[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 65 (Thursday, April 4, 2019)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 13237-13242]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-06535]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17

[4500090022]


Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Findings 
on Petitions To List Eight Species as Endangered or Threatened Species

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION: Notice of 12-month petition findings.

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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), announce 12-
month findings on petitions to list eight species as endangered or 
threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended 
(Act). After a thorough review of the best available scientific and 
commercial information, we find that it is not warranted at this time 
to list the Arkansas mudalia, ashy darter, Barrens darter, Chihuahua 
scurfpea, coldwater crayfish, Eleven

[[Page 13238]]

Point River crayfish, Spring River crayfish, and red-crowned parrot. 
However, we ask the public to submit to us at any time any new 
information that becomes available relevant to the status of any of the 
species mentioned above or their habitats.

DATES: The findings in this document were made on April 4, 2019.

ADDRESSES: Detailed descriptions of the basis for each of these 
findings are available on the internet at http://www.regulations.gov 
under the following docket numbers:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Species                                                 Docket No.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arkansas mudalia...........................................  FWS-R4-ES-2019-0003
Ashy darter................................................  FWS-R4-ES-2018-0059
Barrens darter.............................................  FWS-R4-ES-2018-0060
Chihuahua scurfpea.........................................  FWS-R2-ES-2018-0061
Coldwater crayfish, Eleven Point River crayfish, and Spring  FWS-R3-ES-2019-0002
 River crayfish.
Red-crowned parrot.........................................  FWS-R2-ES-2018-0063
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Supporting information used to prepare these findings is available 
for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours, by 
contacting the appropriate person, as specified under FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT. Please submit any new information, materials, 
comments, or questions concerning these findings to the appropriate 
person, as specified under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Species                        Contact information
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arkansas mudalia.......................  Melvin Tobin, Field Supervisor,
                                          Arkansas Ecological Services
                                          Field Office, 501-513-4473.
Ashy darter............................  Michelle Eversen, Area
                                          Supervisor, Tennessee
                                          Ecological Services Field
                                          Office, 404-679-4108.
Barrens darter.........................  Warren Stiles, Fish and
                                          Wildlife Biologist, Tennessee
                                          Ecological Services Field
                                          Office, 931-528-6481.
Chihuahua scurfpea.....................  Mark W. Horner, Fish and
                                          Wildlife Biologist, New Mexico
                                          Ecological Services Field
                                          Office, 505-761-4723.
Coldwater crayfish, Eleven Point River   Karen Herrington, Field
 crayfish, and Spring River crayfish.     Supervisor, Missouri
                                          Ecological Services Field
                                          Office, 573-234-2132, ext.
                                          166.
Red-crowned parrot.....................  Gretchen E. Nareff, Fish and
                                          Wildlife Biologist, Texas
                                          Coastal Ecological Services
                                          Field Office, 361-225-7318.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If you use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), please 
call the Federal Relay Service at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

    We are required to make a finding whether or not the petitioned 
action is warranted within 12 months after receiving any petition we 
determined contained substantial scientific or commercial information 
indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted (section 
4(b)(3)(B) of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.)) (``12-month finding''). 
We must make a finding that the petitioned action is: (1) Not 
warranted; (2) warranted; or (3) warranted but precluded. ``Warranted 
but precluded'' means that (a) the petitioned action is warranted, but 
the immediate proposal of a regulation implementing the petitioned 
action is precluded by other pending proposals to determine whether 
species are endangered or threatened species, and (b) expeditious 
progress is being made to add qualified species to the Lists of 
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants (Lists) and to remove 
from the Lists species for which the protections of the Act are no 
longer necessary. Section 4(b)(3)(C) of the Act requires that we treat 
a petition for which the requested action is found to be warranted but 
precluded as though resubmitted on the date of such finding, that is, 
requiring that a subsequent finding be made within 12 months of that 
date. We must publish these 12-month findings in the Federal Register.

Summary of Information Pertaining to the Five Factors

    Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and the implementing 
regulations at part 424 of title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations 
(50 CFR part 424) set forth procedures for adding species to, removing 
species from, or reclassifying species on the Lists. The Act defines 
``endangered species'' as any species that is in danger of extinction 
throughout all or a significant portion of its range (16 U.S.C. 
1532(6)), and ``threatened species'' as any species that is likely to 
become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout 
all or a significant portion of its range (16 U.S.C. 1532(20)). Under 
section 4(a)(1) of the Act, a species may be determined to be an 
endangered species or a threatened species because of any of the 
following five factors:
    (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or 
curtailment of its habitat or range;
    (B) Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
educational purposes;
    (C) Disease or predation;
    (D) The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
    (E) Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued 
existence.
    In considering whether a species may meet the definition of an 
endangered species or a threatened species because of any of the five 
factors, we must look beyond the mere exposure of the species to the 
stressor to determine whether the species responds to the stressor in a 
way that causes actual impacts to the species. If there is exposure to 
a stressor, but no response, or only a positive response, that stressor 
does not cause a species to meet the definition of an endangered 
species or a threatened species. If there is exposure and the species 
responds negatively, we determine whether that stressor drives or 
contributes to the risk of extinction of the species such that the 
species warrants listing as an endangered or threatened species. The 
mere identification of stressors that could

[[Page 13239]]

affect a species negatively is not sufficient to compel a finding that 
listing is or remains warranted. For a species to be listed or remain 
listed, we require evidence that these stressors are operative threats 
to the species and its habitat, either singly or in combination, to the 
point that the species meets the definition of an endangered or a 
threatened species under the Act.
    In conducting our evaluation of the five factors provided in 
section 4(a)(1) of the Act to determine whether the Arkansas mudalia 
(Leptoxis arkansensis), ashy darter (Etheostoma cinereum), Barrens 
darter (Etheostoma forbesi), Pediomelum pentaphyllum (Chihuahua 
scurfpea), coldwater crayfish (Faxonius eupunctus), Eleven Point River 
crayfish (Faxonius wagneri), Spring River crayfish (Faxonius roberti), 
and red-crowned parrot (Amazona viridigenalis) meet the definition of 
``endangered species'' or ``threatened species,'' we considered and 
thoroughly evaluated the best scientific and commercial information 
available regarding the past, present, and future stressors and 
threats. We reviewed the petitions, information available in our files, 
and other available published and unpublished information. These 
evaluations may include information from recognized experts; Federal, 
State, and tribal governments; academic institutions; foreign 
governments; private entities; and other members of the public.
    The species assessment forms for the Arkansas mudalia, ashy darter, 
Barrens darter, Chihuahua scurfpea, coldwater crayfish, Eleven Point 
River crayfish, Spring River crayfish, and red-crowned parrot contain 
more detailed biological information, a thorough analysis of the 
listing factors, and an explanation of why we determined that these 
species do not meet the definition of an endangered species or a 
threatened species. This supporting information can be found on the 
internet at http://www.regulations.gov under the appropriate docket 
number (see ADDRESSES, above). The following are informational 
summaries for each of the findings in this document.

Arkansas Mudalia

Previous Federal Actions
    On April 20, 2010, we received a petition from the Center for 
Biological Diversity, Alabama Rivers Alliance, Clinch Coalition, 
Dogwood Alliance, Gulf Restoration Network, Tennessee Forests Council, 
and West Virginia Highlands Conservancy to list 404 aquatic, riparian, 
and wetland species, including the Arkansas mudalia, as endangered or 
threatened species under the Act. On September 27, 2011, we published a 
90-day finding in the Federal Register (76 FR 59836), concluding that 
the petition presented substantial information indicating the Arkansas 
mudalia may warrant listing. This document constitutes the 12-month 
finding on the April 20, 2010, petition to list the Arkansas mudalia 
under the Act.
Summary of Finding
    The Arkansas mudalia is a freshwater snail. Its body is dark orange 
mottled with black and ranges in size from 7.9 to 12.2 millimeters (0.3 
to 0.5 inches). Although information on its life cycle is limited, 
individuals likely live for 2 years and reproduce only once before 
death. Reproduction occurs during the spring through midsummer, and 
individuals need a hard, clean substrate on which to lay eggs.
    The Arkansas mudalia is endemic to the White River and its 
tributaries in Arkansas and Missouri. The species inhabits medium- to 
large-sized rivers in areas of relatively fast current with course 
rocky substrate. The dispersal of the Arkansas mudalia is slow and 
restricted. Like most freshwater snails, individuals likely move much 
less than 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) per year. Therefore, to maintain 
genetic diversity and reduce the risk of extirpation, it is beneficial 
for multiple populations to exist in close proximity to facilitate 
mixing and recolonization.
    We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial 
information regarding the past, present, and future threats to the 
Arkansas mudalia, and we evaluated all relevant factors under the five 
listing factors, including any regulatory mechanisms and conservation 
measures addressing these stressors. The primary stressors are those 
related to water quality, including impoundments, contaminants, 
sedimentation, reduced range or isolation, and climate change.
    We found that the Arkansas mudalia is extant at 13 of 19 
historically known sites spread through five tributaries of the White 
River drainage. Since 2005, several new populations have been 
discovered outside the historical range, indicating that the current 
range is larger than previously thought, although the populations are 
now isolated from those in other tributaries. Despite historical 
habitat modification and destruction from dams, which led to 
extirpation of some populations, extant populations appear sufficiently 
resilient to natural stochastic events as long as suitable habitat 
remains. Four newly discovered populations occur on U.S. Forest Service 
land, where pressures from habitat modification and degradation are 
minimal. In addition, the species is well represented in the White 
River watershed, existing in the North Fork White River watershed with 
multiple populations spread throughout the main stem North Fork River 
and some tributaries. Therefore, a single catastrophic event is 
unlikely to extirpate all populations within this watershed, and 
recolonization would likely be possible.
    For these reasons, we find that these stressors do not, alone or in 
combination, rise to a level that causes this species to meet the 
definition of an endangered species or a threatened species. Therefore, 
we find that listing the Arkansas mudalia as an endangered species or 
threatened species is not warranted. A detailed discussion of the basis 
for this finding can be found in the Arkansas mudalia species 
assessment form and other supporting documents (see ADDRESSES, above).

Ashy Darter

Previous Federal Actions
    On April 20, 2010, we received a petition from the Center for 
Biological Diversity, Alabama Rivers Alliance, Clinch Coalition, 
Dogwood Alliance, Gulf Restoration Network, Tennessee Forests Council, 
and West Virginia Highlands Conservancy to list 404 aquatic, riparian, 
and wetland species, including the ashy darter, as endangered or 
threatened species under the Act. On September 27, 2011, we published a 
90-day finding in the Federal Register (76 FR 59836), concluding that 
the petition presented substantial information indicating that listing 
the ashy darter may be warranted. This notice constitutes the 12-month 
finding on the April 20, 2010, petition to list the ashy darter under 
the Act.
Summary of Finding
    The ashy darter is a fish in the family Percidae that is endemic to 
the Tennessee River system in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and 
Virginia. The ashy darter is large relative to most other darter 
species, attaining a maximum total length of about 100 millimeters (3.9 
inches). Normal life span for the ashy darter is 3 to 4 years, and 
spawning occurs from January to mid-April. The primary prey items of 
the ashy darter are midge larvae, burrowing mayfly larvae, and 
oligochaete worms.
    The ashy darter occurs in medium-sized streams with silt-free 
substrates. These are typically clear, cool- to warm-water streams with 
a moderate gradient.

[[Page 13240]]

The ashy darter tends to occupy depths of 1.6 to 6.6 feet (0.5 to 2 
meters) in areas of bedrock or clean gravel substrate with rocks and 
boulders. In the upper Tennessee River system, the species occupies 
backwater or pool habitats with slab rocks containing a slight layer of 
silt. The ashy darter has been found in close proximity to or 
underneath boulders and in or near beds of water willow.
    We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial 
information regarding the past, present, and future threats to the ashy 
darter, and we evaluated all relevant factors under the five listing 
factors, including any regulatory mechanisms and conservation measures 
addressing these stressors. The primary stressors are impoundments, 
physical habitat disturbance, contaminants, sedimentation, reduced 
range, and climate change.
    The ashy darter is present in six tributaries to the Tennessee 
River, which are isolated from one another by large impoundments. 
Currently, the species has two populations with high resilience 
(referring to the species' ability to withstand environmental or 
demographic stochastic disturbance), three populations with moderate 
resilience, and one that has unknown resilience. Two populations that 
have been extirpated since around 1854 and 1953. We estimate that the 
ashy darter has a medium adaptive potential (or representation) and 
despite the isolation of populations, the species' representation has 
been strengthened by its expansion in the Clinch River, and continues 
to be supported by its widespread occurrence and persistence throughout 
most of its historical range. The ashy darter has multiple populations 
occurring over a wide extent across the Tennessee River watershed, in 
the Upper Tennessee, Elk River, and Duck River management units, and 
all physiographic provinces where the species is native. The ashy 
darter has medium redundancy (referring to the species' ability to 
withstand catastrophic events) because it maintains all but two 
historical populations.
    Overall, we find that the stressors acting on the species and its 
habitat, either singly or in combination, are not of sufficient 
imminence, intensity, or magnitude to indicate that the species meets 
the definition of an endangered species or a threatened species 
throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Therefore, we 
find that listing the ashy darter as endangered or threatened is not 
warranted. A detailed discussion of the basis for this finding can be 
found in the ashy darter species assessment form and other supporting 
documents (see ADDRESSES, above).

Barrens Darter

Previous Federal Actions
    On April 20, 2010, we received a petition from the Center for 
Biological Diversity, Alabama Rivers Alliance, Clinch Coalition, 
Dogwood Alliance, Gulf Restoration Network, Tennessee Forests Council, 
and West Virginia Highlands Conservancy to list 404 aquatic, riparian, 
and wetland species, including the Barrens darter, as endangered or 
threatened species under the Act. On September 27, 2011, we published a 
90-day finding in the Federal Register (76 FR 59836), concluding that 
the petition presented substantial information indicating that listing 
the Barrens darter may be warranted. This notice constitutes the 12-
month finding on the April 20, 2010, petition to list the Barrens 
darter under the Act.
Summary of Finding
    The Barrens darter is a small, drab, benthic fish, with a maximum 
length of 97 millimeters (3.8 inches). The species is highly endemic, 
with a very narrow distribution in Middle Tennessee in the headwaters 
of the Collins River, which is a tributary of the Caney Fork River in 
the Cumberland River Drainage. It is restricted to small headwater 
streams, although it may disperse to other headwater habitats via 
larger downstream reaches.
    Slabrock cobble substrate provides cover for all life stages and is 
an important habitat feature for spawning, which occurs in April and 
May. During the spawning season, Barrens darters congregate in shallow 
riffle and run areas with roughly 4- to 12-inch slab rock cobble with 
cavities underneath. The species has a life span of approximately 3 
years.
    We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial 
information regarding the past, present, and future threats to the 
Barrens darter, and we evaluated all relevant factors under the five 
listing factors, including any regulatory mechanisms and conservation 
measures addressing these stressors. The primary stressors are water 
pollution, sedimentation, hybridization with the fringed darter, and 
effects of climate change.
    The historical range of Barrens darter populations is small and has 
been reduced by the loss of two of seven populations. Species' 
redundancy and representation have always been low and are likely the 
natural condition. Three populations currently have moderate to high 
resiliency, while two have low resiliency due to a combination of 
factors, including presence of or close proximity to fringed darters, 
low approximate abundance, and reduced habitat and water quality. We 
conclude that stressors related to habitat quality (e.g., 
sedimentation, scouring or loss of slabrock cobble from the streambed) 
will likely impact the species in the future; however, the overall 
condition of the species is not predicted to change significantly from 
these impacts within the foreseeable future.
    We find that the stressors acting on the species and its habitat, 
either singly or in combination, are not of sufficient imminence, 
intensity, or magnitude to indicate that the species meets the 
definition of an endangered species or a threatened species throughout 
all or a significant portion of its range. Therefore, we find that 
listing the Barrens darter as endangered or threatened is not 
warranted. A detailed discussion of the basis for this finding can be 
found in the Barrens darter species assessment form and other 
supporting documents (see ADDRESSES, above).

Chihuahua Scurfpea

Previous Federal Actions
    On June 25, 2007, we received a petition from WildEarth Guardians 
(then Forest Guardians) to list 475 species in the southwestern United 
States, including Chihuahua scurfpea, as endangered or threatened under 
the Act. On October 15, 2008, we received an additional petition from 
WildEarth Guardians requesting that we list Chihuahua scurfpea, 
specifically, as endangered or threatened. On December 16, 2009, we 
published a 90-day finding in the Federal Register (74 FR 66866) in 
which we determined that the petitions presented substantial scientific 
and commercial information indicating that listing Chihuahua scurfpea 
may be warranted. This notice constitutes the 12-month finding on the 
June 25, 2007, and October 15, 2008, petitions to list Chihuahua 
scurfpea under the Act.
Summary of Finding
    Chihuahua scurfpea is a perennial herb in the legume family that 
grows to approximately 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) in height. Flowers 
are pea-like with purple and white petals, and the fruit is a small pod 
7 to 8 millimeters (0.28 to 0.31 inches) long. The species was known to 
occur historically in New Mexico; Arizona; Chihuahua, Mexico; and 
possibly western Texas. It is known

[[Page 13241]]

currently from southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona.
    The species occurs in deserts and xeric shrublands of the Apache 
Highlands and Chihuahuan Desert ecoregions. Chihuahua scurfpea is found 
in areas of deep, sandy soils, occupying areas of bare ground between 
desert shrubs. Average annual precipitation in these regions is 
approximately 382 millimeters (15 inches), with 50 percent of 
precipitation occurring during the North American monsoon season. For 
much of the year, Chihuahua scurfpea exists below ground as a dormant 
tuber-like taproot, which fosters some degree of drought tolerance. In 
spring and again during the monsoon season (July to August), ample 
precipitation stimulates aboveground emergence, beginning the 
reproductive cycle. Spring flowering occurs primarily in April and May, 
and monsoon flowering occurs mainly in July and August.
    We evaluated all relevant stressors under the five factors, 
including any regulatory mechanisms and conservation measures 
addressing these stressors. The primary stressors include herbicide 
used for grassland restoration, decreased precipitation from climate 
change, and surface disturbance. We find that although the herbicide 
Tebuthiuron is toxic to Chihuahua scurfpea, individuals and populations 
are capable of survival after herbicide treatment, provided there is 
sufficient precipitation. We assessed projected changes in 
precipitation due to climate change and found that projected 
precipitation levels are anticipated to be sufficient for the species' 
needs, including following potential impacts from Tebuthiuron 
application. Regarding surface disturbance, none of the potential 
sources of disturbance was found to occur at levels that would impact 
populations now or in the foreseeable future.
    For these reasons, we find that these stressors do not, alone or in 
combination, rise to a level that causes this species to meet the 
definition of an endangered species or a threatened species. Therefore, 
we find that listing Chihuahua scurfpea as an endangered species or 
threatened species is not warranted. A detailed discussion of the basis 
for this finding can be found in the Chihuahua scurfpea species 
assessment form and other supporting documents (see ADDRESSES, above).

Coldwater Crayfish, Eleven Point River Crayfish, Spring River Crayfish

Previous Federal Actions
    On April 20, 2010, we received a petition from the Center for 
Biological Diversity, Alabama Rivers Alliance, Clinch Coalition, 
Dogwood Alliance, Gulf Restoration Network, Tennessee Forests Council, 
and West Virginia Highlands Conservancy to list 404 aquatic, riparian, 
and wetland species, including the coldwater crayfish, as endangered or 
threatened species under the Act. On September 27, 2011, we published a 
90-day finding in the Federal Register (76 FR 59836), concluding that 
the petition presented substantial information indicating the coldwater 
crayfish may warrant listing. Subsequently, a genetic and morphological 
study found that the coldwater crayfish is actually a taxon composed of 
three species: The coldwater crayfish, Eleven Point River crayfish, and 
Spring River crayfish. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the status of 
all three species. This document constitutes the 12-month finding on 
the April 20, 2010, petition to list the coldwater crayfish under the 
Act.
Summary of Finding
    The coldwater crayfish, Eleven Point River crayfish, and Spring 
River crayfish are small, stout crayfish with blue-green heads and 
pincers, and reddish-brown thoraxes and abdomens. Adults are 30.5 to 
71.1 millimeters (1.2 to 2.8 inches) long, with males and females 
generally similar in size. These crayfish species inhabit large, cold, 
clear permanent streams with strong, fast-flowing currents. The 
coldwater crayfish and Eleven Point River crayfish also inhabit pools, 
while the Spring River crayfish is most commonly found in riffle areas 
with substrate of cobble and gravel. All three species are found 
primarily in large order, spring-fed streams with high velocities.
    The three crayfish species are found in three watersheds in 
Arkansas and Missouri. The coldwater crayfish and Eleven Point River 
crayfish are each comprised of a single population in the Eleven Point 
River watershed. The Spring River crayfish is comprised of three 
populations in the Spring River and Strawberry River watersheds.
    We have carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial 
information regarding the past, present, and future threats to the 
coldwater crayfish, Eleven Point River crayfish, and Spring River 
crayfish, and we evaluated all relevant factors under the five listing 
factors, including any regulatory mechanisms and conservation measures 
addressing these stressors. The primary stressors affecting the 
coldwater crayfish, Eleven Point River crayfish, and Spring River 
crayfish include displacement by invasive crayfish species and degraded 
water quality (including, but not limited to, sedimentation).
    Despite impacts from these stressors and some decline in abundance, 
the species have maintained resilient populations over time. Although 
we predict some continued impacts from these stressors in the future, 
we anticipate these species will continue to have resilient populations 
that are distributed widely throughout their ranges.
    For these reasons, we find that these stressors do not, alone or in 
combination, rise to a level that causes these species to meet the 
definition of an endangered species or a threatened species. Therefore, 
we find that listing the coldwater crayfish, Eleven Point River 
crayfish, and Spring River crayfish as an endangered species or 
threatened species is not warranted. A detailed discussion of the basis 
for this finding can be found in the coldwater crayfish, Eleven Point 
River crayfish, and Spring River crayfish species assessment forms and 
other supporting documents (see ADDRESSES, above).

Red-Crowned Parrot

Previous Federal Actions
    On January 29, 2008, we received a petition from Friends of Animals 
requesting that we list 14 parrot species, including the red-crowned 
parrot, as endangered or threatened species under the Act. On July 14, 
2009, we published a 90-day finding in the Federal Register (74 FR 
33957) in which we determined that the petition presented substantial 
scientific and commercial information to indicate that listing the red-
crowned parrot may be warranted. On October 6, 2011, we published a 12-
month finding in the Federal Register (76 FR 62016) in which we stated 
that listing the red-crowned parrot as endangered or threatened was 
warranted primarily due to habitat loss and collection for the pet 
trade in Mexico and the inadequacy of regulatory mechanisms. However, 
listing was precluded at that time by higher priority actions, and the 
species was added to the candidate species list. From 2012 through 
2016, we addressed the status of the red-crowned parrot annually in our 
candidate notice of review, with the determination that listing was 
warranted but precluded (see 77 FR 69994, November 21, 2012; 78 FR 
70104, November 22, 2013; 79 FR 72450, December 5, 2014; 80 FR 80584,

[[Page 13242]]

December 24, 2015; 81 FR 87246, December 2, 2016).
Summary of Finding
    The red-crowned parrot is medium-sized (33 centimeters (13 inches)) 
and is bright green with a red crown and blue head and neck. The 
species is native to forests in northeastern Mexico; however, the range 
has expanded within the past several decades into ranchlands and urban 
areas in and adjacent to its historical range in Mexico and into cities 
in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of south Texas.
    Red-crowned parrots are cavity nesters, using pre-existing cavities 
in a variety of native tree species in Mexico and ornamental palms in 
residential areas of south Texas. The species eats a variety of nuts, 
berries, seeds, fruits, and flowers, using primarily native plants in 
forests and ranchlands in Mexico, and foraging on ornamental and fruit 
and nut trees in urban and suburban areas of Mexico and south Texas.
    We evaluated all relevant stressors under the five factors, 
including any regulatory mechanisms and conservation measures 
addressing these stressors. The primary stressors include habitat loss 
and collection for the pet trade. We find that, although much of the 
red-crowned parrot's native forest habitat in Mexico was removed 
throughout the 20th century, logging has declined over the past three 
decades, and forest regeneration has occurred in some areas. In 
addition, red-crowned parrot populations have become established in 
ranchland habitats in Mexico and in urban habitats in Mexico and south 
Texas, where resources for nesting and foraging have allowed for stable 
or increasing population sizes. Collection for the pet trade led to 
decreased population sizes in Mexico throughout the early to mid-20th 
century. However, laws passed between 1982 and 2008 in Mexico banned 
the collection and export of parrots, and greatly reduced the numbers 
of red-crowned parrots captured for the pet trade.
    For these reasons, we find that these stressors do not, alone or in 
combination, rise to a level that causes this species to meet the 
definition of an endangered species or a threatened species. Therefore, 
we find that listing the red-crowned parrot as an endangered species or 
threatened species is not warranted. A detailed discussion of the basis 
for this finding can be found in the red-crowned parrot species 
assessment form and other supporting documents (see ADDRESSES, above).

New Information

    We request that you submit any new information concerning the 
taxonomy of, biology of, ecology of, status of, or stressors to the 
Arkansas mudalia, ashy darter, Barrens darter, Chihuahua scurfpea, 
coldwater crayfish, Eleven Point River crayfish, Spring River crayfish, 
and red-crowned parrot to the appropriate person, as specified under 
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, whenever it becomes available. New 
information will help us monitor these species and make appropriate 
decisions about their conservation and status. We encourage local 
agencies and stakeholders to continue cooperative monitoring and 
conservation efforts.

References Cited

    Lists of the references cited in the petition findings are 
available on the internet at http://www.regulations.gov in the dockets 
provided above in ADDRESSES and upon request from the appropriate 
person, as specified under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.

Authors

    The primary authors of this document are the staff members of the 
Species Assessment Team, Ecological Services Program.

Authority

    The authority for this action is section 4 of the Endangered 
Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).

    Dated: March 27, 2019.
Margaret E. Everson,
Principal Deputy Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Exercising 
the Authority of the Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 2019-06535 Filed 4-3-19; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4333-15-P