[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 72 (Monday, April 15, 2019)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 15446-15488]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-06917]



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Vol. 84

Monday,

No. 72

April 15, 2019

Part III





Department of Commerce





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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration





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50 CFR Part 224





Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status of the 
Gulf of Mexico Bryde's Whale; Rule

  Federal Register / Vol. 84 , No. 72 / Monday, April 15, 2019 / Rules 
and Regulations  

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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

50 CFR Part 224

[Docket No. 141216999-8702-02]
RIN 0648-XD669


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status 
of the Gulf of Mexico Bryde's Whale

AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: We (NMFS) issue a final rule to list the Gulf of Mexico 
Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) (hereafter GOMx Bryde's whale) as 
endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). We have completed a 
status review of the GOMx Bryde's whale in response to a petition 
submitted by the Natural Resource Defense Council. After reviewing the 
best scientific and commercial data available, including the status 
review and comments received on the proposed rule, we have determined 
that the GOMx Bryde's whale is a subspecies of B. edeni and warrants 
listing as endangered. The GOMx Bryde's whale is presently in danger of 
extinction (i.e., meets the definition of endangered) throughout all of 
its range due to its small population size and restricted range, and 
the threats of energy exploration, development and production, oil 
spills and oil spill response, vessel collision, fishing gear 
entanglement, and anthropogenic noise. Critical habitat is not 
determinable at this time but will be proposed in a future rulemaking.

DATES: This final rule is effective on May 15, 2019.

ADDRESSES: Public comments are available at www.regulations.gov 
identified by docket number NOAA-NMFS-2014-0157. A list of references 
cited in this final rule and other supporting materials are available 
at: http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/protected_resources/brydes_whale/index.html, or by submitting a request to the National Marine Fisheries 
Service, Southeast Regional Office, Protected Resources Division, 263 
13th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Laura Engleby or Calusa Horn, NMFS, 
Southeast Regional Office, (727) 824-5312, or email: 
[email protected] or [email protected]; or Lisa Manning, NMFS, 
Office of Protected Resources, (301) 427-8466, or email: 
[email protected]. If you use a telecommunications device for the 
deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    On September 18, 2014, we received a petition from the Natural 
Resources Defense Council to list the Gulf of Mexico population of 
Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) as an endangered species. The 
petition stated that the GOMx Bryde's whale is endangered based on at 
least three of the five section 4(a)(1) factors: Present or threatened 
destruction, modification, or curtailment of habitat or range; 
inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and other natural or 
manmade factors affecting its continued existence. The petitioner also 
requested that critical habitat be designated concurrent with listing 
under the ESA.
    On April 6, 2015, we published a 90-day finding in the Federal 
Register that the petition presented substantial scientific and 
commercial information indicating that the petitioned action may be 
warranted (80 FR 18343). At that time, we announced the initiation of a 
formal status review and requested scientific and commercial 
information from the public, government agencies, scientific community, 
industry, and any other interested parties on the delineation of, 
threats to, and the status of the GOMx Bryde's whale. We received eight 
public comments in response to the 90-day finding, with the majority of 
comments in support of the petition. The public provided scientific 
literature, including a recently developed density model and abundance 
estimate, which was considered in the status review.
    To help determine whether the Bryde's whale population in the Gulf 
of Mexico warrants listing under the ESA, we formed a Status Review 
Team (SRT) of seven biologists, including six biologists from NOAA 
Fisheries Science Centers (Southeast, Southwest, and Northeast) and 
Southeast Regional Office, and one from the Bureau of Safety and 
Environmental Enforcement--Gulf of Mexico Region, to compile and review 
the best available scientific and commercial information on Bryde's 
whales in the Gulf of Mexico and assess their extinction risk. The 
status review prepared by the SRT summarizes GOMx Bryde's whale 
taxonomy, distribution, abundance, and life history; identifies threats 
affecting the status of the species; and describes existing regulatory 
mechanisms and conservation efforts that affect the species (Rosel et 
al. 2016). The status review incorporates information received in 
response to our request for information (80 FR 18343; April 6, 2015), 
and was peer reviewed by three independent scientists with expertise in 
marine mammal biology, ecology, acoustics, genetics, management and 
policy, or related fields. Peer reviewer comments were addressed and 
incorporated, as appropriate, prior to dissemination of the final 
status review (Rosel et al. 2016).
    On December 8, 2016, we published a proposed rule to list the GOMx 
Bryde's whale as endangered (81 FR 88639). We solicited comments on our 
proposed rule from the public for 75 days (81 FR 88639, December 8, 
2016; 81 FR 92760, December 20, 2016; 82 FR 9707, February 8, 2017) and 
held a public hearing on January 19, 2017, at which we also accepted 
public comments. We are basing our listing determination on information 
in the status review, information received from the public, and 
additional materials cited in this final rule, which comprise the best 
available scientific and commercial information.

Listing Determinations Under the ESA

    We are responsible for determining whether the GOMx Bryde's whale 
is threatened or endangered under the ESA (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). 
Section 4(b)(1)(A) of the ESA requires us to make listing 
determinations based solely on the best scientific and commercial data 
available after conducting a review of the status of the species and 
after taking into account efforts being made by any state or foreign 
nation to protect the species. To be considered for listing under the 
ESA, a group of organisms must constitute a ``species,'' which is 
defined in section 3 of the ESA to include taxonomic species and any 
subspecies of fish, or wildlife, or plants, and any distinct population 
segment (DPS) of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which 
interbreeds when mature (section 3(16)). Under our joint regulations 
with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (collectively, the 
Services), we must rely not only on standard taxonomic distinctions, 
but also on the biological expertise of the agency and the scientific 
community, to determine if the relevant taxonomic group is a 
``species'' for purposes of the ESA (see 50 CFR 424.11(a)). Under 
section 4(a)(1) of the ESA, we must determine whether any species is 
endangered or threatened due to any of the following five section 
4(a)(1) factors: (A) The present or threatened destruction, 
modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B)

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overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of 
existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) other natural or manmade factors 
affecting its continued existence (sections 4(a)(1)(A) through (E)).
    Section 3 of the ESA defines an endangered species as ``any species 
which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant 
portion of its range'' and a threatened species as one ``which is 
likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future 
throughout all or a significant portion of its range.'' (sections 3(6) 
and 3(20)). Thus, we interpret an ``endangered species'' to be one that 
is presently in danger of extinction. A ``threatened species,'' on the 
other hand, is not currently at risk of extinction but is likely to 
become so in the foreseeable future. In other words, the primary 
statutory difference between a threatened and endangered species is the 
timing of when a species may be in danger of extinction, either 
presently (endangered) or in the foreseeable future (threatened).
    In determining whether the Gulf of Mexico population of Bryde's 
whale meets the definition of an endangered or threatened species under 
the ESA, we first determined that, based on the best scientific data 
available, the GOMx Bryde's whale is a subspecies of the globally 
distributed Bryde's whale, and thus eligible for listing under the ESA. 
We then considered the information on the specific life history and 
ecology of the species, the nature of threats, the species' response to 
those threats, and population numbers based on information included in 
the status review and any additional materials cited in this final 
rule, as well as the results of the Extinction Risk Assessment (ERA) in 
the status review. In determining whether the GOMx Bryde's whale is 
endangered or threatened, the mere identification of factors that could 
impact a species negatively is not sufficient to compel a finding that 
ESA listing is appropriate. In considering those factors that might 
constitute threats, we looked beyond the species' mere exposure to the 
factor to determine whether the species responds, either to a single 
threat or multiple threats, in a way that causes actual impacts at the 
species level. Once we evaluated the threats, we assessed the efforts 
being made to protect the species to determine if these conservation 
efforts are adequate to mitigate the existing threats and alter 
extinction risk. We also considered the public comments received in 
response to the proposed rule. In making this finding, we have relied 
on the best available scientific and commercial information.

Public Comments and Our Responses

    We requested comments on the proposed rule to list the GOMx Bryde's 
whale as endangered for an extended 60-day period (81 FR 88639, 
December 8, 2016; see also 81 FR 92760, December 20, 2016, which 
corrected the deadline for comment submissions published in the 
proposed rule). In response to a request to extend the public comment 
period, we re-opened the public comment period for an additional 15 
days (82 FR 9707; February 8, 2017), for a total comment period of 75 
days. One public hearing was also held on January 19, 2017, at NOAA 
Fisheries Southeast Regional Office, in St. Petersburg, Florida.
    To facilitate public participation, the proposed rule was made 
available on our regional web page and comments were accepted via 
standard mail and through the Federal eRulemaking portal. In addition 
to the proposed rule, the correction notice, the notice of the re-
opening of the comment period, and the status review were also made 
publically available.
    Four people attended the public hearing, three of whom offered oral 
comments that were similar to their written comments. We received 956 
public comments on the proposed rule and supporting documents. We 
received four sets of comments from groups that were opposed to listing 
the GOMx Bryde's whale as endangered under the ESA. All other comments 
supported listing the GOMx Bryde's whale as endangered under the ESA. 
One commenter attached a form letter that was signed by 11,690 members, 
as well as an additional 661 letters that were slightly modified 
versions of the same form letter. Another commenter submitted a letter 
including signatures from 102,702 members; 2,760 individuals included a 
unique supportive statement with their signature.
    We reviewed all comments received for information relevant to the 
proposed listing rule. We did not propose to designate critical habitat 
for the GOMx Bryde's whale in the proposed listing rule, but we 
requested information on the physical or biological features and areas 
that may support the life-history needs of the species and that may be 
designated as critical habitat. The few comments received concerning 
critical habitat are not germane to this action and will not be 
addressed in this final rule. However, such comments will be considered 
and addressed during subsequent rulemaking on critical habitat for the 
GOMx Bryde's whale. All relevant public comments are addressed in the 
following summary below. We have categorized comments under major 
issues and, where appropriate, have combined similar comments from 
multiple groups or members of the public and addressed them together.

Comments on NMFS' Use of Best Available Science

    Comment 1: Joint industry commenters stated that NMFS did not 
consider information they submitted in response to the request for 
public comment on the 90-day finding on the petition to list the GOMx 
Bryde's whale. They stated that the text of the status review suggests 
the SRT did not review their comments on the 90-day finding, and 
expressed concern that NMFS did not provide a response to their 
comment. Thus, the commenters stated that the 12-month finding is not 
based on the best scientific information available.
    Response: As described in the 90-day finding (80 FR 18343; April 6, 
2015), and as set forth in the ESA, because we made a positive finding 
on the petition to list the species, we were required to conduct a 
review of the status of the species. To that end, we requested 
information from the public on the GOMx Bryde's whale to inform our 
review of the status of the species and our determination on whether 
the petitioned action is warranted. All information received on the 90-
day finding, including information the commenters submitted, was 
considered and relevant information was incorporated into the status 
review and the proposed rule. We accepted comments on the proposed rule 
and are responding to those comments at this time.
    Comment 2: Several commenters expressed support for the proposed 
listing determination and agreed that the findings in the proposed rule 
and status review are consistent with the best available science. One 
commenter stated that NMFS complied with the ESA requirement to base 
our listing decision solely on the basis of the best scientific and 
commercial data available.
    Response: We appreciate the commenters' support. Section 4(b)(1)(A) 
of the ESA requires that listing decisions be made using the best 
scientific and commercial data available, after conducting a review of 
the status of the species and considering certain conservation efforts. 
We relied on the best available scientific and

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commercial information contained within the status review and any 
additional materials cited in this final rule in forming our 
determination to list the GOMx Bryde's whale as endangered.

Comments on the Extinction Risk Assessment in the Status Review

    Comment 3: Joint industry group commenters stated that the SRT's 
extinction risk assessment was too narrow and biased in favor of 
finding the species was at a high risk of extinction, and therefore not 
based on the best scientific information available. The ``severity'' 
and ``certainty'' ranking systems only allowed the SRT to rank the 
severity of a threat as low, medium, or high, and only allowed them to 
find that the amount of the data supporting the conclusions (the 
certainty) was small, medium, or large. This system did not allow the 
SRT to determine that a factor does not threaten the species or that 
certain factors or conditions might benefit the species' abundance. 
With respect to the certainty ranking, the SRT members could not find 
that a threat had no scientific support or that a small, medium, or 
large amount of data disproved the threat. This system also did not 
allow the SRT to evaluate population stability or persistence. Further, 
the SRT did not assess the severity and certainty of the Inadequacy of 
Existing Regulatory Mechanisms. Lastly, the SRT did not analyze whether 
threats were occurring now or in the future.
    Response: We disagree that the SRT's extinction risk assessment was 
biased in favor of listing. The SRT could have found that a factor did 
not threaten the species. To inform the extinction risk assessment, the 
SRT gathered information on threats to the species. Threats are those 
specific human or natural events or actions that have the potential to 
impact the species presently or in the future. Thus, if events or 
actions (hereafter referred to as activities) did not have the 
potential to impact the species now or in the future, they were not 
identified as threats and were not considered in the extinction risk 
analysis. Furthermore, even when an activity was identified as a 
threat, that did not mean the SRT concluded it was threatening the 
species, i.e., contributing to the population decline, in its 
extinction risk assessment. The SRT could conclude an activity was a 
threat with only low severity and/or a low certainty, and that those 
threats are unlikely to contribute to population decline. In fact, the 
SRT found that several activities categorized under section 4(a)(1) 
factor B were not likely contributing to GOMx Bryde's whale's 
population decline and, therefore, were not a significant contributing 
factor in the species' extinction risk. Further, the SRT did evaluate 
population stability and persistence by means of their demographic risk 
analysis because a species' continued persistence is directly linked to 
demographic processes. In particular, demographic risks associated with 
abundance, population growth rate, spatial structure, and genetic 
diversity are particularly useful for evaluating extinction risk 
(McElhany et al., 2000). The SRT evaluated each of these demographic 
risks.
    Further, the SRT did consider actions that may benefit the species, 
as the SRT reviewed the best scientific and commercial information to 
determine whether any current or future actions may benefit the GOMx 
Bryde's whale. The SRT identified two conservation efforts that have 
the potential to benefit the GOMx Bryde's whale, the Deepwater Horizon 
Oil Spill Final Programmatic Damage Assessment and Restoration Plan 
(DWH PDARP) and the Gulf of Mexico Marine Assessment Program for 
Protected Species (GoMMAPPS) (see Conservation Efforts section, Rosel 
et al., 2016). In the proposed rule, we also evaluated these 
conservation efforts and determined that the conservation benefits that 
would be expected from these efforts would not be expected to reduce 
the extinction risk of the GOMx Bryde's whale. Beyond what we 
considered in the proposed rule and status review, the commenter did 
not provide any new information on the conditions that they believed 
might benefit the species' abundance. Further, as explained in the 
proposed rule, we summarized existing regulatory mechanisms relevant to 
threats to the GOMx Bryde's whale generally, and assessed their 
adequacy for controlling the primary threats identified. While the SRT 
did not rank the severity and certainty for Inadequacy of Existing 
Regulatory Mechanisms in its extinction risk assessment, we do not 
believe that this undermines the SRT's analysis or our reliance on the 
information in the status review for our listing determination. The SRT 
assessed the impacts on the species resulting from the underlying 
unregulated or inadequately regulated threats.
    Additionally, the SRT did evaluate whether the threats were 
occurring now or in the future. In its extinction risk assessment, the 
SRT stated that current threats are those that are occurring now and 
that future threats are those that are likely to result in a mounting 
risk to the species in the next 55 years. The SRT noted that these 
future threats may or may not be occurring now as well.
    Lastly, convening the SRT to compile the best available information 
about the species' status is an optional process that helps inform, and 
does not supersede, the agency's listing determination. The SRT does 
not make listing decisions in its status review. We take into 
consideration the information provided by the SRT in the status review, 
but also independently evaluate that information in light of all the 
factors that govern listing. We thus evaluated the information in the 
status review and other information that became available to us and, 
after considering ongoing conservation efforts, we developed our 
listing determination. The commenters have provided no information on 
which to base a change to our listing determination.
    Comment 4: Joint industry group commenters stated that small 
population size alone is not an indicator of extinction risk. This is 
particularly true when a species does not occupy a high trophic level 
and is not constrained to a small geographic range. In addition, the 
SRT never compared the population estimate of 100 to 250 mature 
individuals to Franklin's (1980) rule of thumb to evaluate the risk of 
inbreeding depression. Conversely, several other commenters believed 
that the need for protection under the ESA is immediate, due to the 
GOMx Bryde's whale small population size, restricted range, and 
exposure to several significant threats.
    Response: The status review included a detailed discussion of how 
small population effects increase extinction risk. The SRT determined, 
and we agree, that the small size of the GOMx Bryde's whale's 
population makes it vulnerable to Allee effects, genetic and 
demographic stochasticity, and stochastic and catastrophic events 
(e.g., oil spills). The k-selected life history strategy and thus 
slower population growth rate also reduces the ability of the GOMx 
Bryde's whale population to recover from low abundance and its ability 
to withstand additional sources of mortality. Thus, this small 
population currently faces a host of risks intrinsic to its low 
abundance that places the GOMx Bryde's whale at greater risk of 
extinction than if its population were larger. Further, while small 
population size alone in this instance indicates a high extinction 
risk, the SRT also relied on other factors in evaluating the GOMx 
Bryde's whale's extinction risk. In the proposed rule, we summarized 
the SRT's extinction risk assessment, and explained our determination 
that the GOMx Bryde's whale is presently in

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endanger of extinction (i.e., meets the definition of endangered) 
throughout all of its range due to multiple threats including energy 
exploration, development, and production, oil spills and oil spill 
response, vessel collision, fishing gear entanglement, and 
anthropogenic noise. We also noted that due to this species' small 
population size and restricted range, it is particularly susceptible to 
those threats, and explained the risks inherent to a small population 
size. Thus, we agree with the commenters who stated that the need for 
protection under the ESA is immediate.
    The SRT considered Franklin's (1980) rule of thumb in evaluating 
the species' extinction risk. Franklin (1980) proposed the ``50/500'' 
rule that populations with an effective population size under 50 are 
near extinction and that populations with an effective size of fewer 
than 500 are at long-term risk of extinction. As explained in the 
status review, Franklin also suggested that populations with fewer than 
250 mature individuals are at a level where genetic diversity will 
erode due to genetic drift, leaving the species less fit through time 
and at long-term risk of extinction (Franklin 1980). The SRT determined 
that a dangerously small population for GOMx Bryde's whales would be 
defined as a population either having equal to or fewer than 250 mature 
individuals or a population found in a spatial configuration vulnerable 
to a single catastrophic event that could drive the taxon to near 
extinction (i.e., <= 50 mature individuals) in a very short time (for 
more discussion see Rosel et al. 2016). All recent studies have 
provided estimates that indicate the total abundance of the GOMx 
Bryde's whale is fewer than 100 individuals, with 50 or fewer being 
mature. These low numbers support our listing determination for the 
Bryde's whale.

Comments on Identification of the GOMx Bryde's Whale as a Subspecies

    Comment 5: Joint industry commenters stated that NMFS improperly 
``created'' a subspecies for the purpose of this listing and that NMFS 
does not have the authority under the ESA to create a subspecies for 
listing before independent scientific organizations have officially 
recognized the classification. The commenters suggest that the 
Services' joint regulations implementing the ESA at 50 CFR 424.11(a), 
which provide standards for the Services to apply when recognizing 
taxonomic groups eligible for listing under the ESA, are outside the 
Services' authority under the ESA. The commenters stated that NMFS' 
ability to create taxonomic units for purpose of listing under the ESA 
is largely limited to the creation of DPSs, and in addition to reliance 
on the best available scientific information, the factors used to 
recognize a DPS are the minimal criteria that should guide NMFS' 
recognition of taxonomic classifications, to the extent the agency has 
the authority to make such a recognition.
    Response: The ESA defines ``species'' as including any subspecies 
of fish or wildlife or plants, and any distinct population segment of 
any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when 
mature. Section 3(16); see also 50 CFR 424.02 (defining species). Under 
the Services' joint regulations implementing the ESA, in determining 
whether a particular taxon or population is a species for the purposes 
of the Act, the Secretary shall rely on standard taxonomic distinctions 
and the biological expertise of the Department and the scientific 
community concerning the relevant taxonomic group. 50 CFR 424.11(a). 
The Services issued this regulation based on their authority under the 
ESA. The regulation does not impermissibly expand the Services' 
authority to list species, but rather explains how the Services will 
exercise their discretion to determine whether an entity qualifies as a 
``species'' as defined in the ESA and is thus eligible for listing. 
See, e.g., Am. Wildlands v. Kempthorne, 478 F. Supp. 2d 92 (D.D.C. 
2007).
    Under the regulations, we can rely on ``standard taxonomic 
distinctions'' as well as our biological expertise and that of the 
scientific community in determining whether a taxon is a species 
eligible for listing under the ESA. Thus, neither the statute nor the 
Services' regulations require formal recognition by independent 
scientific organizations before we can classify a group of individuals 
as a subspecies eligible for listing. Instead, such ``standard 
taxonomic distinctions'' are just one basis for our classification, and 
should be relied upon only when they represent the best available 
scientific information. Likewise, we need not await scientific 
``consensus'' before we can recognize a population as a species 
eligible for listing. Alabama-Tombigbee Rivers Coalition v. Kempthorne, 
477 F.3d 1250, 1260 (11th Cir. 2007) (``Given the nature of taxonomy, 
it would be surprising if there were not some disagreement about the 
proper classification of the Alabama sturgeon, but disagreement in the 
field does not preclude agency decision making.''); cf. Nw. Ecosystem 
Alliance v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 475 F.3d 1136, 1147 (9th Cir. 
2007); Defenders of Wildlife v. Babbitt, 958 F. Supp. 670, 679 (D.D.C. 
1997).
    For the same reasons, we also disagree with commenters that 
identifying a DPS pursuant to the DPS Policy is the only means by which 
we can recognize a taxonomic unit eligible for listing, or that the 
policy provides the required minimum criteria for determining whether a 
group of individuals are a ``species'' eligible for listing under the 
ESA. Moreover, after determining that the GOMx Bryde's whale should be 
considered a species under the ESA based on the best available 
scientific and commercial information, the SRT did consider the 
relevant factors under the DPS Policy (Policy Regarding the Recognition 
of Distinct Vertebrate Population Segments Under the ESA, 61 FR 4722, 
February 7, 1996). Under that policy, to identify a DPS, NMFS evaluates 
the discreteness of the population segment in relation to the remainder 
of the species to which it belongs and the significance of the 
population segment to the species to which it belongs (61 FR 4722, 
4725, February 7, 1996). The SRT explained that although the GOMx 
Bryde's whales would meet the discreteness and significance criteria 
for a DPS, the best available scientific and commercial information 
indicates the GOMx Bryde's whale is a taxonomically distinct 
subspecies. Because we determined the GOMx Bryde's whale is a 
taxonomically distinct subspecies, we did not further consider whether 
the GOMx Bryde's whale population is a DPS.
    Comment 6: Joint industry commenters stated that the proposed rule 
is invalid because there is no scientific consensus that the GOMx 
Bryde's whale is a subspecies. NMFS has not presented evidence that any 
scientific organization has adopted or is considering adopting the 
classification. The commenters noted that the Society of Marine 
Mammalogy Committee on Taxonomy (SMM Committee) does not include GOMx 
Bryde's whale on its list of species and subspecies, which confirms 
they do not view the GOMx Bryde's whale as a subspecies. The commenters 
also noted that the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and the 
International Union for Conservation of Nature do not recognize the 
GOMx Bryde's whale as a subspecies. NMFS has previously appropriately 
recognized and relied on a subspecies classification before it was 
adopted by the larger scientific community in other listing rules, but 
in those cases, NMFS' view of the taxonomy mirrored scientific 
consensus.

[[Page 15450]]

Therefore, the commenters concluded, the best available scientific 
information is that the GOMx Bryde's whale is not a subspecies. The 
State of Louisiana commented that they could not support the proposed 
rule because the subspecies determination is based in a single 
publication (referring to Rosel and Wilcox (2014)).
    Response: We find that the best scientific and commercial 
information available demonstrates that the GOMx Bryde's whale is a 
taxonomically distinct subspecies from other Bryde's whales worldwide 
and that we need not await further confirmation from other scientific 
organizations before recognizing the population as a subspecies and 
listing it as an endangered species under the ESA. As we explained in 
the proposed rule, at the request of the SRT, the SMM Committee 
provided their scientific opinion that it is highly likely that the 
Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico are at least an undescribed 
subspecies of what is currently recognized as B. edeni. In May 2016, 
the SMM Committee updated its list of marine mammal species and 
subspecies and stated that a new subspecies-level taxonomic action for 
Bryde's whale based on Rosel and Wilcox (2014) may be proposed and 
addressed in a future update to the Society of Marine Mammalogy list of 
marine mammal species and subspecies. The most recent update from July 
2017 continues to note that the action is forthcoming (Society for 
Marine Mammalogy, Committee on Taxonomy, List of Marine Mammal Species 
and Subspecies, 2017, https://www.marinemammalscience.org/species-information/list-marine-mammal-species-subspecies/). In the report from 
their recent meeting in May 2017, the IWC Scientific Committee agreed 
that GOMx Bryde's whale ranked as at least a separate subspecies, and 
possibly a species, and stated their concern about its continued 
survival. Further, the IWC recommended that ``U.S. authorities use all 
available legal and regulatory tools to provide the maximum protection 
for this population'' (IWC, Report of the Scientific Committee, 2017, 
available at https://iwc.int/scientific-committee-report-published). 
Although we do not need to await scientific consensus to validate our 
view of the best available scientific information, nor does the ESA 
require us to delay a listing determination for such consensus (see 
also response to Comment 5), we find that there is substantial support 
within the scientific community that the GOMx Bryde's whale is at least 
a subspecies. Furthermore, as the commenters noted, NMFS has previously 
recognized subspecies classifications before their formal adoption by 
the larger scientific community--for example in identifying the 
appropriate reference taxon for completing a DPS analysis for Southern 
Resident killer whales (70 FR 69903, Nov. 18, 2005) and humpback whales 
(81 FR 62260, Sept. 8, 2016). In these cases, we listed DPSs of 
unrecognized subspecies of Resident killer whales in the North Pacific 
and several unrecognized subspecies of humpback whales.
    Finally, we did not base our determination that the GOMx Bryde's 
whale is a subspecies solely on Rosel and Wilcox (2014); we also 
considered the opinion of scientific experts, including the SMM 
Committee, as discussed above. In addition, we disagree that the mtDNA 
evidence in Rosel and Wilcox (2014) is insufficient to use in 
establishing that the GOMx Bryde's whale is a subspecies. Rosel and 
Wilcox (2014) found that GOMx Bryde's whales exhibited very low levels 
of genetic diversity and are evolutionarily distinct from all other 
members of the Bryde's whale complex based on mtDNA and phylogenetic 
(evolutionary) analyses. As we explained in the proposed rule, Rosel 
and Wilcox (2014) concluded that this suggests a unique evolutionary 
trajectory for the Gulf of Mexico population of Bryde's whale, worthy 
of its own taxonomic standing, and we agree. We conclude the best 
scientific and commercial information available demonstrates that the 
Bryde's whale in the Gulf of Mexico is a subspecies.
    Comment 7: Joint industry commenters stated that the SRT's request 
to the SMM Committee was too narrow to generate a response that could 
validate the SRT's conclusion that the GOMx Bryde's whale was a new 
subspecies. In particular, the commenters asserted that the SRT should 
have requested that the SMM Committee consider the taxonomic status of 
Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico and officially recognize the GOMx 
Bryde's whale as a separate subspecies. In addition, the commenters 
stated that the SRT provided irrelevant background information and 
omitted additional relevant information such as the population estimate 
in Roberts et al., (2016), or evidence of Bryde's whales in the 
Atlantic. Finally, given the overlap between members of the SRT and the 
SMM Committee, any opinion from the SMM Committee could not validate 
the SRT's conclusion or be used to demonstrate that the conclusion was 
shared among multiple, independent sources.
    Response: We disagree and find that the question was appropriately 
posed to the SMM Committee. The SRT asked the SMM Committee whether the 
Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico are ``likely to belong to at least 
an undescribed subspecies of what is currently recognized as 
Balaenoptera edeni.'' The SRT also asked the SMM Committee to rate the 
likelihood of subspecies status as high or low based on their expert 
opinion (see Appendix 1, Rosel et al., (2016), containing the document 
sent to the SMM Committee). The SRT sought an additional expert opinion 
on the taxonomic status of the GOMx Bryde's whale to inform their 
conclusions, which were not yet finalized. Thus, the SRT posed the 
general question seeking the SMM Committee's view of the taxonomic 
status and the certainty in their conclusion. The SMM Committee could 
decide to update their list after reviewing the request, and have 
indicated that they intend to do so, based on the findings in Rosel and 
Wilcox (2014).
    The request to the SMM Committee included relevant information and 
omitted no key information necessary to assess the taxonomic status of 
the GOMx Bryde's whale. The request contained the relevant background 
on the ESA listing petition that initiated the species status review, a 
summary of information on the species, including population estimates, 
and presented the genetic evidence, with a list of references, 
including Rosel and Wilcox (2014), required to assess the taxonomic 
status of those Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico relative to 
Bryde's whales worldwide. The document sent to the SMM Committee noted 
the strandings in the Atlantic when discussing Rosel and Wilcox (2014). 
Thus, the SMM Committee was provided evidence of Bryde's whales in the 
Atlantic.
    Species, subspecies, and DPSs can be delineated based on 
morphological traits, behavior, and genetics; such lines of evidence 
are not mutually exclusive. We do not agree that it was necessary for 
the SRT to provide the SMM the Roberts et al. (2016) abundance 
estimates for Bryde's whales from their U.S. East Coast or Gulf of 
Mexico models. First, subspecies delineation is not contingent upon 
abundance estimates or population size. Secondly, NMFS has records of 
six stranded Bryde's whales along the U.S. East Coast from 1923 to 
present, but considers these extralimital occurrences. Comparisons of 
mtDNA from available U.S. East Coast strandings (n=2)

[[Page 15451]]

matched that of Bryde's whales found in the Gulf of Mexico. Last, no 
Bryde's whales have been definitively recorded in the U.S. Atlantic 
during aerial and shipboard surveys conducted between 1994 and 2016, 
nor have any Bryde's whales been definitively detected by acoustic 
surveys conducted along the U.S. Atlantic Coast. While Roberts et al. 
(2016) treated unidentified sightings of baleen whales in the U.S. 
Atlantic as possibly Bryde's whales or sei whales, there is no 
definitive evidence that those sightings might be Bryde's whales, much 
less that they form a Atlantic population. For these reasons, we 
conclude that the Robert's et al. (2016) abundance estimates were not 
relevant to the question of whether Bryde's whales in the Gulf of 
Mexico are likely to belong to an undescribed subspecies.
    Finally, as explained in the proposed rule, nine SMM Committee 
members, none of whom were on the SRT, provided their independent 
opinion. Thus, we find that the SRT's conclusions and the basis for our 
listing determination are shared among different experts in the field.
    Comment 8: Joint industry commenters stated that NMFS improperly 
relied on Rosel and Wilcox (2014) to determine that the GOMx Bryde's 
whale is a genetically distinct subspecies, given commenters' concerns 
with the potential for misidentification of whales and samples within 
the Bryde's whale complex. According to the commenters, Rosel and 
Wilcox (2014) based their conclusion on a comparison of samples from 23 
individuals assumed to be GOMx Bryde's whales, including 21 individual 
Bryde's whales sampled in the Gulf of Mexico and two individuals 
stranded in the North Atlantic, to samples from four whales encountered 
off the coast of Japan. According to the commenters, the authors 
analyzed three new DNA samples obtained from individuals stranded in 
the Gulf of Mexico and two new samples from individuals stranded in the 
Northwest Atlantic, but the source for the remaining samples of whales 
from the Gulf of Mexico population was not identified. The commenters 
stated that the samples may have been taken from GenBank, which they 
stated increases the likelihood of misidentification due to the 
contradictory nomenclature used to identify species samples suspected 
to be in the Bryde's whale complex. In addition, the commenters state 
that the reference whales sampled from the waters surrounding Japan 
were assigned their classifications based on the disputed morphological 
analysis proposed in Wada et al. (2003), and this is not an appropriate 
reference set. Commenters also stated that Rosel and Wilcox (2014) 
indicate that B. e. brydei is more closely related to sei whales than 
to B. e. edeni.
    Response: We disagree with the commenters' characterization of the 
samples used in Rosel and Wilcox (2014) and statement that we 
improperly relied on this study in determining that the GOMx Bryde's 
whale is a subspecies. In making our determination, we are relying on 
the best available scientific information, including Rosel and Wilcox 
(2014) and the SMM Committee's expert opinion on the taxonomic status, 
and the commenters have not identified any additional or superior 
scientific information. As stated in Rosel and Wilcox (2014), the 
authors originally extracted and sequenced DNA from 23 Bryde's whales 
encountered and sampled in the Gulf of Mexico (including three stranded 
whales) and two whales that stranded in the western North Atlantic. 
Regarding the whales encountered and sampled in the Gulf of Mexico, 
they identified two sets of duplicates, indicating that two whales had 
been sampled twice. After excluding these duplicates, the authors 
analyzed 23 samples representing 23 individuals from the Gulf of Mexico 
population--i.e., the 21 unique individuals sampled in the Gulf of 
Mexico and the two individuals stranded in the western North Atlantic 
--to determine genetic similarity among those whales and to compare DNA 
sequence data collected from individuals encountered worldwide. In 
particular, they compared the 23 samples of the Gulf of Mexico 
population to data from 472 individuals representing Bryde's whale 
complex samples worldwide, not just four from the coast of Japan (see 
Rosel and Wilcox, 2014, supplement at: www.int-res.com/articles/suppl/n025p019_supp.pdf). The worldwide scope of samples used in the analyses 
is illustrated in Figure 4 of Rosel and Wilcox (2014). The authors 
determined that mtDNA diversity was very low among the Gulf of Mexico 
whales and that the Gulf of Mexico whales were phylogenetically 
distinct from all other Bryde's whales that have been examined, and we 
agree with this analysis.
    With respect to the origin of the samples from the whales 
encountered in the Gulf of Mexico (not the individuals that stranded in 
the Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic), as stated in the Results 
section of Rosel and Wilcox (2014), the samples were obtained by 
scientists during field surveys and the genetic data from those samples 
was later submitted to GenBank. The worldwide samples were obtained 
from GenBank, however, we do not agree with the commenters that the 
samples were misidentified in Rosel and Wilcox (2014). Samples from 
species within the Bryde's whale complex in GenBank may be labeled 
based on evolving taxonomy. For example, in 2003, Wada et al. (2003) 
identified another species in the Bryde's complex, B. omurai. 
Therefore, prior to 2003, samples could not be submitted to GenBank 
under that name. Furthermore, GenBank currently only recognizes the two 
species within the complex, B. edeni and B. omurai, and does not have 
an option to submit samples under the subspecies of B. edeni, B. edeni 
edeni or B. edeni brydei, even though the scientific community 
recognizes that these are two taxonomically distinct subspecies of B. 
edeni.
    Rosel and Wilcox (2014) noted the evolving taxonomy. To assign 
names to the different groupings identified in their phylogenetic 
analysis (i.e., to assign a taxonomic classification to each clade or 
grouping of the phylogenetic tree), Rosel and Wilcox (2014) used the 
DNA sequences from Sasaki et al. (2006); they did not rely on how the 
samples were labeled in GenBank or otherwise identified. Sasaki et al. 
(2006) sequenced 4 samples from whales encountered off Japan, meaning 
they identified a genetic sequence applicable to each. These whales 
were morphologically identified as B. edeni edeni, B. edeni brydei, and 
B. omurai following Wada et al. (2003). The phylogenetic analysis in 
Rosel and Wilcox (2014) consistently showed that GOMx Bryde's whales 
grouped together as a separate clade (or group) on the phylogenetic 
tree, regardless of how those clades would be taxonomically identified 
or named. This illustrates their phylogenetic distinctiveness. Rosel 
and Wilcox (2014) also performed a character attributes analysis on the 
samples, and this analysis illustrated that there are multiple 
diagnostic differences in mtDNA control region sequences among members 
of the Bryde's whale complex (i.e., B. omurai, B. edeni edeni, and B. 
edeni brydei), making correct identification of sequences 
straightforward. Therefore, we find that the information from the 
GenBank samples as applied by Rosel and Wilcox (2014) is reliable.
    We also disagree that the analysis in Rosel and Wilcox (2014) is 
flawed because of its reliance on Wada et al. (2003) and Sasaki et al., 
(2006). As noted in Rosel and Wilcox (2014), taxonomic uncertainties 
exist as to whether the B. e. edeni and B. e. brydei,

[[Page 15452]]

the two recognized subspecies of B.edeni, should be recognized as full 
species, not subspecies, as suggested in Wada et al. (2003). The 
ongoing discussion within the taxonomic community as to the number of 
species and subspecies within the Bryde's whale complex is not directly 
relevant to our listing determination for the GOMx Bryde's whale. Until 
that issue is resolved, the accepted taxonomy is that there are two 
species in the complex, B. edeni and B. omurai, and two subspecies of 
B. edeni, B.e. edeni and B.e. brydei. The best available scientific 
information establishes that the GOMx Bryde's whale is a genetically 
isolated unit and is distinct from other whales within the Bryde's 
whale complex (B.e. edeni, B.e. brydei, and B. omurai). Thus, based on 
the current recognized taxonomic standing, we determined it is 
appropriate to list the GOMx Bryde's whales as a subspecies of B. 
edeni. Rosel and Wilcox (2014) did not indicate that B. edeni brydei is 
more closely related to sei whales than to B. e. edeni. This study 
found significant differences between GOMx Bryde's whale haplotypes and 
those from sei whales and the two recognized Bryde's whale subspecies 
(B. edeni edeni and B. edeni brydei).
    Comment 9: Industry commenters stated that the disputed taxonomic 
status of the Bryde's whale complex casts doubt on the decision to 
recognize the GOMx Bryde's whale as a genetically distinct subspecies. 
In support, the commenters stated that Wada et al. (2003) concluded 
that B. e. brydei, B. e. edeni, and B. omurai are three species based 
on morphology; that Sazaki (2006) used genetic data to confirm those 
results, but suggested that B. e. edeni and B. e. brydei may be in the 
same genetic complex as the sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis); and that 
Kato and Perrin (2009) evaluated Wada et al. (2003) and Sazaki (2006) 
and questioned the suggestion that B. e. edeni and B. e. brydei should 
be considered full species. The commenters stated that Kato and Perrin 
(2009) noted that these studies are based on discrete regions and that 
global studies have to be undertaken. The commenters stated that the 
Rosel and Wilcox (2014) study does not settle this taxonomic question.
    Response: As explained in the status review, the scientific 
community has been considering whether the two recognized subspecies of 
Bryde's whales, Eden's whales (B. e. edeni) and Bryde's whales (B. e. 
brydei), should be categorized as two different species. In a 
morphological comparison of Omura's whale (B. omurai) with other 
members of the Bryde's whale complex, Wada et al. (2003) suggested that 
B. omurai and the recognized subspecies (i.e., B. e. edeni and B. e. 
brydei) should be considered three distinct species: B. omurai, B. 
edeni, and B. brydei. The morphological work of Wada et al. (2003) is 
not disputed. That work resulted in the naming of a new species, 
Omura's whale, B. omurai, that has been well accepted by the cetacean 
research community, including the IWC. Omura's whale, B. omurai, is on 
the official list of marine mammal species curated by the SMM. Sasaki's 
et al. (2006) genetic analysis supported the morphological findings in 
Wada et al. (2003), which indicated that Omura's whale (B. omurai) is a 
distinct species, and together these analyses suggest that the species 
has long been on a separate evolutionary pathway. The SMM Committee 
currently recognizes Omura's whale species, B. omurai, and a single 
Bryde's whale species, B. edeni, and is awaiting further analysis of 
the two Bryde's whale subspecies (i.e., B. e. edeni and B. e. brydei) 
to determine whether these two recognized subspecies are actually two 
separate species. We reviewed Kato and Perrin (2009), and we conclude 
that it continues the discussions related to how many species, not 
subspecies, are recognized within the complex. However, we do not 
believe Kato and Perrin (2009) call into question our determination 
that the GOMx Bryde's whale is a subspecies of Bryde's whales (B. 
edeni). As explained in response to Comment 8, Rosel and Wilcox (2014) 
relied on the accepted taxonomy--that there are two species in the 
complex, B. edeni and B. omurai, and two subspecies of B. edeni, B.e. 
edeni and B.e. brydei--and found that the GOMx Bryde's whale is 
genetically isolated and is distinct from other whales within the 
Bryde's whale complex such that it should be classified as a subspecies 
of B. edeni.
    Comment 10: Joint industry commenters stated that the best 
scientific information, including Rosel and Wilcox (2014), shows that 
GOMx Bryde's whales are genetically indistinct from whales in the North 
Atlantic Ocean and possibly elsewhere and thus may be part of a larger, 
discontinuous population, with population connectivity aligning with 
ocean currents. Commenters stated that Rosel and Wilcox (2014) should 
not have relied on samples from GenBank because those samples may be 
mislabeled or misidentified, and that without the samples, the study is 
an evaluation of five samples, three from individuals stranded in the 
Gulf of Mexico and two from individuals stranded in the North Atlantic. 
Because two of the five samples (40 percent) used in Rosel and Wilcox 
(2014) were from whales in the North Atlantic that were found to be 
genetically identical to those in the Gulf of Mexico, the study 
suggests there is a discontinuous population across the Gulf of Mexico 
and North Atlantic. The commenters do not agree that the two North 
Atlantic samples were stray Bryde's whales from the Gulf of Mexico that 
had stranded in the Atlantic. In addition, studies published since 2014 
identifying the presence of subspecies B.e. brydei in the southern 
Caribbean and southern Brazil, and observations of B. omurai in 
northern Brazil, West Africa, and off Madagascar, establish that the 
GOMx Bryde's whales could be connected to a larger, unidentified 
discontinuous population.
    Response: As described herein, the total number of unique genetic 
samples of GOMx Bryde's whales used in Rosel and Wilcox (2014) was 23; 
of which 20 were from skin biopsies obtained during NMFS cetacean 
surveys in the Gulf of Mexico and three were tissue samples from 
stranded animals (one from the Gulf of Mexico and two from the 
Southeast U.S. Atlantic coast). Less than nine percent of the samples 
from the Gulf of Mexico population were from the Atlantic, not 40 
percent. The sequences from these samples were submitted to GenBank as 
part of the publication process for Rosel and Wilcox (2014). We 
disagree that these samples need to be disregarded.
    We do not believe that the GOMx Bryde's whales are part of a larger 
group of interconnected populations. If that were the case, genetic 
diversity would be expected to be much higher than what was found 
because there would be genetic exchange between populations. The two 
stranded animals from the Southeast U.S. Atlantic coast had identical 
DNA sequences to all the Bryde's whales from the Gulf of Mexico over 
the 375 base pair (bp) fragment that was the primary alignment used for 
all analyses, and this sequence differed from the worldwide samples. 
Therefore, NMFS concurs with Rosel and Wilcox (2014) that the two 
stranded whales from North Carolina and South Carolina are GOMx Bryde's 
whales. Rosel and Wilcox (2014) also examined genetic samples from 
other regions in the Atlantic, including the Azores and Canary Islands, 
and more recently the southern Caribbean and Brazil, and found that 
these samples were clearly genetically distinct from the whales from 
the Gulf of Mexico, including the

[[Page 15453]]

two North Atlantic strandings. Thus, we disagree that the GOMx Bryde's 
whale could be part of a much larger population existing elsewhere. Nor 
do we find that the genetic similarity of the whales stranded on the 
east coast of the United States suggests there is a discontinuous 
population of Bryde's whales across the Gulf of Mexico and North 
Atlantic. Species resident in the Gulf of Mexico may strand in the 
Atlantic. Equally plausible is that the individuals were sick and/or 
injured, but alive, and swam out of the Gulf of Mexico, with the 
currents, and stranded along the east coast of the United States. The 
most recent recorded stranding of a GOMx Bryde's whale along the east 
coast was a whale that stranded in North Carolina in 2003. It was 
entangled in black polypropylene line and was extremely emaciated. The 
cause of stranding for other whales is unavailable. Extralimital 
strandings on the Atlantic Coast of whales from the Gulf of Mexico and 
other areas are possible (Mead 1977). Similarly, strandings in the Gulf 
of Mexico have been documented for several individuals of multiple 
baleen whale species not routinely seen there (Jefferson and Schiro 
1997). In addition, north Atlantic right whales are typically found in 
the western North Atlantic; however, a few extralimital sightings have 
occurred in the Gulf of Mexico (Ward et al. 2011). For all of these 
reasons, NMFS believes the best available information suggests the two 
GOMx Bryde's whales that stranded along the Southeast U.S. Atlantic 
represent extralimital occurrences.
    Commenters presented no additional information on GOMx Bryde's 
whale distribution that casts doubt on our findings. The studies 
related to B.e. brydei (Luksenburg et al., 2015; Pastene et al., 2015) 
were considered in the status review. The SRT included these studies, 
among others, in the description of the distribution and habitat use of 
B.e. brydei in the Atlantic Ocean in the status review (Rosel et al., 
2016). The studies the commenter cites on B. omurai (Cypriano-Souza, 
2016; Jung 2016; Cerchio et al., 2015) are not part of the status 
review or proposed rule because B. omurai is recognized as an entirely 
different species and thus this information does not add to our 
understanding of the distribution of the GOMx Bryde's whale or whales 
within B. edeni.
    Comment 11: Joint industry commenters questioned NMFS' reliance on 
Rosel and Wilcox (2014) because of its reliance on differences in mtDNA 
between species from the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere. The commenters 
stated that genetic data alone are rarely sufficient to make a 
taxonomic distinction and are insufficient in this instance. The 
commenters stated that subspecies are traditionally defined by 
morphological traits, color variation, or behavior differences and that 
GOMx Bryde's whales are morphologically identical to Bryde's whales 
worldwide. Even if the mtDNA patterns showed a statistically 
significant differentiation between oceans, mtDNA, which is maternally 
inherited, cannot alone describe population structure without 
additional information on male and female movement patterns. The 
commenters stated that NMFS recognized this fact in its ``Not 
Warranted'' 12-month Finding on a Petition to List Sperm Whales in the 
Gulf of Mexico as a Distinct Population Segment (79 FR 68032). The 
commenters further stated that the difference in mtDNA may indicate 
discreteness in populations where movement patterns of male and female 
are the same, but these patterns are not known for Bryde's whales. 
According to the commenter, the limited Bryde's whale tagging data and 
migratory patterns are disputed, but commenters state that recent 
satellite tracking data of two B. edeni whales in the North Pacific 
travelling longer distances than previously known demonstrates an 
increased potential for population connectivity over long distances. 
Thus, the commenters stated that a comprehensive analysis of genetic 
differentiation requires more extensive evaluation of paternally 
inherited genes.
    Response: We find that reliance on mtDNA evaluation to support the 
listing is appropriate. Rosel and Wilcox (2014) looked at differences 
among mtDNA samples in a control region as well as differences in other 
markers (nuclear microsatellite loci) to evaluate the genetic diversity 
of Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico and concluded that the low 
level of differentiation, as well as the differences between of those 
Gulf of Mexico whales and other members of the Bryde's whale complex, 
suggest they are an isolated unit. We agree with those findings. In 
this case, it is appropriate to look at the differences in mtDNA to 
determine the genetic distinctiveness of the Gulf of Mexico Bryde's 
whales relative to each other, and to the worldwide complex. As we 
explained in our determination concerning sperm whales in the Gulf of 
Mexico (61 FR 4722; February 7, 1996), mtDNA may indicate that 
populations are discrete (as that term is used in our DPS Policy) where 
male and female movement patterns are the same. However, because mtDNA 
information is maternally inherited, in species where female and male 
movement patterns differ, as in the case of sperm whales for example, 
analysis of nuclear DNA (nDNA), which is inherited from both parents, 
may indicate that the populations are not discrete (see e.g., 
loggerhead sea turtle, 68 FR 53947, September 15, 2003, at 53950-51 and 
Conant et al., 2009, at 18, 22, 25-28; southern resident killer whale, 
Krahn et al., 2002, at 23-30). Thus, for species in which male and 
female movement patterns differ, mtDNA is not likely to be sufficient 
to evaluate the discreteness of the population or to determine their 
degree of genetic differentiation. In our determination concerning 
sperm whales, we found that male and female movement patterns differ. 
Due to the wide ranging nature of male sperm whales, males from one 
population may breed with females from other populations. Thus, in the 
case of sperm whales, we concluded that maternally-inherited mtDNA was 
not sufficient to indicate populations are discrete. Unlike the sperm 
whales in the Gulf of Mexico, visual surveys (Waring et al., 2013) and 
acoustic (Rice et al., 2014) data indicate that GOMx Bryde's whales are 
year-round residents within the Gulf of Mexico. Available evidence 
indicates that, excluding a few extralimital occurrences into the 
Atlantic from the Gulf of Mexico, the population is primarily 
distributed within the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and distinct from 
other Bryde's whale populations (Rosel et al., 2016). Extralimital 
occurrences have been observed in other marine mammal species. For 
example, the North Atlantic right whales are typically found in the 
western North Atlantic; however, a few extralimital occurrences have 
been recorded in the Gulf of Mexico (Ward et al. 2011). We agree that 
GOMx Bryde's whales may strand dead in the U.S. Atlantic; however, we 
do not have, nor have the commenters presented, evidence to support the 
claim that GOMx Bryde's whales are interbreeding with other populations 
of Bryde's whales. In addition, Bryde's whales have not been sighted in 
the U.S. Atlantic during aerial and shipboard surveys conducted from 
1994 to present, nor have we documented any definitive acoustic 
detection of Bryde's whales along the U.S. Atlantic Coast. Furthermore, 
the extremely high number of fixed genetic differences between the GOMx 
Bryde's whales and all other Bryde's whales sampled worldwide is 
indicative of an isolated unit. If male Bryde's whales were entering 
the Gulf of Mexico from

[[Page 15454]]

nearby populations, they would be expected to bring the mtDNA 
haplotypes of that population. The dataset in Rosel and Wilcox (2014) 
consisted of a near equal mix of males and females with both sexes 
collected across seasons indicating there is not a bias against males 
in the dataset that might arise if males were only present in the Gulf 
of Mexico during the breeding season. If the Bryde's whales in the Gulf 
of Mexico were part of a larger more broadly distributed population, 
the haplotype diversity would be expected to be larger and the nuclear 
microsatellite diversity would also be expected to be higher. Thus, 
mtDNA, without additional information from nDNA, can be used to 
evaluate their genetic distinctiveness. Further, the high level of 
genetic divergence of GOMx Bryde's whales when compared with the two 
recognized Bryde's whale subspecies and sei whales suggests that GOMx 
Bryde's whales have been isolated for a relatively long period of time 
and are not interbreeding with other Bryde's whale populations. 
Species, subspecies, and DPSs can be delineated based on morphological 
traits, behavior, and genetics; such lines of evidence are not mutually 
exclusive. Thus, it is appropriate to rely on genetic data, including 
mtDNA information, to support our subspecies determination.
    The commenters also state that knowledge of the Bryde's whale 
movement patterns is evolving, and reference Murase et al. (2015). 
Murase et al. (2015) found that North Pacific Bryde's whales may 
transition from one known feeding area to another known feeding area 
during the summer months. The distance traveled between the known 
feeding areas is consistent with the known movements of the North 
Pacific Bryde's whale population. Murase et al. (2015) indicates that 
the timing of those movements may differ from what was previously 
believed, but it does not report longer distance movements than what 
was already known. This study is not relevant to our understanding of 
movement patterns for the GOMx Bryde's whale. We find that the evidence 
supports the determination that the GOMx Bryde's whales are a resident 
population that inhabits the northeastern Gulf of Mexico year round.
    Comment 12: Joint industry commenters stated that NMFS should not 
rely on Rosel and Wilcox (2014) because the study did not establish 
that the GOMx Bryde's whale is a subspecies because it does not have 
the requisite marked distinction. Further, commenters state that Rosel 
and Wilcox (2014) did not identify what the Gulf of Mexico population 
is distinct from.
    Response: Commenters appear to be referring to the Services' joint 
DPS Policy (61 FR 4722, February 7, 1996) when stating that there is a 
need for a population to exhibit some amount of ``marked distinction.'' 
we determined that the GOMx Bryde's whale is a subspecies of the 
globally distributed Bryde's whale, based on the genetic analyses in 
Rosel and Wilcox (2014), the conclusions in the status review, and the 
expert opinion of the SMM Committee. As we explained in response to 
Comment 5, because we determined the GOMx Bryde's whale is a subspecies 
of B. edeni, we did not further analyze whether it would qualify as a 
DPS. Thus, the commenters are incorrect in their assertion that NMFS 
did not meet the requisite criteria of our DPS policy as we did not 
conduct a DPS analysis.

Comments on Bryde's Whale Distribution and Abundance

    Comment 13: Joint industry commenters stated that an increase in 
ocean temperatures could substantially expand the Bryde's whale's 
global range. The commenters discussed that globally, Bryde's whales 
are most frequently found in warm temperate waters and intermittent 
sightings of the Bryde's whales outside areas where these whales are 
frequently observed (between 40[deg]N and 40[deg]S) either indicates a 
broader distribution than what has been described or that distribution 
is connected to larger-scale climate variability and trends.
    Response: Based on the best available commercial and scientific 
information as summarized in Rosel et al. (2016), we have determined 
that Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico are distinct from the 
globally distributed Bryde's whale, and that those whales in the Gulf 
of Mexico are limited to the Biological Important Area (BIA) (see the 
Distribution section for a full description of the BIA). The best 
available scientific information suggests that the GOMx Bryde's whale 
has been isolated for some time from other Bryde's whale populations so 
their ability to disperse to or colonize new habitats in response to 
increasing ocean temperatures may be limited, irrespective of whether 
other members of the global Bryde's whale complex may be able to do so. 
We do not have any evidence to suggest that the GOMx Bryde's whale's 
distribution or range is shifting or expanding in response to climate 
change or that this population's distribution is connected to larger 
scale climate variability. In addition, we cannot predict whether or 
how the GOMx Bryde's whale's range may shift in response to climate 
change or whether new threats may arise resulting from climate change. 
Therefore, we have no basis to change our determination that the GOMx 
Bryde's whale is not presently endangered based on possible future 
range shifts in the GOMx Bryde's whale's distribution or possible 
future threats from climate change.
    Comment 14: Joint industry commenters stated that NMFS did not have 
sufficient evidence on which to assess the species' abundance and 
identify population trends. The commenters stated that NMFS relied on 
limited survey data, including surveys for other species (bluefin tuna 
and ichthyoplankton surveys), but information from these surveys is of 
limited applicability as those surveys may have been conducted at times 
or in locations or depths when GOMx Bryde's whales are not frequently 
observed, or may have proceeded without the proper equipment (e.g., 
acoustic tracking equipment) needed to locate the GOMx Bryde's whale.
    Response: We disagree and find that we do have sufficient 
information to assess the GOMx Bryde's whale's abundance. As the SRT 
explained in the status review, 25 years of dedicated cetacean survey 
effort (shipboard and aerial surveys during 1991-2015) has been 
developed covering both the continental shelf and oceanic waters of the 
Gulf of Mexico and U.S. Atlantic east coast (see Figure 3 in Rosel et 
al. 2016). These surveys, which are ongoing, cover a broad area, are 
conducted in all seasons and at various depths, and employ appropriate 
techniques for observing cetaceans, including Bryde's whales. The SRT 
considered the information from the dedicated cetacean survey effort, 
which covered appropriate habitats and employed appropriate techniques 
for observing Bryde's whales. GOMx Bryde's whale sightings have 
occurred in all seasons in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. We did not 
rely on surveys for other species, including bluefin tuna and 
ichthyoplankton surveys, to estimate GOMx Bryde's whale abundance. In 
estimating abundance, the status review discusses the limited number of 
cetacean surveys in Mexican waters and the southern Gulf of Mexico. The 
SRT's conclusion that the population size is most likely fewer than 250 
mature individuals, and more likely fewer than 100 whales, with 50 or 
fewer at maturity, accounts for an unknown level of negative bias due 
to the low survey effort in Mexican and southern Gulf of Mexico waters. 
We agree with this conclusion. As stated in the status review, 
population trend data are not available for the GOMx Bryde's

[[Page 15455]]

whale, and the SRT did not estimate population trends.
    Comment 15: Joint industry commenters stated that it is unlikely 
that the De Soto Canyon area is the geographic extent of the GOMx 
Bryde's whale range. Instead, the commenters stated that the De Soto 
Canyon is likely a prime observational area among a number of other 
areas in the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic where Bryde's whales 
are found due to the area's high but unpredictable concentrations of 
food. In addition, commenters stated that (a) Bryde's whale strandings 
have occurred throughout the Gulf of Mexico and on the Atlantic Coast 
as far north as the Chesapeake Bay; (b) Bryde's whale are sighted on 
and off the continental shelf during surveys of North Carolina and 
Florida, and throughout the Gulf of Mexico in waters off the coast of 
Texas and Louisiana; and (c) Bryde's whales have been sighted in 
Brazil, the Caribbean Sea, and elsewhere. Thus, the commenters stated 
that concerted survey efforts elsewhere in the world have found Bryde's 
whales in areas where they were thought not to exist. The commenters 
stated that the SRT did not address the fact that survey effort outside 
the De Soto Canyon area, in the U.S. Atlantic and Mexican waters, and 
outside the De Soto Canyon is limited, and that as a result NMFS did 
not have sufficient information to conclude the species is absent from 
those areas.
    Response: We considered and cited the stranding and sighting 
information that the commenters reference in evaluating the species' 
distribution and range, which is described in more detail in the status 
review. The commenters have not provided any new or additional 
stranding or sighting information that we have not already considered. 
There has been a concerted survey effort for marine mammals along the 
U.S. Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of Mexico. We find that the best 
scientific and commercial information demonstrates that over the past 
25 years, the GOMx Bryde's whale has been consistently located along a 
very narrow depth corridor in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. There 
are no confirmed sightings outside of this area, despite a large amount 
of dedicated marine mammal survey effort that has covered both 
continental shelf and oceanic waters of the Atlantic Ocean off the 
southeastern United States and the northern Gulf of Mexico.
    In the proposed rule, we acknowledged, as did the SRT, that a small 
number of unidentified baleen whales were sighted in the north-central 
and western Gulf of Mexico, and explained that we do not know if those 
unidentified whales are Bryde's whales. For example, in 1992, a fin 
whale was identified during an aerial survey off Texas, and in 1992 and 
1994, a single baleen whale was sighted along the shelf break in the 
western Gulf of Mexico during GulfCet surveys. These latter sightings 
were recorded as Bryde's/sei whale (Rosel et al., 2016). In addition, 
we are aware of five other ``baleen whale'' reported sightings west of 
the BIA to the longitude of western Louisiana, from reports from 
protected species observers and a single citizen sighting (Rosel et 
al., 2016).The SRT noted, and we agree, that these sighting, are 
difficult to interpret because the information collected during those 
sightings is insufficient to identify the species. Consequently, we are 
unable to draw conclusions about the GOMx Bryde's whale's distribution 
from this information. Thus, we find that the best available scientific 
evidence indicates that the BIA, located in the De Soto Canyon area of 
the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, encompasses the current range of GOMx 
Bryde's whale. We agree with the commenter's observation that the 
waters in the De Soto Canyon are nutrient rich, productive waters, 
which contain sources of prey for the GOMx Bryde's whale. However, for 
the reasons just discussed we do not agree that the De Soto Canyon is 
merely a prime observational area.
    Comment 16: Joint industry commenters stated that the SRT 
selectively accounted for estimates of the Bryde's whale population 
size and that the estimates upon which the SRT relied do not appear to 
be the best available scientific information. The commenters stated 
that the SRT relied on population estimates in NMFS' Stock Assessment 
Reports, which underestimate abundance because they assume all whales 
in the vicinity of the survey were counted. The commenters stated that 
the reliability of the estimates in the Stock Assessment Reports are in 
question given the variation in the population estimates in the reports 
over time, and the variability cannot be attributed to mortality and 
reproduction in the population. The commenters stated that the SRT did 
not take into account the estimate published in Roberts et al. (2016), 
although the commenters do not necessarily endorse the conclusions of 
those authors. The commenters also stated that it is unclear how the 
SRT extrapolated and estimated the Gulf-wide population (i.e., likely 
fewer than 250 mature individuals, and more likely fewer than 100 
individuals, with 50 or fewer being mature).
    Response: We find that the population abundance estimates are based 
on the best available scientific information. The SRT considered 
abundance estimates contained in published reports of surveys conducted 
from the early 1990s to 2012; these estimates ranged from 15-44 Bryde's 
whales in the northern Gulf of Mexico (see Table 2, Rosel et al. 2016). 
These abundance estimates were based on data collected through NMFS' 
cetacean research surveys and by other researchers (e.g., Roberts et 
al. 2015a). The proposed rule and status review also discussed other 
papers by Roberts et al. (Roberts et al. (2016, 2015a, 2015b) in 
evaluating the population abundance. As discussed in the status review, 
the SRT recognized that the most recent abundance estimate in 2015 NMFS 
Stock Assessment Report (33 individuals, CV = 1.07) was likely 
negatively biased because it assumed all whales on the track line were 
sighted. The SRT explained that Roberts et al. (2015a and 2016) 
averaged years of survey data and accounted for not meeting the 
assumption of sighting all whales on the track lines and concluded that 
the population was higher--i.e., 44 whales (CV = 0.27). Thus, the SRT 
considered potential bias in abundance estimates that may have 
contributed to variability in the estimates. The SRT did not attribute 
variability among the available abundance estimates solely to 
individuals entering or leaving the population.
    Regarding the SRT's extrapolation of a Gulf of Mexico-wide 
population estimate, the status review, in its discussion of Population 
Status, stated ``the population size is most likely fewer than 100 
whales.'' The SRT made a conclusion regarding the likely size of the 
GOMx Bryde's whale's population size after considering all previous 
abundance estimates, which have ranged from 15 (CV = 1.98) to 44 (CV = 
0.27) whales. The SRT noted potential bias in some of the estimates, 
and did not rely on a single abundance estimate or survey. In 
developing their conclusions regarding abundance, the SRT considered 
several elements including previous abundance estimates, available 
survey information, historical range and current range, and the limited 
survey effort outside the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The SRT reached 
consensus, based on the best available information and their 
professional expert opinion, that there are fewer than 250 mature 
individuals, and more than likely the population contains fewer than 
100 individuals, with 50 or fewer being mature. We agreed with the 
SRT's assessment.

[[Page 15456]]

    Comment 17: Joint industry commenters stated that other available 
data, including recent passive acoustic surveys conducted in the De 
Soto Canyon and carcass recovery rates indicate that GOMx Bryde's whale 
populations may be higher than NMFS and the SRT have estimated. The 
commenters stated that acoustic surveys target GOMx Bryde's whales and 
capture subsurface GOMx Bryde's whales that visual surveys may miss and 
the relatively high GOMx Bryde's whale acoustic activity seems to be in 
disagreement with the low number of visual observations made during 
surveys. Call rates of the GOMx Bryde's cited in Rice et al. (2014) and 
Sirovic et al. (2014) are higher when compared to call rates of Bryde's 
whales in the ``Gulf of California'' cited in Kerosky et al. (2012). 
The commenters stated that Bryde's whales are considered abundant in 
the Gulf of California, and higher call rates in the Gulf of Mexico 
could suggest a higher abundance of the Bryde's whales than in the Gulf 
of California, or than NMFS assumed in the proposed listing. The 
commenters also stated that the carcass recovery rates the SRT used to 
estimate the threat of vessel collisions are likely too high and, when 
considering the observed stranding rates, cast doubt on the abundance 
estimates.
    Response: We disagree that the available acoustic data can be 
compared to, or conflicts with, the visual observations, and that it 
should be used to estimate abundance. Estimating call rates (i.e., 
calls per animal, per time period--typically per hour) for baleen 
whales requires either extended simultaneous visual and acoustic 
localization studies or multi-day acoustic tag deployments. Using call 
rates to estimate abundance of a particular population (for example, 
GOMx Bryde's whales) requires information on the density of the species 
in the measured area as well as on the location where the measurements 
were taken and on the sex, age group, behavior state, time of day, and 
season in which the measurements were taken (Heinemann et al., 2016; 
Marques et al., 2013). The acoustic activity of Bryde's whales in the 
Gulf of Mexico referred to by the commenter (i.e., Rice et al.,2014 and 
Sirovic et al., 2014) does not provide this level of information, thus 
it would not be appropriate to use those data to estimate abundance of 
the GOMx Bryde's whales. For example, Rice et al. (2014) identified 
Bryde's whale vocalizations to understand spatial and temporal 
distribution patterns of GOMx Bryde's whales, but this study did not 
quantify the number of whales in an area or determine whether the calls 
represented a single or multiple individuals. Sirovic et al. (2014) 
described one call type that was recorded in the presence of GOMx 
Bryde's whales and produced a time series of the presence of that call 
in long-term autonomous recordings from the De Soto Canyon in the 
northern Gulf of Mexico. This study recorded a few tens to just over a 
hundred calls a week, which is a reasonable number for a small 
population size and relatively small area of monitoring. However, 
Sirovic et al. (2014) concluded that more targeted recordings are 
necessary to obtain a call production rate, and additional measurements 
of call source levels are needed to estimate population size. Kerosky 
et al. (2012) studied the seasonal and inter-annual changes in Bryde's 
whale presence within the Southern California Bight (not in the Gulf of 
California as stated by the commenters), and thus reported the number 
of hours per day where calls were recorded in that area alongside 
information on sea surface temperature. Bryde's whales produce 
different call types in different ocean basins, and likely have 
differing inter-call intervals in different locations. Without 
information that would allow us to compare call rate information across 
ocean basins, such as information on relative densities and inter-
calling intervals of the different populations, or information on the 
different environmental conditions in each region that could affect the 
ability to record the calls, we cannot readily compare the call 
information in Kerosky et al. (2012) to information we have on calls of 
GOMx Bryde's whales to estimate the relative population size across 
these regions.
    Lastly, it also is not appropriate to use stranding records in the 
SRT's carcass recovery rate equation to develop an abundance estimate. 
First, the actual carcass recovery rate for GOMx Bryde's whales is 
unknown and likely low. The GOMx Bryde's whale is an offshore species 
and thus carcasses are unlikely to be detected due to factors such as 
at-sea scavenging, sinking, wind, currents, and stranding in locations 
where detection is unlikely. Given these uncertainties, any abundance 
estimate derived from carcass recovery rates would suffer from both 
unknown biases and un-quantified uncertainty, and therefore cannot be 
validly compared to estimates derived from line-transect surveys. 
Secondly, if the carcass recovery rate is fixed, then only mortality 
rates and abundance will affect the estimated number of observed 
strandings. The historical mortality rate and abundance of GOMx Bryde's 
whale is unknown. Thus, historical stranding information cannot inform 
our understanding of past population size. Without a mortality rate, we 
cannot determine what percentage of the entire population a single 
stranding represents. For these reasons, we believe that the dedicated 
cetacean survey (shipboard and aerial) methodology that NMFS used to 
inform the abundance estimates in the Stock Assessment Reports is the 
best available method to estimate abundance. Researchers regularly use 
this methodology to assess cetacean populations throughout the United 
States and other parts of the world.
    Comment 18: An industry comment stated that the genetic analysis 
contained in Rosel and Wilcox (2014) suggests that Bryde's whale 
abundance in the Gulf of Mexico is underestimated. If the population 
was as small as we stated, it is unlikely that researchers obtained 
genetic samples from 23 Bryde's whales and only received two duplicate 
samples. The low number of duplicate samples suggests that the genetic 
analysis is flawed because it failed to detect duplicate samples. There 
is 0.57 percent chance that researchers were able to obtain 23 random 
samples from a population of 33 whales and have only two duplicates. 
The commenters calculated a population size between 79 and 125 whales 
based on 23 random samples containing two duplicates.
    Response: We disagree. Rosel and Wilcox (2014) examined a total of 
23 samples (3 stranded and 20 biopsy sampled whales) from the Gulf of 
Mexico. After collecting the genetic data, the researchers determined 
that two whales had each been biopsied twice over the years. Therefore, 
the number of individual whales sampled in the Gulf of Mexico and used 
in Rosel and Wilcox (2014) mtDNA analysis was 21. In addition, the 
researchers extracted sequence DNA information from 2 animals from the 
Gulf of Mexico population that stranded in the North Atlantic. To 
calculate the commenters' suggested probability that there is only a 
0.57 percent chance that 23 random samples from a population of 33 
whales would result in only two duplicates, one would have to assume 
that the same 33 whales were present in the ship-surveyed locations 
during the approximately 19 years over which samples were collected. 
However, that assumption raises several concerns. First, the 
researchers screened which whales to sample. At least during a

[[Page 15457]]

given survey year, efforts were made to avoid repeated sampling of 
individual animals. Therefore, biopsies collected during the same 
survey are not independent sampling events, but were structured in a 
way to avoid duplicates. Secondly, annual surveys were not random 
sampling events. Many encounters with Bryde's whales were during 
opportunistic encounters rather than samples collected across a 
randomized trackline. This lack of independence and random sampling 
prevents the interpretation of capture probabilities and the likelihood 
of repeated events. Finally, it is unreasonable to evaluate the 
probability of obtaining duplicates from a set of 33 animals, because 
the population size is not exactly 33 animals. The sample size may be 
higher or lower, and individuals may enter and leave the population 
overtime. Therefore, inferences about re-sampling probabilities based 
upon a fixed estimate of exactly 33 animals are unreliable.

Comments on Existing Regulatory Mechanisms

    Comment 19: Joint industry commenters stated that NMFS misapplied 
the analysis mandated under ESA section 4(a)(1), factor D. According to 
commenters, NMFS concluded that the existing regulatory mechanisms are 
inadequate because they have not prevented the current status of the 
GOMx Bryde's whale, or because the species is threatened under other 
factors such as low abundance and limited distribution. Commenters 
state that it is inappropriate to rely on estimates of abundance and 
distribution as a measure of regulatory efficacy without analyzing 
population trends over time, and that our analysis offered ``only the 
cursory conclusion that any evidence of risk is evidence of the 
inadequacy of existing regulations.''
    Response: We did not conclude that evidence of low abundance or 
limited distribution, or any evidence of risk, is evidence of 
inadequacy of existing regulations. In agreeing with the SRT's 
conclusion that existing regulatory measures have not prevented the 
current status of the GOMx Bryde's whale, we were stating that existing 
regulatory measures are not adequate to address the threats that are 
contributing to the species extinction risk. We summarized the 
regulatory mechanisms relevant to the threats that contribute to the 
species' extinction risk, and evaluated whether any existing regulatory 
mechanisms will adequately control those threats.
    As we stated in the proposed rule, the relevance of existing 
regulatory mechanisms to extinction risk for an individual species 
depends on the vulnerability of that species to each of the threats 
identified under the other section 4(a)(1) factors, and the extent to 
which regulatory mechanisms are expected to control the threats that 
are contributing to the species' extinction risk. If GOMx Bryde's 
whales were not vulnerable to a specific threat (i.e., risk was low), 
we did not consider that threat under our analysis of the adequacy of 
regulatory mechanisms. The best available scientific and commercial 
information establishes that energy exploration, development, and 
production, oil spills and oil spill response, vessel collision, 
fishing gear entanglement, anthropogenic noise, and small population 
concerns, such as Allee effects, demographic and genetic stochasticity, 
k-selected life history parameters, and stochastic and catastrophic 
effects are currently threatening the species and contributing to its 
extinction risk (ESA section 4(a)(1) factors A and E). Consequently, we 
assessed the adequacy of regulatory mechanisms relative to those 
threats and determined that there are no existing regulatory mechanisms 
in place to control those ongoing threats. Population trend information 
is not necessary to reach this conclusion.
    Comment 20: Joint industry comments stated that existing regulatory 
mechanisms and industry-driven initiatives sufficiently protect the 
Bryde's whales because those measures have eliminated the largest 
historical threat to the species, commercial whaling, and because those 
measures address each of the threats NMFS identified. In particular, 
the commenters stated (a) the IWC commercial whaling moratorium 
prohibits commercial harvest, (b) the Marine Mammal Protection Act 
(MMPA) prohibits takings, unless NMFS otherwise permits the taking, (c) 
the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) allows the Department of 
Interior (DOI) to administer mineral exploration, development, and 
production in a manner that protects natural resources, (d) the Oil 
Pollution Act (OPA) addresses oil spills (prevention and remediation), 
(e) the Ports and Waterways Safety Act (PWSA) manages ports and vessel 
traffic to protect the marine environment, (f) the Clean Water Act 
(CWA) regulates discharges into U.S. waters and creates pollution 
control programs, (g) the International Convention for the Regulation 
of Whaling (ICRW) provides for proper conservation of whale stocks, and 
(h) the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild 
Fauna and Flora (CITES) provides a framework for ensuring international 
trade in wild animals does not threaten the survival of species in the 
wild and establishes lists of species and accords them varying degrees 
of protection based on the level of their endangerment. The commenters 
stated that NMFS did not consider these laws collectively, and when the 
laws are taken as a whole, they address and minimize each threat. The 
commenters also stated that the threat of energy exploration, 
development, and production is not likely to arise in the future due to 
the numerous protections in place to protect marine mammals. The 
moratorium on new lease sales within the EPA will protect Bryde's 
whales from oil spills and spill response, and recently developed 
measures ``including additional subsea blowout preventer testing, 
required downhole mechanical barriers, well containment systems, and 
additional regulatory oversight'' make an oil spill event ``less likely 
than in the past.'' The commenters also stated that the court's opinion 
in Oceana v. BOEM, 37 F. Supp. 3d 147 (D.D.C. 2014) confirmed that oil 
and gas seismic surveys do not injure marine mammals. In addition, 
industry initiatives prevent oil spills and improve spill responses. A 
separate commenter stated that existing regulations have been 
inadequate to protect the GOMx Bryde's whale because, despite general 
protection under the MMPA, the GOMx Bryde's whale population is 
estimated at 33 animals, and the MMPA provides no regulatory mechanisms 
specific to the GOMx Bryde's whale.
    Response: We agree that the IWC commercial whaling moratorium 
provides significant protection for the GOMx Bryde's whale now. 
However, we do not agree that Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico are 
sufficiently protected by the MMPA, OCSLA, OPA, PWSA, CWA, ICRW, or 
CITES, or other regulatory mechanisms addressed in the proposed rule, 
including the International Maritime Organization (IMO). We assessed 
the adequacy of regulatory mechanisms, including the MMPA, OCSLA, OPA, 
ICRW, CITES, and the IMO-related regulatory mechanisms, relative to the 
identified threats and determined that there are no existing specific 
regulatory mechanisms in place to control those threats. For example, 
there are no IMO-related regulatory mechanisms in the Gulf of Mexico to 
address the threat of vessel collisions to the GOMx Bryde's whale, 
which has been identified as one of the primary threats facing the 
species.

[[Page 15458]]

    The commenters also stated the PWSA or the CWA are adequate at 
protecting GOMx Bryde's whales from the ongoing threats. Under the 
PWSA, the U.S. Coast Guard has implemented two mandatory ship reporting 
systems in 1999 in an effort to reduce the threat of ship strikes to 
right whales in U.S. waters of the Atlantic Ocean. The Coast Guard 
noted that the ship reporting systems have the potential to reduce ship 
strike of the endangered north Atlantic right whale by providing direct 
communication of current north Atlantic right whale sighting 
information to ship operators in high risk areas. However, no similar 
ship reporting system exists that would protect the GOMx Bryde's whale.
    Under the CWA, the Environmental Protection Agency has implemented 
regulations pertaining to pollutant discharges (see generally 40 CFR 
ch. I, subchapter D, water programs). The commenters state that the CWA 
regulates discharges of pollutants into U.S. waters and creates 
pollution control programs, but did not state which threat this would 
address. If the commenters believe that the CWA adequately controls the 
threat of oil spills and spill response, we disagree. As we explained 
in the proposed rule, OPA is the principal statute governing oil spills 
in the nation's waterways. Even with OPA, there have been multiple 
large and numerous small scale oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico (Rosel 
et al., 2016; BSEE accessed November 3, 2017, https://www.bsee.gov/newsroom). We found no CWA regulation that would protect the GOMx 
Bryde's whale from the ongoing threats from oil spills and oil spill 
response. In addition, we did not identify vessel discharges or 
discharges from oil and gas activities as a threat that is contributing 
to the species' extinction risk. We have determined that, taken 
individually and collectively, the existing regulatory measures 
discussed or referenced above are inadequate to address the threats to 
the GOMx Bryde's whale from energy exploration, development, and 
production, oil spills and oil spill response, fishing gear 
entanglement, vessel collision, and anthropogenic noise.
    We agree with the comment that the moratorium on new lease sales 
exploration, development, and production in the EPA has provided some 
level of protection for Bryde's whales by reducing nearby 
industrialization. However, the moratorium does not adequately address 
the threat the species' faces from energy exploration, production, and 
development. The moratorium does not preclude energy exploration 
(seismic survey activity) and thus seismic survey activity can occur 
within the EPA and affect the species in their habitat. Moreover, we 
have found that energy exploration, production, and development in the 
Gulf of Mexico has broad impacts on the subspecies, through curtailment 
of its range. The moratorium on activities in the EPA does not affect 
the energy exploration, production, and development activities in the 
north-central and southern Gulf of Mexico that likely contributed to 
the subspecies' range contraction and continues to restrict the whales 
to the BIA. Further, these activities elsewhere in the Gulf of Mexico 
have affected the whales. For example, as a result of the 2010 DWH oil 
spill, an estimated 17 percent of the population of GOMx Bryde's whales 
was killed, 22 percent of reproductive females experienced reproductive 
failure, and 18 percent of the population likely suffered adverse 
health effects due to lung and adrenal disease and poor body condition 
(DWH MMIQT 2015, DWH Trustees 2016). The activities that led to the DWH 
oil spill were not subject to the moratorium, and the moratorium thus 
did not offer the species' protection. In addition, the moratorium 
expires in 2022. If oil and gas development and production were to move 
closer to the BIA or expand within the BIA or if seismic survey 
activity levels near or within the BIA were to increase, extremely 
detrimental effects on the remaining individuals within the population 
could result. Exposure to seismic survey noise at energy levels that 
can cause acute auditory injury may lead to hearing loss and affect 
individual fitness, and any such effects in a very small population can 
have significant population level consequences. In addition, chronic 
noise from seismic survey activity in the species' habitat can mask 
vocalizations, increase stress, reduce foraging and reproductive 
success, mask environmental cues, and, at high enough levels, lead to 
habitat displacement. With regard to the latter, this species appears 
to have no other available habitat in which to seek refuge. We reached 
our final listing determination after fully considering existing 
regulations individually and together and found that existing 
regulatory mechanisms are not adequately protecting the GOMx Bryde's 
whale from these threats.
    Nothing in the Court's determination that BOEM and NMFS had 
complied with the ESA with respect to specific lease sales stands for 
the general proposition that oil and gas seismic surveys do not injure 
marine mammals.
    Finally, we agree with the second commenter that, as we explained 
in the proposed listing rule, outside of the general protections 
provided to marine mammals under the MMPA, there are no regulatory 
mechanisms specific to the GOMx Bryde's whale under the MMPA.
    Comment 21: Joint industry commenters stated that numerous vessel 
strike avoidance measures are in place to protect Bryde's whales from 
vessel traffic in the Gulf of Mexico. The commenters referenced a 
notice to lessees and operators that engage in certain oil and gas 
activities issued by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) (BOEM 
NTL No. 2016-G01). They also state that the MMPA and the PWSA provide 
NMFS ample, adequate authority to implement regulations mitigating the 
threat from vessel strikes.
    Response: We do not find that GOMx Bryde's whales are adequately 
protected from vessel strike. The notice that commenters' cite includes 
several recommendations to vessel operators engaging in oil and gas 
activities to avoid vessel strikes with marine mammals and sea turtles; 
these recommendations were issued through ESA section 7 consultations 
with BOEM. The recommendations are specific to particular areas and do 
not apply to other commercial vessel operators. Furthermore, these 
vessel strike avoidance measures are recommendations and are not a 
regulatory mechanism that would be considered under the section 4(a)(1) 
factor D. The ESA does not allow us to consider speculative future 
regulatory activities, such as those that may occur under MMPA and PWSA 
authority, when making a listing determination. There are currently no 
vessel speed restrictions, routing schemes, or reporting requirements 
or regulations established that protect GOMx Bryde's whales from vessel 
strike. The commenters provided no information on regulatory mechanisms 
that exist that we have not considered and that address the threat of 
ship strike. For these reasons, we conclude that our determination that 
there are no existing regulations to control the threat of ship strike 
for the GOMx Bryde's whale is appropriate and valid.
    Comment 22: Joint industry commenters stated that the Magnuson-
Steven Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) protects Bryde's 
whales from prey reduction as a result of overfishing because the MSA 
has successfully rebuilt overfished

[[Page 15459]]

populations and limits future fish stock depletions. Furthermore, 
Fishery Management Councils are required to consider ecosystem 
interactions in their management plans.
    Response: As we stated in the proposed rule, the relevance of 
existing regulatory mechanisms to extinction risk for an individual 
species depends on the vulnerability of that species to each of the 
threats identified under the other factors of ESA section 4(a)(1), and 
the extent to which regulatory mechanisms are expected to control the 
threats that are contributing to the species' extinction risk. The SRT 
scored the threat from trophic impacts due to commercial harvest of 
prey as a ``low'' severity threat with ``low'' certainty. NMFS agrees 
that Bryde's whales are not vulnerable to this particular threat; 
consequently, we did not evaluate further the adequacy of existing 
regulatory mechanisms for addressing the threat from trophic impacts.
    Comment 23: Joint industry commenters stated that Bryde's whales 
are protected from entanglement under the Atlantic Tunas Convention Act 
because NMFS promulgated regulations under this authority that resulted 
in an area within De Soto Canyon that is closed to pelagic longline 
fishing. Commenters state that such fishing is not contributing to 
Bryde's whale entanglement in that area.
    Response: Pelagic longlines are a known entanglement threat to 
baleen whales. Approximately two thirds of the BIA has been closed to 
commercial pelagic longline fishing year-round since 2000, when the 
Highly Migratory Species (HMS) Atlantic Tunas, Swordfish, and Sharks 
Fishery Management Plan (FMP) was amended to close the De Soto Canyon 
Marine Protected Area (65 FR 47214, August 1, 2000). The longline 
closure implemented under the Atlantic Tunas Convention Act and HMS 
Atlantic Tunas, Swordfish, and Sharks FMP provides protection to GOMx 
Bryde's whales from entanglement in longline gear in the De Soto Canyon 
Marine Protected Area; however, the species is not protected outside of 
the closed area, and pelagic longline fishing still occurs in the 
remaining one third of the BIA (Figure 20B in Rosel et al., 2016). In 
addition, other fisheries pose an entanglement risk. There are no 
restrictions on, or areas within the BIA closed to, bottom longline 
fishing. The bottom longline component of the Gulf of Mexico reef fish 
fishery and the Gulf of Mexico shark bottom longline fishery overlap 
with portions of the Bryde's whale BIA, and bottom longline gear is an 
entanglement risk to bottom-foraging whales, given that the majority of 
mainline gear is anchored on the seafloor. The closures discussed above 
do not fully address the threat of entanglement from these fisheries. 
In addition, given the species' small population, the species is 
particularly vulnerable to any threat. Consequently, we have determined 
that existing regulatory mechanisms are not sufficient to protect 
Bryde's whales from the threat of entanglement from pelagic and bottom 
longline gears.

Comments on the Threat of Energy Exploration, Development, and 
Production

    Comment 24: Some commenters disagreed with NMFS' conclusion that 
energy exploration, development, and production presents a current 
threat to GOMx Bryde's whales. Joint industry commenters stated that 
oil and gas activities currently do not impact areas that we have 
identified as being important for Bryde's whale conservation. As 
support, the commenters stated that ``whales, including Bryde's whales, 
have been living in close proximity to the offshore oil and gas 
industry for decades without any evidence that populations in the Gulf 
of Mexico are declining or that individuals are being harmed,'' citing 
a 2008 U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service 
Sperm Whale Seismic Study in the Gulf of Mexico.
    Response: Energy exploration, development, and production presents 
a current threat to GOMx Bryde's whales. In the proposed rule, we 
explained that in the area that we have identified as important for 
GOMx Bryde's whale conservation, there is currently no oil and gas 
production activity, with most of the area falling under a moratorium 
on lease sales until 2022. However, energy exploration, development, 
and production, including noise associated with those activities, and 
oil spills and spill response contribute to the habitat modification 
and curtailment of the species' range. Based on sightings data and 
extensive survey effort over the past 25 years, there appears to be 
limited current use by Bryde's whales in the north-central and southern 
Gulf of Mexico where habitat has been significantly modified with the 
presence of thousands of oil and gas platforms (Rosel et al., 2016). 
Considering that historical whaling records indicate the GOMx Bryde's 
whales were distributed more broadly than they are currently, including 
areas in the north-central and southern Gulf of Mexico, it is likely 
that this industrialization and associated noise contributed to the 
range contraction such that their primary habitat is restricted to the 
BIA within the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Continued activities and 
associated noise within the north-central and southern Gulf of Mexico 
may keep the species limited to this area.
    Commenters state that the GOMx Bryde's whale has been living in 
close proximity to offshore oil and gas for decades without any 
evidence of harm, based on a 2008 U.S. Department of the Interior 
Minerals Management Service Sperm Whale Seismic Study in the Gulf of 
Mexico. In that study, the authors were unable to detect biological 
effects of seismic activities on sperm whales. However, the authors 
explain that their study cannot be viewed as conclusive evidence that 
sperm whales or other ecosystem components have not and are not being 
affected by oil and gas exploration and production. Further, this 
reference is entirely related to sperm whales with no mention of 
Bryde's whales, and did not extrapolate conclusions about the sperm 
whales to other species. Sperm whales differ from Bryde's whales both 
acoustically and behaviorally such that their potential for exposure to 
effects from oil and gas exploration and production are different. 
Sperm whales are mid-frequency odontocetes, whereas Bryde's whales are 
low-frequency mysticetes. Oil and gas activities generate low frequency 
sounds that have a greater potential to overlap with and mask the lower 
frequency Bryde's whales calls and interfere with the species' 
communication. Sperm whales also dive to much greater depths than 
Bryde's whales are known to dive. We do not believe it is appropriate 
to apply the findings in this study to the GOMx Bryde's whale.
    Comment 25: Joint industry commenters disagreed with our conclusion 
that oil and gas development in the Gulf of Mexico contributed to 
restricting the GOMx Bryde's whales' range to the De Soto Canyon. The 
commenters stated that the best available science indicates that 
Bryde's whales are not limited to the De Soto Canyon, and neither the 
SRT nor NMFS have provided scientific support for the conclusion that 
the species' range is limited. According to the commenter, NMFS 
improperly drew this conclusion despite a peer reviewer comment that 
expressed concern over the conclusion, and misstated the SRT's 
conclusion regarding the restriction of the species' range.
    Response: Whaling records indicate that Bryde's whales were once 
distributed more widely in the Gulf of Mexico and that their range 
included

[[Page 15460]]

the north-central and southern Gulf of Mexico (Reeves et al., 2011). 
The best available scientific information (e.g., Mullin and Hoggard 
2000, Maze-Foley and Mullin 2006, Mullin 2007, DWH MMIQT 2015) indicate 
that Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico are now restricted primarily 
to a small region along the continental shelf break in the De Soto 
Canyon area of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Surveys throughout U.S. 
waters of the Gulf of Mexico over the past 25 years have not identified 
any Bryde's whales outside this region. Available information indicate 
that interbreeding between GOMx Bryde's whales and other Bryde's whales 
is not taking place because of substantial genetic differences between 
GOMx Bryde's whales and other Bryde's whales (see our responses to 
Comments 10 and 11). Consequently, NMFS believes the stranding reports 
U.S. Atlantic represent rare, extralimital occurrences of GOMx Bryde's 
whales and not additional habitat or expanded distribution. Roberts et 
al. (2015a) modeled Bryde's whale density in the Gulf of Mexico is 
based on sightings, physiographic, physical, oceanographic, and 
biological covariates obtained from remote sensing and ocean models to 
develop a spatially-explicit description of Bryde's whale density. The 
model shows Bryde's whales' mean year-round density extending from the 
northeastern Gulf of Mexico, where the highest density in the BIA 
occurs, into a relatively narrow band of depth in the northern Gulf of 
Mexico, in areas where the species has been historically observed (see 
Figure 7, Rosel et al., 2016).
    As stated in the status review and restated in the proposed rule, 
the GOMx Bryde's whales habitat in the north-central and southern Gulf 
of Mexico has been physically modified over time and is highly 
industrialized as a result of energy exploration, development, and 
production. We conclude that this modification and industrialization, 
including associated noise, likely contributed to the GOMx Bryde's 
whale's range contraction. Peer Reviewer 2 stated that the range 
contraction may have been due to whaling, in that whaling may have 
reduced the population and the remaining population may have relocated 
to the most favorable habitat. The SRT concluded that the GOMx Bryde's 
whales small population size is not related to historical whaling 
because the population should have recovered from whaling moralities 
sustained more than a century ago and we agree. In addition, we do not 
agree that the proposed rule misstates the conclusions reached by the 
SRT. The proposed rule is consistent with and directly refers to 
conclusions in status review regarding the GOMx Bryde's whale's 
restricted range.
    Comment 26: Joint industry commenters stated that the current level 
of oil and gas activity in the EPA of the Gulf of Mexico is low, and 
that this threat is not causing GOMx Bryde's whales to approach the 
brink of extinction. Currently only 0.3 percent of the EPA is leased 
through 37 active leases, and only 105 wells have been drilled, none of 
which have been put into production. The commenters state that 
production is low, likely for market reasons. For example, only natural 
gas has been discovered in significant quantities, and natural gas 
prices in 2016 were at a 20-year low, which likely reduces the 
incentive to produce from the wells. The commenters state that BOEM has 
conducted only two lease sales (in 2014 and 2016) in a small portion of 
the EPA that remained open for leasing, and neither received a bid.
    Response: We agree that the current level of oil and gas activity 
in the EPA is low. The majority of active lease sales are located in 
the Western and Central Planning Areas. However, we find it is likely 
that the high levels of industrialization associated with oil and gas 
exploration (seismic surveys), development, and production in parts of 
the species' historical range have contributed to the curtailment of 
their range to the area recognized as the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA. The 
low level of energy production and development activities in the EPA is 
a potential reason why the GOMx Bryde's whale only occurs in the 
northeastern Gulf of Mexico (i.e., the species is likely avoiding the 
more industrialized part of their historical range). The range 
contraction is a current threat to the species. In addition, we note 
that seismic survey activity was high in the EPA in 2009 and that the 
activity may return to those high levels following expiration of the 
moratorium on lease sales in 2022. At those high levels, individual 
GOMx Bryde's whales would not be able to hear their closest neighbors. 
Furthermore, the moratorium on lease sales in the EPA does not preclude 
seismic survey activity in the EPA now, and such activity could 
increase before the actual expiration of the moratorium.
    Comment 27: Joint industry commenters asserted that NMFS conflated 
present threats from energy exploration, development, and production 
with future threats and overestimated the likelihood of oil and gas 
production activity in the EPA in the future. The commenters stated 
that EPA is subject to a moratorium on new lease sales that expires in 
2022, but even if the lease moratorium in the EPA is lifted in 2022, 
the future level of energy exploration, development, and production and 
pipeline activity is largely unknown, and depends on the potential for 
hydrocarbon discoveries and future market conditions. The commenters 
stated that most geographically relevant forward-looking analysis is 
likely BOEM's Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for multiple lease 
sales in the Central and Eastern Planning Areas between 2017 and 2022. 
For areas in the Central and Eastern Planning Areas offered for leasing 
between 2017 and 2022, BOEM expects that, at most, 67 wells will be 
drilled, 2 production structures will be installed and removed, and up 
to 145 miles of pipeline will be laid between 2012 and 2051. The 
commenters stated all of these activities will take place in waters 
more than 800 meters (m) deep, which is beyond the depths where Bryde's 
whales are commonly found. The commenters concluded that even if the 
moratorium is lifted and the post-2022 lease sales attract bidders and 
the leases are developed, peak well construction and operation and 
pipeline development would not occur for many years.
    Response: We did not conflate present threats from energy 
exploration, development, and production with future threats, and we 
did not overestimate the likelihood of oil and gas production in the 
future. As we stated in the preceding response, we find that the 
current level of energy exploration, production, and development 
elsewhere in the Gulf of Mexico is affecting the species. In addition, 
the species' exposure to future energy exploration, development, and 
production are likely to increase in the EPA with expiration of the 
moratorium on new lease sales in 2022. Some development is already 
expected in the EPA. As the commenters noted, based on the final 
supplemental EIS on oil and gas lease sales in 2016 and 2017 in the 
Central and Eastern Planning areas, which includes one lease sale in 
the EPA (Lease Sale 226), BOEM expects up to 67 wells will be drilled, 
up to 2 production structures will be installed, up to 145 miles of 
pipeline will be laid, 1,000 service-vessel round trips will be made, 
and 1,000 helicopter operations are expected between 2012 and 2051 in 
the EPA (BOEM 2015-033). Even if this development occurs in waters 
deeper than 800 m, the species would likely

[[Page 15461]]

still be exposed to noise and vessel strike from service vessels. Due 
to extended underwater sound propagation of low-frequency noise from 
well drilling, structure construction, seismic surveys, supporting 
vessel traffic, etc., we still expect acoustic impacts to the species 
that typically occur between 100 and 400 m water depths even if 
activities were to occur in depths greater than 800 m. In addition, in 
its final programmatic EIS on geological and geophysical activities in 
the Gulf of Mexico, BOEM estimates that there will be hundreds of 
instances of GOMx Bryde's whales being injured and thousands of 
instances of behavior disruptions as a result of noise associated with 
oil and gas activities, including noise from seismic surveys, from 2016 
to 2025 (BOEM 2017-051). These analyses support our concern that future 
development is a threat to the species that contributes to its 
extinction risk.

Comments on the Threat of Oil Spills and Spill Response

    Comment 28: Joint industry commenters and another commenter 
disagreed with NMFS' reliance on the DWH Natural Resource Damage 
Assessment injury estimate to conclude that Bryde's whales experienced 
significant impacts from the DWH oil spill, and that oil spills and 
spill responses are a high threat to the species. The commenters stated 
that models used in the DWH assessment were flawed and have not been 
validated. In particular, the Marine Mammal Working Group, which 
evaluated and quantified injury to cetaceans from the DWH oil spill, 
did not observe any Bryde's whales in oiled waters in 2010, did not 
identify any Bryde's whale mortalities in 2010 or 2011, and did not 
observe any Bryde's whale behavioral changes or collect samples showing 
that whales ingested oil or dispersants. Furthermore, the commenters 
stated, all exposure risks and impairments were improperly inferred 
from dolphin studies in other areas. Other commenters agreed with NMFS' 
reliance on the DWH assessment to conclude that GOMx Bryde's whales 
were the most impacted shelf and oceanic species as a result of the DWH 
oil spill.
    Response: We disagree and find there is sufficient evidence that 
the GOMx Bryde's whales were adversely affected by the DWH event and 
that GOMx Bryde's whales are threatened by oil spills and spill 
responses. The DWH Trustees undertook a Natural Resource Damage 
Assessment (NRDA) to evaluate the nature and extent of adverse effects 
of the DWH incident on natural resources. As a result of the extensive, 
multi-year NRDA, the Trustees concluded that the DWH oil spill caused a 
wide array of injuries to species and natural resources in the northern 
Gulf of Mexico, including to the GOMx Bryde's whale. In particular, the 
damage assessment estimated that the oil footprint included 48 percent 
of the BIA, 17 percent of the population was killed, 22 percent of 
reproductive females experienced reproductive failure, and 18 percent 
of the population likely suffered adverse health effects due to the 
spill. Through the Marine Mammal Working Group's analysis in the NRDA, 
the group estimated the impacts of the DWH oil spill on the GOMx 
Bryde's whales and other cetaceans based on data from stranded animals, 
photo-identification surveys, and live dolphin health assessments that 
together characterized the adverse health effects of the spill on 
observed populations of dolphins in Barataria Bay and Mississippi 
Sound. Those assessments extrapolate the magnitude of the injury to 
other populations present within the oil footprint. The DWH NRDA Marine 
Mammal Technical Working Group report (DWH MMIQT 2015) explains that 
due to their narrow distribution and small population size, Bryde's 
whales are rarely observed during any single line transect study. In 
addition, the probability is extremely low that animals dying far 
offshore would eventually strand on beaches, which likely explains why 
no Bryde's whale strandings were recovered in 2010 or 2011. In order 
for researchers to collect samples of stomach contents showing that 
whales ingested oil or dispersants, dead whales would have had to 
strand ashore, and because the GOMx Bryde's whale is an oceanic animal 
it is highly unlikely that a carcasses would strand. The commenters 
provided no new information suggesting that GOMx Bryde's whales were 
not impacted by the DWH oil spill. For all the foregoing reasons, we 
believe it is reasonable to rely on NRDA to assess the impacts to the 
GOMx Bryde's whale resulting from exposure to the DWH oil spill, and to 
evaluate the threat to the species from oil spills and spill response.
    Comment 29: Several commenters stated that GOMx Bryde's whales are 
more vulnerable to oil spills due to the whale's highly limited range 
and strong site fidelity, increasing their risk and vulnerability to a 
single catastrophic event.
    Response: We agree. The Bryde's whales' small population size, 
restricted range, and year-round residency in the northeastern Gulf of 
Mexico increase the species' vulnerability to stochastic and 
catastrophic events such as oil spills and spill responses. Moreover, 
the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA is in close geographic proximity to oil 
extraction development areas, increasing their risk of exposure to an 
oil spill event.
    Comment 30: Joint industry commenters stated that if a spill was to 
occur and dispersants were needed for spill response, the dispersants 
will have minimal impacts to Bryde's whales. The commenters stated that 
impacts are highly dependent on a number of factors, such as frequency 
and duration of exposure, the type and mixtures of the chemical/
compounds, the route of exposure, and the species' known avoidance of 
oily water. The commenters also stated that no Bryde's whales were 
observed within the oil during the DWH oil spill and there were no 
samples showing that Bryde's whales ingested oil or oil dispersants. 
Another commenter, however, stated that baleen whales, such as Bryde's 
whales, are more susceptible to impacts from oil spills and response 
activities because, as filter feeders, oil may adhere to their baleen 
plates and result in ingestion of the oil or dispersants used.
    Response: We recognize that impacts from dispersants are highly 
dependent on a number of factors, such as frequency and duration of 
exposure, the type and mixtures of the chemical/compounds, and the 
route of exposure. There is no evidence that GOMx Bryde's whales will 
avoid oiled waters. While previous studies have suggested that marine 
mammals could detect and avoid oiled waters, recent photographic 
evidence and field observations gathered following the DWH oil spill 
documented at least 11 marine mammal species swimming through oil and 
sheen, with oil adhering to their skin (Dias et al., 2017). This 
evidence demonstrates that marine mammals do not necessarily avoid 
oiled waters. In addition, the best available scientific information 
indicates that dispersants can cause acute or chronic impacts to marine 
mammals with lethal or sub-lethal effects (e.g., Wise et al., 2014). 
Oil and other chemicals used as dispersants may impair marine mammals' 
health and reproduction, and increase their susceptibility to other 
diseases (DWH Trustees 2016). After active spilling has been stopped, 
marine mammals may experience continued effects through persistent 
exposure to oil in the environment, reduction or contamination of prey, 
direct ingestion of contaminated prey, or displacement from preferred 
habitat (Schwacke et al., 2014, Bureau of Ocean Energy

[[Page 15462]]

Management and Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 2015, DWH Trustees 2016). 
Thus, based on available information for marine mammals, we cannot 
conclude that GOMx Bryde's whale would be minimally harmed by oil 
spills or response activities. Moreover, as described herein, the DWH 
PDARP determined the Bryde's whale to be the most impacted oceanic 
marine mammal following the 2010 DWH oil spill. We find that the best 
available science supports our determination that oil spills and spill 
responses are a threat to the species. We agree with the other 
commenter that Bryde's whales are susceptible to impacts from oil 
spills and response activities and that ingestion of oil or dispersants 
are likely harmful to GOMx Bryde's whales.
    Comment 31: Joint industry commenters stated that the species will 
not be threatened by oil spills or spill response activities in the 
future. BOEM's EIS for multiple lease sales in the Central and Eastern 
Planning Areas between 2017 and 2022 (BOEM 2015-033) recognizes that 
recently developed measures, ``including additional subsea blowout 
preventer testing, required downhole mechanical barriers, well 
containment systems, and additional regulatory oversight'' make an oil 
spill event ``less likely than in the past,'' and BOEM does not expect 
spills greater than 150,000 barrels in the Central and Eastern Planning 
Areas during the 2017 to 2022 period. Commenters also noted industry-
driven initiatives to prevent oil spills and improve spill responses, 
including the formulation of four ``Joint Industry Task Forces 
(`JITFs') to identify best practices in offshore drilling operations 
and oil spill response with the aim of enhancing safety and 
environmental protection,'' American Petroleum Institute's adoption of 
certain standards applicable to offshore drilling and related 
operations, and the development of the Center for Offshore Safety, a 
group whose mission is to promote safety in offshore drilling, 
completions, and operations by offering information, tools, and 
opportunities for industry collaboration. The commenter also stated 
that the federal government has instituted a number of changes by 
reorganizing the Minerals Management Service and issuing new rules and 
requirements that make the prospect of future catastrophic spills even 
more remote.
    Response: We recognize the efforts that have been made to reduce 
the likelihood of future oil spills and improve oil spill response 
efforts. Federal agencies, including BOEM, and oil and gas industry 
groups have instituted a number of safeguards, standards, and best 
practices to help reduce the likelihood of a future spill. The industry 
is to be commended for their efforts to further reduce the risks of 
spills. However, these efforts do not eliminate the threat of oil 
spills and spill response activities to the species. Changes made at 
the federal level have been to further reduce the likelihood of 
``catastrophic spills'' and are likely to be beneficial; however, as 
described elsewhere in the rule, GOMx Bryde's whales are susceptible to 
adverse effects from spills regardless of the spill's size. 
Furthermore, we have found that regulatory mechanisms aimed at reducing 
the threat of oil spills or spill response activities are inadequate to 
protect the species, as discussed in more detail under the response to 
comments on Existing Regulatory Mechanisms. For these reasons, we 
conclude that we have accurately stated the likelihood of impacts and 
the risk to the species.

Comments on the Threat of Vessel Collision

    Comment 32: We received several comments on the risk of vessel 
collisions to GOMx Bryde's whales and level of shipping traffic in the 
BIA. Joint industry commenters stated that vessel collisions have never 
been a significant source of Bryde's whale mortality in the Gulf of 
Mexico, or anywhere else in the world, with the exception of the 
heavily trafficked Hauraki Gulf off New Zealand. Vessel collisions are 
incredibly rare for Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico and are not a 
threat to the species. Commenters stated that ship strike mortality is 
low throughout the Bryde's whale's worldwide range, as shown by two 
sources which contain three records of ship strike Bryde's whale 
mortalities occurring in locations other than New Zealand--a 2001 
Marine Mammal Commission review of whale strandings and collision 
reports dating back to the 1800s, and the International Whaling 
Commission's online ship strike database. The commenters stated that, 
since the 2001 Marine Mammal Commission review, NMFS has reported only 
one additional incident of a Bryde's whale being killed as the result 
of ship strike in the Gulf of Mexico. The commenters also state that 
vessel traffic in the Bryde's whale BIA is low, as demonstrated by 
NOAA's tracking of transponder data, and likely is the reason for the 
relative absence of vessel collisions with Bryde's whales in the Gulf 
of Mexico. Another commenter stated that there is a high density of 
vessel traffic in the northern Gulf of Mexico, as well as commercial 
shipping lanes that transit through the Bryde's whale BIA. Two other 
commenters stated that vessel collisions with GOMx Bryde's whales might 
increase after the moratorium on new lease sales in the EPA expires in 
2022. If the EPA was open to energy exploration, development, and 
production, and vessel traffic increased in areas that overlap with 
Bryde's whale habitat, the risk of vessel collisions may also increase. 
A commenter stated that the distribution of vessels relative to Bryde's 
whale distribution, coupled with the species' vulnerability to vessel 
collisions, suggest this threat needs to be mitigated. Lastly, a 
commenter stated that vessel collision is a significant threat, 
considering that mariners have difficulty sighting whales at night 
which limits their ability to quickly change course and avoid 
collision.
    Response: We find that vessel collisions are a threat to the 
species. The number of reported vessel collisions with Bryde's whales 
in the Gulf of Mexico and elsewhere worldwide, with the exception of 
New Zealand, is likely underestimated because GOMx Bryde's whales are 
an offshore species and have low carcass detection and recovery rates 
compared to more coastal species (e.g., New Zealand Bryde's whale, 
humpback whale, and right whale; Laist et al., 2001; Jensen and Silber 
2004; Williams et al., 2011; Waring et al., 2013). In the southern 
hemisphere, Bryde's whales (B.edeni) are the third most commonly 
reported species struck by ships (Van Waerebeek et al., 2007). One GOMx 
Bryde's whale (a lactating female) is known to have been struck by a 
ship in 2009 (Waring et al. 2013). Williams et al. (2011) estimate that 
as few as 2 percent of cetacean deaths in the Gulf of Mexico are 
actually detected. The 2009 ship struck GOMx Bryde's whale was readily 
documented because the animal was struck, pinned across the ship's bow, 
and transported on the bow for likely tens or possibly hundreds of 
miles before it was detected in the Port of Tampa Bay, Florida (Waring 
et al. 2013). Comparatively, in New Zealand, where Bryde's whales occur 
nearshore and the probability of detecting carcasses is high, six of 
the seven Bryde's whale carcasses reported in the IWC database washed 
ashore (IWC ship strike database, accessed June 6, 2017, https://iwc.int/index.php?cID=872&cType=document).
    The GOMx Bryde's whale population likely numbers fewer than 100 
animals (Rosel et al. 2016). There are several major shipping lanes 
cross the GOMx Bryde's whale's BIA, with moderate vessel densities, 
connecting ports in Mobile, Alabama; Pensacola, Panama City, Tampa Bay, 
Florida, which increase the risk to vessel collisions.

[[Page 15463]]

Given the species' small population and restricted range, the species 
is particularly vulnerable to threats from vessel collisions. Any human 
induced mortality can have population-level consequences to small 
populations of whales (Laist et al. 2001, Jensen and Silber 2004). 
Thus, although the number of reported vessel strikes and mortalities to 
Bryde's whales outside of New Zealand is low, given the low abundance 
and the low probabilities of carcass detection and recovery rates for 
GOMx Bryde's whales, we conclude that vessel strikes and moralities to 
GOMx Bryde's whales pose significant threat to this subspecies.
    Lastly, we agree with the commenters who noted that vessel 
collisions are a threat to Bryde's whales given the species' 
vulnerability to vessel collisions and mariner's sighting abilities. 
The spatial overlap between vessel traffic and GOMx Bryde's whale 
distribution, the difficulty of sighting a whale at the surface at 
night, Bryde's whale diving behavior (spending 88 percent of their time 
at night within 15 m of the surface; Soldevilla et al., 2017), and the 
limited ability of large ships to change course quickly enough to avoid 
a whale all contribute to the risk of vessel collisions to GOMx Bryde's 
whales. We also agree that any increase in the number of vessels in the 
Bryde's whales' habitat, such as could occur following the expiration 
of the moratorium on lease sales, would increase the severity of this 
threat.
    Comment 33: Joint industry commenters stated that NMFS incorrectly 
concluded that the construction of the third lane of the Panama Canal 
would expand vessel traffic in the Gulf of Mexico and increase the risk 
of vessel collision with GOMx Bryde's whales. The commenters stated 
that NMFS relied on a report (Institute for Water Resources, 2012) on 
port modernization that contained figures regarding increases in cargo 
tonnage, not increases in vessel traffic, as support for the conclusion 
that vessel traffic and the associated risk of vessel strike would 
increase following the canal modernization. The projected increase in 
the use of post-Panamax vessels could result in decreased vessel 
traffic, given the larger capacity of these vessels. In addition, 
shipping between the Panama Canal and two of the Gulf of Mexico's 
largest ports (Port of South Louisiana and Port of Houston) would 
likely not traverse the areas where Bryde's whales are most commonly 
found.
    Response: We agree with the SRT's assessment that vessel collisions 
are a current threat to the GOMx Bryde's whale and that the threat of 
vessel collisions may increase in the future given the expansion of the 
Panama Canal (Institute for Water Resources, 2012). The increased use 
of the larger post-Panamax ships (larger vessels using the canal post-
expansion) is just one factor in evaluating the amount of vessel 
traffic expected in the Gulf of Mexico in the future. As stated in the 
status review, as a result of the re-inauguration of the Panama Canal, 
freight transport may be redistributed from the West Coast Pacific 
ports to southeastern U.S. ports, including those in the Gulf of 
Mexico. Transshipment service hubs also may arise with the use of these 
larger vessels. Since not all ports will be able to accommodate the 
larger, post-Panamax vessels, smaller feeder vessels may be used to 
deliver cargo received at these hubs from the larger vessels to 
locations unable to receive the larger vessels directly (Institute for 
Water Resources 2012). In addition, historical vessel call data 
available from the Maritime Administration's website (https://www.marad.dot.gov/resources/data-statistics/) shows that from 2002 to 
2013, vessel calls at the top 20 U.S. Gulf of Mexico ports doubled from 
17,200 to 34,700 vessel calls. We expect demand for shipping to 
continue to increase due to population growth in the south. The U.S. 
Census Bureau projects a population growth rate of just less than 28 
percent between 2015 and 2025. Thus, the best scientific and commercial 
data available indicate that ship traffic is likely to increase in all 
of the Gulf of Mexico, including within Bryde's whale habitat, even 
with the reliance on vessels with larger cargo capacity. We agree with 
the commenters' observation that vessel traffic from the Panama Canal 
specifically to the Port of Louisiana and Port of Houston will not 
likely traverse the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA. However, we conclude that 
the threat of vessel collisions is a high severity threat to the 
subspecies and that the threat may increase in the future.

Comments on Exposure to and Effects of Anthropogenic Noise

    Comment 34: We received two sets of comments stating that NMFS 
provided no direct evidence that exposure to anthropogenic noise harms 
Bryde's whales. Joint industry commenters stated that the studies that 
NMFS cites in the proposed listing rule regarding impacts of noise 
pertain to other marine mammals or marine mammals in general, and that 
NMFS has not provided any direct evidence that there are negative 
acoustic impacts on Bryde's whales. Another commenter stated that NMFS 
previously concluded that ``there is no evidence that serious injury, 
death, or stranding of marine mammals can occur from exposure to airgun 
pulses, even in the case of large air gun arrays,'' and that we do not 
have a basis to change our position in this rulemaking. In addition, a 
BOEM Science Officer has stated that ``there has been no documented 
scientific evidence of noise from air guns used in geological and 
geophysical seismic surveys adversely affecting marine mammal 
populations or coastal communities.'' Another commenter stated that 
acute or chronic exposure to anthropogenic noise can have direct or 
indirect impacts to marine mammal species and that there is a 
substantial body of published scientific literature demonstrating the 
impacts of noise on baleen whale vital behaviors (Castellote et al., 
2012; Cerchio et al., 2014; Blackwell et al., 2015; Nowacek et al., 
2015; Shannon et al., 2015).
    Response: In the proposed rule, we concluded that Bryde's whales 
are impacted by anthropogenic noise, and noted the potential for acute 
and chronic impacts of noise. Acute impacts of noise-producing 
activities include auditory injuries or behavioral responses and tend 
to occur relatively nearby the source. Chronic impacts are those caused 
by long-term elevated ambient noise from multiple noise sources that 
can occur at extended distances from the sources and include masking, 
stress, and habitat degradation and associated impacts. Ambient noise 
is the average background noise level in an environment and is the 
combination of physical (e.g., wind, waves, earthquakes), biological 
(e.g., fish calls, mammal calls, snapping shrimp) and anthropogenic 
(e.g., shipping, seismic surveys, sonars) noise sources present. The 
studies we relied on represent the best scientific information 
available from which to evaluate the impacts of noise on the GOMx 
Bryde's whales. The different sources of anthropogenic noise and their 
associated impacts are further discussed in the status review (Rosel et 
al., 2016) and proposed rule (81 FR 88639). Some of the studies were of 
other baleen whale species, but as we explained in the proposed rule, 
it is reasonable to expect similar effects on Bryde's whales because 
the auditory abilities of all baleen whale species are considered to be 
broadly similar based upon vocalization frequencies and ear anatomy 
(Ketten et al., 1998). In addition, as we stated above, energy 
exploration, production, and development in the northern central and 
western Gulf of Mexico, including the

[[Page 15464]]

noise from these activities, likely contributed to the curtailment of 
the species' range and continued activities constrain the species' 
range.
    We are not changing our position regarding the effect of sound from 
air gun pulses. In the proposed rule, we noted that seismic surveys 
have the potential to cause acute auditory injury to marine mammals 
within 100m--1km of airguns with received levels of 230 dB re 1 
[micro]Pa (peak) or higher (Southall et al., 2007). In the 2016 
Technical Guidance, this threshold was reduced to 219 dB re 1 [micro]Pa 
(peak), which indicates an area of potential acute auditory injury at 
equal or greater distance from the sound source than that discussed in 
Southhall et al., 2007. Contrary to the commenter's statement, we did 
not state that we have direct evidence that serious injury, death, or 
stranding from airguns has occurred for GOMx Bryde's whales. We also 
noted that the whales could experience behavioral responses, including 
strong avoidance, as has been documented in other baleen whale species. 
In addition, behavior disturbances can cause energetic effects (e.g., 
through avoidance of preferred feeding habitat, or interruption of 
feeding) or interfere with critical behaviors (e.g., cow-calf 
communications or adult mating behaviors) in a manner that may reduce 
reproductive success or survivorship which can lead to population level 
effects depending on the scale of the impacts and the status of the 
population. As indicated in the literature cited in the status review, 
such behavioral responses can occur if the activity occurs within 8 km 
of a whale (Rosel et al., 2016). The commenters cite an article by a 
BOEM Science Officer entitled, The Science Behind the Decision: Answers 
to Frequently asked Questions about the Atlantic Geological and 
Geophysical Activities Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement 
(PEIS), to support their statement that noise from airguns does not 
adversely affect marine mammals. The article suggests there are no 
population-level effects to marine mammals as none have been 
documented. However, as BOEM stated in a follow-up to this article, 
``[we] should not assume that lack of evidence for adverse population-
level effects of airgun surveys means that those effects may not 
occur'' (BOEM, 2015; www.boem.gov/BOEM-Science-Note-March-2015/). In 
addition, while the article notes that there have been no documented 
reports of marine mammals being killed, it also states that marine 
mammals can be injured by noise from airguns, and protection is needed 
to avoid harm. Thus, the article does not alter our conclusion that 
Bryde's whales could suffer acute auditory injury or experience 
behavioral effects if exposed to noise from seismic survey activity. 
The commenter provided no basis to draw a different conclusion about 
the impact from noise from seismic surveys and airguns to the GOMx 
Bryde's whale than we described in our proposed rule. We agree with the 
commenter who stated that acute or chronic exposure to anthropogenic 
noise can have direct or indirect adverse physical and behavioral 
effects on GOMx Bryde's whales, as further described in the status 
review and proposed rule (Rosel et al., 2016; 81 FR 88639, December 8, 
2016).
    Comment 35: Joint industry commenters stated that NMFS failed to 
show that Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico are exposed to marine 
sound. The commenters stated that, although ship noise likely occurs in 
the Gulf of Mexico, the noise in the De Soto Canyon is likely less than 
other areas in the Gulf because commercial fishing vessels, which 
constitute a large portion of marine traffic in the Gulf, are 
prohibited from fishing in the De Soto Canyon area. According to the 
commenter, much of the area where Bryde's whales are found is under 
speed restrictions contained in the Joint Notice to Lessees and 
Operators on ``Vessel Strike Avoidance and Injured/Dead Protected 
Species Reporting'' (BOEM NTL No. 2016-G01), which could reduce noise. 
Additionally, the commenters stated that oil and gas exploration does 
not occur in the De Soto Canyon or anywhere else in the EPA and 
therefore does not provide a meaningful contribution to anthropogenic 
noise levels. The commenters also stated that one of the peer reviewers 
agrees that the BIA for the Bryde's whales is an area of relative quiet 
in the Gulf of Mexico.
    Response: We conclude that GOMx Bryde's whales are exposed to and 
affected by marine sound. Noise from oil and gas activities (e.g., 
noise generated from vessels and aircraft, oil drilling and production, 
and seismic surveys) and shipping traffic constitute the primary 
sources of anthropogenic noise in the Gulf of Mexico. We disagree that 
Bryde's whales are exposed to less noise due to the prohibition of 
commercial fishing in the De Soto Canyon area. As described in the 
status review (Rosel et al., 2016), noise associated with commercial 
fishing sonars and scientific sonars is ubiquitous, but it is not as 
pervasive as other sources of noise (e.g., noise associated with 
shipping and other vessel traffic). In addition, we note that the only 
commercial fisheries prohibited in the De Soto Canyon Marine Protected 
Area (MPAs) are those fisheries that use pelagic longline gear as 
described herein.
    The commenters noted that noise levels increase with vessel speed, 
but states that given the U.S. Department of the Interior, Joint Notice 
to Lessees and Operators cited in the comment above, much of the area 
where Bryde's whales are found is under speed restrictions. The Joint 
Notice applies to existing and future oil and gas operators in the Gulf 
of Mexico, and contains only recommended measures to reduce the risk 
associated with vessel strike or disturbance of protected species. One 
of the recommended measures is to ``Reduce vessel speed to 10 knots or 
less when mother/calf pairs, pods, or large assemblages of cetaceans 
are observed near an underway vessel when safety permits.'' However, 
these recommended measures are only applicable to specific lessees and 
operators, and are specific to the area where the individual operations 
occur, not specific to the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA. We disagree that 
most of the area where Bryde's whales are found is under speed 
restrictions. Moreover, any recommended measures applicable to oil and 
gas operations would not apply to commercial shipping or other vessels 
and thus would not reduce noise from those vessels, which is a primary 
source of low frequency noise in the Gulf of Mexico.
    Oil and gas exploration can occur within the EPA, and we have not 
received any information to change our conclusion regarding this 
threat. The current moratorium expires in 2022, and even now only bans 
oil and gas leasing. The moratorium does not ban exploration 
activities, which include the use of seismic surveys, which are a 
primary source of low frequency noise in the Gulf of Mexico.
    Comment 36: One commenter presented information from a 2016 
acoustic propagation modeling effort, incorporated in BOEM's Gulf of 
Mexico OCS Proposed Geological and Geophysical Activities Draft (PEIS) 
(BOEM 2016-049), that estimated the extent of the reduction of 
listening area and communication space for marine animals due to 
seismic surveys. The model shows that the shallow waters in the upper 
De Soto Canyon suffer less habitat degradation due to noise levels than 
modeled sites to the west, in part due to the bathymetry of the canyon 
and the low levels of oil and gas activity. The commenter stated that 
this acoustic modeling information supports NMFS' observation that 
Bryde's whales may have experienced a range contraction

[[Page 15465]]

due to the acoustic habitat degradation from the heavily developed 
western Gulf of Mexico.
    Response: We appreciate the information presented, and note that 
after the comment was submitted, BOEM published the final EIS (BOEM 
2017-051), incorporating this modeling information. We agree with the 
commenter's characterization that anthropogenic noise may have 
contributed to the shift in the species' distribution.
    Comment 37: Joint industry commenters stated that the threat of 
noise from oil and gas exploration, development, and production is at 
most a future risk dependent on the potential opening of the EPA to 
leasing for energy exploration, development, and production. Even if 
the EPA were open for leasing, any increase in noise is speculative and 
depends on future leasing decisions, lease interest, production rate, 
and presumptions about geology and market speculation. Even if oil and 
gas activities were to occur in important Bryde's whale habitat either 
now or in the future, those activities would be conducted pursuant to 
strict regulatory requirements that minimize the risk of exposure as 
outlined in BOEM's Notice to Lessees. Another commenter highlighted 
information from BOEM's Draft EIS on Gulf geophysical and geological 
surveys (BOEM 2016-049) and stated that over the next 10 years GOMx 
Bryde's whales would be exposed to noise from oil and gas exploration.
    Response: We disagree that the threat of energy exploration and 
production is a speculative, future threat. The SRT evaluated the 
threat of anthropogenic noise based on its current threat to the 
species and the threat it poses over the next 55 years. Although few 
seismic surveys are currently occurring in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, 
in other areas in the Gulf of Mexico, outside of the species' currently 
known range, there are high levels of noise due to seismic surveys. We 
conclude this noise likely contributed to the species' range 
contraction. In addition, given the ability of low-frequency sounds to 
travel substantial distances, sounds from nearby surveys may be 
impacting the GOMx Bryde's whale within the BIA, contributing to 
ambient noise levels that have the potential to increase stress, mask 
vocalizations and environmental cues, and reduce foraging and 
reproductive success, and have the potential to affect the species' 
distribution and curtail the species' range. The highest levels of 
exploration activity (seismic surveys) are in the CPA, and the 
northwestern extent of the BIA is near the EPA/CPA boundary. We note 
that the species could suffer acute auditory injury if seismic survey 
activity occurred within 1 km of a Bryde's whale and could experience 
behavioral responses, including strong avoidance, if activity occurred 
within 8 km of a whale (Rosel et al., 2016). None of the measures in 
the Notice to Lessees to address exposure to short-term noise at high 
sound pressure (resulting in acute auditory injury) would address the 
issues associated with exposure to chronic noise. BOEM has projected 
oil and gas activity levels in the EPA that show there will be wells 
drilled and associated activities occurring in the EPA as a result of 
current lease sales (BOEM 2015-033), and noise from these activities 
may affect the GOMx Bryde's whale. Moreover, the moratorium on new 
lease sales in the EPA expires in 2022, and thereafter, noise produced 
from oil and gas activities is likely to increase within the Bryde's 
whale BIA. Post-moratorium, the whales could be exposed to ambient 
noise levels that have the potential to mask communications, among 
other effects, and to discrete incidences of noise that have the 
potential to cause acute auditory injuries.
    We appreciate the comment with information from BOEM's now-
finalized EIS (BOEM 2017-051) regarding the sound levels that Bryde's 
whales could be exposed to from seismic oil and gas surveys taking 
place in the entire Gulf of Mexico, including the EPA. Information from 
this comment supports our conclusions regarding the impacts of noise 
from oil and gas activities on GOMx Bryde's whales in the future if 
energy exploration, development, and production were to expand into the 
EPA.
    Comment 38: One commenter stated that the modeled noise predictions 
that NMFS relied on from the status review were un-validated and 
inconsistent with real world data, as one of the peer reviewers noted. 
The commenter stated that NMFS cannot rely on models that do not 
reflect real world measurements.
    Response: The SRT presented model outputs from the Cetacean and 
Sound Mapping (CetSound) working group to understand the potential 
contribution from different sound sources to ambient noise in the Gulf 
of Mexico and the potential geospatial distribution of ambient noise. 
One of the peer reviewers of the draft status review report recommended 
omitting the models due to the potential discrepancy with measured 
data. The SRT took into account the peer reviewer's comments and 
explained that the CetSound models in the BIA are consistent with the 
real world measurements described in Rice et al., 2014 and Wiggins et 
al. (in review at the time the status review was developed, and 
published in 2016) and made appropriate revisions in the final status 
review report to clarify this point. We conclude that, as is explained 
in the status review, a comparison of sound levels detected by Marine 
Autonomous Recording Units and High Frequency Acoustic Recording 
Packages and the CetSound predictions indicates that the predictions 
are a reasonable approximation of the range of ambient noise, 
considering the differences in spatial and temporal scales of the 
models and in-situ measurements. When seismic survey activity is low in 
the EPA, ambient noise levels are likely to be within the range the 
model predicts for total shipping noise, and when seismic survey 
activity is higher in the EPA (near 2009 levels), ambient noise levels 
are likely to be within the range the model predicts for total shipping 
and seismic noise.
    Comment 39: One commenter stated that ambient noise levels in the 
Gulf of Mexico present no harm to the GOMx Bryde's whale under current 
or historical standards for evaluating the levels at which noise will 
cause injury or behavioral effects. The commenter stated that the 
average ambient noise levels cited in the status review are below those 
at which NMFS believes the species will experience auditory impacts, as 
set forth in NMFS' 2016 Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of 
Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing, and the historical 
levels, which commenters state are 180 dB for physical injury and 160 
dB for behavioral effects. The commenters stated that the Technical 
Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine 
Mammal Hearing changed the acoustic standards for physical injury, but 
did not change the 160 dB behavioral effects standard. The commenter 
also stated that the status review incorrectly states that ambient 
noise sound pressure levels may exceed thresholds for behavior 
disturbances during a proportion of the year in certain regions (e.g., 
MARU sites HF4 and HF7 in the Central Planning Area, Table 6, and 
Figure 14). According to the commenter, this statement is incorrect 
because levels recorded at those sites are below the thresholds. The 
commenters stated that NMFS needs to develop a specific standard of 
harm before it can assess the level of risk to Bryde's whales from 
exposure to anthropogenic noise.
    Response: We have sufficient information to evaluate the threat to 
the GOMx Bryde's whale from

[[Page 15466]]

anthropogenic noise, including the threat from ambient noise (the 
average background noise levels that the animals experience). We 
described the research on the effects of noise on marine mammals in the 
status review and proposed rule (Rosel et al., 2016; 81 FR 88639, 
December 8, 2016). We concluded GOMx Bryde's whales are being affected 
by noise, caused primarily by vessels and commercial shipping traffic 
and seismic surveys. In particular, we find that exposure to noise from 
these sources can increase stress, mask communication and environmental 
cues, lead to reduced foraging and reproductive success, and lead to 
habitat displacement. We also conclude that noise associated with 
energy exploration, development, and production likely contributed to 
the species' range contraction.
    In addition to discussing the effects of acute and chronic exposure 
to noise, the SRT evaluated whether ambient noise levels would exceed 
the thresholds NMFS has used to evaluate effects from acute, or short-
term, exposure to noise. Although the acute exposure thresholds are not 
intended to be used to evaluate the effects of exposure to constant 
background noise, the SRT conducted this comparative analysis to 
determine whether the GOMx Bryde's whale is continuously being exposed 
to noise at levels that would cause acute auditory injury, or result in 
behavioral effects even if the species was temporarily exposed.
    Thus, the SRT compared, measured, and modeled ambient noise levels 
to NMFS' acoustic thresholds for determining whether sound at a given 
level constitutes Level A or Level B harassment for the purpose of 
incidental take permitting, as those terms are defined under the MMPA. 
While the SRT was finalizing the status review, NMFS was in the process 
of updating the acoustic thresholds for auditory injury. The status 
review refers to earlier-existing thresholds, stating that the 
threshold for Level A harassment, which includes the potential for 
injuries, was 180dB, and the threshold for Level B harassment, which 
refers to behavioral effects, was 160 dB for impulsive sound and 120 dB 
for non-impulsive sound. The SRT did not determine at what point noise 
from seismic or shipping activities would cause Level A or Level B 
harassment. The purpose of the status review analysis was not to 
evaluate noise that might be harassment under the MMPA, but to evaluate 
threats to the species to inform our ESA listing decision. In 2016, we 
published Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic 
Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing--Underwater Acoustic Thresholds for 
Onset of Permanent and Temporary Threshold Shifts (2016 Technical 
Guidance). This document provides acoustic thresholds for assessing 
auditory impacts in marine mammal hearing for all sound sources. It 
updated the 180 dB threshold used to assess the onset of auditory 
injury, but did not update or address the threshold for evaluating 
behavioral harassment from non-impulsive noise (e.g., continuous 
noise), and the status review uses the 120 dB for evaluating behavioral 
effects from continuous noise sources. The status review evaluated 
whether ambient noise levels would exceed this 120 dB threshold.
    Ambient noise levels measured at certain locations (MARU sites HF4 
and HF7 in Table 6, Figure 14 in the status review in the WPA and CPA) 
may exceed the 120 dB threshold for determining when exposure to non-
impulsive noise may cause behavioral disturbances. The SRT's analysis 
relied on noise levels for the \1/3\ octave band level centered at 100 
Hz only, to allow comparisons at the frequencies at which GOMx Bryde's 
whales produce their calls (Rosel et al. 2016 at 48, citing 
[Scaron]irovi[cacute] et al. 2014). However, noise impacts occur over a 
wider frequency bandwidth which must be considered to appropriately 
compare these noise levels to broadband noise levels, such as 120 dB 
threshold. The sound level in any narrow-band (e.g., the \1/3\ octave 
band centered at 100 Hz) will be lower than the total sound level 
across the full frequency band. As discussed in the status review, the 
full impacts of sound (injury, physiological responses, and behavioral 
responses) can occur throughout the Bryde's whale's hearing frequency 
range, and therefore, sound levels need to be integrated over this 
broader range to understand the full impacts of sound. Based on the 
broadband data presented in Rice et al. (2014b) and Wiggins (in review 
at the time the status review was developed, and published 2016), the 
SRT estimated that ambient noise levels in the 10-200 Hz frequency 
range may exceed 120 dB at two locations where sound was measured (the 
MARU HF4 and HF7 sites in the WPA and CPA). Although those sites are 
outside of the EPA, as the SRT explained, noise levels in the BIA could 
reach the levels recorded at these sites when seismic survey activity 
occurs closer to or within the BIA. The models including seismic survey 
noise predicted higher noise levels in the BIA, based on data from 2009 
when seismic survey activity was high in the BIA. At those levels, the 
SRT predicted that the whales would be unlikely to hear their closest 
neighbors. Thus, we conclude that if seismic survey activity were to 
increase in the EPA and return to 2009 levels, which is possible 
following expiration of the moratorium, ambient noise levels could be 
so high as to preclude the species from communicating. Thus, expanding 
seismic survey activity could prevent the species from communicating at 
all times. Moreover, high background noise reduces the ability of 
acoustically sensitive species, such as the GOMx Bryde's whales, to 
detect and interpret critical acoustic cues, such as those used for 
communication, detecting predators or prey, or navigation, even if they 
do not exceed the thresholds for behavioral effects used to evaluate 
impulsive sound. We conclude that high background noise is a threat to 
the species.
    The best scientific information available discussed above does not 
support the commenter's position that noise levels present no harm or 
that NMFS has no standards to measure harm. We discussed the potential 
harm from ambient noise and acute noise, and compared ambient noise 
levels to the thresholds at which the agency has determined discrete 
exposure to noise could cause acute auditory injury or behavioral 
responses. Moreover, the information in the 2016 Technical Guidance and 
the agency's thresholds for evaluating behavioral disturbances are not 
the only tools to be used in analyzing the effects of noise on a 
species. As stated in that 2016 Technical Guidance, the agency has a 
number of tools beyond just the guidance, including behavioral impact 
thresholds, auditory masking assessments, evaluations to help 
understand the effects of any particular type of impact on an 
individual's fitness, population assessments, etc., to help evaluate 
the effects of noise.

Comments on the Threat of Fishing Gear Entanglement

    Comment 40: Joint industry commenters stated that entanglement has 
never been shown to pose an extinction threat to Bryde's whales in the 
Gulf of Mexico or anywhere else in the world. The joint industry 
commenters noted: (1) There have been only a handful of Bryde's whale 
entanglements worldwide and even fewer instances where the entanglement 
resulted in mortality, (2) fisheries and gear that entangled Bryde's 
whales are not used near important Bryde's whale areas, (3) in the Gulf 
of Mexico, there have been no reports of Bryde's whale

[[Page 15467]]

entanglement or other fishing-related mortality or serious injury 
between 1998 and 2013, (4) there are no known interactions between 
Bryde's whales and pelagic longline gear or bottom longline gear, (5) 
of the 12 fisheries analyzed for potential fishing gear interactions in 
the status review, only the butterfish trawl fishery is a potential 
threat to Bryde's whales, but it has only two participants currently 
permitted, (6) other fisheries are either unlikely to harm Bryde's 
whale (hook and line), have the highest effort west of De Soto Canyon 
or in shallower water than Bryde's whales inhabit (shrimp trawl), or 
are prohibited in the De Soto Canyon (pelagic longline), and (7) 
fishing effort in the Gulf of Mexico is declining. Another commenter 
concurred with the SRT's determination that fishing gear entanglement 
is at least a moderate threat to the population. Other commenters 
stated that while there are few known entanglements in U.S. waters, the 
lack of observer coverage for trap/pot and trawl fisheries and heavy 
reliance of self-reporting may underestimate the extent of fishery-
related mortality and serious injury, as self-reports of interactions 
by fisheries often are significantly underreported, and that even known 
levels of entanglement would threaten the species.
    Response: The degree of risk from direct fishery interaction is a 
function of whale size and behavior, gear type, and spatial overlap 
between fishing effort and habitat. The SRT concluded that five of the 
12 commercial fisheries that they evaluated overlap or possibly overlap 
with the Bryde's whale BIA (i.e., the Gulf of Mexico commercial pelagic 
longline fishery, the bottom longline component of the Gulf of Mexico 
reef fish fishery, the Gulf of Mexico shark bottom longline fishery, 
the Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery, and the Gulf of Mexico 
butterfish trawl fishery). The SRT also concluded that these five 
fisheries use gear types (i.e., pelagic longline, bottom longline, and 
trawl) that pose entanglement risk to whales (see Table 7, Rosel et al. 
(2016). Trap/pot fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico do not overlap with 
the BIA so they are not an entanglement concern for this species. The 
other fisheries not identified above were found to have limited spatial 
overlap and/or to use gear that does not pose an entanglement risk and 
therefore that is unlikely to harm GOMx Bryde's whale. The proposed 
rule assessed the threat of fishing gear entanglement based on the 
spatial overlap between these fisheries and the Bryde's whale BIA, the 
amount of fishing effort, and the potential for interactions given the 
whale's foraging behavior. The status review notes known entanglements 
and explains that the bycatch rates are often underestimated as marine 
mammals may become entangled in, or hooked by, fishing gear and swim 
away with injuries or deaths that are unobserved and accounted for in 
bycatch statistics (Rosel et al., 2016). High rates of entanglement 
scarring on living baleen whales indicate that fishery entanglements 
may occur more frequently than indicated by statistics on known bycatch 
mortality. The status review stated that the royal red shrimp trawl 
fishery and butterfish trawl fishery have limited spatial overlap with 
the BIA and those overlapping areas represent a small portion of 
fishing effort. The SRT also noted that there are only two participants 
within the butterfish trawl fishery. Consequently, the SRT determined 
that these trawl fisheries are unlikely to harm GOMx Bryde's whale. 
However, the pelagic longline and bottom longline fisheries were found 
to present an entanglement risk based on their effort in the BIA and 
their potential for interactions given the gear type and the whale's 
behavior. Pelagic longlines are a known entanglement threat to baleen 
whales because the majority of mainline gear is in the water column 
(Andersen et al., 2008). Approximately two thirds of the Bryde's whale 
BIA has been closed to commercial pelagic longline under the De Soto 
Canyon Marine Protected Area (MPA); however, the BIA is larger than the 
MPA and one third of the BIA is still open to pelagic longline fishing 
(65 FR 47214; August 1, 2000). The MPA is composed of two rectangular 
areas, one of which covers the northern part of the BIA, the other 
covering the southern part, leaving the middle section of the BIA open 
to pelagic longline (Figure 20B in Rosel et al., 2016). In addition, 
there are no restrictions or areas within the BIA closed to bottom 
longline fishing. Bottom longline gear is an entanglement risk to 
bottom-foraging whales, given that the majority of mainline gear is 
anchored on the seafloor. The GOMx Bryde's whales likely forage on or 
near the seafloor bottom, increasing the potential for interaction with 
bottom longline fisheries. Based on the best scientific and commercial 
information available, we concluded that fisheries that use pelagic 
longline and bottom longline gears that operate within the BIA pose an 
entanglement risk to the GOMx Bryde's whale.
    Comment 41: The State of Louisiana requested that we conduct 
additional analysis and interpretation of the status review's Appendix 
2 ``Vessel Monitoring System and Fishery Effort Geospatial Density 
Distribution.''
    Response: As explained in the status review, Appendix 2 depicts 
fishing effort for a number of fisheries based on Vessel Monitoring 
System data that, where available, indicate where effort occurs for 
each fishery. The SRT relied on Appendix 2 and other information to 
evaluate the spatial distribution of commercial fisheries in the Gulf 
of Mexico, and to evaluate the risk to the species from fishing gear 
entanglement. Based on their review, the SRT found that 5 fisheries 
with gear types that may interact directly with the species may have 
effort within or along the edge of the known range of GOMx Bryde's 
whales in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, as described in Table 7 of 
the status review. As we explained in the proposed rule, based on the 
SRT's scoring, the threat of entanglement in commercial fishing gear is 
``moderate'' in severity with ``moderate'' certainty, and we considered 
this in our evaluation of section 4(a)(1) factor E. The State of 
Louisiana did not express any specific concerns regarding Appendix 2. 
We find the information contained in the status review, including the 
information provided in Table 7 and Appendix 2, represents the best 
available scientific and commercial information upon which to evaluate 
the threat of fishing gear entanglement on the GOMx Bryde's whale. We 
will continue to monitor this threat when we conduct our review of the 
listed species (ESA section 4(c)(2)).

Comments on the Threat of Military Activities

    Comment 42: The Navy's Energy and Environmental Readiness Division 
stated that the proposed rule is consistent with their understanding of 
the life history, abundance, and genetics information for the GOMx 
Bryde's whale. They referenced the most significant threats to the GOMx 
Bryde's whale and described measures the Navy implements to avoid and 
minimize harm to marine mammals from oil releases from vessels, vessel 
collisions, and training and testing activities. They provided 
information on specific operational procedures that they state would 
help minimize and avoid harm to GOMx Bryde's whales while conducting 
their activities (e.g., maintaining an oil spill prevention and 
response program for vessels, having personnel charged with observing 
objects and disturbances in water to reduce the potential for

[[Page 15468]]

vessel interactions, maintaining mitigation zones where training and 
testing activities may be curtailed when marine mammals are sighted). 
They also communicated their need to conduct limited training and 
testing activities in the Gulf of Mexico. They stated that the Eastern 
Gulf of Mexico Planning Awareness Area encompasses the GOMx Bryde's 
whales BIA, and indicated the Navy avoids planning major training and 
testing exercises, when feasible, within this area.
    Response: We appreciate the Navy's efforts to implement procedures 
that may minimize impacts to marine mammals, including the GOMx Bryde's 
whale. As noted in the proposed rule, section 7(a)(2) of the ESA 
requires that all Federal agencies ensure that any action they 
authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued 
existence of endangered or threatened species or destroy or adversely 
modify designated critical habitat. Federal agencies must consult with 
NMFS on their actions that may affect listed species under our 
jurisdiction. We have previously consulted on the Navy's training 
exercises, including the Atlantic Fleet Training and Testing exercises, 
and recognize that once the rule is finalized, reinitiation of 
consultation may be required, to the extent the newly listed species 
may be affected by the action (50 CFR 402.16). We appreciate the Navy 
recognizing the GOMx Bryde's whale's BIA and expanding the boundaries 
of their Planning Awareness Area to encompass that area as it is an 
important area for the species.

Comments on the Information Quality Act and Peer Review of the Status 
Review

    Comment 43: One commenter stated that the proposed listing rule 
does not comply with the Information Quality Act (IQA) or guidance on 
peer review of science documents issued under the IQA and other 
authorities because NMFS has not classified the rule as ``influential'' 
or ``highly influential.'' The commenter stated that the proposed 
listing rule is not Influential Scientific Information (ISI), but is a 
Highly Influential Scientific Assessment (HISA) because it is novel, 
controversial, precedent-setting, or has significant interagency 
interest. The commenter stated that, because the rule is HISA, NMFS was 
required to provide opportunity for public comment to the peer 
reviewers, and to provide public comments submitted to NMFS to the peer 
reviewers. Another commenter stated the proposed listing and the 
information upon which it is based adheres to information quality 
standards.
    Response: We disagree that our proposed listing rule does not 
comply with the IQA or guidance on peer review of government science 
documents. In our Guidance on Responding to Petitions and Conducting 
Status Reviews under the Endangered Species Act, updated May 2016, we 
state that it is our policy and practice to seek peer review of the 
scientific information underlying our determinations under section 4 of 
the ESA, which includes status reviews where they have been prepared. 
We also state that we seek peer review of the underlying status review 
where one has been prepared, not the proposed listing rule, and that 
only one round of peer review (i.e., peer review of the status review) 
is necessary. We also explain that peer review of the scientific and 
commercial information upon which we will base our listing 
determinations is informed by the Office of Management and Budget's 
(OMB) December 16, 2004, guidance regarding peer review of government 
science documents, issued under the IQA and other authorities (OMB Peer 
Review Bulletin) and NMFS' June 2012, policy directive containing 
guidance on the OMB Peer Review Bulletin, PD 04-108-4. Thus, consistent 
with our policy and OMB's Peer Review Bulletin, we did not seek 
separate peer review of the proposed listing rule, but did seek peer 
review of the status review.
    Commenters state that we did not explain whether the proposed 
listing is ISI or HISA. Again, we did not seek peer review of the 
proposed listing. We did, however, seek peer review of the status 
review, which was classified as ISI. NOAA's Office of Chief Information 
Officer website at: http://www.cio.noaa.gov/services_programs/prplans/ID337.html clearly identifies the status review as an ISI product and 
provides additional information on the peer review conducted. ISI means 
scientific information the agency reasonably can determine will have or 
does have a clear and substantial impact on important public policies 
or private sector decisions. As noted in NMFS' Guidance on the OMB Peer 
Review Bulletin (PD 04-108-4) and NOAA's Information Quality 
Guidelines, a clear and substantial impact is one that has a high 
probability of occurring. The status review was correctly identified as 
ISI because it is used in informing our response the petition to list 
the GOMx Bryde's whale and our proposal to list the GOMx Bryde's whale 
as endangered.
    An HISA is a subset of ISI and is defined as a scientific 
assessment that has a potential impact of more than $500 million in any 
one year on either the public or private sector or is novel, 
controversial, or precedent-setting, or of significant interagency 
interest. The status review is not novel or precedent-setting as NMFS 
regularly prepares ESA status reviews and ESA listing determinations 
very similar to this one. While some individuals may disagree with our 
determination to list the GOMx Bryde's whale as endangered, no 
controversy or significant interagency interest surrounds the status 
review. We have no information that suggests the impact of the status 
review would be greater than the HISA threshold, nor have commenters 
provided any such information. Thus, the peer review was not completed 
following the process for peer review of HISA, including any guidelines 
for public participation. We agree with the commenter who stated that 
we adhered to information quality standards in developing the status 
review and proposed rule.
    Comment 44: One commenter stated that NMFS did not comply with the 
requirements of the OMB Peer Review Bulletin for review of ISI because 
the peer reviewers lacked balance, independence, and were not 
``informed of applicable access, objectivity, reproducibility and other 
quality standards under the federal laws governing information access 
and quality.'' The commenter stated that the peer reviewers were not 
balanced because none were industry experts. The commenter also stated 
that one peer reviewer was not independent because that reviewer is a 
NMFS employee.
    Response: We adhered to the OMB Peer Review Bulletin and our 
guidance on the OMB Peer Review Bulletin in the selection of the peer 
reviewers to ensure a balanced review by independent experts and to 
prevent any real or perceived conflicts of interest. NMFS' guidance on 
the OMB Peer Review Bulletin directs NMFS to select peer reviewers 
based on expertise, balance, conflicts, and independence (PD 04-108-4, 
Appendix A, II.3). We chose three scientists with the requisite 
expertise, experience, and skill in marine mammal biology, ecology, 
genetics, and acoustics to review the status review. To ensure balance, 
we selected peer reviewers who represent a diversity of relevant 
scientific and technical perspectives and fields of knowledge and who 
we determined could offer fair and balanced viewpoints regarding the 
SRT evaluation of the status of the species, including the 
interpretation of available literature supporting that evaluation. With 
respect to the independence of the peer

[[Page 15469]]

reviewer, NMFS' Guidance on the OMB Peer Review Bulletin states that 
peer reviewers shall not have participated in development of the work 
product to be reviewed. None of the peer reviewers tasked with 
reviewing the status review were involved in developing the status 
review. The OMB Bulletin does not foreclose NMFS from seeking peer 
review by a NMFS employee. In addition, all peer reviewers were 
screened for potential conflicts of interest. Finally, the peer 
reviewers were informed of applicable access, objectivity, 
reproducibility, and other quality standards under federal laws 
governing information access and quality. We provided the peer 
reviewers with a link to the OMB Peer Review Bulletin and notified them 
of how we would attribute and disclose their comments consistent with 
the applicable guidelines. In addition, we provided a link to a website 
providing other NMFS scientific documents that have been subject to 
peer review, including the peer review plans for those documents, to 
serve as examples of previously completed peer reviews.
    Comment 45: One commenter stated that NMFS violated requirements 
for peer review of ISI because the agency did not provide responses to 
peer reviewer comments on the status review. Joint industry commenters 
stated that although NMFS provided the text of the peer reviewer 
comments, NMFS did not make publically available the underlying 
document containing the comments, complicating the commenters' ability 
to understand the peer reviewer comments and whether they were 
addressed. As a result, joint industry commenters stated that the 
status review is flawed and does not represent the best scientific 
information available.
    Response: NMFS complied with the OMB Peer Review Bulletin and NMFS' 
guidance on the OMB Peer Review Bulletin (PD 04-108-4) in conducting 
the peer review of the status review. In accordance with the OMB Peer 
Review Bulletin and our guidance on that Bulletin (PD 04-108-4) 
regarding peer review of ISI, we posted the peer review plan, charge 
statement to the peer reviewers, the peer review report, which 
summarizes the comments of the peer reviewers, and the final status 
review, which incorporates the response to peer reviewer comments, on 
the NOAA's Peer Review Agenda at: http://www.cio.noaa.gov/services_programs/prplans/ID337.html. Under our guidance, the peer 
review report must contain either a verbatim copy of each reviewer's 
comments (with or without specific attribution) or represent the views 
of the group as a whole, including any disparate and dissenting views 
(PD 04-108-4, Appendix A, II.5). Each reviewer prepared an overview or 
high level comments, which were included in the peer review report. The 
peer review report also includes the peer reviewers' substantive 
comments on particular text from the draft status review, where 
substantive comments were provided. The peer reviewers' non-substantive 
or stylistic comments the draft status review were not included in the 
peer review report. Thus, the peer review report meets the requirements 
of our guidance. Our guidance is clear ``that for ISI, the agency is 
not required to prepare a separate response'' to the peer review (PD 
04-108-4 at 8).
    Joint industry commenters state that it is difficult to understand 
the peer reviewer's comments and whether they were addressed. The 
commenters are referring to Peer Reviewer 2's comments. Peer Reviewer 2 
provided an overview of his or her comments, as well as specific 
comments on language in the draft status review. Joint industry 
commenters point out a few of those specific comments as hard to 
follow. However, each statement that joint industry commenters indicate 
is difficult to follow was taken out of context. We do not find that 
Peer Reviewer 2's comments are difficult to follow. In addition, we do 
not agree that because NMFS did not complete an unrequired procedural 
step--providing additional documents from the peer review beyond those 
described above--the information in the status review underlying our 
determination is somehow rendered inadequate. Moreover, the commenter 
identifies no better available scientific or commercial information.
    Comment 46: One commenter stated that the status review and 
proposed rule violated the IQA because the agency did not develop a 
pre-dissemination review certificate.
    Response: The proposed rule underwent pre-dissemination review 
pursuant to Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government 
Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001, Public Law 106-554 
(Information Quality Act). The pre-dissemination review is always 
conducted as part of our internal review process and a pre-
dissemination review certificate is maintained as part of the 
administrative record for this decision. It is not our practice to 
publish the pre-dissemination review certificate, but it would be made 
available upon request. We have not received any such requests. In 
addition, as set forth in our Guidance on Responding to Petitions and 
Conducting Status Reviews under the ESA, updated May 26, 2016, the 
draft status review submitted to the peer reviewers is not intended for 
further distribution. It is distributed solely for the purpose of pre-
dissemination peer review under applicable information quality 
guidelines and it does not represent, and should not be construed to 
represent, any agency determination or policy.
    Comment 47: One commenter stated that the proposed listing rule 
should be withdrawn because it relies on two documents that do not 
themselves comply with the OMB Bulletin for Agency Good Guidance 
Practices, including (1) NMFS' Guidance on Responding to Listing 
Petitions and Conducting Status Reviews under the ESA and (2) NOAA's 
Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on 
Marine Mammal Hearing. The commenter stated that because those two 
documents met one or more significance criteria under the OMB Bulletin 
for Agency Good Guidance Practices, NMFS should have followed that 
bulletin in developing the documents. The commenter stated that NMFS 
cannot rely on those documents until they meet all applicable 
requirements under that bulletin, in addition to the IQA guidelines and 
the OMB Peer Review Bulletin.
    Response: We do not agree that we need to withdraw the proposed 
listing rule. Section 4(b)(1)(A) of the ESA requires us to make listing 
determinations on the basis of the best scientific and commercial data 
available after taking into account certain efforts being made to 
protect the species. In making the current listing determination, we 
relied on the status review, which we believe compiled the best 
scientific and commercial data available on the species' taxonomy, 
distribution, abundance, life history, as well as the threats affecting 
the status of the species, existing regulatory mechanisms, and 
conservation efforts that affect the Bryde's whale, and other 
information discussed in the proposed and final rules.
    The SRT relied on NMFS' Guidance on Responding to Petitions and 
Conducting Status Reviews under the ESA in developing the status 
review. As noted above, that document summarizes the process by which 
NMFS organizes and conducts status reviews pursuant to section 
4(b)(1)(A) of the ESA. This procedural guidance document does not 
dictate the outcome of the status review or our listing determination. 
Comments on the process by which this procedural

[[Page 15470]]

guidance document was finalized are outside of the scope of this 
rulemaking.
    The commenter assumed that references to ``NOAA acoustic guidance'' 
in the status review referred to NOAA's 2016 Technical Guidance for 
Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing. 
However, the status review was not referring to NMFS' 2016 Technical 
Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine 
Mammal Hearing (``the 2016 Technical Guidance''). We acknowledge that 
the status review does not clearly cite the acoustic guidance that it 
references. In the two instances that the status review uses the 
terminology ``NOAA acoustic guidance'' (page 56, Rosel et al., 2016), 
it is referring to acoustic thresholds in use at the time of the status 
review to determine whether sound at a given noise level constitutes 
Level A or Level B harassment for the purpose of incidental take 
permitting, as those terms are defined under the MMPA. Those thresholds 
are discussed earlier in the same section of the status review. As we 
note in response to Comment 39, the 2016 Technical Guidance did not 
update the threshold that the SRT used to evaluate the potential threat 
to the species from ambient noise and does not otherwise affect the 
validity of the noise analysis in the status review or this rulemaking.
    Comment 48: Joint industry commenters state that the status review 
is difficult to interpret. As support, joint industry commenters cite 
the peer reviewer comment that the status review is difficult to follow 
because it introduces terms, such as ``dangerously small population'' 
and ``high risk of extinction,'' that are not used in ESA listing 
determinations.
    Response: We do not find that the status review is confusing or 
flawed because it uses the terms ``high risk of extinction'' or 
``dangerously small population.'' One of the peer reviewers suggested 
that the status review refrain from using these terms and stated that 
these terms could cause confusion because the number of mature 
individuals is not an ESA-listing factor and that extinction risk does 
not depend solely on population size. We disagree that the status 
review, or the listing decision based on it, is flawed because of how 
the status review team evaluated population size and extinction risk. 
The SRT was not tasked with making the listing determination, but 
rather was evaluating the species' extinction risk, which informs NMFS' 
listing determination. The SRT conducted its review in a manner 
consistent with established agency practices as in previous status 
reviews, and appropriately considered the species' risk of extinction 
in view of the threats to the species and demographic risks such as the 
species' total population size or abundance. The final status review 
clearly defines what the SRT considered to be ``high risk'' and a 
``dangerously small population size.'' The SRT concluded that the small 
population size alone put the species at a high risk of extinction, and 
that the population size and the threats to the species further 
increase the extinction risk. To make the proposed listing 
determination, we used the best available scientific and commercial 
information on the GOMx Bryde's whale, including information summarized 
in the status review. We proposed to list the GOMx Bryde's whale as 
endangered after considering the threats to the species under section 
4(a)(1), informed by the SRT's threats analysis, demographic risk 
analysis, and extinction risk assessment, and any conservation efforts 
to protect the GOMx Bryde's, as required under section 4(b)(1)(A).

General Support for the Proposed Listing Determination

    Comment 49: We received 933 comments from the general public that 
were generally supportive of the listing of the GOMx Bryde's whale as 
endangered, and protecting their habitats. We received an additional 15 
comments from non-governmental organizations supporting the proposed 
listing. The State of Mississippi also expressed their support for the 
listing determination. The Government of Cuba's Ministry of Science, 
Technology and Environment (CITMA) expressed their support of the 
subspecies determination and agreed that GOMx Bryde's whale is in 
danger of extinction. Further, CITMA explained that there are no 
records of B. edeni in Cuban waters.
    Response: We appreciate the feedback received from these 
commenters.
    Comment 50: The CITES Scientific Authority of Mexico stated that, 
according to their experts, they were able to confirm that the GOMx 
Bryde's whale population consists of about 33 individuals total, that 
the Gulf of Mexico population is a distinct from Bryde's whale 
populations worldwide, and that the GOMx Bryde's whales have low 
genetic diversity, and is exposed to various threats.
    Response: We appreciate the commenter's feedback on our findings in 
the proposed rule. In the proposed rule, we noted various abundance 
estimates, including the Marine Mammal Protection Act abundance 
estimate used for management of the ``Northern Gulf of Mexico Bryde's 
Whale Stock'' of 33. However, we note that we do not conclude that the 
population consists of 33 individuals. Given the best available 
evidence and allowing for uncertainty, we conclude that the population 
likely contains fewer than 100 individuals, with 50 or fewer being 
mature. We appreciate support for our determination that the GOMx 
Bryde's whale is genetically isolated unit and is distinct from other 
whales in the Bryde's whale complex, and that the GOMx Bryde's whale is 
exposed to various threats, as described in the proposed rule and in 
this final rule.

Miscellaneous Comments

    Comment 51: The Marine Mammal Commission urged NMFS to initiate 
recovery efforts and requested that NMFS develop a recovery program or 
recovery plan.
    Response: Section 4(f) of the ESA requires the Secretary to develop 
recovery plans for the conservation and survival of ESA listed species, 
unless such a plan will not promote the conservation of the species. 
NMFS will convene a recovery team to develop a recovery plan for the 
GOMx Bryde's whale after finalizing this rule and completing 
determinations regarding the critical habitat designation.
    Comment 52: One commenter stated that NMFS only briefly summarized 
concerns about climate change despite the fact that climate change may 
disproportionately affect the GOMx Bryde's whale due to its restricted 
habitat. The commenter stated that NMFS failed to consider information 
they provided on climate change. The commenter stated that climate 
change will result in larger, more frequent and severe weather events 
(i.e., hurricanes and tropical storms) that could damage oil and gas 
production structures, resulting in additional oil spills, which would 
further threaten the GOMx Bryde's whale.
    Response: The SRT considered relevant information pertaining to 
climate change [in?] preparing the status review, and we agree with the 
SRT findings on climate change in the proposed rule. The status review 
discusses the fact that climate change has the potential to influence 
hurricane intensity and frequency. However, we cannot speculate about 
the possibility of events such as oil and gas structure failure as a 
result of these storms. As discussed in the proposed rule, the impacts 
of climate change on cetaceans can potentially include range shifts, 
habitat degradation or loss, changes to

[[Page 15471]]

the food web, susceptibility to disease and contaminants, and thermal 
intolerance. However, impacts of climate change on the GOMx Bryde's 
whales remain speculative given the limited data currently available.

Summary of Changes From the Proposed Rule

    Below we have included the support for our decision, which also was 
reflected in the proposed rule. The text below reflects some non-
substantive changes to improve clarity, including clarifying the basis 
for our conclusion regarding section 4(a)(1) factors A, D, and E. We 
also have updated and corrected some citations and references 
throughout, and clarified the abundance estimates and species' range to 
refer to additional information in the status review. We revised the 
discussion of the species' range contraction under factor A for 
clarity, and revised our analysis of how the species is affected by 
noise associated with seismic surveys under factors A and E. In 
addition, we added a discussion of the inadequacy of regulatory 
mechanisms to address the threat of fishing gear entanglement under the 
discussion of factor D. The added information was discussed in the 
proposed rule, though not under factor D.

Biological Review

    This section provides a summary of key biological information 
presented in the status review (Rosel et al. 2016), which provides the 
context and foundation for our listing determination. The petition 
specifically requested that we consider the Gulf of Mexico population 
of Bryde's whale as a DPS and list that population as an endangered 
species. Therefore, the SRT first considered whether the Bryde's whale 
in the Gulf of Mexico constituted a DPS, a subspecies, a species, or 
part of the globally distributed Bryde's whale population. This section 
also includes our conclusions based on the biological information 
presented in the status review.

Species Description

    Bryde's whale (B. edeni) is a large baleen whale found in tropical 
and subtropical waters worldwide. Currently, two subspecies of Bryde's 
whale are recognized: a smaller form, Eden's whale (B. e. edeni), found 
in the Indian and western Pacific oceans primarily in coastal waters, 
and a larger, more pelagic form, Bryde's whale (B. e. brydei), found 
worldwide (Rosel et al. 2016). Like the Bryde's whale found worldwide, 
the Bryde's whale in the Gulf of Mexico has a streamlined and sleek 
body shape, a somewhat pointed, flat rostrum with three prominent 
ridges (i.e., a large center ridge, and smaller left and right lateral 
ridges), a large falcate dorsal fin, and a counter-shaded color that is 
fairly uniformly-dark dorsally and light to pinkish ventrally 
(Jefferson et al. 2015). There is no apparent morphological difference 
between the Bryde's whale in the Gulf of Mexico and those worldwide. 
Baleen from these whales has not been thoroughly characterized, but the 
baleen plates from one individual from the Gulf of Mexico were dark 
gray to black with white bristles (Rosel et al. 2016). This is 
consistent with the description by Mead (1977), who indicated that the 
bristles of both Bryde's whale subspecies are coarser than those in the 
closely-related sei whale. Limited data (from 14 whales) indicate the 
length of Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico is intermediate between 
the two currently recognized subspecies. The largest Bryde's whale 
observed in the Gulf of Mexico was a lactating female measuring 12.7 m 
in length, and the next four largest animals were 11.2-11.6 m in length 
(Rosel and Wilcox 2014). Rice (1998) reported adult Eden's whales 
rarely exceed 11.5 m total length and adult Bryde's whales from the 
Atlantic, Pacific and the Indian Ocean reach 14.0-15.0 m in length.

Genetics

    In a recent genetic analysis of mtDNA samples taken from Bryde's 
whales in the Gulf of Mexico, Rosel and Wilcox (2014) found that the 
Gulf of Mexico population was genetically distinct from all other 
Bryde's whales worldwide. Maternally inherited mtDNA is an indicator of 
population-level differentiation, as it evolves relatively rapidly. 
Rosel and Wilcox (2014) identified 25-26 fixed nucleotide differences 
in the mtDNA control region between the Bryde's whale in the Gulf of 
Mexico and the two currently recognized subspecies (i.e., Eden's whale 
and Bryde's whale) and the sei whale (B. borealis). They found that the 
level and pattern of mtDNA differentiation discovered indicates that 
GOMx Bryde's whales are as genetically differentiated from other 
Bryde's whales worldwide as those Bryde's whales are differentiated 
from their most closely-related species, the sei whale. In addition, 
genetic analysis of the mtDNA data and data from 42 nuclear 
microsatellite loci (repeating base pairs in the DNA) revealed that the 
genetic diversity within the GOMx Bryde's whale population is 
exceedingly low. Rosel and Wilcox (2014) concluded that this level of 
genetic divergence suggests a unique evolutionary trajectory for the 
Gulf of Mexico population of Bryde's whale, worthy of its own taxonomic 
standing.
    The SRT considered this level of genetic divergence to be 
significant, indicating that the Bryde's whale in the Gulf of Mexico is 
a separate subspecies. To confirm its determination, the SRT asked the 
Society for Marine Mammalogy Committee on Taxonomy (Committee) for its 
expert scientific opinion on the level of taxonomic distinctiveness of 
the Bryde's whale in the Gulf of Mexico. The Committee maintains the 
official list of marine mammal species and subspecies for the Society 
for Marine Mammalogy. The Committee updates the list as new 
descriptions of species, subspecies, or taxonomic actions appear in the 
technical literature, adhering to principle and procedures, opinions, 
and directions set forth by the International Commission on Zoological 
Nomenclature. The Committee also reviews, as requested, formal 
descriptions of new taxa and other taxonomic actions, and provides 
expert advice on taxonomic descriptions and other aspects of marine 
mammal taxonomy. In response to the request made by the SRT, all of the 
Committee members who were available to respond (nine out of nine) 
voted it was ``highly likely'' that Bryde's whales in the Gulf of 
Mexico comprise at least an undescribed subspecies of what is currently 
recognized as B. edeni. This result constituted the opinion of the 
Committee, which is comprised of 15 members and makes decisions by 
majority vote (W. F. Perrin, Chair, Committee, pers. comm., 2015). 
Based on the expert opinion from the Committee and the best available 
scientific information, the SRT concluded Bryde's whales in the Gulf of 
Mexico are taxonomically distinct from the other two Bryde's whale 
subspecies. The SRT identified the Bryde's whale occurring in the Gulf 
of Mexico as a separate subspecies called ``GOMx Bryde's whale,'' and 
conducted the status review accordingly.
    Our joint ESA regulations with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 
state that, In determining whether a particular taxon or population is 
a species for the purpose of the Act, the Secretary shall rely on 
standard taxonomic distinctions and the biological expertise of the 
Department and scientific community concerning the relevant taxonomic 
group (50 CFR 424.11(a)). Under this provision, we must consider the 
biological expertise of the SRT and the scientific community, and apply 
the best available scientific and commercial

[[Page 15472]]

information when it indicates that a taxonomic classification is 
outdated or incorrect. The GOMx Bryde's whale has a high level of 
genetic divergence from the two recognized Bryde's whale subspecies 
(Eden's whale and Bryde's whale) elsewhere in the world. We relied on 
the biological expertise of the SRT and the Committee to interpret 
information relevant to the taxonomic status of the Bryde's whale in 
the Gulf of Mexico. We agree with the SRT and the Committee's 
determination that the Bryde's whale in the Gulf of Mexico is 
taxonomically at least a subspecies of B. edeni. Based on the best 
available scientific and commercial information described above and in 
the status review, we have determined that the Bryde's whale in the 
Gulf of Mexico is a taxonomically distinct subspecies and, therefore, 
eligible for listing under the ESA. Accordingly, we did not further 
consider whether the GOMx Bryde's whale population qualifies as a DPS 
under the DPS Policy.

Distribution

    The status review (Rosel et al., 2016) found that the historical 
distribution of Bryde's whale in the Gulf of Mexico included the 
northeastern, north-central and southern Gulf of Mexico. This was based 
on work by Reeves et al. (2011), which reviewed whaling logbooks of 
``Yankee whalers'' and plotted daily locations of ships during the 
period 1788-1877 as a proxy for whaling effort, with locations of 
species takes and sightings in the Gulf of Mexico. These sightings by 
the whalers were generally offshore in deeper waters (i.e., >1000 m), 
given their primary target of sperm whales (Physeter microcephalus). 
Reeves et al. (2011) concluded that whales reported as ``finback'' by 
``Yankee whalers'' in the Gulf of Mexico were most likely Bryde's 
whales. Although all recent confirmed sightings of Bryde's whales have 
been in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Based on Reeves et al. (2011), 
the SRT found that that the historical distribution of Bryde's whales 
in the Gulf of Mexico was much broader and also included the north-
central and southern Gulf of Mexico. Other baleen whales (i.e., sei or 
fin whales) are extralimital to the Gulf of Mexico. Sperm whales and 
GOMx Bryde's whales are the only large whales regularly found in the 
Gulf of Mexico (Jefferson and Schiro, 1997).
    Stranding records from the Southeast U.S. stranding network, the 
Smithsonian Institution, and the literature (Mead 1977, Schmidly 1981, 
Jefferson 1995) include 22 Bryde's whale strandings in the Gulf of 
Mexico from 1954 to 2012, although three of those stranding have 
uncertain species identification. Most strandings were recorded east of 
the Mississippi River through west central Florida, but two were 
recorded west of Louisiana. There are no documented Bryde's whale 
strandings in Texas, although strandings of fin (B. physalus), sei (B. 
borealis), and minke (B. acutorostrata) whales have been documented.
    We began conducting oceanic (ship) and continental shelf (ship and 
aerial) surveys for cetaceans in 1991 that continue today. The location 
of shipboard and aerial survey effort in the Gulf of Mexico and 
Atlantic Ocean was plotted by Roberts et al. (2016). Details of Bryde's 
whale sightings from these surveys are summarized in Waring et al. 
(2015). During surveys in 1991, Bryde's whales were sighted in the 
northeastern Gulf of Mexico along the continental shelf break, in an 
area known as the De Soto Canyon. In subsequent surveys, Bryde's whales 
or whales identified as Bryde's/sei whales (i.e., where it was not 
possible to distinguish between a Bryde's whale or a sei whale) were 
sighted in this same region of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. When 
observers were able to clearly see the dorsal surface of the rostrum 
with three ridges, a diagnostic characteristic of Bryde's whales, it 
was recorded as a Bryde's whale. When the three ridges could not be 
seen, observers recorded the whale as Bryde's/sei whales or 
unidentified baleen whale (Maze-Foley and Mullin 2006). Sightings of 
Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico have been consistently located in 
the De Soto Canyon area, along the continental shelf break between 100 
m and 300 m depth. Bryde's whales have been sighted in all seasons 
within the De Soto Canyon area (Mullin and Hoggard 2000, Maze-Foley and 
Mullin 2006, Mullin 2007, DWH MMIQT 2015). Consequently, LaBrecque et 
al. (2015) designated this area, home to the small resident population 
of Bryde's whale in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, as a Biologically 
Important Area (BIA). BIAs are reproductive areas, feeding areas, 
migratory corridors, or areas in which small and resident populations 
are concentrated. Researchers identify BIAs to provide information to 
help inform regulatory and management decisions, in order to minimize 
impacts from anthropogenic activities on marine mammals (LaBrecque et 
al., 2015). The area that LeBrecque et al. (2015) identified as the BIA 
covers waters between 100 m and 300 m deep from approximately 
Pensacola, Fla. to just south of Tampa, Fla. However, given that there 
have also been sightings at 302 and 309 m depth in this region and west 
of Pensacola, Florida, the core area inhabited by the species is 
probably better described out to the 400 m depth contour and to Mobile 
Bay, Alabama, to provide some buffer around the deeper water sightings 
and to include all sighting locations in the northeastern Gulf of 
Mexico, respectively (Rosel et al., 2016). We consider this larger 
area, extending to the 400 m depth contour, an accurate description of 
the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA, based on the recent sightings and tag data, 
and when we refer to the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA, we are referring to 
this larger area.
    Although all the confirmed Bryde's whale sightings in the Gulf of 
Mexico have been within the BIA, questions remain about their current 
distribution in U.S. waters. NMFS surveys from 1991 to 2015 recorded 
three baleen whales sighted outside the BIA--a fin whale identified in 
1992 off Texas and two sightings of Bryde's/sei whale in 1992 and 1994 
along the shelf break in the western Gulf of Mexico. In addition, five 
records of ``baleen whales'' have been recorded from 2010 to 2014 west 
of the BIA, at the longitude of western Louisiana in depths similar to 
those in the BIA (Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, 
unpublished). The two sightings southwest of Louisiana included 
photographs showing they were clearly baleen whales. However, the 
information collected was not sufficient to identify the whales at the 
species level. In 2015, a citizen sighted and photographed what most 
experts believe was a Bryde's whale in the western Gulf of Mexico south 
of the Louisiana-Texas border (Rosel et al., 2016). Given these 
observations, the SRT determined that although it is possible that a 
small number of baleen whales occur in U.S. waters outside the BIA, 
these observations in the north-central and western Gulf of Mexico were 
difficult to interpret (Rosel et al., 2016).
    Few systematic surveys have been conducted in the southern Gulf of 
Mexico (i.e., Mexico and Cuba). Six marine mammal surveys were 
conducted from 1997 to 1999 in the southern Gulf of Mexico and 
Yucat[aacute]n Channel. These surveys focused specifically on the 
extreme southern Bay of Campeche, an area where Reeves et al. (2011) 
reported numerous sightings of baleen whales from the whaling logbooks. 
A more recent survey reported a single baleen whale in an area of 
nearly 4,000 square kilometers (km\2\) (Ortega-Ortiz 2002, LaBrecque et 
al. 2015). This whale was identified as a fin whale; however, 
subsequent discussion between the author and the

[[Page 15473]]

SRT suggested it should have been recorded as an unidentified baleen 
whale (Rosel et al., 2016). As summarized in the status review (Rosel 
et al., 2016), a compilation of all available records of marine mammal 
sightings, strandings, and captures in the southern Gulf of Mexico 
identified no Bryde's whales (Ortega-Ortiz 2002).
    We agree with the SRT's findings that what is now recognized as the 
GOMx Bryde's whale has been consistently located over the past 25 years 
along a very narrow depth corridor in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, 
recognized as the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA. In fact, there has only been 
one likely Bryde's whale sighting outside the BIA, the baleen whale 
that a citizen sighted and photographed in 2015 and that some experts 
believe to be a Bryde's whale. Despite a large amount of dedicated 
marine mammal survey effort that included both continental shelf and 
oceanic waters of the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern United States 
and the northern Gulf of Mexico, there have been no sightings outside 
the BIA that have been identified as Bryde's whales. Historical whaling 
records indicate that the historical distribution of the GOMx Bryde's 
whale in the Gulf of Mexico was much broader than it is currently and 
included the north-central and southern Gulf of Mexico. We agree with 
the SRT that the BIA, located in the De Soto Canyon area of the 
northeastern Gulf of Mexico, encompasses the current areal distribution 
of the GOMx Bryde's whale.

Abundance Estimates

    All of the abundance estimates for Bryde's whale in the northern 
Gulf of Mexico are based on aerial- or ship-based line-transect surveys 
(Buckland et al. 2005). Various surveys conducted from 1991 to 2012 are 
discussed in the status review (Rosel et al. 2016). As previously 
stated, all confirmed GOMx Bryde's whale sightings occurred in the BIA 
during surveys that uniformly sampled the entire northern Gulf of 
Mexico. The abundance estimate used for management under the MMPA of 
the ``Northern Gulf of Mexico Bryde's Whale Stock'' is 33 whales (CV = 
1.07; Waring et al. 2013). Recently, Duke University researchers 
estimated abundance to be 44 individuals (CV = 0.27) based on the 
averages of 23 years of survey data (Roberts et al. 2015a, Roberts et 
al. 2016). No analysis has been conducted to evaluate abundance trends 
for the GOMx Bryde's whale. Given the range in previous abundance 
estimates, the SRT agreed by consensus that, given the best available 
scientific information and allowing for the uncertainty of Bryde's 
whale occurrence in non-U.S. waters of the Gulf of Mexico, there are 
fewer than 250 mature individuals, and that it is more than likely that 
the population contains fewer than 100 individuals, with 50 or fewer 
being mature. For the reasons stated above, we concluded that there are 
likely fewer than 100 individuals GOMx Bryde's whales, with fewer than 
50 being mature.

Behavior

    Little information exists on the behavior of the GOMx Bryde's 
whale. Maze-Foley and Mullin (2006) found GOMx Bryde's whales to have a 
mean group size of 2 (range 1-5, n = 14), similar to group sizes of the 
Eden's and Bryde's whales (Wade and Gerrodette 1993). The GOMx Bryde's 
whale is known to be periodically ``curious'' around ships and has been 
documented approaching them in the Gulf of Mexico (Rosel et al. 2016), 
as observed in Bryde's whales worldwide (Leatherwood et al. 1976, 
Cummings 1985). In September 2015, a female GOMx Bryde's whale was 
tagged with an acoustic and kinematic data-logging tag in the De Soto 
Canyon (Rosel et al., 2016). Over the nearly 3-day tagging period, the 
whale spent 47 percent of its time within 15 m of the surface during 
the day and 88 percent of its time within 15 m of the surface during 
the night (Soldevilla et al., 2017).

Foraging Ecology

    Little information is available on foraging ecology of GOMx Bryde's 
whales. Based on behavior observed during assessment surveys, these 
whales do not appear to forage at or near the surface (Soldevilla et 
al., 2017). In general, Bryde's whales are thought to feed primarily in 
the water column on schooling fish such as anchovy, sardine, mackerel 
and herring, and small crustaceans (Kato 2002). These prey occur 
throughout the Gulf of Mexico and the BIA (Grace et al. 2010). Tracking 
data from the single whale with an acoustic tag (described above) 
indicated diurnal diving to depths of up to 271 m, with foraging lunges 
apparent at the deepest depths. That whale was likely foraging at or 
just above the sea floor (Soldevilla et al., 2017) where diel-vertical-
migrating schooling fish form tight aggregations.

Reproduction and Growth

    Little information exists on reproduction and growth of GOMx 
Bryde's whale; however, similar to Eden's whales and Bryde's whales 
elsewhere in the world, the GOMx Bryde's whale is considered to have k-
selected life history parameters (large body size, long life 
expectancy, slow growth rate, late maturity, with few offspring). 
Taylor et al. (2007) estimated that Bryde's whales worldwide may 
reproduce every 2 to 3 years and reach sexual maturity at age 9. Given 
the basic biology of baleen whales, it is likely that under normal 
conditions, the female GOMx Bryde's whales produce a calf every 2 to 3 
years. The largest known GOMx Bryde's whale was a lactating female 12.6 
m in length (Rosel and Wilcox 2014). Currently, skewed sex ratio does 
not appear to be an issue for this population, as recent biopsies have 
shown equal number of males and females (Rosel and Wilcox 2014; Rosel 
et al. 2016). No GOMx Bryde's whale calves have been reported during 
surveys. However, two stranded calves have been recorded in the Gulf of 
Mexico: A 4.7 m calf stranded in the Florida Panhandle in 2006 (SEUS 
Historical Stranding Database) and a 6.9 m juvenile stranded north of 
Tampa, Florida, in 1988 (Edds et al. 1993).

Acoustics

    Baleen whale species produce a variety of highly stereotyped, low-
frequency tonal and broadband calls for communication purposes 
(Richardson et al. 1995). These calls are thought to function in a 
reproductive or territorial context, provide individual identification, 
and communicate the presence of danger or food (Richardson et al. 
1995). Bryde's whales worldwide produce a variety of calls that are 
distinctive among geographic regions, and these calls may be useful for 
delineating subspecies or populations (Oleson et al. 2003, 
[Scaron]irovi[cacute] et al. 2014). In the Gulf of Mexico, 
[Scaron]irovi[cacute] et al. (2014) reported Bryde's whale call types 
composed of downsweeps and downsweep sequences and localized these 
calls (i.e., researchers recorded the calls on multiple instruments 
that allowed them triangulate the location of the calls and then 
confirmed the location with visual sightings). Rice et al. (2014) 
detected these sequences, as well as two stereotyped tonal call types 
that originated from Bryde's whales in the Gulf of Mexico. One call 
type has been definitively identified to free-ranging GOMx Bryde's 
whales ([Scaron]irovi[cacute] et al. 2014), four additional call types 
have been proposed as likely candidates (Rice et al. 2014a, 
[Scaron]irovi[cacute] et al. 2014), and two call types have been 
described from a captive juvenile during rehabilitation (Edds et al. 
1993). Based on these data, the calls by the GOMx Bryde's whale are 
consistent with, but different from those previously reported for 
Bryde's whales worldwide (Rice et al. 2014). These unique acoustic

[[Page 15474]]

signatures add some support to the genetic results identifying the GOMx 
Bryde's whale as an evolutionary distinct unit (Rosel and Wilcox 2014).

Threats Evaluation

    The SRT identified 27 possible threats, organized and described 
them according to the five ESA factors listed in section 4(a)(1), and 
then evaluated the severity of each threat with a level of certainty 
(see Appendix 3; Rosel et al. 2016). Because direct evidence from 
studies on GOMx Bryde's whales was lacking, the SRT agreed that 
published scientific evidence from other similar marine mammals (e.g., 
other Bryde's whale subspecies, other baleen whales) was relevant and 
necessary to estimate impacts to GOMx Bryde's whale and extinction 
risk.
    To promote consistency when ranking each threat, the SRT used 
definitions for `severity of threat' and `level of certainty' similar 
to other status reviews, including the Hawaiian insular false killer 
whales (Oleson et al. 2010) and the northeastern Pacific population of 
white shark (Dewar et al. 2013). The SRT categorically defined specific 
rankings for both severity and certainty for each specific threat 
(identified below) as ``low,'' ``moderate,'' or ``high.'' The 
categorical definitions for the severity of each threat were identified 
by the SRT as 1 = ``low,'' meaning that the threat is likely to only 
slightly impair the population; 2 = ``moderate,'' meaning that the 
threat is likely to moderately degrade the population; or 3 = ``high,'' 
meaning that the threat is likely to eliminate or seriously degrade the 
population. The SRT also scored the certainty of the threat severity 
based on the following categorical definitions: 1 = ``low,'' meaning 
little published and/or unpublished data exist to support the 
conclusion that the threat did affect, is affecting, or is likely to 
affect the GOMx Bryde's whale with the severity ascribed; 2 = 
``moderate,'' meaning some published and/or unpublished data exist to 
support the conclusion that the threat did affect, is affecting, or is 
likely to affect the population with the severity ascribed; and 3 = 
``high,'' meaning there are definitive published and/or unpublished 
data to support the conclusion that this threat did affect, is 
affecting, or is likely to affect the GOMx Bryde's whale with the 
severity ascribed. Then, to determine the overall impact of an ESA 
factor, the SRT looked at the collective impact of threats considered 
for each ESA factor to provide an ``overall threat ranking'' for each 
ESA factor, defined as follows: 1 = ``low,'' meaning the ESA factor 
included ``a low number'' of threats likely to contribute to the 
decline of the GOMx Bryde's whale; 2 = ``moderate,'' meaning the ESA 
factor included an intermediate number of threats likely to contribute 
to the decline of the GOMx Bryde's whale, or contained some individual 
threats identified as moderately likely to contribute to the decline; 
and 3 = ``high,'' meaning the ESA factor included a high number of 
threats that are moderately or very likely to contribute to the decline 
of the GOMx Bryde's whale, or contains some individual threats 
identified as very likely to contribute to the decline of the GOMx 
Bryde's whale.
    The SRT then calculated the numerical mean of the team members' 
scores for each threat or category of threats. However, we do not 
believe that relying on the numerical mean of the SRT's scores is 
appropriate, because the specific rankings for the severity, certainty, 
and overall threat were categorically defined by the SRT and not 
numerically defined. Therefore, we assessed the majority vote of the 
team members' scores (i.e., 1, 2, or 3, as described above) and 
assigned each threat a specific ranking defined by the SRT's 
categorical definitions (i.e., low, moderate, or high) based on the 
majority vote of the SRT. When there was no clear majority (i.e., no 
rank received four votes), the categorical ranking we assigned was a 
combination of the two ranks receiving three votes each (e.g., three 
votes for high and three votes for moderate we characterized as 
``moderate-high'').
    Each of the 27 possible threats identified by the SRT is summarized 
below, by ESA factor, with severity and certainty rankings based on the 
SRT's categorical scoring, as described above. We also summarize the 
overall threat ranking for each ESA factor, based on the SRT's scores, 
and provide NMFS' determination with regard to each factor. A detailed 
table of the SRT's threats and rankings can be found in Appendix 3 of 
the status review (Rosel et al., 2016).

Factor A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or 
Curtailment of Habitat or Range

    The SRT considered the following threats to the GOMx Bryde's whale 
under ESA factor A: Energy exploration, development, and production, 
oil spills and spill response, harmful algal blooms, persistent organic 
pollutants, and heavy metals. Based on the SRT's numerical threat 
rankings, the overall threat ranking assigned to factor A was ``high.''
Energy Exploration, Development, and Production
    The SRT found that energy exploration, development, and production 
was a significant threat which has contributed to the curtailment of 
the species' range. The SRT assigned the threat of energy exploration 
(seismic surveys) and development (drilling rigs, platforms, cables, 
pipelines) a score of ``high'' severity threat with ``moderate'' 
certainty. Note: Other aspects or elements of energy exploration, 
development, and production can act directly on the whales (e.g., 
noise, vessel collision, marine debris). Under factor A, the SRT 
evaluated how noise and the industrialization associated with energy 
exploration, development, and production contributed to the species' 
range contraction. Under factor E, other natural or human factors 
affecting a species' continued existence, the SRT also evaluated how 
the potential for noise, vessel collision, and marine debris associated 
with oil and gas activities could affect the species by injuring them, 
causing mortality, or interfering with their behavior (masking 
vocalizations, causing stress, reducing reproductive and foraging 
success, or interfering with the ability to interpret environmental 
cues).
    The Gulf of Mexico is a major oil and gas producing area and has 
proven to be a steady and reliable source of crude oil and natural gas 
for more than 50 years. Approximately 2,300 platforms operate in 
Federal outer continental shelf (OCS) waters (Rosel et al. 2016), and 
in 2001 approximately 27,569 miles (44,368 km) of pipeline lay on the 
Gulf of Mexico seafloor (Cranswick 2001). For planning and 
administrative purposes, the BOEM has divided the Gulf of Mexico into 
three planning areas: Western, Central, and Eastern. The majority of 
active lease sales are located in the Western and Central Planning 
Areas. Habitat in the north-central and southern Gulf of Mexico, which 
includes the GOMx Bryde's whale's historical range, has been 
significantly modified with the presence of thousands of oil and gas 
platforms. The noise associated with energy exploration (seismic 
surveys), development, and production also has modified the habitat by 
increasing ambient noise levels. In addition, these activities have 
increased aircraft and marine vessel traffic to service these 
operations. This modification likely contributed to the curtailment of 
the species' range; the species now is almost exclusively found within 
a limited portion of the EPA.

[[Page 15475]]

    The BIA, which is encompassed by the EPA, currently has no 
production activity, with most of the EPA falling under a moratorium on 
new lease sales. However, this moratorium expires in 2022. In addition 
to expressing concern regarding the current curtailment of the GOMx 
Bryde's whale range due to energy exploration, development, and 
production, and associated noise, in the north-central and southern 
Gulf of Mexico, the SRT raised significant concern about the moratorium 
expiring and the potential expansion of impacts that opening these 
waters to development would have on the Bryde's whale BIA in the 
future. If oil and gas activities, the associated industrialization, 
and noise increase within the BIA, then that habitat will likely become 
unsuitable. The species may not be able to relocate outside the BIA, 
and their current habitat in the BIA may be further curtailed.
Oil Spills and Spill Responses
    The SRT found that oil spills and spill response is a significant 
threat which has modified the species' habitat. The SRT's scored the 
threat of exposure to oil spills and spill responses is a ``high'' 
severity threat with a ``high'' level of certainty to the GOMx Bryde's 
whale. The 2010 DWH oil spill was the largest spill affecting U.S. 
waters in U.S. history, spilling nearly 134 million gallons (507 
million liters) of oil into the Gulf of Mexico which impacted 48 
percent of the Bryde's whale's BIA. In addition, 46 smaller-scale 
spills associated with oil and gas related activities (e.g., platforms, 
rigs, vessels, pipelines) occurred in the Gulf of Mexico between 2011 
and 2013 (OCS EIS EA BOEM 2015-001).
    Exposure to oil spills may cause marine mammals acute or chronic 
impacts with lethal or sub-lethal effects depending on the size and 
duration of the spill. For large baleen whales, like the GOMx Bryde's 
whale, oil can foul the baleen they use to filter-feed, decreasing 
their ability to eat, and resulting in the ingestion of oil (Geraci et 
al. 1989). Impacts from exposure may also include: Reproductive 
failure, lung and respiratory impairments, decreased body condition and 
overall health, and increased susceptibility to other diseases (Harvey 
and Dahlheim 1994). Oil and other chemicals on the body of marine 
mammals may result in irritation, burns to mucous membranes of eyes and 
mouth, and increased susceptibility to infection (DWH Trustees 2016). 
Dispersants used during oil spill responses may also be toxic to marine 
mammals (Wise et al. 2014a). After oil spills cease, marine mammals may 
experience continued effects through persistent exposure to oil and 
dispersants in the environment, reduction or contamination of prey, 
direct ingestion of contaminated prey, or displacement from preferred 
habitat (Schwacke et al. 2014, BOEM and Gulf of Mexico OCS Region 2015, 
DWH Trustees 2016). The DWH oil spill is an example of the significant 
impacts a spill can have on the status of the GOMx Bryde's whale. 
Although the DWH platform was not located within the BIA, the oil 
footprint included 48 percent of GOMx Bryde's whale habitat within the 
BIA; an estimated 17 percent of the species was killed, 22 percent of 
reproductive females experienced reproductive failure, and 18 percent 
of the population likely suffered adverse health effects due to the 
spill (DWH Trustees 2016; DWH MMIQT 2015).
Harmful Algal Blooms
    Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) occur throughout the Gulf of Mexico, 
with most blooms occurring off the coast of Florida. One of the most 
common HAB species, Karenia brevis (also known as the red tide 
organism), is common along coastal zones, but can also develop 
offshore. Karenia brevis produces neurotoxins that affect the nervous 
system by blocking the entry of sodium ions to nerve and muscle cells 
(Geraci et al. 1989). The neurotoxins can accumulate in primary 
consumers through direct exposure to toxins in the water, ingestion, or 
inhalation. Once neurotoxins have entered the food web, bioaccumulation 
can occur in predators higher up on the food web, like GOMx Bryde's 
whales.
    HABs are also known to negatively affect marine mammal populations 
through acute and chronic detrimental health effects, including 
reproductive failure (reviewed in Fire et al. 2009). Although no 
documented cases of GOMx Bryde's whale deaths resulting from HABs 
exist, cases involving humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae; Geraci 
et al. 1989) and potentially fin (B. physalus) and minke whales (B. 
acutorostrata) (Gulland and Hall 2007) have been reported. Impacts from 
HABs have also been associated with large-scale mortality events for 
common bottlenose dolphins and manatees in the offshore and coastal 
waters of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Given the small population 
size of the GOMx Bryde's whale, the SRT noted that a HAB-induced 
mortality of a single breeding female would significantly degrade the 
status of the population. Largely due to human activities, HABs are 
increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity throughout the world 
(Van Dolah 2000). Based on the SRT's scoring, the threat of HABs is a 
``moderate'' severity threat with a ``low'' level certainty.
Persistent Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals
    Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POP) are typically 
lower in baleen whales compared to toothed whales due to differences in 
feeding levels in the trophic system (Waugh et al. 2014, Wise et al. 
2014b). In general, thresholds for adverse impacts to baleen whales 
resulting from POPs are unknown (Steiger and Calambokidis 2000).
    Little is known about the effects of heavy metals on offshore 
marine mammal populations. Heavy metals can accumulate in whale tissue 
and cause toxicity (Sanpera et al. 1996, Hern[aacute]ndez et al. 2000, 
Wise et al. 2009). Similarly, heavy metals accumulate in prey at the 
trophic levels where marine mammals feed. However, concentrations of 
heavy metals in tissue vary based on physiological and ecological 
factors such as geographic location, diet, age, sex, tissue, and 
metabolic rate (Das et al. 2003). Although heavy metals are pervasive 
in the marine environment and documented in various marine mammal 
species, their impact on Bryde's whale health and survivorship is 
unknown. Based on the SRT's scoring, the threat of POPs and heavy 
metals are of ``low'' severity, with a ``moderate'' level of certainty 
for POPs and a ``low'' level of certainty for heavy metals.
Summary of Factor A
    We interpret the overall risk assigned by the SRT for ESA factor A 
as ``high,'' indicating that there are a high number of threats that 
are moderately or very likely to contribute to the decline of the GOMx 
Bryde's whale, or some individual threats identified as very likely to 
contribute to the decline of the population. Specifically, the SRT 
found that energy exploration, development, and production, and oil 
spills and spill response were significant threats that have 
contributed to modification of the species habitat and likely 
curtailment in its range. The SRT found that HABs, POPs, and heavy 
metals are not currently significant factors in habitat the 
destruction, curtailment, or modification. Based on the comprehensive 
status review and after considering the SRT's threats assessment, we 
conclude that energy exploration, development, and production have 
contributed to a curtailment in the species' range by physically 
modifying the habitat and

[[Page 15476]]

increasing the industrialization, vessel traffic, and noise, and oil 
spills and spill response have modified their current habitat. 
Therefore, we find that the present curtailment of its range and 
modification of its habitat is contributing to the GOMx Bryde's whale's 
risk of extinction.

Factor B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or 
Educational Purposes

    The SRT considered two threats under ESA factor B; historical 
whaling and scientific biopsy sampling. The overall rank assigned for 
Factor B, based on the SRT's scoring, is ``low.''
Historical Whaling
    The SRT scored the impacts from historical whaling as a ``low'' 
severity threat with a ``moderate-high'' degree of certainty. Whaling 
that occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries in the Gulf of Mexico may 
have removed Bryde's whales. The primary target species was the sperm 
whale, but other species were also taken. Reeves et al. (2011) 
indicated that, during the 18th and 19th centuries, whalers hunting 
``finback whales'' in the Gulf of Mexico were most likely taking 
Bryde's whales, based on the known distribution and recent records of 
baleen whale species in the Gulf of Mexico. However, the total number 
of whales killed during that time cannot be quantified. The SRT 
determined that it is unlikely the current low abundance of GOMx 
Bryde's whales is related to historical whaling, as the population 
would have recovered to some extent, given the estimated population 
recovery rate (Wade 1998) and considering that whaling stopped over a 
century ago (Rosel et al. 2016). Whaling is not a current threat in the 
Gulf of Mexico and is regulated by the IWC (see factor D). The SRT 
ranked the impacts from historical whaling as ``low'' severity threat 
with a ``moderate-high'' degree of certainty.
Scientific Biopsy Sampling
    Scientific research that may have the potential to disturb and/or 
injure marine mammals such as the Bryde's whale requires a letter of 
authorization under the MMPA. As of March 7, 2016 (the reference date 
used by the SRT), there was one active scientific permit authorizing 
non-lethal take of GOMx Bryde's whale and four scientific research 
permits authorizing non-lethal take of Bryde's whales worldwide, 
including the Gulf of Mexico. The permits authorize activities such as 
vessel or aerial surveys, photo-identification, behavioral observation, 
collection of sloughed skin, and passive acoustics. Four of the permits 
also authorize activities such as dart biopsies and/or tagging. Biopsy 
sampling, where a small piece of tissue is removed for analysis, is a 
common research activity used to support stock differentiation, 
evaluate genetic variation, and investigate health, reproduction and 
pollutant loads (Brown et al. 1994). Research on wound healing from 
biopsies has indicated little long-term impact from biopsy sampling 
(Brown et al. 1994, Best et al. 2005). In addition, research activities 
are closely monitored and evaluated in the United States in an attempt 
to minimize impacts (see factor D). The SRT scored the threat of 
scientific biopsy sampling as a ``low'' severity threat with a ``high'' 
level of certainty.
Summary of Factor B
    The overall threat rank assigned for factor B by the SRT was 
``low,'' indicating there are a low number of threats that are likely 
to contribute to the decline of the GOMx Bryde's whale. We conclude, 
based on our review of the information presented in the status review 
and the SRT's threats assessment that the threats posed by whaling and 
scientific biopsy sampling are not contributing to the risk of 
extinction for the GOMx Bryde's whale.

Factor C. Disease, Parasites, and Predation

    The SRT considered the following threats under ESA factor C: 
Disease and parasites, and predation. The overall rank assigned for 
factor C based on the SRT's scoring was ``low.''
Disease and Parasites
    There is little information on disease or parasitism of any Bryde's 
whale in the literature. Reviews of conservation issues for baleen 
whales have tended to see disease as a relatively inconsequential 
threat (Claphan et al. 1999). The SRT noted that cetacean 
morbillivirus, which causes epizootics resulting in serious population 
declines in dolphin species (Van Bressem et al. 2014), has also been 
detected in fin whales in the eastern Atlantic Ocean (Jauniaux et al. 
2000) and in fin whales and minke whales in the Mediterranean Sea 
(Mazzariol et al. 2012; Di Guardo et al. 1995). In the Gulf of Mexico, 
the morbillivirus outbreaks that occurred in 1990, 1992, and 1994 
caused marine mammal mortalities, with most of the mortalities being 
common bottlenose dolphins (Rosel et al. 2016). These outbreaks were 
thought to have originated in the Atlantic Ocean (Litz et al. 2014). An 
unusual mortality event involving hundreds of common bottlenose 
dolphins in the Atlantic Ocean from 2013-2015 was caused by 
morbillivirus (Rosel et al. 2016). During this outbreak, a few 
individuals of multiple species of baleen whales in the Atlantic tested 
positive for the disease, indicating that it could potentially spread 
to Bryde's whales (Rosel et al. 2016). However, there have been no 
confirmed morbillivirus-related deaths of Bryde's whales in the Gulf of 
Mexico (Rosel et al. 2016).
    The SRT identified only two cases of other diseases and parasites 
occurring in Bryde's whale, one case in Australia (Patterson 1984) and 
one case in Brazil (Pinto et al. 2004). Based on the SRT's scoring, the 
threat of disease and parasites is a ``low'' severity threat with 
``low'' certainty.
Predation
    Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are the only known predator of Bryde's 
whales based on observations outside of the Gulf of Mexico (Silber and 
Newcomer 1990, Alava et al. 2013). There are no published records of 
killer whale predation of GOMx Bryde's whale and observations of killer 
whales in the Gulf of Mexico have been outside of the GOMx Bryde's 
whales' BIA (Rosel et al. 2016). However, killer whales have been 
observed harassing sperm whales and attacking pantropical spotted 
dolphins (Stenella attenuata) and a dwarf/pygmy sperm whale (Kogia sp.) 
in the Gulf of Mexico (Pitman et al. 2001, Whitt et al. 2015, NMFS 
SEFSC, unpublished). Although large sharks (e.g., white sharks 
Carcharodon carcharias, and tiger sharks Galaecerdo cuvier) are known 
to scavenge on carcasses of Bryde's whales elsewhere in the world 
(Dudley et al. 2000), the SRT found no published reports of large shark 
predation on healthy, living individuals (Rosel et al. 2016). Based on 
this information, the SRT's scoring of this threat was ``low'' severity 
with ``low'' certainty.
Summary of Factor C
    The overall threat rank assigned for factor C, based on the SRT's 
scoring, was ``low,'' indicating that this category includes a low 
number of threats that are likely to contribute to the decline of the 
GOMx Bryde's whale. Based on the limited observance of disease, 
parasites, or predation, we concur that these are low potential threats 
to the GOMx Bryde's whale and are not currently contributing to their 
extinction risk.

Factor D. Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms

    The relevance of existing regulatory mechanisms to extinction risk 
for an individual species depends on the

[[Page 15477]]

vulnerability of that species to each of the threats identified under 
the other factors of ESA section 4, and the extent to which regulatory 
mechanisms control the threats that are contributing to the species' 
extinction risk. If a species is not vulnerable to a particular threat, 
it is not necessary to evaluate the adequacy of existing regulatory 
mechanisms for addressing that threat. Conversely, if a species is 
vulnerable to a particular threat, we do evaluate the adequacy of 
existing measures, if any, in controlling or mitigating that threat. In 
the following paragraphs, we summarize existing regulatory mechanisms 
relevant to threats to GOMx Bryde's whale generally, and assess their 
adequacy for controlling those threats.
Marine Mammal Protection Act
    Bryde's whales are protected by the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.). 
The MMPA sets forth a national policy to prevent marine mammal species 
or population stocks from diminishing to the point where they are no 
longer a significant functioning element of their ecosystem. The 
Secretaries of Commerce and the Interior have primary responsibility 
for implementing the MMPA. The Secretary of Commerce has jurisdiction 
over the orders Cetacean and Pinnipedia with the exception of walruses, 
and the Secretary of Interior has jurisdiction over all other marine 
mammals. Both agencies are responsible for promulgating regulations, 
issuing permits, conducting scientific research, and enforcing 
regulations, as necessary, to carry out the purposes of the MMPA. The 
MMPA includes a general moratorium on the ``taking'' and importing of 
marine mammals (16 U.S.C. 1371), which is subject to a number of 
exceptions. Some of these exceptions include ``take'' for scientific 
purposes, public display, and unintentional incidental take coincident 
with conducting lawful activities. Any U.S. citizen, agency, or company 
who engages in a specified activity other than commercial fishing 
(which is specifically and separately addressed under the MMPA) within 
a specified geographic region may submit an application to the 
Secretary to authorize the incidental, but not intentional, taking of 
small numbers of marine mammals within that region for a period of not 
more than five consecutive years (16 U.S.C. 1371(a)(5)(A)(i)). U.S. 
citizens can also apply under the MMPA for authorization to 
incidentally take marine mammals by harassment for up to one year (16 
U.S.C. 1371(a)(5)(D)). For both types of authorizations, it must be 
determined that the take is of small numbers, has no more than a 
negligible impact on those marine mammal species or stocks, and does 
not have an un-mitigatable adverse impact on the availability of the 
species or stock for subsistence use. The MMPA also provides mechanisms 
for directed ``take'' of marine mammals for the purposes of scientific 
research (16 U.S.C. 1374). Non-lethal research takes of Bryde's whale 
for scientific research (e.g., biopsy sampling) are currently 
authorized on a global scale and typically do not specify a geographic 
area. Hence the potential for multiple biopsies of an individual 
Bryde's whale does exist. However, any risk to GOMx Bryde's whale from 
multiple sampling is low, and we do not expect any mortality to result. 
In these situations, we take a proactive role and coordinate with 
researchers to minimize any potential negative effects to a small 
population.
    The Northern Gulf of Mexico stock of Bryde's whales is considered a 
``strategic'' stock under the MMPA, because the level of direct human-
caused mortality and serious injury exceeds the potential biological 
removal (PBR) level determined for the species, which could have 
management implications (U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal 
Stock Assessments 2015; 16 U.S.C. 1362(19)). The MMPA also provides 
additional protections to stocks designated as ``depleted'' and 
requires that conservation plans be developed to conserve and restore 
the stock to its optimum sustainable population (OSP) (16 U.S.C. 
1383b). In order for a stock to be considered ``depleted'' the 
Secretary, after consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission and the 
Committee of Scientific Advisors on Marine Mammals, must determine it 
is below its OSP (16 U.S.C. 1362(1)(A)), or it must be listed under the 
ESA (16 U.S.C. 1362(1)(C)). In 2015, the Marine Mammal Stock Assessment 
Report determined that the status of the Northern Gulf of Mexico 
Population of Bryde's whales relative to OSP was unknown, as there was 
insufficient information to determine population trends (U.S. Atlantic 
and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments 2015). Because of 
this lack of information on OSP, the GOMx Bryde's whale is not 
designated as a ``depleted'' stock and there is no conservation plan. 
The 2016 Marine Mammal Stock Assessment Report (82 FR 29039, June 27, 
2017) did not update the report on the Gulf of Mexico population of 
Bryde's whales (U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock 
Assessments 2016). Based on the above, we conclude that, outside of the 
general protections provided to marine mammals by the MMPA, there are 
no specific regulatory mechanisms specific to the GOMx Bryde's whale 
under the MMPA.
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA)
    The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 16 
U.S.C. 1801 et seq., established eight regional fishery management 
councils (Councils) that develop and implement management measures for 
fisheries requiring conservation and management through fishery 
management plans (FMPs). These FMPs must comply with 10 national 
standards for fishery conservation and management in addition to other 
principles to promote sustainable use of managed fisheries. Fishery 
management plans are submitted to the Secretary of Commerce and, if 
approved, are implemented via federal regulation. The Gulf of Mexico 
Fishery Management Council manages a number of species in the Gulf of 
Mexico, and the regulations implementing the FMPs have the potential to 
benefit the GOMx Bryde's whale. In addition, under the MSA, NMFS is 
responsible for managing high migratory species, including tunas, 
sharks, swordfish, and billfish.
    As discussed in the Fishing Gear Entanglement section, the bottom 
longline component of the Gulf of Mexico reef fish fishery, the Gulf of 
Mexico shark bottom longline fishery, and Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, 
Gulf of Mexico commercial pelagic longline fishery for large pelagic 
species are active within BIA. These fisheries use gear types (i.e., 
bottom longline and pelagic longline) that pose entanglement risk to 
GOMx Bryde's whales. In 2000, the Highly Migratory Species Atlantic 
Tunas, Swordfish, and Sharks Fishery Management Plan was amended to 
establish the De Soto Canyon Marine Protected Area. The De Soto Canyon 
Marine Protected Area is closed to pelagic longline fishing. It 
includes approximately \2/3\ of the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA. This 
closure reduces the likelihood of a GOMx Bryde's whale becoming 
entangled in longline gear in the BIA. However, \1/3\ of the BIA is 
still open to pelagic longlining. In addition, while the pelagic 
longlining is prohibited in the De Soto Marine Protected Area, there 
are no restrictions or areas within the BIA closed to bottom longline 
fishing. We believe that the De Soto Marine Protected Area provides 
some protection to the GOMx Bryde's whale. However, there are no 
additional

[[Page 15478]]

regulations or protections in place that address, mitigate, or remove 
the threat posed by bottom longline fishing or pelagic longline 
fishing. Thus, we conclude that fishing gear entanglement remains a 
threat, despite the protections in place.
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and the Oil Pollution Act
    The SRT also identified existing regulatory mechanisms relating to 
oil and gas development and oil spills and spill responses (see factors 
A and E for a discussion of those threats). The Outer Continental Shelf 
Lands Act (OCSLA) (43 U.S.C. 1331 et seq.) establishes Federal 
jurisdiction over submerged lands on the OCS seaward of coastal state 
boundaries in order to explore and develop oil and gas resources. 
Implementation, regulation, and granting of leases for exploration, 
development, and production on the OCS are delegated to the BOEM, and 
BOEM is responsible for managing development of the nation's offshore 
resources. The functions of BOEM include leasing, exploration, 
development, and production, plan administration, environmental 
studies, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis, resource 
evaluation, economic analysis, and the renewable energy program. BSEE 
is responsible for enforcing safety and environmental regulations. 
OCSLA mandates that orderly development of OCS energy resources be 
balanced with protection of human, marine and coastal environments. It 
is the stated objective of the OCSLA that operations in the OCS should 
be conducted in a safe manner to prevent or minimize the likelihood of 
blowouts, loss of well control, fires, spillages or other occurrences 
which may cause damage to the environment or to property, or endanger 
life or health (43 U.S.C. 1332(6)). OCSLA further requires the study of 
the environmental impacts of oil and gas leases on the continental 
shelf, including an assessment of effects on marine biota (43 U.S.C. 
1346). OCSLA, as amended, requires the Secretary of the Interior, 
through BOEM and BSEE, to manage the exploration, development, and 
production of OCS oil, gas, and marine minerals (e.g., sand and gravel) 
and the siting of renewable energy facilities. The Energy Policy Act of 
2005, Public Law (Pub. L.) 109-58, added Section 8(p)(1)(C) to the 
OCSLA, which grants the Secretary of Interior the authority to issue 
leases, easements, or rights-of-way on the OCS for the purpose of 
developing energy from sources other than oil and gas (i.e., renewable 
energy development) (43 U.S.C. 1337(p)(1)(C)). This authority has been 
delegated to BOEM (30 CFR 585.100), which now regulates activities 
within Federal waters. Since 2006, there has been a moratorium on 
leasing new areas for oil and gas development and production in the 
Gulf of Mexico EPA, which includes the waters offshore of Florida, 
including the BIA. The moratorium is set to expire in 2022 and, if it 
is not renewed, the GOMx Bryde's whale within the BIA could be exposed 
to increased energy exploration.
    The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 (33 U.S.C. 2701-2762) is the 
principal statute governing oil spills in the nation's waterways. OPA 
was passed following the March 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill to address a 
lack of adequate resources, particularly Federal funds, to respond to 
oil spills (National Pollution Funds Center 2016). The OPA created 
requirements for preventing, responding to, and funding restoration for 
oil pollution incidents in navigable waters, adjoining shorelines, and 
Federal waters. The OPA authorizes Trustees (representatives of 
Federal, state, and local government entities, and Tribes with 
jurisdiction over the natural resources in question) to determine the 
type and amount of restoration needed to compensate the public for the 
environmental impacts of the spill. These assessments are typically 
described in damage assessment and restoration plans. The Final 
Programmatic Damage Assessment and Restoration Plan (PDARP) developed 
for the 2010 DWH oil spill found the GOMx Bryde's whale to be the most 
impacted oceanic and shelf marine mammal; the oil footprint included 48 
percent of the habitat within the BIA and 48 percent of the population 
was exposed to oil, resulting in an estimated 22 percent maximum 
decline in population size (DWH Trustees 2016, DWH MMIQT 2015). The DWH 
PDARP allocates fifty-five million dollars over the next 15 years for 
restoration of oceanic and shelf marine mammals, including Bryde's 
whales. The PDARP does not identify specific projects, but lays out a 
framework for planning future restoration projects, that may contribute 
to the restoration of GOMx Bryde's whale.
    The impacts to the GOMx Bryde's whale from oil and gas development 
and oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico identified by the SRT (e.g., 
contributing to the curtailment of range and modification of their 
habitat) indicate that existing regulatory mechanisms are not adequate 
to control these threats. While the current moratorium on leasing for 
new oil and gas development in the EPA appears to provide some 
protection to the GOMx Bryde's whale, the SRT found that development in 
the Gulf of Mexico continues to have broad impacts. Additionally, the 
existing moratorium on new leases in the EPA expires in 2022 and, if 
not renewed, energy development could occur in the GOMx Bryde's whale 
BIA, potentially resulting in severe impacts to this small population. 
We acknowledge that the restoration activities under the DWH PDARP may 
be beneficial to GOMx Bryde's whales, but we also conclude that oil 
spills and spill responses remain a serious current threat to the GOMx 
Bryde's whale and its habitat, as discussed above in factor A.
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
    The IWC was set up under the International Convention for the 
Regulation of Whaling (ICRW), signed in 1946. The IWC established an 
international moratorium on commercial whaling for all large whale 
species in 1982, effective in 1986; this affected all member 
(signatory) nations (paragraph 10e, IWC 2009a). Since 1985, IWC catch 
limits for commercial whaling have been set at zero. However, under the 
IWC's regulations, commercial whaling has been permitted in both Norway 
and Iceland based on their objection to specific provisions. In 
addition, harvest of whales by Japan for scientific purposes has been 
permitted by the ICRW, including the Bryde's whale in the North 
Pacific. However, distribution of the GOMx Bryde's whale does not 
overlap with any permitted commercial whaling. The SRT concluded the 
current commercial whaling moratorium provides significant protection 
for the GOMx Bryde's whale, and we concur.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild 
Fauna and Flora
    CITES is aimed at protecting species at risk from unregulated 
international trade and regulates international trade in animals and 
plants by listing species in one of its three appendices. The level of 
monitoring and control to which an animal or plant species is subject 
depends on the appendix in which the species is listed. All Bryde's 
whales (B. edeni) are currently listed in Appendix I under CITES. 
Appendix I includes species that are threatened with extinction and may 
be affected by trade; trade of Appendix I species is only allowed in 
exceptional circumstances. Due to the IWC commercial whaling moratorium 
in place since 1985, commercial trade of Bryde's whale in the Gulf of 
Mexico has not been

[[Page 15479]]

permitted. However, if the moratorium should be lifted in the future, 
the Bryde's whale's CITES Appendix I listing would restrict trade, so 
that trade would not contribute to the extinction risk of the species.
International Maritime Organization
    The IMO, a branch of the United Nations, is the international 
authority on shipping, pollution, and safety at sea and has adopted 
guidelines to reduce shipping noise and pollution from maritime 
vessels. Additionally, the IMO's Marine Environment Protection 
Committee occasionally identifies special areas and routing schemes for 
various ecological, economic, or scientific reasons. Some of these 
actions help benefit endangered right whales and humpback whales. 
However, the SRT found no protected areas or routing schemes that would 
protect the GOMx Bryde's whale.
Mexico Energy Sector: Opening to Private Investment
    The SRT expressed concern regarding potential oil and gas 
development in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Mexico recently instituted 
reforms related to its oil and gas sector that officially opened 
Mexico's oil, natural gas, and energy sectors to private investment. As 
a result, Mexico's state-owned petroleum company, Petroleos Mexicanos 
(Pemex), may now partner with international companies for the purposes 
of exploring the southern Gulf of Mexico's deep water and shale 
resources. The SRT found that more than 9 companies have shallow water 
lease permits either pending or approved, and 2D and 3D seismic data 
collection has begun. In 2013, the U.S. Congress approved the U.S.-
Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement, which aims to facilitate 
joint development of oil and natural gas in part of the Gulf of Mexico. 
This agreement, coupled with recent reforms in Mexico, could lead to 
development within the Gulf of Mexico of offshore Mexico oil and gas, 
including infrastructure for cross-border pipelines. The SRT found that 
recent developments indicate a high potential for oil and gas 
development in these waters. However, anticipating any future threats 
to the GOMx Bryde's whale at this point in time is overly speculative 
because the best available scientific and commercial information 
indicates that the GOMx Bryde's whale distribution does not currently 
include the southern Gulf of Mexico.
Summary of Factor D
    The SRT unanimously agreed that the inadequacy of existing 
regulatory mechanisms factor is a ``high'' threat to the GOMx Bryde's 
whale (Rosel et al. 2016). Specifically, the SRT found that, given the 
current status and limited distribution of the Bryde's whale population 
in the Gulf of Mexico, it is clear that existing regulations have been 
inadequate to protect them. The SRT expressed particular concern 
regarding current oil and gas development and impacts from oil spills 
in the Gulf of Mexico, as well as vessel strikes due to shipping 
traffic. We agree that currently there are no regulatory mechanisms in 
the Gulf of Mexico to address ship strikes on GOMx Bryde's whales, 
which the SRT identified as one of the primary threats faced by the 
species (see factor E below). Additionally, the status review suggests 
that oil and gas development in the Gulf of Mexico has been a 
contributing factor to limiting the GOMx Bryde's whale's current range 
to the De Soto Canyon. In our view, the best available scientific and 
commercial information establishes that energy exploration, 
development, and production, oil spills and oil spill response, vessel 
collision, fishing gear entanglement, anthropogenic noise, and small 
population concerns, such as allee effects, demographic stochasticity, 
genetics, k-selected life history parameters, and stochastic and 
catastrophic effects are currently threatening the species and 
contributing to its extinction risk (factors A and E).We acknowledge 
that some existing protective regulations are in place, however, we 
find that the existing regulatory mechanisms are inadequate to control 
the threats that are contributing to the GOMx Bryde's whale's 
extinction risk, for the reasons stated above and in our response to 
comments.

Factor E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued 
Existence

    The SRT categorized threats under ESA factor E by three groups: A 
general category for ``other natural or human factors;'' anthropogenic 
noise; and small population concerns. Within the general sub-category 
for other natural or human factors, the SRT included: Vessel collision; 
military activities; fishing gear entanglements; trophic impacts due to 
commercial harvest of prey; climate change; plastics and marine debris; 
and aquaculture. Within the anthropogenic noise sub-category of factor 
E, the SRT included: Aircraft and vessel noise associated with oil and 
gas activities; drilling and production noise associated with oil and 
gas activities; seismic survey noise associated with oil and gas 
activities; noise associated with military training and exercises; 
noise associated with commercial fisheries and scientific acoustics; 
and noise associated with vessels and shipping traffic. Within the 
small population concerns sub-category of factor E, the SRT included: 
Allee effects; demographic stochasticity; genetic stochasticity; k-
selected life-history parameters; and stochastic and catastrophic 
events. An explanation of these threats and the SRT's ranking for each 
of these sub-categories follows.
Other Natural or Human Factors
    Vessel Collision--Vessel collisions are a significant source of 
mortality for a variety of coastal large whale species (Laist et al. 
2001). The northern Gulf of Mexico is an area of heavy ship traffic, 
which increases the risk of vessel-whale collisions (Rosel et al. 
2016). Several important commercial shipping lanes travel through the 
primary GOMx Bryde's whale habitat in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, 
particularly vessel traffic from ports in Mobile, Pensacola, Panama 
City, and Tampa (see Figure 17 in Rosel et al. 2016). In 2009, a GOMx 
Bryde's whale was found floating dead in the Port of Tampa, Tampa Bay, 
Florida. The documented cause of death was blunt impact trauma due to 
ship strike (Waring et al. 2013). The necropsy report found that the 
whale was a lactating female, indicating that she was nursing a calf. 
It is likely that the calf died, as it was still dependent on the 
mother.
    Bryde's whales are the third most commonly reported species struck 
by ships in the southern hemisphere (Van Waerebeek et al. 2007). As 
previously described, tracking information from a single GOMx Bryde's 
whale indicated a consistent diel dive pattern over 3 days, with 88 
percent of nighttime hours spent within 15 m of the surface. This 
suggested to the SRT that, if other individuals exhibit a similar 
diving pattern, they would be at greater risk of ship strike, because 
they spend most of the time near the surface at night when visibility 
is minimal. Marine mammals that spend the majority of their nighttime 
hours near the surface and animals that spend more time at or near the 
surface are at greater risk than species that spend less time at the 
surface (Rosel et al. 2016). Additionally, the threat of vessel 
collision may increase in the future, given the expansion of the Panama 
Canal, which is anticipated to increase vessel traffic in the Gulf of 
Mexico (Institute for Water Resources 2012), and the potential 
expansion of oil and gas activities, and associated vessel traffic, in 
the EPA following the expiration of

[[Page 15480]]

the moratorium on lease sales. Given the location of commercial 
shipping lanes, the difficulty of sighting a whale at the surface at 
night, and the low ability of large ships to change course quickly 
enough to avoid a whale, the SRT's scoring indicates that ship strikes 
pose a ``high'' severity threat to the GOMx Bryde's whale with ``high'' 
certainty.
    Military Activities-- Significant portions of the Gulf of Mexico 
are used for military activities. NMFS completed a 2013 Biological 
Opinion assessing the impact of the Navy training exercises and 
coordinated via a Letter of Authorization (LOA) under the MMPA to 
govern unintentional takes incidental to training and testing 
activities (Rosel et al. 2016). Although Level B harassment (i.e., 
activities that have the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine 
mammal stock) is authorized pursuant to that LOA, the Navy determined 
that very few training or testing activities are likely to occur within 
the BIA (see Figures 18 and 19 in Rosel et al. 2016). Moreover, the 
Navy agreed to expand their Planning Awareness Area to encompass the 
Bryde's whale BIA and as a result they will avoid planning major 
training activities there, when feasible. In addition, Eglin Air Force 
Base (hereafter referred to as Eglin AFB) also conducts training 
exercises in the Gulf of Mexico. Eglin AFB also had an annual 
incidental harassment authorization for common bottlenose dolphin and 
Atlantic spotted dolphin, for their Maritime Weapon Systems Evaluation 
Program (81 FR 7307, February 11, 2016, and 82 FR 10747, February 15, 
2017, which expired on February 3, 2018). However, most training 
activities take place in relatively shallow water (i.e., 35 to 50 m 
depth). Eglin AFB does not anticipate that its activities would take 
GOMx Bryde's whales, because the GOMx Bryde's whales are rare in the 
areas involved (e.g., in shallow waters between 35 to 50 m deep); 
therefore, Eglin AFB did not request a take authorization for Bryde's 
whales (Rosel et al. 2016; 81 FR 7307; 82 FR 10747). The SRT concluded 
that, although there are military activities in the Gulf of Mexico, 
including the northern Gulf of Mexico, most activities appeared to 
occur outside the BIA. In addition, they found that military activities 
are not constant, and due to the current scope of existing activities, 
the threat was considered less likely to have negative impacts on the 
population (Rosel et al. 2016). However, the SRT believed that this 
threat would need to be re-evaluated if the intensity, timing, or 
location of military training exercises extended closer to the BIA. 
Based on the SRT rankings, the threat of military activities (i.e., 
explosive pressure waves, target training, and vessel activities) is a 
``moderate'' threat with ``low'' certainty. The threat of noise from 
military activities is considered under the Anthropogenic Noise 
section, below.
    Since the publication of the status review and the proposed rule, 
NMFS has issued regulations and an updated LOA to Eglin AFB for 
authorization to take marine mammals incidental to conducting testing 
and training activities in the Eglin Gulf Test and Training Range in 
the Gulf of Mexico over the course of five years, from February 13, 
2018 through February 12, 2023 (83 FR 5545, February 8, 2018). This LOA 
supersedes other LOAs that were in effect and includes all of Eglin 
AFB's testing and training activities, including Maritime Weapon 
Systems Evaluation Program activities, into one action. The Air Force 
did not request a take authorization for Bryde's whales, and take has 
not been authorized. Under the LOA, to protect Bryde's whales, mission 
activities will be aborted/suspended for the remainder of the day if 
one or more sperm or baleen whales are detected during pre-mission 
monitoring activities as no takes of these species have been 
authorized. Trained observers will also be instructed to be vigilant in 
ensuring Bryde's whales are not in the zone of influence. In addition, 
monitors will be instructed to be extra vigilant in ensuring that 
species of concern, including the Bryde's whale, are clear of the zone 
of influence during testing and training activities. This is in 
addition to other measures to mitigate and monitor effects to protected 
species. NMFS consulted on the effects of the testing and training 
activities at the Eglin Gulf Test and Training Range in the Gulf of 
Mexico and concluded that the proposed training activities are not 
likely to adversely affect GOMx Bryde's whale (NMFS 2017). We have re-
evaluated this threat in light of this new information, and have 
determined the military activities continue to be a moderate threat to 
the species.
    Fishing Gear Entanglement--Marine mammals are known to become 
hooked, trapped, or entangled in fishing gear, leading to injury or 
mortality (Read 2008; Reeves et al. 2013). While gear interactions are 
documented more frequently for toothed whales, they remain a threat to 
small populations of baleen whales like the GOMx Bryde's whale (Reeves 
et al. 2013). The SRT evaluated the threat of fishing gear entanglement 
based on the spatial overlap between 12 commercial fisheries and the 
Bryde's whale BIA, gear type, the amount of fishing effort, and the 
potential for interactions given the whale's foraging behavior. The SRT 
concluded that five of the 12 commercial fisheries evaluated overlap or 
possibly overlap with the Bryde's whale BIA (i.e., the Gulf of Mexico 
pelagic longline fishery, the bottom longline component of the Gulf of 
Mexico reef fish fishery, the Gulf of Mexico shark bottom longline 
fishery, the Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery, and the Gulf of 
Mexico butterfish trawl fishery).
    The Gulf of Mexico royal red shrimp trawl fishery and the 
butterfish trawl fishery overlap within the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA 
(Rosel et al. 2016). However, the royal red shrimp trawl fishery has 
limited spatial overlap and those areas where spatial overlap occurs 
represent only a small portion of total fishing effort. The butterfish 
trawl fishery is small, with only two participants currently permitted, 
and has limited available information. Thus, the SRT determined that 
these two fisheries are unlikely to have an interaction with the GOMx 
Bryde's whale given the limited overlap and total fishing effort.
    Pelagic longlines are a known entanglement threat to baleen whales, 
as the majority of mainline gear is in the water column and animals 
swimming in the area may interact with the gear (Andersen et al. 2008). 
The Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico commercial pelagic 
longline fishery for large pelagic species is active within the GOMx 
Bryde's whale BIA. Approximately two thirds of the BIA has been closed 
to commercial pelagic longline fishing year-round since 2000, when the 
Highly Migratory Species Atlantic Tunas, Swordfish, and Sharks Fishery 
Management Plan was amended to close the De Soto Canyon Marine 
Protected Area; however, the BIA is larger than the MPAs and one third 
of the BIA is still open to pelagic longline fishing (65 FR 47214; 
August 1, 2000). To date, no interactions between GOMx Bryde's whale 
and pelagic longline gear have been recorded.
    The bottom longline fisheries also are an entanglement threat to 
the GOMx Bryde's whale. The Gulf of Mexico reef fish and shark bottom 
longline gear consists of a monofilament mainline up to a mile in 
length anchored on the seafloor, with up to 1,000 baited hooks along 
the mainline and marked with buoys. Generally, bottom longline gear 
poses less of a threat of entanglement to cetaceans compared to pelagic 
longline gear, except when cetaceans forage along the seafloor. The 
GOMx Bryde's whales appear to forage along the

[[Page 15481]]

seafloor, and therefore they are exposed to risk of entanglement in 
mainlines. There are no restrictions or areas within the BIA closed to 
bottom longline fishing. While bottom longlining typically occurs in 
waters less than 100m, fishing for yellowedge grouper, golden tilefish, 
blueline tilefish, and sharks occurs in deeper waters between 100 and 
400m within the BIA. The available information indicates the GOMx 
Bryde's whale forages on or near the seafloor bottom, such that 
potential for interactions exists, given that the majority of mainline 
gear is anchored on the seafloor (Rosel et al. 2016).
    Based on the above, the SRT concluded that pelagic and bottom 
longline gears pose an entanglement risk to the GOMx Bryde's whale 
where fisheries using these gear types overlap with the species BIA. 
Thus the SRT scored the threat of entanglement in commercial fisheries 
is ``moderate'' in severity with ``moderate'' certainty.
    Trophic Impacts Due to Commercial Harvest of Prey Items--While GOMx 
Bryde's whales' prey in the Gulf of Mexico are currently unknown (Rosel 
et al. 2016), they likely feed on anchovy, sardine, mackerel and 
herring, and small crustaceans, similar to Bryde's whales worldwide 
(Kato 2000). The two main Gulf of Mexico commercial fisheries for small 
schooling fish are the Gulf of Mexico menhaden purse-seine fishery and 
the Florida west coast sardine purse-seine fishery; the main 
invertebrate fishery is the Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery. The 
SRT concluded that direct competition between GOMx Bryde's whale and 
commercial fisheries did not appear to be likely, based on the current 
distribution of the GOMx Bryde's whale, the distribution of fishery 
effort, and presumed fish and invertebrate habitat (Rosel et al. 2016). 
The SRT also evaluated the threat of total biomass removal by the 
menhaden purse-seine fishery and the shrimp trawl fishery in the Gulf 
of Mexico and the resulting impact on ecosystem functioning, species 
composition, and potential trophic pathway alterations, and concluded 
that the ecosystem and trophic effects of these removals are unknown. 
Based on the SRT's scoring, the threat from trophic impacts due to 
commercial harvest of prey is a ``low'' severity threat with ``low'' 
certainty.
    Climate Change--The impacts of climate change on cetaceans are not 
easily quantified; however, direct and indirect impacts are expected 
(Evans and Bj[oslash]rge 2013). Potential impacts of climate change on 
marine mammals include range shifts, habitat degradation or loss, 
changes to the food web, susceptibility to disease and contaminants, 
and thermal intolerance (MacLeod 2009, Evans and Bj[oslash]rge 2013). 
The restricted distribution of the GOMx Bryde's whale is a concern, as 
climate change may disproportionately affect species with specialized 
or restricted habitat requirements. As water temperatures rise, many 
marine species will have to shift their distributions northward or in a 
direction that maintains a near-constant environment (e.g., temperature 
and prey availability) (Evans et al. 2010). Within the Gulf of Mexico, 
GOMx Bryde's whales have little room to shift their distribution 
northward into cooler waters. Furthermore, the predicted changes in 
freshwater inflow and the associated effects on biological productivity 
may affect the health of the Gulf of Mexico. While recognizing the 
potential threat that climate change poses to the GOMx Bryde's whale, 
the SRT considered that there are more significant and immediate 
pressures on the GOMx Bryde's whale (Rosel et al. 2016). The SRT 
assigned the threat of climate change as a ``low'' severity threat to 
GOMx Bryde's whale with ``low'' certainty.
    Plastics and Marine Debris--Plastics comprise 60-80 percent of all 
marine debris (Baulch and Perry 2014), and derelict fishing gear is the 
second most common form of marine debris (National Oceanic Service 
2015). There are not many documented interactions of marine mammals 
with marine debris in the Gulf of Mexico and the SRT did not find any 
documented cases specific to Bryde's whale (NOAA Fisheries Marine 
Mammal Health and Stranding Response Database). Less than one percent 
of marine mammal strandings in the Gulf of Mexico from 2000-2014 showed 
evidence of entanglement or ingestion of marine debris (NOAA Fisheries 
Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Database). While noting 
that the records of reported marine mammal strandings may not be 
comprehensive, the SRT's scoring ranked this threat as ``low'' severity 
with ``low'' certainty (Rosel et al. 2016).
    Aquaculture--There are currently no aquaculture facilities in the 
U.S. waters of the Gulf of Mexico. However, a final rule was published 
on January 13, 2016 (81 FR 1761) establishing a regulatory program 
applicable to marine aquaculture in federal waters of the Gulf of 
Mexico and establishing a regional permitting process. The final rule 
implements the Fishery Management Plan for Regulating Offshore Marine 
Aquaculture in the Gulf of Mexico (FMP), prepared by the Gulf of Mexico 
Regional Fishery Management Council. We note that this final rule is 
currently under challenge in a pending court proceeding, Gulf 
Fishermen's Association, et al. v. NMFS, 16-cv-01271 (E.D. La.). Under 
the regulations, each facility must satisfy a list of siting 
requirements and conditions and specifies that an application may be 
denied for potential risks to essential fish habitat, endangered or 
threatened species, marine mammals, wild fish stocks, among other 
reasons (50 CFR 622.103). Marine mammals are known to interact with 
aquaculture facilities through physical interaction with nets, ropes, 
twine and anchor lines (Price and Marris 2013). Because each 
application, including the proposed location, will be considered on a 
case-by-case basis, taking into account potential impacts to marine 
mammals, and no aquaculture facilities are currently sited in the Gulf 
of Mexico, the SRT scoring indicates that the SRT found aquaculture to 
be a ``low'' severity threat with ``low'' certainty.
    Anthropogenic Noise--A variety of anthropogenic noise sources, such 
as energy exploration (seismic surveys), vessel and shipping traffic, 
oil and gas drilling and production, and aircraft and vessel traffic 
associated with oil and gas activities, have considerable energy at low 
frequencies (<100 Hz) (Sodal 1999; Nieukirk et al. 2004; Hildebrand 
2009; Nieukirk et al. 2012) and are pervasive in the Gulf of Mexico 
(Rosel et al. 2016). Baleen whales produce calls that span a similar 
low frequency range (20 Hz-30 kHz), and therefore, presumably these 
species' best hearing abilities fall within this range, and are most 
impacted by low-frequency sounds (Richardson et al. 1995, Ketten 1997, 
Ketten et al. 2013, Cranford and Krysl 2015). Marine mammals rely 
heavily on their hearing to detect and interpret communication and 
environmental cues to select mates, find food, maintain group structure 
and relationships, avoid predators, navigate, and perform other 
critical life functions (Rosel et al. 2016). As noise levels rise in 
the marine environment, there are a variety of possible direct and 
indirect adverse physical and behavioral effects to marine mammals such 
as hearing loss or impairment, stress, behavioral changes, 
physiological effects, reduced foraging success, reduced reproductive 
success, masking of communication and environmental cues, and habitat 
displacement (Richardson et al. 1995; Southall et al. 2007; Francis and 
Barber 2013). The SRT evaluated anthropogenic noise and separately 
assessed, as detailed below, noise from aircraft and vessels associated 
with oil and gas activities, seismic surveys

[[Page 15482]]

associated with oil and gas activities, noise associated with military 
training and exercises, noise associated with commercial fisheries and 
scientific acoustics, and noise associated with vessels and shipping 
traffic.
    Noise Generated From Aircraft and Vessels and Oil Drilling and 
Production Associated With Oil and Gas Activities--Aircraft and vessel 
operations (service vessels, etc.) support outer continental shelf oil 
and gas activities in the Gulf of Mexico. Routine aircraft overflights 
may interrupt and elicit a startle response from marine mammals nearby 
(Richardson et al. 1995). However, if marine mammals are nearby, the 
disturbance caused by helicopters approaching or departing OCS oil and 
gas facilities will be short in duration and transient in nature. The 
SRT reasoned that aircraft and vessel operations may ensonify large 
areas, but due to the lack of oil and gas activities currently in the 
eastern Gulf of Mexico, the threat from service aircraft and vessel 
noise to GOMx Bryde's whale should be minimal.
    Oil drilling and production activities produce low-frequency 
underwater sounds that are in the frequency range detectable by the 
GOMx Bryde's whale and, given the amount of drilling activity and 
platforms in the central and western Gulf of Mexico, noise levels are 
already high. While there are currently no wells being drilled in the 
eastern Gulf of Mexico, and no production platforms in place, the 
potential opening of the EPA that overlaps the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA 
for oil and gas exploration is of considerable concern (Rosel et al. 
2016). Based on the SRT's scoring, the threat of noise generated from 
aircraft and vessels associated with oil and gas activities and noise 
from drilling and oil production is ``moderate,'' with a ``moderate'' 
level of certainty for noise associated with aircraft and vessels, and 
the SRT assigned a ``low'' level of certainty for noise generated from 
drilling and oil production.
    Seismic Survey Noise Associated With Oil and Gas Activities--The 
northern Gulf of Mexico is an area of high seismic survey activity; 
seismic surveys are typically conducted 24 hours a day, 365 days a 
year, using airguns that are a source of primarily low-frequency sound 
(Sodal 1999), and that overlap with ranges baleen whales use for 
communication and hearing (Rosel et al. 2016). These low-frequency 
sounds can travel substantial distances and airgun sounds have been 
recorded many hundreds of miles away from the survey locations 
(Nieukirk et al. 2004). Seismic surveys have the potential to cause 
serious acute auditory injury to animals within 100 m-1 km of airguns 
with received levels of 230 dB re 1 [mu]Pa (peak) or higher (Southall 
et al. 2007). In the 2016 Technical Guidance, this threshold was 
reduced to 219 dB re 1 [mu]Pa (peak), which indicates an area of 
potential acute auditory injury at equal or greater distance from the 
sound source than that discussed in Southhall et al., 2007. Behavioral 
changes following seismic surveys, specifically changes in vocal 
behavior and habitat avoidance, have been documented for baleen whales 
(Malme et al. 1984, McCauley et al. 1998, Gordon et al. 2001, Blackwell 
et al. 2015). While reactions of Bryde's whales to seismic surveys have 
not been studied, the auditory abilities of all baleen whale species 
are considered to be broadly similar based upon vocalization 
frequencies and ear anatomy (Ketten 1998). As previously discussed, 
Bryde's whales could suffer acute auditory injury if seismic survey 
activity occurred within 1 km of a whale and could experience 
behavioral responses, including strong avoidance, if activity occurred 
within 8 km of a whale (Rosel et al. 2016). In addition, given the 
ability of low-frequency sounds to travel substantial distances, sounds 
from nearby surveys in the northwestern portion of the CPA, near the 
northeastern extent of the species' BIA, could expose the GOMx Bryde's 
whales in the BIA to noise at levels that could increase their stress, 
reduce their foraging and reproductive success, and mask communications 
and environmental cues. In addition, the SRT found that after 2022, 
when the moratorium on lease sales expires, the species are likely to 
be exposed to increased seismic survey activity and associated noise 
levels that could increase the potential for these effects. The SRT 
noted that in 2009, seismic survey activity was high in the EPA, but 
that in following years they did not expect as much activity, due in 
part to the moratorium on new lease sales and production in the EPA. 
However, the SRT explained that the spatial distribution of surveying 
activity in the Gulf of Mexico varies inter-annually, and they expect 
seismic survey activity to increase following expiration of the 
moratorium. If seismic survey activity increases, the SRT expects that 
the species will be exposed to ambient noise at levels that would 
interfere with their ability to communicate and could be at risk of 
acute auditory injury or behavioral responses. The SRT scored 
anthropogenic noise associated with seismic surveys as a ``high'' 
severity threat with ``moderate'' certainty.
    Noise Associated With Military Training and Exercises--Military 
training and exercises use active sonar sources and explosives as part 
of their operations and each of these sources have the potential to 
impact marine mammals (Rosel et al. 2016). However, as discussed above, 
most military activities that occur in the Gulf of Mexico take place 
outside of the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA, and the Navy expanded their 
Planning Awareness Area to encompass the BIA (see Military Activities 
above). The SRT found this threat to be less likely to have a negative 
impact on the GOMx Bryde's whale compared to other threats associated 
with the anthropogenic noise considered in this sub-category. 
Therefore, the SRT assigned the threat of noise associated with 
military training and exercises as ``low'' in severity with a 
``moderate'' level of certainty.
    Noise Associated With Commercial Fisheries and Scientific 
Acoustics--Commercial and scientific vessels use active sonar for the 
detection, localization, and classification of underwater targets, 
including the seafloor, plankton, fish, and human divers (Hildebrand 
2009). Source frequencies of many of these sonars are likely above the 
frequency range for Bryde's whale hearing (Watkins 1986, Au et al. 
2006, Tubelli et al. 2012). Recent technological advancements, such as 
the Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) system, use low-
frequency acoustics that have the potential to impact baleen whale 
behavior (Risch et al. 2012). However, the SRT concluded these low-
frequency systems are not likely to be used in U.S. waters in the 
future (Rosel et al. 2016). Because the acoustic frequencies associated 
with the sonar systems used by commercial fisheries and scientific 
vessels are not within the range of GOMx Bryde's whale hearing and are 
not likely to be used in the Gulf of Mexico, the SRT assigned the 
threat of noise associated with commercial fisheries and scientific 
acoustics a ranking of ``low'' in severity with ``low'' certainty.
    Noise Associated With Shipping Traffic and Vessels--Noise from 
shipping traffic is an unintended byproduct of shipping and depends on 
factors such as ship type, load, speed, ship hull and propeller design; 
noise levels increase with increasing speed and vessel size (Allen et 
al. 2012, McKella et al 2012b, Rudd et al. 2015). Shipping noise is 
characterized by mainly low frequencies (Hermannsen et al. 2014) and 
contributes significantly to low-frequency noise in the marine

[[Page 15483]]

environment (National Research Council 2003, Hildebrand 2009). 
Approximately 50 percent of U.S. merchant vessel traffic (as measured 
by port calls or tonnage for merchant vessels over 1,000 gross tons) 
occurs at U.S. Gulf of Mexico ports, indicating shipping activity is a 
significant source of noise in this region. Noise is likely to increase 
as shipping trends indicate that faster, larger ships will traverse the 
Gulf of Mexico following expansion of the Panama Canal (Rosel et al. 
2016).
    Shipping noise in the northeast United States was predicted to 
reduce the communication space of humpback whales, right whales, and 
fin whales by 8 percent, 77 percent, and 20 percent, respectively, by 
masking their calls (Clark et al. 2009). Because Bryde's whale call 
source levels are most similar to those of right whales, the SRT found 
they may be similarly impacted (Rosel et al. 2016). Documented impacts 
of vessel and shipping noise on marine mammals, like the GOMx Bryde's 
whale, include: Habitat displacement; changes in diving and foraging 
behavior; changes in vocalization behavior; and altered stress hormone 
levels (Rosel et al. 2016).
    The SRT found that there is a high level of low frequency noise 
caused by shipping activity in the Gulf of Mexico, and that it is 
likely the GOMx Bryde's whale is experiencing significant biological 
impacts as a result. The impacts to the GOMx Bryde's whale are assumed 
to be similar to those observed in other low frequency hearing baleen 
whale species, and include increased stress hormone levels, changes in 
dive and foraging behavior and communication, and habitat displacement. 
The SRT assigned the threat of noise associated with shipping traffic 
and vessels a score of ``moderate'' severity threat with ``moderate'' 
certainty.
Small Population Concerns
    The final sub-category considered by the SRT under ESA factor E was 
small population concerns. The SRT considered Allee effects, 
demographic stochasticity, genetic stochasticity, k-selected life-
history parameters, and stochastic and catastrophic events under this 
sub-category.
    Allee Effects--If a population is critically small in size, 
individuals may have difficulty finding a mate. The probability of 
finding a mate depends largely on density (i.e., abundance per area) 
rather than absolute abundance alone (Rosel et al. 2016). As previously 
discussed, noise from ships and industrial oil activities, including 
seismic exploration, could mask mating calls and contribute to reduced 
fecundity of the GOMx Bryde's whale (Rosel et al. 2016). The small 
population size (i.e., likely fewer than 100 individuals, with 50 or 
fewer at maturity) may mean that Allee effects are occurring, making it 
difficult for individual whales to find one another for breeding, 
thereby reducing the population growth rate. The SRT's scored the 
impacts from Allee effects as a ``moderate'' threat in both severity 
and certainty.
    Demographic Stochasticity--Demographic stochasticity refers to the 
variability of annual population change arising from random birth and 
death events at the individual level. Populations that are small in 
number are more vulnerable to adverse effects from demographic 
stochasticity. Demographic stochasticity is also more problematic for 
slowly reproducing species, such as GOMx Bryde's whales, which under 
normal conditions are likely to produce a calf every 2 to 3 years, 
similar to Bryde's whales worldwide and Eden's whale. Mean population 
growth rates can be reduced by variances in inter-annual growth rates, 
and this variance steadily increases as the population size decreases 
(Goodman 1987). The SRT also noted that, while skewed sex ratios do not 
currently appear to be a problem for GOMx Bryde's whales, their low 
calving rate and small population size create a higher probability of 
developing skewed sex ratios through chance alone. The SRT's scored the 
threat from impacts from demographic stochasticity as ``high'' in both 
severity and certainty.
    Genetics--Genetic stochasticity results from three separate 
factors: Inbreeding depression, loss of potentially adaptive genetic 
diversity, and mutation accumulation (Frankham 2005; Reed 2005). The 
SRT concluded that the very small population size and documented low 
level of genetic diversity (Rosel and Wilcox 2014) indicates that the 
GOMx Bryde's whale is likely already experiencing inbreeding (mating 
with related individuals) that could lead to a loss of potentially 
adaptive genetic diversity and accumulation of deleterious mutations 
(Frankham 2005, Reed 2005). Applying the estimate from Taylor et al. 
(2007) of 0.51 for the proportion of a Bryde's whale population that is 
mature, and assuming a stable age distribution, the SRT concluded there 
would be at most 50 mature individuals for the GOMx Bryde's whale 
population, putting the whales at immediate recognized risk for genetic 
factors. Even with a 50-50 sex ratio, the SRT concluded that current 
abundance estimates are so low that current Bryde's whale population 
levels would meet any genetic risk threshold for decreased population 
growth due to inbreeding depression and potential loss of adaptive 
genetic diversity (Rosel et al. 2016). The SRT scored the threat of 
genetic stochasticity as ``high'' in both severity and certainty.
    K-Selected Life History Parameters--In general all whales are 
considered as k-selected species due to their life history 
characteristics of large-size, late-maturity, and iteroparous 
reproduction that is energetically expensive, resulting in few 
offspring. K-selected life history characteristics in and of themselves 
are not a problem for baleen whales, but a small population size 
coupled with a low productivity rate further hinders population growth 
and increases the time frame for recovery when, as with the GOMx 
Bryde's whale, the population size is small and vulnerable to threats 
(Rosel et al. 2016). The SRT assigned the threat from k-selective life 
history parameters a score of ``high'' in severity and certainty.
    Stochastic and Catastrophic Events--The small number of GOMx 
Bryde's whales and their restricted range (i.e., De Soto Canyon area of 
the northeastern Gulf of Mexico) exacerbates the species' vulnerability 
to stochastic and catastrophic events. Further, the GOMx Bryde's whales 
are in close proximity to oil extraction developments and areas that 
could be affected by extreme weather events and harmful algal blooms. 
For example, an analysis of the impacts of the DWH oil spill on 
cetacean stocks in the Gulf of Mexico estimated that 17 percent of the 
GOMx Bryde's whale population was killed (DWH Trustees 2016). The SRT 
scored the threat from stochastic and catastrophic events on the GOMx 
Bryde's whale as ``high'' in severity with ``high'' certainty.
Summary of Factor E
    The SRT's overall threat ranking for the threats we consider under 
ESA factor E was influenced by a suite of threats. The SRT separately 
ranked the overall threat of three groups of threats, ``other natural 
or human factors'' affecting the species' continued existence, small 
population concerns, and anthropogenic noise. Under the ``other natural 
and human factors'' category, based on the SRT's scoring, vessel 
collision, followed by fishing gear entanglements, presents the most 
serious individual threats the SRT considered. The threat of vessel 
collision is a significant source of mortality for a variety of coastal 
whale species and several important

[[Page 15484]]

commercial shipping lanes travel through the GOMx Bryde's whale BIA 
(Rosel et al. 2016). Fishing gear entanglement from the pelagic 
longline and bottom longline fisheries is a threat due to the spatial 
overlap between these fisheries and the Bryde's whale BIA, and the 
potential for interactions with the gear given the whale's foraging 
behavior (Rosel et al. 2016). The SRT's overall ranking for its generic 
``other natural of human factors'' is moderate-high. The SRT's overall 
threat ranking for the category of ``anthropogenic noise'' was 
``high,'' which was driven largely by the impacts of noise associated 
with seismic surveys, vessel and shipping traffic, oil and gas drilling 
and production, and aircraft and vessel traffic associated with oil and 
gas activities. The greatest threat identified by the SRT under ESA 
factor E was ``small population concerns,'' which the SRT's scoring 
unanimously assigned a ``high'' overall threat ranking.
    In summary, the SRT found the level of anthropogenic noise in the 
Gulf of Mexico, the risk of vessel collisions, fishing gear 
entanglements, in combination with the small population size, are 
threats that are likely to eliminate or seriously degrade the 
population. The overall ranking the SRT assigned for factor E was 
``high'' (i.e., two high overall rankings for anthropogenic noise and 
small population concerns and one moderate-high overall ranking for its 
``other natural and human factors'' category), indicating that there 
are a high number of threats that are moderately or very likely to 
contribute to the decline of the GOMx Bryde's whale. Considering the 
assessment completed by the SRT, we determine that the threats 
considered under factor E, including small population concerns; 
anthropogenic noise from seismic surveys, shipping traffic and vessels, 
and vessels and aircraft supporting oil and gas activities; vessel 
collision; and fishing gear entanglements are contributing to the risk 
of extinction for the GOMx Bryde's whale.

NMFS' Conclusions From Threats Evaluation

    The most serious threats to the GOMx Bryde's whale are: Small 
population size, energy exploration, development, and production, oil 
spills and oil spill responses, vessel collision, anthropogenic noise, 
and fishing gear entanglement. We considered these threats under ESA 
section 4(a)(1) factors A and E; overall, we view the risk from factors 
A and E as high. We agree with the SRT's assessment that these threats 
are currently affecting the status of the GOMx Bryde's whale, and find 
that they are putting it at a heightened risk of extinction. We also 
agree with the SRT's characterization of factors B and C, 
overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes and disease, parasites, or predation, and their 
low overall ranking. We find that these are not factors that are likely 
contributing to the extinction risk for the GOMx Bryde's whale. 
Finally, we agree with the SRT's overall assessment for factor D, and 
we conclude that existing regulatory measures are not adequate to 
control the threats that are contributing to the species' extinction 
risk identified under factors A and E.

Demographic Risk Analysis

    The SRT also evaluated four demographic factors--abundance, spatial 
distribution, growth/productivity, and genetic diversity--to assess the 
degree of extinction risk. These demographic criteria have been used in 
previous NMFS status reviews to summarize and assess a population's 
extinction risk due to demographic processes. The SRT used the 
following definitions to rank these factors: 1 = ``No or low risk: it 
is unlikely that this factor contributes significantly to risk of 
extinction, either by itself or in combination with other factors;'' 2 
= ``Low risk: it is unlikely that this factor contributes significantly 
to risk of extinction by itself, but some concern that it may 
contribute, in combination with other factors;'' 3 = ``Moderate risk: 
it is likely that this factor in combination with others contributes 
significantly to risk of extinction;'' 4 = ``High risk: it is likely 
that this factor, by itself, contributes significantly to risk of 
extinction''; and 5 = ``Very high risk: it is highly likely that this 
factor, by itself, contributes significantly to risk of extinction.'' 
As described in detail below, the SRT concluded that each of these four 
demographic factors are likely to contribute significantly to the risk 
of extinction for the GOMx Bryde's whale.
    The SRT determined that both abundance and spatial distribution 
were ``very high risk'' factors, meaning that it is highly likely that 
each factor, by itself, contributes significantly to the risk of 
extinction. The SRT concluded the best available scientific information 
indicated: (1) The number of GOMx Bryde's whales is likely fewer than 
100 individuals with 50 or fewer mature individuals, and (2) their 
current distribution is restricted to a small region along the 
continental shelf break (100-400 m) in the De Soto Canyon makes them 
vulnerable to catastrophe. The SRT concluded that the GOMx Bryde's 
whale constitutes a dangerously small population, at or below the near-
extinction population level, and the species' restricted range makes it 
vulnerable to a single catastrophic event (Rosel et al. 2016).
    The SRT ranked both growth/productivity and genetic diversity as 
``high'' risk factors, meaning that it is likely that each factor, by 
itself, contributes significantly to the risk of extinction. The SRT 
noted that the life-history characteristics of the GOMx Bryde's whale 
(i.e., late-maturing, long gestation, single offspring) result in a 
slower recovery ability from their small population size and lead to a 
longer time during which a risk factor like a catastrophe could occur 
(Rosel et al. 2016). Allee effects were also identified by the SRT as 
increasing extinction risk because the small number of individuals 
reduces population growth rate through mate limitation (Rosel et al. 
2016). Similarly, the low level of genetic diversity, documented in 
both mtDNA and nuclear DNA by Rosel and Wilcox (2014), combined with 
the small population size, means that individuals are likely breeding 
with related individuals and inbreeding depression may be occurring, 
resulting in a loss of genetic diversity (Rosel et al. 2016).

Extinction Risk Assessment

    The SRT considered the information provided in the status review 
and demographic risk factors to conduct an extinction risk assessment. 
The SRT summarized its ERA for the GOMx Bryde's whale, placing it in 
the context of our agency guidelines on how to synthesize extinction 
risk (NMFS 2015). Those agency guidelines define categories of 
extinction risk. The high extinction risk category is defined as:

    A species or DPS with a high risk of extinction is at or near a 
level of abundance, productivity, spatial structure, and/or 
diversity that places its continued persistence in question. The 
demographics of a species, subspecies, or DPS at such a high level 
of risk may be highly uncertain and strongly influenced by 
stochastic or depensatory processes. Similarly, a species or DPS may 
be at high risk of extinction if it faces clear and present threats 
(e.g., confinement to a small geographic area; imminent destruction, 
modification, or curtailment of its habitat; or disease epidemic) 
that are likely to create present and substantial demographic risks.

Applying this standard, the SRT unanimously agreed that the GOMx 
Bryde's whale has a high risk of extinction.
    We consider the SRT's approach to assessing the extinction risk for 
GOMx Bryde's whale appropriate and based on

[[Page 15485]]

the best scientific and commercial information available. Based on the 
key conclusions from the status review, including the ERA (Rosel et al. 
2016), we find that the GOMx Bryde's whale is a species, as defined by 
the ESA, that is at high risk of extinction as a result of ESA factors 
A, D, and E.

Protective Efforts

    Section 4(b)(1)(A) of the ESA requires the Secretary, when making a 
listing determination for a species, to take into consideration those 
efforts, if any, being made by any State or foreign nation to protect 
the species. To evaluate the efficacy of domestic efforts that have not 
yet been implemented or that have been implemented, but have not yet 
been demonstrated to be effective, the Services developed a joint 
``Policy for Evaluation of Conservation Efforts When Making Listing 
Decisions'' (PECE) (68 FR 15100; March 28, 2003). The PECE is designed 
to ensure consistent and adequate evaluation of formalized domestic 
conservation efforts that have not yet been implemented, or that have 
been implemented but not yet proven to be effective, when making 
listing determinations. The PECE is expected to facilitate the 
development of conservation efforts by states and other entities that 
sufficiently improve a species' status so as to make listing the 
species as threatened or endangered unnecessary.
    The PECE establishes two overarching criteria to use in evaluating 
efforts identified in conservations plans, conservation agreements, 
management plans or similar documents: (1) For those efforts yet to be 
implemented, the certainty that the conservation effort will be 
implemented and (2) for those efforts that have not yet demonstrated 
effectiveness, the certainty that the conservation effort will be 
effective.
    The status review (Rosel et al. 2016) summarized two known 
conservation efforts, both of which are planned and have yet to be 
implemented, and we further assess them here: The DWH PDARP and the 
GoMMAPPS. The restoration plan in the PDARP is a framework for planning 
future restoration projects. For marine mammals, the PDARP focuses on 
restoration activities that support population resilience, reduce 
further harm or impacts, and complement existing management priorities, 
with the goal of compensating for the population injuries suffered by 
each marine mammal stock. GOMx Bryde's whales were the most impacted 
offshore cetacean by the DWH oil spill, suffering an estimated 22 
percent maximum decline in population size (DWH Trustees 2016). 
Although specific projects are not yet identified to implement Bryde's 
whale restoration, we anticipate that they should benefit the 
population, but, considering the species' life history, population 
recovery to pre-spill levels will take decades. More importantly, the 
population estimates considered by the SRT were pre-spill and were 
still found to represent a high extinction risk. Therefore, the 
conservation benefits that may be expected through implementation of 
the PDARP would not be expected to reduce the extinction risk for 
Bryde's whale to such a degree that this population would qualify as 
threatened or that listing is not warranted.
    We also considered the proposed results from GoMMAPPS and its 
potential to protect and restore the population of GOMx Bryde's whale. 
The purpose of this program is to improve information about abundance, 
distribution, habitat use, and behavior of living marine resources 
(e.g., marine mammals, sea turtles, sea birds) in the Gulf of Mexico, 
as well as to mitigate and monitor potential impacts of human 
activities. GoMMAPPS promotes collaborations via data sharing with 
other research efforts in the Gulf of Mexico, including potentially 
with Mexico. Given the scope of the program, studies are likely to 
increase scientific understanding of the GOMx Bryde's whale and its 
habitat, support management decisions, and monitor potential impacts of 
human activities. GoMMAPPS is likely to provide significantly improved 
information on the status of protected species in the Gulf of Mexico, 
possibly including GOMx Bryde's whales, and we anticipate that this 
information can be used to protect Bryde's whales more effectively in 
the future. However, these conservation benefits will require secondary 
actions that are not currently known. Therefore, we conclude that the 
conservation benefits from GOMAPPS to Bryde's whales are too diffuse 
and uncertain to be considered effective measures per the PECE. After 
taking into account these conservation efforts, the current status of 
GOMx Bryde's whale, and our evaluation of the section 4(a)(1) factors, 
we conclude that the conservation efforts identified cannot be 
considered effective measures in reducing the current extinction risk.

Final Determination

    We reviewed the best available scientific and commercial 
information, including the information in the status review (Rosel et 
al. 2016), which incorporated comments from the peer reviewers. Based 
on the status review, our evaluation of protective efforts, and 
consideration of all public comments, we determined that the GOMx 
Bryde's whale meets the definition of endangered under the ESA. We 
found that the GOMx Bryde's whale is a species, as defined by the ESA, 
which is in danger of extinction throughout all of its range as a 
result of ESA section 4(a)(1) factors A, D, and E. We summarize the 
results of our determination as follows: (1) The GOMx Bryde's whales 
are distinct from Bryde's whales worldwide such that we have determined 
it to be a subspecies; (2) the current range of the GOMx Bryde's whale 
is restricted to the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (i.e., Bryde's whale 
BIA) and is significantly smaller than the historical range; (3) the 
population is small, likely containing fewer than 100 individuals, with 
50 or fewer mature individuals; (4) energy exploration, development, 
and production, oil spills and oil spill responses, vessel collision, 
fishing gear entanglement, and anthropogenic noise are threats that 
contribute to its risk of extinction; and (5) the existing regulatory 
mechanisms are not adequate to control those threats. After considering 
efforts being made to protect the species, we conclude that existing or 
proposed conservation efforts would not alter the extinction risk. 
Accordingly, we have determined that the GOMx Bryde's whale warrants 
listing as an endangered species under the ESA. We evaluated the 
threats to the species alone and in combination; however, we note that 
the whale's small population size (and the associated risks) and 
restricted range alone would support our determination.

Effects of This Rulemaking

    Conservation measures provided for species listed as endangered 
under the ESA include recovery actions (16 U.S.C. 1533(f)); concurrent 
designation of critical habitat, if prudent and determinable (16 U.S.C. 
1533(a)(3)(A)); Federal agency consultation requirements (16 U.S.C. 
1536); and prohibitions on taking the species (16 U.S.C. 1538). 
Recognition of the species' plight through listing promotes 
conservation actions by Federal and state agencies, foreign entities, 
private groups, individuals, as well as the international community. 
The main effects of the listing are prohibitions on take. Both a 
recovery program and designation of critical habitat could result from 
this final listing. Given its narrow range in the De Soto Canyon region 
of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, and existing threats, a regional 
cooperative effort to protect and restore

[[Page 15486]]

the population is necessary. Federal, state, and the private sectors 
will need to cooperate to conserve listed GOMx Bryde's whales and the 
ecosystem upon which they depend.

Marine Mammal Protection Act

    The MMPA provides substantial protections to all marine mammals, 
such as GOMx Bryde's whales, whether they are listed under the ESA or 
not. In addition, the MMPA provides heightened protections to marine 
mammals designated as ``depleted'' (e.g., additional restrictions on 
the issuance of permits for research, importation, and captive 
maintenance). Section 3(1) of the MMPA defines ``depleted'' as ``any 
case in which'': (1) The Secretary determines that a species or 
population stock is below its optimum sustainable population; (2) a 
State to which authority has been delegated makes the same 
determination; or (3) a species or stock is listed as an endangered 
species or a threatened species under the ESA (16 U.S.C. 1362(1)). 
Section 115(a)(1) of the MMPA establishes that in any action by the 
Secretary to determine if a species or stock should be designated as 
depleted, or should no longer be designated as depleted, such 
determination must be made by rule, after public notice and an 
opportunity for comment, and after a call for information (16 U.S.C. 
1383b(a)(1)). It is our position that a marine mammal species or stock 
automatically gains ``depleted'' status under the MMPA when it is 
listed under the ESA.

Identifying ESA Section 7 Consultation Requirements

    Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA and joint NMFS/U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Service regulations require Federal agencies to consult with us on any 
actions they authorize, fund, or carry out if those actions may affect 
the listed species or designated critical habitat within our 
jurisdiction. Based on currently available information, we conclude 
that examples of Federal actions that may affect GOMx Bryde's whale 
include, but are not limited to: Authorizations for energy exploration 
(e.g., habitat modification, noise from seismic surveys), energy 
production (e.g., oil drilling and production), actions such as port 
deepening and expansion that directly or indirectly introduce vessel 
traffic that could result in collisions, and military activities and 
fisheries regulations that may impact the species.

Prohibitions and Protective Measures

    All of the ESA section 9(a)(1) (16 U.S.C. 1538(a)(1)) prohibitions 
apply to all species listed as endangered. Under section 9(a)(1), it is 
unlawful for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United 
States to (A) import any such species into, or export any such species 
from the United States; (B) take any such species within the United 
States or the territorial sea of the United States; (C) take any such 
species upon the high seas; (D) possess, sell, deliver, carry, 
transport, or ship, by any means whatsoever, any such species taken in 
violation of subparagraphs (B) and (C); (E) deliver, receive, carry, 
transport, or ship in interstate or foreign commerce, by any means 
whatsoever and in the course of a commercial activity, any such 
species; (F) sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce 
any such species. Take is defined as to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, 
shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage 
in any such conduct. 16 U.S.C. 1532(3)(19). These prohibitions apply to 
all persons subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, including 
in the United States or on the high seas.
    Sections 10(a)(1)(A) and (B) of the ESA (16 U.S.C. 1539(a)(1)(A) 
and (B)) provide us with authority to grant exceptions to the ESA's 
section 9 ``take'' prohibitions. Section 10(a)(1)(A) scientific 
research and enhancement permits may be issued to entities (Federal and 
non-Federal) for scientific purposes or to enhance the propagation or 
survival of a listed species. The type of activities potentially 
requiring a section 10(a)(1)(A) research/enhancement permit include 
scientific research that targets GOMx Bryde's whales, including the 
importation of non-U.S. samples for research conducted in the United 
States. Section 10(a)(1)(B) incidental take permits are required for 
non-Federal activities that may incidentally take a listed species in 
the course of an otherwise lawful activity.

Identification of Those Activities That Would Likely Constitute a 
Violation of Section 9 of the ESA

    On July 1, 1994, NMFS and the FWS issued an Interagency Cooperative 
Policy for Endangered Species Act Section 9 Prohibitions (59 FR 34272). 
The intent of this policy is to increase public awareness of the effect 
of our ESA listings on proposed and ongoing activities within the 
species' range. We identify specific activities that will be considered 
likely to result in violation of section 9, as well as activities that 
will not be considered likely to result in violation. Activities that 
we believe could result in violation of section 9 prohibitions against 
``take'' of the GOMx Bryde's whale include: (1) Unauthorized harvest or 
lethal takes by U.S. citizens; (2) in-water activities conducted by 
U.S. citizens that produce high levels of underwater noise, which may 
harass or injure the whales; (3) vessel strikes from ships operating in 
U.S. waters of the Gulf of Mexico; (4) U.S. fisheries that may result 
in entanglement of the whales; and (5) discharging or dumping toxic 
chemicals or other pollutants by U.S. citizens into habitat used by 
GOMx Bryde's whale.
    We expect, based on the best available scientific and commercial 
information, the following actions are not likely to result in a 
violation of section 9: (1) Federally funded or approved projects for 
which ESA section 7 consultation has been completed and necessary 
mitigation developed, and that are conducted in accordance with any 
terms and conditions we provide in any incidental take statement 
accompanying a biological opinion; and (2) takes of GOMx Bryde's whales 
that have been authorized by NMFS pursuant to section 10 of the ESA.
    These lists are not exhaustive. They are intended to provide some 
examples of the types of activities that may not constitute a take of 
the GOMx Bryde's whale. Whether a violation results from a particular 
activity is entirely dependent upon the facts and circumstances of each 
incident. Further, an activity not listed may in fact constitute or 
result in a violation.

Critical Habitat

    Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the ESA (16 U.S.C. 
1532(5)(A)) as (1) the specific areas within the geographical area 
occupied by a species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the 
ESA, on which are found those physical or biological features (a) 
essential to the conservation of the species and (b) which may require 
special management considerations or protection; and (2) specific areas 
outside the geographical area occupied by a species at the time it is 
listed in accordance with the ESA, upon a determination that such areas 
are essential for the conservation of the species. ``Conservation'' 
means the use of all methods and procedures which are necessary to 
bring the species to the point at which listing under the ESA is no 
longer necessary (16 U.S.C. 1532(3)). Designations of critical habitat 
must be based on the best scientific data available and must take into 
consideration the economic, national security, and other relevant 
impacts of specifying any particular area as critical habitat (16 
U.S.C. 1533(b)(2)). Once critical habitat is designated, section 7 of 
the ESA requires Federal agencies to

[[Page 15487]]

ensure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely 
to destroy or adversely modify that habitat (16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(2)). 
This requirement is in addition to the section 7 requirement that 
Federal agencies ensure that their actions are not likely to jeopardize 
the continued existence of listed species.
    Section 4(a)(3)(A) of the ESA (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(A)) requires 
that, to the maximum extent prudent and determinable, critical habitat 
be designated concurrently with the listing of a species, unless as 
described in section 4(b)(6)(C), critical habitat is not then 
determinable, in which case we may take an additional year to publish 
the final critical habitat determination (16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(6)(C)(ii)). 
We are currently evaluating the areas within the geographical area 
currently occupied by the species as well as the areas outside the 
geographical area occupied by the species that may meet the definition 
of critical habitat under the ESA. However, critical habitat is not 
determinable at this time. Therefore, we will propose critical habitat 
in a future rulemaking if determinable, as appropriate.

Peer Review

    In December 2004, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued 
a Final Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review establishing 
minimum standards for when peer review is required for scientific 
information and the types of peer review that should be considered by 
agencies in different circumstances, a transparent process for public 
disclosure of peer review planning, and opportunities for public 
participation. The OMB Bulletin implemented under the IQA (Pub. L. 106-
554) and OMB's general authorities to oversee the quality of agency 
information, analyses, and regulatory actions is intended to enhance 
the quality and credibility of the Federal government's scientific 
information, and applies to influential or highly influential 
scientific information disseminated on or after June 16, 2005. To 
satisfy our requirements under the OMB Bulletin, we received peer 
reviews from three independent peer reviewers on the status review 
(Rosel et al. 2016). All pertinent peer reviewer comments were 
addressed prior to dissemination of the final status review, the 
proposed rule, and publication of this final rule. We conclude that 
these experts' reviews satisfy the requirements for ``adequate [prior] 
peer review'' contained in the Bulletin (sec. II.2.). The peer review 
report is available at: http://www.cio.noaa.gov/services_programs/prplans/ID337.html

References

    A complete list of the references used in this final rule is 
available upon request, and also available at: http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/protected_resources/brydes_whale/index.html.

Classification

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    The 1982 amendments to the ESA, in section 4(b)(1)(A), restrict the 
information that may be considered when assessing species for listing 
(16 U.S.C. 1533(b)(1)(A)). Based on this limitation of criteria for a 
listing decision and the opinion in Pacific Legal Foundation v. Andrus, 
657 F. 2d 829 (6th Cir. 1981), we have concluded that NEPA does not 
apply to ESA listing actions. (See NOAA Administrative Order 216-6A and 
the Companion Manual for NOAA Administrative Order 216-6A, regarding 
Policy and Procedures for Compliance with the National Environmental 
Policy Act and Related Authorities).

Executive Order (E.O.) 12866, Paperwork Reduction Act, and Regulatory 
Flexibility Act

    This rule is exempt from review under E.O. 12866. This final rule 
does not contain a collection of information requirement for the 
purposes of the Paperwork Reduction Act.
    As noted in the Conference Report on the 1982 amendments to the 
ESA, economic impacts cannot be considered when assessing the status of 
a species. Therefore, the economic analyses required by the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act are not applicable to the listing process.

E.O. 13132, Federalism

    E.O. 13132 requires agencies to take into account any federalism 
impacts of regulations under development. It includes specific 
directives for consultation in situations where a regulation has 
federalism implications and will either preempt state law or impose 
substantial direct compliance costs on state and local governments 
(unless required by statute). Policies that have federalism 
implications refers to regulations, legislative comments or proposed 
legislation, and other policy statements or actions that have 
substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between 
the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government. This final 
rule does not have federalism implications; therefore the agency did 
not follow the additional consultation procedures outlined in E.O. 
13132.

Executive Order 12898, Environmental Justice

    Executive Order 12898 requires that Federal actions address 
environmental justice in the decision-making process. In particular, 
the environmental effects of the actions should not have a 
disproportionate effect on minority and low-income communities. This 
final rule is not expected to have a disproportionately high effect on 
minority populations or low-income populations.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 224

    Endangered and threatened species.

    Dated: April 3, 2019.
Samuel D. Rauch, III,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Regulatory Programs, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.
    For the reasons set out in the preamble, 50 CFR part 224 is amended 
as follows:

PART 224--ENDANGERED MARINE AND ANADROMOUS SPECIES

0
1. The authority citation for part 224 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543 and 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.


0
2. In Sec.  224.101, in the table in paragraph (h), add an entry for 
``Whale, Bryde's (Gulf of Mexico subspecies)'' under MARINE MAMMALS in 
alphabetical order by common name to read as follows:


Sec.  224.101  Enumeration of endangered marine and anadromous species.

* * * * *
    (h) * * *

[[Page 15488]]



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Species \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------     Citation(s) for
                                                            Description of listed          listing           Critical  habitat           ESA rules
            Common name                 Scientific name             entity            determination(s)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Marine mammals
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
Whale, Bryde's (Gulf of Mexico       Balaenoptera edeni     Bryde's whales that    84 FR [Insert Federal   NA...................  NA
 subspecies).                         (unnamed subspecies).  breed and feed in      Register page where
                                                             the Gulf of Mexico.    the document begins],
                                                                                    April 15, 2019.
 
                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Species includes taxonomic species, subspecies, distinct population segments (DPSs) (for a policy statement, see 61 FR 4722, February 7, 1996), and
  evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) (for a policy statement, see 56 FR 58612, November 20, 1991).

[FR Doc. 2019-06917 Filed 4-12-19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 3510-22-P