[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 108 (Tuesday, June 5, 2018)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 25951-25967]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-11940]


 ========================================================================
 Proposed Rules
                                                 Federal Register
 ________________________________________________________________________
 
 This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of 
 the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these 
 notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in 
 the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.
 
 ========================================================================
 

  Federal Register / Vol. 83 , No. 108 / Tuesday, June 5, 2018 / 
Proposed Rules  

[[Page 25951]]



DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

8 CFR Part 103

[DHS Docket No. ICEB-2017-0001]
RIN 1653-AA67


Procedures and Standards for Declining Surety Immigration Bonds 
and Administrative Appeal Requirement for Breaches

AGENCY: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Department of 
Homeland Security.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) proposes two 
changes that would apply to surety companies certified by the 
Department of the Treasury (Treasury) to underwrite bonds on behalf of 
the Federal Government. First, the proposed rule would require 
Treasury-certified sureties seeking to overturn a surety immigration 
bond breach determination to exhaust administrative remedies by filing 
an administrative appeal raising all legal and factual defenses. This 
requirement to exhaust administrative remedies and present all issues 
to the administrative tribunal would allow Federal district courts to 
review a written decision addressing all of the surety's defenses, 
thereby streamlining litigation over the breach determination's 
validity. Second, this proposed rule would set forth ``for cause'' 
standards and due process protections so that U.S. Immigration and 
Customs Enforcement (ICE), a component of DHS, may decline bonds from 
companies that do not cure their deficient performance. Treasury 
administers the Federal corporate surety program and, in its current 
regulations, allows agencies to prescribe in their regulations for 
cause standards and procedures for declining to accept bonds from a 
Treasury-certified surety company. DHS proposes the for cause standards 
contained in this rule because certain surety companies have failed to 
pay amounts due on administratively final bond breach determinations or 
have had in the past unacceptably high breach rates.

DATES: Comments must be submitted electronically or postmarked no later 
than August 6, 2018.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments, identified by the DHS docket number 
to this rulemaking, Docket No. ICEB-2017-0001, to the Federal Docket 
Management System (FDMS), a government-wide, electronic docket 
management system, by one of the following methods:
     Electronically: Submit comments to the Federal eRulemaking 
Portal at http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the instructions for 
submitting comments.
     Mail: Address your written comments to the individual in 
the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section below. DHS docket staff, 
which maintains and processes ICE's official regulatory dockets, will 
scan the submission and post it to FDMS.
    See the Public Participation portion of the SUPPLEMENTARY 
INFORMATION section below for instructions on submitting comments.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Melinda A. Jones, Management and 
Program Analyst, MS 5207, Enforcement and Removal Operations, U.S. 
Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 500 12th Street SW, Washington, DC 
20536; telephone (202) 732-5919; email [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Public Participation
    A. Submitting Comments
    B. Viewing Comments and Documents
    C. Privacy Act
    D. Public Meeting
II. Abbreviations
III. Background
    A. Immigration Bonds Generally
    B. Need for Exhaustion Requirement
    C. Need for Ability To Decline Bonds From Non-Performing Surety 
Companies
    D. Treasury Regulation Allows Federal Agencies To Decline Bonds 
From Certified Sureties for Cause
IV. Discussion of Proposed Rule
    A. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
    B. Issue Exhaustion
    C. Standards and Process for Declining Bonds From a Treasury-
Certified Surety
    D. Technical Changes
V. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements
    A. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563: Regulatory Planning and 
Review
    B. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
    C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
    D. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996
    E. Collection of Information
    F. Federalism
    G. Civil Justice Reform
    H. Energy Effects
    I. Environment
The Proposed Amendments

I. Public Participation

    We encourage you to participate in this rulemaking by submitting 
comments and related materials. Comments received will be posted, 
without change, to http://www.regulations.gov as part of the public 
record and will include any personal information you have provided. 
Should you wish your personally identifiable information redacted prior 
to filing in the docket, please so state. We also invite comments 
relating to the economic, environmental, energy, or federalism impacts 
that might result from this rulemaking action. See ADDRESSES, above, 
for methods to submit comments. Mailed submissions may be paper or CD-
ROM.

A. Submitting Comments

    If you submit comments, please include the docket number for this 
rulemaking, indicate the specific section of this document to which 
each comment applies, and provide a reason for each suggestion or 
recommendation. You may submit your comments and materials online or by 
mail, but please use only one of these means. ICE will file all 
comments sent to our docket address, as well as items sent to the 
address or email under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT, in the public 
docket, except for comments containing confidential information. If you 
submit a comment, it will be considered received by ICE when it is 
received at the Docket Management Facility.
    To submit your comments online, go to http://www.regulations.gov, 
and insert the complete Docket number starting with ``ICEB'' in the 
``Search'' box. Click on the ``Comment Now!'' box and input your 
comment in the text box provided. Click the ``Continue'' box, and if 
you are satisfied with your comment, follow the prompts to submit it. 
If you submit your comments by mail, submit

[[Page 25952]]

them in an unbound format, no larger than 8\1/2\ by 11 inches, suitable 
for copying and electronic filing. If you would like us to acknowledge 
receipt of comments submitted by mail, include with your comments a 
self-addressed, stamped postcard or envelope on which the docket number 
appears. We will stamp the date on the postcard and mail it to you.
    We will consider all comments and materials submitted during the 
comment period and may change this rule based on your comments. The 
docket is available for public inspection before and after the comment 
closing date.

B. Viewing Comments and Documents

    To view comments, as well as documents mentioned in this preamble 
as being available in the docket, go to http://www.regulations.gov and 
insert the complete Docket number starting with ``ICEB'' in the 
``Search'' box. Click on the ``Open Docket Folder,'' and you can click 
on ``View Comment'' or ``View All'' under the ``Comments'' section of 
the page. Individuals without internet access can make alternate 
arrangements for viewing comments and documents related to this 
rulemaking by contacting ICE through the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION 
CONTACT section above.

C. Privacy Act

    Anyone can search the electronic form of comments received into any 
of our dockets by the name of the individual submitting the comment (or 
signing the comment, if submitted on behalf of an association, 
business, labor union, etc.). Commenters may wish to read the Privacy 
and Security Notice that is available via a link on the homepage of 
http://www.regulations.gov.

D. Public Meeting

    We do not now plan to hold a public meeting, but you may submit a 
request for one using one of the methods specified under ADDRESSES 
above. In your request, explain why you believe a public meeting would 
be beneficial. If we determine that one would aid this rulemaking, we 
will hold one at a time and place announced by a later notice in the 
Federal Register.

II. Abbreviations

AAO Administrative Appeals Office
APA Administrative Procedure Act
BFS Bureau of the Fiscal Service, Department of the Treasury
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DOJ Department of Justice
FY Fiscal Year
ICE U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
INA Immigration and Nationality Act
INS Immigration and Naturalization Service
OMB Office of Management and Budget
USCIS U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

III. Background

A. Immigration Bonds Generally

    ICE may release certain aliens from detention during removal 
proceedings after a custody determination has been made pursuant to 8 
CFR 236.1(c). ICE may require an alien to post an immigration bond as a 
condition of his or her release from custody. See Immigration and 
Nationality Act (INA) sec. 236(a)(2)(A), 8 U.S.C. 1226(a)(2)(A); 8 CFR 
236.1(c)(10). A delivery bond is posted to guarantee the appearance of 
the bonded alien for removal, an interview, or at immigration court 
hearings. Immigration bonds also may be posted to, for instance, secure 
the timely voluntary departure of an alien from the United States, 8 
CFR 1240.26(b)(3)(i), (c)(3)(1), or to secure compliance with an order 
of supervision, 8 CFR 241.5(b). See also INA sec. 103(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 
1103(a)(3) (authorizing Secretary of Homeland Security to ``prescribe 
such forms of bond'' as the Secretary deems necessary to carry out his 
immigration authorities).
    Immigration bonds may be secured by a cash deposit (``cash bonds'') 
or may be underwritten by a surety company certified by Treasury 
pursuant to 31 U.S.C. 9304-9308 to issue bonds on behalf of the Federal 
government (``surety bonds''). 8 CFR 103.6(b). Treasury publishes the 
list of certified sureties in Department Circular 570, available at 
http://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/ref/suretyBnd/c570_a-z.htm. 
For cash bonds, ICE requires a deposit for the face amount of the bond 
and, if the bond is breached, ICE transfers that deposit into the 
Breached Bond/Detention Fund as compensation for the breach of the bond 
agreement. 8 U.S.C. 1356(r); 8 CFR 103.6(b), (e). In contrast, when a 
surety bond is breached, ICE must issue an invoice to collect the 
amount due from the surety company or its agent. ICE Form I-352 (Rev. 
03/08). This proposed rule would apply only to surety bonds.
    Pursuant to the terms of the bond, surety companies and their 
agents serve as co-obligors on the bond and are jointly and severally 
liable for payment of the face amount of the bond when ICE issues an 
administratively final breach determination. In this proposed rule, the 
singular term ``bond obligor'' refers to either the surety company or 
the bonding agent. The plural term ``bond obligors'' refers to both 
entities.
    ICE officials may declare a bond breached when there has been a 
``substantial violation of the stipulated conditions.'' 8 CFR 103.6(e). 
Bond breach determinations are issued on ICE Form I-323, Notice--
Immigration Bond Breached. ICE makes such a determination when a bond 
obligor fails to deliver the alien into ICE custody when requested, 
when an obligor fails to ensure that the alien timely voluntarily 
departs the United States, or when an obligor fails to ensure that the 
alien complies with an order of supervision, as required by the terms 
of the bond.
    Bond obligors have a right to appeal the breach determination by 
completing Form I-290B, Notice of Appeal or Motion, and submitting the 
form together with the appropriate filing fee and a brief written 
statement setting forth the reasons and evidence supporting the appeal 
within 30 days of the date of the determination. 8 CFR 103.3. If a bond 
obligor does not timely appeal the breach determination to the U.S. 
Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Administrative Appeals 
Office (AAO), or if the appeal is denied, the breach determination 
becomes an administratively final agency action. See 8 CFR 103.6(e); 
see generally United States v. Gonzales & Gonzales Bonds & Ins. Agency, 
Inc., 728 F. Supp. 2d 1077, 1086-91 (N.D. Cal. 2010); Safety Nat'l Cas. 
Corp. v. DHS, 711 F. Supp. 2d 697, 703-04 (S.D. Tex. 2008).\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Courts have also held that certain AAO decisions are final 
agency actions when the AAO issues opinions on non-bond appeals 
within its jurisdiction in other contexts. See, e.g., Herrera v. 
U.S. Citizenship & Imm. Servs., 571 F.3d 881, 885 (9th Cir. 2009).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For surety bonds, if a bond obligor does not timely appeal to the 
AAO or if the appeal is dismissed, ICE will issue a demand for payment 
on an administratively final breach determination in the form of an 
invoice to the bond obligors. 31 CFR 901.2(a). The bond obligors have 
30 days to pay the invoice or submit a written dispute; otherwise, the 
debt is past due. 31 CFR 901.2(b)(3). During this 30-day period, the 
bond obligors may seek agency review of the debt. See 6 CFR 11.1(a); 31 
CFR 901.2. If the bond obligors ask to review documents related to the 
debt, ICE will provide documents supporting the existence of the debt. 
If the bond obligors dispute the debt, ICE will review the breach 
determination and issue a written response to any issues raised by the 
bond obligors. Under the terms set forth in ICE's invoice, if a debtor, 
such as a bond obligor, does not

[[Page 25953]]

pay the invoice within 30 days of issuance of the written response to 
the dispute, the invoice is past due. See 31 CFR 901.2(b)(3).

B. Need for Exhaustion Requirement

    Treasury-certified surety companies that receive a breach 
determination need to know when that decision is final to plan their 
next steps. When a decision is final, the bond obligor can seek further 
review of the decision in the Federal courts. 5 U.S.C. 704. An initial 
agency action, such as a bond breach determination is considered final 
and subject to judicial review unless exhaustion of administrative 
remedies is required, i.e., unless (1) a statute expressly requires an 
appeal to a higher agency authority, or (2) the agency's regulations 
require (a) an appeal to a higher agency authority as a prerequisite to 
judicial review, and (b) the administrative action is made inoperative 
during such appeal. Darby v. Cisneros, 509 U.S. 137, 154 (1993).\2\ An 
agency may also by regulation require issue exhaustion. Sims v. Apfel, 
530 U.S. 103, 108 (2000). Issue exhaustion means that a litigant cannot 
raise an issue in federal court without first raising the issue in the 
litigant's administrative appeal.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ See also Air Espana v. Brien, 165 F.3d 148, 151 (2d Cir. 
1999) (noting that the Immigration and Nationality Act does not 
impose an exhaustion requirement); DSE, Inc. v. United States, 169 
F.3d 21, 26-27 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (filing of appeal did not make 
agency decision inoperative); Young v. Reno, 114 F.3d 879, 881-82 
(9th Cir. 1997) (by regulation, appeal was not required).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In this rule, DHS proposes to require Darby exhaustion by revising 
DHS regulations such that before a surety can sue on DHS's bond breach 
determination in federal court, the surety must appeal such 
determination to the AAO. Consistent with Darby, the rule would also 
provide that the agency's breach determination remains inoperative 
during the pendency of such appeal. In addition, DHS proposes to 
require issue exhaustion by requiring sureties to raise all factual and 
legal issues in an administrative appeal or waive those issues in 
federal court.
    The need for exhaustion of administrative remedies and issue 
exhaustion requirements for bond breach determinations is evidenced by 
two cases where district court judges required ICE to issue written 
decisions addressing defenses raised by surety companies and their 
agents for the first time in federal district court litigation. In 
these cases filed by the United States in federal district court to 
collect amounts due from surety companies and their agents for breached 
bonds, the courts issued remand orders requiring ICE to prepare written 
decisions addressing whether over 100 breach determinations were valid 
after evaluating the defenses raised by the bond obligors. United 
States v. Int'l Fidelity Ins. Co., No. 2:11-cv-396-FSH-PS, ECF No. 86 
at 8 (D.N.J. July 30, 2012); United States v. Gonzales & Gonzales Bonds 
& Ins. Agency, Inc., 2012 WL 4462915, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 25, 2012).
    Requiring exhaustion of administrative remedies and issue 
exhaustion would streamline this type of litigation and conserve 
judicial resources because the bond obligors would be required to raise 
all factual and legal issues in an administrative appeal, and the AAO 
would issue a written decision addressing all defenses. The 
administrative appeal process would allow errors to be corrected 
without resort to federal court litigation and would avoid the delay 
associated with remanding breach determinations to the agency to issue 
written administrative decisions addressing defenses. As noted by a 
district court judge, appropriate review of an agency determination 
under the APA would be simplified if DHS amended its current 
regulations to require exhaustion of administrative remedies. See Int'l 
Fidelity Ins. Co., ECF No. 86, at 9. This proposed regulation would 
promote judicial economy by allowing federal courts to review breach 
determinations under the APA's arbitrary and capricious standard of 
review since remanding breach determinations to ICE would no longer be 
necessary.

C. Need for Ability To Decline Bonds From Non-Performing Surety 
Companies

    For decades, certain surety companies and their agents have failed 
to pay invoices for breached bonds timely (within 30 days) or to 
present specific reasons to the agency why, in their view, the breach 
determinations are invalid. This non-performance has compelled 
litigation in federal court to resolve thousands of unpaid breached-
bond debts valued in the millions of dollars and has also resulted in 
ICE filing claims in state receivership proceedings when sureties 
cannot pay past-due invoices. ICE needs to be able to decline new bonds 
from non-performing surety companies, after providing the due process 
specified in the proposed rule, to give them an incentive to take 
appropriate action when a bond is breached.
    The need for the ability to decline bonds derives from the lack of 
an effective existing mechanism to address non-performing surety 
companies. Specifically, certain surety companies' failure to pay 
amounts due on breached bonds has been ongoing for years, and the 
agency has considered different approaches to recovering payments. In 
1982, Regional Counsel for the former Immigration and Naturalization 
Service (INS) recommended that the INS amend 8 CFR 103.6 to implement a 
procedure, similar to that established by the U.S. Customs Service in 
July 1981, to stop accepting bonds from surety companies with poor 
payment records until their payment performance improved, but this 
proposal was never implemented.
    In 2005, ICE notified a surety with substantial delinquent debt 
that it would no longer accept immigration bonds underwritten by that 
company and separately asked Treasury to revoke the surety's 
certification to post bonds on behalf of the United States. A district 
court enjoined ICE's action not to accept additional bonds, ruling that 
ICE could not decline immigration bonds from this surety without first 
affording the company procedural due process rights. Safety Nat'l Cas. 
Corp. v. DHS, No. 4:05-cv-2159, slip op. at 8 (S.D. Tex. Dec. 9, 2005).
    Treasury, after conducting an informal hearing, issued a 
determination concluding that the surety company exhibited a course and 
pattern of doing business that was incompatible with its authority to 
underwrite bonds on behalf of the United States and directed the surety 
to make full payment of all amounts due and owing on over 900 breached 
bonds (over $7 million at the time). See ``Notice to Safety National 
Casualty Corp. from FMS Commissioner'' (Jan. 23, 2007) (withdrawn and 
vacated, with prejudice, on July 19, 2013). The surety then filed suit 
in Federal district court on February 21, 2007, seeking to enjoin 
Treasury from enforcing its final decision and to vacate Treasury's 
ruling that the surety should be decertified. Safety Nat'l Cas. Corp. 
v. U.S. Dep't of the Treasury, No. 4:07-cv-00643 (S.D. Tex. Feb. 21, 
2007), ECF No. 1. On August 27, 2008, the court stayed the case pending 
the resolution of 1,421 bond disputes, id. (Minute Entry), raised in an 
earlier case filed by Safety National Casualty Corp. and its agent 
against DHS, Safety Nat'l Cas. Corp. v. DHS, No. 4:05-cv-2159 (S.D. 
Tex. filed June 23, 2005), ECF No. 1. On July 30, 2013, the Treasury 
case was dismissed based on a settlement agreement reached by the 
parties in the earlier case involving the 1,421 bond disputes. No. 
4:07-cv-00643, ECF. No. 67. This example illustrates the difficulty ICE 
has encountered in precluding surety

[[Page 25954]]

companies that have not paid invoices issued on administratively final 
breach determinations from issuing new immigration bonds.
    The repeated failures of certain surety companies to respond 
appropriately to breached-bond invoices, either by disputing the 
validity of the breach determination or paying the invoice, shows the 
need for this proposed rule that would allow ICE to decline bonds from 
non-performing surety companies.

D. Treasury Regulation Allows Federal Agencies To Decline Bonds From 
Certified Sureties for Cause

    Treasury's Bureau of the Fiscal Service (BFS) is responsible for 
administering the corporate Federal surety bond program pursuant to 31 
U.S.C. 9304-9308 and 31 CFR part 223. Treasury evaluates the 
qualifications of sureties to underwrite Federal bonds and issues 
certificates of authority to those sureties that meet the specified 
corporate and financial standards. Under 31 U.S.C. 9305(b)(3), a surety 
must ``carry out its contracts'' to comply with statutory requirements. 
To ``carry out its contracts'' and be in compliance with section 9305, 
a surety must, on a continuing basis, make prompt payment on invoices 
issued to collect amounts arising from administratively final 
determinations.
    On October 16, 2014, Treasury published a final rule entitled, 
``Surety Companies Doing Business with the United States.'' 79 FR 
61992. The rule became effective on December 15, 2014. This Treasury 
regulation clarifies that: (1) Treasury certification does not insulate 
a surety from the requirement to satisfy administratively final bond 
obligations; and (2) an agency bond-approving official has the 
discretion to decline to accept additional bonds on behalf of his or 
her agency that would be underwritten by a Treasury-certified surety 
for cause provided that certain due process standards are satisfied.
    Through this proposed rule, DHS proposes to specify the 
circumstances under which ICE would decline to accept new immigration 
bonds from Treasury-certified sureties. This proposed rule would also 
set forth the procedures that ICE would follow before it declines bonds 
from a surety. This proposed rule would facilitate the prompt 
resolution of bond obligation disputes between ICE and sureties and 
would minimize the number of situations where the surety routinely 
fails to pay administratively final bond obligations or fails to 
promptly seek administrative review of bond breach determinations.

IV. Discussion of Proposed Rule

A. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies

    Exhaustion of administrative remedies serves many purposes. Bastek 
v. Fed. Crop Ins. Corp., 145 F.3d 90, 93 (2d Cir. 1998). First, 
exhausting administrative remedies ensures that persons do not flout 
established administrative processes by ignoring agency procedures. See 
McKart v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 195 (1969); Pub. Citizen Health 
Research Group v. Comm'r, Food & Drug Admin., 740 F.2d 21, 29 (D.C. 
Cir. 1984). Second, it protects the autonomy of agency decision making 
by allowing the agency the opportunity to apply its expertise in the 
first instance, exercise discretion it may have been granted, and 
correct its own errors. Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 89 (2006). Third, 
the doctrine aids judicial review by permitting the full factual 
development of issues relevant to the dispute. James v. HHS, 824 F.2d 
1132, 1137-38 (D.C. Cir. 1987). Finally, the doctrine of exhaustion 
promotes judicial and administrative economy by resolving some claims 
without judicial intervention. Woodford, 548 U.S. at 89. For all of 
these reasons, DHS considers it to be both necessary and appropriate to 
mandate the exhaustion of administrative remedies for bond breach 
determinations on bonds issued by Treasury-certified surety companies.
    DHS proposes, therefore, that a Treasury-certified surety or its 
agent that receives a breach notification from ICE must seek 
administrative review of that breach determination by filing an appeal 
with the AAO before the agency's action becomes final and subject to 
judicial review. The initial breach determination would not be enforced 
while any administrative appeal is pending. ICE would not issue an 
invoice to collect the amount due from the bond obligors on a breached 
bond until the agency action becomes final. If the bond obligor failed 
to file an administrative appeal during the filing period (currently 30 
days) or filed an appeal that is summarily dismissed or rejected due to 
failure to comply with the agency's deadlines or other procedural 
rules, then the bond obligor would have waived all issues and would not 
be able to seek review of the breach determination in Federal court.\3\ 
ICE would then issue an invoice to collect the amount due.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ See, e.g., Woodford, 548 U.S. at 90 (``Proper exhaustion 
demands compliance with an agency's deadlines and other critical 
procedural rules''); Silverton Snowmobile Club v. U.S. Forest Serv., 
433 F.3d 772, 787 (10th Cir. 2006) (upholding district court's 
dismissal of complaint due to failure to exhaust administrative 
remedies); Galvez Pineda v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 833, 838 (10th Cir. 
2005) (``[U]ntimely filings with administrative agencies do not 
constitute exhaustion of administrative remedies.''); Glisson v. 
U.S. Forest Serv., 55 F.3d 1325 (7th Cir. 1995) (suit barred for 
failure to appeal from the decision of the supervisor of a national 
forest to authorize the sale of timber).
    \4\ Because a motion to reconsider or reopen a bond breach 
determination does not stay the final decision, a bond obligor's 
failure to file such a motion would not constitute failure to 
exhaust administrative remedies.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Issue Exhaustion

    The proposed regulation would also require Treasury-certified 
surety companies and their agents to raise all defenses or other 
objections to a bond breach determination in their appeal to the AAO; 
otherwise, these defenses and objections would be deemed waived. The 
Supreme Court has observed that administrative issue exhaustion 
requirements may be created by agency regulations:

    [I]t is common for an agency's regulations to require issue 
exhaustion in administrative appeals. See, e.g., 20 CFR 802.211(a) 
(1999) (petition for review to Benefits Review Board must ``lis[t] 
the specific issues to be considered on appeal''). And when 
regulations do so, courts reviewing agency action regularly ensure 
against the bypassing of that requirement by refusing to consider 
unexhausted issues.

Sims v. Apfel, 530 U.S. 103, 107-08 (2000).
    DHS believes that issue exhaustion is appropriate and necessary 
when a Treasury-certified surety company or its agent appeals a breach 
determination to the AAO. Some of these companies have engaged in 
protracted litigation over the validity of bond breach determinations; 
some of this litigation could have been streamlined if the bond 
obligors had been required to present all of their issues and disputes 
to the agency for adjudication on appeal before suit was filed in 
Federal court instead of raising new issues for the first time in 
federal court. Under this proposed rule, DHS would consider issue 
exhaustion to be mandatory in that a commercial surety or its agent 
would be required to raise all issues before the AAO and would waive 
and forfeit any issues not presented.

C. Standards and Process for Declining Bonds From a Treasury-Certified 
Surety

    As required by the Treasury regulation, DHS, through this proposed 
rule, would establish the standards ICE would use to decline surety 
immigration bonds for cause (the ``for cause'' standards) and the 
procedures that ICE would follow before declining bonds from a 
Treasury-certified surety. The

[[Page 25955]]

standards proposed by ICE are informed by the important function that 
surety immigration bonds serve in the orderly administration of the 
immigration laws. Because insufficient resources exist to hold in 
custody all of the individuals whose statuses are being determined 
through removal proceedings, delivery bonds perform the vital function 
of allowing eligible individuals to be released from custody while the 
bond obligors accept the responsibility for ensuring their future 
appearance when required. If the bond obligor fails to satisfy its 
obligations under the terms of the bond, a claim is created in favor of 
the United States for the face amount of the bond. 8 CFR 103.6(e); 
Immigration Bond, ICE Form I-352, G.1 (Rev. 03/08). Enforcing 
collection of a breached immigration bond is important to motivate bond 
obligors to comply with the obligations they agreed to when they 
executed the bond and upon which ICE relied in permitting the alien to 
remain at liberty while removal proceedings are pending. When an alien 
does not appear as required, agency resources must be expended to 
locate the alien and take him or her back into custody.
    In short, the standards DHS proposes for ICE to exercise its 
discretion to decline bonds from sureties arise from the need to 
maintain the integrity of the bond program. The bond program does not 
operate as intended when sureties (1) fail to timely pay invoices based 
on administratively final breach determinations, or (2) have 
unacceptably high breach rates. The incentive to deliver aliens in 
response to demand notices is reduced when sureties do not timely 
forfeit the amount of the bond as a consequence of their failure to 
perform. Moreover, if sureties do not submit payment for the 
Government's claim created as a result of the breach, they may receive 
an undeserved windfall if they retain any premiums or collateral paid 
by the person who contracted with them to obtain the bond on behalf of 
the alien (the indemnitor).
1. For Cause Standards
    The rule proposes three circumstances, or for cause standards, when 
ICE may notify a surety of its intention to decline any new bonds 
underwritten by the surety.\5\ ICE's decision about whether to decline 
new bonds would be discretionary; ICE would not be required to stop 
accepting new bonds every time one of the for cause standards has been 
violated, and ICE would retain discretion to work with surety companies 
on an individual basis to ensure compliance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ Treasury's regulation permitting agencies to promulgate 
``for cause'' standards to decline administratively bond obligations 
is ``prospective and is not intended to require a principal to 
obtain replacement bonds that have already been accepted.'' 79 FR 
61992, 61995. Accordingly, DHS does not anticipate that ICE's 
notification would have any effect on a surety's open bonds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

First For Cause Standard: Ten or More Past Due Invoices
    Under the first for cause standard, ICE would be authorized to 
issue a notice of its intention to decline new bonds when the surety 
has ten or more past due invoices issued after the final rule's 
effective date. The terms ``invoice,'' ``administratively final,'' and 
``past due'' are each terms of art which require further explanation.
    In this context, an ``invoice'' is a demand notice that ICE sends 
to a surety company seeking payment on an administratively final breach 
determination. A breach determination is ``administratively final'' 
either when the time to file an appeal with the AAO has expired without 
an appeal having been filed or when the appeal is denied. See 8 CFR 
103.6(e); see also Gonzales & Gonzales Bonds, 728 F. Supp. 2d at 1086, 
1091; Safety Nat'l Cas. Corp., 711 F. Supp. 2d at 703-04.
    Finally, an invoice is ``past due'' when the bond obligor does not 
pay the invoice within 30 days of ICE's issuance of the invoice. 31 CFR 
901.2(b)(3). This 30-day period can be tolled if the obligor disputes 
the debt during the 30-day period.\6\ If the obligor disputes the debt, 
ICE will review the underlying breach determination and issue a written 
response to any issues raised by the surety or bonding agent. If ICE, 
in its written response to the obligor's dispute, concludes that the 
debt is invalid, ICE will cancel the invoice. If, however, ICE 
concludes that the debt is valid, the obligor has 30 days from issuance 
of the written decision to pay the debt. If a disputed invoice is 
valid, or if the obligor has declined to timely dispute the invoice at 
all, such an invoice, when it becomes past due, would be included as 
one of the ten past due invoices that may trigger the issuance of a 
notice that ICE intends to decline new bonds underwritten by the 
surety.\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Treasury has issued guidance to federal agencies instructing 
them to ``develop clear policies and procedures on how to respond to 
a debtor's request for copies of records related to the debt, 
consideration for a voluntary repayment agreement, or a review or 
hearing on the debt.'' Department of the Treasury, Managing Federal 
Receivables, at 6-16 (Mar. 2015). When it issues an invoice, ICE 
includes information about its collection policies, including a 
statement that: ``If a timely written request disputing the debt is 
received, the debt will be reviewed and collection will cease on the 
debt or disputed portion until verification or correction of the 
debt is made and a written summary of the review is provided.'' ICE 
Form Invoice, ``Important Information Regarding This Invoice,'' 
maintained by ICE's Financial Service Center Burlington.
    \7\ There is no further administrative review of ICE's 
determination that a disputed invoice is valid. This is because the 
administratively final breach determination underlying each invoice 
has already been subject to appellate review. In other words, 
because ICE does not issue an invoice until after the related breach 
has become administratively final, ICE's issuance of an invoice, and 
its review of a disputed invoice, would not occur until after the 
AAO had already resolved the obligor's appeal, if any, of the 
underlying breach determination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Again, the first for cause standard would be triggered when at 
least 10 invoices issued after the final rule's effective date are past 
due. DHS proposes this standard because, when a surety company has 10 
past-due invoices, such a company is not fulfilling its obligation to 
diligently and promptly act on demands for payment. DHS considered 
using a smaller number of past due invoices as the trigger for this 
standard, but concluded that some leeway should be given for missed 
payments. However, DHS believes that a reasonably attentive surety 
company should be able to avoid having 10 past due invoices at the same 
time. For example, in FY 2015, the only surety companies that exceeded 
10 unpaid invoices were four companies that either were in liquidation 
or exhibited a practice of repeatedly not paying invoices. In other 
words, nonpayment of 10 invoices did not occur through mistake or 
inadvertence. During this same period, multiple surety companies had 
timely paid all of their invoices or were late in submitting payments 
on fewer than ten. DHS requests comment on this proposed standard, 
including whether the number of past due invoices should be higher or 
lower, and if so, on what basis.
Second For Cause Standard: Cumulative Debt of $50,000 or More on Past 
Due Invoices
    Under the second for cause standard, ICE would be authorized to 
issue a notice of its intention to decline new bonds when the surety 
owes a cumulative total of $50,000 or more on past due invoices issued 
after the effective date of the final rule, including interest and 
other fees assessed by law on delinquent debt. This proposed rule 
includes a for cause standard based on cumulative debt because bond 
amounts differ based on custody determinations and a surety could have 
a fairly large cumulative debt (over $50,000) when fewer than 10 
invoices are unpaid. As of September 27, 2016, the lowest surety bond 
value was $500 and the highest surety bond value was $340,000, the

[[Page 25956]]

average value of the over 23,000 open surety bonds (those that have not 
yet been breached or canceled) was about $10,200, the median value was 
$8,000, and almost 11,000 of the open surety bonds had a face value of 
$10,000 or more.\8\ As of September 27, 2016, seven surety companies 
(some of which, of their own volition, no longer post new bonds) owed 
past due invoices. Five of the sureties owed cumulative debts above 
$50,000, and the median amount of cumulative debt owed by these 
companies was substantial--$450,500. Two companies that regularly pay 
invoices promptly had less than $50,000 of past due debts and six other 
sureties' payments were current.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ Immigration Bond Statistics maintained by ICE's Financial 
Service Center Burlington.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Likewise, data from FY 2015 confirm that surety companies that 
regularly pay invoices on time do not generally exceed a cumulative 
total of $50,000 in past due debt. In FY 2015, there were four 
companies that generally paid their debts in a timely manner but had 
late payments. One of those companies accumulated a total amount of 
$22,000 in past due debt during FY 2015. Two other companies had no 
past due debts during FY 2015. In comparison, five non-performing 
sureties accumulated past due debts greater than $50,000 during FY 
2015, and the median amount of past due debt accumulated among those 
companies was $194,000.
    These numbers suggest that the $50,000 threshold represents a 
reasonable trigger because, based on an average bond amount of $10,200, 
a surety can quickly accumulate a substantial debt if it is not 
committed to fulfilling its obligations by paying invoices timely. 
Continuing to accept bonds from such an entity places an unacceptable 
risk on the agency. If a surety company is approaching $50,000 in 
unpaid obligations and cannot pay such obligations, it should stop 
attempting to post new bonds.
    This standard also gives ICE the flexibility to take action when a 
surety's non-performance is problematic even though fewer than ten 
invoices may be past due. Because almost half of the open surety bonds 
are in the amount of $10,000 or more, a surety could incur a cumulative 
debt of $50,000 or more with relatively few unpaid invoices. This 
second for cause standard recognizes that possibility and gives ICE the 
option of taking action when the surety has failed to timely pay 
invoices, while still giving the surety some latitude in making late 
payments. Having separate standards based either on a designated number 
of unpaid invoices or the dollar value of past due debt would allow ICE 
to take appropriate action when a surety company is not current on 
payments of administratively final breach determinations. DHS requests 
comment on this proposed standard, including whether the cumulative 
total debt should be higher or lower, and if so, on what basis.
Third For Cause Standard: Bond Breach Rate of 35 Percent or Greater
    Finally, under the third for cause standard, ICE would be 
authorized to issue a notice of its intention to decline new bonds when 
the surety's breach rate for bonds is 35 percent or greater during a 
fiscal year. The breach rate is important because it measures the 
surety's compliance with its obligations under the terms of the 
immigration bond. The breach rate is calculated by dividing the number 
of administratively final breach determinations during a fiscal year 
for a surety company by the sum of the number of bonds breached and the 
number of bonds cancelled for that surety company during the same 
fiscal year. For example, if 50 bonds posted by a surety company were 
declared breached from October 1 to September 30, and 50 bonds posted 
by that same surety were cancelled during the same fiscal year (for a 
total of 100 bond dispositions), that surety would have a breach rate 
of 50 percent for that fiscal year.
    ICE issues notices of breach determinations on Form I-323, Notice--
Immigration Bond Breached. As noted above, if the surety does not 
appeal ICE's breach determination to the AAO, ICE's breach 
determination becomes administratively final after the appeal period 
has expired and would be used in the breach rate calculation. If the 
surety files an appeal with AAO, only those breach determinations 
upheld by the AAO would be included in the breach rate calculation. In 
addition, for immigration delivery bonds, ICE would include in the 
breach rate calculation instances when ICE's mitigation policy applies 
because these bonds have been breached. As set forth in prior ICE 
policy statements and as recognized by courts, see Gonzales & Gonzales 
Bonds, 103 F. Supp. 3d at 1150, the mitigation policy applies to 
delivery bond breaches when the surety company or its agent has 
delivered the alien within 90 days of the surrender date set forth on 
the Form I-340, Notice to Obligor to Deliver Alien (demand notice). 
Currently, the amount forfeited is reduced when the surety or its agent 
surrenders the alien within 90 days of the surrender date. The 
mitigation policy does not apply when the alien appears on his or her 
own at an ICE office or when the alien appears with the indemnitor. 
Gonzales & Gonzales Bonds, 103 F. Supp. 3d at 1150. Because breaches to 
which the mitigation policy applies are still breached bonds, ICE would 
include these breach determinations in its calculation of a surety's 
breach rate.
    This rule proposes to calculate breach rates on a Federal fiscal 
year basis (October 1-September 30) to generate a meaningful sample 
size for each company. ICE will perform the breach rate calculation in 
the month of January after the end of the relevant fiscal year so that 
ICE can work with ``closed out'' data. The breach rate calculations 
used in the standard would be calculated for the first full fiscal year 
beginning after the effective date of any final rule, and each fiscal 
year thereafter. If an appeal filed with the AAO is still pending while 
the breach rate calculation is being performed, ICE will not include 
that breach in its calculations until the AAO has issued a decision 
dismissing the appeal. This proposed rule uses 35 percent as the 
trigger because past performance shows that sureties can meet this 
standard by exercising reasonable diligence. Higher breach rates signal 
that obligors are not taking adequate actions to fulfill their 
responsibility to surrender aliens. During FY 2016, all surety 
companies currently posting immigration bonds had a breach rate, 
calculated using this approach, that was less than 35 percent. Surety 
companies have demonstrated their ability to comply with a 35 percent 
breach rate; a higher breach rate would demonstrate a departure from 
their own and their peers' past performance. Moreover, as set forth in 
the bond agreement's terms and conditions, bonds are automatically 
cancelled when certain events occur before the bond has been breached, 
such as the death of the alien or the alien's departure from the United 
States. These types of bond cancellations would assist the surety 
companies in maintaining a relatively low breach rate. Using 35 percent 
as a threshold for taking action is reasonable because surety companies 
would be given some latitude when they are, on occasion, unable to 
produce the alien, but they would still be accountable for surrendering 
aliens for almost two-thirds of the demands issued. DHS requests 
comment on this proposed standard, including whether the breach rate 
should be higher or lower, and if so, on what basis.
2. Procedures
    Under the proposed rule, ICE would implement the following 
procedures to

[[Page 25957]]

afford the surety company procedural due process protections consistent 
with 31 CFR 223.17: (1) Provide advance written notice to the surety 
stating the agency's intention to decline future bonds underwritten by 
the surety; (2) set forth the reasons for the proposed non-acceptance 
of such bonds; (3) provide an opportunity for the surety to rebut the 
stated reasons for non-acceptance of the bonds; and (4) provide an 
opportunity to cure the stated reasons, i.e., deficiencies, causing 
ICE's proposed non-acceptance of the bonds. ICE will consider any 
written submission presented by the surety in response to the agency's 
notice provided that the response is received by ICE on or before the 
30th calendar day following the date ICE issued the notice. ICE may 
decline bonds underwritten by the surety only after issuing a written 
determination that the bonds should be declined when at least one of 
the for cause standards set forth in this rule has been triggered.

D. Technical Changes

    The proposed rule also includes technical changes. DHS proposes to 
update the reference to Treasury's authority to certify surety 
companies to underwrite bonds on behalf of the Federal Government in 8 
CFR 103.6(b) from ``6 U.S.C. 6-13'' to ``31 U.S.C. 9304-9308'' to 
reflect Public Law 97-258 (96 Stat. 877, Sept. 13, 1982), an Act that 
codified without substantive change certain laws related to money and 
finance as title 31, United States Code, ``Money and Finance.''

V. Statutory and Regulatory Requirements

    DHS developed this proposed rule after considering numerous 
statutes and executive orders related to rulemaking. The following 
sections summarize our analyses based on a number of these statutes or 
executive orders.

A. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563: Regulatory Planning and Review

    Executive Orders 12866 (``Regulatory Planning and Review'') and 
13563 (``Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review'') direct agencies 
to assess the costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives 
and, if regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that 
maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, 
public health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). 
Executive Order 13563 emphasizes the importance of quantifying both 
costs and benefits, of reducing costs, of harmonizing rules, and of 
promoting flexibility. Executive Order 13771 (``Reducing Regulation and 
Controlling Regulatory Costs'') directs agencies to reduce regulation 
and control regulatory costs and provides that ``for every one new 
regulation issued, at least two prior regulations be identified for 
elimination, and that the cost of planned regulations be prudently 
managed and controlled through a budgeting process.''
    The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has not designated this 
rule a ``significant regulatory action'' under section 3(f) of 
Executive Order 12866. Accordingly, OMB has not reviewed it. As this 
rule is not a significant regulatory action, this rule is exempt from 
the requirements of Executive Order 13771. See OMB's Memorandum 
``Guidance Implementing Executive Order 13771, Titled `Reducing 
Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs''' (April 5, 2017). An 
initial regulatory assessment follows.
    This proposed rule would require Treasury-certified sureties 
seeking to overturn an ICE breach determination to file an 
administrative appeal raising all legal and factual defenses in their 
appeal. DHS anticipates that more appeals would be filed with the AAO 
as a result of this proposed requirement. The costs to sureties to 
comply with this proposed requirement include the transactional costs 
associated with filing an appeal with the AAO. Sureties that do not 
appeal a breach determination could incur the cost of foregoing the 
opportunity to obtain judicial review of a breach determination. Surety 
companies would also incur familiarization costs in learning about the 
proposed requirements.
    The proposed rule would also establish ICE standards for declining 
surety immigration bonds for cause and the procedures that ICE would 
follow before making a determination that it will no longer accept new 
bonds from a Treasury-certified surety. If a surety fulfills its 
obligations and is not subject to these for cause standards, this 
proposed provision would impose no additional costs on that surety. 
Surety companies that fail to fulfill their obligations and are subject 
to the for cause standards may incur minimal costs in responding to 
ICE's notification. If they fail to cure any deficiencies in their 
performance, they may also lose business when ICE declines to accept 
new bonds submitted by the surety.
    DHS estimates the most likely total 10-year discounted cost of the 
proposed rule to be approximately $1.1 million at a seven percent 
discount rate and approximately $1.3 million at a three percent 
discount rate. The benefits of the proposed rule include improved 
efficiency and lower costs in litigating unresolved breach 
determinations. In addition, the rule would increase incentives for 
surety companies to timely perform obligations, provide ICE with a 
mechanism to stop accepting new bonds from non-performing sureties 
after due process has been provided, and reduce adverse consequences 
both of sureties' failures to pay invoices timely on administratively 
final breach determinations and unacceptably high breach rates. When a 
surety fails to perform its obligation to deliver an alien and the bond 
is breached, ICE's resources are expended in locating aliens who have 
not been surrendered in response to ICE's demands. Finally, the 
proposed rule would allow ICE to resolve or avoid certain disputes, 
thereby decreasing the debt referred to Treasury for further collection 
efforts or the cases referred to DOJ for litigation.
1. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
i. Costs
    To comply with the exhaustion of administrative remedies 
requirement, sureties would be required to appeal a breach 
determination to the AAO and to raise all issues or defenses during the 
appeal or waive them in future court proceedings. Currently, if a 
surety company decides to appeal a breach determination, the surety 
company can choose to appeal the breach determination to the AAO or 
undergo a federal district court review. The current and proposed 
appeal processes, beginning at the stage of an ICE bond breach 
determination, are represented in Figure 1.

[[Page 25958]]

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP05JN18.020

    Anticipated costs for sureties to comply with this proposed 
requirement are costs associated with filing an appeal with the AAO. 
Sureties filing an appeal must complete Form I-290B, Notice of Appeal 
or Motion, and submit the form together with the $675 filing fee set by 
USCIS \9\ along with a brief written statement setting forth the 
reasons and evidence supporting the appeal. If a surety or its agent 
decides not to timely challenge a breach determination, this proposed 
requirement would impose no additional costs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ USCIS I-290B, Notice of Appeal or Motion, Filing Fee $675, 
https://www.uscis.gov/i-290b.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the recent past, sureties have filed few administrative appeals 
of bond breach determinations. From fiscal year (FY) 2013 through FY 
2015, on average 466 surety bonds were breached annually, and only 23 
bond breaches for both cash bonds and surety bonds were appealed 
annually.\10\ In other words, less than five percent of all surety bond 
breaches were appealed annually during FY 2013 through FY 2015.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ USCIS AAO Appeals Adjudications. All cash and surety 
breached bond appeals for Immigration Bond Form I-352 are presented 
for FY 2011 through FY 2015. https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/About%20Us/Directorates%20and%20Program%20Offices/AAO/AAO_Appeal_Adjudications_FY11-FY15.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS believes that the proposed exhaustion of administrative 
remedies requirement would likely increase the

[[Page 25959]]

number of appeals of breach determinations by sureties because they 
would waive their right to federal district court review if they did 
not file an administrative appeal.
    To estimate the number of appeals under this proposed rule, DHS 
assumes that invoices that were paid promptly can serve as a proxy for 
breaches that are not subject to disputes and are thus not likely to be 
appealed. In FY 2013, ICE issued invoices for 401 breached surety 
bonds. Sixty-five percent of the invoices (259 invoices) were timely 
paid.\11\ Because these bond breach determinations were not disputed 
and the invoices were paid timely, DHS presumes that it is unlikely 
that surety companies would file appeals with the AAO to contest these 
breaches. The remaining 35 percent of the FY 2013 surety bond invoices 
(142 invoices) that were not timely paid could be considered 
``disputed'' and potential candidates for AAO appeals if the proposed 
exhaustion of administrative remedies requirement were in effect. In FY 
2014, 119 out of 382 or 31 percent of invoices were not timely paid. In 
FY 2015, 313 out of 616 or 51 percent of invoices were not timely paid. 
Based upon this information, DHS estimates that approximately 41 
percent of the surety bond breaches from FY 2013-FY 2015 might have 
been appealed if an exhaustion requirement had been in place compared 
to the current average annual appeal rate of less than five 
percent.\12\ DHS calculates that the total expected number of AAO 
appeals for surety bonds that might be filed each year is approximately 
190.\13\ DHS requests comment on all aspects of this analysis and the 
assumptions underlying the analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ ``Timely'' as used in this context means that the payments 
were processed within 45 days of issuance of the invoice or were 
made in accordance with a payment agreement.
    \12\ ICE's Financial Service Center Burlington.
    \13\ Three-year average (FY 2013-FY 2015) of invoices not timely 
paid. 142 + 119 + 313 = 574. 574 / 3 = 191.33.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sureties that appeal would incur an opportunity cost for time spent 
filing an appeal with the AAO. USCIS estimates the average burden for 
filing Form I-290B is 90 minutes.\14\ The person preparing the appeal 
could either be an attorney or a non-attorney in the immigration bond 
business. DHS does not have information on whether all surety companies 
have an in-house attorney, so we considered a range of scenarios 
depending on the opportunity cost of the person who would prepare the 
appeal. DHS assumes the closest approximation to the cost of a non-
attorney in the immigration bond business is an insurance agent. DHS 
requests comment on these assumptions. The average hourly loaded wage 
rate of an insurance agent is $44.31.\15\ The average hourly loaded 
wage rate of an attorney is $96.06.\16\ To determine the full 
opportunity costs if a surety company hired outside counsel, we 
multiplied the fully loaded average wage rate for an in-house attorney 
($96.06) by 2.5 for a total of $240.14 to roughly approximate an hourly 
billing rate for outside counsel.\17\ For purposes of this analysis, 
DHS assumes the minimum opportunity cost scenario is one where a non-
attorney, or insurance agent (or equivalent), prepares the appeal. The 
opportunity cost per appeal in this scenario would be approximately 
$66.47 ($44.31 x 1.5 hours). DHS assumes that an in-house attorney or 
an insurance agent (or equivalent) is equally likely to prepare a 
surety's appeal. Thus, the primary estimate for the cost to prepare the 
appeal is $105.27--the average of the wage rates for an in-house 
attorney and an insurance agent multiplied by the estimated time to 
prepare the appeal ($70.19 \18\ x 1.5 hours). DHS estimates a maximum 
cost scenario in which a surety would hire outside counsel to prepare 
the appeal, resulting in a cost of $360.21 ($240.14 x 1.5 hours). 
Sureties would also incur a $675 filing fee per appeal. When the filing 
fee is added to the cost of preparing the appeal, the total cost per 
appeal would range from $741 ($675 + $66.47) to $1,035 ($675 + 
$360.21), with a primary estimate of $780 ($675 + $105.27). This 
results in a total annual cost between $140,790 and $196,650, with a 
primary estimate of $148,200 ($780 x 190 breached bonds).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ Form I-290B, 2016 Information Collection Request Supporting 
Statement, Question 12, https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewDocument?ref_nbr=201609-1615-002.
    \15\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment 
Statistics May 2015, Standard Occupational Code 41-3021 Insurance 
Sales Agents, Mean hourly wage $31.15, http://www.bls.gov/oes/2015/may/oes413021.htm. The fully loaded wage rate is calculated using 
the percentage of wages to total compensation, found in the Bureau 
of Labor Statistics, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation June 
2015, Table 1: Employer costs per hour worked for employee 
compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Civilian 
workers, by major occupational and industry group, Sales and Office 
Occupational Group, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_09092015.pdf. Wages are 70.3 percent of total compensation. 
$44.31 = $31.15/0.703.
    \16\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment 
Statistics May 2015, Standard Occupational Code 23-1011 Lawyers, 
Mean hourly wage $65.51, http://www.bls.gov/oes/2015/may/oes231011.htm. The fully loaded wage rate is calculated using the 
percentage of wages to total compensation, found in the Bureau of 
Labor Statistics, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation June 
2015, Table 1: Employer costs per hour worked for employee 
compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Civilian 
workers, by major occupational and industry group, Management, 
Professional, and related group, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_09092015.pdf. Wages are 68.2 percent of total 
compensation. $96.06 = $65.51/0.682.
    \17\ DHS has previously calculated the hourly cost of outside 
counsel using this methodology of multiplying the fully loaded 
average wage rate for an in-house attorney by 2.5. See the Final 
Small Entity Impact Analysis of the Supplemental Proposed Rule 
``Safe-Harbor Procedures for Employers Who Receive a No-Match 
Letter,'' page G-4, at http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=ICEB-2006-0004-0922.
    \18\ $70.19 = ($44.31 + $96.06)/2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS expects minimal costs to the Federal government associated with 
the proposed regulation. When a surety files an appeal with the AAO 
seeking review of a breach determination, an ICE Enforcement and 
Removal Operations (ERO) Bond Control Specialist at the ERO field 
office that issued the breach determination submits to the AAO a Record 
of Proceedings (ROP) containing documents relevant to the breach 
determination. Each ROP takes approximately 90 minutes to compile, for 
a total of 285 hours annually (1.5 hours x 190 appeals). The fully 
loaded average hourly wage rate, including locality pay, for an ERO 
Bond Control Specialist is $30.40.\19\ The total annual cost to ICE to 
compile the ROPs is approximately $8,664. The costs to USCIS for 
conducting an administrative review of the appeals are covered by the 
$675 fee charged for each appeal, as well as by funds otherwise 
available to USCIS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ ICE Office of Human Capital.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ii. Benefits
    The proposed rule would assist both DOJ's and ICE's efforts in 
litigating unpaid invoices to collect on breached surety bonds. For 
example, the proposed rule would eliminate the need for the type of 
remand decisions required by two federal courts in litigation to 
collect unpaid breached bond invoices because the AAO would already 
have had an opportunity to issue a written decision addressing all of 
the surety company's defenses raised as part of the required 
administrative appeal. As with any requirement for exhaustion of 
administrative remedies, the proposed rule would promote judicial and 
administrative efficiency by resolving many claims without the need for 
litigation. Furthermore, with an exhaustion requirement, any court 
would review the AAO decision under the APA's arbitrary and capricious 
standard of review. Review confined to a defined administrative record 
would eliminate the time-consuming discovery process.

[[Page 25960]]

2. Process for Declining Bonds
i. Costs
    The proposed rule would establish for cause standards that ICE 
would use to decline new immigration bonds from a surety company. If 
the surety does not meet these standards, ICE would be authorized to 
notify the surety that it has fallen below the required performance 
levels and, if the surety fails to cure its deficient performance, ICE 
will stop accepting new bonds from the company. The anticipated costs 
of a surety's response to ICE's notification would derive from the due 
process requirements set by Treasury for all agencies that issue rules 
to decline new bonds from Treasury-certified sureties. The proposed 
rule would provide an opportunity for the surety to rebut the stated 
reasons for non-acceptance of new bonds and would provide an 
opportunity to cure the stated deficiencies. In addition to costs in 
responding to ICE's notifications, sureties may lose future revenue if 
ICE makes a final determination to decline new bonds underwritten by 
the surety.
    The proposed rule would only apply prospectively. However, for 
purposes of this economic analysis, DHS uses a snapshot of sureties' 
past financial performance to estimate the possible impacts of the 
proposed rule on future performance. DHS examined the impacts to surety 
companies that actively posted bonds with ICE in FY 2015. In FY 2015, 
nine sureties posted immigration bonds with ICE and would have been 
subject to the requirements of this rule had it been in place. Of those 
nine sureties, three would have met at least one of the proposed for 
cause standards as of the end of FY 2015. Moreover, two of those three 
surety companies would have met two of the three for cause standards as 
of the end of FY 2015. These two sureties together had more than 1,500 
invoices that were on average more than 1,000 days past due. In 
addition, they had a total outstanding balance of over $13.4 million, 
although DOJ has filed cases or is negotiating settlements on debts 
referred to it for litigation to resolve these past due balances. The 
third surety company would have exceeded one for cause standard with an 
aggregate of more than $50,000 past due. DHS proposes the for cause 
standards to deter deficient performance. DHS believes that less 
stringent standards would allow historical, deficient business 
practices to continue. DHS also believes that more stringent standards 
could result in unnecessarily sanctioning sureties when they are making 
good-faith efforts to comply with their obligations.
    Currently, sureties have ample opportunities to evaluate and 
challenge breach determinations. When ICE issues a breach 
determination, sureties have 30 days to file an appeal with the AAO. If 
obligors do not appeal in a timely manner, or if the appeal is 
dismissed, then the breach determination becomes an administratively 
final agency action. When ICE issues a demand for payment on 
administratively final breach determinations, the surety is given 30 
days to pay the invoice, during which time the surety may dispute the 
amount as well as the validity of the breach determination. The surety 
may also ask to review documents supporting the debt. If the surety 
disputes the debt, ICE will review and provide a written response to 
any issues raised by the surety. These opportunities are available each 
time a bond is breached and invoiced.
    Under the proposed rule, if a surety has 10 or more invoices past 
due at one time, owes a cumulative total of $50,000 or more on past due 
invoices, or has a breach rate of 35 percent or greater in a fiscal 
year, ICE would be authorized to notify the surety that it has fallen 
below the required performance levels. The surety would have the 
opportunity to review ICE's written notice identifying the for cause 
reasons for declining new bonds, rebut the agency's reasons for non-
acceptance of new bonds, and cure its performance deficiencies. Before 
any surety would receive a notification from ICE of its intention to 
decline any new bonds underwritten by the surety, the surety would have 
had ample opportunities to evaluate and rebut each administratively 
final breach determination. Furthermore, the for cause standards for 
declining new bonds would be triggered only when the surety has failed 
to pay amounts due on administratively final breach determinations or 
has an unacceptably high breach rate. If a surety fulfills its 
obligations and is not subject to these for cause standards, this 
proposed rule would impose no additional costs on that surety.
    Surety companies may incur a new opportunity cost when responding 
to the agency's notification of its intention to decline any new bonds 
underwritten by the surety. DHS estimates that personnel at a surety 
company may spend three hours to complete a response to the ICE 
notification. DHS assumes that an insurance agent (or equivalent) of 
the surety company, an in-house attorney, or outside counsel is equally 
likely to respond to the notification. The opportunity cost estimate 
per response would be $381 ($127 x 3 hours).\20\ DHS requests comment 
on all aspects of this analysis and the assumptions underlying the 
analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ $127 represents the rounded, average loaded wage rate of an 
insurance agent, an in-house attorney and outside counsel hired by 
the surety. $127 = ($44.31 + $96.06 + $240.14)/3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Because a surety would have had ample opportunities to evaluate and 
challenge administratively final breach determinations, DHS anticipates 
that it will rarely need to send a notification of its intent to 
decline new bonds because sureties will use good faith efforts to avoid 
triggering the proposed for cause standards. However, for the purposes 
of this cost analysis, DHS assumes that it would send one to three 
notifications during a 10-year period.\21\ To calculate the cost of 
responding to three notifications over 10 years (the likely maximum 
number of notifications), the likelihood of issuing a notification 
during any given year is multiplied by the opportunity cost per 
response. This equals about $114 (30 percent x $381). The cost of 
responding to one notification over 10 years (the likely minimum number 
of notifications) would be approximately $38 (10 percent x $381). Thus, 
the range of response costs per year would be $38 to $114, with a 
primary, or most likely, estimate of $76 (20 percent x $381).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ As discussed previously, one or more of the proposed for 
cause standards would have applied to three companies as of the end 
of FY 2015. DHS assumes that, at most, the for cause standards would 
be triggered for the same number of companies over the course of 10 
years. DHS assumes that it is possible and somewhat likely that at a 
minimum, one company's failure to perform will trigger the proposed 
for cause standards over 10 year timeframe.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Sureties that receive, after being afforded due process, a written 
determination that future bonds will be declined pursuant to the for 
cause standards set forth in this rule would also incur future losses 
from the inability to submit to ICE future bonds underwritten by the 
surety. Because DHS does not have access to information about the 
surety companies' profit margins per bond, DHS is unable to estimate 
any future loss in revenue to these companies. However, DHS notes that, 
although it would no longer accept immigration bonds underwritten by 
these sureties, the proposed rule would not prohibit these sureties 
from underwriting bonds for other agencies in the Federal Government.
ii. Benefits
    This rule would address problems that ICE has had with certain 
surety

[[Page 25961]]

companies failing to pay amounts due on administratively final bond 
breach determinations or having unacceptably high breach rates. For 
example, certain companies have realized an undeserved windfall when 
they have refused to timely pay invoices, yet have foreclosed on 
collateral securing the bonds because the bonds have been breached. The 
proposed rule would provide greater incentive for surety companies to 
timely pay their administratively final bond breach determinations and 
help ensure that sureties comply with the requirements imposed by the 
terms of a bond. In turn, this would minimize the number of situations 
where the surety routinely fails to pay and reduce the number of times 
agency resources are expended in locating aliens when the alien is not 
surrendered in response to demands issued pursuant to bonds. In 
addition, the proposed rule would allow ICE to resolve or avoid certain 
disputes, thereby decreasing the debt referred to Treasury for further 
collection efforts or the cases referred to DOJ for litigation.
3. Regulatory Familiarization Costs
    During the first year that this rule is in effect, sureties would 
need to learn about the new rule and its requirements. DHS assumes that 
each Treasury-certified surety company currently issuing immigration 
bonds would conduct a regulatory review. DHS assumes that this task is 
equally likely to be performed by either an in-house attorney or by a 
non-attorney at each surety company. DHS estimates that it would take 
eight hours for the regulatory review by either an in-house attorney or 
a non-attorney, such as an insurance agent (or equivalent), at each 
surety. No data were identified from which to estimate the amount of 
time required to review the regulation. DHS requests that commenters 
provide data if possible.
    To calculate the familiarization costs, DHS multiplies its 
estimated review time of eight hours by the average hourly loaded wage 
rate of an attorney and an insurance agent, $70.19. DHS calculates that 
the familiarization cost per surety company is $562 (8 hours x $70.19). 
DHS calculates the total estimated regulatory familiarization cost for 
all sureties currently issuing immigration bonds as $5,054 ($70.19 x 8 
hours x 9 sureties).
4. Alternatives
    OMB Circular A-4 directs agencies to consider regulatory 
alternatives to the provisions of the proposed rule.\22\ This section 
addresses two alternative regulatory approaches and the rationales for 
rejecting these alternatives in favor of the proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ OMB Circular A-4, https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/circulars/A4/a-4.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The first alternative would be to include different for cause 
standards for surety companies that fall in different ranges of 
underwriting limitations.\23\ For example, surety companies with higher 
underwriting limitations could be held to more stringent for cause 
standards than companies with lower underwriting limitations. The 
difference of underwriting limitations is great for some Treasury-
certified sureties: the lowest underwriting limitation of all of the 
Treasury-certified sureties is $251,000 per bond and the highest is 
$9.7 billion per bond. This distinction might be supported by the 
assumptions that companies with higher underwriting limitations would 
issue more bonds and possibly bonds of higher values and thus their 
actions should be monitored more closely, and larger companies have 
greater resources to ensure compliance with the for cause standards.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ The underwriting limitations set forth in the Treasury's 
Listing of Certified Companies are on a per bond basis. Department 
of the Treasury's Listing of Certified Companies Notes, (b) (updated 
July 1, 2017), https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/ref/suretybnd/notes.htm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This alternative was rejected because the amount of a non-
performing surety company's underwriting limitation should have no 
bearing on whether DHS can stop accepting bonds from that surety 
company. The underwriting limitation is an indication of the surety 
company's financial resources. A surety company can comply with its 
immigration bond responsibilities regardless of its underwriting 
limitation. In addition, because the average amount of a surety bond is 
about $10,200,\24\ and the lowest underwriting limitation per bond set 
by Treasury greatly exceeds this average bond amount, it would serve no 
purpose to make a distinction among surety companies based on their 
underwriting limitations. Thus, the agency rejected this alternative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ Immigration Bond Statistics maintained by ICE's Financial 
Service Center Burlington.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The second regulatory alternative DHS considered would be to apply 
the requirements of the proposed rule to cash bond obligors as well as 
to surety companies to further the goal of treating all bond obligors 
similarly. DHS has rejected this alternative for several reasons. 
First, by definition, cash bond obligors cannot be delinquent in paying 
invoices on administratively final breach determinations. Cash bond 
obligors deposit with ICE the full face amount of the bond before the 
bond is issued. Thus, when a bond is breached, no invoice is issued 
because the Federal Government already has the funds on deposit. 
Second, because cash bond obligors generally will post only one 
immigration bond, the same concerns about repeated violations of 
applicable standards do not apply to them. The majority of cash bond 
obligors are not institutions, but friends or family members of the 
alien who has been detained. From FY 2011--FY 2015, at least 65 percent 
of cash bonds were posted by an obligor who only posted one bond.\25\ 
Finally, the volume of disputes regarding surety bonds, as opposed to 
cash bonds, necessitates administrative and issue exhaustion 
requirements for claims based on surety bonds. The number of claims in 
federal court involving breached surety bonds in litigation has far 
exceeded the number of claims involving breached cash bonds. One surety 
bond case alone presented more than 1,400 breached bond claims for 
adjudication.\26\ In contrast, the number of cash bond cases litigated 
in federal courts has averaged less than two per year for the past five 
years.\27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ ICE's Financial Service Center Burlington.
    \26\ AAA Bonding Agency Inc., v. DHS, 447 F. App'x 603, 606 (5th 
Cir. 2011).
    \27\ ICE's Financial Service Center Burlington.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS requests public comment on the alternatives considered, as well 
as any additional alternatives that DHS does not include here but 
should consider in the future.
5. Conclusion
    The proposed rule would require Treasury-certified sureties or 
their bonding agents seeking to overturn a breach determination to file 
an administrative appeal raising all legal and factual defenses in this 
appeal, and would allow ICE to decline new bonds from surety companies 
that fail to meet for cause standards. DHS has provided an estimate of 
the transactional costs, the opportunity costs, and the familiarization 
costs associated with this proposed rule, as well as the proposed 
rule's benefits. DHS requests public comment on all aspects of its

[[Page 25962]]

analysis, including assumptions and alternatives considered. Table 1 
summarizes the costs and benefits of the proposed rule.

                           Table 1--Summary of Costs and Benefits of the Proposed Rule
                                                     [2015$]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Discount rate      Minimum         Primary         Maximum
                    Category                            (%)        estimate  ($)   estimate  ($)   estimate  ($)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annualized Monetized Costs:
    Exhaustion of administrative remedies.......               7         140,790         148,200         196,650
                                                               3         140,790         148,200         196,650
    For Cause Standards.........................               7              38              76             114
                                                               3              38              76             114
    Familiarization *...........................               7             673             673             673
                                                               3             575             575             575
    Government Costs to prepare record of                      7           8,664           8,664           8,664
     proceedings................................               3           8,664           8,664           8,664
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
        Total Annualized Cost...................               7         150,165         157,613         206,101
                                                               3         150,067         157,515         206,004
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Total 10-Year Undiscounted Cost.....................       1,499,975       1,574,456       2,059,337
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Total 10-Year Discounted Cost...........               7       1,054,693       1,107,005       1,447,566
                                                               3       1,280,104       1,343,638       1,757,252
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unquantified Costs..............................   Surety companies may lose revenue if ICE declines new
                                                  immigration bonds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unquantifiable Benefits.........................   The proposed rule would assist DOJ's efforts in
                                                  preparing cases for litigation and eliminate the need for
                                                  remand decisions.
                                                   The proposed rule would decrease the debt referred to
                                                  Treasury for further collection efforts, and streamline the
                                                  litigation of any breached bond claims referred to DOJ.
                                                     The proposed rule would increase compliance with a
                                                     surety company's duty to surrender aliens and reduce the
                                                     number of times agency resources are expended in locating
                                                             aliens when the alien is not surrendered.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Benefits....................................................              NA              NA              NA
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Familiarization cost is the cost to businesses to familiarize themselves with the proposed rule. It is a one-
  time cost expected to be incurred within the first year of the rule's effective date. The cost is estimated to
  be $562 per surety company.

B. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) at 5 U.S.C. 603 requires 
agencies to consider the economic impact its rules will have on small 
entities. In accordance with the RFA, DHS has prepared an Initial 
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) that examines the impacts of the 
proposed rule on small entities (5 U.S.C 601 et seq.). The term ``small 
entities'' comprises small businesses, not-for-profit organizations 
that are independently owned and operated and are not dominant in their 
fields, and governmental jurisdictions with populations of fewer than 
50,000.
    DHS requests information and data from the public that would assist 
with better understanding the impact of this proposed rule on small 
entities. DHS also seeks alternatives that will accomplish the 
objectives of this rulemaking and minimize the proposed rule's economic 
impact on small entities.
1. A Description of the Reasons Why the Action by the Agency is Being 
Considered
    DHS proposes procedural and substantive standards under which it 
may decline new immigration bonds from a Treasury-certified surety and 
an exhaustion of administrative remedies requirement. If finalized, 
this rule would facilitate the resolution of disputes between ICE and 
sureties that arise after the effective date of any final rule.
    The proposed rule would promote judicial and administrative 
efficiency by allowing Federal courts to review the AAO's written 
evaluation of the validity of a breach determination under the APA 
without first remanding breach decisions to DHS to prepare written 
decisions based on defenses raised for the first time in federal court. 
In addition, the discovery process would be unnecessary in cases solely 
involving the review of a written AAO decision on a defined 
administrative record.
    By establishing the for cause standards, surety companies would 
have a greater incentive to surrender aliens in response to demand 
notices, thereby reducing agency resources expended in locating aliens. 
They also would have a greater incentive to either pay amounts due on 
invoices for breached bonds or appeal the breach determination, thereby 
reducing the number of delinquent debts referred to Treasury for 
further collection efforts and claims referred to DOJ for litigation.
2. A Succinct Statement of the Objectives of, and Legal Basis for, the 
Proposed Rule
    DHS's objective in requiring exhaustion of administrative remedies 
and issue exhaustion for disputed surety bond breaches is to allow the 
agency to correct any mistakes it may have made before claims are filed 
in federal court, and to allow for more efficient judicial review of 
breach determinations under the APA. Currently, sureties are not

[[Page 25963]]

required to file administrative appeals, and one case involving 
breached bond claims took over 10 years to litigate and another took 
over seven years. The legal bases for requiring exhaustion of 
administrative remedies and issue exhaustion are well-established. See 
Darby v. Cisneros, 509 U.S. 137, 154 (1993); Sims v. Apfel, 530 U.S. 
103, 107-108 (2000).
    DHS's objective in adopting the for cause standards for declining 
bonds is to provide an incentive for sureties to comply with their 
obligations to surrender aliens in response to demand notices and to 
timely pay the amounts due on invoices for breached bonds or appeal the 
breach determinations.
3. A Description--and, Where Feasible, an Estimate of the Number--of 
Small Entities To Which the Proposed Rule Will Apply
    For FY 2015 nine of the 273 Treasury-certified sureties \28\ would 
have been subject to the requirements of this proposed rule had it been 
in place because these nine sureties are the only ones that posted new 
immigration bonds with ICE during FY 2015. However, any of the 
Treasury-certified sureties could potentially post new immigration 
bonds with ICE and would then be subject to the requirements of this 
proposed rule. Most surety companies are subsidiaries or divisions of 
insurance companies,\29\ where bail bonds are a small part of their 
portfolios. Other lines of surety bonds include contract, commercial, 
customs, construction, notary, and fidelity bonds.\30\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ The list of Treasury-certified sureties can be found here: 
https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/ref/suretyBnd/CertifiedCompanies.pdf. There are 266 sureties as of July 1, 2017.
    \29\ National Association of Surety Bond Producers and Surety 
and Fidelity Association of America, ``Frequently-Asked Questions,'' 
2016, http://suretyinfo.org/?page_id=84#surety.
    \30\ International Credit Insurance & Surety Association, ``What 
kind of surety bonds does a surety insurance company issue?'', 2016, 
http://www.icisa.org/surety/1548/mercury.asp?page_id=1899.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS used multiple data sources such as Hoover's and ReferenceUSA 
\31\ to determine that four of these sureties are small entities as 
that term is defined in 5 U.S.C. 601(6). This determination is based on 
the number of employees or revenue being less than their respective 
Small Business Administration (SBA) size standard.\32\ These four 
sureties issued approximately 85 percent of the total number of surety 
bonds to ICE in FY 2015. The following table provides the industry 
descriptions of the small entities that would be impacted by the 
proposed rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ These databases offer information of location, number of 
employees, and estimated sales revenue for millions of U.S. 
businesses. The Hoover's website is www.hoovers.com. The Reference 
USA website is http://www.referenceusa.com. ICE collected data from 
these sources in April 2016.
    \32\ U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of Small Business 
Size Standards Matched to North American Industry Classification 
System (NAICS) Codes, February 26, 2016. https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/files/Size_Standards_Table.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    None of the nine entities that posted bonds with ICE in FY2015 were 
small governmental organizations or small organizations not dominant in 
their field.

                         Table 2--Small Entities to which the Proposed Rule Would Apply
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Count of
                                                                     entities       SBA size standard  (in sales
            NAICS Code                   NAICS Description         impacted by         receipts or number of
                                                                  proposed rule              employees)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
523930............................  Investment Advice.........                  1  $38,500,000.
524126............................  Direct Property and                         3  1,500 employees.
                                     Casualty Insurance
                                     Carriers.
                                                               -------------------
    Total.........................  ..........................                  4  .............................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. A Description of the Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other 
Compliance Requirements of the Proposed Rule, Including an Estimate of 
the Classes of Small Entities That Will Be Subject to the Requirement 
and the Types of Professional Skills Necessary for Preparation of the 
Report or Record
    The proposed rule would require that a surety company, or its 
bonding agent, that receives a breach determination notification must 
seek administrative review of that breach determination by filing an 
appeal with the AAO before seeking judicial review. The proposed rule 
would also require a surety company to respond to any notification that 
it violated a for cause standard. Other than responding to such a 
notification, the proposed rule would impose no recordkeeping or 
reporting requirement.
Estimated Cost and Impact as a Percentage of Revenue
    To estimate the impact on small entities, DHS has calculated the 
cost of this proposed rule as a percentage of the revenue of those 
entities. During the first year that this rule would be in effect, 
sureties of all sizes would need to learn about the new rule and its 
requirements. DHS assumes that this task would be equally likely to be 
performed by either an attorney or by a non-attorney in the immigration 
bond business. DHS uses the average compensation of an attorney and an 
insurance agent (the closest approximation to the cost of a non-
attorney in the immigration bond business), $70.19,\33\ to estimate the 
familiarization cost. DHS estimates that it will take eight hours for 
the regulatory review. No data were identified from which to estimate 
the amount of time required to review the regulation. DHS requests that 
commenters provide data if possible.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ Bureau of Labor Statistics, supra notes 12 and 13. The 
average of the described wages is $70.19 = ($96.06 + $44.31)/2.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To calculate the familiarization costs, DHS multiplies its 
estimated review time of eight hours by the average of an attorney and 
an insurance agent's hourly loaded wage rate, $70.19. DHS calculates 
that the familiarization cost per surety is $562 (8 hours x $70.19).
    Another cost that sureties may incur is the fee for filing an 
appeal with the AAO. One possibility that DHS cannot account for in its 
analysis is that a surety company's agent may pay the filing fee 
instead of the surety company. DHS has no information about the 
contractual arrangements between a surety company and its agent, but 
either party can file an appeal with the AAO and pay the required fee. 
For purposes of its analysis, DHS assumes that the surety company pays 
for all the appeals filed. DHS requests comment on this assumption.

[[Page 25964]]

    As discussed previously, sureties that chooses to appeal complete 
Form I-290B, Notice of Appeal, and submit the form with a $675 filing 
fee and a brief written statement setting forth the reasons and 
evidence supporting the appeal. From FY 2013 through FY 2015, 466 bonds 
were breached on average annually. Of these 466 breached bonds, only 23 
bond breaches for all types of bonds (cash bonds and surety bonds) were 
appealed each year on average. DHS believes that the proposed 
exhaustion of administrative remedies requirement would likely increase 
the number of appeals filed by sureties because otherwise they would 
waive their right to judicial review.
    To estimate the number of appeals under this proposed rule, DHS 
assumes that invoices that were paid promptly can serve as a proxy for 
breaches that are not subject to disputes and are thus not likely to be 
appealed. In FY 2013, ICE issued invoices for 401 breached surety 
bonds. Sixty-five percent of the invoices (259 invoices) were timely 
paid. Because these bond breach determinations were not disputed and 
the invoices were paid timely, DHS presumes that it is unlikely that 
surety companies would file appeals with the AAO to contest these 
breaches. The remaining 35 percent of the FY 2013 surety bond invoices 
(142 invoices) that were not timely paid could be considered 
``disputed'' and potential candidates for AAO appeals if the proposed 
exhaustion of administrative remedies requirement were in effect. In FY 
2014, 119 out of 382 or 31 percent of invoices were not timely paid. In 
FY 2015, 313 out of 616 invoices or 51 percent of invoices were not 
timely paid. Based upon this information, DHS estimates that 
approximately 41 percent of the surety bond breaches from FY 2013--FY 
2015 might have been appealed if an exhaustion requirement had been in 
place. DHS calculates that the total expected number of AAO appeals for 
surety bonds that might be filed each year is approximately 190.
    For the purposes of this analysis, DHS assumes that the 190 appeals 
are divided among the sureties at the same ratio at which the sureties 
posted bonds in FY 2015. DHS multiplies the percent of bonds posted in 
FY 2015 that may be appealed, or 4.8 percent, by the number of bonds 
posted in FY 2015 for each of four small business sureties to estimate 
the annual number of breached bonds that the companies might appeal. 
Applying this methodology to the number of bonds posted by the four 
small businesses during FY 2015, DHS estimates that each of the four 
sureties would file between 29 and 68 appeals.
    Sureties that appeal will incur an opportunity cost for time spent 
filing an appeal with the AAO. USCIS has estimated that the average 
burden for filing Form I-290B is 90 minutes.\34\ The person preparing 
the appeal could either be an attorney or a non-attorney in the 
immigration bond business. The closest approximation to the cost of a 
non-attorney in the immigration bond business is an insurance agent. 
For purposes of this analysis, DHS uses as its primary estimate the 
average of the hourly loaded wage rate of an in-house attorney and 
insurance agent, $70.19, to reflect that an in-house attorney or an 
insurance agent (or equivalent) is equally likely to prepare the 
appeal. Thus, an approximation of the cost to prepare the appeal would 
be $105 per appeal ($70.19 x 1.5 hours). The total cost per appeal is 
$780 for fees and opportunity costs ($105 opportunity cost + $675 fee).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \34\ Form I-290B, 2013 Information Collection Request Supporting 
Statement, Question 12, http://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewDocument?ref_nbr=201309-1615-002.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS multiplies the total cost per appeal ($780) by the estimated 
annual number of breached bonds that a surety company might appeal to 
determine the annual cost per surety for additional appeals filed 
because of the exhaustion requirement. DHS adds the familiarization 
costs per surety to the first year of costs incurred by the surety. For 
the four small businesses analyzed, the company with the lowest first 
year costs would incur costs of $23,182 ($780 cost per appeal x 29 
appeals + $562 familiarization cost) and the company with the highest 
first year costs would incur costs of $53,602 ($780 cost per appeal x 
68 appeals + $562 familiarization cost).
    The four surety companies that are small entities would not have to 
change any of their current business practices if they do not violate 
any of the for cause standards set forth in the proposed rule. If one 
of the entities were to receive notification from ICE that it violated 
a for cause standard, the entity would then have the opportunity to 
submit a written response either explaining why the company is not in 
violation or how the company intends to cure any deficiency. These due 
process protections benefit the small entity and would entail no 
additional recordkeeping or reporting other than preparing a response 
to ICE's notification. Surety companies would, however, incur a new 
opportunity cost when responding to ICE's notification of its intent to 
decline new bonds underwritten by the surety. DHS estimates that 
personnel at a surety company may spend three hours to complete a 
response to ICE's notification. The opportunity cost estimate per 
response would be $381 ($127 \35\ x 3 hours). Because a surety would 
have had ample opportunities to evaluate and challenge administratively 
final breach determinations, DHS anticipates that it will rarely need 
to send a notification of its intent to decline new bonds. However, for 
the purposes of this opportunity cost estimate, DHS assumes that it may 
send about two notifications during a 10-year period to the small 
sureties. To calculate the cost of responding to two notifications over 
10 years, the likelihood of issuing a notification during any given 
year is multiplied by the opportunity cost per response. This equals 
about $76 (20 percent x $381).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \35\ $127 represents the rounded, average loaded wage rate of an 
insurance agent, an in-house attorney and an outside counsel hired 
by the surety. $111 = ($44.31 + $96.06 + $240.14)/3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS estimates the proposed rule's annual impact to each small 
surety company by calculating its total costs as a percentage of its 
annual revenue. The costs are the cost of filing appeals for each small 
surety company, the opportunity cost to respond to a notification that 
ICE intends to decline future bonds posted by the company, plus the 
familiarization costs.
    The annual revenue for these four sureties, according to the 2015 
sales revenue reported by Hoover's, ranges from approximately $3 
million to $26 million. The annual impact of the proposed rule is 
estimated to be less than two percent of each company's annual revenue. 
The following tables summarize the quantified impacts of the proposed 
rule on the four small surety companies for the first year which 
includes the one-time familiarization costs and for the subsequent 
years, not including the familiarization costs.

 Table 3--Quantified First Year Impact to Small Entities for Exhaustion
  of Administrative Remedies and Responding to a Notification of ICE's
 Intent To Decline New Bonds, Including Regulatory Familiarization Costs
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Number  of  Percent  of
             Revenue impact range                  small        small
                                                  entities     entities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0% < Impact <= 1%.............................            3           75
1% < Impact <= 2%.............................            1           25
                                               -------------------------

[[Page 25965]]

 
    Total.....................................            4          100
------------------------------------------------------------------------


  Table 4--Quantified Annual Impact to Small Entities for Exhaustion of
Administrative Remedies and Responding to a Notification of ICE's Intent
                          To Decline New Bonds
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Number  of  Percent  of
             Revenue impact range                  small        small
                                                  entities     entities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
0% < Impact <= 1%.............................            3           75
1% < Impact <= 2%.............................            1           25
                                               -------------------------
    Total.....................................            4          100
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The above estimated impacts reflect the quantified direct costs to 
comply with the rule. Surety companies may be impacted in other ways 
that DHS is unable to quantify. This rule may result in some surety 
companies changing behavior to pay breached bonds when they otherwise 
may not have, thereby impacting revenue. For surety companies that fail 
to fulfill their obligations and cure deficiencies in their 
performance, this rule may result in business losses when ICE declines 
to accept new bonds submitted by the surety. DHS is not able to predict 
which surety companies may choose non-compliance and is not able to 
factor in the loss of surety companies' revenue.
5. An Identification, to the Extent Practicable, of All Relevant 
Federal Rules That May Duplicate, Overlap, or Conflict With the 
Proposed Rule
    DHS is unaware of any Federal rules applying to sureties that may 
duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the proposed rule.
6. A Description of Any Significant Alternatives to the Proposed Rule 
Which Accomplish the Stated Objectives of Applicable Statutes and Which 
Minimize Any Significant Economic Impact of the Proposed Rule on Small 
Entities
    DHS examined two regulatory alternatives that could potentially 
reduce the burden of this proposed rule on small entities. The 
alternatives to the proposed rule were: (1) Different for cause 
standards for surety companies with different underwriting limitations; 
and (2) application of the proposed rule to cash bond obligors as well 
as surety bond obligors. The first alternative would include different 
for cause standards for surety companies that fall in different ranges 
of underwriting limitations.\36\ For example, surety companies with 
higher underwriting limitations could be held to more stringent for 
cause standards than companies with lower underwriting limitations. The 
difference of underwriting limitations is great for some Treasury-
certified sureties: The lowest underwriting limitation of the Treasury-
certified sureties is $251,000 per bond and the highest is $9.7 billion 
per bond. This distinction might be supported by the assumptions that 
companies with higher underwriting limitations are larger companies 
that might issue more bonds and possibly bonds of higher values, and 
smaller companies might have fewer resources to ensure compliance with 
the for cause standards. Based on these differences, an argument could 
be made that larger companies' actions should be monitored more closely 
than smaller companies' actions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \36\ Department of the Treasury's Listing of Certified 
Companies, https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/ref/suretyBnd/c570_a-z.htm.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This alternative was rejected because the amount of a non-
performing surety company's underwriting limitation should have no 
bearing on whether DHS can stop accepting bonds from that surety 
company. The underwriting limitation is an indication of the surety 
company's financial resources. A surety company can comply with its 
immigration bond responsibilities regardless of its underwriting 
limitation. In addition, because the average amount of a surety bond is 
about $10,200,\37\ and the lowest underwriting limitation per bond set 
by Treasury greatly exceeds this average bond amount, it would serve no 
purpose to make a distinction among surety companies based on their 
underwriting limitations. Thus, the agency rejected this alternative.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \37\ Immigration Bond Statistics maintained by ICE's Financial 
Service Center Burlington.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DHS rejected the second alternative because many of the for cause 
standards would not be applicable to cash bond obligors. For cash bond 
obligors, the Federal government already has collected the face value 
of the bond as collateral and thus does not need to issue invoices to 
collect amounts due on breached bonds. The majority of cash bond 
obligors are not in the business of issuing bonds for profit and thus 
do not raise concerns about manipulating the bond management process 
for institutional gain. DHS, however, requests comment on all aspects 
of this analysis, including any alternatives that would minimize the 
impact to small entities.

C. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1531-1538) 
requires federal agencies to assess the effects of their discretionary 
regulatory actions. In particular, the Act addresses actions that may 
result in the expenditure by a State, local, or tribal government, in 
the aggregate, or by the private sector of $100,000,000 (adjusted for 
inflation) or more in any year. Though this proposed rule would not 
result in such an expenditure, we do discuss the effects of this rule 
elsewhere in this preamble.

D. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996

    Under section 213(a) of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement 
Fairness Act of 1996, Public Law 104-121, we want to assist small 
entities in understanding this proposed rule so that they can better 
evaluate its effects on them and participate in the rulemaking. If the 
proposed rule would affect your small business, organization, or 
governmental jurisdiction and you have questions concerning its 
provisions or options for compliance; please consult ICE using the 
contact information provided in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION section 
above.

E. Collection of Information

    Agencies are required to submit to OMB for review and approval any 
reporting or recordkeeping requirements inherent in a rule under the 
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, Public Law 104-13, 109 Stat. 163 
(1995), 44 U.S.C. 3501-3520. This proposed rule would not require a 
collection of information.
    As protection provided by the Paperwork Reduction Act, as amended, 
an agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to 
respond to, a collection of information unless it

[[Page 25966]]

displays a currently valid OMB control number.

F. Federalism

    A rule has implications for federalism under Executive Order 13132, 
Federalism, if it has a substantial direct effect on the States, on the 
relationship between the national government and the States, or on the 
distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of 
government. We have analyzed this proposed rule under that Order and 
have determined that it does not have implications for federalism.

G. Civil Justice Reform

    This proposed rule meets applicable standards in sections 3(a) and 
3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform, to minimize 
litigation, eliminate ambiguity, and reduce burden.

H. Energy Effects

    We have analyzed this proposed rule under Executive Order 13211, 
Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 
Distribution, or Use. We have determined that it is not a ``significant 
energy action'' under that order because it is not a ``significant 
regulatory action'' under Executive Order 12866 and is not likely to 
have a significant adverse effect on the supply, distribution, or use 
of energy.

I. Environment

    DHS Management Directive (MD) 023-01, Rev. 01 establishes 
procedures that DHS and its Components use to comply with the National 
Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. 4321-4375, and the 
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations for implementing 
NEPA, 40 CFR parts 1500-1508. CEQ regulations allow federal agencies to 
establish categories of actions, which do not individually or 
cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment and, 
therefore, do not require an Environmental Assessment or Environmental 
Impact Statement. 40 CFR 1508.4. MD 023-01 lists the Categorical 
Exclusions for categories of actions that DHS has found to have no such 
effect. MD 023-01, app. A, tbl. 1.
    For an action to be categorically excluded, MD 023-01 requires the 
action to satisfy each of the following three conditions:
    (1) The entire action clearly fits within one or more of the 
Categorical Exclusions;
    (2) The action is not a piece of a larger action; and
    (3) No extraordinary circumstances exist that create the potential 
for a significant environmental effect. MD 023-01, app. A, Sec.  
V.B(2). Where it may be unclear whether the action meets these 
conditions, MD 023-01 requires the administrative record to reflect 
consideration of these conditions. MD 023-01, app. A, Sec.  V.B.
    The proposed rule would require Treasury-certified sureties seeking 
to overturn a breach determination to file an administrative appeal 
raising all legal and factual defenses in this appeal. The proposed 
rule would also allow ICE to decline additional immigration bonds from 
Treasury-certified surety companies for cause after certain procedures 
have been followed. The procedures would require ICE to provide written 
notice before declining additional bonds to allow sureties the 
opportunity to challenge ICE's proposed action and to cure any 
deficiencies in their performance.
    DHS has analyzed this proposed rule under MD 023-01. DHS has made a 
preliminary determination that this action is one of a category of 
actions, which do not individually or cumulatively have a significant 
effect on the human environment. This proposed rule clearly fits within 
the Categorical Exclusion found in MD 023-01, Appendix A, Table 1, 
number A3(d): ``Promulgation of rules . . . that interpret or amend an 
existing regulation without changing its environmental effect.'' This 
proposed rule is not part of a larger action. This proposed rule 
presents no extraordinary circumstances creating the potential for 
significant environmental effects. Therefore, this proposed rule is 
categorically excluded from further NEPA review.
    DHS seeks any comments or information that may lead to the 
discovery of any significant environmental effects from this proposed 
rule.

List of Subjects in 8 CFR Part 103

    Administrative practice and procedure, Surety bonds.

The Proposed Amendments

    Accordingly, by the authority vested in me as the Acting Deputy 
Secretary of Homeland Security, and for the reasons set forth in the 
preamble, chapter I of title 8 of the Code of Federal Regulations is 
proposed to be amended as follows:

Subchapter B--Immigration Regulations

PART 103--IMMIGRATION BENEFITS; BIOMETRIC REQUIREMENTS; 
AVAILABILITY OF RECORDS

0
1. The authority citation for part 103 is revised to read as follows:

    Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301, 552, 552a; 8 U.S.C. 1101, 1103, 1304, 
1356, 1365b; 31 U.S.C. 9701; Public Law 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135 (6 
U.S.C. 1 et seq.); E.O. 12356, 47 FR 14874, 15557; 3 CFR, 1982 
Comp., p. 166; 8 CFR part 2; Pub. L. 112-54; 31 CFR part 223.
0
2. Section 103.6 is amended by revising the section heading and 
paragraph (b), and adding paragraph (f) to read as follows:


Sec.  103.6  Immigration bonds.

* * * * *
    (b) Acceptable sureties. (1) Immigration bonds may be posted by a 
company holding a certificate from the Secretary of the Treasury under 
31 U.S.C. 9304-9308 as an acceptable surety on Federal bonds (a 
Treasury-certified surety). They may also be posted by an entity or 
individual who deposits cash or cash equivalents, such as postal money 
orders, certified checks, or cashier's checks, in the face amount of 
the bond.
    (2) In its discretion, ICE may decline to accept an immigration 
bond underwritten by a Treasury-certified surety when--
    (i) Ten or more invoices issued to the surety on administratively 
final breach determinations are past due at the same time;
    (ii) The surety owes a cumulative total of $50,000 or more on past 
due invoices issued to the surety on administratively final breach 
determinations, including interest and other fees assessed by law on 
delinquent debt; or
    (iii) The surety has a breach rate of 35 percent or greater in any 
Federal fiscal year after [DATE 30 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL 
RULE]. The surety's breach rate will be calculated in the month of 
January following each Federal fiscal year after the effective date of 
this rule by dividing the sum of administratively final breach 
determinations for that surety during the fiscal year by the total of 
such sum and bond cancellations for that surety during that same year. 
For example, if 50 bonds posted by a surety company were declared 
breached from October 1 to September 30, and 50 bonds posted by that 
same surety were cancelled during the same fiscal year (for a total of 
100 bond dispositions), that surety would have a breach rate of 50 
percent for that fiscal year.

[[Page 25967]]

    (3) Definitions: For purposes of paragraphs (b)(2)(i) and (ii) of 
this section--
    (i) A breach determination is administratively final when the time 
to file an appeal with the Administrative Appeals Office (AAO) has 
expired or when the appeal is dismissed or rejected.
    (ii) An invoice is past due if it is delinquent, meaning either 
that it has not been paid or disputed in writing within 30 days of 
issuance of the invoice; or, if it is a debt upon which the surety has 
submitted a written dispute within 30 days of issuance of the invoice, 
ICE has issued a written explanation to the surety of the agency's 
determination that the debt is valid, and the debt has not been paid 
within 30 days of issuance of such written explanation that the debt is 
valid.
    (4) When one or more of the for cause standards provided in 
paragraph (b)(2) of this section applies to a Treasury-certified 
surety, ICE may, in its discretion, initiate the process to notify the 
surety that it will decline future bonds. To initiate this process, ICE 
will issue written notice to the surety stating ICE's intention to 
decline bonds underwritten by the surety and the reasons for the 
proposed non-acceptance of the bonds. This notice will inform the 
surety of its opportunity to rebut the stated reasons set forth in the 
notice, and its opportunity to cure the stated reasons, i.e., deficient 
performance.
    (5) The Treasury-certified surety must send any response to ICE's 
notice in writing to the office that sent the notice. The surety's 
response must be received by the designated office on or before the 
30th calendar day following the date the notice was issued. If the 
surety or agent fails to submit a timely response, the surety will have 
waived the right to respond, and ICE will decline any future bonds 
submitted for approval that are underwritten by the surety.
    (6) After considering any timely response submitted by the 
Treasury-certified surety to the written notice issued by ICE, ICE will 
issue a written determination stating whether future bonds issued by 
the surety will be accepted or declined. This written determination 
constitutes final agency action. If the written determination concludes 
that future bonds will be declined from the surety, ICE will decline 
any future bonds submitted for approval that are underwritten by the 
surety.
* * * * *
    (f) Appeals of breached bonds issued by Treasury-certified 
sureties. (1) Consistent with section 10(c) of the Administrative 
Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 704, the AAO's decision on appeal of a breach 
determination constitutes final agency action. The initial breach 
determination remains inoperative during the administrative appeal 
period and while an administrative appeal is pending. Dismissal of an 
appeal is effective upon the date of the AAO decision. Only the 
granting of a motion to reopen or reconsider makes the decision no 
longer final.
    (2) The failure by a Treasury-certified surety or its bonding agent 
to exhaust administrative appellate review before the AAO, or the lapse 
of time to file an appeal to the AAO without filing an appeal to the 
AAO, constitutes waiver and forfeiture of all claims, defenses, and 
arguments involving the bond breach determination. A Treasury-certified 
surety's or its agent's failure to move to reconsider or to reopen a 
breach decision does not constitute failure to exhaust administrative 
remedies.
    (3) A Treasury-certified surety or its bonding agent must raise all 
issues and present all facts relied upon in the appeal to the AAO. A 
Treasury-certified surety's or its agent's failure to timely raise any 
claim, defense, or argument before the AAO in support of reversal or 
remand of a breach decision waives and forfeits that claim, defense, or 
argument.
    (4) If a Treasury-certified surety or its bonding agent does not 
timely file an appeal with the AAO upon receipt of a breach notice, a 
claim in favor of ICE is created on the bond breach determination, and 
ICE may seek to collect the amount due on the breached bond.

Claire M. Grady,
Acting Deputy Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2018-11940 Filed 6-4-18; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 9111-28-P