Federal Register notice are available at 
http://www.regulations.gov. This Federal Register notice, as well as 
news releases and other relevant information, also are available at 
OSHA's web page at http://www.osha.gov.

I. Notice of Application

    Jardon and Howard Technologies, Incorporated, (``JHT'' or 
``applicant''), submitted on September 25, 2015, an application for a 
permanent multi-state variance and interim order under Section 6(d) of 
the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (``OSH Act''; 29 U.S.C. 
655) and 29 CFR 1905.11 (``Variances and other relief under section 
6(d)''). JHT's application seeks a permanent variance from the 
provisions in OSHA's standards that regulate commercial diving 
operations (CDO), located in Subpart T of 29 CFR 1910, that require:
    (1) A buoyancy compensator to have a inflation source separate from 
the breathing gas supply when used for SCUBA diving (29 CFR 
1910.430(d)(3));
    (2) use of an inflatable flotation device capable of maintaining 
the diver at the surface in a face-up position, having a manually 
activated inflation source independent of the breathing supply, an oral 
inflation device, and an exhaust valve (29 CFR 1910.430(d)(4));
    (3) the employer to instruct the diver to remain awake and in the 
vicinity of the decompression chamber which is at the dive location for 
at least one hour after the dive (including decompression or treatment 
as appropriate) for any dive outside the no-decompression limits, 
deeper than 100 feet of sea water (FSW), or using mixed gas as a 
breathing mixture (29 CFR 1910.423(b)(2));
    (4) the employer to make available at the dive location a 
decompression chamber capable of recompressing the diver at the surface 
to a minimum of 165 FSW (6 ATA) (29 CFR 1910.423(c)(1)); \1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ The full text of 29 CFR 1910.423(c)(1)(i)-(iii) reads: ``A 
decompression chamber capable of recompressing the diver at the 
surface to a minimum of 165 FSW (6 ATA) shall be available at the 
dive location for: (i) Surface-supplied air diving to depths deeper 
than 100 FSW and shallower than 220 FSW; (ii) Mixed gas diving 
shallower than 300 FSW; (iii) Diving outside the no-decompression 
limits shallower than 300 FSW.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (5) the employer to make available within 5 minutes of the dive 
location a dual-lock, multiplace decompression chamber (29 CFR 
1910.423(c)(3)); and
    (6) that self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) 
diving not be conducted at depths deeper than 100 FSW or outside the 
no-decompression limits unless a decompression chamber is ready for use 
(29 CFR 1910.424(b)(2)).
    JHT is a contractor for the U.S. Department of Commerce, National 
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a federal government 
agency that conducts and promotes undersea research using a variety of 
modes, including diving operations. On September 5, 2014, OSHA granted 
NOAA alternate standards \2\ regulating its use of inflatable flotation 
devices and decompression chambers during NOAA diving operations 
(Exhibit OSHA-2015-0024-0003, OSHA's Comments and Decisions to NOAA's 
Request for an Alternate Standard on Diving) (``NOAA Alternate Diving 
Standards'') (see Section II.A. for further information on NOAA's 
Alternate Diving Standards). To account for the technological advances 
and design improvements that have been made to buoyancy compensatory 
devices (BCD) since OSHA first published the CDO standard in 1977 (see 
42 FR 37662 (July 22, 1977)), the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards 
permit NOAA to use modern BCD during diving operations that deviate 
from the configuration requirements in OSHA's CDO standard, but provide 
equal or greater safeguards to the diver. The NOAA Alternate Diving 
Standards also provide NOAA with modified requirements regarding the 
use of decompression chambers, including expanding the depth limit for 
SCUBA dives within the no-decompression limits \3\ (from 100 to 130 
FSW), and modifying decompression chamber availability requirements for 
certain no-decompression dives up to 130 FSW in depth.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ An alternate standard is the federal agency equivalent to a 
variance, and federal agency heads may seek and obtain alternate 
standards from OSHA pursuant to 29 CFR 1960.17.
    \3\ The definitions provided in Subpart T, 29 CFR 1910.402, 
define ``no-decompression limits'' as ``the depth-time limits of the 
`no-decompression limits and repetitive dive group designation table 
for no-decompression air dives', U.S. Navy Diving Manual, or 
equivalent limits which the employer can demonstrate to be equally 
effective.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    JHT stated in the application that divers who conduct diving 
operations for NOAA typically dive from NOAA-operated ``uninspected 
vessels'' in U.S. navigable waters; such diving operations fall under 
OSHA's jurisdiction.\4\ When conducting dives for NOAA, JHT divers are 
obliged to follow all of the requirements of the NOAA Diving Program 
(NDP). JHT requested the permanent variance to permit JHT to deviate 
from the below-discussed provisions of OSHA's CDO standard based on the 
same conditions that apply to NOAA divers under the NOAA Alternate 
Diving Standards, thus permitting JHT's divers to dive under the same 
standards under which their NOAA-employed colleagues are permitted to 
dive.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ For more information on OSHA's enforcement authority over 
uninspected vessels on U.S. navigable waters, see OSHA Directive 
Number: CPL-02-01-047, ``OSHA Authority over Vessels and Facilities 
on or Adjacent to U.S. Navigable Waters and the Outer Continental 
Shelf (OCS)'' [Dated: 02/22/2010], available at: https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owandisp.show_document?p_table=DIRECTIVES&p_id=4254.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    JHT's application contends that the permanent variance would 
provide employees with a place of employment that is at least as safe 
and healthful as they are able to obtain under the existing provisions 
of OSHA's CDO standard. JHT certifies that all affected employees 
received a copy of the variance application and informed them of their 
right to petition the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational 
Safety and Health for a hearing on its variance application.

[[Page 21823]]

    OSHA considered JHT's application for a permanent variance and 
interim order and, on August 2, 2017, OSHA published a preliminary 
Federal Register notice announcing JHT's application, granting an 
interim order, and requesting comments (82 FR 35995 (Aug. 2, 2017)). 
During the comment period, which expired on September 2, 2017, OSHA 
received one comment from NOAA, who expressed support for granting JHT 
the permanent variance, made clarifications and corrections to the 
information in its application materials and OSHA's Federal Register 
notice, and suggested several changes to the terms of the permanent 
variance (OSHA-2015-0025-0010). NOAA's comment also requested that the 
permanent variance be extended to cover all companies who provide 
contract employees to dive under the NDP. After considering NOAA's 
comment, OSHA has decided to accept the majority of NOAA's requested 
changes to the terms of the permanent variance, but has not accepted 
NOAA's request to extend this permanent variance to cover contractors 
other than JHT. OSHA's responses to NOAA's comment are discussed 
further in Section III of this notice.

II. Supplementary Information Regarding the Variance Application

A. Background

    As a NOAA contractor, JHT asserts that its divers are required to 
strictly follow the requirements of the NDP. But, even though NOAA-
employed and JHT-employed divers work side-by-side during NDP 
operations, NOAA-employed divers are authorized to dive in accordance 
with the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards, while contractor divers (such 
as those employed by JHT) are not. JHT states that its divers undergo 
exactly the same training as NOAA employees who are also covered by the 
NDP, and that there are no differences between NOAA and JHT divers 
regarding medical clearance procedures and standards, training 
materials, equipment used, equipment maintenance, and diving procedures 
used (Ex. OSHA-2015-0024-0003, p. 1). JHT states that while the 
majority of the dives that JHT performs under the NDP are ``scientific 
dives'' that are exempted from OSHA's CDO standard,\5\ JHT divers also 
assist NOAA employees with diving operations that are not exempt under 
OSHA's CDO standard. Accordingly, when JHT conducts dives for NOAA 
under the NDP that would be subject to OSHA's CDO standard, JHT seeks 
permission from OSHA to dive under the same standards regulating the 
use of inflatable flotation devices and decompression chambers that 
OSHA has permitted NOAA-employed NDP divers to follow, pursuant to the 
NOAA Alternate Diving Standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Section 1910.401(a)(2)(iv) of the CDO standard provides the 
exemption for scientific diving from the CDO standard's coverage, 
and Appendix B to the CDO standard provides guidelines for 
identifying the scientific diving programs that are exempt.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    OSHA granted NOAA the alternate standards in 2014 in response to an 
application that NOAA submitted to OSHA in June 2011 proposing a total 
of 12 alternate standards to 29 CFR 1910, Subpart T, which included 
extensive introductory, background, and explanatory information in 
support of the application (Exhibit OSHA-2015-0024-0006, Proposed 
Alternate Diving Standards for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
Administration). After fully considering NOAA's application and 
responses to OSHA's follow up questions (Exhibit OSHA-2015-0024-0007, 
Responses from the NOAA Diving Program to OSHA Regarding Requested 
Alternate Standards for Commercial Diving Operations), OSHA decided to 
grant some, but not all, of the alternate standards that NOAA proposed 
(Exhibit OSHA-2015-0024-0008). JHT's September 25, 2015 application 
sought a permanent variance and interim order based on six of the 
alternate standards that OSHA granted to NOAA in the NOAA Alternate 
Diving Standards.
    NOAA explained in its application materials for the alternate 
standards that it conducts dives under two major programs: The NOAA 
Diving Program (NDP) and the National Undersea Research Program (NURP). 
The NDP primarily supports intra agency intramural research programs 
conducted by personnel within NOAA's major line offices, while NURP 
primarily supports external research programs conducted by scientists 
from various academic and marine institutions. The NDP is responsible 
for overseeing all NOAA and contractor (including JHT) diving 
personnel, equipment, and activities, and ensuring that dives performed 
by NOAA and its contractor divers are completed safely and efficiently. 
The NDP, the NOAA Diving Control and Safety Board, and the NOAA Diving 
Medical Review Board all work together to ensure that qualified 
personnel and certified systems are available to safely meet NOAA's 
undersea research objectives. NOAA's application also explained that it 
provides a robust training program to NDP divers, including contractor 
divers.
    NOAA's application further stated that it has developed many 
advances in diving equipment and procedures that are now widely 
recognized and accepted as industry best practices. NOAA publishes many 
of these advances in the ``NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and 
Technology,'' which serves as a reference manual for all NDP divers. 
NOAA also maintains two additional manuals (the ``NOAA Scientific 
Diving Standards and Safety Manual'' (Revised December 2011) and the 
``NOAA Working Diving Standards and Safety Manual'' (Version 1.0, July 
14, 2011) that provide in-depth operational guidance for all dives and 
include the standards, policies, regulations, requirements, and 
responsibilities for all aspects of NOAA's diving operations.
    Additionally, NOAA stated that OSHA's CDO standard, which was first 
published in 1977, does not account for many of the advancements that 
have been made in diving technology and safety. For that reason, NOAA 
sought alternate standards that would permit the NDP to conduct diving 
operations using equipment and procedures that reflect modern diving 
advancements. NOAA also stated that OSHA's regulations are not always 
consistent with other related federal diving regulations, such as 46 
CFR 197, Subpart B, which provides safety and health standards for 
commercial diving operations conducted from vessels with a U.S. Coast 
Guard Certificate of Inspection (COI), also known as ``inspected 
vessels,'' and facilities under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Coast 
Guard.

B. Variance From Paragraphs (d)(3) and (d)(4) of 29 CFR 1910.430, 
Requirements for Inflatable Flotation Devices

    Following the terms of the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards, JHT's 
variance application seeks permission to use modern buoyancy 
compensator devices (BCD) that deviate from the requirements in 
1910.430(d)(3) and (d)(4) that such devices have an inflation source 
that is ``separate from'' or ``independent of'' the diver's breathing 
gas. NOAA's application for the alternate standards explained that the 
overwhelming majority of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) BCD are 
designed to use the diver's breathing gas for inflation, making it 
difficult to comply with OSHA's requirement for a BCD to have an 
independent inflation source. According to NOAA, older systems that 
utilize separate, non-breathing gas inflation sources--particularly, 
carbon-dioxide cartridges--pose potential safety problems for the 
diver, including potential cartridge failure, and accidental 
activation, leading to an unexpected and

[[Page 21824]]

potentially dangerous over-inflation of the BCD, which could cause a 
rapid and uncontrolled ascent of the diver to the surface. NOAA's 
application stated that industry recognition of these inherent safety 
problems prompted manufacturers to discontinue production of systems 
relying on such inflation sources. NOAA also explained that using a 
diver's emergency air supply to inflate the BCD is potentially 
problematic, as connecting the BCD to an auxiliary cylinder would 
impede a diver who is ``ditching'' components of a SCUBA unit during an 
emergency, and would also create additional points of potential 
equipment failure and entanglement. JHT echoed NOAA's concerns 
regarding the use of BCD that are inflated by a source other than the 
diver's breathing gas (Ex. OSHA-2015-0024-0003, p. 9).
    The training that NOAA provides to its divers and contractors, 
including JHT, mitigates the risk of using breathing gas to inflate 
BCD. NDP divers are trained to continually monitor their gas supplies 
and return to the surface with no less than 500 psi in their SCUBA 
cylinders, and NOAA stated that this practice, which has been used for 
more than 30 years, has proven to be an effective method for managing a 
diver's breathing gas. NDP divers are also trained in techniques to 
manually inflate their BCD, both underwater and at the surface, to 
control their buoyancy. NOAA also explained that the amount of gas 
needed to inflate a BCD is minimal compared to the amount of breathing 
gas that is available in a standard SCUBA cylinder, and that most BCD 
can be fully inflated with a volume of gas equivalent to that consumed 
in three or fewer breaths. Therefore, NOAA asserted that taking such 
small amounts of gas from the SCUBA cylinder would have minimal effect 
on the duration of a dive. This also reduces consumption by making the 
diver ``neutrally buoyant.''
    Under the alternate conditions that OSHA granted NOAA in the NOAA 
Alternate Diving Standards, which JHT adopts as the proposed conditions 
for the variance, NDP divers may use BCD that are inflated by the 
breathing gas supply so long as all divers carry an independent reserve 
cylinder of breathing gas with a separate regulator, which allows 
divers to orally inflate their BCD using gas from their reserve gas 
supplies even if their primary breathing gas supply is depleted. When 
granting the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards, OSHA explained that this 
requirement is consistent with 29 CFR 1910.424(c)(4), which requires 
SCUBA divers to carry a reserve breathing-gas supply. As OSHA stated in 
the preamble to the CDO standard final rule (42 FR at 37633), ``[a 
reserve] supply is essential to the safety of the SCUBA diver,'' and 
employers must take precautions to ``assure that the air reserve would 
not be depleted inadvertently during the dive.'' OSHA ultimately 
concluded that NOAA's proposed alternate standards provide equivalent 
safety protection to divers as 1910.430(d)(3) so long as the diver 
carries a reserve breathing gas supply, does not connect the reserve 
breathing gas to the BCD's inflation source, and uses the BCD in 
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
    Further, OSHA noted in the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards that 
1910.430(d)(4)'s requirement that SCUBA divers use a BCD with a 
manually activated inflation source (e.g., via a carbon-dioxide 
cartridge) in addition to an oral inflation device is intended to allow 
the diver to quickly inflate the BCD in an emergency, but technological 
improvements in manual BCD power inflators now allow for rapid 
inflation of BCD with breathing gas, but with less safety risk (e.g., 
over-inflation) than using carbon-dioxide cartridges. Therefore, using 
these manual BCD power inflators to inflate a BCD with breathing gas 
provides protection to a diver that is equivalent to the standard, and 
obviates the need for 1910.430(d)(4)'s requirement that the BCD's 
inflation source be independent of the breathing supply. In addition, 
OSHA stated NOAA's policy that divers always have topside support and 
never dive alone except when line tended, expedites the rescue of 
divers who must make emergency ascents to the surface, thereby reducing 
their risk of drowning should an inflatable flotation device 
malfunction.
    Additionally, JHT's proposed variance conditions would follow the 
NOAA Alternate Diving Standards by replacing 1910.430(d)(4)'s 
requirement that BCD used for SCUBA dives be capable of maintaining the 
diver at the surface in a ``face-up position'' with a requirement that 
the BCD be capable of maintaining the diver at the surface in a 
``positively buoyant state.'' NOAA's application materials explained 
that the majority of COTS BCD available today are not designed to 
maintain unconscious divers in a face-up position on the surface, as 
systems capable of meeting that requirement have inherent safety-
related problems that lead most manufacturers to abandon them in favor 
of more modern systems.
    Specifically, NOAA asserted that the only BCD able to maintain a 
diver in a face-up position at the surface was the ``horse-collar'' 
style BCD, which has been widely replaced by jacket-style BCD (also 
known as stabilizing, or stab-jackets) or back-mounted systems, both of 
which have greater operational and safety features compared to the 
older style. NOAA explained that newer BCD have more lift, fewer straps 
(reducing entanglement hazards, particularly when removing the BCD in 
an emergency, or when used in conjunction with a weight harness), 
require fewer steps to don, would not choke divers when fully inflated 
on the surface, and most significantly, do not impede operation of 
chest-mounted drysuit inflation valves. Additionally, NOAA explained 
that the inability of stab-jacket or back-mounted BCD to maintain a 
diver in a face-up position is fully mitigated by NOAA's requirement 
that divers always dive in buddy pairs (or be line-tended), and receive 
training in the proper technique for inflating their buddy's BCD while 
keeping them oriented face-up during rescues. Accordingly, NOAA stated 
that the chance of a stricken diver drowning while wearing a BCD that 
does not provide for face-up flotation is very remote. JHT added that 
horse-collar BCD were not originally designed for emergency buoyancy 
ascents, and many are thus not equipped with the over-pressure relief 
valves that are essential for safe emergency ascents.
    When granting the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards, OSHA noted that 
the preamble to the CDO final rule explained that ``[t]he provision for 
an inflatable flotation device for SCUBA diving [was] given design 
specifications because an improperly designed device can be a greater 
safety hazard than aid'' (42 FR at 37666). BCD were not commercially 
available when the CDO standard was published, and OSHA therefore 
articulated minimum design standards for inflatable flotation devices 
in the final rule. OSHA agreed in the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards 
that the flotation design of contemporary BCD is superior to the 
equipment that was in use when OSHA published the CDO standard in 1977. 
OSHA further explained that modern BCD are equipped to maintain a diver 
at the surface in a positively buoyant state, even if they do not 
``prop up'' the diver's head. OSHA thus granted NOAA's proposed 
alternative standards on the condition that NOAA continues its policy 
of requiring that SCUBA divers not dive alone unless they are line-
tended and providing topside support to those divers.
    JHT's proposed variance includes the very same condition under 
which OSHA approved NOAA's Alternate Diving Standards for NOAA-employed

[[Page 21825]]

NDP divers. As stated above, there are no differences in the training 
requirements, medical clearance procedures and standards, equipment use 
and maintenance requirements, or diving procedures that apply to NOAA-
employed and JHT-employed divers who conduct diving operations for the 
NDP. Additionally, OSHA believes that diver safety is best promoted 
where diving safety rules are clear and consistently applicable to all 
divers at a worksite. Accordingly, OSHA accepts JHT's proposal to adopt 
the conditions from the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards as the basis 
for the requested variance from the inflatable flotation device 
requirements in 1910.430(d)(3) and (d)(4), and has decided to grant the 
permanent variance to JHT on those same conditions.

C. Variance From Paragraphs (b)(2), (c)(1), (c)(3) of 29 CFR 1910.423, 
and (b)(2) of 29 CFR 1910.424, Requirements for Decompression Chambers 
6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ A decompression chamber is ``a pressure vessel for human 
occupancy such as a surface decompression chamber, closed bell, or 
deep diving system used to decompress divers and to treat 
decompression sickness'' (29 CFR 1910.402).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Adopting the conditions of the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards, 
JHT's application proposes conditions that would allow it to deviate 
from the decompression chamber availability and capability requirements 
in OSHA's CDO standard. As OSHA explained when it granted the NOAA 
Alternate Diving Standards, the purpose of having a decompression 
chamber available and ready for use at a dive site is to treat 
decompression sickness (DCS) and arterial gas embolism (AGE). DCS may 
occur from breathing air or mixed gases at diving depths and durations 
that require decompression, while AGE may result from over-pressurizing 
the lungs, usually following a rapid ascent to the surface during a 
dive without proper exhalation. In the event that DCS or AGE develops, 
a decompression chamber, oxygen or treatment gas mixtures, and 
treatment tables and instructions must be readily available to treat 
these conditions effectively. Decompression chambers provide the most 
effective therapy--recompression--for DCS and AGE.
    First, JHT's proposed variance would adopt the conditions of the 
NOAA Alternate Diving Standards that permit NOAA to deviate from the 
requirement of 1910.423(b)(2) that the employer instruct all divers who 
dive deeper than 100 FSW to remain awake and in the vicinity of a 
decompression chamber for one hour after the dive, and the requirement 
of 1910.424(b)(2) that SCUBA diving not be conducted at depths deeper 
than 100 FSW or outside the no-decompression limits unless a 
decompression chamber is ``ready for use.'' In other words, sections 
1910.423(b)(2) and 1910.424(b)(2) require any diver who conducts a dive 
deeper than 100 FSW or outside the no-decompression limits to remain 
alert and near a decompression chamber for at least one hour to ensure 
immediate treatment should DCS or AGE develop. Addressing the 100 FSW 
limit in the preamble to the CDO rule, OSHA stated:

    By adding a depth limit to the decompression chamber 
requirement, the standard sets a specified depth at which all diving 
operations will/would require a chamber, eliminating the safety 
hazard inherent in operations which are planed below that depth . . 
. . OSHA believes that this provision will/would result in 
recompression capability being available for the great majority of 
diving situations where the probability of its being needed is 
greatest.

42 FR at 37662.
    NOAA's application sought permission to conduct SCUBA dives within 
the no-decompression limit up to 130 FSW (rather that 100 FSW) without 
triggering the decompression chamber requirements in 1910.423(b)(2) and 
1910.424(b)(2). In support, NOAA cited statistics published by the U.S. 
Navy (USN) indicating that no-decompression dives to 130 FSW actually 
pose a lower risk of DCS to divers than no-decompression dives to 100 
FSW, and also cited the extremely low DCS incident rate that NOAA has 
observed in no-decompression SCUBA dives that it has conducted between 
101 and 130 FSW since 2000.
    When granting NOAA alternate standards to 1910.423(b)(2) and 
1910.424(b)(2), OSHA explained that the CDO standard sets the 100 FSW 
limit based on the increased risk of developing DCS and AGE on dives 
deeper than 100 FSW. However, OSHA explained that the agency amended 
the CDO standard in 2004 to permit employers of recreational diving 
instructors and diving guides to comply with an alternative set of 
decompression chamber requirements (see 69 FR 7351 (February 17, 
2004)).\7\ Under the conditions articulated in Appendix C to Subpart T, 
eligible employers are not required to provide a decompression chamber 
at the dive site when engaged in SCUBA diving to 130 FSW while 
breathing a nitrox gas mixture within the no-decompression limits.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Appendix C incorporated into the CDO standard essentially 
the same terms as those used in a variance that OSHA granted to 
Dixie Divers, Inc., a diving school that employed several 
recreational diving instructors, in 1999 (see 64 FR 71242, December 
20, 1999).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    OSHA explained in granting the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards that 
it created this exemption for recreational diving instructors and 
diving guides because the agency determined that the elevated levels of 
oxygen in nitrox breathing-gas mixtures reduced the incidence of DCS 
compared to breathing air at the same depths, and therefore found that 
the risk of DCS was minimal. This determination justified OSHA's use in 
Appendix C of the equivalent-air-depth (EAD) formula from NOAA's 2001 
Diving Manual to calculate the no-decompression limits that should 
apply to a dive depending on the nitrogen partial pressures in the gas. 
As explained in the preamble to the Appendix C final rule (69 FR at 
7356), the EAD formula assumes that equivalent nitrogen partial 
pressures and dive durations would result in similar DCS risk to dives 
performed with air. OSHA concluded that the ``EAD formula can 
accurately estimate the DCS risk associated with nitrox breathing-gas 
mixtures based on equivalent nitrogen partial pressures and dive 
durations used in air diving.''
    After considering the statistics and information regarding NDP 
operations that NOAA submitted, OSHA concluded that NOAA's proposed 
alternate standards would provide equivalent protection to the CDO 
standard when NDP divers use air or nitrox breathing-gas mixtures with 
SCUBA, so long as NOAA complies with the no-decompression provisions of 
Appendix C of 29 CFR 1910, Subpart T (i.e., Condition 5, ``Use of No-
Decompression Limits'').\8\ Also, when using nitrox breathing-gas 
mixtures with SCUBA at depths up to 130 FSW, OSHA required NOAA to 
ensure that the partial pressure of oxygen does not exceed 1.40 ATA or 
40 percent by volume (whichever exposes the diver to less

[[Page 21826]]

oxygen),\9\ in keeping with the requirements of Appendix C. JHT's 
proposed variance would adopt these same conditions under which OSHA 
granted the alternate standards to 1910.423(b)(2) and 1910.424(b)(2) to 
NOAA for NDP dives in which JHT divers participate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ Condition 5 of Appendix C requires:
    (a) For diving conducted while using nitrox breathing-gas 
mixtures, the employer must ensure that each diver remains within 
the no-decompression limits specified for single and repetitive air 
diving and published in the 2001 NOAA Diving Manual or the report 
entitled ``Development and Validation of No-Stop Decompression 
Procedures for Recreational Diving: The DSAT Recreational Dive 
Planer,'' published in 1994 by Hamilton Research Ltd. (known 
commonly as the ``1994 DSAT No-Decompression Tables'').
    (b) A employer may permit a diver to use a dive-decompression 
computer designed to regulate decompression when the dive-
decompression computer uses the no-decompression limits specified in 
paragraph 5(a) of this appendix, and provides output that reliably 
represents those limits.
    \9\ As OSHA explained in the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards, a 
key purpose of OSHA's diving standards is to prevent oxygen toxicity 
(hypoxia), and the maximum acceptable partial pressure of oxygen 
when SCUBA diving is 1.40 ATA or 40 percent by volume, whichever 
exposes the diver to less oxygen. ATA, as used here, is the partial 
pressure of a constituent gas in the total pressure of a breathing 
gas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, JHT's application would adopt the conditions of the 
NOAA Alternate Diving Standards that permit NOAA to deviate from the 
decompression chamber availability and capability requirements in 
1910.423(c)(1) (that employers have a 6 ATA chamber at the dive 
location) and 1910.423(c)(3) (that the chamber be dual-lock, 
multiplace, and located within five minutes of the dive location). In 
the original application to the agency, NOAA proposed alternate 
standards that would have permitted it to use a 2.8 ATA, mono-lock 
chamber available within two (2) hours of the dive location for all 
working dives conducted deeper than 130 FSW or outside the no-
decompression limits. NOAA explained that complying with 1910.423(c)(1) 
and (c)(3) requires employers to use a large enough vessel to carry and 
transport a large and powerful decompression chamber to the dive site, 
but most NDP dives are conducted from small boats, which are launched 
from larger ships or land-based facilities. Accordingly, NOAA sought 
permission to use light-weight, portable decompression systems, which 
it referred to as ``hyperlite chambers,'' to transport injured divers 
from dive sites to larger chambers located elsewhere. Additionally, 
NOAA sought to make the hyperlite chamber available within two hours 
rather that within five minutes, of the dive location for dives 
conducted deeper than 130 FSW or outside the no-decompression limits.
    OSHA did not grant NOAA the alternate standards based on these 
proposed conditions, but rather granted revised alternate standards in 
order to ensure that NOAA divers would receive equivalent protection to 
the CDO standard. Regarding the chamber capability requirements, OSHA 
found that mono-lock chambers provide limited hyperbaric treatment 
options (for example, administration of oxygen) to a diver, and 
explained that the preamble to the original CDO final rule discusses 
and justifies Subpart T's capability requirements for decompression 
chambers, including the requirements that the chamber have 6 ATA 
capability and be dual-lock (i.e., have two compartments) and 
multiplace (i.e., have a main lock large enough to accommodate and 
decompress two individuals) (see 42 FR at 37661-63). Accordingly, OSHA 
stated that mono-lock chambers may be an option for transporting divers 
to larger chambers, but it does not provide divers with protection that 
is equivalent to the CDO standard's requirements. Therefore, OSHA did 
not approve NOAA's proposed chamber-capability alternative.
    Regarding the proposed chamber-availability alternative, OSHA noted 
that the preamble to the CDO final rule explained that having the 
decompression chamber near the dive site was originally considered 
necessary ``because the surface decompression tables are commonly 
designed to be used with equipment that meets this criterion'' (42 FR 
at 37662). However, OSHA reexamined 1910.423(c)(3)'s five-minute 
availability requirement when it developed Appendix C to Subpart T. In 
Appendix C, OSHA found that, for no-decompression dives at 130 FSW or 
less, a four-hour travel delay to a 6-ATA decompression chamber is 
acceptable when the employer meets specified conditions, including: 
Verifying before starting diving operations the availability of a 6-ATA 
treatment facility, qualified healthcare professionals, and a rescue 
service; ensuring that suitable transportation to the decompression 
chamber is available at the dive site during diving operations; 
ensuring at least two attendants qualified in first-aid and 
administering oxygen treatment are available for treatment during 
diving operations; and that these attendants administer medical-grade 
oxygen to the injured diver during transportation to the treatment 
facility. OSHA came to this conclusion because, as explained in the 
preamble to the Appendix C final rule, ``a four-hour delay is unlikely 
to impair treatment outcomes for [DCS], and that [AGE] is rare among 
recreational divers and can be prevented with proper training and 
experience'' (69 FR at 7359-60).
    After considering the information that NOAA submitted regarding the 
NDP's diving operations, OSHA determined that, for no-decompression 
dives using air or nitrox that are 130 FSW or less, a four-hour travel 
delay to a 6 ATA chamber provides NDP divers with protection equivalent 
to the CDO standard, so long as NOAA meets the medical-treatment 
provisions of Appendix C to the CDO rule (i.e., Condition 8, ``Treating 
Diving-Related Medical Emergencies''). OSHA granted the NOAA Alternate 
Diving Standards under these conditions, and JHT now seeks to conduct 
NDP dives according to the same conditions.
    Based on a technical review of the JHT's application, the NOAA 
Alternate Diving Standards, and related supporting material, OSHA finds 
that the proposed conditions would also provide JHT divers with 
protection equivalent to the CDO standard; there are no differences in 
the training requirements, medical clearance procedures and standards, 
equipment use and maintenance requirements, or diving procedures that 
apply to NOAA-employed and JHT-employed divers who dive under the NDP, 
and diver safety is best promoted where diving safety rules are clear 
and consistently applicable to all divers at a worksite.

D. Multi-State Variance

    JHT's land-based operations, which are responsible for managing and 
administering these diving projects, are located at: (1) NOAA CCEHBR 
Laboratory, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412; 
and (2) NOAA/NOS Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research, 101 
Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516. JHT conducts diving 
operations with NOAA with essentially no geographical limitations, and 
has conducted diving operations with NOAA in various navigable waters 
within OSHA's geographical authority, including the navigable waters of 
the Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, the 
Florida Keys, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean (e.g., U.S. Virgin 
Islands and Puerto Rico) and the Pacific (e.g., Hawaii, Guam, Palau, 
Marianas and American Samoa).
    Twenty-eight state safety and health plans have been approved by 
OSHA under section 18 of the OSH Act.\10\ The scope and application 
section of the CDO standard, 29 CFR 1910.401, explains that OSHA has 
jurisdiction over commercial diving operations when the dive location 
is within

[[Page 21827]]

OSHA's geographical authority, and when such operations are not covered 
by the U.S. Coast Guard. As explained in OSHA's Directive regarding 
enforcement of Subpart T (``CDO Directive''),\11\ OSHA's CDO standard 
covers private-sector employers in federal enforcement states, and 
employers who dive in association with maritime standards (i.e., 
shipyard employment, longshoring, and marine terminals) when these 
operations are not covered by a State with an OSHA-approved State Plan. 
States with approved State Plans enforce the diving standard: (1) When 
commercial diving operations are being conducted by private-sector 
employees not engaged in shipyard employment or marine terminal 
activities (e.g., equipment repair, sewer maintenance, or 
construction); (2) in maritime operations (i.e., shipyard employment 
and marine terminals) as provided by the plans in California, 
Minnesota, Vermont, and Washington; and (3) with regard to state and 
local government employees. The location of the dive determines which 
entity has authority over the dive conditions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Six State Plans (Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, New Jersey, 
New York, and the Virgin Islands) limit their occupational safety 
and health authority to state and local employers only. State Plans 
that exercise their occupational safety and health authority over 
both public- and private-sector employers are: Alaska, Arizona, 
California, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, 
Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Puerto Rico, 
South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and 
Wyoming.
    \11\ See OSHA Directive Number: CPL-02-00-151, ``29 CFR part 
1910, subpart T--Commercial Diving Operations'' [Dated: 06/13/2011], 
available at: http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/Directive_pdf/CPL_02-00-151.pdf].
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under 29 CFR 1902.8(c), an employer may apply to Federal OSHA for a 
variance where a state standard is identical to a federal standard 
addressed to the same hazard, and the variance would be applicable to 
employment or places of employment in more than one state, including at 
least one state with an approved plan. Of the twenty-eight State Plans, 
only California, Michigan, Oregon, and Washington have promulgated 
their own state diving standards; Arizona has adopted 29 CFR 1910, 
subpart T with the exception of one provision that is not germane to 
this application,\12\ and all other State Plans have fully adopted 29 
CFR part 1910, subpart T by reference. Michigan and Oregon adopted 
diving standards 29 CFR part 1910, subpart T by reference, although 
Oregon's diving standards include additional State-specific rules.\13\ 
Washington's diving standards do not adopt 29 CFR part 1910, subpart T 
by reference, but include rules that are identical to each of the 
federal requirements at issue in JHT's application (see Washington 
Administrative Code, Chapter 296-37, Sec. Sec.  510-595). California's 
diving operations standards contain two rules that are substantively 
identical to two of the OSHA standards at issue in JHT's application 
(see California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Subchapter 7, Group 26 
Sec. Sec.  6062(b)(1) and (3)((A)-(C)) (substantively identical to 29 
CFR 1910.423(c)(1) and (c)(3)). Exhibit OSHA-2015-0024-0009 provides a 
side-by-side comparison of the Washington and California standards that 
are identical in substance and requirements to the Federal OSHA 
standards at issue in this variance application.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ See 20 A.A.C. 5 Sec.  R20-5-602.01 (adopting OSHA's CDO 
Standard with the exception of 29 CFR 1910.401(a)(2)(ii)), available 
at: http://apps.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_20/20-05.pdf.
    \13\ See Michigan's Occupational Health Standards, Part 504, 
Sec.  R 325.50303, ``Adoption by reference of federal standard,'' 
available at: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/lara/lara_miosha_OH_504_417497_7.pdf; Oregon Admin. Rule 437 002-0340, 
``Adoption by Reference,'' available at: http://osha.oregon.gov/OSHARules/div2/div2T.pdf#page=7.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    JHT certified in its application that it has not filed an 
application for a permanent variance on the same material facts with a 
State Plan program. JHT's variance application fits the parameters of 
29 CFR 1902.8, and Federal OSHA's action on this application will be 
deemed prospectively an authoritative interpretation of JHT's 
compliance obligations regarding the applicable state standards in the 
places of employment covered by the application. As part of the 
permanent variance process, OSHA's Directorate of Cooperative and State 
Programs will notify all State Plans that are potentially affected by 
OSHA's decision to grant JHT a permanent variance.

III. Comments on the Proposed Variance

    On August 2, 2017, OSHA published a preliminary notice announcing 
JHT's application, granting an interim order, and requesting comments 
(82 FR 35995 (Aug. 2, 2017)). In response, OSHA received one public 
comment on the proposed variance application from NOAA, who expressed 
support for granting JHT the permanent variance, made clarifications 
and corrections to the information in the notice, and suggested several 
changes to the terms of the permanent variance (OSHA-2015-0024-0010). 
As explained below, OSHA has accepted some of NOAA's requested changes 
to the terms of the permanent variance and declined others.
    Regarding proposed Condition A, which governs the scope of the 
variance (82 FR at 36002), NOAA commented on the language in proposed 
Paragraphs (1) and (2) that limited the applicability of the variance 
to ``commercial diving operations conducted for NOAA under the NDP from 
a NOAA vessel commercial diving operations,'' and ``from an uninspected 
vessel within OSHA's geographical authority.'' NOAA explained that the 
NDP dives are launched from a variety of platforms, including 
uninspected vessels operated by NOAA, as well as inspected vessels 
contracted by NOAA, piers, docks, and shore. Because not all NDP dives 
are conducted from NOAA vessels, NOAA commented that the variance would 
have greater applicability if these paragraphs were changed to include 
all dives under the control of the NDP and within the jurisdiction of 
OSHA. After considering this comment, OSHA determined that a change to 
the conditions of the permanent variance was warranted. The conditions 
to the variance provide JHT divers with protection equivalent to the 
CDO standard irrespective of whether the dive site is a vessel or a 
pier, dock, or shore, and diver safety is best promoted where diving 
safety rules are clear and consistently applicable to all divers at all 
worksites. Accordingly, OSHA has revised paragraphs (1) and (2) of 
Condition A so that the variance applies to all dives under the control 
of the NDP and within the jurisdiction of OSHA.
    Regarding proposed Condition E, which concerns worker qualification 
and training requirements (82 FR at 36003), NOAA provided a comment on 
the requirement in paragraph (1) that requires JHT to develop and 
implement an effective qualification and training program for its 
affected divers that, as a minimum, meets the requirements set forth in 
29 CFR 1910.410 (qualifications of a dive team). NOAA stated that JHT 
does not have a diving program, but rather relies on the NDP to train, 
equip, medically monitor and supervise its divers. NOAA therefore 
suggested that OSHA change this condition so that it requires JHT to 
ensure that its divers adhere to all requirements of the NDP, a program 
which meets the requirements set forth in 29 CFR 1910.410. Given JHT's 
relationship with NOAA and the limited scope of the variance, OSHA 
determined that changing Condition E to require that JHT's 
qualification and training program also meet the requirements of the 
NDP is warranted. OSHA does not agree, however, with NOAA's suggestion 
that the NDP alone should substitute for JHT's obligation to develop 
and implement an effective qualification and training program for its 
divers. Accordingly, OSHA revised paragraph (1) of Condition E of the 
permanent variance so that it requires JHT to develop a qualification 
and training program that, at a minimum, meets all

[[Page 21828]]

of the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.410 and all of the requirements of 
the NDP.
    NOAA also commented on the requirement in paragraph (2) of proposed 
Condition E that required JHT's affected divers to successfully 
complete NDP's three-week, 140-hour ``Working Diver'' course. NOAA 
explained that the ``Working Diver'' course was discontinued in 
September 2014 and replaced with a modular course that also provides a 
three-week training evolution. NOAA commented that OSHA should change 
the language so that it requires JHT divers to complete all training 
required by the NDP to become a NOAA diver. After considering this 
comment, OSHA determined that a change to the conditions of the 
permanent variance was warranted. Removing the reference to the 
specific course will avoid the confusion that would result from 
requiring JHT to complete a discontinued course, and will maintain the 
original intent of the provision, which was to ensure that JHT's divers 
complete the same training that NOAA requires for its NDP divers. 
Accordingly, OSHA has updated paragraph (2) of Condition E of the 
permanent variance to remove any reference to the ``Working Diver'' 
course, and instead require that JHT ensure that each affected diver 
successfully completes all training required by the NOAA Diving Program 
that is required to become a NOAA Diver.
    NOAA also commented on paragraph (3) to proposed Condition E, which 
required JHT to ensure that its diver training program include eight 
specific safety-related components. NOAA stated that JHT does not have 
a diver training program, and instead relies on the NDP to train its 
divers, but all of the listed components in paragraph (3) are included 
in the NDP's diver authorization requirements. NOAA suggested that OSHA 
revise the paragraph so that it requires JHT's divers to complete all 
continuing training required by the NDP to maintain their status as an 
authorized NOAA diver. After considering this comment, OSHA determined 
that revising the condition is warranted. The permanent variance only 
applies to JHT divers when they dive for NOAA as part of the NDP, and 
to be authorized to dive for the NDP, a JHT diver must satisfy all of 
the eight components listed in paragraph (3). Accordingly, OSHA has 
revised paragraph (3) of Condition E of the permanent variance so that 
JHT must ensure that all of its divers complete all continuing training 
required by the NDP to maintain status as an authorized NOAA diver, and 
that such training must, at a minimum, include the eight components 
listed in paragraph (3).
    Regarding proposed Condition G, which provides various OSHA 
notification requirements (82 FR at 36003), NOAA commented that the 
condition in paragraph (2) to provide OSHA with any recordable dive-
related incident investigation reports (using OSHA Form 301) within 24 
hours of the incident does not provide sufficient time to determine the 
scope of a diving injury, assess root causes, and determine corrective 
action. The comment further noted that this expedited reporting 
requirement was not placed upon NOAA under the Alternate Standards to 
the Commercial Diving Standards, and that NOAA may submit such reports 
within seven (7) days of the incident. Because JHT divers will only 
dive under the control of the NDP, NOAA commented that the expedited 
reporting requirement for incidents involving JHT's divers was onerous. 
After considering this comment, OSHA determined that no change to this 
condition of the permanent variance was warranted. OSHA believes that 
providing expedited notification to OSHA of injuries and illnesses is 
essential because time is a critical element in OSHA's ability to 
determine the continued effectiveness of the variance conditions in 
preventing dive-related incidents. Additionally, OSHA believes that 
expedited notification of injuries and illnesses will ensure that JHT 
identifies and implements appropriate corrective and preventative 
actions. Accordingly, this condition of the permanent variance has not 
been changed and JHT must submit incident reports for recordable 
injuries or illnesses within twenty-four hours of the incident.
    Regarding proposed Condition G, Paragraph (5), NOAA commented that 
the requirement for JHT to notify OSHA on the need to revise dive 
procedures to accommodate changes in diving operations that affect its 
ability to comply with the conditions of the permanent variance within 
fifteen (15) working days is unwarranted. The comment further notes 
that JHT does not have a diving operation, as all on-duty dives 
performed under the control of the NDP, and JHT relies completely upon 
NOAA to train, equip, medically monitor, and supervise its divers. 
After considering this comment, OSHA determined that no change is 
warranted. OSHA is not making a change to this condition because the 
permanent variance is granted on the basis of the proposed work 
activity being determined ``as safe and healthful'' as coverage 
provided by the standard, and without updates about any changes to the 
procedures governing these work activities, OSHA will be unable to 
determine if the permanent variance continues to provide equivalent 
worker protection. Additionally, while JHT will be performing diving 
operations under the NDP, notification of changes to procedures that 
may impact the conditions of the permanent variance will allow OSHA to 
ensure that JHT identifies and implements appropriate preventative and 
corrective actions. Accordingly, this condition to the permanent 
variance has not been changed and JHT must notify OTPCA and the Area 
Office closest to the dive location within fifteen (15) working days of 
any changes to its dive procedures that affect its ability to comply 
with the conditions of the proposed permanent variance.
    Regarding proposed Condition G, Paragraph (7), NOAA commented that 
the condition requiring JHT to provide OTPCA and the OSHA Area and 
Regional Offices closest to the preceding year's dive locations a 
report summarizing dives completed and evaluating the effectiveness of 
the variance conditions was unnecessary. NOAA again noted that OSHA did 
not place a similar requirement on NOAA when it granted the NOAA 
Alternate Diving Standards, and given that JHT divers will only dive 
under the control of the NOAA Diving Program, the requirement is 
onerous. NOAA also stated that the NDP produces an annual report which 
outlines all diving activities each year, which provides dives by 
location, type, depth and task, and requested that OSHA change the 
condition to allow JHT to meet the requirement by submitting the NDP's 
annual report. After considering this comment, OSHA has determined that 
it will not revise this reporting condition or replace it with a 
requirement for JHT to submit the NDP's annual report. OSHA believes 
that JHT providing this annual summary outlining the dives completed 
and its evaluation of the effectiveness of the variance conditions is 
essential to OSHA's monitoring of the effectiveness of the permanent 
variance.
    The final comment from NOAA was a request to make the permanent 
variance applicable to all employers who supply contract employees who 
are part of the NOAA Diving Program. After considering this comment, 
OSHA has determined that applicability of the permanent variance will 
only be to JHT and its employees who engage in diving with NOAA under 
the NDP. JHT alone applied for this permanent variance under 29 U.S.C. 
655(d) and 29 CFR

[[Page 21829]]

1905.11. Should any other company that supplies contract employees to 
NOAA to dive as part of the NOAA Diving Program desire a similar 
permanent variance, the company must apply for a permanent variance. 
Accordingly, OSHA has not updated the permanent variance in response to 
this comment.

IV. Description of Conditions Specified for the Permanent Variance

    This section describes the conditions that comprise the alternative 
means of compliance with 29 CFR 1910.430(d)(3); 29 CFR 1910.430(d)(4); 
29 CFR 1910.423(b)(2); 29 CFR 1910.423(c)(1); 29 CFR 1910.423(c)(3) and 
29 CFR 1910.424(b)(2), that form the basis of the permanent variance 
that OSHA is granting JHT in this notice.

Condition A: Scope

    The permanent variance applies only to the commercial diving 
operations that JHT conducts for NOAA, under the control of the NDP, 
and within OSHA's jurisdiction. The variance applies when JHT's 
employees dive as part of an NDP diving operation, and within OSHA's 
geographical authority, as defined by 29 U.S.C. 653(a), and when such 
operations are not covered by the U.S. Coast Guard. As explained in 
Section III, the permanent variance applies to all qualifying dives, 
and is not limited to dives from NOAA-operated uninspected vessels. 
Coverage is limited to the work situations specified under the ``Scope 
and application'' section of Subpart T, Commercial Diving Operations 
(1910.401(a)), and does not apply to commercial diving operations that 
are already exempted under 1910.401(a)(2).\14\ When implementing the 
conditions of the permanent variance, JHT must comply fully with all 
safety and health provisions that are applicable to commercial diving 
operations as specified by 29 CFR 1910, Subpart T, except for the 
requirements specified by 29 CFR 1910.430(d)(3), 1910.430(d)(4), 
1910.423(b)(2), 1910.423(c)(1), 1910.423(c)(3), and 1910.424(b)(2).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ Section 1910.401(a)(2) provides that the CDO standard does 
not apply to any dive (i) performed solely for instructional 
purposes, using open-circuit, compressed-air SCUBA and conducted 
within the no-decompression limits; (ii) performed solely for 
search, rescue, or related public safety purposes by or under the 
control of a governmental agency; (iii) governed by 45 CFR part 46 
(Protection of Human Subjects, U.S. Department of Health and Human 
Services) or equivalent rules or regulations established by another 
federal agency, which regulate research, development, or related 
purposes involving human subjects; or (iv) fitting the standard's 
definition of ``scientific diving.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Condition B: Definitions

    In Condition B, OSHA defines a number of abbreviations that are 
used in the permanent variance. Defining these abbreviations is 
intended to clarify and standardize their usage, thereby enhancing the 
JHT's and its employees' understanding of the conditions specified by 
the permanent variance.

Condition C: Requirements for Inflatable Flotation (or Buoyance 
Compensation) Devices

    In Condition C, OSHA requires that, when using a buoyancy 
compensator device (BCD) for SCUBA diving, JHT must ensure that: The 
device is used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions; is 
capable of being inflated orally and via the diver's primary breathing 
gas supply; and, all divers carry an independent reserve cylinder of 
breathing gas with a separate regulator that could be used for BCD 
inflation in an emergency. When SCUBA diving, JHT must also ensure that 
divers use an inflatable flotation device that is: Capable of 
maintaining the diver at the surface in a positively buoyant state; 
and, has a manually activated inflation source, an oral inflation 
device, and an exhaust valve. Also, when SCUBA diving, JHT must ensure 
divers are never permitted to dive alone unless they are line-tended 
and provided with topside support.
    Based upon the technical review of the alternate conditions 
described above (see sec. II.B.), OSHA has determined that these 
conditions provide JHT's divers with protection equivalent to the 
provisions in the CDO standard that regulate inflatable flotation 
devices. OSHA approved these same conditions for NOAA-employed NDP 
divers when it granted the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards on September 
5, 2014, and there are no differences in training requirements, medical 
clearance procedures, equipment use and maintenance requirements, and 
diving procedures for NOAA-employed and JHT-employed divers under the 
NDP. OSHA grants JHT's request for a permanent variance, using the 
conditions of the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards, in combination with 
the additional conditions specified in this notice.

Condition D: Requirements for Decompression Chambers

    Condition D requires that, for any dive that is outside the no-
decompression limits or deeper than 130 FSW or using mixed gas with a 
percentage of oxygen less than air as a breathing mixture, JHT must 
instruct the diver to remain awake and in the vicinity of the 
decompression chamber which is at the dive location for at least one 
hour after the dive (including decompression or treatment as 
appropriate). Additionally, for any dive using air or a nitrox 
breathing-gas mixture within the no-decompression limits that is deeper 
than 100 FSW but no deeper than 130 FSW, JHT must make available within 
four hours of the dive location a dual-lock and multiplace 
decompression chamber capable of recompressing the diver at the surface 
to a minimum of 165 FSW (6 ATA). JHT must also meet the medical-
treatment provisions of Appendix C to the CDO rule (i.e., Condition 8, 
``Treating Diving-Related Medical Emergencies''), and is prohibited 
from conducting SCUBA diving using air or nitrox breathing-gas mixture 
at depths deeper than 100 FSW but no deeper than 130 FSW, or outside 
the no-decompression limits, unless a 6 ATA decompression chamber is 
ready for use (diving operations performed for instructional purposes 
in accordance with Sec.  1910.401(a)(2)(i) are exempt). When using a 
nitrox breathing-gas mixture, JHT must meet the no-decompression 
provisions of Appendix C to the CDO rule (i.e., Condition 5, ``Use of 
No-Decompression Limits'') and ensure that the partial pressure of 
oxygen in breathing-gas mixtures does not exceed 1.40 ATA or 40% by 
volume, whichever exposes the diver to less oxygen.
    Based upon the technical review of the proposed alternate 
conditions regarding its use of decompression chambers (see section 
II.C.), OSHA has determined the specified conditions provide JHT's 
divers with protection equivalent to the CDO standard. OSHA approved 
these same conditions for NOAA-employed NDP divers when it granted the 
NOAA Alternate Diving Standards on September 5, 2014, and there are no 
differences in training requirements, medical clearance procedures, 
equipment use and maintenance requirements, and required diving 
procedures for NOAA-employed and JHT-employed divers under the NDP. 
OSHA grants the requested permanent variance based on the conditions of 
the NOAA Alternate Diving Standards in combination with the additional 
conditions specified in this notice.

Condition E: Worker Qualification and Training

    Condition E requires JHT to develop and implement an effective 
qualification and training program for its affected divers that, at a 
minimum, meets the requirements set forth in 29 CFR

[[Page 21830]]

1910.410 qualifications of a dive team. As explained in section III of 
this notice, Condition E also provides that JHT's qualification and 
training program must also meet the requirements of the NOAA Diving 
Program (NDP). The condition specifies that JHT must ensure that all 
affected divers successfully complete all training required by the NOAA 
Diving Program to become a NOAA Diver. The condition also specifies 
that JHT must ensure that all affected divers complete all of the NDP's 
diver training requirements to be authorized NOAA Diver, and that such 
training must, at a minimum, include: (1) Instruction in the conditions 
of the permanent variance; (2) annual refresher training in oxygen 
administration (academic and practical components); (3) instruction in 
maintaining current CPR/AED and First Aid certification; (4) 
maintaining proficiency in diving by making at least three (3) dives 
per quarter; (5) completing and passing an annual swim test; (6) 
completing and passing an annual skills test to demonstrate the diver's 
ability to safely operate underwater; (7) successfully completing one 
or more annual rescue drills to demonstrate the diver's ability to 
surface, extricate, treat and evacuate the victim of a diving accident; 
and (8) instruction in properly verifying that the diver's life support 
gear was serviced annually by a certified technician. JHT must also 
document and track all affected divers' training.
    OSHA believes that having well-trained and qualified divers 
performing the required dive tasks ensures that they recognize, and 
respond appropriately to underwater safety and health hazards. These 
qualification and training requirements will enable affected JHT divers 
to cope effectively with emergencies, as well as the discomfort and 
physiological effects of hyperbaric exposure, thereby preventing 
injury, illness, and fatalities.

Condition F: Recordkeeping

    Condition F requires JHT to maintain records of specific factors 
associated with each dive. The information gathered and recorded under 
this provision, in concert with the information provided under 
Condition G (using OSHA 301 Incident Report form to investigate and 
record dive-related recordable injuries as defined by 29 CFR 1904.4, 
1904.7, 1904.8 through 1904.12), will enable JHT and OSHA to determine 
the effectiveness of the permanent variance in preventing DCS and other 
dive-related injuries and illnesses.\15\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ See 29 CFR 1904, Recording and Reporting Occupational 
Injuries and Illnesses (http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owandisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9631); recordkeeping 
forms and instructions (http://www.osha.gov/recordkeeping/RKform300pkg-fillable-enabled.pdf); and updates to OSHA's 
recordkeeping rule, 79 FR 56130, September 18, 2014 (more 
information available at: http://www.osha.gov/recordkeeping2014/index.html).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Condition G: Notifications

    The notification provisions in Condition G are intended to ensure 
that JHT provides timely notification to OSHA of dive-related incidents 
involving JHT divers and dive team members. Under this condition, JHT 
is required to: (1) Notify the Office of Technical Programs and 
Coordination Activities (OTPCA) and the Area Office closest to the dive 
location of any recordable injuries, illnesses, in-patient 
hospitalizations, amputations, loss of an eye, or fatality that occur 
as a result of diving operations within eight (8) hours of the 
incident; (2) provide OTPCA and the Area Office closest to the dive 
location within twenty-four (24) hours of the incident with a copy of 
the incident investigation report (using OSHA 301 form); (3) include on 
the OSHA 301 form information on the diving conditions associated with 
the recordable injury or illness, the root-cause determination, and 
preventive and corrective actions identified and implemented; (4) 
provide certification that it informed affected divers of the incident 
and the results of the incident investigation; (5) notify OTPCA and the 
Area Office closest to the dive location within fifteen (15) working 
days should the applicant need to revise its dive procedures to 
accommodate changes in its diving operations that affect its ability to 
comply with the conditions of the permanent variance; (6) obtain OSHA's 
written approval prior to implementing the revision in its dive 
procedures to accommodate changes in its diving operations that affect 
its ability to comply with the conditions in the permanent variance; 
(7) by the fifteenth (15th) of January, at the beginning of each new 
calendar year, provide OTPCA, and the Area Offices and their 
corresponding Regional Offices closest to the preceding year's dive 
locations, with a report summarizing the dives completed during the 
year just ended and evaluating the effectiveness of the variance 
conditions in providing a safe and healthful work environment and in 
preventing dive-related incidents; and (8) Notify OSHA if it ceases to 
do business, has a new address or location for its main office, or 
transfers the operations covered by the permanent variance to a 
successor company; and (9) Ensure that OSHA would approve the transfer 
of the permanent variance to a successor company.
    OSHA acknowledges that the requirement for completing and 
submitting the dive-related (recordable) incident investigation report 
(OSHA 301 form) is more restrictive than OSHA's generally applicable 
recordkeeping requirements, which require employers to complete an OSHA 
301 form within seven (7) calendar days of the incident (29 CFR 
1904.29(b)(3)). The abbreviated timeframe for investigating and 
reporting incidents under this permanent variance applies only to dive-
related and recordable incidents. Providing expedited notification to 
OSHA of such incidents is essential because time is a critical element 
in OSHA's ability to determine the continued effectiveness of the 
variance conditions in preventing dive-related incidents, and to ensure 
that JHT identifies and implements appropriate corrective and 
preventive actions. Timely notification permits OSHA to take necessary 
and appropriate actions to prevent further injuries and illnesses, 
including determining whether to revise or revoke the conditions of the 
permanent variance. Providing notification to affected employees will 
ensure that employees are aware of the precautions that JHT implements 
to prevent similar future incidents.
    Additionally, this condition requires JHT to notify OSHA if it 
ceases to do business, has a new main office address or location, or 
transfers the operations covered by the permanent variance to a 
successor company. Further, pursuant to this condition, OSHA must 
approve the transfer of the permanent variance to a successor company. 
These requirements will: (1) Provide assurance that the successor 
company has knowledge of, and would comply with, the conditions 
specified by the permanent variance; (2) allow OSHA to communicate 
effectively with the applicant regarding the status of the permanent 
variance; and (3) expedite the agency's administration and enforcement 
of the permanent variance, thereby ensuring the continued safety of 
affected divers.

V. Decision

    As previously indicated in this notice, OSHA reviewed JHT's 
application for a permanent variance and interim order, and the 
supporting technical documentation, including the alternate standards 
that OSHA granted to NOAA on September 5, 2014. After completing

[[Page 21831]]

this review, OSHA determined that JHT's application proposes an 
effective alternative means of protection that will protect its 
employees engaged in NDP diving operations as effectively as the 
requirements articulated in 29 CFR 1910.430(d)(3); 29 CFR 
1910.430(d)(4); 29 CFR 1910.423(b)(2); 29 CFR 1910.423(c)(1); 29 CFR 
1910.423(c)(3) and 29 CFR 1910.424(b)(2). Based on this determination, 
on August 2, 2017, OSHA published a preliminary Federal Register notice 
(82 FR 35995) announcing JHT's application for a permanent variance, 
granting JHT an interim order, and issuing a request for comments. 
Since OSHA granted the interim order, JHT has been required to comply 
fully with the conditions of the interim order as an alternative to 
complying with the requirements of the above-listed OSHA standards.
    After reviewing and evaluating the alternative means of protection 
that JHT proposed to provide its employees, and the one comment that 
OSHA received during the public comment period, OSHA has determined 
that the alternative conditions detailed in this permanent variance 
will provide JHT's employees working conditions that are as safe and 
healthful as those which would prevail if JHT complied with 29 CFR 
1910.430(d)(3), 1910.430(d)(4), 1910.423(b)(2), 1910.423(c)(1), 
1910.423(c)(3), and 1910.424(b)(2). Based on the record discussed 
above, and in accordance with section 6(d) of the OSH Act (29 U.S.C. 
655(d)), OSHA grants JHT's application for a permanent variance. This 
order prescribes the conditions that JHT must maintain, adopt, and 
utilize to the extent they differ from the standards in question.
    Under the terms of this permanent variance, JHT must: (1) Comply 
with the conditions listed below under Section VI of this notice 
(``Order''); (2) comply fully with all other applicable provisions of 
29 CFR part 1910; and (3) provide a copy of this Federal Register 
notice to all employees affected by the conditions using the same means 
it used to inform these employees of its application for a permanent 
variance. This order will remain in effect unless OSHA modifies or 
revokes this final order in accordance with 29 CFR 1905.13.

VI. Order

    As of the effective date of this final order, OSHA is revoking the 
Interim Order granted to the employer on August 2, 2017 (82 FR 35995).
    OSHA issues this final order authorizing Jardon and Howard 
Technologies, Incorporated (``JHT'') to comply with the following 
conditions instead of complying with the requirements of paragraphs 29 
CFR 1910.430(d)(3), 1910.430(d)(4), 1910.423(b)(2), 1910.423(c)(1), 
1910.423(c)(3), and 1910.424(b)(2) of OSHA's commercial diving 
standard. The conditions apply to all of JHT's commercial diving 
operations that it conducts with NOAA under the NOAA Diving Program 
(NDP). These conditions are:

A. Scope

    1. The permanent variance applies only to JHT's commercial diving 
operations conducted for NOAA under the control of the NOAA Diving 
Program.
    2. The permanent variance only applies to JHT diving operations 
that are covered under Subpart T of 29 CFR part 1910 (see 29 CFR 
1910.401(a)). Accordingly, the variance will only apply when the dive 
location is within OSHA's geographical authority, as defined by 29 
U.S.C. 653(a), and when such operations are not covered by the U.S. 
Coast Guard.
    3. The permanent variance does not apply to commercial diving 
operations exempted by 29 CFR 1910.401(a)(2), including diving 
operations performed solely for instructional purposes, using open-
circuit, compressed-air SCUBA and conducted within the no-decompression 
limits; diving performed solely for search, rescue, or related public 
safety purposes by or under the control of a governmental agency; 
diving for research, development, or related purposes involving human 
subjects, as governed by 45 CFR part 46 or equivalent rules or 
regulations established by another federal agency; and scientific 
diving. To qualify for the scientific diving exemption, all of the 
requirements in 29 CFR 1910.401(a)(2)(iv) and Appendix B to 29 CFR part 
1910, subpart T, must be met.
    4. Except for the requirements specified by 29 CFR 1910.430(d)(3), 
1910.430(d)(4), 1910.423(b)(2), 1910.423(c)(1), 1910.423(c)(3), and 
1910.424(b)(2), JHT must comply fully with all other applicable 
provisions of Subpart T of 29 CFR part 1910 when conducting commercial 
diving operations.

B. Definitions

    The following definitions apply to this permanent variance:

ATA--Atmosphere(s) Absolute
BCD--Buoyancy Compensator Device
CDO--Commercial Diving Operations
DCS--Decompression Sickness
FSW--feet of seawater
JHT--Jardon and Howard Technologies, Incorporated
NDP--NOAA Diving Program
OSHA--Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OTPCA--OSHA's Office of Technical Programs and Coordination Activities
p.s.i.--pounds per square inch
SCUBA--Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

C. Requirements for Inflatable Flotation Devices

    1. When using a BCD for SCUBA diving, JHT must ensure that: The 
device is used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions; is 
capable of being inflated orally and via the diver's primary breathing 
gas supply; and all divers carry an independent reserve cylinder of 
breathing gas with a separate regulator that could be used for BCD 
inflation in an emergency.
    2. When SCUBA diving, JHT must ensure that divers use an inflatable 
flotation device that is: Capable of maintaining the diver at the 
surface in a positively buoyant state; and have a manually activated 
inflation source, an oral inflation device, and an exhaust valve.
    3. When SCUBA diving, JHT must ensure that divers are never 
permitted to dive alone unless they are line-tended and provided with 
topside support (as a minimum, topside support includes a designated 
person-in-charge and a standby diver).

D. Requirements for Decompression Chambers

    1. For any dive that is outside the no-decompression limits or 
deeper than 130 FSW or using mixed gas with a percentage of oxygen less 
than air as a breathing mixture, JHT must instruct the diver to remain 
awake and in the vicinity of the decompression chamber, which is at the 
dive location for at least one hour after the dive (including 
decompression or treatment as appropriate).
    2. For any dive using air or nitrox breathing-gas mixture within 
the no-decompression limits that is deeper than 100 FSW but no deeper 
than 130 FSW, JHT must make available a decompression chamber that is: 
Dual-lock, multiplace, and located within four hours of the dive 
location. JHT will have to meet the no-decompression provisions of 
Appendix C to the CDO rule (i.e., Condition 5, ``Use of No-
Decompression Limits'') and ensure that the partial pressure of oxygen 
in breathing-gas mixtures does not exceed 1.40 ATA or 40% by volume, 
whichever exposes the diver to less oxygen.
    3. JHT must meet the medical-treatment provisions of Appendix C to 
the CDO rule (i.e., Condition 8,

[[Page 21832]]

``Treating Diving-Related Medical Emergencies'').
    4. JHT is prohibited from conducting SCUBA diving using air or 
nitrox breathing-gas mixture at depths deeper than 100 FSW but no 
deeper than 130 FSW, or outside the no-decompression limits, unless a 6 
ATA decompression chamber is ready for use (diving operations performed 
for instructional purposes in accordance with Sec.  1910.401(a)(2)(i) 
are exempt).

E. Worker Qualification and Training

    JHT is required to:
    1. Develop and implement an effective qualification and training 
program for its affected divers that, at a minimum, meets the 
requirements set forth in 29 CFR 1910.410 (qualifications of a dive 
team), and all of the requirements of the NDP;
    2. Ensure that each affected diver (including, but not limited to, 
current and newly assigned to be involved in diving operations under 
the NDP) successfully completes all training required by the NDP to 
become a NOAA Diver;
    3. Ensure that all divers complete all continuing training required 
by NDP to maintain status as an authorized NOAA Diver. At a minimum, 
the diver training program must include the following: (a) Instruction 
in the conditions of the permanent variance; (b) annual refresher 
training in oxygen administration (academic and practical components); 
(c) instruction in maintaining current CPR/AED and First Aid 
certification; (d) maintaining proficiency in diving by making at least 
three (3) dives per quarter; (e) completing and passing an annual swim 
test; (f) completing and passing an annual skills test to demonstrate 
the diver's ability to safely operate underwater; (g) successfully 
completing one or more annual rescue drills to demonstrate the diver's 
ability to surface, extricate, treat and evacuate the victim of a 
diving accident; and (h) instruction in properly verifying that the 
diver's life support gear was serviced annually by a certified 
technician;
    4. Document the training in order to provide a means of tracking 
the training received by divers and, consequently, to prompt JHT to 
update that training if necessary.

F. Recordkeeping

    JHT is required to:
    1. Maintain records of recordable injuries that occur as a result 
of diving operations conducted for NOAA under the NDP;
    2. Ensure that the information gathered and recorded under this 
provision, in concert with the information provided under condition G 
(using OSHA 301 Incident Report form to investigate and record dive-
related recordable injuries as defined by 29 CFR 1904.4, 1904.7, 1904.8 
through 1904.12), would enable the JHT and OSHA to determine the 
effectiveness of the permanent variance in preventing DCS and other 
dive-related injuries and illnesses.

G. Notifications

    1. Notify the OTPCA and the Area Office closest to the dive 
location of any recordable injuries, illnesses, in-patient 
hospitalizations, amputations, loss of an eye, or fatality that occur 
as a result of diving operations within eight (8) hours of the 
incident;
    2. Provide OTCPA and the Area Office closest to the dive location 
within twenty-four (24) hours of the incident with a copy of the 
incident investigation report using OSHA 301 form;
    3. Include on the OSHA 301 form information on the diving 
conditions associated with the recordable injury or illness, the root-
cause determination, and preventive and corrective actions identified 
and implemented;
    4. Provide certification that it informed affected divers of the 
incident and the results of the incident investigation;
    5. Notify OTPCA and the Area Office closest to the dive location 
within fifteen (15) working days should JHT need to revise its dive 
procedures to accommodate changes in its diving operations that affect 
its ability to comply with the conditions of the permanent variance;
    6. Obtain OSHA's written approval prior to implementing the 
revision in its dive procedures to accommodate changes in its diving 
operations that affect its ability to comply with the conditions in the 
permanent variance;
    7. By the fifteenth (15th) of January, at the beginning of each new 
calendar year, provide OTPCA, and the Area Offices and their 
corresponding Regional Office closest to the preceding year's dive 
locations, with a report summarizing the dives completed during the 
year just ended and evaluating the effectiveness of the permanent 
variance conditions in providing a safe and healthful work environment 
and in preventing dive-related incidents;
    8. Notify OSHA if it ceases to do business, has a new main office 
address or location, or transfers the operations covered by the 
permanent variance to a successor company; and
    9. Ensure that OSHA would approve the transfer of the permanent 
variance to a successor company.
    OSHA will publish a copy of this notice in the Federal Register.

Authority and Signature

    Loren Sweatt, Acting Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational 
Safety and Health, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210, 
authorized the preparation of this notice. Accordingly, the agency is 
issuing this notice pursuant to Section 29 U.S.C. 655(6)(d), Secretary 
of Labor's Order No. 1-2012 (77 FR 3912, Jan. 25, 2012), and 29 CFR 
1905.11.

    Signed at Washington, DC, on May 1, 2019.
Loren Sweatt,
Acting Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health.
[FR Doc. 2019-09988 Filed 5-14-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4510-26-P