[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 192 (Wednesday, October 3, 2018)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 49857-49869]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-20946]


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 Proposed Rules
                                                 Federal Register
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 This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of 
 the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these 
 notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in 
 the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.
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  Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 192 / Wednesday, October 3, 2018 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 49857]]



NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION

12 CFR Part 722

RIN 3133-AE79


Real Estate Appraisals

AGENCY: National Credit Union Administration (NCUA).

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking and request for comment.

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SUMMARY: The NCUA Board (Board) is inviting comment on a proposed rule 
to amend the agency's regulation requiring real estate appraisals for 
certain transactions. The proposed rule would accomplish four 
objectives. First, the proposed rule would increase the threshold below 
which appraisals would not be required for non-residential real estate 
transactions from $250,000 to $1,000,000. Second, the proposed rule 
would restructure the NCUA's appraisal regulation to clarify its 
requirements for the reader. Third, the proposed rule would exempt from 
the NCUA's appraisal regulation certain federally related transactions 
involving real estate where the property is located in a rural area, 
valued below $400,000, and no state certified or licensed appraiser is 
available. Finally, the proposed rule would also make certain 
conforming amendments to the definitions section.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before December 3, 2018.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by any of the following methods 
(Please send comments by one method only):
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. 
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     NCUA website: https://www.ncua.gov/regulation-supervision/Pages/rules/proposed.aspx. Follow the instructions for submitting 
comments.
     Email: Address to [email protected]. Include ``[Your 
name] Comments on Proposed Rule part 722, Real Estate Appraisals'' in 
the email subject line.
     Fax: (703) 518-6319. Use the subject line described above 
for email.
     Mail: Address to Gerard S. Poliquin, Secretary of the 
Board, National Credit Union Administration, 1775 Duke Street, 
Alexandria, Virginia 22314-3428.
     Hand Delivery/Courier: Same as mail address.
    Public Inspection: You may view all public comments on NCUA's 
website at https://www.ncua.gov/regulation-supervision/Pages/rules/proposed.aspx as submitted, except for those we cannot post for 
technical reasons. NCUA will not edit or remove any identifying or 
contact information from the public comments submitted. You may inspect 
paper copies of comments in NCUA's law library at 1775 Duke Street, 
Alexandria, Virginia 22314, by appointment weekdays between 9 a.m. and 
3 p.m. To make an appointment, call (703) 518-6546 or send an email to 
[email protected].

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Technical information: Jeffrey 
Marshall, Program Officer, (703) 548-2415, Office of Examination and 
Insurance, or legal information: Rachel Ackman, Staff Attorney, (703) 
518-6540, or John Brolin, Senior Staff Attorney, (703) 518-6540, Office 
of General Counsel, National Credit Union Administration, 1775 Duke 
Street, Alexandria, VA 22314.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Introduction

A. Background

    Title XI of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and 
Enforcement Act of 1989 (Title XI) \1\ directs each federal financial 
institutions regulatory agency \2\ to publish appraisal regulations for 
federally related transactions within its jurisdiction. In 1994, the 
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit 
Insurance Corporation, and the Office of the Comptroller of the 
Currency (other banking agencies) established thresholds for all real 
estate-related financial transactions with a transaction value \3\ of 
$250,000 or less, as well as certain real estate-secured business loans 
(qualifying business loans or QBLs) with a transaction value of $1 
million or less.\4\ Transactions below these established threshold 
levels were not required to have Title XI appraisals. QBLs are business 
loans \5\ that are real estate-related financial transactions and that 
are not dependent on the sale of, or rental income derived from, real 
estate as the primary source of repayment.\6\
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    \1\ 12 U.S.C. 3331 et seq.
    \2\ ``Federal financial institutions regulatory agency'' means 
the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC); the Office of the Comptroller 
of the Currency, Treasury (OCC); the NCUA, and, formerly, the Office 
of Thrift Supervision. 12 U.S.C. 3350(6).
    \3\ For loans and extensions of credit, the transaction value is 
the amount of the loan or extension of credit. For sales, leases, 
purchases, investments in or exchanges of real property, the 
transaction value is the market value of the real property. For the 
pooling of loans or interests in real property for resale or 
purchase, the transaction value is the amount of each loan or the 
market value of each real property, respectively. See OCC: 12 CFR 
34.42(n); Fed: 12 CFR 225.62(n); and FDIC: 12 CFR 323.2(n).
    \4\ See 59 FR 29482 (June 7, 1994); see also OCC: 12 CFR 
34.43(a)(1) and (5); Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 
System: 12 CFR 225.63(a)(1) and (5); and FDIC: 12 CFR 323.3(a)(1) 
and (5).
    \5\ The other banking agencies' Title XI appraisal regulations 
define ``business loan'' to mean ``a loan or extension of credit to 
any corporation, general or limited partnership, business trust, 
joint venture, pool, syndicate, sole proprietorship, or other 
business entity.'' OCC: 12 CFR 34.42(d); Fed: 12 CFR 225.62(d); and 
FDIC: 12 CFR 323.2(d).
    \6\ See OCC: 12 CFR 34.43(a)(5); Fed: 12 CFR 225.63(a)(5); and 
FDIC: 12 CFR 323.3(a)(5).
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    Thereafter, first in 1995 and again in 2001, the NCUA promulgated 
rules similar to those then in effect of the other banking agencies, 
eventually establishing a similar Title XI appraisal threshold level 
for most real estate-related transactions.\7\ In particular, the 
rulemakings established that all real estate-related financial 
transactions with a transaction value \8\ of $250,000 or less do not 
require appraisals.\9\ The NCUA did not, however, adopt the separate 
exemption provided in the other banking agencies' appraisal regulations 
for qualifying business loans with transaction values of $1 million or 
less.
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    \7\ See 60 FR 51889 (Oct. 4, 1995) and 66 FR 58656 (Nov. 23, 
2001).
    \8\ Transaction value means, for loans or other extensions of 
credit, the amount of the loan or extension of credit, for sales, 
leases, purchases, and investments in or exchanges of real property, 
the market value of the real property interest involved; and for the 
pooling of loans or interests in real property for resale or 
purchase, the amount of the loan or market value of the real 
property calculated with respect to each such loan or interest in 
real property. 12 CFR 722.2(l).
    \9\ 12 CFR 722.3(a)(1).

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[[Page 49858]]

B. The Other Banking Agencies 2017-2018 Rulemaking

    In July 2017, the other banking agencies invited comment on a 
notice of proposed rulemaking (2017 proposal or 2017 proposed rule) 
\10\ that would have amended the other banking agencies' appraisal 
regulations promulgated pursuant to Title XI. Specifically, the 2017 
proposal would have increased the monetary threshold at or below which 
financial institutions that are regulated by the other banking agencies 
(regulated institutions) would not be required to obtain appraisals in 
connection with commercial real estate transactions (commercial real 
estate appraisal threshold) from $250,000 to $400,000. The other 
banking agencies consulted with the NCUA throughout the rule 
development process and NCUA staff participated in interagency meetings 
and calls related to the rulemaking.
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    \10\ 82 FR 35478 (July 31, 2017).
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    The 2017 proposal followed the completion in early 2017 of the 
regulatory review process required by the Economic Growth and 
Regulatory Paperwork Reduction Act (EGRPRA).\11\ During the EGRPRA 
process, the other banking agencies received numerous comments related 
to the Title XI appraisal regulations, including recommendations to 
increase the thresholds at or below which transactions are exempt from 
the Title XI appraisal requirements. Among other proposals developed 
through the EGRPRA process, the other banking agencies recommended 
increasing the commercial real estate appraisal threshold to 
$400,000.\12\
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    \11\ Public Law 104-208, Div. A, Title II, section 2222, 110 
Stat. 3009-414, (1996) (codified at 12 U.S.C. 3311).
    \12\ See FFIEC, Joint Report to Congress: Economic Growth and 
Regulatory Paperwork Reduction Act, (March 2017), (EGRPRA Report), 
available at https://www.ffiec.gov/pdf/2017_FFIEC_EGRPRA_Joint-Report_to_Congress.pdf.
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    In the other banking agencies' EGRPRA Report and proposed rule, 
they also addressed whether it would be appropriate to increase the 
current $250,000 threshold for transactions secured by residential real 
estate. The other banking agencies determined that it would not be 
appropriate to increase the threshold for this category of transactions 
at this time based on three considerations. First, the other banking 
agencies observed that any increase in the threshold for residential 
transactions would have a limited impact on burden, as appraisals would 
still be required for the vast majority of these transactions pursuant 
to rules of other federal government agencies and the standards set by 
the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs).\13\ As reflected in the 
2015 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data,\14\ at least 90 percent 
of residential mortgage loan originations had loan amounts at or below 
the threshold, were eligible for sale to GSEs, or were insured by the 
Federal Housing Administration or the United States Department of 
Veterans Affairs. Those transactions are not subject to the Title XI 
appraisal regulations, but the majority of those transactions are 
subject to the appraisal requirements of other government agencies or 
the GSEs. Therefore, raising the appraisal threshold for residential 
transactions in the Title XI appraisal regulations would have limited 
impact on burden.
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    \13\ Other federal government agencies involved in the 
residential mortgage market include the U.S. Department of Housing 
and Urban Development (HUD), the U.S. Department of Veterans 
Affairs, and the Rural Housing Service of the U.S. Department of 
Agriculture. These agencies, along with the GSEs (which are 
regulated by the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA)), have the 
authority to set separate appraisal requirements for loans they 
originate, acquire, or guarantee, and generally require an appraisal 
by a certified or licensed appraiser for residential mortgages 
regardless of the loan amount.
    \14\ See FFIEC, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, www.ffiec.gov/hmda/.
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    Second, the other banking agencies determined that appraisals can 
provide protection to consumers by helping to assure the residential 
purchaser that the value of the property supports the purchase price 
and the mortgage amount.\15\ The consumer protection role of appraisals 
is reflected in amendments made to Title XI and the Truth in Lending 
Act (TILA) \16\ through the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer 
Protection Act (the Dodd-Frank Act),\17\ governing the scope of 
transactions requiring the services of a state-certified or state-
licensed appraiser. These include the addition of the Bureau of 
Consumer Financial Protection (BCFP) to the group of agencies assigned 
a role in the appraisal threshold-setting process for Title XI,\18\ and 
a new TILA provision requiring appraisals for loans involving ``higher-
risk mortgages.'' \19\
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    \15\ The agencies posited in the 1994 amendments to the Title XI 
appraisal regulations that the timing of the appraisal may provide 
limited consumer protection. Changes to consumer protection 
regulations since 1994 now ensure that a consumer receives a copy of 
appraisals and other valuations used by a creditor to make a credit 
decision at least three business days before consummation of the 
transaction (for closed-end credit) or account opening (for open-end 
credit). See 12 CFR 1002.14 (for business or consumer credit secured 
by a first lien on a dwelling).
    \16\ 15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.
    \17\ Public Law 111-203, 124 Stat.1376.
    \18\ Dodd-Frank Act, Pub. L. 111-203, Title XIV, sec. 1473(a), 
124 Stat. 2190 (2010), (codified at 12 U.S.C. 3341(b)), as discussed 
earlier in the Supplementary Information section.
    \19\ ``Higher-risk mortgages'' are certain mortgages with an 
annual percentage rate that exceeds the average prime offer rate by 
a specified percentage. See Dodd-Frank Act, Pub. L. 111-203, Title 
XIV, sec. 1471, 124 Stat. 2185 (2010), which added section 129H to 
TILA, (codified at 15 U.S.C. 1639h). See also Appraisals for Higher-
Priced Mortgage Loans, 78 FR 78520 (Dec. 26, 2013) (interagency rule 
implementing appraisal requirements for higher-priced mortgage 
loans).
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    During the EGRPRA process, the staff of the other banking agencies 
conferred with the BCFP regarding comments the agencies received 
supporting an increase in the threshold for 1-to-4 family residential 
transactions. BCFP staff shared the view that appraisals can provide 
consumer protection benefits and their concern about potential risks to 
consumers resulting from an expansion of the number of residential 
mortgage transactions that would be exempt from the Title XI appraisal 
requirement.
    Third, the other banking agencies considered safety and soundness 
concerns that could result from a threshold increase for residential 
transactions. As the EGRPRA Report noted, the 2008 financial crisis 
showed that, like other asset classes, imprudent residential mortgage 
lending can pose significant risks to financial institutions.
    For these reasons, the other banking agencies concluded in the 
EGRPRA Report that a change to the current $250,000 threshold for 
residential mortgage loans would not be appropriate at the present 
time.
    The NCUA concluded in its EGRPRA report that the agency would work 
with the other banking agencies to develop a proposal to increase the 
threshold level related to commercial real estate loans, and would 
consider any other recommendations developed by the other banking 
agencies. The NCUA, however, would still like to receive comments on 
whether there are other factors that should be considered in evaluating 
the current threshold for 1-to-4 family residential transactions and 
whether the threshold can and should be raised, consistent with 
consumer protection, safety and soundness, and reduction of unnecessary 
regulatory burden. The NCUA and the other banking agencies will 
continue to consider possibilities for relieving burden related to 
appraisals for residential mortgage loans, such as coordination of the 
agencies' Title XI appraisal regulations with the practices of HUD, the 
GSEs, and other federal participants in the residential real estate 
market.
    The comment period for the other banking agencies' 2017 proposal 
closed

[[Page 49859]]

on September 29, 2017.\20\ The other banking agencies collectively 
received over 200 comments from appraisers, appraiser trade 
organizations, financial institutions, financial institutions trade 
organizations, and individuals.
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    \20\ 82 FR 35478 (July 31, 2017).
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    After carefully considering the comments and conducting further 
analysis, the other banking agencies issued a final rule in early 2018 
(2018 final rule) that increased the commercial real estate appraisal 
threshold with three modifications from the 2017 proposal.\21\ First, 
the other banking agencies decided to increase the commercial real 
estate appraisal threshold (non-QBLs) to $500,000 rather than the 
$400,000 proposed. Second, the 2018 final rule also made a conforming 
change to the section requiring state-certified appraisers to be used 
for federally related transactions that are commercial real estate 
transactions above the increased threshold. Third, the 2018 final rule 
changed the proposed definition of commercial real estate transaction, 
to no longer include construction loans secured by a single 1-to-4 
family residential property, regardless of whether the loan is for 
initial construction only or includes permanent financing. Thus, under 
the 2018 final rule, a loan that is secured by a single 1-to-4 family 
residential property, including a loan for construction, remains 
subject to the $250,000 threshold.\22\
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    \21\ 83 FR 15019 (April 9, 2018).
    \22\ Residential construction loans secured by more than one 1-
to-4 family residential property are considered commercial real 
estate transactions subject to the higher threshold.
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    For real estate-related financial transactions that are exempt from 
the appraisal requirement because they are within the applicable 
thresholds or qualify for the exemption for certain existing extensions 
of credit,\23\ the other banking agencies' appraisal regulations 
require financial institutions to obtain an evaluation of the real 
property collateral that is consistent with safe and sound banking 
practices.\24\ An evaluation should contain sufficient information and 
analysis to support the financial institution's decision to engage in 
the transaction. However, evaluations need not be performed in 
accordance with USPAP or by certified or licensed appraisers. The NCUA 
and the other banking agencies have provided supervisory guidance for 
conducting evaluations in a safe and sound manner in the Interagency 
Appraisal and Evaluation Guidelines (Guidelines).\25\
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    \23\ Transactions that involve an existing extension of credit 
at the lending institution are exempt from the Title XI appraisal 
requirements, but are required to have evaluations, provided that 
there has been no obvious and material change in market conditions 
or physical aspects of the property that threatens the adequacy of 
the institution's real estate collateral protection after the 
transaction, even with the advancement of new monies; or there is no 
advancement of new monies, other than funds necessary to cover 
reasonable closing costs. See OCC: 12 CFR 34.43(a)(7) and (b); Fed: 
12 CFR 225.63(a)(7) and (b); FDIC: 12 CFR 323.3(a)(7) and (b).
    \24\ See OCC: 12 CFR 34.43(b); Fed: 12 CFR 225.63(b); FDIC: 12 
CFR 323.3(b).
    \25\ 75 FR 77450 (Dec. 10, 2010).
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C. Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act

    On May 24, 2018, President Trump signed the Economic Growth, 
Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (the Act) into law.\26\ 
Section 103 of the Act amends Title XI to exempt from appraisal 
requirements certain federally related, rural real-estate transactions 
valued below $400,000 if no state-certified or state-licensed appraiser 
is available.\27\ The exemption provided in the Act is self-
implementing so credit unions may avail themselves of the statute's 
exemption immediately, provided the transaction meets all of the 
requirements under section 103.
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    \26\ Public Law 115-174.
    \27\ Id at sec. 103.
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II. Legal Authority

    Title XI \28\ directs each federal financial institutions 
regulatory agency \29\ to publish appraisal regulations for federally 
related transactions within its jurisdiction. The purpose of Title XI 
is to protect federal financial and public policy interests \30\ in 
real estate-related transactions by requiring that real estate 
appraisals used in connection with federally related transactions 
(Title XI appraisals) be performed in accordance with uniform 
standards, by individuals whose competency has been demonstrated, and 
whose professional conduct will be subject to effective 
supervision.\31\
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    \28\ 12 U.S.C. 3331 et seq.
    \29\ ``Federal financial institutions regulatory agency'' means 
the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC); the Office of the Comptroller 
of the Currency, Treasury (OCC); the NCUA, and, formerly, the Office 
of Thrift Supervision. 12 U.S.C. 3350(6).
    \30\ These interests include those stemming from the federal 
government's roles as regulator and deposit insurer of financial 
institutions that engage in real estate lending and investment, 
guarantor or lender on mortgage loans, and as a direct party in real 
estate-related financial transactions. These federal financial and 
public policy interests have been described in predecessor 
legislation and accompanying Congressional reports. See Real Estate 
Appraisal Reform Act of 1988, H.R. Rep. No. 100-1001, pt. 1, at 19 
(1988); 133 Cong. Rec. 33047-33048 (1987).
    \31\ 12 U.S.C. 3331.
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    Title XI directs the NCUA to prescribe appropriate standards for 
Title XI appraisals under the NCUA's jurisdiction,\32\ including, at a 
minimum that Title XI appraisals be: (1) Performed in accordance with 
the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP); \33\ 
(2) written appraisals, as defined by the statute; and (3) subject to 
appropriate review for compliance with USPAP. All federally related 
transactions must have Title XI appraisals.
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    \32\ 12 U.S.C. 3339. The NCUA's Title XI appraisal regulations 
apply to transactions entered into by the NCUA or by federally 
insured credit unions. 12 CFR 722.1(b).
    \33\ USPAP is written and interpreted by the Appraisal Standards 
Board of the Appraisal Foundation. Adopted by Congress in 1989, 
USPAP contains generally recognized ethical and performance 
standards for the appraisal profession in the United States, 
including real estate, personal property, and business appraisals. 
See http://www.appraisalfoundation.org/imis/TAF/Standards/Appraisal_Standards/Uniform_Standards_of_Professional_Appraisal_Practice/TAF/USPAP.aspx?hkey=a6420a67-dbfa-41b3-9878-fac35923d2af.
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    Title XI defines a ``federally related transaction'' as a real 
estate-related financial transaction that is regulated or engaged in by 
a federal financial institutions regulatory agency and requires the 
services of an appraiser.\34\ A real estate-related financial 
transaction is defined as any transaction that involves: (i) The sale, 
lease, purchase, investment in or exchange of real property, including 
interests in property, or financing thereof; (ii) the refinancing of 
real property or interests in real property; and (iii) the use of real 
property or interests in real property as security for a loan or 
investment, including mortgage-backed securities.\35\
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    \34\ 12 U.S.C. 3350(4) (defining ``federally related 
transaction'').
    \35\ 12 U.S.C. 3350(5).
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    The NCUA has authority to determine those real estate-related 
financial transactions that do not require the services of a state-
certified or state-licensed appraiser and are therefore exempt from the 
appraisal requirements of Title XI. These real estate-related financial 
transactions are not federally related transactions under the statutory 
or regulatory definitions because they are not required to have Title 
XI appraisals.\36\
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    \36\ See 59 FR 29482 (June 7, 1994).
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    The NCUA has exercised this authority by exempting several 
categories of real estate-related financial transactions from the Title 
XI appraisal requirements.\37\ The NCUA has determined that these 
categories of transactions do not require appraisals by state-certified 
or state-licensed

[[Page 49860]]

appraisers in order to protect federal financial and public policy 
interests or to satisfy principles of safety and soundness.
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    \37\ See 12 CFR 722.3(a).
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    In 1992, Congress amended Title XI, expressly authorizing the NCUA 
to establish a threshold level below which an appraisal by a state-
certified or state-licensed appraiser is not required in connection 
with federally related transactions. The NCUA may establish a threshold 
level that the NCUA determines, in writing, does not represent a threat 
to the safety and soundness of federally insured credit unions.\38\
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    \38\ 12 U.S.C. 3341(b). See also, Housing and Community 
Development Act of 1992, Public Law 102-550, section 954, 106 Stat. 
3894 (amending 12 U.S.C. 3341).
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    In the Dodd-Frank Act, Congress amended the threshold provision to 
require concurrence ``from the BCFP that such threshold level provides 
reasonable protection for consumers who purchase 1-4 unit single-family 
residences.'' \39\ As noted above, transactions below the threshold 
level are exempt from the Title XI appraisal requirements and thus are 
not federally related transactions.
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    \39\ Dodd-Frank Act, sec. 1473, 124 Stat. 2190 (amending 12 
U.S.C. 3341(b)).
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III. Section-by-Section Analysis

    The Board is now proposing to amend part 722-Appraisals of the NCUA 
regulations to more clearly indicate for the reader when a written 
estimate of market value, an appraisal conducted by a state-licensed 
appraiser, or an appraisal conducted by a state-certified appraiser is 
required for a real estate-related financial transaction; incorporate 
the relevant changes in the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and 
Consumer Protection Act; and, provide relief for appraisal requirements 
for non-residential real estate-related financial transactions.\40\ In 
particular, the proposal would establish a new threshold--$1,000,000 or 
more--for non-residential real estate-related financial transactions. 
The proposed new threshold for non-residential real estate-related 
financial transactions represents a significant increase from the 
current level of $250,000.
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    \40\ See 83 FR 15019 (Apr. 9, 2018); see also OCC: 12 CFR 
34.43(a)(5) and (a)(13); Fed: 12 CFR 225.63(a)(5) and (a)(14); and 
FDIC: 12 CFR 323.3(a)(5) and (a)(13).
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    Additionally, the NCUA is proposing to add or remove various 
definitions in support of the proposed changes and to improve clarity. 
Further, the NCUA proposes to substantially reorganize Sec.  722.3 of 
the appraisal regulation to clarify and update requirements and make it 
easier for credit unions to determine when an appraisal or written 
estimate of market value is required. The NCUA will consult with the 
BCFP regarding this proposal in developing a final rule.

Section 722.2 Definitions

    The NCUA Board is proposing various changes to the terms and 
definitions applicable to part 722. The proposal would also make 
technical non-substantive amendments to the section, including removing 
the individual numbering of the definitions within the section to make 
edits of part 722 easier in the future. The definitions in the section 
would continue to be listed in alphabetic order. The following 
definitions would be added, removed, or amended under this proposed 
rule:
Complex
    The proposal would amend current Sec.  722.2(d) to remove the 
current definition for complex 1- to 4-family residential property 
appraisal and replace it with the shorter term complex. The proposed 
definition for complex real estate-related financial transaction is 
similar to the current definition for complex 1- to 4-family 
residential property appraisal, but would allow the term complex to be 
used more broadly in conjunction with other amendments being made in 
proposed Sec.  722.3, which are discussed in more detail below. 
Accordingly, proposed Sec.  722.2 provides that complex, when used in 
regard to a real estate-related financial transaction, means a 
transaction in which the property to be appraised, the form of 
ownership, or market conditions are atypical. The proposed definition 
would also state that a regulated institution may presume that 
appraisals of 1- to 4-family residential properties are not complex 
unless the institution has readily available information that a given 
appraisal will be complex. This presumption is in the current rule and 
its addition to the definition of complex is not a substantive change 
in policy. The presumption would be moved from Sec.  722.3(b)(3) as 
part of the overall restructuring of Sec.  722.3.
Federal Financial Institutions Regulatory Agency
    Proposed Sec.  722.2 would add a definition for federal financial 
institutions regulatory agency in response to changes to Title XI under 
the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection 
Act.\41\ Consistent with the definition provided under Title XI, the 
proposal would define federal financial institutions regulatory agency 
as the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System; the Federal 
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC); the Office of the Comptroller of 
the Currency, Treasury (OCC); the NCUA, and, formerly, the Office of 
Thrift Supervision.\42\
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    \41\ Public Law 115-174.
    \42\ 12 U.S.C. 3350(6).
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Real Estate or Real Property
    The proposal would amend current Sec.  722.2(g) by adding 
parentheses around the words ``or real property'' to help clarify for 
the reader that the terms real estate and real property can be used 
interchangeably and have the same meaning for purposes of part 722. No 
substantive change is intended by this technical amendment. 
Accordingly, proposed Sec.  722.2 provides that real estate (or real 
property) means an identified parcel or tract of land, including 
easements, rights of way, undivided or future interests and similar 
rights in a parcel or tract of land, but does not include mineral 
rights, timber rights, and growing crops, water rights and similar 
interests severable from the land when the transaction does not involve 
the associated parcel or tract of land. For consistency, the proposal 
uses the term real estate in place of the term real property.
Real Estate-Related Financial Transaction
    Proposed Sec.  722.2 would make minor, non-substantive technical 
amendments to the current Sec.  722.2(h) and the definition of real 
estate-related financial transaction. In particular, the proposal would 
replace the words ``real property'' with the words ``real estate'' each 
place they occur within the definition for consistency. As discussed 
above, under the both the current rule and this proposal the terms 
``real property'' and ``real estate'' have the same meaning and can be 
used interchangeably. Accordingly, proposed Sec.  722.2 provides that 
real estate-related financial transaction means any transaction 
involving: The sale, lease, purchase, investment in or exchange of real 
estate, including interests in property, or the financing thereof; or 
the refinancing of real estate or interests in real estate; or the use 
of real estate or interests in property as security for a loan or 
investment, including mortgage-backed securities.
Residential Real Estate Transaction
    The proposal would add a definition for the term residential real 
estate transaction to identify for the reader

[[Page 49861]]

which federally related transactions would still be subject to the 
$250,000 appraisal threshold, which is discussed in more detail below. 
Proposed Sec.  722.2 provides that a residential real estate 
transaction means a real estate-related financial transaction that is 
secured by a single 1- to 4-family residential property.\43\ Under the 
other banking agencies' 2018 final rule, a loan that is secured by a 
single 1-to-4 family residential property, including a loan for 
construction, remains subject to the $250,000 threshold.\44\ 
Accordingly, the NCUA is proposing to take the same approach in its 
appraisal regulation by including any loan for construction of a one, 
two, three, or four individual dwelling units, including manufactured 
homes permanently affixed to the underlying land as a single 1- to 4-
family residential property.
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    \43\ A 1-to-4 family residential property is a property 
containing one, two, three, or four individual dwelling units, 
including manufactured homes permanently affixed to the underlying 
land (when deemed to be real property under state law).
    \44\ Residential construction loans secured by more than one 1-
to-4 family residential property would be considered commercial real 
estate transactions subject to the higher threshold. 83 FR 15019 
(April 9, 2018).
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Staff Appraiser
    For clarity, this proposal would add a new definition for staff 
appraiser, which is a term currently used in Sec.  722.5 of the 
regulation. Proposed Sec.  722.2 provides that staff appraiser means a 
state-certified or state-licensed appraiser that is an employee of the 
credit union.
Transaction Value
    Proposed Sec.  722.2 would make minor, non-substantive technical 
amendments to the current Sec.  722.2(l) and the definition of 
transaction value. In particular, the proposal would replace the words 
``real property'' with the words ``real estate'' each place they occur 
within the definition for consistency. As discussed above, under both 
the current rule and this proposal the terms ``real property'' and 
``real estate'' have the same meaning and can be used interchangeably. 
Accordingly, proposed Sec.  722.2 provides that transaction value 
means, for loans or other extensions of credit, the amount of the loan 
or extension of credit; for sales, leases, purchases, and investments 
in or exchanges of real estate, the market value of the real estate 
interest involved; and for the pooling of loans or interests in real 
estate for resale or purchase, the amount of the loan or market value 
of the real estate calculated with respect to each such loan or 
interest in real estate.

Section 722.3 Appraisals and Written Estimates of Market Value 
Requirements for Real Estate-Related Financial Transactions

    The NCUA proposes to amend current Sec.  722.3 to increase the 
threshold level at or below which appraisals would not be required for 
certain non-residential real estate transactions, incorporate relevant 
changes under the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer 
Protection Act, and reorganize the section to make it easier for credit 
unions to determine when an appraisal or written estimate of market 
value is required. Current Sec.  722.3 provides the general requirement 
that all real estate-related financial transactions must have a state-
certified or state-licensed appraisal unless the transaction qualifies 
for a listed exception. Under the current structure of the section, the 
NCUA believes that it is difficult for a reader to quickly determine 
whether a written estimate of market value is required, or whether an 
appraisal performed by a state-licensed or state-certified appraiser is 
required for certain real estate-related financial transactions. 
Accordingly, this proposal would reorder current Sec.  722.3 to help 
the reader more readily determine: (a) Whether the real estate-related 
financial transaction does not require an appraisal or written estimate 
of market value under part 722; (b) when an appraisal required under 
part 722 must be prepared by a state-certified appraiser; (c) when an 
appraisal required under part 722 may be prepared by either a state-
certified or state-licensed appraiser; and (d) when only a written 
estimate of market value is required.
3(a) Real Estate-Related Financial Transactions Not Requiring an 
Appraisal or Written Estimate of Value Under This Part
    The NCUA is proposing to reorganize current Sec.  722.3(a) to make 
it clearer upfront when no appraisal or written estimate of market 
value is required under part 722 for a real estate-related financial 
transaction. The proposal would also include language from current 
Sec.  722.3(f), which merely serves as a cross reference to remind the 
reader that there are also Truth in Lending Act appraisal requirements 
under 12 CFR 1026.35 that apply to certain real estate-related 
financial transactions. Accordingly, proposed new Sec.  722.3(a) 
states: provided the transaction is not a ``higher-priced mortgage 
loan'' under 12 CFR 1026.35, which must meet separate appraisal 
requirements under section 129H of the Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. 
1639h, an appraisal or written estimate of market value is not required 
for certain real estate-related financial transaction, which are 
described in more detail below.
3(a)(1)-(6)
    Proposed new Sec.  722.3(a)(1)-(6) would incorporate and update the 
list of exempt transactions under current Sec.  722.3(a)(1)-(9). As 
discussed in more detail below, proposed Sec.  722.3(a)(1)-(6) would 
retain many of the transactions listed under current paragraph (a). 
But, because proposed paragraph (a) lists transactions that do not 
require an appraisal or written estimate of value, and current 
paragraph (a) includes transactions that require a written estimate of 
market value, the proposal would move certain provisions in current 
Sec.  722.3(a) to proposed Sec.  722.3(d). Accordingly, proposed Sec.  
722.3(a)(1)-(6) provides that an appraisal or written estimate of 
market value is not required for a real estate-related financial 
transaction under the following circumstances:
    (a)(1). The transaction involves an existing extension of credit 
and is not considered a new loan under Generally Accepted Accounting 
Principles. The proposed (a)(1) would replace the current Sec.  
722.3(a)(5). The current paragraph (a)(5) exempts an existing extension 
of credit provided there was no advancement of new monies, other than 
funds necessary to cover reasonable closing costs; or there has been no 
obvious and material change in market conditions or physical aspects of 
the property that threatens the adequacy of the credit union's real 
estate collateral protection after the transaction, even with the 
advancement of new monies. The revised paragraph (a)(1) would provide, 
instead, that an existing extension of credit would not require an 
appraisal or written estimate of market value if the transaction is not 
considered a new loan under Generally Accepted Accounting 
Principles.\45\ The

[[Page 49862]]

current Sec.  722.3(a)(5) conditions can involve significant 
subjectivity, may be difficult to apply in practice, and do not 
necessarily align with financial reporting standards. While this 
proposed change varies somewhat from the respective provision in the 
other banking agencies' rules, linking this exemption to Generally 
Accepted Accounting Principles should increase consistency and better 
achieve the objectives of this regulation. Further, the NCUA does not 
believe a written estimate of market value needs to be required for all 
modifications, workouts, or troubled debt restructurings of existing 
loans. Credit unions should use sound judgement in determining when a 
written estimate of market value, or an appraisal, is warranted to 
support a loan workout. The Board does not believe that linking this 
exemption to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles will result in 
any substantial change from current practice. However, the Board 
recognizes that there may be rare circumstances that would result in an 
appraisal being required under this proposed rule that would not be 
required under the current rule due to linking the exemption to 
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Therefore, the Board is 
specifically seeking comment on this proposed change, and whether the 
current language in the regulation should be maintained.
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    \45\ ASC 320-20-20: Lending, committing to lend, refinancing or 
restructuring loans, arranging standby letters of credit, 
syndicating loans, and leasing activities are lending activities. A 
loan is a contractual right to receive money on demand or on fixed 
or determinable dates that is recognized as an asset in the 
creditor's statement of financial position. Examples include but are 
not limited to accounts receivable (with terms exceeding one year) 
and notes receivable. This definition encompasses loans accounted 
for as debt securities. ASC 310-20-35-9: If the terms of the new 
loan resulting from a loan refinancing or restructuring other than a 
troubled debt restructuring are at least as favorable to the lender 
as the terms for comparable loans to other customers with similar 
collection risks who are not refinancing or restructuring a loan 
with the lender, the refinanced loan shall be accounted for as a new 
loan. This condition would be met if the new loan's effective yield 
is at least equal to the effective yield for such loans and 
modifications of the original debt instrument are more than minor. 
Any unamortized net fees or costs and any prepayment penalties from 
the original loan shall be recognized in interest income when the 
new loan is granted. The effective yield comparison considers the 
level of nominal interest rate, commitment and origination fees, and 
direct loan origination costs and would also consider comparison of 
other factors where appropriate, such as compensating balance 
arrangements.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The exemption provided under current paragraph (a)(1), for real 
estate-related financial transactions with a transaction value of 
$250,000 or less, would be amended and moved to proposed Sec.  
722.3(b), (c), and (d) to reflect whether an appraisal or written 
estimates of market value is required based on the transactions value. 
Specific aspects of those changes are discussed in more detail below.
    (a)(2). A lien on real estate has been taken as collateral through 
an abundance of caution and where the terms of the transaction as a 
consequence have not been made more favorable than they would have been 
in the absence of a lien. The proposal retains current Sec.  
722.3(a)(2) as proposed Sec.  722.3(a)(2). The Board is not proposing 
any substantive changes to this provision.
    (a)(3). A lien on real estate has been taken for purposes other 
than the real estate's value. The proposal retains current Sec.  
722.3(a)(3) as proposed Sec.  722.3(a)(3). The Board is not proposing 
any substantive changes to this provision.
    (a)(4). A lease of real estate is entered into, unless the lease is 
the economic equivalent of a purchase or sale of the leased real 
estate. The proposal retains current Sec.  722.3(a)(4) as proposed 
Sec.  722.3(a)(4). The Board is not proposing any substantive changes 
to this provision.
    (a)(5). The transaction involves the purchase, sale, investment in, 
exchange of, or extension of credit secured by, a loan or interest in a 
loan, pooled loans, or interests in real estate, including mortgage-
backed securities, and each loan or interest in a loan, pooled loan, or 
real estate interest met the requirements of this regulation, if 
applicable, at the time of origination. The proposal would move current 
Sec.  722.3(a)(6) to proposed Sec.  722.3(a)(5). The Board is not 
proposing any substantive changes to this provision.
    (a)(6). The transaction either qualifies for sale to a United 
States government agency or United States government sponsored agency, 
or involves a residential real estate transaction in which the 
appraisal conforms to the Federal National Mortgage Association or 
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation appraisal standards applicable 
to that category of real estate. The proposal moves current Sec.  
722.3(a)(8) to proposed Sec.  722.3(a)(6). The Board is not proposing 
any substantive changes to this provision.
    The proposed rule would remove the current Sec.  722.3(a)(7). The 
proposal changes the appraisal and written estimate of market value 
requirements for real estate-related financial transactions that are 
fully or partially guaranteed by a U.S. government agency \46\ or U.S. 
government sponsored agency.\47\ Under the current rule, any real 
estate-related financial transaction that is insured or guaranteed by a 
U.S. government agency or U.S. government-sponsored agency (regardless 
of whether the insurance or guarantee is for the full transaction value 
or only a part of the transaction value) are exempt from appraisal and 
written estimate of market value requirements. In contrast, under the 
proposed rule, there is no categorical exemption for such transactions. 
Instead, a real estate-related financial transaction that is insured or 
guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or U.S. government sponsored 
agency is only exempt from appraisal and written estimate of market 
value requirements if the transaction value is less than $1 million and 
the transaction is fully insured or guaranteed.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ United States government agency means an instrumentality of 
the U.S. government whose obligations are fully and explicitly 
guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest by the 
full faith and credit of the U.S. government. U.S. government agency 
includes NCUA.
    \47\ United States government sponsored agency means an entity 
established or chartered by the U.S. government to serve public 
purposes specified by the U.S. Congress, but whose debt obligations 
are not explicitly guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the 
U.S. government.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    When the other banking agencies (and subsequently the NCUA) adopted 
current Sec.  722.3(a)(7) in 1994, it was based on the presumption that 
any U.S. government agency's or sponsored agency's insurance or 
guarantee program would have a prudent appraisal requirement.\48\ The 
NCUA continues to believe this to be the case. The Board, however, 
notes it is possible that new insurance and guarantee programs could be 
developed, or existing ones modified, where any partial insurance or 
guarantee provided is small enough that the insurer/guarantor does not 
require an appraisal, and the uninsured or unguaranteed portion of the 
transaction could still be significant to the federally insured credit 
union or the borrower.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \48\ June 1994 final rule (59 FR 29482 June 7, 1994). Federal 
agencies insuring or guaranteeing loans are generally required to 
conduct real estate appraisal programs in a manner to reduce default 
risk to the federal government.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed approach would better align the appraisal and written 
estimate of market value requirements to the potential risk to the 
federally insured credit union, and preserve the consumer protection 
benefits appraisals provide. While this proposed change varies somewhat 
from the respective provisions in the other banking agencies' rules, in 
practice the Board does not expect this change to result in a material 
difference in appraisal requirements or burden, given U.S. government 
guaranty and insurance programs currently require appraisals, with 
limited exceptions. However, the Board is specifically seeking comment 
on this proposed change, and whether the current approach in the 
regulation should be maintained. In particular, the Board requests 
commenters note if and how a credit union's current use of a U.S. 
government agency's or sponsored agency's insurance or guarantee 
program(s) would be affected by this change.

[[Page 49863]]

    Additional discussion on the requirements for other transactions 
with government insurance or guarantees are in proposed Sec.  722.3(b), 
(c), and (d) and are discussed below in subsequent sections.
    As discussed, appraisal requirements for transactions that are 
partially or fully guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or a 
sponsored agency have been revised to no longer be categorical 
exemptions from the appraisal and written evaluation requirements of 
part 722. Instead, such transactions would be subject to the statutory 
threshold of $1 million or more. Either the credit union or the United 
States government agency, or sponsored agency, would need to obtain an 
appraisal by a state-certified appraiser.\49\ The Board believes that 
such transactions are currently required to have appraisals under the 
rules of the United States government agency, or sponsored agency, 
insuring or guaranteeing the transaction. Therefore, the Board 
considers this change to be clarifying and only a reflection of current 
industry practice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ The Board notes that if the insurer/guarantor obtains the 
appraisal to support the transaction, the credit union need not 
obtain one as well.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed rule would remove the current Sec.  722.3(a)(9). The 
Board is proposing to eliminate the option for a Regional Director to 
grant a waiver from the appraisal requirement for a category of loans 
meeting the definition of a member business loan. The provision was 
removed due to the proposal's increase for the non-residential real 
estate-related financial transaction appraisal threshold to the 
requirement of $1 million or more.
3(b) Real Rstate-Related Financial Transactions Requiring an Appraisal 
by a State-Certified Appraiser
    Proposed Sec.  722.3(b) identifies the real estate-related 
financial transactions for which an appraisal performed by a state-
certified appraiser is required. The proposal states that an appraisal 
performed by a state-certified appraiser is required for any real 
estate-related financial transaction not exempt under paragraph (a) in 
which:
3(b)(1)
    Proposed Sec.  722.3(b)(1) requires an appraisal performed by a 
state-certified appraiser for transactions that are not exempt under 
paragraph (a) and the transaction value is $1 million or more. This 
would increase the threshold at which non-residential real estate-
related financial transactions are exempt from appraisal requirements 
from $250,000 to $1 million. The Board notes this is the only provision 
in the proposal that necessitates an appraisal for non-residential 
transactions not otherwise exempt,\50\ as the current Sec.  722.3(b)(2) 
is removed as part of the overall reorganization of Sec.  722.3. This 
proposed increase in the threshold for non-residential real estate-
related financial transactions would reduce regulatory burden by 
providing credit unions greater flexibility in commercial lending. For 
commercial real estate-related financial transactions with transaction 
values below $1 million, credit unions would be able to use their 
judgment, consistent with safe and sound lending practices, to 
determine whether to use an appraisal or a written estimate of market 
value. This proposed approach aligns with the other banking agencies' 
appraisal requirements for QBLs with a transaction value of $1 million 
or less.\51\ The proposed approach provides more flexibility, however, 
than the commercial real estate appraisal threshold for non-QBLs, which 
the other banking agencies established at $500,000 in their 2018 final 
rule.
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    \50\ Unless so required to address safety and soundness concerns 
under current and proposed Sec.  722.3(e).
    \51\ See 59 FR 29482 (June 7, 1994); see also OCC: 12 CFR 
34.43(a)(1) and (5); Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 
System: 12 CFR 225.63(a)(1) and (5); and FDIC: 12 CFR 323.3(a)(1) 
and (5).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In considering whether to propose an increased threshold for 
commercial real estate transactions that would require an appraisal by 
a state-certified appraiser, the NCUA considered the comments received 
through the EGRPRA process. The NCUA has also carefully considered the 
other banking agencies' 2017 proposed rule \52\ and 2018 final rule 
\53\ regarding real estate appraisals. The Board carefully considered 
whether changes to the threshold for requiring an appraisal by a state-
certified appraiser would be appropriate to reduce regulatory burden, 
while consistent with public policy interests and safety and soundness.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ 82 FR 35478 (July 31, 2017).
    \53\ 83 FR 15019 (Apr. 9, 2018).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The NCUA last modified the threshold for exempt transactions in 
2001 and used the same threshold for both residential and commercial 
real estate.\54\ Given increases in commercial property values since 
that time, the current threshold requires credit unions to obtain Title 
XI appraisals on a larger proportion of commercial real estate 
transactions than in 2001. This increase in the number of appraisals 
required likely has contributed to the increased burden in time and 
cost described by the EGRPRA commenters.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \54\ 66 FR 58656 (Nov. 23, 2001).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on supervisory experience and available data, the other risk 
mitigations incorporated into the proposal, and other regulatory 
requirements and supervisory expectations, the proposed increase to the 
threshold for requiring an appraisal by a state-certified appraiser for 
commercial real estate transactions would not pose a material threat to 
the safety and soundness of credit unions or create undue risk to the 
National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF). A more detailed 
analysis supporting this conclusion is provided below in the Section 
Analysis of Higher Commercial Appraisal Threshold.

(b)(2)

    Proposed Sec.  722.3(b)(2) also requires an appraisal performed by 
a state-certified appraiser for a transaction that is not exempt where 
the transaction is complex, involves a residential real estate 
transaction, $250,000 or more of the transaction value is not insured 
or guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or U.S. government sponsored 
agency,\55\ and the transaction does not qualify for the rural area 
exemption in paragraph (f). This requirement is similar to the 
requirement in current Sec.  722.3(b)(3) that complex residential 
transactions of $250,000 or more have appraisals performed by a state 
certified appraiser. The substantive difference between current Sec.  
722.3(b)(3) and the proposed Sec.  722.3(b)(2) is regarding 
transactions that are partially insured or guaranteed by a U.S. 
government agency or U.S. government sponsored agency. Specifically, a 
complex residential real estate transaction that is partially insured 
or guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or U.S. government sponsored 
agency, but has $250,000 or more of the transaction value not insured 
or guaranteed, would be required to have a state-certified appraisal 
under the proposed rule.\56\ Such a transaction is exempt from 
appraisal requirements under the current rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \55\ The proposal aligns all the dollar thresholds used as 
either the dollar amount ``or more'' (greater than or equal to), or 
``less than'' the dollar amount. This was done to ensure consistency 
within the regulation and with the relevant statutory requirements.
    \56\ As noted above, if the insurer or guarantor obtained an 
appraisal by a state-certified appraiser, the credit union could use 
that to satisfy this requirement.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The NCUA seeks comments on whether there are other factors that 
should be considered in evaluating the threshold for complex, 
residential real estate-related transactions and whether

[[Page 49864]]

the threshold should be raised, consistent with consumer protection, 
safety and soundness, and reduction of unnecessary regulatory burden.



Sec.  722.3(c)  Real Estate-Related Financial Transactions Requiring an 
Appraisal by Either a State-Certified or State-Licensed Appraiser

    Proposed Sec.  722.3(c) reflects the provisions in current Sec.  
722.3(c) for when an appraisal performed by either a state-certified or 
state-licensed appraiser is required. Proposed Sec.  722.3(c) includes 
terminology updates and clarifications and incorporates the proposed 
new approach to appraisal thresholds discussed above.

3(c)(1)

    Proposed Sec.  722.3(c)(1) would require an appraisal performed by 
a state-certified or state-licensed appraiser for a transaction that is 
not exempt where the transaction is not complex, involves a residential 
real estate transaction, $250,000 or more of the transaction value is 
not insured or guaranteed by a U.S. government agency or U.S. 
government sponsored agency, and the transaction does not qualify for 
the rural area exemption in paragraph (f). This requirement would be 
consistent with the current rule that non-complex residential 
transactions of $250,000 or more require an appraisal from either a 
state-certified or state-licensed appraisal. The one substantive 
difference, which is discussed above, is the addition of certain 
transactions that are partially insured or guaranteed by a U.S. 
government agency or U.S. government sponsored agency. For clarity, 
this requirement would be explicit under the current rule, instead of 
implicitly including this requirement through the current Sec.  
722.3(c). The Board believes the proposal more clearly indicates when 
an appraisal conducted by a state-licensed appraiser or a state-
certified appraiser is acceptable.
    The NCUA seeks comments on whether there are other factors that 
should be considered in evaluating the threshold for non-complex 
residential real estate transactions and whether the threshold should 
be raised, consistent with consumer protection, safety and soundness, 
and reduction of unnecessary regulatory burden.

3(c)(2)

    Proposed Sec.  722.3(c)(2) reflects the provisions in current Sec.  
722.3(b)(3) for situations where, during the course of an appraisal 
performed by a state-licensed appraiser, the transaction is determined 
to be complex. The language of this provision was simplified so as to 
be clearly based on the regulation's definition of complex. While the 
credit union is responsible for properly applying the complex 
transaction definition, the NCUA maintains interpretive authority with 
respect to the regulatory definition.



Sec.  722.3(d)  Real Estate-Related Financial Transactions Requiring a 
Written Estimate of Market Value

    Proposed Sec.  722.3(d) reflects the provisions in current Sec.  
722.3(d) for when a written estimate of market value is required. Under 
proposed Sec.  722.3(d), a written estimate of market value is required 
for a transaction that is (i) not fully insured or guaranteed by a U.S. 
government agency or U.S. government sponsored agency, (ii) not exempt 
under paragraph (a), and (iii) an appraisal performed by a state-
certified or state-licensed appraiser has not been obtained.
    For non-residential real estate transactions with a transaction 
value below $250,000, the requirement would be the largely the same. 
For non-residential real estate transactions with a transaction value 
of $250,000 or more, but less than $1 million, credit unions would no 
longer be required to obtain an appraisal by a state-certified 
appraiser. Therefore, these transactions, if not fully insured or 
guaranteed or otherwise exempted, would need to be supported by a 
written estimate of market value.
    A written estimate of market value would also be required for 
certain transactions that are partially insured or guaranteed by a U.S. 
government agency or U.S. government sponsored agency. The Board does 
not believe, as discussed above, this proposed requirement would 
represent a substantial burden on credit unions. The Board, however, is 
seeking comment on whether the NCUA should establish a de minimis 
threshold for transactions. For example, if the uninsured or 
unguaranteed dollar amount is below a de minimis threshold amount, such 
as $50,000, should the transaction be exempt from written estimate of 
market value requirements.
    The current requirements in Sec.  722.3(d) that the individual 
performing the written estimate of market value have no direct or 
indirect interest in the property, and be properly qualified and 
experienced,\57\ are incorporated into proposed Sec.  722.3(d). Under 
proposed Sec.  722.3(d), the independence standards for the individual 
performing the written estimate of market value have been amended to 
codify certain independence provisions in the Interagency Appraisal and 
Evaluations Guidelines (Guidelines). Specifically, the proposed rule 
incorporates the existing Guidelines that the individual performing a 
written estimate of market value be independent of the loan production 
and collection process. The Board believes that an enhanced 
independence requirement is an important prudential safeguard, as the 
proposed rule would permit non-residential real estate transactions 
that are less than $1 million to have a written estimate of market 
value instead of a state-certified or state-licensed appraisal. The 
proposed rule further would clarify that if independence cannot be 
achieved, the credit union must be able to demonstrate clearly that it 
has prudent safeguards to isolate its collateral valuation program from 
influence or interference from the loan production process.\58\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \57\ Also see Interagency Appraisal and Evaluations Guidelines 
at 75 FR 77458.
    \58\ Guidelines at 75 FR 77457-58. See also Valuation 
Independence rules in Regulation Z, which apply to all creditors and 
cover extensions of consumer credit that are or will be secured by a 
consumer's principal dwelling: Fed: 12 CFR 226.42; CFPB: 12 CFR 
1026.42.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Board notes a written estimate of market value needs to provide 
appropriate information to enable the institution to make a prudent 
decision regarding the transaction. Through the Guidelines, the NCUA 
has provided guidance to credit unions on the agency's safety and 
soundness expectations regarding when and how written estimates 
(evaluations) of market value should be used.\59\ The Guidelines 
indicate that credit unions should develop policies and procedures for 
conducting written estimates. The policies and procedures should 
specify situations when the credit union will still obtain an appraisal 
by a state-licensed or state-certified appraiser.\60\ Written estimates 
of market value may be completed by a credit union employee or by a 
third party.\61\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ Interagency Appraisal and Evaluations Guidelines, 75 FR 
77450 (Dec. 10, 2010).
    \60\ Guidelines at 75 FR 77461.
    \61\ See Interagency Advisory on Use of Evaluations in Real 
Estate-Related Financial Transactions, OCC Bulletin 2016-8 (March 4, 
2016); Fed SR Letter 16-05 (March 4, 2016); Supervisory Expectations 
for Evaluations, FDIC FIL-16-2016 (March 4, 2016).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In evaluating this proposal, the NCUA considered the impact to 
credit unions and borrowers. Based on information from banking agency 
data, the cost of third-party evaluations of commercial

[[Page 49865]]

real estate generally ranges from $500 to over $1,500, whereas the cost 
of appraisals of such properties generally ranges from $1,000 to over 
$3,000. Non-residential real estate transactions with values above 
$250,000, but below $1 million (applicable transaction value range), 
are likely to involve smaller and less complex properties, and 
appraisals and evaluations on such properties would likely be at the 
lower end of the cost range. This third-party pricing information 
suggests a savings of several hundred dollars per transaction. The NCUA 
also notes there is a greater pool of individuals qualified to conduct 
written estimates of market value than state-certified appraisers, 
particularly in rural areas, thereby reducing the associated time and 
costs.


Sec.  722.3(f)  Exemption From Appraisals of Real Property Located in 
Rural Areas

    Proposed Sec.  722.3(f) incorporates a new exemption that was 
included in the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer 
Protection Act, Public Law 115-174, signed on May 24, 2018. Under this 
provision, transactions involving real estate or an interest in real 
estate located in a rural area, as described in 12 CFR 
1026.35(b)(2)(iv)(A) are exempt from appraisal requirements if certain 
conditions are met. The exemption provided in the Act is self-
implementing so credit unions may avail themselves of the statute's 
exemption immediately, provided the transaction meets all of the 
requirements under section 103. However, the Board proposes to 
incorporate the exemption explicitly into part 722 of the regulations 
for easier reference and does not intent to make any substantive 
changes to the statutory requirement.
    The Board notes that if a transaction does not require an appraisal 
under proposed Sec.  722.3(f), a written estimate of market value may 
still be required under Sec.  722.3(d).
Analysis of Higher Commercial Appraisal Threshold
    Title XI, expressly authorizes the agencies to establish a 
threshold level at or below which an appraisal by a state certified or 
state licensed appraiser is not required in connection with federally 
related transactions if the agencies determine in writing that the 
threshold does not represent a threat to the safety and soundness of 
financial institutions.\62\ The Board does not believe that increasing 
the threshold that non-residential real estate transactions are exempt 
from Title XI appraisals represents a threat to the safety and 
soundness of credit unions as there are several factors that inherently 
mitigate the risk from commercial loans in the credit union system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ 12 U.S.C. 3341.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the Federal Credit Union Act, most credit unions are 
restricted to holding no more than 1.75 times the credit union's total 
net worth for member business loans.\63\ The statutory ceiling of 1.75 
times net worth limits risk for credit unions granting all forms of 
commercial loans, of which non-residential real estate transactions are 
a subset. Therefore, increasing the threshold to $1 million would not 
pose the same safety and soundness risk to credit unions as it would to 
similarly situated banking organizations, which do not have the same 
commercial lending restrictions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \63\ Some credit unions are subject to one of several exemptions 
under the Federal Credit Union Act. See 12 U.S.C. 1757a(b).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Currently, commercial loans represent only 5.7 percent of the total 
assets of credit unions granting commercial loans, and less than 53 
percent of total net worth of those credit unions. Comparatively, 
commercial loans in the banking industry represent 25 percent of total 
assets and 267 percent of tier one capital.\64\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \64\ For non-residential real estate transactions, the NCUA does 
not propose to differentiate between QBL and non-QBL commercial 
transactions like the other banking agencies. Based on credit union 
Call Report data, the NCUA estimates that $17 billion of the $57 
billion of commercial real estate loans in the credit union system 
would meet the definition of a QBL and be subject to a $1 million 
appraisal threshold under the rules for banks. Setting the threshold 
at $1 million provides relief for credit unions and a simplified 
standard.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Under the proposed rule, the increased threshold would not 
substantially reduce the total dollar amount of commercial real estate 
transactions that would be subject to appraisal requirements. The NCUA 
used the CoStar Comps database \65\ to estimate the dollar volume and 
number of commercial real estate transactions that would potentially be 
exempted from obtaining an appraisal performed by a state-certified 
appraiser due to the proposed increase in the threshold. The CoStar 
Comps database provides sales value data on specific commercial real 
estate transactions. While there are some limitations regarding use of 
the CoStar Comps database, as detailed below, the database contains 
information on sales values for individual transactions. Thus, it can 
be used to estimate the number and percentage of transactions that 
would become exempt under the proposed threshold change (i.e., those 
commercial real estate transactions with transaction values of $250,000 
or more, but less than $1 million).\66\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \65\ The CoStar Comps database is comprised of sales data 
involving commercial real estate properties. The agencies have 
limited their analysis to arms-length completed sales, where the 
price is provided. The agencies have also limited the sample to 
properties that were financed. Owner-occupied properties and sales 
of coops and condominiums were excluded. The sample was also limited 
to existing buildings. Land includes only raw land defined as land 
held for development or held for investment.
    \66\ This same analysis could not be performed using Call Report 
data because transactions reported for purposes of the Call Report 
are either reported in groupings of large value ranges or not 
reported by size at all.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The CoStar Comps database contains data for transactions involving 
nonresidential commercial mortgages, multifamily, and land, and is 
derived from sales data and reflects the total transaction amount, as 
opposed to the loan amount. For purposes of this analysis, the NCUA 
included only financed transactions and assumed a loan-to-value ratio 
of 85 percent for nonresidential and multifamily commercial mortgages 
and a loan-to-value ratio of 65 percent for raw land transactions \67\ 
to arrive at an estimated loan amount, which would be equivalent to the 
``transaction value'' under the appraisal regulation. While the CoStar 
Comps database has some limitations for the purposes of evaluating the 
proposed increase,\68\ it provides information that can be used to 
estimate the dollar volume and number of commercial real estate 
transactions that would potentially be exempted by the proposed 
threshold increase.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \67\ The Interagency Guidelines for Real Estate Lending provides 
that institutions' loan-to-value limits should not exceed 85 percent 
for loans secured by improved property and 65 percent for loans 
secured by raw land. See OCC: 12 CFR part 34, subpart D, appendix A; 
Fed: 12 CFR part 208, appendix C; FDIC: 12 CFR part 365, subpart A, 
appendix A.
    \68\ For example, the database tends to underrepresent sales of 
smaller properties and transactions in rural markets, and includes 
transactions that are not financed by depository institutions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    An analysis of the CoStar Comps database suggests that increasing 
the threshold to $1 million would significantly increase the number of 
commercial real estate transactions exempted from appraisal 
requirements. The estimated percentage of commercial properties that 
would be exempted from the appraisal requirement would increase from 27 
percent to 66 percent if the threshold were raised from $250,000 to $1 
million. However, the total dollar amount of commercial real estate 
transactions that would be exempted is relatively small and would not 
expose credit unions to undue risk. The total dollar volume of loans 
for

[[Page 49866]]

commercial properties would only increase from 1.8 percent to 13 
percent. Exempting an additional 39 percent of commercial real estate 
transactions would provide significant burden relief to credit unions, 
but would still cover almost 90 percent of the total dollar volume of 
such transactions. This incremental risk can be controlled through 
sound risk management practices. In particular, the Board notes that 
written estimates of market value would be required for such 
transactions not requiring an appraisal.
    The NCUA's analysis of data reported on the Call Report suggests 
that the threshold for requiring an appraisal conducted by a state-
certified appraiser for commercial real estate transactions could be 
raised and be comparable to the risk that these transactions posed when 
the current threshold was imposed on commercial real estate 
transactions in 2002. According to Bank Call Report data, when the 
threshold for real estate-related financial transactions was raised for 
banks from $100,000 to $250,000 in 1994, approximately 18 percent of 
the dollar volume of all non-farm, non-residential (NFNR) loans 
reported by banks had original loan amounts of $250,000 or less. As of 
the fourth quarter of 2016, approximately 4 percent of the dollar 
volume of such loans had original loan amounts of $250,000 or less. The 
NCUA does not possess similar data for credit unions; however, this 
analysis generally suggests that a larger proportion of commercial real 
estate transactions now require appraisals than when the threshold was 
last established and, therefore, the threshold could be raised without 
unduly affecting the safety and soundness of credit unions.
    Also, the Board notes that many variables beyond appraisal 
requirements, including market conditions and various loan underwriting 
and credit administration practices, affect an institution's loss 
experience. For credit unions, the $250,000 threshold has been 
applicable to commercial real estate transactions since March 2002. 
Analysis of supervisory information concerning losses on commercial 
real estate transactions suggests that faulty valuations of the 
underlying real estate collateral have not been a material cause of 
losses. In the last three decades, the banking industry suffered two 
crises in which poorly underwritten and administered commercial real 
estate loans were a key feature in elevated levels of loan losses, and 
bank and credit union failures.\69\ Supervisory experience and a review 
of material loss reviews \70\ covering those decades suggest that 
factors other than faulty appraisals were the cause(s) for an 
institution's loss experience. For example, larger acquisition, 
construction, and development \71\ transactions were more likely to be 
troublesome. This is due to the lack of appropriate underwriting and 
administration of issues unique to larger properties, such as longer 
construction periods, extended ``lease up'' periods (the time required 
to lease a building after construction), and the more complex nature of 
the construction of such properties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \69\ See, e.g., FDIC, History of the Eighties--Lessons for the 
Future, Chapter 3: Commercial Real Estate and the Banking Crises of 
the 1980s and Early 1990s, available at https://www.fdic.gov/bank/historical/history/137_165.pdf; FDIC, Office of the Inspector 
General, EVAL-13-002, Comprehensive Study on the Impact of the 
Failure of Insured Depository Institutions 50, Table 6 (January 
2013), available at https://www.fdicig.gov/reports13/13-002EV.pdf.
    \70\ Section 38(k) of the FDI Act, as amended, provides that if 
the Deposit Insurance Fund incurs a ``material loss'' with respect 
to an IDI, the Inspector General of the appropriate regulator (which 
for the OCC is the Inspector General of the Department of the 
Treasury) shall prepare a report to that agency, identifying the 
cause of failure and reviewing the agency's supervision of the 
institution. 12 U.S.C. 1831o(k).
    \71\ Acquisition, development and construction refers to 
transactions that finance construction projects including land, site 
development, and vertical construction. This type of financing is 
typically recorded in the land or construction categories of the 
Call Report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, effective January 1, 2017, NCUA implemented a 
modernized commercial lending regulation and supervisory program.\72\ 
The regulation streamlined standards and established principles-based 
requirements that instill appropriate discipline. Also, the Guidelines 
provide regulated institutions with guidance on establishing parameters 
for ordering Title XI appraisals for transactions that present 
significant risk, even if those transactions are eligible for written 
estimates of market value under the regulation. Regulated institutions 
are encouraged to continue using a risk-focused approach when 
considering whether to order an appraisal for real estate-related 
financial transactions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \72\ 12 CFR part 721.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The NCUA believes statutory limits, combined with appropriate 
prudential and supervisory oversight, offset any potential risk that 
could occur by raising the appraisal threshold for non-residential real 
estate-related transactions. Therefore, the Board concludes that 
increasing the commercial real estate appraisal threshold to $1 million 
does not pose a threat to safety and soundness.

IV. Request for Comment

    The Board invites comment on all aspects of this proposed 
rulemaking. Throughout the section-by-section analysis of the preamble, 
the Board has requested information and comments on specific amendments 
outlined in this proposed rule. Additionally, the NCUA Board is 
specifically seeking comments on whether the proposed changes achieve 
the intended goal of clarifying the types of transactions that require 
an appraisal or written estimate of market value.

V. Regulatory Procedures

A. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires that, in 
connection with a notice of proposed rulemaking, an agency prepare and 
make available for public comment an initial regulatory flexibility 
analysis that describes the impact of a proposed rule on small 
entities. A regulatory flexibility analysis is not required, however, 
if the agency certifies that the rule will not have a significant 
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities (defined for 
purposes of the RFA to include credit unions with assets less than $100 
million) and publishes its certification and a short, explanatory 
statement in the Federal Register together with the rule.
    Data currently available to the NCUA are not sufficient to estimate 
how many small credit unions make commercial real estate loans in 
amounts that fall between the current and proposed thresholds. 
Therefore, the NCUA cannot estimate how many small entities may be 
affected by the increased threshold and how significant the reduction 
in burden may be for such small entities. The NCUA believes, however, 
that the proposed threshold increase will meaningfully reduce burden 
for small credit unions. Accordingly, the NCUA certifies that the 
proposed rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small credit unions.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act

    Certain provisions of the proposed rule contain ``collection of 
information'' requirements within the meaning of the Paperwork 
Reduction Act (PRA) of 1995.\73\ In accordance with the requirements of 
the PRA, an agency may not conduct or sponsor, and the respondent is 
not required to respond to, an information collection unless it

[[Page 49867]]

displays a currently-valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) 
control number. The OMB control number for the NCUA is 3133-0125, which 
will be extended, without revision. The NCUA concludes that the 
proposed rule does not contain any changes to the current information 
collections; however, the NCUA is revising the methodology for 
calculating the burden estimates. The information collection 
requirements contained in this proposed rulemaking have been submitted 
to OMB for review and approval under section 3507(d) of the PRA \74\ 
and section 1320.11 of the OMB's implementing regulations.\75\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \73\ 44 U.S.C. 3501-3521.
    \74\ 44 U.S.C. 3507(d).
    \75\ 5 CFR part 1320.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Title of Information Collection: Real Estate Appraisals.
    Frequency of Response: Event generated.
    Affected Public: Private Sector: Not-for-profit institutions.
    Respondents: Federally insured credit unions.
    General Description of Report: For federally related transactions, 
Title XI requires regulated institutions to obtain appraisals prepared 
in accordance with USPAP promulgated by the Appraisal Standards Board 
of the Appraisal Foundation. Generally, these standards include the 
methods and techniques used to estimate the market value of a property 
as well as the requirements for reporting such analysis and a market 
value conclusion in the appraisal. The NCUA expects credit unions to 
maintain records that demonstrate that appraisals used in their real 
estate-related lending activities comply with these regulatory 
requirements. For commercial real estate transactions exempted from the 
Title XI appraisal requirements by the proposed rule, regulated 
institutions would still be required to obtain an evaluation to justify 
the transaction amount. The NCUA estimate that the recordkeeping burden 
associated with evaluations would be the same as the recordkeeping 
burden associated with appraisals for such transactions.
    Current Action: The threshold change in the proposed rule will 
result in credit unions being able to use evaluations instead of 
appraisals for certain transactions. It is estimated that the time 
required to document the review of an appraisal or an evaluation is the 
same. While the rulemaking described in this proposed rule would not 
change the amount of time that federally insured credit unions spend 
complying with the Title XI appraisal regulation, the NCUA is using a 
more accurate methodology for calculating the burden of the information 
collections based on the experience of the NCUA and the other financial 
institutions regulators (OCC, FDIC, Federal Reserve). Thus, the PRA 
burden estimates shown here are different from those previously 
reported. The NCUA is (1) using the average number of loans per 
institution as the frequency and (2) using 5 minutes as the estimated 
time per response for the appraisals or evaluations.
PRA Burden Estimates
    Estimated average time per response: 5 minutes.
    Number of Respondents: 3,449.
    Annual Frequency: 477.
    Total Estimated Annual Burden: 137,098 hours.
    The NCUA invites comments on:
    (a) Whether the collections of information are necessary for the 
proper performance of the agencies' functions, including whether the 
information has practical utility;
    (b) The accuracy of the estimates of the burden of the information 
collections, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions 
used;
    (c) Ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the 
information to be collected;
    (d) Ways to minimize the burden of the information collections on 
respondents, including through the use of automated collection 
techniques or other forms of information technology; and
    (e) Estimates of capital or start-up costs and costs of operation, 
maintenance, and purchase of services to provide information.
    All comments will become a matter of public record. Comments 
regarding the information collection requirements of this rule should 
be sent to (1) Dawn Wolfgang, NCUA PRA Clearance Officer, National 
Credit Union Administration, 1775 Duke Street, Suite 5080, Alexandria, 
Virginia 22314, or Fax No. 703-519-8572, or Email at 
[email protected] and the (2) Office of Information and Regulatory 
Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, Attention: Desk Officer for 
NCUA, New Executive Office Building, Room 10235, Washington, DC 20503, 
or email at [email protected].

C. Executive Order 13132

    Executive Order 13132 encourages independent regulatory agencies to 
consider the impact of their actions on state and local interests. In 
adherence to fundamental federalism principles, the NCUA, an 
independent regulatory agency as defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502(5), 
voluntarily complies with the executive order. This rulemaking will not 
have a substantial direct effect on the states, on the connection 
between the national government and the states, or on the distribution 
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government. 
The NCUA has determined that this proposal does not constitute a policy 
that has federalism implications for purposes of the executive order.

D. Assessment of Federal Regulations and Policies on Families

    The NCUA has determined that this final rule will not affect family 
well-being within the meaning of Section 654 of the Treasury and 
General Government Appropriations Act, 1999.

List of Subjects in 12 CFR Part 722

    Appraisal, Appraiser, Credit unions, Mortgages, Reporting and 
recordkeeping requirements, Truth in lending.

    By the National Credit Union Administration Board on September 
20, 2018.
Gerard Poliquin,
Secretary of the Board.

    For the reasons discussed above, the NCUA Board proposes to amend 
12 CFR part 722 as follows:

PART 722--APPRAISALS

0
1. The authority citation for part 722 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority:  12 U.S.C. 1766, 1789, and 3331 et seq. Section 
722.3(a) is also issued under 15 U.S.C. 1639h.

0
2. Section 722.2 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  722.2  Definitions.

    Appraisal means a written statement independently and impartially 
prepared by a qualified appraiser setting forth an opinion as to the 
market value of an adequately-described property as of a specific 
date(s), supported by the presentation and analysis of relevant market 
information.
    Appraisal Foundation means the Appraisal Foundation established on 
November 30, 1987, as a not-for-profit corporation under the laws of 
Illinois.
    Appraisal Subcommittee means the Appraisal Subcommittee of the 
Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council.
    Complex, when used in regards to a real estate-related financial 
transaction, means a transaction in which the property to be appraised, 
the form of ownership, or market conditions are atypical. A regulated 
institution may presume that appraisals of 1- to 4-family residential 
properties are not complex unless the institution has

[[Page 49868]]

readily available information that a given appraisal will be complex.
    Federal financial institutions regulatory agency means the Board of 
Governors of the Federal Reserve System; the Federal Deposit Insurance 
Corporation (FDIC); the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, 
Treasury (OCC); the NCUA, and, formerly, the Office of Thrift 
Supervision.
    Federally related transaction means any real estate-related 
financial transaction entered into on or after August 9, 1990 that:
    (1) The National Credit Union Administration, or any federally 
insured credit union, engages in or contracts for; and
    (2) Requires the services of an appraiser.
    Market value means the most probable price which a property should 
bring in a competitive and open market under all conditions requisite 
to a fair sale, the buyer and seller each acting prudently and 
knowledgeably and assuming the price is not affected by undue stimulus. 
Implicit in this definition is the consummation of a sale as of a 
specified date and the passing of title from seller to buyer under 
conditions whereby:
    (1) Buyer and seller are typically motivated;
    (2) Both parties are well informed or well advised, and acting in 
what they consider their own best interests;
    (3) A reasonable time is allowed for exposure in the open market;
    (4) Payment is made in terms of cash in U.S. dollars or in terms of 
financial arrangements comparable thereto; and
    (5) The price represents the normal consideration for the property 
sold unaffected by special or creative financing or sales concessions 
granted by anyone associated with the sale.
    Real estate (or real property) means an identified parcel or tract 
of land, including easements, rights of way, undivided or future 
interests and similar rights in a parcel or tract of land, but does not 
include mineral rights, timber rights, and growing crops, water rights 
and similar interests severable from the land when the transaction does 
not involve the associated parcel or tract of land.
    Real estate-related financial transaction means any transaction 
involving:
    (1) The sale, lease, purchase, investment in or exchange of real 
estate, including interests in property, or the financing thereof; or
    (2) The refinancing of real estate or interests in real estate; or
    (3) The use of real estate or interests in property as security for 
a loan or investment, including mortgage-backed securities.
    Residential real estate transaction means a real estate-related 
financial transaction that is secured by a single 1- to 4-family 
residential property.
    Staff appraiser means a State-certified or a State-licensed 
appraiser that is an employee of the credit union.
    State-certified appraiser means any individual who has satisfied 
the requirements for certification in a state or territory whose 
criteria for certification as a real estate appraiser currently meet 
the minimum criteria for certification issued by the Appraiser 
Qualification Board of the Appraisal Foundation. No individual shall be 
a state-certified appraiser unless such individual has achieved a 
passing grade upon a suitable examination administered by a state or 
territory that is consistent with and equivalent to the Uniform State 
Certification Examination issued or endorsed by the Appraiser 
Qualification Board. In addition, the Appraisal Subcommittee must not 
have issued a finding that the policies, practices, or procedures of a 
state or territory are inconsistent with title XI of FIRREA. The 
National Credit Union Administration may, from time to time, impose 
additional qualification criteria for certified appraisers performing 
appraisals in connection with federally related transactions within its 
jurisdiction.
    State-licensed appraiser means any individual who has satisfied the 
requirements for licensing in a state or territory where the licensing 
procedures comply with title XI of FIRREA and where the Appraisal 
Subcommittee has not issued a finding that the policies, practices, or 
procedures of the State or territory are inconsistent with title XI. 
The NCUA may, from time to time, impose additional qualification 
criteria for licensed appraisers performing appraisals in connection 
with federally related transactions within its jurisdiction.
    Tract development means a project of five units or more that is 
constructed or is to be constructed as a single development.
    Transaction value means:
    (1) For loans or other extensions of credit, the amount of the loan 
or extension of credit; and
    (2) For sales, leases, purchases, and investments in or exchanges 
of real estate, the market value of the real estate interest involved; 
and
    (3) For the pooling of loans or interests in real estate for resale 
or purchase, the amount of the loan or market value of the real estate 
calculated with respect to each such loan or interest in real estate.

0
3. Section 722.3 is revised to read as follows:


Sec.  722.3  Appraisals and written estimates of market value 
requirements for real estate-related financial transactions.

    (a) Real estate-related financial transactions not requiring an 
appraisal or written estimate of market value under this part. Provided 
the transaction is not a ``higher-priced mortgage loan'' under 12 CFR 
1026.35, which must meet separate appraisal requirements under section 
129H of the Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. 1639h, an appraisal or 
written estimate of market value is not required for a real estate-
related financial transaction in which:
    (1) The transaction involves an existing extension of credit and is 
not considered a new loan under generally accepted accounting 
principles;
    (2) A lien on real estate has been taken as collateral through an 
abundance of caution and where the terms of the transaction as a 
consequence have not been made more favorable than they would have been 
in the absence of a lien;
    (3) A lien on real estate has been taken for purposes other than 
the real estate's value;
    (4) A lease of real estate is entered into, unless the lease is the 
economic equivalent of a purchase or sale of the leased real estate;
    (5) The transaction involves the purchase, sale, investment in, 
exchange of, or extension of credit secured by, a loan or interest in a 
loan, pooled loans, or interests in real estate, including mortgage-
backed securities, and each loan or interest in a loan, pooled loan, or 
real estate interest met the requirements of this regulation, if 
applicable, at the time of origination; or
    (6) The transaction either qualifies for sale to a United States 
government agency or United States government sponsored agency, or 
involves a residential real estate transaction in which the appraisal 
conforms to the Federal National Mortgage Association or Federal Home 
Loan Mortgage Corporation appraisal standards applicable to that 
category of real estate.
    (b) Real estate-related financial transactions requiring an 
appraisal by a state-certified appraiser. An appraisal performed by a 
state-certified appraiser is required for any real estate-related 
financial transaction not exempt under paragraph (a) of this section in 
which:
    (1) The transaction value is $1,000,000 or more; or

[[Page 49869]]

    (2) The transaction is complex, involves a residential real estate 
transaction, $250,000 or more of the transaction value is not insured 
or guaranteed by a United States government agency or United States 
government sponsored agency, and the transaction does not meet the 
criteria in paragraph (f) of this section.
    (3) A credit union is not required to obtain an appraisal under 
this paragraph (b) if the United States government agency, or United 
States government sponsored agency, obtains an appraisal by a state-
certified appraiser.
    (c) Real estate-related financial transactions requiring an 
appraisal by either a state-certified or state-licensed appraiser. An 
appraisal performed by a state-certified appraiser or a state licensed 
appraiser is required for any real estate-related financial transaction 
not exempt under paragraph (a) of this section in which:
    (1) The transaction is not complex, involves a residential real 
estate transaction, $250,000 or more of the transaction value is not 
insured or guaranteed by a United States government agency or United 
States government sponsored agency, and the transaction does not meet 
the criteria in paragraph (f) of this section.
    (2) If, during the course of an appraisal of a residential real 
estate transaction performed by a state-licensed appraiser, factors are 
identified that result in the transaction meeting the definition of 
complex, then the credit union may either:
    (i) Ask the state-licensed appraiser to complete the appraisal and 
have a state-certified appraiser approve and cosign the appraisal; or
    (ii) Engage a state-certified appraiser to complete the appraisal.
    (3) A credit union is not required to obtain an appraisal under 
this paragraph if the United States government agency, or United States 
government sponsored agency, obtains an appraisal.
    (d) Real estate-related financial transactions requiring a written 
estimate of market value. Unless fully insured or guaranteed by a 
United States government agency or United States government sponsored 
agency, exempt under paragraph (a) of this section, or an appraisal 
performed by a state-certified or state-licensed appraiser was 
obtained, any real estate-related financial transaction must be 
supported by a written estimate of market value that was performed by 
an individual:
    (1) Independent of the loan production and collection processes (if 
independence cannot be achieved, the credit union must be able to 
demonstrate clearly that it has prudent safeguards to isolate its 
collateral valuation program from influence or interference from the 
loan production process and collection process);
    (2) Having no direct, indirect, or prospective interest, financial 
or otherwise, in the property or the transaction; and
    (3) Qualified and experienced to perform such estimates of value 
for the type and amount of credit being considered.
    (e) Appraisals to address safety and soundness concerns. The NCUA 
reserves the right to require an appraisal under this subpart whenever 
the agency believes it is necessary to address safety and soundness 
concerns.
    (f) Exemption from appraisals of real estate located in rural 
areas.
    (1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, an appraisal in 
connection with a federally related transaction involving real estate 
or an interest in real estate is not required if:
    (i) The real estate or interest in real estate is located in a 
rural area, as described in 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iv)(A);
    (ii) The transaction value is less than $400,000;
    (iii) Any party involved in the transaction that meets the 
definition of mortgage originator must be subject to oversight by a 
Federal financial institutions regulatory agency; and
    (iv) Not later than three days after the date on which the Closing 
Disclosure Form, made in accordance with 12 CFR parts 1024 and 1026, 
relating to the federally related transaction is given to the consumer, 
the credit union (or other party involved in the transaction that acts 
as the mortgage originator) or its agent, directly or indirectly:
    (A) Has contacted not fewer than three state-certified appraisers 
or state-licensed appraisers, as applicable, on the credit union's (or 
other party involved in the transaction that acts as the mortgage 
originator) approved appraiser list in the market area in accordance 
with 12 CFR part 226; and
    (B) Has documented that no state-certified appraiser or state-
licensed appraiser, as applicable, was available within five business 
days beyond customary and reasonable fee and timeliness standards for 
comparable appraisal assignments, as documented by the credit union (or 
other party involved in the transaction that acts as the mortgage 
originator) or its agent.
    (2) A credit union (or other party involved in the transaction that 
acts as the mortgage originator) that makes a loan without an appraisal 
under the terms of paragraph (f)(1) of this section shall not sell, 
assign, or otherwise transfer legal title to the loan unless:
    (i) The loan is sold, assigned, or otherwise transferred to another 
party by reason of the credit union's (or mortgage originator's) 
bankruptcy or insolvency;
    (ii) The loan is sold, assigned, or otherwise transferred to 
another party regulated by a Federal financial institutions regulatory 
agency, so long as the loan is retained in portfolio by the other 
party;
    (iii) The sale, assignment, or transfer is pursuant to a merger of 
the credit union (or mortgage originator) with another party or the 
acquisition of the credit union (or mortgage originator) by another 
party or of another party by the credit union (or mortgage originator); 
or
    (iv) The sale, loan, or transfer is to a wholly owned subsidiary of 
the credit union (or mortgage originator), provided that, after the 
sale, assignment, or transfer, the loan is considered to be an asset of 
the credit union (or mortgage originator) under generally accepted 
accounting principles.
    (3)(i) For purposes of this paragraph (f), the term transaction 
value means the amount of a loan or extension of credit, including a 
loan or extension of credit that is part of a pool of loans or 
extensions of credit; and
    (ii) The term mortgage originator has the meaning given the term in 
section 103 of the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1602).
    (4) This paragraph (f) does not apply if:
    (i) The NCUA requires an appraisal under paragraph (e) of this 
section; or
    (ii) The loan is a high-cost mortgage, as defined in section 103 of 
the Truth in Lending Act (15 U.S.C. 1602).

[FR Doc. 2018-20946 Filed 10-2-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 7535-01-P