[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 156 (Monday, August 13, 2018)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 39939-39957]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-17221]


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POSTAL REGULATORY COMMISSION

39 CFR Part 3015

[Docket No. RM2017-1; Order No. 4742]


Competitive Postal Products

AGENCY: Postal Regulatory Commission.

ACTION: Proposed rulemaking.

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SUMMARY: The Commission is revising its previously proposed rules 
related to the minimum amount that competitive products as a whole are 
required to contribute to institutional costs annually, based on 
comments received. The Commission invites public comment on the revised 
proposed rules.

DATES: Comments are due: September 12, 2018.

ADDRESSES: Submit comments electronically via the Commission's Filing 
Online system at http://www.prc.gov. Those who cannot submit comments 
electronically should contact the person identified in the FOR FURTHER 
INFORMATION CONTACT section by telephone for advice on filing 
alternatives.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: David A. Trissell, General Counsel, at 
202-789-6820.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Introduction
II. Organization of Discussion
III. Background
IV. Proposed Modified Formula and Commission Analysis
V. Section 703(d) of the PAEA
VI. Administrative Actions
VII. Ordering Paragraphs

I. Introduction

    On February 8, 2018, the Commission issued a Notice of Proposed 
Rulemaking (Order No. 4402) proposing that a formula be used to 
calculate the minimum amount that competitive products as a whole are 
required to

[[Page 39940]]

annually contribute to institutional costs (i.e., the appropriate 
share).\1\ Order No. 4402 was the result of the Commission's second 
review of the appropriate share, conducted pursuant to 39 U.S.C. 
3633(b) in order to determine whether the existing appropriate share 
requirement of 5.5 percent should be retained, modified, or eliminated. 
See 39 U.S.C. 3633(b); see also 39 CFR 3015.7(c). For the reasons 
discussed below, the Commission proposes modifications to its formula-
based approach and related revisions to the proposed rules.
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    \1\ Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to Evaluate the Institutional 
Cost Contribution Requirement for Competitive Products, February 8, 
2018 (Order No. 4402). The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to Evaluate 
the Institutional Cost Contribution Requirement for Competitive 
Products was published in the Federal Register on February 14, 2018. 
See 83 FR 6758 (February 14, 2018).
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II. Organization of Discussion

    Section III of this Revised Notice of Proposed Rulemaking provides 
an overview of 39 U.S.C. 3633 and a recap of the Commission's two 
previous decisions concerning competitive products' appropriate share. 
In addition, section III provides a synopsis of Order No. 4402, 
including a brief summary of the formula-based approach previously 
proposed by the Commission and that approach's compliance with the 
elements set forth in 39 U.S.C. 3633(b). Section III also provides a 
list of comments received in response to Order No. 4402.
    In section IV, the Commission proposes modifications to Order No. 
4402's formula-based approach. In conjunction with the proposed 
modifications, the Commission discusses comments received in response 
to Order No. 4402 that directly relate to a modification proposed in 
this Order as well as several comments applicable to aspects of the 
formula's calculation.\2\ As it did in Order No. 4402, the Commission 
also analyzes its modified proposed formula pursuant to the 
requirements of 39 U.S.C. 3633(b).
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    \2\ The Commission received a range of comments related to its 
proposed formula-based approach and its analysis pursuant to the 
elements of 39 U.S.C. 3633(b). The Commission has reviewed and 
considered all comments received in response to Order No. 4402. For 
the purposes of this Revised Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, the 
Commission addresses those comments that relate to the formula 
modifications the Commission is proposing in this Order. Comments 
received in response to Order No. 4402 but not addressed in this 
Order will be addressed in a subsequent order in this proceeding.
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    In section V, the Commission affirms its finding in Order No. 4402 
pursuant to section 703(d) of the Postal Accountability and Enhancement 
Act (PAEA).\3\
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    \3\ Uncodified section 703 of the PAEA, Public Law 109-435, 120 
Stat. 3198 (2006), directs the Commission, when revising regulations 
under 39 U.S.C. 3633, to consider subsequent events that affect the 
continuing validity of a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) report that 
analyzed the Postal Service's economic advantages and disadvantages 
in the competitive product market when compared to private 
competitors. See PAEA, 120 Stat. 3244; see also Federal Trade 
Commission, Accounting for Laws that Apply Differently to the United 
States Postal Service and its Private Competitors, December 2007 
(FTC Report), available at: https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/accounting-laws-apply-differently-united-states-postal-service-and-its-private-competitors-report/080116postal.pdf.
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    Section VI takes administrative steps to allow for comments on the 
modifications to the proposed formula and related revisions to the 
proposed rules by interested persons.

III. Background

A. Relevant Statutory Requirements

    The PAEA requires that competitive products collectively cover what 
the Commission determines to be an appropriate share of the Postal 
Service's institutional costs. 39 U.S.C. 3633(a)(3).
    The Commission is required to review the appropriate share 
regulation at least every 5 years to determine if the contribution 
requirement should be ``retained in its current form, modified, or 
eliminated.'' See 39 U.S.C. 3633(b). In making such a determination, 
the Commission is required to consider ``all relevant circumstances, 
including the prevailing competitive conditions in the market, and the 
degree to which any costs are uniquely or disproportionately associated 
with any competitive products.'' 39 U.S.C. 3633(b). Thus, by its terms, 
section 3633(b) establishes three separate elements that the Commission 
must consider during each review: (1) The prevailing competitive 
conditions in the market; (2) the degree to which any costs are 
uniquely or disproportionately associated with competitive products; 
and (3) all other relevant circumstances. See Order No. 4402 at 6.

B. Previous Commission Decisions

    In promulgating its initial competitive product rules in Docket No. 
RM2007-1, the Commission determined that basing competitive products' 
minimum contribution on a percentage of total institutional costs was 
easily understood and, in tying it to historic contribution at the 
time, set the appropriate share at 5.5 percent.\4\
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    \4\ See Docket No. RM2007-1, Order Proposing Regulations to 
Establish a System of Ratemaking, August 15, 2007, at 70 (Order No. 
26); Docket No. RM2007-1, Order Establishing Ratemaking Regulations 
for Market Dominant and Competitive Products, October 29, 2007, at 
91, 138 (Order No. 43); see also Order No. 4402 at 6-7.
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    The Commission completed its first review of the appropriate share, 
pursuant to 39 U.S.C. 3633(b), in Docket No. RM2012-3.\5\ After 
considering the elements established by section 3633(b), the Commission 
determined that the appropriate share should be retained at 5.5 
percent. See generally Order No. 1449.
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    \5\ See Docket No. RM2012-3, Order Reviewing Competitive 
Products' Appropriate Share Contribution to Institutional Costs, 
August 23, 2012 (Order No. 1449); see also Order No. 4402 at 7-11.
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C. Current Commission Review: Docket No. RM2017-1

1. Procedural History
    On November 22, 2016, the Commission issued an Advance Notice of 
Proposed Rulemaking, which established this docket as its second review 
of the appropriate share pursuant to 39 U.S.C. 3633(b), appointed a 
Public Representative, and provided interested persons with an 
opportunity to comment.\6\ On February 8, 2018, after considering 
initial and reply comments received, the Commission issued Order No. 
4402, which responded to comments, presented a new formula-based 
approach to setting the appropriate share, and provided another 
opportunity for interested persons to submit comments. See generally 
Order No. 4402.
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    \6\ Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to Evaluate the 
Institutional Cost Contribution Requirement for Competitive 
Products, November 22, 2016 (Order No. 3624). The Advance Notice of 
Proposed Rulemaking to Evaluate the Institutional Cost Contribution 
Requirement for Competitive Products was published in the Federal 
Register on November 29, 2016. See 81 FR 229 (November 29, 2016).
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2. Order No. 4402
    In Order No. 4402, the new formula-based approach proposed to set 
the appropriate share through a dynamic formula, which would annually 
update the appropriate share percentage based on market conditions. Id. 
at 11-33.
a. Formula-Based Approach
    The proposed formula-based approach used two components to annually 
capture changes in the Postal Service's market power and in the overall 
size of the competitive market: The Postal Service Lerner Index and the 
Competitive Market Output. Id. at 15.
    The purpose of the Postal Service Lerner Index was to measure the 
Postal Service's market power within the competitive market. Id. at 16. 
In Order No. 4402, the Commission noted that

[[Page 39941]]

market power is a competitor's ability to profitably set prices well 
above costs with little chance that entry or expansion by other 
competitors would erode such profits. Id. The Commission determined 
that evaluating the Postal Service's market power allowed it to assess 
whether competition was being preserved and whether the Postal Service 
possessed any competitive advantage. Id.
    The purpose of the second component of the proposed formula, the 
Competitive Market Output, was to measure the overall size of the 
competitive market. Id. at 22. The Commission proposed evaluating the 
overall size of the market because doing so enabled the Postal 
Service's market power to be placed into context relative to the market 
as a whole. Id.
    With the two components discussed above, the Commission proposed 
calculating the appropriate share using the following formula: \7\
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    \7\ Id. at 29.

ASt+1 = ASt * (1 + %[Delta]LIt-1 + 
%[Delta]CMOt-1)
I[fnof] t = 0 = FY 2007, AS = 5.5%

The Commission proposed measuring the year-over-year percentage change 
in the Postal Service Lerner Index and Competitive Market Output, 
weighting both components equally. Id. at 29-31. As proposed in Order 
No. 4402, the formula's calculation was recursive with the Commission 
proposing to begin the calculation in FY 2007, using an initial 
appropriate share value of 5.5 percent. Id. at 31-32. The Commission 
proposed adjusting the appropriate share annually by using the formula 
to calculate the appropriate share for the upcoming fiscal year. Id. at 
30. The appropriate share for each upcoming fiscal year would be 
reported in the Commission's Annual Compliance Determination (ACD). Id.
b. Compliance With Statutory Requirements
    As part of Order No. 4402, the Commission examined how its proposed 
formula-based approach complied with section 3633(b) and accounted for 
the requirements of that section: (1) The prevailing competitive 
conditions in the market; (2) whether any costs are uniquely or 
disproportionately associated with any competitive products; and (3) 
other relevant circumstances. 39 U.S.C. 3633(b); Order No. 4402 at 34-
53. For prevailing competitive conditions and other relevant 
circumstances, the Commission addressed the ways the proposed formula 
captured the prevailing competitive conditions and other relevant 
circumstances described in previous Commission decisions concerning the 
appropriate share. Id. at 34-40, 45-51. In addition, the Commission 
found that all costs uniquely or disproportionately associated with 
competitive products were already attributed to those products under 
the Commission's costing methodology.\8\
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    \8\ Order No. 4402 at 43-45. The Commission's analysis of ``the 
degree to which any costs are uniquely or disproportionately 
associated with any competitive products'' relied on current costing 
methodologies approved in Docket No. RM2016-2. Id. at 40-45; see 
Docket No. RM2016-2, Order Concerning United Parcel Service, Inc.'s 
Proposed Changes to Postal Service Costing Methodologies (UPS 
Proposals One, Two, and Three), September 9, 2016 (Order No. 3506). 
UPS challenged the Commission's costing methodologies approved in 
Order No. 3506 in the United States Court of Appeals for the 
District of Columbia Circuit. See Petition for Review, United Parcel 
Serv., Inc. v. Postal Reg. Comm'n, No. 16-1354 (D.C. Cir. filed Oct. 
7, 2016). The Court issued its opinion on May 22, 2018. See United 
Parcel Serv., Inc. v. Postal Reg. Comm'n, 890 F.3d 1053 (D.C. Cir. 
2018) (UPS). In its opinion, the Court denied UPS's Petition for 
Review and found that the Commission exercised reasonable judgment 
in ``settling on a cost-attribution methodology that implements its 
statutory mandate and falls well within the scope of its 
considerable discretion.'' Id. at 1069. UPS petitioned for rehearing 
en banc, which was denied by the United States Court of Appeals for 
the District of Columbia Circuit. See Petition for Rehearing En 
Banc, United Parcel Serv., Inc. v. Postal Reg, Comm'n, No. 16-1354 
(D.C. Cir. filed July 6, 2018), denied per curiam, No. 16-1354 (D.C. 
Cir. filed July 27, 2018).
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c. Comments in Response to Order No. 4402
    The Postal Service, the Public Representative, Amazon.com Services, 
Inc. (Amazon), the Greeting Card Association (GCA), the Parcel Shippers 
Association, Pitney Bowes Inc., United Parcel Service, Inc. (UPS), 
Robert J. Shapiro, and the American Consumer Institute Center for 
Citizen Research filed comments in response to Order No. 4402.\9\ In 
addition, representatives for the Public Representative and UPS filed 
declarations supporting comments on Order No. 4402.\10\
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    \9\ Comments of the United States Postal Service in Response to 
Order No. 4402, April 16, 2018 (Postal Service Comments); Public 
Representative Comments in Response to Notice of Proposed 
Rulemaking, April 16, 2018 (PR Comments); Comments of Amazon.com 
Services, Inc. on Order No. 4402, April 16, 2018 (Amazon Comments); 
Comments of the Greeting Card Association, April 16, 2018 (GCA 
Comments); Comments of the Parcel Shippers Association, April 16, 
2018; Comments of Pitney Bowes Inc., April 16, 2018; Initial 
Comments of United Parcel Service, Inc. on Notice of Proposed 
Rulemaking to Evaluate the Institutional Cost Contribution 
Requirement for Competitive Products, April 16, 2018 (UPS Comments); 
Declaration of Robert J. Shapiro, April 16, 2018; Comments of 
American Consumer Institute Center for Citizen Research Regarding 
Docket No. RM2017-1 Submitted to the Postal Regulatory Commission, 
April 16, 2018.
    \10\ Declaration of Soiliou Daw Namoro for the Public 
Representative, April 16, 2018 (Namoro Decl.); Declaration of J. 
Gregory Sidak on Behalf of United Parcel Service, April 16, 2018 
(Sidak Decl.). Soiliou Daw Namoro filed in support of the Public 
Representative, and J. Gregory Sidak filed in support of UPS.
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IV. Proposed Modified Formula and Commission Analysis

    As noted above, in this Revised Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, the 
Commission is proposing modifications to both the Postal Service Lerner 
Index and the Competitive Market Output previously presented in Order 
No. 4402. As discussed in more detail below, these proposed 
modifications are made in response to comments received in response to 
Order No. 4402. The Commission proposes modifications to the Postal 
Service Lerner Index in order to address concerns related to the 
aggregation of data used in its calculation, provide a better measure 
of Postal Service market power, and more clearly distinguish the 
Commission's component from a traditional Lerner index. The Commission 
proposes modifications to the Competitive Market Output in order to 
more explicitly incorporate Postal Service market share.

A. Modified Formula-Based Approach

    In this section, the Commission reviews pertinent portions of Order 
No. 4402, examines relevant comments, describes its proposed 
modifications to both components, and discusses the resulting formula.
1. Modification to Postal Service Lerner Index
a. Order No. 4402
    The Postal Service Lerner Index component was designed to gauge the 
Postal Service's market power in the competitive market. Order No. 4402 
at 15-16. The Commission determined that evaluating the Postal 
Service's market power enables it to assess whether competition is 
being preserved and whether the Postal Service possesses a competitive 
advantage in the competitive market. Id. at 16. A Lerner index 
quantitatively assesses market power for a given firm by measuring the 
difference between the price charged by the firm for a particular 
product and the marginal cost incurred by the firm in producing that 
product. Id. at 17. In general, the further a firm is able to price its 
product above marginal cost, the more market power the firm possesses. 
Id.
    In Order No. 4402, the Commission used a traditional Lerner index 
as a

[[Page 39942]]

starting point and proposed to develop a measure of market power 
specific to the Postal Service using Postal Service data. The 
Commission noted that the Postal Service is a multi-product firm, with 
each product having its own unique marginal cost and associated set of 
prices. Id. Therefore, in order to develop a measure that would be 
applicable to competitive products as a whole, the Commission proposed 
using average competitive product marginal cost and average competitive 
product price to calculate what it referred to as the Postal Service 
Lerner Index. Id.
    The Commission determined that marginal cost data for the Postal 
Service's competitive products could be obtained from the Postal 
Service's Cost and Revenue Analysis (CRA) report, which is submitted to 
the Commission annually as part of the Postal Service's Annual 
Compliance Report (ACR).\11\ The Commission uses the CRA report as an 
input to the Postal Service Product Finances analysis (PFA), which is 
produced each year as part of the Commission's ACD.\12\ Order No. 4402 
at 18. The CRA report calculates marginal costs using volume-variable 
costs, which are the costs of specific Postal Service operations that 
vary with respect to relevant cost drivers. Id. The volume-variable 
costs are then distributed to individual Postal Service products. Id. 
Dividing the total volume-variable costs of a product by the product's 
total volume results in unit volume-variable costs, which are 
equivalent to marginal costs. Id. The Commission, therefore, proposed 
to divide the sum of all competitive product volume-variable costs in 
the PFA by the sum of all competitive product volume in order to 
calculate the aggregate competitive product unit volume-variable cost. 
Id. This number is equivalent to the average marginal cost for all 
competitive products.
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    \11\ Order No. 4402 at 18; see 39 U.S.C. 3652.
    \12\ See 39 U.S.C. 3653.
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    The Commission determined that the price variable could be obtained 
using average revenue-per-piece, which incorporates all of the prices 
for all of the Postal Service's competitive products. Id. The PFA 
presents revenue data by product. Id. at 18-19. The Commission proposed 
dividing the sum of all competitive product revenue by the sum of all 
competitive product volume in order to calculate competitive product 
average revenue-per-piece. Id. at 19. This number is equivalent to the 
average price for all competitive products.
    Using the two variables described above, the Commission developed 
its proposed Postal Service Lerner Index, which consisted of the 
following formula: \13\
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    \13\ Id.
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP13AU18.034
    
b. Comments
    Multiple commenters address the proposed Postal Service Lerner 
Index. Some of these commenters allege that the Postal Service Lerner 
Index suffers from a number of defects resulting from the aggregation 
of data. Specifically, UPS and Sidak assert that it is improper to 
calculate the Postal Service Lerner Index using an average of the 
marginal costs for each of the Postal Service's competitive products. 
UPS Comments at 32; Sidak Decl. at 24-26. They contend that because the 
Postal Service is a multi-product firm with different cost 
characteristics for each of its products, averaging costs across 
different products is misleading. Id. Sidak maintains that even if the 
aggregate Postal Service Lerner Index is positive, the Lerner index for 
an individual product could still be negative, which could enable the 
Postal Service to engage in below-cost pricing for individual products. 
Sidak Decl. at 24. Sidak states that, for a multi-product firm, 
economists typically develop separate Lerner indices for each product. 
Id.
    UPS asserts that averaging product costs together could result in 
distortions and instability in the Postal Service Lerner Index 
following any future reclassifications of market dominant products as 
competitive or any future changes within the competitive product mail 
mix. UPS Comments at 32-33. UPS maintains that such changes would 
result in the composition of products within the Postal Service Lerner 
Index shifting for reasons unrelated to changes in market conditions. 
Id. For example, if a market dominant product had its own Lerner index 
with a value lower than the Postal Service Lerner Index (which is the 
aggregate of all competitive products), and that market dominant 
product were to be reclassified as a competitive product, then its 
addition to the Postal Service Lerner Index would reduce the Postal 
Service Lerner Index's overall value.
    With regard to the Commission's proposed use of average revenue, 
UPS and Sidak argue that it is improper to calculate the Postal Service 
Lerner Index using average revenue as a measure of price. UPS Comments 
at 33; Sidak Decl. at 28-31. Sidak asserts that average revenue is an 
inaccurate measure of price for a firm that engages in price 
discrimination, as he states the Postal Service does through its 
offering of negotiated service agreements (NSAs).\14\ Under these 
circumstances, he notes that as the quantity of a good that is sold 
increases, the price of a marginal unit of that good will decrease more 
quickly than average revenue will decrease.\15\ Sidak concludes that 
average revenue can overstate price, and a Lerner index built on such 
data can overstate the difference between price and marginal costs, 
thereby serving as an inaccurate measure of market power.\16\
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    \14\ Sidak Decl. at 30. Price discrimination is a form of 
nonlinear pricing where the same good is sold at different prices. 
See Jeffrey Church & Roger Ware, Industrial Organization: A 
Strategic Approach 157 (2000) (Church & Ware), available at: https://works.bepress.com/jeffrey_church/23/. The Postal Service regularly 
enters into NSAs, which are contractual agreements between the 
Postal Service and specific mailers providing for customized prices 
and classifications in exchange for volume commitments by the 
mailer.
    \15\ Id. The Commission provides a simple example to explain 
Sidak's concern. If the Postal Service were to sell 100 parcel 
deliveries at $5 each to retail consumers, and then sell 200 parcel 
deliveries at $3 each to a particular mailer pursuant to an NSA, 
then the price of a marginal unit of parcel delivery would be $3 
(because marginal price is defined as the price of the last unit 
sold), but the average revenue for all 300 units sold would be 
$3.67.
    \16\ Id. Sidak does not argue that revenue in general is 
inappropriate as a measure of price--only that average revenue is an 
inappropriate measure of price because the Postal Service offers 
NSAs. Id. at 28-31. Sidak does not suggest an alternative measure of 
price to be used in this case.
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c. Commission Analysis and Proposed Modification
    After considering the comments received, the Commission proposes to 
replace the Postal Service Lerner Index with an alternate measurement 
the Commission labels as the Competitive Contribution Margin. The 
Competitive Contribution Margin has two primary differences when 
compared to the Postal Service Lerner Index: (1) It uses total

[[Page 39943]]

competitive product values rather than average competitive product 
values; and (2) it uses competitive product attributable costs instead 
of competitive product volume-variable costs. The formula for 
calculating the Competitive Contribution Margin is as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP13AU18.035

    This modification presents several benefits. First, it addresses an 
apparent misunderstanding with the mathematical functioning of the 
Postal Service Lerner Index as initially proposed by the Commission. 
With regard to UPS's and Sidak's assertions that the Postal Service 
Lerner Index inappropriately uses average revenue in place of price, 
Namoro's declaration demonstrates that the use of averages has no 
actual effect on the calculation. See Namoro Decl. at 6-7.
    The Postal Service Lerner Index, as initially proposed by the 
Commission, used revenue-per-piece (i.e., average revenue) and unit 
volume-variable cost (i.e., average cost). Revenue-per-piece is 
calculated by dividing total competitive product revenue by total 
competitive product volume, and unit volume-variable cost is calculated 
by dividing total competitive product volume-variable cost by total 
competitive product volume.
    Because every term is divided by volume, the volume terms cancel 
each other out, which is mathematically demonstrated as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP13AU18.036

    The final construction of the Postal Service Lerner Index shown 
above is mathematically equivalent to the Postal Service Lerner Index 
as originally proposed in Order No. 4402, but does not use averaging. 
See id.; see also Order No. 4402 at 19. As demonstrated above, 
averaging is immaterial to the calculation of this component. For that 
reason, the Commission proposes to omit averaging and to use total 
revenue for all competitive products in its modified component. Because 
this modification does not affect what the component measures, the 
modified component will continue to measure the market power of the 
Postal Service's competitive products as a whole. At the same time, the 
Commission recognizes that using total amounts departs somewhat from a 
traditional calculation of a Lerner index, which is typically 
calculated using unit cost and unit price.\17\ Therefore, the 
Commission proposes to refer to the modified component as the 
Competitive Contribution Margin to distinguish it from a traditional 
Lerner index.
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    \17\ A traditional Lerner index is defined by the ratio of price 
minus marginal cost to price. See Church & Ware at 31-36.
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    The second major benefit of this modification is that by using 
total attributable costs, it more accurately reflects competitive 
product costs than the Postal Service Lerner Index. The Postal Service 
Lerner Index only included volume-variable costs, whereas the 
Competitive Contribution Margin uses attributable costs, which include 
volume-variable costs, product-specific costs, and inframarginal costs 
calculated as part of each competitive product's incremental costs.\18\ 
In addition, by incorporating the inframarginal costs of competitive 
products collectively, the Competitive Contribution Margin also 
reflects costs which are not caused by any one competitive product, but 
by competitive products as a whole. Reflecting all costs caused by 
competitive products mitigates the risk of overstating the Postal 
Service's market power in the competitive market because the 
modification allows the component to more accurately measure the 
relationship between cost and price.
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    \18\ See Order No. 3506 at 60 (directing Postal Service to begin 
basing attributable costs for competitive products on incremental 
costs, which include a portion of inframarginal costs).
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    The third benefit of this proposed modification is that it better 
reflects modern economic literature on the subject of measuring market 
power. As Sidak notes, ``[e]conomists routinely use the ratio of 
`operating profits net of depreciation, provisions and an estimated 
financial cost of capital [to] sales' as a proxy for a firm's Lerner 
[i]ndex.'' \19\ Sidak estimates UPS's and FedEx's Lerner index values 
for FY 2017 using each firm's operating profit-to-revenue ratio. Sidak 
Decl. at 47. The Competitive Contribution Margin follows the same 
calculation outlined in the economic literature cited to by Sidak, 
determining the ratio of operating profit to revenue.\20\ This measure 
is frequently referred to in economic literature as the price-cost 
margin.
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    \19\ Sidak Decl. at 47, Figure 4 (citing Philippe Aghion et al., 
Competition and Innovation: An Inverted-U Relationship, 120 Q.J. 
Econ. 701, 704 (2005); Frederick H. deB. Harris, Structure and 
Price-Cost Performance Under Endogenous Profit Risk, 35 J. Indus. 
Econ. 35, 43 (1986)).
    \20\ The difference between total competitive product revenue 
and total competitive product attributable costs constitutes the 
profit derived from competitive products. Dividing this difference 
by total competitive product revenue results in the profit-to-
revenue ratio that Sidak uses.
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    With regard to UPS's and Sidak's concerns that an index which 
aggregates

[[Page 39944]]

total costs across multiple competitive products could be used to mask 
below-cost pricing for individual competitive products, the Commission 
finds that such a situation is, as a practical matter, highly unlikely 
to occur. First, because the PAEA allows the Postal Service to retain 
earnings, the Postal Service is incentivized to maximize profits on 
competitive products. To price below-cost for individual competitive 
products would be economically disadvantageous for the Postal Service. 
As the Commission noted in Order No. 4402, a firm pricing below 
marginal cost should suspend production in the short run, and if cost 
or market characteristics do not change, exit the industry in the long 
run. Order No. 4402 at 36 n.63. Second, an individual competitive 
product that was priced below cost would violate 39 U.S.C. 3633(a)(2), 
which requires each competitive product to recover its attributable 
costs. See 39 U.S.C. 3633(a)(2). Such violations are addressed annually 
in the ACD, with the Commission having authority to order appropriate 
remedies.\21\
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    \21\ See, e.g., Docket No. ACR2007, Annual Compliance 
Determination, March 27, 2008, at 112-13; Docket No. ACR2008, Annual 
Compliance Determination, March 30, 2009, at 86-89; Docket No. 
ACR2009, Annual Compliance Determination, March 29, 2010, at 117; 
Docket No. ACR2010, Annual Compliance Determination, March 29, 2011, 
at 139-40; Docket No. ACR2011, Annual Compliance Determination, 
March 28, 2012, at 156-63; Docket No. ACR2012, Annual Compliance 
Determination, March 28, 2013, at 162-72; Docket No. ACR2013, Annual 
Compliance Determination, March 27, 2014, at 79-91; Docket No. 
ACR2014, Annual Compliance Determination, March 27, 2015, at 72-82; 
Docket No. ACR2015, Annual Compliance Determination, March 28, 2016, 
at 79-92; Docket No. ACR2016, Annual Compliance Determination, March 
28, 2017, at 80-88; Docket No. ACR2017, Annual Compliance 
Determination, March 29, 2018, at 82-92 (FY 2017 ACD).
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    With respect to UPS's concern that the effects of future product 
reclassifications or competitive product mail mix changes could result 
in distortions, the Commission finds that although such a change would 
alter the inputs to the calculation, the Competitive Contribution 
Margin would accurately reflect the Postal Service's market power in 
the expanded (or contracted) market that resulted from the change. For 
example, if a market dominant product were to be re-classified as 
competitive, the addition of that product to the competitive mail mix 
would change both competitive products' total attributable costs and 
total revenue. However, because the Competitive Contribution Margin is 
calculated by subtracting total attributable costs from total revenue, 
and dividing that number by total revenue, the result would continue to 
indicate how much market power the Postal Service possessed after the 
transfer.
    Table IV-1 provides a comparison of annual changes in the 
Competitive Contribution Margin and the Postal Service Lerner Index.

            Table IV-1--Comparison of Competitive Contribution Margin and Postal Service Lerner Index
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Percentage
                                              Competitive      change in                       Percentage change
                Fiscal year                  Contribution     Competitive     Postal Service   in Postal Service
                                                Margin       Contribution      Lerner Index       Lerner Index
                                                                Margin
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FY 2007...................................           0.226             N/A              0.228                N/A
FY 2008...................................           0.213            -5.9              0.217               -5.1
FY 2009...................................           0.241            13.4              0.251               15.9
FY 2010...................................           0.279            15.7              0.298               18.6
FY 2011...................................           0.257            -7.9              0.276               -7.3
FY 2012...................................           0.266             3.7              0.275               -0.3
FY 2013...................................           0.281             5.5              0.290                5.4
FY 2014...................................           0.282             0.4              0.292                0.8
FY 2015...................................           0.275            -2.6              0.284               -2.7
FY 2016...................................           0.325            18.1              0.332               16.6
FY 2017...................................           0.329             1.3              0.356                7.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As shown in Table IV-1, the growth and decline in the two measures 
is generally consistent. Two divergences warrant discussion: FY 2012, 
when the Postal Service Lerner Index declined while Competitive 
Contribution Margin grew; and FY 2017, when the difference between the 
Postal Service Lerner Index and Competitive Contribution Margin was 
more than 6 percentage points.
    As noted above, the Competitive Contribution Margin uses 
attributable costs while the Postal Service Lerner Index uses only 
volume-variable costs.\22\ In a given fiscal year, if the percentage 
growth in attributable costs was greater than the percentage growth in 
volume-variable costs, the Competitive Contribution Margin would grow 
less than the Postal Service Lerner Index. If the percentage growth in 
attributable costs was less than the percentage growth in volume-
variable costs, the Competitive Contribution Margin would grow more 
than the Postal Service Lerner Index. Between FY 2011 and FY 2012, 
volume-variable costs increased by 27 percent, while attributable costs 
increased by 25 percent.\23\ Thus, the Competitive Contribution Margin 
grew in FY 2012, while the Postal Service Lerner Index decreased.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ For FY 2007 through FY 2016, attributable costs were 
calculated as the sum of volume-variable costs and product-specific 
fixed costs.
    \23\ The smaller increase in attributable costs was caused by a 
decrease in product-specific fixed costs of 42 percent. This 
decrease in product-specific fixed costs was primarily driven by a 
decrease in competitive product advertising costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In FY 2017, the Commission included a portion of inframarginal 
costs in the calculation of attributable costs for the first time, 
which increased the overall level of cost attribution.\24\ This 
resulted in attributable costs growing 11 percent from FY 2016 to FY 
2017, while volume-variable costs (which were not affected by this 
methodological change) grew only 8 percent during the same period. This 
produced an inverse situation to that which occurred in FY 2012--
because the growth in attributable costs was greater than volume-
variable costs, the Competitive Contribution Margin grew less than the 
Postal Service Lerner Index.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ See Order No. 3506 at 60.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    These differences reflect how the Competitive Contribution Margin 
more accurately measures the Postal Service's market power for 
competitive products. Because the Competitive Contribution Margin 
measures all costs caused by competitive products, including those that 
cannot be attributed to any one

[[Page 39945]]

competitive product specifically, the Competitive Contribution Margin 
provides a more complete view of the Postal Service's market power. For 
that reason, the Commission proposes to replace the Postal Service 
Lerner Index with the Competitive Contribution Margin in its revised 
formula.
2. Modification to Competitive Market Output
a. Order No. 4402
    The second component of the formula initially proposed by the 
Commission was the Competitive Market Output, which was designed to 
measure the overall size of the competitive market. Order No. 4402 at 
22. The Commission proposed that evaluating the overall size of the 
market provided context for assessing the prevailing competitive 
conditions in the market and the Postal Service's market power. Id. The 
Commission stated that the appropriate share requirement should balance 
encouraging the Postal Service to increase competitive products' 
contribution to institutional costs when the market is growing with the 
need to adjust competitive products' pricing in the event of a market 
decline. Id.
    The Commission determined that the relevant market consisted of two 
groups: The Postal Service's competitive products and ``similar 
products'' offered by the Postal Service's competitors. Id. The 
Commission proposed using revenue, rather than volume, to measure the 
size of the overall market. Id. at 23. This was because revenue data 
for all competitors were available and directly comparable, whereas 
volume data were not uniformly available and would require frequent 
adjustments. Id.
    The Commission proposed obtaining the necessary revenue data for 
the Postal Service's competitive products from the PFA, which the 
Commission produces every year as part of its ACD. Id. The Commission 
proposed obtaining the necessary revenue data for the Postal Service's 
competitors from two surveys conducted by the United States Census 
Bureau: The Quarterly Services Survey (QSS) and the Services Annual 
Survey (SAS). Id. The methodology for collecting and aggregating these 
data was described in Order No. 4402. Id. at 22-29.
    Using the foregoing information, the Commission developed its 
proposed Competitive Market Output measure, which consisted of the 
following formula: \25\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ See Order No. 4402 at 23.

Competitive Market Output = RevenueUSPS + RevenueC&M \26\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ ``C&M'' stands for ``Couriers and Messengers,'' the name of 
the relevant dataset for the Postal Service's competitors within the 
Census Bureau data. See id. at 24.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Comments
    Multiple commenters address the proposed Competitive Market Output 
component. These comments can be broadly grouped into six different 
areas.
    First, the Public Representative and his declarant, Namoro, both 
express concern that the Competitive Market Output component, as 
proposed, disproportionately incorporates competitor revenue. Namoro 
Decl. at 10-11; PR Comments at 5-6. Namoro explains that this is due to 
the fact that not all competitor revenue within Competitive Market 
Output is weighted by market share. Namoro Decl. at 10-11. As a result, 
the Public Representative and Namoro assert that coordinated price 
increases by the Postal Service's competitors could cause the required 
appropriate share to increase, regardless of other market conditions. 
Id. at 11; PR Comments at 5-6.
    Second, several commenters note that the Competitive Market Output 
as proposed does not incorporate the Postal Service's market share. 
Sidak observes that the Competitive Market Output will not reflect 
changes in market share; it will simply show the size of the overall 
market. Sidak Decl. at 49-51. Namoro likewise posits that the 
Competitive Market Output as proposed implicitly and incorrectly 
assumes that ``the Postal Service's specific gains or losses from total 
market expansion or market contraction are irrelevant to the 
computation of the appropriate share[ ] . . . .'' Namoro Decl. at 3. 
UPS argues that the appropriate share should take into account how much 
the Postal Service's competitive products are growing within the 
context of the overall market. UPS Comments at 35. The Postal Service 
asserts that under the formula as proposed, the appropriate share would 
not decrease if the Postal Service were to lose market share but the 
measured Competitive Market Output did not also decrease. Postal 
Service Comments at 20. The Postal Service states that a circumstance 
where it loses market share without the Competitive Market Output 
similarly decreasing is not merely theoretical. Id. If the Postal 
Service's competitors were to begin competing more aggressively or 
shippers and non-traditional competitors were to expand their delivery 
operations, then the Competitive Market Output (which measures the 
total size of the package delivery market) might remain the same even 
as the Postal Service's individual share of the market decreased. Id. 
at 20-21.
    Third, UPS asserts that there is no economic basis for linking the 
size of the overall competitive market (measured by revenue) with the 
question of what the appropriate share should be. UPS Comments at 34. 
UPS states this is because ``[n]either the Commission nor the Postal 
Service ha[s] the ability to control what prices are charged by other 
participants in the market,'' and considering market size alone ``does 
not account for the possibility of customers making in-house 
deliveries, which would not impact overall market volume but would 
decrease [the Competitive Market Output] nonetheless.'' Id. at 34-35. 
The Postal Service also notes this issue. It states that both the 
Competitive Market Output and the appropriate share could increase 
without necessarily reflecting additional market opportunities, for the 
Postal Service or any other package delivery company, if there were to 
be a market change towards greater self-delivery of packages by 
shippers themselves. Postal Service Comments at 21.
    Fourth, UPS and Sidak both criticize the Competitive Market Output 
for measuring output in terms of revenue, as opposed to volume. UPS 
Comments at 35; Sidak Decl. at 36-38. Sidak asserts that ``a firm's 
costs are more directly a function of its unit volume than of its 
revenue.'' Sidak Decl. at 36. Furthermore, Sidak maintains that 
``[m]easuring output on the basis of revenue can fail to capture market 
growth if competitive pressure decreases prices more rapidly than unit 
volume increases, or if growth in volume is driven by below-cost 
pricing.'' Id. Sidak notes that measuring industry output by unit 
volume would be consistent with the approach taken by other regulatory 
agencies. Id. at 36-38.
    Fifth, the Postal Service criticizes the Competitive Market Output 
for failing to take into account inflation, considering that the 
Competitive Market Output constitutes an absolute measure of market 
size by revenue, denominated in current dollars. Postal Service 
Comments at 21. By presenting growth rates in the Competitive Market 
Output based on revenues expressed in nominal dollars, rather than 
constant dollars adjusted for inflation, the Postal Service maintains 
that the Competitive Market Output includes purely inflationary 
increases in revenue, demand, and market power. Id. The Postal Service

[[Page 39946]]

also asserts that if the Competitive Market Output were to grow more 
slowly than inflation, the Competitive Market Output growth may not 
accurately reflect growth in the Postal Service's ability to increase 
competitive products' contribution to institutional costs because, in 
such a situation, institutional costs (which are also subject to 
inflation) would be increasing faster in real terms than the Postal 
Service's competitive revenue. Id. at 21-22.
    Sixth, the Postal Service asserts that the Competitive Market 
Output fails to take into account differentiation between the Postal 
Service's and its competitors' respective product offerings, which can 
impact the ability of competitive products to contribute to 
institutional costs.\27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ Postal Service Comments at 16. Although the Postal Service 
does not explain this particular argument in detail, it appears to 
suggest that to the extent the Postal Service's and its competitors' 
products are not perfect substitutes for each other, those products 
will not be in direct competition, and arguably should not be 
considered part of the same market. Therefore, to the extent that 
the Competitive Market Output includes such products in the same 
market, it could be said to overstate the size of the market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Commission Analysis and Proposed Modification
    After considering the comments received, the Commission proposes to 
replace the Competitive Market Output with an alternate measurement the 
Commission labels the Competitive Growth Differential. Unlike the 
Competitive Market Output, which sought to determine overall market 
size, the Competitive Growth Differential assesses the growth or 
decline of the Postal Service's market position from year-to-year. It 
explicitly incorporates the Postal Service's market share and accounts 
for inflation and whether market growth is structural or caused by 
coordinated pricing by competitors. It is calculated using the 
following equation:

Competitive Growth Differential = Market ShareUSPS * 
(%[Delta]RevenueUSPS - %[Delta]RevenueC&M)

    The Competitive Growth Differential is calculated by subtracting 
the year-over-year percentage change in competitors' revenue from the 
year-over-year percentage change in the Postal Service's competitive 
product revenue to determine the Postal Service's growth relative to 
that of its competitors, and multiplying the result by the Postal 
Service's market share. The Postal Service's market share is determined 
by dividing the Postal Service's total competitive product revenue by 
the sum of the Postal Service's total competitive product revenue and 
total competitor revenue, as depicted in the following formula: 
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP13AU18.037

    As with the Competitive Market Output, the Competitive Growth 
Differential is measured using revenue, rather than volume. As 
explained in Order No. 4402, the Commission selects revenue data 
because volume data would need to be adjusted for intra-industry 
transactions, while revenue data can be used directly, without 
adjustment.\28\ Additionally, revenue data are also available for all 
firms in the relevant market through publicly available sources, 
whereas volume data for the Postal Service's competitors are not 
publicly available. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ See Order No. 4402 at 23. An example of an intra-industry 
transaction is a Postal Service competitor transporting a package 
from a sender in California to a recipient's destination delivery 
unit (i.e., the Postal Service facility where mail carriers depart 
for local mail delivery) in New York. The Postal Service would then 
deliver the package to the recipient (i.e., last-mile delivery).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As with the Competitive Market Output, revenue data for the Postal 
Service are obtained from the PFA, and revenue data for the Postal 
Service's competitors are obtained from Census Bureau data--
specifically the QSS and SAS survey data. Unlike the Competitive Market 
Output, revenue data under the Competitive Growth Differential are 
adjusted for inflation, using the Consumer Price Index for All Urban 
Consumers (CPI-U) as the deflator.\29\ CPI-U data are obtained from the 
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).\30\ The Commission indexes the CPI-U 
data to FY 2007; that is, FY 2007 constitutes the base year for any 
inflation adjustment. This aligns the CPI-U data with the beginning 
year for the Commission's proposed formula.\31\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ The CPI-U is a measure of the average change over time in 
the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer 
goods and services. See Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price 
Index, Frequently Asked Questions, available at: https://www.bls.gov/cpi/questions-and-answers.htm.
    \30\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index--All Urban 
Consumers (Series ID CUUR0000SA0),'' available at: https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CUUR0000SA0.
    \31\ See Order No. 4402 at 32. For additional discussion of the 
beginning year of the Commission's formula, see section IV.A.3.c, 
infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Competitive Growth Differential better reflects the Postal 
Service's position in the overall competitive market and addresses the 
concerns raised by commenters discussed above. First, the change to the 
Competitive Growth Differential eliminates the disproportionate 
inclusion of competitor revenue from the component's underlying 
equation. To illustrate this, the Commission starts with the formula 
for calculating the year-over-year percentage change in Competitive 
Market Output (which was an input into the formula as initially 
proposed in Order No. 4402): \32\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ This equation and all equations in this section are 
calculated for t for simplicity of demonstration, while the input 
(i.e., when using the formula to determine the appropriate share) is 
calculated for t-1.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP13AU18.038


[[Page 39947]]


    Although not explicitly depicted in the formula, both the change in 
Postal Service revenue and the change in competitor revenue are 
weighted by their respective market shares. This is because an 
aggregate rate of growth is not equivalent to the sum of individual 
rates of growth.\33\ The formula is therefore mathematically equivalent 
to the following:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ A simple example can be used to demonstrate why this is the 
case. Consider an entity with two products, one generating revenue 
of $100,000 in FY 2017 and $105,000 in FY 2018 (a 5-percent year-
over-year increase) and the other generating revenue of $50,000 in 
FY 2017 and $55,000 in FY 2018 (a 10-percent year-over-year 
increase). If the entity were trying to calculate the aggregate rate 
of revenue growth, it would be incorrect to add the individual rates 
of growth (i.e., 5 percent for the first product and 10 percent for 
the second product = 15 percent total). Instead, the entity would 
calculate each product's share of total revenue (i.e., $100,000/
$150,000 = 66 percent for the first product and $50,000/$150,000 = 
34 percent for the second product), and then multiply each product's 
share of total revenue by the percentage revenue change (i.e., 66 
percent * 5 percent = 3.3 percent for the first product, and 34 
percent * 10 percent = 3.4 percent for the second product). The 
final step would be to add the two numbers to calculate the 
aggregate rate of revenue growth for the entity (i.e., 3.3 percent + 
3.4 percent = 6.7 percent).

%[Delta]Competitive Market Output
 = (Market ShareUSPS * %[Delta]RevenueUSPS + ((1 - Market ShareUSPS)
 * (%[Delta]Revenue)C&M) \34\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ For a rigorous demonstration of this transformation, see 
Namoro Decl. at 11-13, reproduced in Library Reference PRC-LR-
RM2017-1/2.

    Weighting by market share is necessary in order to incorporate the 
relative contribution of each source of revenue growth to the overall 
growth. As Library Reference PRC-LR-RM2017-1/2 illustrates, the year-
over-year percentage change in the Competitive Market Output is 
equivalent to the year-over-year percentage change in the Postal 
Service's revenue, weighted by the Postal Service's market share, plus 
the year-over-year percentage change in competitors' revenue, weighted 
by competitors' market share.\35\ In order to demonstrate how this 
equation over-incorporates competitor revenue, it is helpful to state 
its terms differently. The terms of the equation can be mathematically 
rewritten as follows:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ Competitors' market share is determined by calculating 1 - 
Market ShareUSPS. This constitutes the residual left over after the 
Postal Service's market share has been determined.

%[Delta]Competitive Market Output
 = ((Market ShareUSPS) * (%[Delta]RevenueUSPS - %[Delta]RevenueC&M))
 + (%[Delta]RevenueC&M) \36\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ This formula is the result of a three-step transformation 
from the formula directly above it. The three-step transformation is 
demonstrated in detail in Library Reference PRC-LR-RM2017-1/2.

    This construction of the Competitive Market Output growth rate 
equation is mathematically equivalent to the previous construction and 
demonstrates that growth in Competitive Market Output constitutes the 
sum of two terms: The market share weighted difference in revenue 
growth between the Postal Service and its competitors; and the 
unweighted growth in competitor revenue. It is this second term (+ 
(%[Delta]RevenueC&M)) that results in the disproportionate 
incorporation of competitor revenue because the growth in competitor 
revenue is not weighted by market share. The Competitive Growth 
Differential removes the second term, thereby resolving the problem of 
disproportionate incorporation of competitor revenue.\37\ Eliminating 
the disproportionate incorporation of competitor revenue by adopting 
the Competitive Growth Differential addresses the concerns raised by 
the Public Representative and Namoro that competitors' pricing 
decisions alone could influence the appropriate share.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ The Commission notes that this adjustment was identified as 
a possible solution by Namoro in his declaration. See Namoro Decl. 
at 17 n. 12.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This modification also changes the nature of the component from a 
measure of overall market size to a measure of the Postal Service's 
market position because the modification captures the change in the 
size of the Postal Service's competitive business relative to that of 
the Postal Service's competitors.
    Additionally, the Competitive Growth Differential directly 
incorporates the Postal Service's market share into the appropriate 
share calculation, which addresses comments that the Competitive Market 
Output failed to consider the Postal Service's market share.\38\ The 
Competitive Growth Differential directly incorporates the Postal 
Service's market share as a weight. This ensures that any change in the 
appropriate share due to changes in the Competitive Growth Differential 
are not solely driven by growth in the overall market but are also 
reflective of whether those changes give the Postal Service greater (or 
reduced) market share. This is important because if both the Postal 
Service's and its competitors' respective revenues increase but the 
Postal Service's market share remains the same, the Postal Service's 
relative position in the market may not have changed. With the 
Competitive Growth Differential, the Commission's proposed formula will 
now reflect this. Similarly, the change from the Competitive Market 
Output to the Competitive Growth Differential will prevent the scenario 
identified by the Postal Service in which, despite the Postal Service 
having lost market share, the appropriate share requirement may not 
decrease due to the size of the overall market remaining unchanged.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \38\ The Commission found in Order No. 4402 that market share 
was indirectly incorporated into the Competitive Market Output 
because any large shift in revenue share between the Postal Service 
and its competitors would be reflected in the Competitive Market 
Output. Order No. 4402 at 38-39. Market share is also indirectly 
incorporated into the Competitive Market Output because determining 
growth rates for the Competitive Market Output implicitly requires a 
determination of the Postal Service's market share, as demonstrated 
in Library Reference PRC-LR-RM2017-1/2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With regard to UPS's assertion that there is no economic basis for 
linking the size of the overall competitive market to the appropriate 
share, the Commission reiterates its explanation in Order No. 4402 that 
evaluating the overall size of the market provides context for 
assessing prevailing competitive conditions. See id. at 22. The size of 
the market serves as an indicator of how healthy the market is, both 
when the market is considered in isolation and when the market is 
considered relative to the broader economy. Evaluating the overall size 
of the market is also necessary to determine the relative shares of the 
competitors in it. For these reasons, it remains appropriate to 
consider the overall size of the competitive market, as well as the 
Postal Service's position in the market, as relevant to the appropriate 
share.
    As discussed above, the Competitive Growth Differential tracks 
changes in the market more accurately than the Competitive Market 
Output. It accomplishes this by using real revenue growth instead of 
nominal revenue growth. The Commission agrees with the Postal Service's 
suggestion that taking into account inflation will improve this 
component of the formula. Without such an adjustment, the formula could 
interpret inflationary changes in the market as market growth. 
Relatedly, with regard to UPS's and Sidak's criticisms of this 
component for measuring output in terms of revenue, it is true that 
there are circumstances in which using revenue as a measure of output 
could be misleading, such as when a firm is attempting to strategically 
price its products at a low level in order to gain market share. 
However, because the Competitive Growth Differential accounts for 
inflation, those circumstances do not apply here. Even if the Postal 
Service or its competitors were to engage in strategic pricing in order 
to gain market share, causing revenue to diverge from volume, as long 
as revenue is measured in real terms, the Competitive Growth

[[Page 39948]]

Differential would accurately reflect the Postal Service's relative 
position in the market.\39\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \39\ With regard to Sidak's assertion that measuring industry 
output by volume would be more consistent with practice in other 
agencies, the Commission notes that the use of revenue to determine 
output is consistent with the methodology employed by agencies such 
as the United States Department of Commerce, which uses revenue as 
an initial measure of output when calculating Gross Domestic Product 
(GDP). GDP is the total expenditure on the economy's output of goods 
and services. See N. Gregory Mankiw, Macroeconomics 18, 27 (7th ed. 
2010). For information on the use of revenue in calculating GDP, see 
Bureau of Economic Analysis, Concepts and Methods of the U.S. 
National Income and Product Accounts, November 2017, at 4-9, 5-30, 
available at: https://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/all-chapters.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Postal Service's concern that this component fails to directly 
consider product differentiation is mitigated by the overarching 
similarities between the Postal Service's and its competitors' 
products. Furthermore, product differentiation would be reflected in 
the Competitive Growth Differential because changes in product 
differentiation will affect the relative growth in revenue for the 
Postal Service compared to its competitors. This is because if the 
Postal Service's and its competitors' products became less and less 
interchangeable to the point that they were occupying different markets 
with different characteristics, those products' growth rates would be 
likely to diverge, resulting in greater changes in the Competitive 
Growth Differential. In addition, such differentiation would be 
reflected by larger increases in the Competitive Contribution Margin 
because that index measures the market power of the Postal Service; and 
to the extent that the Postal Service has fewer competitors, it will 
have greater market power. Further, if differentiation between the 
Postal Service's and its competitors' products were to occur such that 
the products were no longer considered to constitute the same market, 
the 5-year review of the appropriate share mandated by 39 U.S.C. 
3633(b) would allow the Commission to examine whether the data obtained 
from Census Bureau continues to be an appropriate measure of 
competitors' revenue.\40\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \40\ Should a change be necessary in advance of the 5-year 
review, the Commission is also permitted to revise its regulations 
when circumstances warrant. See 39 U.S.C. 3633(a); Order No. 1449 at 
13.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Competitive Market Output and Competitive Growth Differential 
results for each fiscal year since the PAEA was enacted are reported in 
Table IV-2 below.

  Table IV-2--Comparison of Annual Changes in Competitive Market Output
             Growth and Competitive Growth Differential \41\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Competitive
                                            Competitive       growth
               Fiscal year                 market output   differential
                                            growth (%)          (%)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
FY 2007.................................             N/A             N/A
FY 2008.................................            -1.5             0.7
FY 2009.................................           -13.9             1.2
FY 2010.................................            -0.8             0.9
FY 2011.................................             5.3            -0.2
FY 2012.................................             6.4             2.7
FY 2013.................................             5.0             2.5
FY 2014.................................             4.7             1.2
FY 2015.................................             6.5             0.2
FY 2016.................................             5.1             1.4
FY 2017.................................             6.3             1.1
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Competitive Growth Differential values differ substantially 
from the Competitive Market Output values because they measure 
different things: The Competitive Market Output measures absolute 
growth in the market, whereas the Competitive Growth Differential 
measures the Postal Service's growth relative to that of its 
competitors.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \41\ Because the Competitive Growth Differential evaluates 
relative growth rather than absolute growth, it is inappropriate to 
include the absolute Competitive Market Output values in this table. 
No corresponding absolute Competitive Growth Differential values 
exist.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For example, in FY 2008, FY 2009, and FY 2010, the Competitive 
Market Output decreased and the Competitive Growth Differential 
increased. This occurred because the Postal Service maintained (and in 
some years, increased) its competitive product output despite a global 
financial crisis, both through NSAs and the reclassification of certain 
market dominant products as competitive. As such, the Postal Service 
was able to improve its market position relative to its competitors, 
even as the overall market declined. In FY 2011, the Competitive Growth 
Differential was negative because the Postal Service's competitive 
revenue displayed no material growth, while competitor revenue, and 
hence the overall market, grew. This demonstrates that the Competitive 
Growth Differential reflects the source of the growth in the market in 
ways that the Competitive Market Output did not. Subsequent fiscal 
years reflect similar differences, with the Competitive Growth 
Differential better reflecting the Postal Service's market position in 
the overall competitive market than the Competitive Market Output 
would.
    In the next section, the Commission discusses the formula proposed 
in Order No. 4402, as well as specific comments received related to the 
operation of the formula. The Commission then describes how the two 
modified components, the Competitive Contribution Margin and the 
Competitive Growth Differential, are incorporated into the Commission's 
proposed formula to calculate the appropriate share.
3. Resulting Formula
a. Order No. 4402
    In Order No. 4402, the Commission proposed calculating the 
appropriate share using the following formula: \42\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \42\ Order No. 4402 at 29.

ATt+1 = ASt * (1 + %[Delta]LIt-1 + 
%[Delta]CMOt-1)
If t = 0 = FY 2007, AS = 5.5%


[[Page 39949]]


Where,

AS = Appropriate Share \43\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \43\ This figure would be expressed as a percentage and rounded 
to one decimal place for simplicity and consistency with the 
Commission's past practice of expressing an appropriate share using 
one decimal place. Id. at 29 n.52.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

LI = Postal Service Lerner Index
CMO = Competitive Market Output
t = Fiscal Year

    As noted above, under the previously proposed formula, the 
Commission would have calculated the year-over-year percentage changes 
for both the Postal Service Lerner Index and Competitive Market Output 
components. Id. at 31; see section III.C.2.a, supra. In order to 
calculate an upcoming fiscal year's appropriate share percentage 
(ASt+1), the formula multiplied the sum of the percentage 
changes in the Postal Service Lerner Index and the Competitive Market 
Output from the previous fiscal year \44\ (1 + %[Delta]LIt-1 
+ %[Delta]CMOt-1) by the current fiscal year's appropriate 
share (ASt). Order No. 4402 at 30. In addition, both components were 
given equal weight in the calculation in order to balance changes in 
the competitive market with changes in the Postal Service's market 
power. Id. at 29-30.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \44\ As noted in Order No. 4402, the ``1 +'' is a necessary 
mathematical concept for any percentage change formula in order to 
incorporate the pre-existing value being changed. Id. at 30 n.54; 
see Jagdish Arya & Robin Lardner, Mathematical Analysis for Business 
and Economics 202-03 (2d ed. 1985).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In order to calculate the appropriate share for the current fiscal 
year, the Commission needed to determine the beginning appropriate 
share percentage (AS) and the beginning fiscal year (t). The Commission 
proposed to begin the calculation in FY 2007, when the PAEA was 
enacted, and set the initial appropriate share value at 5.5 percent, 
which was the appropriate share initially set by the Commission. Id. at 
32. Both beginning values were chosen to allow for incorporation of the 
changes in the competitive market in the years since the PAEA's 
enactment. Id. Using FY 2007 and the 5.5-percent appropriate share as 
the beginning point of the formula's calculation, the Commission used 
the cumulative formula results from FY 2008 through FY 2018 in order to 
reach FY 2019's proposed appropriate share (10.8 percent). Id. at 33.
    In Order No. 4402, the Commission proposed adjusting the 
appropriate share annually by using the formula to calculate the 
appropriate share for the upcoming fiscal year. Id. at 30. Due to the 
timing of when all necessary data were available, the Commission 
proposed that the appropriate share would be reported as part of the 
Commission's ACD issued each year in March and would take effect at the 
beginning of the following fiscal year on October 1. Id.
b. Comments Concerning Beginning Appropriate Share, Beginning Fiscal 
Year, and the Weighting of Components
    In response to Order No. 4402, the Commission received comments 
from several parties concerning the beginning appropriate share, 
beginning fiscal year, and the weighting of the two components of the 
formula. As these comments relate directly to the modified formula as 
well as the previously proposed formula, the Commission discusses the 
comments received on those three topics in this section.
i. Beginning Appropriate Share
    UPS contends that using 5.5 percent as the beginning appropriate 
share percentage is ``irrational'' because the initial 5.5 percent 
appropriate share was an ``intentionally low'' figure and was based on 
different analysis. UPS Comments at 36. UPS states that the initial 5.5 
percent was set based on factors, such as small Postal Service market 
share and the risk of setting appropriate share too high, and was 
intended to provide flexibility to the Postal Service. Id. UPS 
maintains ``[t]hese concerns have no bearing today.'' Id.
    In the Order No. 4402, the Commission proposed that the appropriate 
share be modified to better reflect the modern competitive market that 
had exhibited changes since the Commission's last appropriate share 
review and the PAEA's enactment. Order No. 4402 at 12. UPS interprets 
this as Commission recognition that the 5.5-percent appropriate share 
level is ``too low given current market conditions'' and thus questions 
its use as the beginning value for the Commission's calculation of the 
appropriate share. UPS Comments at 37. UPS contends that if the 
Commission is increasing the appropriate share from 5.5 percent to 
better reflect current market conditions, the beginning value of the 
appropriate share calculation should not be 5.5 percent and instead 
should reflect current market conditions. Id. For these reasons, UPS 
recommends the Commission use the average revenue share of Postal 
Service competitive products over the last 3 fiscal years (26.6 
percent) as the beginning value of the appropriate share (AS). Id. at 
39-40.
ii. Beginning Fiscal Year
    UPS and the Postal Service address the beginning fiscal year used 
in the proposed formula in their comments. In recommending the 
Commission use 26.6 percent as the beginning value of the appropriate 
share, UPS notes that percentage should be considered ``in the 
Commission's formula for 2018 and onwards,'' which implies that UPS is 
recommending the Commission change the beginning fiscal year (t) to FY 
2018. Id. at 40.
    The Postal Service recommends that the Commission eliminate or 
reduce the appropriate share. Postal Service Comments at 3-8. However, 
if the Commission retains the formula, the Postal Service alternatively 
recommends that the Commission change the formula's beginning fiscal 
year (t)to FY 2017. Id. at 23-24. The Postal Service contends there is 
``no basis for applying the new formula beginning in FY 2007 and 
continuing forward on a cumulative basis.'' Id. at 23.
    In Order No. 4402, the Commission stated that the formula's 
calculation, beginning in FY 2007, would be recursive in order to 
capture the cumulative effects of changes in prevailing competitive 
conditions in the market on the appropriate share. Order No. 4402 at 
31-32. The Postal Service states that the current prevailing 
competitive conditions are already captured by the proposed formula's 
two components and do not need to be captured by beginning the 
formula's calculation in FY 2007. Postal Service Comments at 23-24. In 
addition, the Postal Service notes that the formula produces a 
hypothetical appropriate share for each fiscal year between FY 2007 and 
FY 2017, and that the use of those figures is ``inappropriate'' and 
``arbitrary'' because the actual appropriate share for those same 
fiscal years are known.\45\ For these reasons, the Postal Service 
maintains that the beginning fiscal year (t)``should be FY 2017, the 
most recent year in which the appropriate share requirement was a fixed 
5.5 percent,'' or in the alternative, FY 2012, the most recent time the 
Commission reviewed the appropriate share. Postal Service Comments at 
23.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \45\ Id. at 24. The ``hypothetical'' appropriate shares the 
Postal Service references can be found in Order No. 4402 at 33, 
Table IV-6, column ``Appropriate Share for the Following Year 
(ASt+1).''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

iii. Weighting of the Components
    Related to the Commission's equal weighting of both components, 
Sidak asserts that the Commission's decision is an arbitrary one. Sidak 
Decl. at 39. He maintains the Commission provides no

[[Page 39950]]

reasonable explanation for the equal weighting of the components. Id. 
Sidak contends that the Commission failed to evaluate whether the two 
components are endogenous, whether a correlation exists between the two 
components and attributable costs, or how the formula would evolve 
under alternative weights. Id. He suggests the Commission should have 
``conduct[ed] some research and analysis to find the correct ratio'' of 
the two components. Id.
c. Commission Analysis and Modified Formula
    After consideration of the comments received, the Commission elects 
to maintain Order No. 4402's approach to the beginning appropriate 
share, the beginning fiscal year, and the weighting of components. In 
this section, the Commission initially discusses the modified formula's 
configuration and then provides its analysis of the commenters' 
recommendations.
    Based on the proposed modifications to both components discussed in 
sections III.A.1 and III.A.2, supra, the Commission proposes to 
calculate the appropriate share using the following modified formula:

ASt+1 = AS * (1 + %[Delta]CCMt-1)

If t = 0 = FY 2007, AS = 5.5%


Where:

AS = Appropriate Share \46\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \46\ This figure continues to be expressed as a percentage and 
rounded to one decimal place for simplicity and consistency with the 
Commission's past practice of expressing an appropriate share using 
one decimal place.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

CCM = Competitive Contribution Margin
CGD = Competitive Growth Differential
t = Fiscal Year

    Procedurally, the Commission proposes that the appropriate share be 
adjusted annually through the same process as proposed in Order No. 
4402. Under that process, the appropriate share would be adjusted 
annually by using the formula to calculate the minimum appropriate 
share for the upcoming fiscal year.\47\ The Commission also retains 
that the new appropriate share level for the upcoming fiscal year would 
be reported as part of the Commission's ACD.\48\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \47\ In response to Order No. 4402, GCA requested the Commission 
confirm that, despite the use of its formula-based approach, the 
appropriate share continues to act as a minimum contribution level 
or floor, to be exceeded, if possible. GCA Comments at 1-2. As noted 
in Order No. 4402, ``the Commission has and continues to view the 
appropriate share as a minimum requirement.'' Order No. 4402 at 81; 
see id. at 6 (citing Order No. 26 at 72). The Commission continues 
to view the appropriate share as a minimum requirement. The minimum 
requirement nature of the appropriate share is embodied in the 
proposed rule itself, which states ``. . . the appropriate share of 
institutional costs to be recovered from competitive products 
collectively, at a minimum, will be calculated using the following 
formula. . . .'' See Order No. 4402, Attachment A at 1.
    \48\ See Order No. 4402 at 30. It is important to note that, as 
recently as its FY 2017 ACD, the Commission has stated the 
appropriate share requirement of 39 U.S.C. 3633(a)(3) applies to the 
Postal Service annually. See FY 2017 ACD at 92-93. Thus, to comply 
with 39 U.S.C. 3633(a)(3), the Postal Service's competitive products 
must collectively cover the Commission-determined appropriate share 
of institutional costs as set forth in 39 CFR 3015.7(c) in each 
fiscal year. See id. Although the Postal Service may exceed this 
minimum contribution level, any contribution that exceeds the 
minimum level cannot be used as a form of ``prepayment'' for future 
fiscal years. See id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In order to calculate an upcoming fiscal year's appropriate share 
percentage (ASt+1), the modified formula multiplies the sum 
of the Competitive Growth Differential and the percentage change in the 
Competitive Contribution Margin, (1 + %[Delta]CCMt-1 + 
CGDt-1),\49\ by the current fiscal year's appropriate share 
(ASt). The modified formula continues to be recursive in nature in 
order to incorporate year-over-year changes in the competitive market. 
See Order No. 4402 at 31.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \49\ See n.44, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Thus, as an example of how the modified formula functions, if the 
following conditions hold:

 Current year appropriate share is 5.5 percent 
(ASt+1)
 Competitive Contribution Margin grew by 6 percent in the 
prior year (%[Delta]CCMt-1)
 Competitive Growth Differential \50\ was 0.4 percent when:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \50\ As discussed above, the Competitive Growth Differential is 
calculated as follows: Market ShareUSPS * (%[Delta]RevenuesUSPS -
%[Delta]RevenuesC&M). See section IV.2.c, supra.

    --Postal Service revenue grew 5 percent in the prior year 
(%[Delta]RevenueUSPS)
    --Competitor revenue grew 3 percent in the prior year 
(%[Delta]RevenueC&M)
    --Postal Service market share was 20 percent (ShareUSPS)

Then the appropriate share for the next year is calculated as follows:

Appropriate Share = 0.055* (1 + 0.06 + (0.2 *(0.05 - 0.03))) = 0.059 or 
5.9%

Under this scenario, the next year's appropriate share would be 5.9 
percent. As noted above, this result will be the starting point for 
calculating the appropriate share for the following year.
    Using 5.9 percent as the starting point for calculating the 
appropriate share for the following year (ASt=1), if the following 
conditions hold:

 Competitive Contribution Margin declined by 1 percent in 
the prior year (%[Delta]CCMt-1)
 Competitive Growth Differential was 2.2 percent, when:
    --Postal Service revenue grew 6 percent in the prior year 
(%[Delta]RevenueUSPS)
    --Competitor revenue declined 4 percent in the prior year 
(%[Delta]RevenueC&M)
    --Postal Service market share was 22 percent (ShareUSPS)

Then the appropriate share for the next year is calculated as follows:

Appropriate Share = 0.059 * (1 - 0.01 + (0.22 * (0.06 - (-0.04))))
    = 0.06 or 6.0%

Under this scenario, the next year's appropriate share would be 6.0 
percent and would become the starting point for calculating the 
appropriate share for the next year.
    As it relates to comments received concerning the beginning 
appropriate share and beginning fiscal year, the Commission finds that 
it is appropriate to use 5.5 percent as the beginning appropriate share 
and FY 2007 as the beginning fiscal year when calculating the modified 
formula. Those beginning values allow the resulting appropriate share 
to capture the impact of market fluctuations on the appropriate share 
over time and moving forward.
    The Commission's selection of 5.5 percent as the beginning 
appropriate share does not imply that the Commission believes the 
initial 5.5 percent set in Docket No. RM2007-1 was ``too low'' or 
``inadequate'' as UPS suggests. See UPS Comments at 37. To the 
contrary, the initial 5.5 percent appropriate share was reasonably 
based on historical contribution. Order No. 4402 at 7. However, since 
the PAEA's enactment, the Postal Service, competitors, and market 
conditions have changed, and the goal of the formula-based approach is 
to better capture these changes both historically and moving forward. 
As a result, UPS's proposed use of Postal Service competitive products' 
revenue share would be inappropriate because it does not appropriately 
reflect market conditions in FY 2007 and subsequent years. In addition, 
the use of revenue share to begin the calculation of the formula is 
improper for the reasons discussed by the Commission in Order No. 4402 
when it rejected using Postal Service competitive products' revenue 
share to set the appropriate share. See Order No. 4402 at 82. Postal 
Service competitive products' share of revenue is not reflective of 
market conditions, the elements of 39 U.S.C. 3633(b), and Commission 
precedent. Id. As discussed in Order No. 4402, competitive products' 
share of revenue is driven in large part by market dominant revenue, 
which has been declining due to a decline in demand for market dominant 
products. Id. As a result of declining market dominant demand and 
revenue, the competitive revenue share has

[[Page 39951]]

increased and is likely to continue to increase. However, this increase 
in revenue share has little do with the criteria of 39 U.S.C. 3633(b) 
that drive the determination of the appropriate share. As a result, use 
of revenue share would be inappropriate because such use would allow 
the appropriate share to be substantially impacted by factors unrelated 
to the prevailing market conditions and other relevant circumstances 
required pursuant to 39 U.S.C. 3633(b).
    Additionally, it would be inappropriate to begin the formula's 
calculation in FYs 2012, 2017, or 2018, as the Postal Service and UPS 
respectively suggest. Calculating the appropriate share beginning in 
any fiscal year other than FY 2007 would result in the Commission 
disregarding the cumulative impact that changes in market have had on 
the initial 5.5 percent appropriate share in the years since the PAEA's 
enactment. The proposed formula's calculation incorporates the changes 
from those fiscal years, a necessary action to better capture the 
impact that changes in market conditions have had on the appropriate 
share.
    As noted above, the Postal Service makes two specific critiques 
regarding the use of FY 2007 as the beginning fiscal year. The Postal 
Service contends that the two components themselves reflect current 
prevailing competitive conditions, leaving no reason to begin the 
formula's calculation in FY 2007 in order to capture historical market 
changes. Although it is true both components capture changes in 
prevailing competitive conditions in the market,\51\ the beginning 
fiscal year serves a different purpose. The components, as applied 
through the formula, capture market changes, including prevailing 
competitive conditions, over a single fiscal year. However, they do not 
capture the prevailing competitive conditions in the market as they 
have evolved since the PAEA's enactment. As the Commission explained in 
Order No. 4402, it is appropriate to set FY 2007 as the beginning year 
for the formula because the prevailing competitive conditions in the 
market, as well as other relevant circumstances, have changed since FY 
2007. Order No. 4402 at 32. By using FY 2007 as the beginning year, the 
proposed formula allows the appropriate share to reflect the cumulative 
effect of developments in competitive market conditions since the 
PAEA's enactment.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \51\ The components, as applied through the formula, also 
capture other relevant circumstances. See section IV.B, infra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additionally, the Postal Service maintains that it is inappropriate 
and arbitrary to assign ``hypothetical'' values that represent the 
appropriate share dating back to FY 2007 when the actual appropriate 
share for those fiscal years are known. Postal Service Comments at 24. 
The Commission acknowledges that the actual appropriate share \52\ is 
known for prior fiscal years and clarifies that its approach does not 
purport to change the actual values for any prior fiscal year. However, 
as explained above, the Commission finds that the formula should ensure 
the appropriate share reflects the market conditions as they have 
evolved since the PAEA's enactment. As a result, it is neither 
inappropriate nor arbitrary for the Commission to use these values to 
determine the impact that market changes have had on the appropriate 
share. The formula's calculation is purposefully and appropriately 
cumulative in order to determine this impact.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \52\ In using the term ``actual appropriate share'' the 
Commission is referring to the fact that, since its regulations in 
Docket No. RM2007-1 became final, as required by the PAEA, the 
appropriate share has remained at 5.5 percent. See supra at 4 n.4.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As it relates to comments received concerning the weighting of the 
two components of the formula, the Commission finds that it is 
appropriate from both a legal and economic perspective to weight the 
components equally. First, from a legal perspective, the Commission's 
decision to weight both components equally is appropriate because it is 
based on the required consideration of the statutory criteria set forth 
in 39 U.S.C. 3633(b). The Commission notes that the modified components 
measure two discrete concepts. As described in sections IV.A.1 and 
IV.A.2, supra, the Competitive Contribution Margin measures the Postal 
Service's absolute market power; that is, its own ability to raise 
prices above costs, whereas the Competitive Growth Differential 
measures the Postal Service's market position relative to its 
competitors. These concepts measure different aspects of the 
competitive market, as the Competitive Contribution Margin considers 
the Postal Service's market power with respect to consumers and the 
Competitive Growth Differential measures the Postal Service's market 
position with respect to competitors. Both modified components play 
critical and equal roles in supporting the formula's ability to capture 
the criteria set forth in 39 U.S.C. 3633(b). For example--as it relates 
to capturing prevailing competitive conditions in the market--the 
Competitive Contribution Margin provides insight into potential Postal 
Service competitive advantage; the Competitive Growth Differential 
reflects any changes in Postal Service market share; and both are 
equally necessary in order to capture various changes to the market and 
competitors. See section IV.B.1, infra. Additionally, both modified 
components play a role in capturing each of the other relevant 
circumstances the Commission considers. See section IV.B.3, infra. 
Given that neither component is more significant than the other in 
capturing the criteria set forth in 39 U.S.C. 3633(b), the Commission 
finds it is appropriate to weight the components equally.
    Second, from an economic perspective, the Commission's decision to 
weight both components equally is appropriate. Although Sidak maintains 
that ``from an economic perspective'' the Commission failed to offer a 
reasonable explanation for the formula's configuration and suggests 
that weights be assigned at the component level, Sidak's criticism is 
problematic for two reasons. See Sidak Decl. at 39. First, the 
assignment of weights at the component level, without unique economic 
justification, is inconsistent with economic practice. Typically, 
weighting is applied in survey analyses to correct imperfections in 
surveys or in regression analyses to normalize errors.\53\ In those 
instances, a unique weight is applied to each variable, for each 
observation, using a function or a formula.\54\ Sidak seems to suggest 
weights be assigned as follows:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \53\ See Jeffrey M. Wooldridge, Introductory Econometrics: A 
Modern Approach 280-94 (5th ed. 2013) (Wooldridge); see also Sharon 
L. Lohr, Sampling: Design and Analysis 225-29 (1999).
    \54\ Wooldridge at 280-94.

Weighted Competitive Contribution Margin = Weight * %[Delta]CCM
Weighted Competitive Growth Differential = Weight * (Market 
ShareUSPS,t-1 * (%[Delta]RevenueUSPS - %[Delta]RevenueC&M))

However, statistically, a more accurate assignment of weights would be 
as follows:

[[Page 39952]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP13AU18.039

The Commission finds that assigning unique weights to each variable in 
the context of the proposed formula would be inappropriate without an 
economic rationale for each weight (e.g., to correct imperfections 
(survey analysis) or to normalize errors (regression analysis)).\55\ 
Sidak does not propose an economic rationale for assigning any 
particular set of weights, and the Commission has not separately 
identified any. Without an economic rationale or justification, the 
application of unique weights to each variable would be artificial and 
thus inappropriate. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \55\ Id. at 280-94.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, it would be problematic to assign weights at the component 
level because both the Competitive Contribution Margin and the 
Competitive Growth Differential rely in part on a shared input, the 
Postal Service's competitive product revenue. See Order No. 4402 at 18-
19, 23; see also sections IV.A.1.c and IV.A.2.c, supra. For this 
reason, the components are not independent and are considered 
economically related.\56\ Due to the relatedness of variables (i.e., 
(Revenue) from the Competitive Contribution Margin and 
(%[Delta]RevenueUSPS) from the Competitive Growth Differential), if 
unique weights are assigned to the two components, the effect on those 
components and the formula's calculation would be disproportionate. To 
weight the components in a formula of this type would be inconsistent 
with statistical practice and would diminish the accuracy of the 
formula by changing how the components interact with each other.\57\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \56\ Related terms are commonly used in econometric models. See 
Wooldridge at 198-200.
    \57\ See id. at 280-94.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table IV-3 below illustrates the calculation using the Commission's 
revised proposed formula starting with an appropriate share of 5.5 
percent in FY 2007.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \58\ Source: Library Reference PRC-LR-RM2017-1/2.

                       Table IV-3--Calculation of Appropriate Share, FY 2007-FY 2019 \58\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             Percentage
                                                             change in         Competitive
                                         Appropriate        Competitive           Growth          Appropriate
                                        share for the       Contribution     Differential for    share for the
             Fiscal year              current year (AS)   Margin for  the     the prior year     following year
                                             (%)             prior year        (CGD-1) (%)        (AS + 1) (%)
                                                         (%[Delta]CCM) (%)
 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FY 2007.............................                5.5                N/A                N/A                5.5
FY 2008.............................                5.5                0.0                0.0                5.5
FY 2009.............................                5.5               -5.9                0.7                5.2
FY 2010.............................                5.2               13.4                1.2                6.0
FY 2011.............................                6.0               15.7                0.9                7.0
FY 2012.............................                7.0               -7.9               -0.2                6.4
FY 2013.............................                6.4                3.7                2.7                6.8
FY 2014.............................                6.8                5.5                2.5                7.3
FY 2015.............................                7.3                0.4                1.2                7.4
FY 2016.............................                7.4               -2.6                0.2                7.2
FY 2017.............................                7.2               18.1                1.4                8.6
FY 2018.............................                8.6                1.3                1.1                8.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The proposed revised formula and each resulting appropriate share 
percentage reflect trends in the market. For example, Table IV-3 shows 
that the appropriate share would have decreased from FY 2009 to FY 2010 
under the

[[Page 39953]]

proposed modified formula (comparing the second column with the last 
column of the FY 2009 row). This decrease would have occurred in 
response to a decline in the Postal Service's market power in FY 2008 
(as measured by the Competitive Contribution Margin shown in the third 
column of the FY 2009 row) largely due to the global financial crisis. 
Although there was an increase in the Competitive Growth Differential 
in FY 2008 (as shown in the fourth column of the FY 2009 row), it would 
not have offset the decline in the Competitive Contribution Margin. The 
appropriate share would have also decreased from FY 2012 to FY 2013 
(comparing the second column with the last column of the FY 2012 row), 
again in response to a decline in the Postal Service's market power (as 
measured by the Competitive Contribution Margin shown in the third 
column of the FY 2012 row). In this case, the decline was due to 
changes in the mail mix that caused competitive products' revenue to 
increase less than attributable costs. Beginning with FY 2014's 
appropriate share, the appropriate share would have steadily increased 
as the Postal Service expanded its market power and market position. As 
a result, the appropriate share for FY 2019 (as indicated in the 
bottom-right cell in Table IV-3) would be 8.8 percent under the 
Commission's modified formula.

 B. Analysis Pursuant to 39 U.S.C. 3633(b)

    As it did in Order No. 4402, in this section, the Commission 
explains how its modified formula captures the prevailing competitive 
conditions in the market and other relevant circumstances as required 
by 39 U.S.C. 3633(b). Additionally, the Commission addresses the 
remaining element of section 3633(b)--whether any costs are uniquely or 
disproportionately associated with Postal Service competitive products.
1. Prevailing Competitive Conditions in the Market
a. Order No. 4402
    In Order No. 4402, to assess the prevailing competitive conditions 
in the market, the Commission considered whether there was any evidence 
of Postal Service competitive advantage; whether there had been any 
changes in Postal Service market share; and whether there had been any 
changes in the package delivery market or to competitors since the 
Commission's last appropriate share review.\59\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \59\ Order No. 4402 at 34-40. The Commission also mentioned a 
purely qualitative factor previously considered as a market 
condition--whether there was any evidence of antitrust actions filed 
against the Postal Service. Id. at 34 n.60. The Commission found 
that that factor could not be explicitly captured through the 
proposed quantitative formula. Id. However, the Commission did 
determine antitrust actions were implicitly captured by the 
previously proposed formula because changes in the Postal Service's 
market power could offer insight into whether the Postal Service was 
engaging in the kinds of anticompetitive behavior that would 
underlie an antitrust action. See id. Because the Competitive 
Contribution Margin continues to measure the Postal Service's market 
power, the Commission finds that the modified formula implicitly 
captures antitrust actions for the same reasons described in Order 
No. 4402.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission identified and discussed changes in market 
conditions that had occurred since its last appropriate share review 
and determined that its formula-based approach captured these 
considerations. Order No. 4402 at 34-40. For example, the Commission 
found that the Postal Service Lerner Index would reflect any Postal 
Service competitive advantage because the more market power the Postal 
Service possesses, the larger the Postal Service Lerner Index would be. 
Id. at 35. The Commission also determined that the formula would 
capture any evidence of predatory pricing because, should the Postal 
Service ever engage in predatory pricing, the Postal Service Lerner 
Index value would be negative. Id. at 36-37. In addition, the 
Commission found that the formula captured Postal Service and 
competitor market share by revenue mainly through the Competitive 
Market Output. Id. at 38-39. Finally, the Commission found that changes 
in the market including overall growth, entry and exit of firms, and 
innovation would be observed in both the Postal Service Lerner Index 
and Competitive Market Output. Id. at 39-40.
b. Modified Formula's Compliance With Section 3633(b)
    Despite modifications to the previously proposed components, the 
modified formula captures the prevailing competitive conditions in the 
market. First, similar to the Postal Service Lerner Index, the 
Competitive Contribution Margin provides insight into whether the 
Postal Service possesses a competitive advantage.\60\ The higher the 
Competitive Contribution Margin, the more market power the Postal 
Service possesses. Any large increases in the Competitive Contribution 
Margin may indicate a competitive advantage under certain 
circumstances. Just as with the Postal Service Lerner Index, the 
Competitive Contribution Margin also indicates whether the Postal 
Service is engaging in predatory pricing because the resulting 
Competitive Contribution Margin would be negative. If the Postal 
Service were engaging in predatory pricing, its attributable costs 
would be greater than its revenue, and, as calculated in the 
Competitive Contribution Margin, the difference between them would be 
less than zero, resulting in a negative value. Figure IV-1 below 
displays the Competitive Contribution Margin from FY 2007 to FY 2017.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \60\ As discussed in Order No. 4402, the Commission also uses 
its analysis required by section 703(d) to assess whether Postal 
Service competitive products have a competitive advantage. See Order 
No. 4402 at 35, 54-68. The Commission clarifies that a section 
703(d) analysis is the primary way the Commission assesses whether 
Postal Service competitive products have a competitive advantage due 
to differences in the application of federal and state laws to the 
Postal Service compared to competitors. The Commission notes that it 
also uses other factors (e.g., large increases in market power or 
evidence of Postal Service predatory pricing) to assess whether the 
Postal Service has a competitive advantage.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

[[Page 39954]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP13AU18.040

    As shown in Figure IV-1, the Competitive Contribution Margin has 
never been negative. As a result, the Commission continues to find no 
evidence of Postal Service predatory pricing. The Commission maintains 
that the use of the Competitive Contribution Margin in its modified 
formula will provide an ongoing indication of whether the Postal 
Service is engaging in predatory pricing.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \61\ Source: Library Reference PRC-LR-RM2017-1/2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, the change in the Postal Service's market share by revenue 
would be reflected in the Competitive Growth Differential even more so 
than the Competitive Market Output component of the previously proposed 
formula. Unlike the Competitive Market Output, which reflected market 
share in its composition, the Competitive Growth Differential directly 
incorporates Postal Service market share into the calculation of the 
appropriate share, as discussed in section IV.A.2.c, supra. If the 
Postal Service's market share were to grow from an increase in revenue, 
the Competitive Growth Differential would increase, thereby increasing 
the appropriate share if all other factors were to remain constant. If 
the Postal Service's market share were to decline from a decrease in 
revenue, the Competitive Growth Differential would decrease, thereby 
decreasing the appropriate share if all other factors were to remain 
constant. Additionally, similar to the Postal Service Lerner Index, any 
growth or decline in the Postal Service's market share caused by shifts 
in demand or pricing strategies would be reflected in the Competitive 
Contribution Margin because such shifts would affect the Postal 
Service's ability to price above costs and therefore its market power. 
See Order No. 4402 at 39.
    Finally, changes in the market and to competitors, such as overall 
market growth, firm entry or exit from the market and innovation, are 
reflected by both of the modified components. For example,\62\ if a 
firm enters the market and generates new business, competitor revenue 
relative to the Postal Service's revenue would increase, thereby 
decreasing the Competitive Growth Differential. Alternatively, if a 
firm enters the market and takes business from the Postal Service--
whether through pricing or innovation--the Postal Service would have to 
price closer to marginal cost to remain competitive, thereby reducing 
the Competitive Contribution Margin. However, if a firm exits the 
market and the business it used to generate is lost, it could cause a 
decrease in competitor revenue and an increase the Postal Service's 
market share, thereby increasing the Competitive Growth Differential. 
These various examples illustrate the modified formula's ability to 
capture overall changes, including expansion or retraction in the 
competitive market.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \62\ Each example assumes all other factors remain constant.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Unique or Disproportionate Costs
    As previously noted, the second element of section 3633(b) is that 
the Commission must consider ``the degree to which any costs are 
uniquely or disproportionately associated with any competitive 
products.'' See 39 U.S.C. 3633(b); see section III.A, supra. The 
analysis of this second element differs from the other elements in 
section 3633(b) because the Commission's consideration of the second 
element is unrelated to the Commission's formula-based approach.
    For that reason, in Order No. 4402, the Commission's discussion of 
whether any costs are uniquely or disproportionately associated with 
any competitive product relied on its current costing methodologies. 
See Order No. 4402 at 43-45. The Commission's current costing 
methodology attributes all reliably identifiable, causally related 
costs that can be traced to individual products to those products and 
was recently upheld

[[Page 39955]]

by the D.C. Circuit.\63\ The requirement that cost attribution must be 
based on reliably identified causal relationships comes from the PAEA. 
Order No. 4402 at 43 (citing 39 U.S.C. 3622(c)(2)). The Commission 
noted that ``[b]y definition, costs identified as institutional are 
those that cannot be causally linked to any specific product'' and 
found that there were no costs uniquely associated or 
disproportionately associated with any competitive products that were 
not already attributed to competitive products under the Commission's 
methodology. Id. at 43-44.
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    \63\ Id.; see generally UPS, 890 F.3d 1053.
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    The Commission's discussion on whether any costs were uniquely 
associated or disproportionately associated with any competitive 
products elicited multiple comments.\64\ However, as this Revised 
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking is concentrated on modifications to its 
proposed formula-based approach, the Commission will address the 
comments related to ``the degree to which any costs are uniquely or 
disproportionately associated with any competitive products'' in a 
subsequent order.
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    \64\ See, e.g., Amazon Comments at 8-11; Postal Service Comments 
at 4-5, 13, 16, 26-28; Sidak Decl. at 53-55.
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3. Other Relevant Circumstances
a. Order No. 4402
    In its assessment of other relevant circumstances in Order No. 
4402, the Commission considered the effects of: (1) Products which have 
been transferred from the market dominant product list to the 
competitive product list since the Commission's last review of the 
appropriate share; (2) changes to the mail mix (i.e., the relative 
proportions of individual mail products' volumes within the overall 
postal system) since the last review of the appropriate share; (3) 
uncertainties in the marketplace; and (4) the risks associated with 
setting the appropriate share either too high or too low. Order No. 
4402 at 45-53. The Commission identified and discussed changes in these 
relevant circumstances and determined that all were reflected in its 
proposed formula-based approach. Id.
    First, the Commission identified product transfers since its last 
review of the appropriate share and determined that they were reflected 
in the previously proposed formula because the transferred products' 
revenue was automatically included in the Postal Service's portion of 
the Competitive Market Output, and the transferred products' revenue-
per-piece and unit volume-variable cost were incorporated into the 
composition of the Postal Service Lerner Index. Id. at 46.
    Second, the Commission noted that the Postal Service has 
experienced mail mix changes since the Commission's last review of the 
appropriate share, as market dominant volumes have continued to decline 
and competitive volumes have continued to increase. Id. at 46-49. The 
Commission determined that the formula's Competitive Market Output 
component incorporated changes in the Postal Service's mail mix by 
including revenue that the Postal Service received from any increase in 
competitive product volume. Id. at 48-49. Likewise, the Postal Service 
Lerner Index would reflect the growth or decline of competitive 
products with varying degrees of profitability. Id.
    Third, with regard to market uncertainties, the Commission 
explained that ``shifts in market demand or macroeconomic conditions 
would be reflected in the appropriate share determination through 
changes in the Postal Service Lerner Index and Competitive Market 
Output.'' Id. at 49. The Commission also noted that the last 5 years 
have been a time of significant innovation and development in the 
delivery industry, and that it is important for the Commission's 
proposed formula-based approach to be able to incorporate such changes. 
Id. For potential competitor innovation or changes in e-commerce, the 
Commission explained that both would be reflected in the Competitive 
Market Output because competitor revenue would change as their 
innovations succeeded or failed. Id. The Commission also noted it was 
possible for competitor innovation to affect the Postal Service Lerner 
Index should it cause the Postal Service to alter its pricing of 
competitive products. Id. at 49-50.
    Finally, the Commission has consistently recognized that there are 
risks inherent in setting the appropriate share either too high or too 
low. Id. at 50-51; see also Order No. 1449 at 12. If the appropriate 
share were set too high, the Postal Service would be forced to raise 
its prices to non-competitive levels. Order No. 4402 at 50. If the 
appropriate share were set too low, the Postal Service might be 
incentivized to discount its prices in order to gain market share. Id. 
at 50. The Commission found that its proposed formula should limit 
increases in the appropriate share to no higher than appropriate to 
account for the Postal Service's growth in market power and the growth 
of the market as a whole. Id. With regard to the risk of the 
appropriate share being set too low, the Commission noted that price 
discounting on the scale necessary to gain market share would come at 
the expense of the Postal Service's overall profitability. Id. at 50-
51. The Commission therefore concluded that the Postal Service 
possesses little incentive to engage in such behavior. Id. at 51.
b. Modified Formula's Compliance With Section 3633(b)
    Despite changes to the previously proposed components, with the 
Competitive Contribution Margin and the Competitive Growth 
Differential, the modified formula captures other relevant 
circumstances. First, the modified formula continues to capture changes 
caused by Postal Service product transfers to the competitive product 
list. When a product is transferred from the market dominant to the 
competitive product list, the modified formula continues to incorporate 
it directly through the Competitive Growth Differential because the 
modified component continues to include the transferred product's 
revenue as part of the Postal Service's revenue. The effect of product 
transfers would also be reflected in changes in Postal Service market 
share because market share is calculated using, in part, Postal Service 
revenue, which would include the revenue of any transferred product. In 
addition, the transferred product's attributable costs and revenue are 
incorporated into the Competitive Contribution Margin. Any change in 
the Competitive Contribution Margin resulting from a transfer reflects 
the Postal Service's market power in the expanded competitive market, 
as discussed above. See section IV.A.1.c, supra.
    Second, as it relates to changes in the mail mix, the Commission 
noted in Order No. 4402 that mail mix changes occur as demand for 
postal products shifts. Order No. 4402 at 46. Most recently, Postal 
Service market dominant product demand has decreased, while demand for 
its competitive products has increased. Id. at 46-48. The modified 
formula captures these mail mix changes as the Competitive Growth 
Differential reflects the revenue the Postal Service receives from any 
increase in competitive product volume. The Competitive Contribution 
Margin, similar to the Postal Service Lerner Index, would reflect the 
growth or decline of very profitable or less profitable competitive 
products. See id. at 48-49.
    Third, regarding market uncertainties, the modified formula 
captures changes in market demand or other macroeconomic conditions 
through

[[Page 39956]]

changes in either of the modified components. For example, if demand in 
the market declines, because of a recession or other conditions, there 
may be downward pressure on prices in the market. This occurrence may 
cause the Postal Service to reduce its prices in order to preserve 
volume, reducing the Completive Contribution Margin. Other competitors 
may reduce prices as well, resulting in changes to the market overall; 
an occurrence that would be reflected in the Competitive Growth 
Differential.
    The Commission also finds that its modified formula should capture 
efforts to innovate or changes in e-commerce, accomplishing the same 
objective as the previously proposed formula. The Competitive Growth 
Differential captures these changes as they affect the Postal Service's 
position in the market. For example, if competitors in the aggregate 
were to successfully innovate and generate more revenue relative to the 
Postal Service, the Competitive Growth Differential would decrease if 
all other factors were to remain constant. If the Postal Service were 
to successfully innovate and generate more revenue relative to its 
competitors, the Competitive Growth Differential would increase if all 
other factors were to remain constant.
    Finally, in terms of the risk involved with setting the appropriate 
share too high, the Commission finds that this risk is addressed by the 
modified formula, just as it was by the previously proposed formula. 
The modified formula continues to limit increases in the appropriate 
share to no higher than appropriate to account for the Postal Service's 
growth in market power and for growth in the Postal Service's market 
position. In terms of the risks involved in setting the appropriate 
share too low and allowing the Postal Service to gain market share by 
discounting prices, the Commission continues to find that this risk is 
minimal. As noted in Order No. 4402, the Postal Service has little 
incentive to discount prices in order to gain market share because 
discounting prices to gain market share would decrease the Postal 
Service's profitability at a time when it continues to face financial 
challenges.\65\
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    \65\ See Order No. 4402 at 50-51. The modified formula continues 
to be calculated with a time lag that further discourages price 
discounting by the Postal Service because the negative consequences 
would appear before the benefits. See id. at 51.
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V. Section 703(d) of the PAEA

    As discussed in Order No. 4402,\66\ in order to determine whether 
Postal Service competitive products enjoyed advantages over private 
carriers, Congress directed the FTC to prepare a report identifying 
federal and state laws that apply differently to the Postal Service's 
competitive products than similar products offered by private 
competitors and to account for the net economic effect resulting from 
such differences.\67\ Additionally, section 703(d) directs the 
Commission, when revising regulations under 39 U.S.C. 3633, to consider 
subsequent events that may affect the continuing validity of the FTC's 
net economic effect finding.\68\
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    \66\ See id. at 54-58.
    \67\ See PAEA, 120 Stat. 3244; see also S. Rep. No. 108-318 at 
29 (2004); PAEA section 703(a) and (b). Section 703 was not codified 
and is reproduced in the notes of 39 U.S.C.A. 3633. See also FTC 
Report.
    \68\ PAEA section 703(d).
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    Order No. 4402 presented the first proposed revision to a 
regulation issued under 39 U.S.C. 3633 since the PAEA's enactment. The 
Commission provided its analysis pursuant to section 703(d) in Order 
No. 4402. Order No. 4402 at 54-68. In that analysis, the Commission 
discussed the FTC Report and its findings, defined the scope of its 
review pursuant to section 703(d), and performed the required analysis 
based on the statute. Id. The comments received in response to Order 
No. 4402 have not identified any subsequent events pursuant to the 
Commission's interpretation of section 703(d) that were not addressed 
in Order No. 4402 or that have subsequently occurred.\69\ The 
Commission also has not identified any subsequent events that would 
affect its section 703(d) analysis in Order No. 4402. As such, the 
Commission affirms its finding in Order No. 4402 that the FTC's 
conclusion that the Postal Service operates at a net economic 
disadvantage continues to be valid.
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    \69\ The Commission's discussion on the FTC Report and section 
703 elicited multiple comments. See, e.g., UPS Comments at 22-26; 
Sidak Decl. at 6, 9-15, 52-53. However, as this Revised Notice of 
Proposed Rulemaking is concentrated on modifications to the proposed 
formula-based approach, the Commission will address the comments 
received on the FTC Report and section 703(d) in a subsequent order.
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VI. Administrative Actions

    Additional information concerning this rulemaking may be accessed 
via the Commission's website at http://www.prc.gov. Interested persons 
may submit comments on the modified formula-based approach and related 
revisions to proposed rules \70\ no later than 30 days after the date 
of publication of this Revised Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the 
Federal Register. Pursuant to 39 U.S.C. 505, Kenneth R. Moeller 
continues to be designated as an officer of the Commission (Public 
Representative) to represent the interests of the general public in 
this proceeding.
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    \70\ The Commission makes one revision to proposed Sec.  
3015.7(c)(1). The Commission replaces the formula proposed in Order 
No. 4402 with the formula proposed in this Revised Notice of 
Proposed Rulemaking. The proposed rules are set forth below the 
signature of this Order.
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    The Regulatory Flexibility Act requires federal agencies, in 
promulgating rules, to consider the impact of those rules on small 
entities. See 5 U.S.C. 601, et seq. (1980). If the proposed or final 
rules will not, if promulgated, have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities, the head of the agency may 
certify that the initial and final regulatory flexibility analysis 
requirements of 5 U.S.C. 603 and 604 do not apply. See 5 U.S.C. 605(b). 
In the context of this rulemaking, the Commission's primary 
responsibility is in the regulatory oversight of the United States 
Postal Service. The rules that are the subject of this rulemaking have 
a regulatory impact on the Postal Service, but do not impose any 
regulatory obligation upon any other entity. Based on these findings, 
the Chairman of the Commission certifies that the rules that are the 
subject of this rulemaking will not have a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities. Therefore, pursuant to 5 
U.S.C. 605(b), this rulemaking is exempt from the initial and final 
regulatory flexibility analysis requirements of 5 U.S.C. 603 and 604.

VII. Ordering Paragraphs

    It is ordered:
    1. Interested persons may submit comments no later than 30 days 
from the date of the publication of this notice in the Federal 
Register.
    2. Pursuant to 39 U.S.C. 505, Kenneth R. Moeller continues to be 
appointed to serve as the Public Representative in this proceeding.
    3. The Secretary shall arrange for publication of this Order in the 
Federal Register.

    By the Commission.
Stacy L. Ruble,
Secretary.

List of Subjects for 39 CFR Part 3015

    Administrative practice and procedure.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Commission proposes to 
amend chapter III of title 39 of the Code of Federal Regulations as 
follows:

PART 3015--REGULATION OF RATES FOR COMPETITIVE PRODUCTS

0
1. The authority citation for part 3015 continues to read as follows:


[[Page 39957]]


    Authority:  39 U.S.C. 503; 3633.

0
2. Amend Sec.  3015.7 by revising paragraph (c) to read as follows:


Sec.  3015.7  Standard for compliance.

* * * * *
    (c)(1) Annually, on a fiscal year basis, the appropriate share of 
institutional costs to be recovered from competitive products 
collectively, at a minimum, will be calculated using the following 
formula:

ASt+1 = ASt * (1 + %[Delta]CCMt-1 + 
CGDt-1)

Where,

AS = Appropriate Share, expressed as a percentage and rounded to one 
decimal place
CCM = Competitive Contribution Margin
CGD = Competitive Growth Differential
t = Fiscal Year
If t = 0 = FY 2007, AS = 5.5 percent

    (2) The Commission shall, as part of each Annual Compliance 
Determination, calculate and report competitive products' appropriate 
share for the upcoming fiscal year using the formula set forth in 
paragraph (c)(1) of this section.

[FR Doc. 2018-17221 Filed 8-10-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 7710-FW-P