[Federal Register Volume 84, Number 45 (Thursday, March 7, 2019)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 8263-8277]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2019-04107]


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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

50 CFR Part 217

[Docket No. 180411364-9092-02]
RIN 0648-BH90


Taking and Importing Marine Mammals; Taking Marine Mammals 
Incidental to National Park Service's Research and Monitoring 
Activities in Southern Alaska National Parks

AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Commerce.

ACTION: Final rule; issuance of Letters of Authorization (LOA).

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SUMMARY: NMFS, upon request from the National Park Service (NPS), 
hereby issues regulations to govern the unintentional taking of marine 
mammals incidental to research and monitoring activities in southern 
Alaska over the course of five years (2019-2024). These regulations, 
which allow for the issuance of Letters of Authorization (LOA) for the 
incidental take of marine mammals during the described activities and 
specified timeframes, prescribe the permissible methods of taking and 
other means of effecting the least practicable adverse impact on marine 
mammal species or stocks and their habitat, as well as requirements 
pertaining to the monitoring and reporting of such taking. In 
accordance with the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), as amended, 
and implementing regulations, notification is hereby additionally given 
that two LOAs have been issued to NPS to take marine mammals incidental 
to research and monitoring activities in southern Alaska national 
parks.

DATES: Effective from March 7, 2019 through February 29, 2024.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Gray Redding, Office of Protected 
Resources, NMFS, (301) 427-8401.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Availability

    A copy of NPS's application and any supporting documents, as well 
as a list of the references cited in this document, may be obtained 
online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/incidental-take-authorizations-research-and-other-activities. In case of problems accessing these documents, please call 
the contact listed above (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).

Purpose and Need for Regulatory Action

    These regulations establish a framework under the authority of the 
Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.) for 
authorizing the take of marine mammals incidental to NPS's gull and 
climate monitoring activities within Glacier Bay National Park (GLBA 
NP) and marine bird surveys in the Southwest Alaska Inventory and 
Monitoring Network (SWAN) region. Researchers conducting these surveys 
may cause behavioral disturbance (Level B harassment) of harbor seals 
and Steller sea lions.
    We received an application from NPS requesting five-year 
regulations and authorization to take harbor seals and

[[Page 8264]]

Steller sea lions. Take is expected to occur by Level B harassment 
incidental to research and monitoring activities due to behavioral 
disturbance of pinnipeds. The regulations are valid from 2019 to 2024. 
Please see ``Background'' below for definitions of harassment.

Legal Authority for the Action

    Section 101(a)(5)(A) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1371(a)(5)(A)) directs 
the Secretary of Commerce to allow, upon request, the incidental, but 
not intentional, taking of small numbers of marine mammals by U.S. 
citizens who engage in a specified activity (other than commercial 
fishing) within a specified geographical region for up to five years 
if, after notice and public comment, the agency makes certain findings 
and issues regulations that set forth permissible methods of taking 
pursuant to that activity and other means of effecting the ``least 
practicable adverse impact'' on the affected species or stocks and 
their habitat (see the discussion below in the ``Mitigation'' section), 
as well as monitoring and reporting requirements. Section 101(a)(5)(A) 
of the MMPA and the implementing regulations at 50 CFR part 216, 
subpart I, provide the legal basis for issuing this rule containing 
five-year regulations, and for any subsequent LOAs. As directed by this 
legal authority, the regulations contain mitigation, monitoring, and 
reporting requirements.

Summary of Major Provisions Within the Regulations

    The following provides a summary of some of the major provisions 
within the regulations for NPS's research and monitoring activities in 
southern Alaska. We have determined that NPS's adherence to the 
mitigation, monitoring, and reporting measures listed below will 
achieve the least practicable adverse impact on the affected marine 
mammals. They include:
     Measures to minimize the number and intensity of 
incidental takes during monitoring activities and to minimize the 
duration of disturbances;
     Measures designed to eliminate startling reactions; and
     Eliminating or altering research activities on GLBA NP 
beaches when pups are present, and setting limits on the frequency and 
duration of events during pupping season.

Background

    Paragraphs 101(a)(5)(A) and (D) of the MMPA (16 U.S.C. 1371 
(a)(5)(A) and (D)) direct the Secretary of Commerce to allow, upon 
request, the incidental, but not intentional, taking of small numbers 
of marine mammals by U.S. citizens who engage in a specified activity 
(other than commercial fishing) within a specified geographical region 
if certain findings are made and either regulations are issued or, if 
the taking is limited to harassment, a notice of a proposed 
authorization is provided to the public for review.
    An authorization for incidental takings shall be granted if NMFS 
finds that the taking will have a negligible impact on the species or 
stock(s); will not have an unmitigable adverse impact on the 
availability of the species or stock(s) for subsistence uses (where 
relevant); and if the permissible methods of taking and requirements 
pertaining to the mitigation, monitoring and reporting of such takings 
are set forth. NMFS has defined ``negligible impact'' in 50 CFR 216.103 
as an impact resulting from the specified activity that cannot be 
reasonably expected to, and is not reasonably likely to, adversely 
affect the species or stock through effects on annual rates of 
recruitment or survival. NMFS has defined ``unmitigable adverse 
impact'' in 50 CFR 216.103 as an impact resulting from the specified 
activity:
     That is likely to reduce the availability of the species 
to a level insufficient for a harvest to meet subsistence needs by:
    [cir] Causing the marine mammals to abandon or avoid hunting areas;
    [cir] Directly displacing subsistence users; or
    [cir] Placing physical barriers between the marine mammals and the 
subsistence hunters; and
     That cannot be sufficiently mitigated by other measures to 
increase the availability of marine mammals to allow subsistence needs 
to be met.
    Except with respect to certain activities not pertinent here, the 
MMPA defines ``harassment'' as any act of pursuit, torment, or 
annoyance which (i) has the potential to injure a marine mammal or 
marine mammal stock in the wild (Level A harassment); or (ii) has the 
potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild 
by causing disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not 
limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or 
sheltering (Level B harassment).

Summary of Request

    On February 6, 2018, we received an adequate and complete request 
from NPS for authorization to take marine mammals incidental to gull 
and climate monitoring activities in GLBA NP. On February 22, 2018 (83 
FR 7699), we published a notice of receipt of NPS's application in the 
Federal Register, requesting comments and information related to the 
request for 30 days. We did not receive any comments. NPS provided a 
revised application incorporating minor revisions on April 23, 2018. 
Subsequently, NPS has identified additional research and monitoring 
projects in southern Alaska (SWAN region) with similar sources of 
marine mammal disturbance and potential effects. On October 29, 2018, 
NMFS received an adequate and complete revised application including 
these additional research and monitoring activities. These additional 
activities were determined to be similar in scope and impact to the 
original proposed activities, and NMFS determined that publication of a 
revised notice of receipt was not necessary for the updated 
application. On December 13, 2018, NMFS published a notice of proposed 
rulemaking in the Federal Register (83 FR 64078), requesting comments 
for 32 days. We received three comments which are summarized and 
addressed below (Comment and Responses).
    Prior to this request for incidental take regulations and 
subsequent LOAs, we issued five consecutive incidental harassment 
authorizations (IHA) to NPS for incidental take associated with the 
GLBA NP ongoing gull and climate monitoring activities. NPS was first 
issued an IHA, valid for a period of one year, effective on September 
18, 2014 (79 FR 56065), and was subsequently issued one-year IHAs for 
incidental take associated with the same activities, effective on March 
24, 2015 (80 FR 28229), June 1, 2016 (77 FR 24471), May 20, 2017 (82 FR 
24681), and February 15, 2018 (83 FR 6842). NPS has abided by all of 
NMFS's mitigation and monitoring requirements in previous activities 
for which take was authorized.

Authorization

    This action also serves as a notice of issuance of two LOAs to NPS 
authorizing the take of marine mammals by Level B harassment incidental 
to research and monitoring activities with GLBA NP and the SWAN region. 
The level and type of take authorized by these LOAs is outlined in this 
preamble to the final rule, and any changes to the numbers of 
authorized takes are presented during the proposed rulemaking is 
explained within this document. Take by mortality or serious injury is 
not anticipated or authorized.

Description of the Specified Activity

    A detailed description of the planned NPS project is provided in 
the Federal Register in the notice of proposed

[[Page 8265]]

rulemaking (83 FR 64078; December 13, 2018). Since that time, no 
changes have been made to the planned NPS monitoring activities. 
Therefore, a detailed description is not provided here. Please refer to 
that Federal Register notice of proposed rulemaking for the description 
of the specific activity.

Glacier Bay

    NMFS is issuing one LOA for two research projects NPS plans to 
conduct within the GLBA NP in southeast Alaska: (1) Glaucous-winged 
gull monitoring, and (2) the maintenance of a weather station operation 
for long-term climate monitoring. NPS plans to conduct ground and 
vessel surveys at six study sites within GLBA NP for gull monitoring: 
South Marble Island, Boulder Island, Lone Island, Geikie Rock, Flapjack 
Island, and Tlingit Point Islet. These sites will be accessed up to 
five times per year. Two of these sites, South Marble Island and 
Tlingit Point Islet, have been accessed during previous research but 
have no documented harbor seal haulouts. Additionally, Steller sea 
lions are not found on the portion of South Marble Island accessed by 
GLBA NP researchers. In addition, NPS is requesting permission to 
access Lone Island an additional three times per year for weather 
station maintenance and operation bringing the total number of site 
visits to Lone Island to eight. Researchers accessing the islands for 
gull monitoring and weather station operation may cause behavioral 
disturbance (Level B harassment) of harbor seals. NPS expects that the 
disturbance to harbor seals from both projects will be limited to Level 
B harassment. Disturbance to Steller sea lions is not expected to occur 
as a result of implementation of mitigation measures.
    The purpose for the above-mentioned research activities are as 
follows. Gull monitoring studies are mandated by a Record of Decision 
of a Legislative Environmental Impact Statement (LEIS) (NPS 2010) which 
states that NPS must initiate a monitoring program for glaucous-winged 
gulls (Larus glaucescens) to inform future native egg harvest by the 
Hoonah Tlingit in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Installation of a new weather 
station on Lone Island was conducted by the NPS in the spring of 2018 
as one of several installations intended to fill coverage gaps among 
existing weather stations in GLBA NP (NPS 2015a). In order to properly 
maintain the newly installed weather station, researchers must access 
the Lone Island weather station site at least twice a year for annual 
maintenance and repairs.

Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network

    NMFS is issuing a second LOA for the SWAN region marine bird multi-
species nearshore surveys that NPS plans to conduct along the 
coastlines of Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM), Kenai Fjords 
National Park (KEFJ), and in Kachemak Bay (KBAY) in support of long-
term monitoring programs in these regions of southwest Alaska. 
Occasional disturbance of Steller sea lions and harbor seals may occur 
during surveys. Steller sea lion and harbor seal habitat coincides with 
surveyed nearshore transects. Please see NPS's application for 
established transect locations for KATM and KEFJ and proposed transect 
locations for KBAY. NMFS expects that the disturbance will be limited 
to Level B harassment and will not result in serious injury or death. 
SWAN also seeks to foster further collaborations with NOAA and share 
monitoring data in the future.

Comment and Responses

    NMFS published a proposed rule in the Federal Register on December 
13, 2018 (83 FR 64078). During the 32-day comment period on the 
proposed rule, NMFS received three comments, including one from the 
Marine Mammal Commission (Commission). All of these comments were 
generally in favor of issuing the rule, including the Commission's 
which recommended NMFS issue the final rule and subsequent LOAs, 
subject to inclusion of the proposed mitigation, monitoring, and 
reporting measures.
    Comment 1: One comment requested further information about the 
research results the National Park Service has generated through their 
previous work NMFS has authorized incidental take for in GLBA NP.
    Response: NMFS has not analyzed the results of NPS's research but 
refers the commenter to information provided by GLBA NP and NPS related 
to research in the park (https://www.nps.gov/glba/learn/scienceresearch.htm).
    Comment 2: One comment raised general questions about the methods 
used to approach survey islands, suggesting the use of only non-
motorized vessels, such as a row dingy or kayak. The commenter also 
suggested that gull monitoring trips and climate monitoring/weather 
station maintenance trips be combined to minimize approaches to Lone 
Island.
    Response: NMFS has determined that the mitigation measures outlined 
in the ``Mitigation'' section are sufficient to minimize take of marine 
mammals during GLBA NP research and monitoring to the level of least 
practicable adverse impact, as required by the MMPA. GLBA NP 
researchers have a vested interest in minimizing the disturbance of 
their surveys and vessels approaches to insure that data they collect 
on glaucous-winged gulls is as representative as possible. As such, 
NMFS understands that researchers will make an appropriate decision on 
how to approach islands and conduct surveys balancing their research 
needs, safety, and desire to minimize disturbance. Additionally, the 
timing of the climate monitoring and weather station maintenance trips 
and the glaucous-winged gull surveys may not align based on research 
and maintenance needs, so NMFS feels it is not reasonable to require 
these trips be combined.

Description of Marine Mammals in the Area of the Specified Activity

    A detailed description of the species likely to be affected by the 
NPS projects, including brief introductions to the species and relevant 
stocks as well as available information regarding population trends and 
threats, and information regarding local occurrence, are provided in 
NPS's application and the Federal Register notice of proposed 
rulemaking (83 FR 64078; December 13, 2018). We are not aware of any 
changes in the status of these species and stocks; therefore, detailed 
descriptions are not provided here. Please refer to that Federal 
Register notice of proposed rulemaking for these descriptions. 
Additional information regarding population trends and threats may be 
found in NMFS's Stock Assessment Reports (SAR; https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-stock-assessments) and more general information about these species 
(e.g., physical and behavioral descriptions) may be found on NMFS's 
website (https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/find-species).
    While there are no changes in the status of these stocks, NMFS here 
provides additional information on the presence of Steller sea lions in 
GLBA NP which may not have been clear in the preamble to the proposed 
rule. In the preamble to the proposed rule, NMFS stated that Steller 
sea lions are not generally seen on the GLBA NP islands being 
researched, but this species is commonly seen year round on South 
Marble Island (Womble and Gende, 2010), one of the islands GLBA NP 
plans to survey, and has historically surveyed, for glaucous-winged 
gulls. These Steller sea lions have been

[[Page 8266]]

present on South Marble Island during GLBA NP's previous research and 
monitoring, but no disturbance has been documented. In GLBA NP's 
research and monitoring, mitigation measures, including maintaining a 
100 meter distance from all Steller sea lions, will help ensure no 
disturbance of Steller sea lions, as these measures have been proven 
successful in preventing disturbance during work carried out under 
previous IHAs.
    Table 1 lists all species with expected potential for occurrence 
within the survey areas and summarizes information related to the 
population or stock, including regulatory status under the MMPA and 
Endangered Species Act (ESA) and potential biological removal (PBR), 
where known. For taxonomy, we follow the Committee on Taxonomy (2018). 
PBR is defined by the MMPA as the maximum number of animals, not 
including natural mortalities, that may be removed from a marine mammal 
stock while allowing that stock to reach or maintain its optimum 
sustainable population (as described in NMFS's SARs). While no 
mortality is anticipated or authorized here, PBR and annual serious 
injury and mortality from anthropogenic sources are included here as 
gross indicators of the status of the species and other threats.
    Marine mammal abundance estimates presented in this document 
represent the total number of individuals that make up a given stock or 
the total number estimated within a particular study or survey area. 
NMFS's stock abundance estimates for most species represent the total 
estimate of individuals within the geographic area, if known, that 
comprises that stock. For some species, this geographic area may extend 
beyond U.S. waters. All managed stocks in this region are assessed in 
NMFS's U.S. Alaska SARs (Muto et al., 2018). All values presented in 
Table 1 are the most recent available at the time of publication and 
are available in the 2017 SARs (Muto et al., 2018).

                                              Table 1--Marine Mammals That Could Occur in the Project Area
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                                                                                         ESA/MMPA status;    Stock abundance (CV,
             Common name                  Scientific name               Stock             Strategic (Y/N)      Nmin, most recent       PBR     Annual M/
                                                                                                \1\          abundance survey) \2\               SI \3\
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                                                         Order Carnivora--Superfamily Pinnipedia
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Family Otariidae (eared seals and
 sea lions):
    Steller sea lion................  Eumetopias jubatus.....  Eastern U.S............  -/-; N              41,638 (n/a, 41,638,          306        236
                                                                                                             2015) \4\.
                                                               Western U.S............  E/D; Y              54,267 (n/a; 54,267;          326        252
                                                                                                             2017) \4\.
Family Phocidae (earless seals):
    Harbor seal.....................  Phoca vitulina           Glacier Bay/Icy Strait.  -/-; N              7,210 (n/a.; 5,647;           169        104
                                       richardii.                                                            2011) \4\.
                                                               Cook Inlet/Shelikof      -/-; N              27,386 (n/a; 25,651;          770        234
                                                                Strait.                                      2011) \4\.
                                                               Prince William Sound...  -/-; N              29,889 (n/a; 27,936;          838        279
                                                                                                             2011) \4\.
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1--Endangered Species Act (ESA) status: Endangered (E), Threatened (T)/MMPA status: Depleted (D). A dash (-) indicates that the species is not listed
  under the ESA or designated as depleted under the MMPA. Under the MMPA, a strategic stock is one for which the level of direct human-caused mortality
  exceeds PBR or which is determined to be declining and likely to be listed under the ESA within the foreseeable future. Any species or stock listed
  under the ESA is automatically designated under the MMPA as depleted and as a strategic stock.
2--NMFS marine mammal stock assessment reports online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/marine-mammal-stock-assessments assessments. CV is coefficient of variation; Nmin is the minimum estimate of stock abundance. In some cases, CV is not applicable (n/a)
3--These values, found in NMFS's SARs, represent annual levels of human-caused mortality plus serious injury from all sources combined (e.g., commercial
  fisheries, ship strike). Annual M/SI often cannot be determined precisely and is in some cases presented as a minimum value or range.
4--CV value not reported in SARs

    All marine mammal species that could potentially occur in the 
proposed survey areas are included in Table 1. While cetaceans, 
including humpback, beluga, and killer whales, may be present in nearby 
waters, NPS's activities are expected to result in harassment only for 
hauled out pinnipeds. Therefore, cetaceans are not considered further 
in this analysis. However, NPS does include avoidance measures for 
cetaceans, described in the ``Mitigation'' section below. Finally, sea 
otters may be found throughout the planned project area. However, sea 
otters are managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and are not 
considered further in this document.

Effects of the Specified Activity on Marine Mammals and Their Habitat

    The proposed rule (83 FR 64078; December 13, 2018) included a 
discussion of the effects of disturbance on marine mammals and their 
habitat, therefore that information is not repeated here; please refer 
to the Federal Register notice of proposed rulemaking (83 FR 64078; 
December 13, 2018) for that information. We provide only a summary 
here.
    The NPS's research and monitoring activities in GLBA NP and the 
SWAN region are not expected to have permanent impacts on marine 
mammals or the habitats used directly by marine mammals, such as 
haulout sites, nor are there expected to be measurable impacts to food 
sources. Based on the available data, previous monitoring reports from 
GLBA NP, and studies described in the preamble to the proposed rule, we 
anticipate that any pinnipeds found in the vicinity of the projects 
could have short-term behavioral reactions (i.e., may result in marine 
mammals avoiding certain areas) due to noise and visual disturbance 
generated by: (1) Motorboat approaches and departures; (2) motorboat 
coastal transit; and (3) human presence during gull research 
activities. We expect pinnipeds to return to a haulout site within 
minutes to hours of the stimulus based on previous research (Johnson 
and Acevedo-Gutierrez, 2007; Allen et al., 1985). Pinnipeds may be 
temporarily displaced from their haulout sites, but we do not expect 
that the pinnipeds will permanently abandon a haulout site during site 
monitoring as activities are short in duration (brief transit through 
an area to up to 2 hours), and previous surveys at GLBA NP have 
demonstrated that pinnipeds have returned to their haulout sites and 
have not permanently abandoned the sites.

[[Page 8267]]

Marine Mammal Habitat

    NMFS does not anticipate that the planned activities in GLBA NP or 
the SWAN region will result in any measurable effects on the habitats 
used by the marine mammals in the planned area, including the food 
sources they use (i.e., fish and invertebrates). The main impact 
associated with the planned activity will be temporarily elevated noise 
levels from motorboats and human disturbance on marine mammals 
potentially leading to temporary displacement from a site, previously 
discussed in the proposed rule. NPS' LEIS for gull monitoring surveys 
in GLBA NP concluded that the activities do not result in the loss or 
modification to marine mammal habitat (NPS 2010). Additionally, any 
minor habitat alterations stemming from the maintenance of NPS' weather 
station will be located in an area that will not impact marine mammals. 
SWAN's activities in KATM and KEFJ do occur in Steller sea lion 
critical habitat, but will have minimal impact due to the nature of the 
disturbance and explicit avoidance of the most sensitive areas 
(rookeries). In all, the activities in both GLBA NP and the SWAN region 
will not result in any permanent impact on habitats used by marine 
mammals, including prey species and foraging habitat.

Estimated Take

    This section provides an estimate of the number of incidental takes 
that may be authorized through LOAs issued under this rule, which will 
inform both NMFS's consideration of whether the number of takes is 
``small'' and the negligible impact determination. During the comment 
period for the proposed rule, NMFS was made aware that the number of 
authorized annual takes by Level B harassment for SWAN activities does 
not adequately account for both summer and winter surveys at each of 
the KATM, KEFJ, and KBAY sites. As stated in the preamble to the 
proposed rule, NFMS estimates that 100 harbor seals and 100 Steller sea 
lions could be disturbed during each survey of KATM and KEFJ. For KBAY, 
NMFS estimated that 100 harbor seals could be disturbed during each 
survey, but no Steller sea lions are present at that survey site, so 
none would be disturbed. Accordingly, NMFS has increased the authorized 
annual takes by Level B harassment for SWAN activities to 600 harbor 
seals and 400 Steller sea lions to account for the 6 authorized surveys 
each year (1 summer and 1 winter at each of the 3 sites). This is a 
doubling of the authorized takes by Level B harassment presented in the 
proposed rule, originally 300 harbor seals and 200 Steller sea lions 
annually.
    Harassment is the only type of take expected to result from these 
activities. Except with respect to certain activities not pertinent 
here, section 3(18) of the MMPA defines ``harassment'' as any act of 
pursuit, torment, or annoyance which (i) has the potential to injure a 
marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild (Level A harassment); 
or (ii) has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal 
stock in the wild by causing disruption of behavioral patterns, 
including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, 
feeding, or sheltering (Level B harassment).
    Authorized takes are by Level B harassment only, in the form of 
disruption of behavioral patterns for individual marine mammals 
resulting from exposure to motorboats and the presence of NPS 
personnel. Based on the nature of the activity and mitigation measures, 
Level A harassment is neither anticipated nor authorized. As described 
previously, no mortality is anticipated or authorized for this 
activity. Below we describe how the take is estimated.

Glacier Bay

    In GLBA NP, harbor seals may be disturbed when vessels approach or 
researchers go ashore for the purpose of monitoring gull colonies and 
for the maintenance of the Lone Island weather tower. Harbor seals tend 
to haul out in small numbers at study sites. Using monitoring report 
data from 2015 to 2017 (see raw data from Tables 1 of the 2017, 2016 
and 2015 Monitoring Reports, which are available online at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/incidental-take-authorizations-research-and-other-activities), the average number 
of harbor seals per survey visit was calculated to estimate the 
approximate number of seals observers are expected to find on any given 
survey day. As a result, the following averages were determined for 
each island: Boulder Island--average 3.45 seals, Flapjack Island--
average 10.10 seals, Geikie Rock--average 9.58 seals, and Lone Island 
average of 18.64 seals (reduced from 18.91 as this number stated in the 
notice of proposed rulemaking was based on an error in monitoring data) 
(See Table 2). Estimated take for gull and climate monitoring was 
calculated by multiplying the average number of seals observed during 
past gull monitoring surveys (2015-2017) by the number of total site 
visits. As mentioned previously, no take is authorized for visits to 
South Marble Island or Tlingit Point Islet because the absence of 
pinnipeds on the relevant portions of the islands and implementation of 
mitigation measures means no take is expected to occur. This includes 
five annual visits to Boulder Island, Flapjack Island, and Geikie Rock 
and eight annual visits to Lone Island (to include three site visits 
for climate monitoring activities). Therefore, the total estimated 
annual incidents of harassment equals 265 which totals to 1,325 takes 
during the entire five years of the planned activities in GLBA NP (See 
Table 2).
    During climate monitoring, which is expected to take place from 
March to April and October to February, seal numbers are expected to 
dramatically decline within the action area. Although harbor seal 
survey data within GLBA NP is lacking for the months of October through 
February, results from satellite telemetry studies suggest that harbor 
seals travel extensively beyond the boundaries of GLBA NP during the 
post-breeding season (September-April) (Womble and Gende, 2013b). 
Therefore, using the latest observation data from past gull monitoring 
activities (that occurred from May to September) is applicable when 
estimating take for climate monitoring activities, as it will provide 
the most conservative estimates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ See Table 3 in the notice of proposed rulemaking (83 FR 
64078, December 13, 2018) for NMFS' three-point scale that 
categorizes pinniped disturbance reactions by severity. NMFS only 
considers responses falling into Levels 2 and 3 as harassment (Level 
B Take) under the MMPA.

[[Page 8268]]



          Table 2--Proposed Takes by Level B Harassment During NPS Gull and Climate Monitoring Surveys
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Average number                     Proposed
                                                     of seals        Number of        Level B      Percentage of
            Site proposed for survey               observed per    proposed site    harassment     population\3\
                                                     visit \1\        visits           \1\*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boulder Island..................................            3.45               5           17.25            0.24
Flapjack Island.................................           10.10               5           50.50            0.70
Geikie Rock.....................................            9.58               5           47.90            0.66
Lone Island.....................................           18.64           \2\ 8          149.12            2.06
                                                 ---------------------------------------------------------------
    Annual Total................................  ..............  ..............             265            3.68
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Data from 2015-2017 NPS gull surveys (NPS 2015b; NPS 2016; NPS 2017).
\2\ Number includes three additional days for climate monitoring activities.
\3\ Based on the percentage of the Glacier Bay/Icy Strait stock of harbor seals that are proposed to be taken by
  Level B harassment during the NPS's proposed gull and climate monitoring activities.
* Values in this column have been adjusted slightly from the proposed rulemaking to correct rounding errors.

SWAN

    Harbor seals and Steller sea lions may be disturbed by vessel 
presence, movement, or noise during the execution of SWAN's survey 
transects. The estimated number of takes by Level B harassment included 
in Table 3 are based on numbers of pinnipeds observed from a similar 
survey of KATM and KEFJ in 2013. In this survey, researchers observed 
an estimated 100 harbor seals and 100 Steller sea lions during each of 
the KATM and KEFJ surveys. Based on these findings, each survey of KBAY 
is expected to observe 100 harbor seals, but no Steller sea lions 
because the species is not generally found there. Data from 2013 
surveys were used to estimate take because in 2013, most of the 
transects were able to be completed. Thus, 2013 data offers the most 
conservative count-based estimate. Based on pinnipeds observed in 2013, 
NPS estimates that each year, across the three survey sites, and two 
seasons of potential sampling, SWAN's activities will result in take by 
Level B harassment of 600 harbor seals and 400 Steller sea lions. In 
total, these figures result in an estimated 3000 harbor seal and 2000 
Steller sea lion takes by Level B harassment across the five years. 
Annually, there would be 400 harbor seal takes by Level B harassment in 
the Cook Inlet/Shelikof Strait stock (KATM and KBAY surveys), and 200 
harbor seal takes by Level B harassment from the Prince William Sound 
stock (KEFJ surveys). For Steller sea lion takes by Level B harassment, 
NPS estimates that 200 individuals will experience take by Level B 
harassment each year (across summer and winter) in both KATM and KEFJ 
(400 total), but no takes will occur in KBAY surveys. For simplicity, 
NMFS assumes and analyzes the impacts of the full Steller sea lion take 
on both the eastern and western stocks. Because these estimates are 
based on observations of pinnipeds and not harassments, NMFS considers 
the estimated numbers of take by Level B harassment presented in Table 
3 conservative.

         Table 3--Proposed Takes by Level B Harassment Due to SWAN's Research and Monitoring Activities
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               Total level  B     Percentage of
              Species                        Stock           Proposed  level     takes in  5     population over
                                                            B take  (annual)        years          1 year \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Harbor seal........................  Cook Inlet/Shelikof                 400              2000               1.4
                                      Strait.
                                     Prince William Sound.               200              1000               0.7
Steller sea lion...................  Western..............           \2\ 400          \2\ 2000           \2\ 0.7
                                     Eastern..............           \2\ 400          \2\ 2000           \2\ 1.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Based on the population size of each relevant stock as presented in Table 1.
\2\ NMFS is only proposing to authorize 400 annual (2000 over 5 years) takes by Level B harassment for Steller
  sea lions, but is analyzing this take as fully coming from each of the U.S. Steller sea lion stocks.

Effects of Specified Activities on Subsistence Uses of Marine Mammals

    The availability of the affected marine mammal stocks or species 
for subsistence uses may be impacted by this activity, though this is 
not an anticipated outcome. The subsistence uses that may be affected 
and the potential impacts of the activity on those uses are described 
below. Measures included in these regulations to reduce the impacts of 
the activity on subsistence uses are identical to those which minimize 
disturbance of pinnipeds as described in the Mitigation section. Last, 
the information from this section and the Mitigation section is 
analyzed to determine whether the necessary findings may be made in the 
Unmitigable Adverse Impact Analysis and Determination section.
    Subsistence harvest of pinnipeds is prohibited in GLBA NP, KATM, 
and KEFJ but it does occur in nearby areas outside park boundaries. 
Native communities near KBAY, including Homer, Seldovia, Nanwalek, and 
Port Graham harvested an estimated 32 harbor seals and 3 Steller sea 
lions in 2007 (Wolfe et al. 2009). It is not known exactly where these 
pinnipeds were harvested but some of them could potentially have been 
harvested in KBAY. 2007 harvest of both Steller sea lions and harbor 
seals was at a low point in June and July when SWAN's surveys are 
expected to occur in KBAY. Additionally, the disturbance to pinnipeds 
caused by NPS's activities is limited to non-lethal take by Level B 
harassment and is temporary and short in duration. Because the 
subsistence harvest is separated in time and space from NPS's planned 
activities, and the disturbance should not result in anything other 
than short term (minutes to hours) avoidance of haulouts, there should 
be no impacts on subsistence harvest.

[[Page 8269]]

Mitigation

    In order to issue an incidental take authorization (ITA) under 
section 101(a)(5)(A) of the MMPA, NMFS must set forth the permissible 
methods of taking pursuant to such activity, ``and other means of 
effecting the least practicable impact on such species or stock and its 
habitat, paying particular attention to rookeries, mating grounds, and 
areas of similar significance, and on the availability of such species 
or stock for taking'' for certain subsistence uses. NMFS regulations 
require applicants for ITAs to include information about the 
availability and feasibility (economic and technological) of equipment, 
methods, and manner of conducting such activity or other means of 
effecting the least practicable adverse impact upon the affected 
species or stocks and their habitat (50 CFR 216.104(a)(11)).
    In evaluating how mitigation may or may not be appropriate to 
ensure the least practicable adverse impact on species or stocks and 
their habitat, as well as on subsistence uses where applicable, we 
carefully consider two primary factors:
    (1) The manner in which, and the degree to which, the successful 
implementation of the measure(s) is expected to reduce impacts to 
marine mammals, marine mammal species or stocks, and their habitat. 
This considers the nature of the potential adverse impact being 
mitigated (likelihood, scope, range). It further considers the 
likelihood that the measure will be effective if implemented 
(probability of accomplishing the mitigating result if implemented as 
planned) the likelihood of effective implementation (probability of 
implementing as planned); and
    (2) The practicability of the measures for applicant 
implementation, which may consider such things as cost, impact on 
operations, and, in the case of a military readiness activity, 
personnel safety, practicality of implementation, and impact on the 
effectiveness of the military readiness activity.

Glacier Bay

    NPS has based the mitigation measures for the planned research on 
the following: (1) Protocols used during previous gull research 
activities as required by our previous authorizations for these 
activities; and (2) recommended best practices in Womble et al. 
(2013a); Richardson et al. (1995); and Weir and Dolman (2007).
    To reduce the potential for disturbance from acoustic and visual 
stimuli associated with gull and climate monitoring activities within 
GBLA NP, NPS will implement the following mitigation measures for 
marine mammals:
Pre-Survey Monitoring
    Before all surveys, the lead NPS biologist will instruct additional 
survey crew on appropriate conduct when in the vicinity of hauled-out 
marine mammals. This training shall brief survey personnel on marine 
mammals (inclusive of identification as needed, e.g., neonates). Prior 
to deciding to land onshore to conduct gull and climate monitoring, the 
researchers will use high-powered image stabilizing binoculars from the 
watercraft to document the number, species, and location of hauled-out 
marine mammals at each island. The vessels are expected to maintain a 
distance of 328 to 1,640 ft (100 to 500 m) from the shoreline to allow 
the researchers to conduct pre-survey monitoring. If offshore 
predators, harbor seal pups of less than one week of age (i.e., 
neonates), or Steller sea lions are observed, researchers will follow 
the protocols for site avoidance discussed below. If neither of these 
instances occur, researchers will then perform a controlled landing on 
the survey site.
Site Avoidance
    If a harbor seal pup less than one week old (i.e,. neonates) or a 
harbor seal predator (i.e., killer whale) is observed near or within 
the action area, researchers will not go ashore to conduct gull or 
climate monitoring activities. Also, if Steller sea lions are observed 
within or near the study site, researchers will maintain a distance of 
at least 100 m from the animals at all times.
Controlled Landings
    The researchers will determine whether to approach an island study 
site based on type of animals present. Researchers will approach the 
island by motorboat at a speed of approximately 2 to 3 knots (2.3 to 
3.4 mph). This is expected to provide enough time for any harbor seals 
present to slowly enter the water without panic (flushing). The 
researchers will also select a pathway of approach farthest from the 
hauled-out harbor seals to minimize disturbance.
Minimize Predator Interactions
    During pre-survey monitoring on approach to a site, NPS will 
observe the surrounding area for predators. If the researchers visually 
observe marine predators (i.e., killer whales) present within a one 
mile radius of hauled-out marine mammals, the researchers will not 
approach the study site.
Disturbance Reduction Protocols
    While onshore at study sites, the researchers will remain vigilant 
for hauled-out marine mammals. If marine mammals are present, the 
researchers will move slowly and use quiet voices to minimize 
disturbance to the animals present.
Avoidance of Unauthorized Take
    While conducting activities at GLBA NP NPS will avoid interaction 
with marine mammal species that are either not authorized for take 
(including humpback whales and killer whales) or a species with all 
authorized takes met. NPS avoidance measures for humpback whales and 
killer whales will include not operating a motor vessel within \1/4\ 
nautical mile of these cetaceans. If accidentally positioned within \1/
4\ nautical mile of a humpback or killer whale, researchers will slow 
the vessel speed to 10 knots or less and maintain course away from the 
marine mammal until at least \1/4\ nautical mile of separation exists. 
For humpback whales, these avoidance measures are required by 
regulations (81 FR 62018; September 8, 2016).

SWAN

    NPS has based the mitigation measures for SWAN on the following: 
(1) Protocols used during previous authorizations for similar GLBA NP 
research; (2) recommended best practices in Womble et al. (2013a); 
Richardson et al. (1995); and Weir and Dolman (2007); and (3) 
experience of SWAN researchers in previous surveys.
    To reduce the potential for disturbance from acoustic and visual 
stimuli associated with SWAN's surveys, NPS will implement the 
following mitigation measures for marine mammals:
Disturbance Reduction Protocols
    While surveying study sites, the researchers will maintain a vessel 
distance of 100 to 150 m from shorelines at all times. If hauled-out 
Steller sea lions and harbor seals are observed, the survey will 
maintain speed and minimum distance from the haulout to avoid 
startling. Additionally the survey will be attempted from a distance 
greater than 150 m, if conditions allow proper execution of the survey 
at that distance.
Rookery Avoidance
    SWAN will avoid transects that pass known Steller sea lion rookery 
beaches in order to minimize disturbance of these rookeries and the 
surrounding critical habitat.

[[Page 8270]]

Avoidance of Unauthorized Take
    While conducting SWAN survey activities NPS will avoid interaction 
with marine mammal species that are either not authorized for take 
(including humpback whales and beluga whales) or a species with all 
authorized takes met. NPS avoidance measures for humpback whales and 
beluga whales will include not operating a motor vessel within \1/4\ 
nautical mile of these cetaceans. If accidentally positioned within \1/
4\ nautical mile of a humpback or beluga whale, researchers will slow 
the vessel speed to 10 knots or less and maintain course away from the 
whale until at least \1/4\ nautical mile of separation exists. For 
humpback whales, these avoidance measures are required by regulations 
(81 FR 62018; September 8, 2016).

Mitigation Conclusions

    Based on our evaluation of the applicant's planned measures, as 
well as other measures considered by NMFS, NMFS has determined that the 
planned mitigation measures provide the means of effecting the least 
practicable impact on marine mammal species or stocks and their 
habitat, paying particular attention to rookeries, mating grounds, 
areas of similar significance, and on the availability of such species 
or stock for subsistence uses.

Monitoring and Reporting

    In order to issue an ITA for an activity, section 101(a)(5)(A) of 
the MMPA states that NMFS must set forth requirements pertaining to the 
monitoring and reporting of such taking. The MMPA implementing 
regulations at 50 CFR 216.104 (a)(13) indicate that requests for 
authorizations must include the suggested means of accomplishing the 
necessary monitoring and reporting that will result in increased 
knowledge of the species and of the level of taking or impacts on 
populations of marine mammals that are expected to be present in the 
action area. Effective reporting is critical both to compliance as well 
as ensuring that the most value is obtained from the required 
monitoring.
    Monitoring and reporting requirements prescribed by NMFS should 
contribute to improved understanding of one or more of the following:
     Occurrence of marine mammal species or stocks in the area 
in which take is anticipated (e.g., presence, abundance, distribution, 
density);
     Nature, scope, or context of likely marine mammal exposure 
to potential stressors/impacts (individual or cumulative, acute or 
chronic), through better understanding of: (1) Action or environment 
(e.g., source characterization, propagation, ambient noise); (2) 
affected species (e.g., life history, dive patterns); (3) co-occurrence 
of marine mammal species with the action; or (4) biological or 
behavioral context of exposure (e.g., age, calving or feeding areas);
     Individual marine mammal responses (behavioral or 
physiological) to acoustic stressors (acute, chronic, or cumulative), 
other stressors, or cumulative impacts from multiple stressors;
     How anticipated responses to stressors impact either: (1) 
Long-term fitness and survival of individual marine mammals; or (2) 
populations, species, or stocks;
     Effects on marine mammal habitat (e.g., marine mammal prey 
species, acoustic habitat, or other important physical components of 
marine mammal habitat); and
     Mitigation and monitoring effectiveness.

SWAN

    NPS will conduct marine mammal monitoring during the SWAN 
activities, in order to implement the mitigation measures that require 
real-time monitoring and to gain a better understanding of marine 
mammals and their impacts to the project's activities. Because the 
activity is a survey of marine birds and mammals in the area, 
researchers will naturally be monitoring the area for pinnipeds or 
other marine mammals during all activities. Monitoring activities will 
consist of conducting and recording observations of pinnipeds within 
the vicinity of the research areas. The monitoring notes will provide 
dates, transect location, species, numbers of animals present within 
the transect, and numbers of pinnipeds that flushed into the water.
    The method for recording disturbances follows those in Mortenson 
(1996). For NPS' activities in the SWAN region, pinniped disturbances 
will be based on a three-point scale that represents an increasing 
response to the disturbance. Because SWAN surveys are conducted at 
speed, researchers will be able to record the total number of each 
pinniped species observed and the number of Level 3 (Flushing) 
responses that occur, but not other, less noticeable disturbance 
responses.
    SWAN does not have previous monitoring aimed specifically at 
recording and quantifying marine mammal disturbance. Similarity between 
the GLBA NP and SWAN activities for these regulations suggest 
mitigation measures based on relevant portions of previous GLBA NP 
authorizations will provide the means of effecting the least 
practicable impact on the species or stock in the SWAN activity.

GLBA NP

    In the preamble to the proposed regulations, it was stated that NPS 
will report the number of animals that moved greater than one meter. 
After consultation with the Commission, NMFS has requested that this 
criteria for recording a Level 2 disturbance reaction, and associated 
take by Level B harassment, be updated to a movement greater than two 
body lengths. This criteria aligns with NMFS's three point scale (see 
Table 3 in the preamble to the proposed regulations) that categorizes 
pinniped disturbance reactions by severity and captures what reaction 
NMFS considers to rise to the level of harassment.
    NPS will conduct marine mammal monitoring during the present GLBA 
NP project, in order to implement the mitigation measures that require 
real-time monitoring and to gain a better understanding of marine 
mammals and their impacts to the project's activities. In addition, 
NPS's monitoring plan is guiding additional monitoring effort designed 
to answer questions of interest regarding pinniped usage of GLBA NP 
haulouts and the effects of NPS's activity on these local populations. 
The researchers will monitor the area for pinnipeds during all research 
activities. Monitoring activities will consist of conducting and 
recording observations of pinnipeds within the vicinity of the research 
areas. The monitoring notes will provide dates, location, species, the 
researcher's activity, behavioral state, numbers of animals that were 
alert or moved greater than two body lengths, and numbers of pinnipeds 
that flushed into the water.
    The method for recording disturbances follows those in Mortenson 
(1996). NPS activities in GLBA NP will record pinniped disturbances on 
a three-point scale that represents an increasing response to the 
disturbance. Both a level 2 and level 3 response will be recorded as a 
take by Level B harassment. NPS will record the time, source, and 
duration of the disturbance, as well as an estimated distance between 
the source and haulout.

Previous Monitoring Results

    NPS has complied with the monitoring requirements under the 
previous GLBA NP authorizations. NMFS posted the 2017 report on our 
website at https://

[[Page 8271]]

www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/marine-mammal-protection/incidental-
take-authorizations-research-and-other-activities and the results from 
the previous NPS monitoring reports support our findings that the 
mitigation measures required under the 2014-2017 Authorizations provide 
the means of effecting the least practicable impact on the species or 
stock in the GLBA NP activity. During the last 3 years of GLBA NP 
activity, approximately a third of all observed harbor seals have 
flushed in response to these activities (37 percent in 2015, 37 percent 
in 2016, and 38 percent in 2017). The following narratives provide a 
detailed account of each of the past 3 years of monitoring for the GLBA 
NP activity (Summarized in Table 4):
    In 2017, of the 86 harbor seals that were observed: 33 flushed in 
to the water, 0 became alert but did not move >1 m, and 0 moved >1 m 
but did not flush into the water. In all, no harbor seal pups were 
observed. On two occasions, harbor seals were flushed into the water 
when islands were accessed for gull surveys. In these instances, the 
vessel approached the island at a very slow speed and most of the 
harbor seals flushed into the water at approximately 150-185 m. On two 
events, harbor seals were observed hauled-out on Boulder Island and not 
disturbed due to their distance from the survey area. In addition, 
during two pre-monitoring surveys conducted for Lone Island, harbor 
seals were observed hauled-out and the survey was not conducted to 
prevent disturbance of harbor seals.
    In 2016, of the 216 harbor seals that were observed: 77 flushed in 
to the water; 3 became alert but did not move >1 m, and 17 moved >1 m 
but did not flush into the water. On five occasions, harbor seals were 
flushed into the water when islands were accessed for gull surveys. In 
these instances, the vessel approached the island at a very slow speed 
and most of the harbor seals flushed into the water at approximately 
50-100 m. In four instances, fewer than 25 harbor seals were present, 
but in one instance, 41 harbor seals were observed flushing into the 
water when NPS first saw them as they rounded a point of land in kayaks 
accessing Flapjack Island. In five instances, harbor seals were 
observed hauled-out and not disturbed due to their distance from the 
survey areas.
    In 2015, of the 156 harbor seals that were observed: 57 flushed in 
to the water; 25 became alert but did not move >1 m, and 0 moved >1 m 
but did not flush into the water. No pups were observed. On 2 
occasions, harbor seals were observed at the study sites in numbers <25 
and the islands were accessed for gull surveys. In these instances, the 
vessel approached the island at very slow speed and most of the harbor 
seals flushed into water at approximately 200 m (Geikie 8/5/15) and 280 
m (Lone, 8/5/15). In one instance, (Lone, 6/11/15) NPS counted 20 
harbor seals hauled-out during the initial vessel-based monitoring, but 
once on the island, NPS observed 33 hauled-out seals. When NPS realized 
the number of seals present, they ceased the survey and left the area, 
flushing 13 seals into the water.

                                       Table 4--Summary Table of 2015-2017 Monitoring Reports for NPS Gull Studies
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                           Level B take
                                             Number of    Number of pups   Flushed into   Moved >1 m but   Alert but did   Level B take      recorded
             Monitoring year                  adults         observed          water       did not flush   not move >1 m  authorized for      during
                                             observed                                                                        activity       activities
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2017....................................              86               0              33               0               0             218              33
2016....................................             216               1              77               3              17             500              80
2015....................................             156               0              57               0              25             500              57
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Coordination

    NPS can add to the knowledge of pinnipeds in the action area by 
noting observations of: (1) Unusual behaviors, numbers, or 
distributions of pinnipeds, such that any potential follow-up research 
can be conducted by the appropriate personnel; (2) tag-bearing 
carcasses of pinnipeds, allowing transmittal of the information to 
appropriate agencies and personnel; and (3) rare or unusual species of 
marine mammals for agency follow-up.
Glacier Bay
    NPS actively monitors harbor seals at breeding and molting haulout 
locations to assess trends over time (e.g., Mathews & Pendleton, 2006; 
Womble et al. 2010, Womble and Gende, 2013b). NPS's monitoring plan is 
guiding additional monitoring effort designed to answer questions of 
interest regarding pinniped usage of GLBA NP haulouts and the effects 
of NPS's activity on these local populations. This monitoring program 
involves collaborations with biologists from the Alaska Department of 
Fish and Game, and the NMFS Alaska Fisheries Science Center. NPS will 
continue these collaborations and encourage continued or renewed 
monitoring of marine mammal species. NPS will coordinate with state and 
Federal marine mammal biologists to determine what additional data or 
observations may be useful for monitoring marine mammals and haulouts 
in GLBA NP. Additionally, NPS will report vessel-based counts of marine 
mammals, branded, or injured animals, and all observed disturbances to 
the appropriate state and Federal agencies.
SWAN
    While NPS's main focus is to monitor marine birds in the SWAN 
region, their survey efforts will incidentally record sightings of 
marine mammals. This data can add to understanding of pinniped regional 
distribution and population trends. NPS will also coordinate with state 
and Federal marine mammal biologists to determine what additional data 
or observations may be useful to record for monitoring marine mammals 
and haulouts in the SWAN survey areas.
    SWAN has been conducting nearshore coastal surveys along the KATM 
and KEFJ since 2006 and 2007, respectively (Coletti et al., 2018). SWAN 
collaborates closely with U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Fish and 
Wildlife Service, the University of Alaska Fairbanks and others under 
the Gulf Watch Alaska (https://www.gulfwatchalaska.org/) program, 
primarily funded by the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. SWAN 
will continue these collaborations and encourage continued or renewed 
monitoring of marine birds and other incidentally observed species. 
Additionally, NPS will report vessel-based counts of marine mammals, 
branded or injured animals, and all observed disturbances to state and 
Federal agencies.

Reporting

    SWAN and GLBA NP are each required to submit separate draft annual 
reports on all activities and marine mammal monitoring results to NMFS

[[Page 8272]]

within ninety days following the end of its monitoring period. These 
reports will include a summary of the information gathered pursuant to 
the monitoring requirements set forth in the Authorization. SWAN and 
GLBA NP will submit final reports to NMFS within 30 days after 
receiving comments on the draft report. If SWAN or GLBA NP receive no 
comments from NMFS on the report, NMFS will consider the draft report 
to be the final report. NPS will also submit a comprehensive 5-year 
report covering all activities conducted under the incidental take 
regulations 90 days following expiration of these regulations or, if 
new regulations are sought, no later than 90 days prior to expiration 
of the regulations.
    Each report will describe the operations conducted and sightings of 
marine mammals near the project. The report will provide full 
documentation of methods, results, and interpretation pertaining to all 
monitoring. The report will provide:
    1. A summary and table of the dates, times, and weather during all 
research activities;
    2. Species, number, location, and behavior of any marine mammals 
observed throughout all monitoring activities;
    3. An estimate of the number (by species) of marine mammals exposed 
to acoustic or visual stimuli associated with the research activities; 
and
    4. A description of the implementation and effectiveness of the 
monitoring and mitigation measures of the Authorization and full 
documentation of methods, results, and interpretation pertaining to all 
monitoring.
    In the unanticipated event that the specified activity clearly 
causes the take of a marine mammal in a manner prohibited by the 
authorization, such as an injury (Level A harassment), serious injury, 
or mortality (e.g., vessel-strike, stampede, etc.), NPS shall 
immediately cease the specified activities and immediately report the 
incident to the Office of Protected Resources, NMFS and the Alaska 
Regional Stranding Coordinator. The report must include the following 
information:
     Time, date, and location (latitude/longitude) of the 
incident;
     Description and location of the incident (including tide 
level if applicable);
     Environmental conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction, 
Beaufort sea state, cloud cover, and visibility);
     Description of all marine mammal observations in the 24 
hours preceding the incident;
     Species identification or description of the animal(s) 
involved;
     Fate of the animal(s); and
     Photographs or video footage of the animal(s) (if 
equipment is available).
    NPS shall not resume its activities until NMFS is able to review 
the circumstances of the prohibited take. NMFS will work with NPS to 
determine what is necessary to minimize the likelihood of further 
prohibited take and ensure MMPA compliance. NPS may not resume their 
activities until notified by us via letter, email, or telephone.
    In the event that NPS discovers an injured or dead marine mammal, 
and the lead researcher determines that the cause of the injury or 
death is unknown and the death is relatively recent (i.e., in less than 
a moderate state of decomposition as we describe in the next 
paragraph), NPS will immediately report the incident to the Office of 
Protected Resources, NMFS and the Alaska Regional Stranding 
Coordinator. The report must include the same information identified in 
the paragraph above. Activities may continue while we review the 
circumstances of the incident. We will work with NPS to determine 
whether modifications in the activities are appropriate.
    In the event that NPS discovers an injured or dead marine mammal, 
and the lead visual observer determines that the injury or death is not 
associated with or related to the authorized activities (e.g., 
previously wounded animal, carcass with moderate to advanced 
decomposition, or scavenger damage), NPS will report the incident to 
the incident to the Office of Protected Resources, NMFS and the Alaska 
Regional Stranding Coordinator within 24 hours of the discovery. NPS 
researchers will provide photographs or video footage (if available) or 
other documentation of the stranded animal sighting to us. NPS can 
continue their research activities.

Negligible Impact Analysis and Determination

    NMFS has defined negligible impact as an impact resulting from the 
specified activity that cannot be reasonably expected to, and is not 
reasonably likely to, adversely affect the species or stock through 
effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival (50 CFR 216.103). A 
negligible impact finding is based on the lack of likely adverse 
effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival (i.e., population-
level effects). An estimate of the number of takes alone is not enough 
information on which to base an impact determination. In addition to 
considering estimates of the number of marine mammals that might be 
``taken'' through harassment, NMFS considers other factors, such as the 
likely nature of any responses (e.g., intensity, duration), the context 
of any responses (e.g., critical reproductive time or location, 
migration), as well as effects on habitat, and the likely effectiveness 
of the mitigation. We also assess the number, intensity, and context of 
estimated takes by evaluating this information relative to population 
status. Consistent with the 1989 preamble for NMFS's implementing 
regulations (54 FR 40338; September 29, 1989), the impacts from other 
past and ongoing anthropogenic activities are incorporated into this 
analysis via their impacts on the environmental baseline (e.g., as 
reflected in the regulatory status of the species, population size and 
growth rate where known, ongoing sources of human-caused mortality, or 
ambient noise levels).
    During these activities, harbor seals and Steller sea lions may 
exhibit behavioral modifications, including temporarily vacating the 
area during the proposed research and monitoring activities to avoid 
human and vessel disturbance. However, due to the project's minimal 
levels of visual and acoustic disturbance (Level B harassment only), 
NMFS does not expect NPS's specified activities to cause long-term 
behavioral disturbance, abandonment of the haulout area, injury, 
serious injury, or mortality. In addition, while a portion of these 
activities are expected to take place in areas of significance for 
marine mammal feeding, resting, breeding, or pupping, there are no 
expected adverse impacts on marine mammal habitat as discussed above. 
Due to the nature, degree, and context of the behavioral harassment 
anticipated, we do not expect the activities to impact annual rates of 
recruitment or survival.
    NMFS does not expect pinnipeds to permanently abandon any area 
surveyed by NPS researchers, as is evidenced by continued presence of 
pinnipeds at the GLBA NP sites during annual gull and climate 
monitoring. NMFS anticipates that impacts to hauled-out harbor seals 
and Steller sea lions during NPS' research and monitoring activities 
will be behavioral harassment of limited duration (i.e., up to two 
hours per site visit) and limited intensity (i.e., temporary flushing 
at most).
    In summary and as described above, the following factors primarily 
support our determination that the impacts resulting from this activity 
are not expected to adversely affect the species or stock through 
effects on annual rates of recruitment or survival:

[[Page 8273]]

     No mortality is anticipated or authorized;
     The takes from Level B harassment are expected to be due 
to potential behavioral disturbance;
     The effects of the research activities are expected to be 
limited to short-term startle responses and localized behavioral 
changes due to the short and sporadic duration of the research 
activities;
     The activities will partially take place in areas of 
significance for marine mammal feeding, resting, breeding, or pupping 
but due to their nature and duration are expected to not adversely 
impact marine mammal habitat or deny pinnipeds access to this habitat 
because of the large availability of alternate haulouts and short-
duration of disturbance;
     Anecdotal observations and results from previous 
monitoring reports show that the pinnipeds returned to the various 
sites and did not permanently abandon haul-out sites after NPS 
conducted their research activities; and
     Harbor seals and Steller sea lions may flush into the 
water despite researchers best efforts to keep calm and quiet around 
these pinnipeds; however, injury or mortality has never been documented 
and is not anticipated from flushing events. GLBA NP researchers will 
approach study sites slowly to provide enough time for any marine 
mammals present to slowly enter the water without panic. SWAN 
researchers will attempt to conduct their surveys at a distance which 
is expected to not result in pinniped disturbance.
    Based on the analysis contained herein of the likely effects of the 
specified activity on marine mammals and their habitat, and taking into 
consideration the implementation of the monitoring and mitigation 
measures, NMFS finds that the total marine mammal take from the 
proposed activity will have a negligible impact on all affected marine 
mammal species or stocks.

Small Numbers Analysis

    As noted above, only small numbers of incidental take may be 
authorized under Section 101(a)(5)(D) of the MMPA for specified 
activities other than military readiness activities. The MMPA does not 
define small numbers and so, in practice, where estimated numbers are 
available, NMFS compares the number of individuals authorized to be 
taken to the most appropriate estimation of abundance of the relevant 
species or stock in our determination of whether an authorization is 
limited to small numbers of marine mammals. Additionally, other 
qualitative factors may be considered in the analysis, such as the 
temporal or spatial scale of the activities.
    As mentioned previously, NMFS estimates that NPS' research 
activities, including gull monitoring, climate monitoring, and marine 
animal surveys, could potentially affect, by Level B harassment only, 
two species of marine mammal under our jurisdiction. For harbor seals, 
this annual take estimate is small relative to the three impacted 
stocks, ranging from 0.7 to 3.7 percent (See Table 1, Table 2, and 
Table 3). For Steller sea lions, this annual take estimate is small 
(400 sea lions) relative to the western stock (0.7 percent) or eastern 
stock (1.0 percent). In addition to this, there is a high probability 
in the GLBA NP activities that repetitive takes of the same animal may 
occur which reduces the percentage of population impacted even further.
    Based on the analysis contained herein of the activity (including 
the mitigation and monitoring measures) and the authorized take of 
marine mammals, NMFS finds that small numbers of marine mammals will be 
taken relative to the population size of the affected species or 
stocks.

Impact on Availability of Affected Species for Taking for Subsistence 
Uses

    There are no relevant subsistence uses of marine mammals implicated 
by the specified activities in GLBA NP, KATM, or KEFJ. Subsistence 
harvest is prohibited in these national parks and the nature of the 
activities means they should not affect any harvest occurring in nearby 
waters. There is possible pinniped harvest in KBAY, but the timing of 
the survey is removed from the peak seasons of harvest. Additionally, 
the disturbance to pinnipeds caused by NPS's activities is limited to 
non-lethal take by Level B harassment and is temporary and short in 
duration. Therefore, we have determined that the total taking of 
affected species or stocks is not expected to have an unmitigable 
adverse impact on the availability of such species or stocks for taking 
for subsistence purposes.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

    To comply with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA; 
42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and NOAA Administrative Order (NAO) 216-6A, 
NMFS must review our proposed action (i.e., the issuance of an 
incidental take authorization) with respect to potential impacts on the 
human environment.
    This action is consistent with categories of activities identified 
in CE B4 of the Companion Manual for NOAA Administrative Order 216-6A, 
which do not individually or cumulatively have the potential for 
significant impacts on the quality of the human environment and for 
which we have not identified any extraordinary circumstances that 
preclude this categorical exclusion. Accordingly, NMFS has determined 
that the issuance of these final regulations and subsequent Letters of 
Authorization qualifies to be categorically excluded from further NEPA 
review.

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

    Section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA: 16 
U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) requires that each Federal agency ensure that any 
action it authorizes, funds, or carries out is not likely to jeopardize 
the continued existence of any endangered or threatened species or 
result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated 
critical habitat. To ensure ESA compliance for the issuance of 
incidental take regulations and subsequent LOAs, NMFS consults 
internally, in this case with the Alaska Regional Office, whenever we 
propose to authorize take for endangered or threatened species.
    NMFS is authorizing take of western DPS Steller sea lions, which 
are listed under the ESA.
    NMFS's Office of Protected Resources has requested initiation of 
Section 7 consultation with NMFS's Alaska Regional Office for the 
issuance of this LOA. On March 1, 2019, NMFS Alaska Region issued a 
Biological Opinion to NMFS Office of Protected Resources, which 
concluded that the NPS research and monitoring activities are not 
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of western DPS Steller sea 
lions or adversely modify critical habitat based on the nature of the 
activities.

Adaptive Management

    The regulations governing the take of marine mammals incidental to 
NPS research and monitoring activities in GLBA NP and SWAN region 
contain an adaptive management component.
    The reporting requirements associated with this rule are designed 
to provide NMFS with monitoring data from the previous year to allow 
consideration of whether any changes are appropriate. The use of 
adaptive management allows NMFS to consider new information from 
different sources to determine (with input from NPS regarding 
practicability) on an annual or biennial basis if mitigation or 
monitoring measures should be modified (including

[[Page 8274]]

additions or deletions). Mitigation measures could be modified if new 
data suggests that such modifications are expected to have a reasonable 
likelihood of reducing adverse effects to marine mammals and if the 
measures are practicable.
    NPS's monitoring program (see ``Monitoring and Reporting'') will be 
managed adaptively. Changes to the monitoring program may be adopted if 
they are reasonably likely to better accomplish the MMPA monitoring 
goals described previously or may better answer the specific questions 
associated with NPS's monitoring plan.
    The following are some of the possible sources of applicable data 
to be considered through the adaptive management process: (1) Results 
from monitoring reports, as required by MMPA authorizations; (2) 
results from general marine mammal and sound research; and (3) any 
information which reveals that marine mammals may have been taken in a 
manner, extent, or number not authorized by these regulations or 
subsequent LOAs.

Classification

    Pursuant to the procedures established to implement Executive Order 
12866, the Office of Management and Budget has determined that this 
rule is not significant.
    Pursuant to section 605(b) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), 
the Chief Counsel for Regulation of the Department of Commerce 
certified to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business 
Administration at the proposed rule stage that this action will not 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. NPS is the sole entity that will be subject to the 
requirements in these regulations, and the NPS is not a small 
governmental jurisdiction, small organization, or small business, as 
defined by the RFA. No comments were received on this certification. 
Accordingly, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required and none 
has been prepared.
    Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person is required 
to respond to nor shall a person be subject to a penalty for failure to 
comply with a collection of information subject to the requirements of 
the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA) unless that collection of information 
displays a currently valid OMB control number. This rule does not 
contain a COI requirement subject to the provisions of the PRA because 
the applicant is a Federal agency.

Waiver of Delay in Effective Date

    The Assistant Administrator for NMFS has determined that there is 
good cause under the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C 553(d)(3)) 
to waive the 30-day delay in the effective date of this final rule. No 
individual or entity other than NPS is affected by the provisions of 
these regulations. NPS has informed NMFS that it requests that this 
final rule take effect on or by March 1, 2019, to accommodate NPS's 
research planned to begin March 1, 2019, with its current IHA expiring 
February 28, 2019, so as to not cause a disruption in planned research 
and monitoring activities. The request to authorize take for NPS 
activities in the SWAN region and resulted in delays in receiving a 
revised and complete application. NMFS was also unable to accommodate 
the 30-day delay of effectiveness period due to the need for additional 
time to address public comment and carry out required review, which was 
delayed by the partial Federal government shutdown in December 2018 and 
January 2019. The waiver of the 30-day delay of the effective date of 
the final rule will ensure that the MMPA final rule and LOAs are in 
place by the time the previous authorization expires. Any delay in 
finalizing the rule would result in either: (1) A suspension of planned 
research and monitoring, which would result in lost data and wasted 
funds; or (2) NPS's procedural non-compliance with the MMPA (should NPS 
conduct research and monitoring without LOAs), thereby resulting in the 
potential for unauthorized takes of marine mammals. Moreover, NPS is 
ready to implement the rule immediately. For these reasons, NMFS finds 
good cause to waive the 30-day delay in the effective date. In 
addition, the LOAs allow for authorization of incidental take of marine 
mammals that would otherwise be prohibited under the statute. Therefore 
the rule is granting an exception to NPS and relieving restrictions 
under the MMPA, which is a separate basis for waiving the 30-day 
effective date for the rule.

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 217

    Exports, Fish, Imports, Indians, Labeling, Marine mammals, 
Penalties, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Seafood, 
Transportation.

    Dated: March 4, 2019.
Samuel D. Rauch III,
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Regulatory Programs, National Marine 
Fisheries Service.
    For reasons set forth in the preamble, 50 CFR part 217 is amended 
as follows:

PART 217--REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE TAKING AND IMPORTING OF MARINE 
MAMMALS

0
1. The authority citation for part 217 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq., unless otherwise noted.

0
2. Add subpart C to part 217 to read as follows:
Subpart C--Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Research and Monitoring 
in Southern Alaska National Parks
Sec.
217.20 Specified activity and specified geographical region.
217.21 Effective dates.
217.22 Permissible methods of taking.
217.23 Prohibitions.
217.24 Mitigation requirements.
217.25 Requirements for monitoring and reporting.
217.26 Letters of Authorization.
217.27 Renewals and modifications of Letters of Authorization.
217.28-217.29 [Reserved]

Subpart C--Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Research and 
Monitoring in Southern Alaska National Parks


Sec.  217.20  Specified activity and specified geographical region.

    (a) Regulations in this subpart apply only to the National Park 
Service (NPS) and those persons it authorizes or funds to conduct 
activities on its behalf for the taking of marine mammals that occurs 
in the area outlined in paragraph (b) of this section and that occurs 
incidental to the NPS's research and monitoring activities listed in 
the Letters of Authorization (LOA).
    (b) The taking of marine mammals by NPS may be authorized in an LOA 
only if it occurs at Glacier Bay National Park (GLBA NP) or in the 
NPS's Southwest Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network (SWAN) sites.


Sec.  217.21   Effective dates.

    Regulations in this subpart are effective from March 7, 2019 
through February 29, 2024.


Sec.  217.22   Permissible methods of taking.

    Under LOAs issued pursuant to Sec. Sec.  216.106 of this chapter 
and 217.26, the Holder of the LOA (hereinafter ``NPS'') may 
incidentally, but not intentionally, take marine mammals within the 
area described in Sec.  217.20(b) by Level B harassment associated with 
research and monitoring activities, provided the activity is in 
compliance with all terms, conditions, and requirements of the 
regulations in this subpart and the appropriate LOA.

[[Page 8275]]

Sec.  217.23   Prohibitions.

    Notwithstanding takings contemplated in Sec.  217.20 and authorized 
by an LOA issued under Sec. Sec.  216.106 of this chapter and 217.26, 
no person in connection with the activities described in Sec.  217.20 
may:
    (a) Violate, or fail to comply with, the terms, conditions, and 
requirements of this subpart or an LOA issued under Sec. Sec.  216.106 
of this chapter and 217.26;
    (b) Take any marine mammal not specified in such LOAs;
    (c) Take any marine mammal specified in such LOAs in any manner 
other than as specified;
    (d) Take a marine mammal specified in such LOAs if NMFS determines 
such taking results in more than a negligible impact on the species or 
stocks of such marine mammal; or
    (e) Take a marine mammal specified in such LOAs if NMFS determines 
such taking results in an unmitigable adverse impact on the species or 
stock of such marine mammal for taking for subsistence uses.


Sec.  217.24   Mitigation requirements.

    When conducting the activities identified in Sec.  217.20(a), the 
mitigation measures contained in any LOA issued under Sec. Sec.  
216.106 of this chapter and 217.24 must be implemented. These 
mitigation measures shall include but are not limited to:
    (a) General conditions. (1) A copy of any issued LOA must be in the 
possession of NPS, its designees, and additional survey crew personnel 
operating under the authority of the issued LOA;
    (2) Before all surveys, the lead NPS biologist must instruct 
additional survey crew on appropriate conduct when in the vicinity of 
hauled-out marine mammals. This training must brief survey personnel on 
marine mammals (inclusive of identification as needed, e.g., neonates); 
and
    (3) NPS must avoid interaction with any marine mammal species for 
which take is not authorized (or any species for which authorized take 
numbers have been met). For humpback, killer, and beluga whales, NPS 
must avoid operation of a motor vessel within \1/4\ nautical mile of 
these cetaceans. If accidentally positioned within \1/4\ nautical mile 
of these cetaceans, NPS must slow the vessel speed to 10 knots or less 
and maintain course away from the marine mammal until at least \1/4\ 
nautical mile of separation exists;
    (b) Glacier Bay gull and climate monitoring. (1) On an annual 
basis, NPS may conduct a maximum of five days of gull monitoring for 
each survey location listed in the LOA;
    (2) On an annual basis, the NPS may conduct a maximum of three days 
of activities related to climate monitoring on Lone Island;
    (3) NPS is required to conduct pre-survey monitoring before 
deciding to access a study site;
    (4) Prior to deciding to land onshore, NPS must use high-powered 
image stabilizing binoculars before approaching at distances of greater 
than 500 m (1,640 ft) to determine and document the number, species, 
and location of hauled-out marine mammals;
    (5) During pre-survey monitoring, vessels must maintain a distance 
of 328 to 1,640 ft (100 to 500 m) from the shoreline;
    (6) If a harbor seal pup less than one week of age (neonate) is 
present within or near a study site or a path to a study site, NPS must 
not access the site nor conduct the study at that time. In addition, if 
during the activity, a pup less than one week of age is observed, all 
research activities must conclude for the day;
    (7) NPS must maintain a distance of at least 100 m from any Steller 
sea lion;
    (8) NPS must perform controlled and slow ingress to islands where 
harbor seals are present;
    (9) NPS must monitor for offshore predators at the study sites 
during pre-survey monitoring and must avoid research activities when 
killer whales (Orcinus orca) or other predators are observed within a 1 
mile radius; and
    (10) NPS must maintain a quiet working atmosphere, avoid loud 
noises, and must use hushed voices in the presence of hauled-out 
pinnipeds; and
    (c) SWAN marine bird surveys. (1) On an annual basis, NPS may 
conduct one summer survey at each location listed in the LOA;
    (2) On an annual basis, the NPS may conduct one winter survey at 
each location listed in the LOA;
    (3) NPS must maintain a minimum vessel distance of 100 meters from 
the shoreline at all times while surveying; and
    (4) If hauled out Steller sea lions or harbor seals are observed, 
NPS must maintain the vessel speed and minimum distance. If survey 
conditions allow, the survey must be attempted from a distance greater 
than 150 meters.


Sec.  217.25   Requirements for monitoring and reporting.

    NPS is required to conduct marine mammal monitoring during research 
and monitoring activities. NPS and/or its designees must record the 
following for the designated monitoring activity:
    (a) Glacier Bay gull and climate monitoring. (1) Species counts 
(with numbers of adults/juveniles); and numbers of disturbances, by 
species and age, according to a three-point scale of intensity;
    (2) Information on the weather, including the tidal state and 
horizontal visibility;
    (3) The observer will note the presence of any offshore predators 
(date, time, number, and species); and
    (4) The observer must note unusual behaviors, numbers, or 
distributions of pinnipeds, such that any potential follow-up research 
can be conducted by the appropriate personnel; marked or tag-bearing 
pinnipeds or carcasses, allowing transmittal of the information to 
appropriate agencies; and any rare or unusual species of marine mammal 
for agency follow-up. The observer must report that information to 
NMFS's Alaska Fisheries Science Center and/or the Alaska Department of 
Fish and Game Marine Mammal Program.
    (b) SWAN marine bird surveying. (1) Species counts and numbers of 
type 3, flushing, disturbances;
    (2) Information on the weather, including the tidal state and 
horizontal visibility; and
    (3) The observer must note unusual behaviors, numbers, or 
distributions of pinnipeds, such that any potential follow-up research 
can be conducted by the appropriate personnel; marked or tag-bearing 
pinnipeds or carcasses, allowing transmittal of the information to 
appropriate agencies; and any rare or unusual species of marine mammal 
for agency follow-up. The observer must report that information to 
NMFS's Alaska Fisheries Science Center and/or the Alaska Department of 
Fish and Game Marine Mammal Program.
    (c) Annual reporting. NPS must submit separate annual draft reports 
for GLBA NP and SWAN on all monitoring conducted within ninety calendar 
days of the completion of annual research and monitoring activities. 
Final reports for both GLBA NP and SWAN must be prepared and submitted 
within thirty days following resolution of comments on each draft 
report from NMFS. This report must contain:
    (1) A summary and table of the dates, times, and weather during all 
research activities;
    (2) Species, number, location, and behavior of any marine mammals 
observed throughout all monitoring activities;
    (3) An estimate of the number (by species) of marine mammals 
exposed to acoustic or visual stimuli associated with the research 
activities; and
    (4) A description of the implementation and effectiveness of the 
monitoring and mitigation measures of

[[Page 8276]]

the Authorization and full documentation of methods, results, and 
interpretation pertaining to all monitoring.
    (d) Comprehensive reporting. NPS must submit a comprehensive 5-year 
report covering all activities conducted under the incidental take 
regulations at least 90 days prior to expiration of these regulations 
if new regulations are sought or 90 days after expiration of 
regulations.
    (e) Reporting of injured or dead marine mammals. (1) In the 
unanticipated event that the activity defined in Sec.  219.20(a) 
clearly causes the take of a marine mammal in a prohibited manner such 
as an injury (Level A harassment), serious injury, or mortality, NPS 
must immediately cease the specified activities and report the incident 
to the Office of Protected Resources, NMFS, and the Alaska Regional 
Stranding Coordinator, NMFS. The report must include the following 
information:
    (i) Time and date of the incident;
    (ii) Description of the incident;
    (iii) Environmental conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction, 
Beaufort sea state, cloud cover, and visibility);
    (iv) Description of all marine mammal observations and active sound 
source use in the 24 hours preceding the incident;
    (v) Species identification or description of the animal(s) 
involved;
    (vi) Fate of the animal(s); and
    (vii) Photographs or video footage of the animal(s);
    (2) Activities must not resume until NMFS is able to review the 
circumstances of the prohibited take. NMFS will work with NPS to 
determine what measures are necessary to minimize the likelihood of 
further prohibited take and ensure MMPA compliance. NPS must not resume 
their activities until notified by NMFS;
    (3) In the event that NPS discovers an injured or dead marine 
mammal, and the lead observer determines that the cause of the injury 
or death is unknown and the death is relatively recent (e.g., in less 
than a moderate state of decomposition), NPS must immediately report 
the incident to the Office of Protected Resources, NMFS, and the Alaska 
Stranding Coordinator, NMFS. The report must include the same 
information identified in paragraph (e)(1) of this section. Activities 
may continue while NMFS reviews the circumstances of the incident. NMFS 
will work with NPS to determine whether additional mitigation measures 
or modifications to the activities are appropriate;
    (4) In the event that NPS discovers an injured or dead marine 
mammal and determines that the injury or death is not associated with 
or related to the activities defined in Sec.  217.20(a) (e.g., 
previously wounded animal, carcass with moderate to advanced 
decomposition, scavenger damage), NPS must report the incident to OPR 
and the Alaska Stranding Coordinator, NMFS, within 24 hours of the 
discovery. NPS must provide photographs or video footage or other 
documentation of the stranded animal sighting to NMFS. NPS can continue 
their research activities; and
    (5) Pursuant to paragraphs (e)(2) through (4) of this section, NPS 
may use discretion in determining what injuries (i.e., nature and 
severity) are appropriate for reporting. At minimum, NPS must report 
those injuries considered to be serious (i.e., will likely result in 
death) or that are likely caused by human interaction (e.g., 
entanglement, gunshot). Also pursuant to paragraphs (e)(3) and (4) of 
this section, NPS may use discretion in determining the appropriate 
vantage point for obtaining photographs of injured/dead marine mammals.


Sec.  217.26   Letters of Authorization.

    (a) To incidentally take marine mammals pursuant to these 
regulations, NPS must apply for and obtain an LOA.
    (b) An LOA, unless suspended or revoked, may be effective for a 
period of time not to exceed the expiration date of these regulations.
    (c) If an LOA expires prior to the expiration date of these 
regulations, NPS may apply for and obtain a renewal of the LOA.
    (d) In the event of projected changes to the activity or to 
mitigation and monitoring measures required by an LOA, NPS must apply 
for and obtain a modification of the LOA as described in Sec.  217.27.
    (e) The LOA shall set forth:
    (1) Permissible methods of incidental taking;
    (2) Means of effecting the least practicable adverse impact (i.e., 
mitigation) on the species, its habitat, and on the availability of the 
species for subsistence uses; and
    (3) Requirements for monitoring and reporting.
    (f) Issuance of the LOA shall be based on a determination that the 
level of taking will be consistent with the findings made for the total 
taking allowable under these regulations.
    (g) Notice of issuance or denial of an LOA shall be published in 
the Federal Register within 30 days of a determination.


Sec.  217.27   Renewals and modifications of Letters of Authorization.

    (a) An LOA issued under Sec. Sec.  216.106 of this chapter and 
217.26 for the activity identified in Sec.  217.20(a) shall be renewed 
or modified upon request by the applicant, provided that:
    (1) The proposed specified activity and mitigation, monitoring, and 
reporting measures, as well as the anticipated impacts, are the same as 
those described and analyzed for these regulations (excluding changes 
made pursuant to the adaptive management provision in paragraph (c)(1) 
of this section); and
    (2) NMFS determines that the mitigation, monitoring, and reporting 
measures required by the previous LOA under these regulations were 
implemented.
    (b) For an LOA modification or renewal requests by the applicant 
that include changes to the activity or the mitigation, monitoring, or 
reporting (excluding changes made pursuant to the adaptive management 
provision in paragraph (c)(1) of this section) that do not change the 
findings made for the regulations or result in no more than a minor 
change in the total estimated number of takes (or distribution by 
species or years), NMFS may publish a notice of proposed LOA in the 
Federal Register, including the associated analysis of the change, and 
solicit public comment before issuing the LOA.
    (c) An LOA issued under Sec. Sec.  216.106 of this chapter and 
217.26 for the activity identified in Sec.  217.20(a) may be modified 
by NMFS under the following circumstances:
    (1) Adaptive management. NMFS may modify (including augment) the 
existing mitigation, monitoring, or reporting measures (after 
consulting with NPS regarding the practicability of the modifications) 
if doing so creates a reasonable likelihood of more effectively 
accomplishing the goals of the mitigation and monitoring set forth in 
the preamble for these regulations.
    (i) Possible sources of data that could contribute to the decision 
to modify the mitigation, monitoring, or reporting measures in an LOA:
    (A) Results from NPS's monitoring from the previous year(s).
    (B) Results from other marine mammal research or studies.
    (C) Any information that reveals marine mammals may have been taken 
in a manner, extent or number not authorized by these regulations or 
subsequent LOAs.
    (ii) If, through adaptive management, the modifications to the 
mitigation, monitoring, or reporting measures are substantial, NMFS 
shall publish a notice

[[Page 8277]]

of proposed LOA in the Federal Register and solicit public comment.
    (2) Emergencies. If NMFS determines that an emergency exists that 
poses a significant risk to the well-being of the species or stocks of 
marine mammals specified in LOAs issued pursuant to Sec. Sec.  216.106 
of this chapter and 217.26, an LOA may be modified without prior notice 
or opportunity for public comment. Notice would be published in the 
Federal Register within thirty days of the action.


Sec.  Sec.  217.28-217.29   [Reserved]

[FR Doc. 2019-04107 Filed 3-6-19; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 3510-22-P