[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 86 (Thursday, May 3, 2018)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 19499-19520]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-09200]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 63

[EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0358; FRL-9977-29-OAR]
RIN 2060-AT66


National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for 
Friction Materials Manufacturing Facilities; Residual Risk and 
Technology Review

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing 
amendments to the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 
Pollutants (NESHAP) for the Friction Materials Manufacturing Facilities 
source category. The proposed amendments address the results of the 
residual risk and technology reviews (RTRs) conducted as required under 
the Clean Air Act (CAA). The proposed amendments also address the 
startup, shutdown, and malfunction (SSM) provisions of the rule and 
update the reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

DATES: Comments. Comments must be received on or before June 18, 2018. 
Under the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), comments on the information 
collection provisions are best assured of consideration if the Office 
of Management and Budget (OMB) receives a copy of your comments on or 
before June 4, 2018.
    Public Hearing. If a public hearing is requested by May 8, 2018, 
then we will hold a public hearing on May 18, 2018 at the location 
described in the ADDRESSES section. The last day to pre-register in 
advance to speak at the public hearing will be May 16, 2018.

ADDRESSES: Comments. Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. 
EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0358, at http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online 
instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, comments cannot 
be edited or removed from Regulations.gov. Regulations.gov is our 
preferred method of receiving comments. However, other submission 
methods are accepted. To ship or send mail via the United States Postal 
Service, use the following address: U.S. Environmental Protection 
Agency, EPA Docket Center, Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0358, Mail 
Code 28221T, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460. Use the 
following Docket Center address if you are using express mail, 
commercial delivery, hand delivery, or courier: EPA Docket Center, EPA 
WJC West Building, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, 
DC 20004. Delivery verification signatures will be available only 
during regular business hours.
    Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be 
Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose 
disclosure is restricted by statute. See section I.C of this preamble 
for instructions on submitting CBI.
    For additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment 
policy, information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general 
guidance on making effective comments, please visit https://www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets. The EPA may publish any 
comment received to its public docket. Multimedia submissions (audio, 
video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written comment. The written 
comment is considered the official comment and should include 
discussion of all points you wish to make. The EPA will generally not 
consider comments or comment contents located outside of the primary 
submission (i.e., on the Web, cloud, or other file sharing system). For 
additional submission methods, the full EPA public comment policy, 
information about CBI or multimedia submissions, and general guidance 
on making effective comments, please visit https://www2.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.
    Public Hearing. If a public hearing is requested, it will be held 
at EPA's Headquarters, EPA WJC East Building, 1201 Constitution Avenue 
NW, Washington, DC 20004. If a public hearing is requested, then we 
will provide details about the public hearing on our website at: 
https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/friction-materials-manufacturing-facilities-national-emission. The EPA does not 
intend to publish another document in the Federal Register announcing 
any updates on the request for a public hearing. Please contact Aimee 
St. Clair at (919) 541-1063 or by email at [email protected] to 
request a public hearing, to register to speak at the public hearing, 
or to inquire as to whether a public hearing will be held.
    The EPA will make every effort to accommodate all speakers who 
arrive and register. If a hearing is held at a U.S. government 
facility, individuals planning to attend should be prepared to show a 
current, valid state- or federal-approved picture identification to the 
security staff in order to gain access to the meeting room. An expired 
form of identification will not be permitted. Please note that the Real 
ID Act, passed by Congress in 2005, established new requirements for 
entering federal facilities. If your driver's license is issued by a 
noncompliant state, you must present an additional form of 
identification to enter a federal facility. Acceptable alternative 
forms of identification include: Federal employee badge, passports, 
enhanced driver's licenses, and military identification cards. 
Additional information on the Real ID Act is available at https://www.dhs.gov/real-id-frequently-asked-questions. In

[[Page 19500]]

addition, you will need to obtain a property pass for any personal 
belongings you bring with you. Upon leaving the building, you will be 
required to return this property pass to the security desk. No large 
signs will be allowed in the building, cameras may only be used outside 
of the building, and demonstrations will not be allowed on federal 
property for security reasons.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For questions about this proposed 
action, contact Korbin Smith, Sector Policies and Programs Division 
(D243-04), Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. 
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 
27711; telephone number: (919) 541-2416; fax number: (919) 541-4991; 
and email address: [email protected]. For specific information 
regarding the risk modeling methodology, contact James Hirtz, Health 
and Environmental Impacts Division (C539-02), Office of Air Quality 
Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research 
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; telephone number: (919) 541-0881; 
fax number: (919) 541-0840; and email address: [email protected]. For 
information about the applicability of the NESHAP to a particular 
entity, contact Sara Ayres, Office of Enforcement and Compliance 
Assurance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA WJC South Building 
(Mail Code 2227A), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460; 
telephone number: (312) 353-6266; and email address: 
[email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 
    Docket. The EPA has established a docket for this rulemaking under 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0358. All documents in the docket are 
listed in the Regulations.gov index. Although listed in the index, some 
information is not publicly available, e.g., CBI or other information 
whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such 
as copyrighted material, is not placed on the internet and will be 
publicly available only in hard copy. Publicly available docket 
materials are available either electronically in Regulations.gov or in 
hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, Room 3334, EPA WJC West Building, 
1301 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC. The Public Reading Room is 
open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding 
legal holidays. The telephone number for the Public Reading Room is 
(202) 566-1744, and the telephone number for the EPA Docket Center is 
(202) 566-1742.
    Instructions. Direct your comments to Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-
2017-0358. The EPA's policy is that all comments received will be 
included in the public docket without change and may be made available 
online at http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal 
information provided, unless the comment includes information claimed 
to be CBI or other information whose disclosure is restricted by 
statute. Do not submit information that you consider to be CBI or 
otherwise protected through http://www.regulations.gov or email. This 
type of information should be submitted by mail as discussed in section 
I.C of this preamble. The http://www.regulations.gov website is an 
``anonymous access'' system, which means the EPA will not know your 
identity or contact information unless you provide it in the body of 
your comment. If you send an email comment directly to the EPA without 
going through http://www.regulations.gov, your email address will be 
automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is 
placed in the public docket and made available on the internet. If you 
submit an electronic comment, the EPA recommends that you include your 
name and other contact information in the body of your comment and with 
any disk or CD-ROM you submit. If the EPA cannot read your comment due 
to technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, the 
EPA may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic files should 
not include special characters or any form of encryption and be free of 
any defects or viruses. For additional information about the EPA's 
public docket, visit the EPA Docket Center homepage at http://www.epa.gov/dockets.
    Preamble Acronyms and Abbreviations. We use multiple acronyms and 
terms in this preamble. While this list may not be exhaustive, to ease 
the reading of this preamble and for reference purposes, the EPA 
defines the following terms and acronyms here:

AEGL acute exposure guideline level
AERMOD air dispersion model used by the HEM-3 model
CAA Clean Air Act
CalEPA California EPA
CBI Confidential Business Information
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CIIT Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERPG Emergency Response Planning Guideline
FMM friction materials manufacturing
HAP hazardous air pollutant(s)
HCl hydrochloric acid
HEM-3 Human Exposure Model, Version 1.1.0
HF hydrogen fluoride
HI hazard index
HQ hazard quotient
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
km kilometer
MACT maximum achievable control technology
mg/m\3\ milligrams per cubic meter
MIR maximum individual risk
NAICS North American Industry Classification System
NAS National Academy of Sciences
NESHAP national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants
NTTAA National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OMB Office of Management and Budget
PB-HAP hazardous air pollutants known to be persistent and bio-
accumulative in the environment
ppm parts per million
REL reference exposure level
RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act
RfC reference concentration
RfD reference dose
RTR residual risk and technology review
SAB Science Advisory Board
SSM startup, shutdown, and malfunction
TOSHI target organ-specific hazard index
tpy tons per year
TTN Technology Transfer Network
UF uncertainty factor
UMRA Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
URE unit risk estimate
VCS voluntary consensus standards

    Organization of This Document. The information in this preamble is 
organized as follows:

I. General Information
    A. Does this action apply to me?
    B. Where can I get a copy of this document and other related 
information?
    C. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for the EPA?
II. Background
    A. What is the statutory authority for this action?
    B. What is this source category and how does the current NESHAP 
regulate its HAP emissions?
    C. What data collection activities were conducted to support 
this action?
    D. What other relevant background information and data are 
available?
III. Analytical Procedures
    A. How do we consider risk in our decision-making?
    B. How do we perform the technology review?
    C. How did we estimate post-MACT risks posed by the source 
category?
IV. Analytical Results and Proposed Decisions
    A. What are the results of the risk assessment and analyses?
    B. What are our proposed decisions regarding risk acceptability, 
ample margin of safety, and adverse environmental effects?
    C. What are the results and proposed decisions based on our 
technology review?

[[Page 19501]]

    D. What other actions are we proposing?
    E. What compliance dates are we proposing?
V. Summary of Cost, Environmental, and Economic Impacts
    A. What are the affected sources?
    B. What are the air quality impacts?
    C. What are the cost impacts?
    D. What are the economic impacts?
    E. What are the benefits?
VI. Request for Comments
VII. Submitting Data Corrections
VIII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
    A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and 
Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
    B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulation and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs
    C. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)
    D. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)
    E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)
    F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
    G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With 
Indian Tribal Governments
    H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From 
Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
    I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
    J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)
    K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address 
Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income 
Populations

I. General Information

A. Does this action apply to me?

    Table 1 of this preamble lists the NESHAP and associated regulated 
industrial source categories that are the subject of this proposal. 
Table 1 is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide 
for readers regarding the entities that this proposed action is likely 
to affect. The proposed standards, once promulgated, will be directly 
applicable to the affected sources. Federal, state, local, and tribal 
government entities would not be affected by this proposed action. As 
defined in the Initial List of Categories of Sources Under Section 
112(c)(1) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (see 57 FR 31576, 
July 16, 1992), the Friction Materials Manufacturing Facilities source 
category, which for the remainder of this document will be referred to 
as Friction Materials Manufacturing or FMM, was initially defined as 
any facility engaged in the manufacture or remanufacture of friction 
products, including automobile brake linings and disc pads. Hazardous 
air pollutants (HAP) are emitted from solvents added during the 
proportioning and mixing of raw materials and the solvents contained in 
the adhesives used to bond the linings to the brake shoes. Most HAP 
emissions occur during heated processes such as curing, bonding and 
debonding processes. The 1992 initial list of identified HAP from 
friction products facilities were phenol, toluene, methyl chloroform, 
and methyl ethyl (which is no longer listed as a HAP (see 70 FR 75059, 
December 19, 2005)). In 2002, the source category definition was 
amended (see 67 FR 64497, October 18, 2002) to define a FMM facility as 
a facility that manufactures friction materials using a solvent-based 
process. Friction materials are used in the manufacture of products 
used to accelerate or decelerate objects. Products that use friction 
materials include, but are not limited to, disc brake pucks, disc brake 
pads, brake linings, brake shoes, brake segments, brake blocks, brake 
discs, clutch facings, and clutches.

    Table 1--NESHAP and Industrial Source Categories Affected by This
                             Proposed Action
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    Source  category              NESHAP              NAICS code \1\
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Industry................  Friction Materials      33634, 327999, 333613.
                           Manufacturing.
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\1\ North American Industry Classification System.

B. Where can I get a copy of this document and other related 
information?

    In addition to being available in the docket, an electronic copy of 
this action is available on the internet. Following signature by the 
EPA Administrator, the EPA will post a copy of this proposed action at 
http://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/friction-materials-manufacturing-facilities-national-emission. Following publication in 
the Federal Register, the EPA will post the Federal Register version of 
the proposal and key technical documents at this same website. 
Information on the overall RTR program is available at http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html.
    A redline version of the regulatory language that incorporates the 
proposed changes in this action is available in the docket for this 
action (Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0358).

C. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for the EPA?

    Submitting CBI. Do not submit information containing CBI to the EPA 
through http://www.regulations.gov or email. Clearly mark the part or 
all of the information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI information on 
a disk or CD-ROM that you mail to the EPA, mark the outside of the disk 
or CD-ROM as CBI and then identify electronically within the disk or 
CD-ROM the specific information that is claimed as CBI. In addition to 
one complete version of the comments that includes information claimed 
as CBI, you must submit a copy of the comments that does not contain 
the information claimed as CBI for inclusion in the public docket. If 
you submit a CD-ROM or disk that does not contain CBI, mark the outside 
of the disk or CD-ROM clearly that it does not contain CBI. Information 
not marked as CBI will be included in the public docket and the EPA's 
electronic public docket without prior notice. Information marked as 
CBI will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set 
forth in 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 2. Send or deliver 
information identified as CBI only to the following address: OAQPS 
Document Control Officer (C404-02), OAQPS, U.S. Environmental 
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, 
Attention Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0358.

II. Background

A. What is the statutory authority for this action?

    The statutory authority for this action is provided by sections 112 
and 301 of the CAA, as amended (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.). Section 112 of 
the CAA establishes a two-stage regulatory process to develop standards 
for emissions of HAP from stationary sources. Generally, the first 
stage involves establishing technology-based standards and the second 
stage involves evaluating these standards that are based on maximum 
achievable control technology (MACT) to determine whether additional 
standards are needed to further address any remaining risk associated 
with HAP emissions. This second stage is commonly referred to as the 
``residual risk review.'' In addition to the residual risk review, the 
CAA also requires the EPA to review standards set under CAA section 112 
every 8 years to determine if there are ``developments in practices, 
processes, or control technologies'' that may be appropriate to 
incorporate into the standards. This review is commonly referred to as 
the ``technology review.'' When the two reviews are combined into a 
single rulemaking, it is commonly referred to as the ``risk and 
technology review.'' The discussion that follows identifies the most 
relevant statutory sections and briefly explains the contours of the 
methodology used to

[[Page 19502]]

implement these statutory requirements. A more comprehensive discussion 
appears in the document, CAA Section 112 Risk and Technology Reviews: 
Statutory Authority and Methodology, which is in the docket for this 
rulemaking.
    In the first stage of the CAA section 112 standard setting process, 
the EPA promulgates technology-based standards under CAA section 112(d) 
for categories of sources identified as emitting one or more of the HAP 
listed in CAA section 112(b). Sources of HAP emissions are either major 
sources or area sources, and CAA section 112 establishes different 
requirements for major source standards and area source standards. 
``Major sources'' are those that emit or have the potential to emit 10 
tons per year (tpy) or more of a single HAP or 25 tpy or more of any 
combination of HAP. All other sources are ``area sources.'' For major 
sources, CAA section 112(d) provides that the technology-based NESHAP 
must reflect the maximum degree of emission reductions of HAP 
achievable (after considering cost, energy requirements, and non-air 
quality health and environmental impacts). These standards are commonly 
referred to as MACT standards. CAA section 112(d)(3) also establishes a 
minimum control level for MACT standards, known as the MACT ``floor.'' 
The EPA must also consider control options that are more stringent than 
the floor. Standards more stringent than the floor are commonly 
referred to as beyond-the-floor standards. In certain instances, as 
provided in CAA section 112(h), the EPA may set work practice standards 
where it is not feasible to prescribe or enforce a numerical emission 
standard. For area sources, CAA section 112(d)(5) gives the EPA 
discretion to set standards based on generally available control 
technologies or management practices (GACT standards) in lieu of MACT 
standards.
    The second stage in standard-setting focuses on identifying and 
addressing any remaining (i.e., ``residual'') risk according to CAA 
section 112(f). Section 112(f)(2) of the CAA requires the EPA to 
determine for source categories subject to MACT standards whether 
promulgation of additional standards is needed to provide an ample 
margin of safety to protect public health or to prevent an adverse 
environmental effect. Section 112(d)(5) of the CAA provides that this 
residual risk review is not required for categories of area sources 
subject to GACT standards. Section 112(f)(2)(B) of the CAA further 
expressly preserves the EPA's use of the two-step process for 
developing standards to address any residual risk and the Agency's 
interpretation of ``ample margin of safety'' developed in the 
``National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Benzene 
Emissions from Maleic Anhydride Plants, Ethylbenzene/Styrene Plants, 
Benzene Storage Vessels, Benzene Equipment Leaks, and Coke By-Product 
Recovery Plants'' (Benzene NESHAP) (54 FR 38044, September 14, 1989). 
The EPA notified Congress in the Risk Report that the Agency intended 
to use the Benzene NESHAP approach in making CAA section 112(f) 
residual risk determinations (EPA-453/R-99-001, p. ES-11). The EPA 
subsequently adopted this approach in its residual risk determinations 
and the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia 
Circuit (the Court) upheld the EPA's interpretation that CAA section 
112(f)(2) incorporates the approach established in the Benzene NESHAP. 
See NRDC v. EPA, 529 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2008).
    The approach incorporated into the CAA and used by the EPA to 
evaluate residual risk and to develop standards under CAA section 
112(f)(2) is a two-step approach. In the first step, the EPA determines 
whether risks are acceptable. This determination ``considers all health 
information, including risk estimation uncertainty, and includes a 
presumptive limit on maximum individual lifetime [cancer] risk (MIR) 
\1\ of approximately [1-in-10 thousand] [i.e., 100-in-1 million].'' 54 
FR 38045, September 14, 1989. If risks are unacceptable, the EPA must 
determine the emissions standards necessary to bring risks to an 
acceptable level without considering costs. In the second step of the 
approach, the EPA considers whether the emissions standards provide an 
ample margin of safety ``in consideration of all health information, 
including the number of persons at risk levels higher than 
approximately [1-in-1 million], as well as other relevant factors, 
including costs and economic impacts, technological feasibility, and 
other factors relevant to each particular decision.'' Id. The EPA must 
promulgate emission standards necessary to provide an ample margin of 
safety to protect public health. After conducting the ample margin of 
safety analysis, we consider whether a more stringent standard is 
necessary to prevent, taking into consideration costs, energy, safety, 
and other relevant factors, an adverse environmental effect.
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    \1\ Although defined as ``maximum individual risk,'' MIR refers 
only to cancer risk. MIR, one metric for assessing cancer risk, is 
the estimated risk if an individual were exposed to the maximum 
level of a pollutant for a lifetime.
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    CAA section 112(d)(6) separately requires the EPA to review 
standards promulgated under CAA section 112 and revise them ``as 
necessary (taking into account developments in practices, processes, 
and control technologies)'' no less frequently than every 8 years. In 
conducting this so-called ``technology review,'' the EPA is not 
required to recalculate the MACT floor. Natural Resources Defense 
Council (NRDC) v. EPA, 529 F.3d 1077, 1084 (DC Cir. 2008). Association 
of Battery Recyclers, Inc. v. EPA, 716 F.3d 667 (DC Cir. 2013). The EPA 
may consider cost in deciding whether to revise the standards pursuant 
to CAA 112(d)(6).

B. What is this source category and how does the current NESHAP 
regulate its HAP emissions?

    Only facilities that are major sources of HAP emissions are subject 
to the FMM NESHAP; area sources of HAP are not subject to the rule. The 
NESHAP for this source category is codified in 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
QQQQQ. The HAP emitted by FMM include formaldehyde, methanol, hexane, 
and phenol. Formaldehyde has the potential to cause chronic cancer and 
noncancer health effects. The other three HAP are noncarcinogenic and 
have the potential for chronic and acute noncancer health effects. In 
2017, there were two FMM facilities that were subject to the NESHAP.
    The affected sources at FMM facilities are the solvent mixing 
operations as defined in 40 CFR 63.9565. Solvent Mixing Operations are 
subject to 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ, emission limits. Current 
emission limits address large and small solvent mixers. New, 
reconstructed, and existing large solvent mixers must limit HAP solvent 
emissions to the atmosphere to no more than 30 percent of that which 
would otherwise be emitted in the absence of solvent recovery and/or 
solvent substitution, based on a 7-day block average (see 40 CFR 
63.9500(a)). New, reconstructed, and existing small solvent mixers must 
limit HAP solvent emissions to the atmosphere to no more than 15 
percent of that which would otherwise be emitted in the absence of 
solvent recovery and/or solvent substitution, based on a 7-day block 
average (see 40 CFR 63.9500(b)).

C. What data collection activities were conducted to support this 
action?

    There are two FMM facilities subject to 40 CFR part 63, subpart 
QQQQQ. The EPA visited both facilities during the development of the 
NESHAP. We visited Railroad Friction Products Corporation (RFPC) in 
Maxton, NC, in August 2016, and Knowlton Technologies, LLC, in 
Watertown, NY,

[[Page 19503]]

in November 2016. During the visits, we discussed quantity and size of 
solvent mixers at each site and associated emission points, process 
controls, monitors, unregulated emissions, and other aspects of 
facility operations. We attached a questionnaire to the site visit 
letter and discussed the questionnaire during both site visits. We used 
the information provided by the facilities to help create the modeling 
file, as well as profile the sector. The site visit reports are 
documented in the following memoranda, which are available in the 
docket for this action: ``Site Visit Report-Railroad Friction 
Products'' and ``Site Visit Report-Knowlton Technologies, LLC.''

D. What other relevant background information and data are available?

    The EPA used information from the Reasonably Available Control 
Technology (RACT), Best Available Control Technology (BACT), and Lowest 
Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) Clearinghouse (RBLC) database, reviewed 
title V permits for each FMM facility, and reviewed regulatory actions 
related to emissions controls at similar sources that could be 
applicable to FMM. The EPA reviewed the RBLC to identify potential 
additional control technologies. No additional control technologies 
applicable to FMM were found using the RBLC; see sections III.C and 
IV.C of this preamble and the memorandum, ``Technology Review for the 
Friction Materials Manufacturing Facilities Source Category,'' which is 
available in the docket for this action, for further details on this 
source of information.

III. Analytical Procedures

    In this section, we describe the analyses performed to support the 
proposed decisions for the RTR and other issues addressed in this 
proposal.

A. How do we consider risk in our decision-making?

    As discussed in section II.A of this preamble and in the Benzene 
NESHAP, in evaluating and developing standards under CAA section 
112(f)(2), we apply a two-step process to determine whether or not 
risks are acceptable and to determine if the standards provide an ample 
margin of safety to protect public health. As explained in the Benzene 
NESHAP, ``the first step judgment on acceptability cannot be reduced to 
any single factor'' and, thus, ``[t]he Administrator believes that the 
acceptability of risk under section 112 is best judged on the basis of 
a broad set of health risk measures and information.'' 54 FR 38046, 
September 14, 1989. Similarly, with regard to the ample margin of 
safety determination, ``the Agency again considers all of the health 
risk and other health information considered in the first step. Beyond 
that information, additional factors relating to the appropriate level 
of control will also be considered, including cost and economic impacts 
of controls, technological feasibility, uncertainties, and any other 
relevant factors.'' Id.
    The Benzene NESHAP approach provides flexibility regarding factors 
the EPA may consider in making determinations and how the EPA may weigh 
those factors for each source category. The EPA conducts a risk 
assessment that provides estimates of the MIR posed by the HAP 
emissions from each source in the source category, the hazard index (HI 
for chronic exposures to HAP with the potential to cause noncancer 
health effects, and the hazard quotient (HQ) for acute exposures to HAP 
with the potential to cause noncancer health effects.\2\ The assessment 
also provides estimates of the distribution of cancer risks within the 
exposed populations, cancer incidence, and an evaluation of the 
potential for adverse environmental effects. The scope of the EPA's 
risk analysis is consistent with the EPA's response to comment on our 
policy under the Benzene NESHAP where the EPA explained that:
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    \2\ The MIR is defined as the cancer risk associated with a 
lifetime of exposure at the highest concentration of HAP where 
people are likely to live. The HQ is the ratio of the potential 
exposure to the HAP to the level at or below which no adverse 
chronic noncancer effects are expected; the HI is the sum of HQs for 
HAP that affect the same target organ or organ system.

[t]he policy chosen by the Administrator permits consideration of 
multiple measures of health risk. Not only can the MIR figure be 
considered, but also incidence, the presence of noncancer health 
effects, and the uncertainties of the risk estimates. In this way, 
the effect on the most exposed individuals can be reviewed as well 
as the impact on the general public. These factors can then be 
weighed in each individual case. This approach complies with the 
Vinyl Chloride mandate that the Administrator ascertain an 
acceptable level of risk to the public by employing [her] expertise 
to assess available data. It also complies with the Congressional 
intent behind the CAA, which did not exclude the use of any 
particular measure of public health risk from the EPA's 
consideration with respect to CAA section 112 regulations, and 
thereby implicitly permits consideration of any and all measures of 
health risk which the Administrator, in [her] judgment, believes are 
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appropriate to determining what will `protect the public health'.

See 54 FR 38057, September 14, 1989. Thus, the level of the MIR is only 
one factor to be weighed in determining acceptability of risks. The 
Benzene NESHAP explained that ``an MIR of approximately one in 10 
thousand should ordinarily be the upper end of the range of 
acceptability. As risks increase above this benchmark, they become 
presumptively less acceptable under CAA section 112, and would be 
weighed with the other health risk measures and information in making 
an overall judgment on acceptability. Or, the Agency may find, in a 
particular case, that a risk that includes MIR less than the 
presumptively acceptable level is unacceptable in the light of other 
health risk factors.'' Id. at 38045. Similarly, with regard to the 
ample margin of safety analysis, the EPA stated in the Benzene NESHAP 
that: ``EPA believes the relative weight of the many factors that can 
be considered in selecting an ample margin of safety can only be 
determined for each specific source category. This occurs mainly 
because technological and economic factors (along with the health-
related factors) vary from source category to source category.'' Id. at 
38061. We also consider the uncertainties associated with the various 
risk analyses, as discussed earlier in this preamble, in our 
determinations of acceptability, and ample margin of safety.
    The EPA notes that it has not considered certain health information 
to date in making residual risk determinations. At this time, we do not 
attempt to quantify those HAP risks that may be associated with 
emissions from other facilities that do not include the source category 
under review, mobile source emissions, natural source emissions, 
persistent environmental pollution, or atmospheric transformation in 
the vicinity of the sources in the category.
    The EPA understands the potential importance of considering an 
individual's total exposure to HAP in addition to considering exposure 
to HAP emissions from the source category and facility. We recognize 
that such consideration may be particularly important when assessing 
noncancer risks, where pollutant-specific exposure health reference 
levels (e.g., reference concentrations (RfCs)) are based on the 
assumption that thresholds exist for adverse health effects. For 
example, the EPA recognizes that, although exposures attributable to 
emissions from a source category or facility alone may not indicate the 
potential for increased risk of adverse noncancer health effects in a 
population, the exposures resulting from emissions from the facility in 
combination with emissions from all of the other sources (e.g., other 
facilities) to

[[Page 19504]]

which an individual is exposed may be sufficient to result in increased 
risk of adverse noncancer health effects. In May 2010, the Science 
Advisory Board (SAB) advised the EPA ``that RTR assessments will be 
most useful to decision makers and communities if results are presented 
in the broader context of aggregate and cumulative risks, including 
background concentrations and contributions from other sources in the 
area.'' \3\
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    \3\ The EPA's responses to this and all other key 
recommendations of the SAB's advisory on RTR risk assessment 
methodologies (which is available at: http://yosemite.epa.gov/sab/
sabproduct.nsf/4AB3966E263D943A8525771F00668381/$File/EPA-SAB-10-
007-unsigned.pdf) are outlined in a memorandum to this rulemaking 
docket from David Guinnup titled EPA's Actions in Response to the 
Key Recommendations of the SAB Review of RTR Risk Assessment 
Methodologies.
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    In response to the SAB recommendations, the EPA is incorporating 
cumulative risk analyses into its RTR risk assessments, including those 
reflected in this proposal. The Agency is (1) conducting facility-wide 
assessments, which include source category emission points, as well as 
other emission points within the facilities; (2) combining exposures 
from multiple sources in the same category that could affect the same 
individuals; and (3) for some persistent and bioaccumulative 
pollutants, analyzing the ingestion route of exposure. In addition, the 
RTR risk assessments have always considered aggregate cancer risk from 
all carcinogens and aggregate noncancer HI from all non-carcinogens 
affecting the same target organ system.
    Although we are interested in placing source category and facility-
wide HAP risks in the context of total HAP risks from all sources 
combined in the vicinity of each source, we are concerned about the 
uncertainties of doing so. Because of the contribution to total HAP 
risk from emission sources other than those that we have studied in 
depth during this RTR review, such estimates of total HAP risks would 
have significantly greater associated uncertainties than the source 
category or facility-wide estimates. Such aggregate or cumulative 
assessments would compound those uncertainties, making the assessments 
too unreliable.

B. How do we perform the technology review?

    Our technology review focuses on the identification and evaluation 
of developments in practices, processes, and control technologies that 
have occurred since the MACT standards were promulgated. Where we 
identify such developments, in order to inform our decision of whether 
it is ``necessary'' to revise the emissions standards, we analyze the 
technical feasibility of applying these developments and the estimated 
costs, energy implications, and non-air environmental impacts, and we 
also consider the emission reductions. In addition, we considered the 
appropriateness of applying controls to new sources versus retrofitting 
existing sources. For this exercise, we consider any of the following 
to be a ``development'':
     Any add-on control technology or other equipment that was 
not identified and considered during development of the original MACT 
standards;
     Any improvements in add-on control technology or other 
equipment (that were identified and considered during development of 
the original MACT standards) that could result in additional emissions 
reduction;
     Any work practice or operational procedure that was not 
identified or considered during development of the original MACT 
standards;
     Any process change or pollution prevention alternative 
that could be broadly applied to the industry and that was not 
identified or considered during development of the original MACT 
standards; and
     Any significant changes in the cost (including cost 
effectiveness) of applying controls (including controls the EPA 
considered during the development of the original MACT standards).
    In addition to reviewing the practices, processes, and control 
technologies that were considered at the time we originally developed 
(or last updated) the NESHAP, we reviewed a variety of data sources in 
our investigation of potential practices, processes, or controls to 
consider. Among the sources we reviewed were the NESHAP for various 
industries that were promulgated since the MACT standards being 
reviewed in this action. We reviewed the regulatory requirements and/or 
technical analyses associated with these regulatory actions to identify 
any practices, processes, and control technologies considered in these 
efforts that could be applied to emission sources in the FMM source 
category, as well as the costs, non-air impacts, and energy 
implications associated with the use of these technologies. 
Additionally, we requested information from facilities regarding 
developments in practices, processes, or control technology. Finally, 
we reviewed information from other sources, such as state and/or local 
permitting agency databases and industry-supported databases.

C. How did we estimate post-MACT risks posed by the source category?

    The EPA conducted a risk assessment that provides estimates of the 
MIR for cancer posed by the HAP emissions from each source in the 
source category, the HI for chronic exposures to HAP with the potential 
to cause noncancer health effects, and the HQ for acute exposures to 
HAP with the potential to cause noncancer health effects. The 
assessment also provides estimates of the distribution of cancer risks 
within the exposed populations, cancer incidence, and an evaluation of 
the potential for adverse environmental effects. The seven sections 
that follow this paragraph describe how we estimated emissions and 
conducted the risk assessment. The docket for this action contains the 
following document which provides more information on the risk 
assessment inputs and models: Residual Risk Assessment for the Friction 
Materials Manufacturing Source Category in Support of the February 2018 
Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule. The methods used to assess 
risks (as described in the seven primary steps below) are consistent 
with those peer-reviewed by a panel of the EPA's SAB in 2009 and 
described in their peer review report issued in 2010; \4\ they are also 
consistent with the key recommendations contained in that report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ U.S. EPA SAB. Risk and Technology Review (RTR) Risk 
Assessment Methodologies: For Review by the EPA's Science Advisory 
Board with Case Studies--MACT I Petroleum Refining Sources and 
Portland Cement Manufacturing, May 2010.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. How did we estimate actual emissions and identify the emissions 
release characteristics?
    Solvent mixers are the primary emission source at FMM facilities. 
Actual emissions for RFPC, which utilizes a solvent recovery system, 
are estimated using mass balance calculations from the solvent storage 
tanks. All solvent not recovered is assumed to be emitted.
    Potential HAP emissions at Knowlton Technologies, LLC, are captured 
by a permanent total enclosure and ducted to a boiler for destruction. 
The potential HAP emissions at Knowlton come from resins/solvents used 
in the saturator process line, including the resin kitchen. Annual 
potential emissions of formaldehyde, methanol, and phenol were 
calculated by using the annual purchasing total of resins/solvents that 
contain HAP, multiplied by the maximum percent of HAP contained in the 
resin/solvent to provide a conservative estimate of potential

[[Page 19505]]

emissions. The potential emissions are controlled by a permanent total 
enclosure with a capture efficiency of 100 percent, which routes the 
potential emissions to a boiler. Data from emissions testing conducted 
in January 2003 were used to determine the boiler destruction 
efficiencies for a select group of organic compounds, including 
formaldehyde, methanol, and phenol. Pollutant-specific boiler control 
efficiencies were used to calculate post control device emissions to 
the atmosphere. Additional details on the data and methods used to 
develop actual emissions estimates for the risk modeling are provided 
in the memorandum, ``Development of the Risk Modeling Dataset,'' which 
is available in the docket for this action.
2. How did we estimate MACT-allowable emissions?
    The available emissions data in the RTR emissions dataset include 
estimates of the mass of HAP emitted during a specified annual time 
period. These ``actual'' emission levels are often lower than the 
emission levels allowed under the requirements of the current MACT 
standards. The emissions level allowed to be emitted by the MACT 
standards is referred to as the ``MACT-allowable'' emissions level. We 
discussed the use of both MACT-allowable and actual emissions in the 
final Coke Oven Batteries RTR (70 FR 19998-19999, April 15, 2005) and 
in the proposed and final Hazardous Organic NESHAP RTRs (71 FR 34428, 
June 14, 2006, and 71 FR 76609, December 21, 2006, respectively). In 
those actions, we noted that assessing the risks at the MACT-allowable 
level is inherently reasonable since these risks reflect the maximum 
level facilities could emit and still comply with national emission 
standards. We also explained that it is reasonable to consider actual 
emissions, where such data are available, in both steps of the risk 
analysis, in accordance with the Benzene NESHAP approach. (54 FR 38044, 
September 14, 1989.)
    For FMM, we calculated allowable emissions differently for each 
facility. For RFPC, we determined that allowable emissions are equal to 
actual emissions because the facility uses both solvent recovery and 
solvent substitution to comply with the MACT standard. Solvent 
substitution credits the facility for 100-percent recovery on every 
batch that doesn't require the use of a HAP solvent. Batch operations 
using solvent substitution, thus credited for 100-percent recovery, are 
then averaged with the batches using solvent recovery, to calculate the 
facility-wide average recovery percentage. That is to say, if the 
facility ran 10 batches using solvent substitution, credited as 100-
percent recovery, and 10 batches using solvent recovery, which achieved 
50-percent recovery of the HAP solvent used, the facility would have an 
average of 75-percent recovery. These calculations show why using the 
method of calculating allowable emissions by setting them equal to the 
minimum requirements to comply with the rule (70- percent recovery) 
does not accurately quantify this source category. The resulting 
emissions if each facility calculated each batch to emit at 70-percent 
would result in actual emissions exceeding allowable emissions due to 
the credited solvent substitution. As a result, we have decided to set 
actual emissions equal to allowable emissions to better quantify 
facility emissions. Allowable emissions for Knowlton Technologies, LLC, 
were calculated by setting the destruction efficiency at 70-percent to 
comply with the MACT standard instead of the >99-percent currently 
estimated by the facility. By setting the destruction efficiency to 70-
percent, we can estimate the amount of HAP released if the facility 
were to meet the minimum requirements for compliance with the MACT 
standard. Additional details on the data and methods used to develop 
MACT-allowable emissions for the risk modeling are provided in the 
memorandum, ``Development of the Risk Modeling Dataset,'' which is 
available in the docket for this action.
3. How did we conduct dispersion modeling, determine inhalation 
exposures, and estimate individual and population inhalation risks?
    Both long-term and short-term inhalation exposure concentrations 
and health risks from the source category addressed in this proposal 
were estimated using the Human Exposure Model (HEM-3). The HEM-3 
performs three primary risk assessment activities: (1) Conducting 
dispersion modeling to estimate the concentrations of HAP in ambient 
air, (2) estimating long-term and short-term inhalation exposures to 
individuals residing within 50 kilometers (km) of the modeled sources, 
and (3) estimating individual and population-level inhalation risks 
using the exposure estimates and quantitative dose-response 
information.
a. Dispersion Modeling
    The air dispersion model AERMOD, used by the HEM-3 model, is one of 
the EPA's preferred models for assessing air pollutant concentrations 
from industrial facilities.\5\ To perform the dispersion modeling and 
to develop the preliminary risk estimates, HEM-3 draws on three data 
libraries. The first is a library of meteorological data, which is used 
for dispersion calculations. This library includes 1 year (2016) of 
hourly surface and upper air observations from 824 meteorological 
stations, selected to provide coverage of the United States and Puerto 
Rico. A second library of United States Census Bureau census block \6\ 
internal point locations and populations provides the basis of human 
exposure calculations (U.S. Census, 2010). In addition, for each census 
block, the census library includes the elevation and controlling hill 
height, which are also used in dispersion calculations. A third library 
of pollutant-specific dose-response values is used to estimate health 
risks. These dose-response values are the latest values recommended by 
the EPA for HAP. They are available at https://www.epa.gov/fera/dose-response-assessment-assessing-health-risks-associated-exposure-hazardous-air-pollutants and are discussed in more detail later in this 
section.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ U.S. EPA. Revision to the Guideline on Air Quality Models: 
Adoption of a Preferred General Purpose (Flat and Complex Terrain) 
Dispersion Model and Other Revisions (70 FR 68218, November 9, 
2005).
    \6\ A census block is the smallest geographic area for which 
census statistics are tabulated.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Risk From Chronic Exposure to HAP That May Cause Cancer
    In developing the risk assessment for chronic exposures, we used 
the estimated annual average ambient air concentrations of each HAP 
emitted by each source for which we have emissions data in the source 
category. The air concentrations at each nearby census block centroid 
were used as a surrogate for the chronic inhalation exposure 
concentration for all the people who reside in that census block. We 
calculated the MIR for each facility as the cancer risk associated with 
a continuous lifetime (24 hours per day, 7 days per week, 52 weeks per 
year, for a 70-year period) exposure to the maximum concentration at 
the centroid of inhabited census blocks. Individual cancer risks were 
calculated by multiplying the estimated lifetime exposure to the 
ambient concentration of each HAP (in micrograms per cubic meter) by 
its unit risk estimate (URE). The URE is an upper bound estimate of an 
individual's probability of contracting cancer over a lifetime of 
exposure to a concentration of 1 microgram of the pollutant per cubic

[[Page 19506]]

meter of air. For residual risk assessments, we generally use UREs from 
the EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). For carcinogenic 
pollutants without IRIS values, we look to other reputable sources of 
cancer dose-response values, often using California EPA (CalEPA) UREs, 
where available. In cases where new, scientifically credible dose-
response values have been developed in a manner consistent with the EPA 
guidelines and have undergone a peer review process similar to that 
used by the EPA, we may use such dose-response values in place of, or 
in addition to, other values, if appropriate.
    In 2004, the EPA determined that the Chemical Industry Institute of 
Toxicology (CIIT) cancer dose-response value for formaldehyde (5.5 x 
10-9 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m\3\)) was based on 
better science than the 1991 IRIS dose-response value (1.3 x 
10-5 per mg/m\3\) and, we switched from using the IRIS value 
to the CIIT value in risk assessments supporting regulatory actions. 
Based on subsequent published research, however, the EPA changed its 
determination regarding the CIIT model, and, in 2010, the EPA returned 
to using the 1991 IRIS value. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 
completed its review of the EPA's draft assessment in April of 2011 
(http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record id=13142), and the EPA has been 
working on revising the formaldehyde assessment. The EPA will follow 
the NAS Report recommendations and will present results obtained by 
implementing the biologically based dose response (BBDR) model for 
formaldehyde. The EPA will compare these estimates with those currently 
presented in the External Review draft of the assessment and will 
discuss their strengths and weaknesses. As recommended by the NAS 
committee, appropriate sensitivity and uncertainty analyses will be an 
integral component of implementing the BBDR model. The draft IRIS 
assessment will be revised in response to the NAS peer review and 
public comments and the final assessment will be posted on the IRIS 
database. In the interim, we will present findings using the 1991 IRIS 
value as a primary estimate and may also consider other information as 
the science evolves.
    To estimate incremental individual lifetime cancer risks associated 
with emissions from the facilities in the source category, the EPA 
summed the risks for each of the carcinogenic HAP \7\ emitted by the 
modeled sources. Cancer incidence and the distribution of individual 
cancer risks for the population within 50 km of the sources were also 
estimated for the source category by summing individual risks. A 
distance of 50 km is consistent with both the analysis supporting the 
1989 Benzene NESHAP (54 FR 38044, September 14, 1989) and the 
limitations of Gaussian dispersion models, including AERMOD.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ The EPA classifies carcinogens as: Carcinogenic to humans, 
likely to be carcinogenic to humans, and suggestive evidence of 
carcinogenic potential. These classifications also coincide with the 
terms ``known carcinogen, probable carcinogen, and possible 
carcinogen,'' respectively, which are the terms advocated in the 
EPA's Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, published in 1986 
(51 FR 33992, September 24, 1986). In August 2000, the document, 
Supplemental Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of 
Chemical Mixtures (EPA/630/R-00/002), was published as a supplement 
to the 1986 document. Copies of both documents can be obtained from 
https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=20533&CFID=70315376&CFTOKEN=71597944. Summing 
the risks of these individual compounds to obtain the cumulative 
cancer risks is an approach that was recommended by the EPA's SAB in 
their 2002 peer review of the EPA's National Air Toxics Assessment 
(NATA) titled NATA--Evaluating the National-scale Air Toxics 
Assessment 1996 Data--an SAB Advisory, available at http://
yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/
214C6E915BB04E14852570CA007A682C/$File/ecadv02001.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Risk From Chronic Exposure to HAP That May Cause Health Effects 
Other Than Cancer
    To assess the risk of noncancer health effects from chronic 
exposure to HAP, we calculate either an HQ or a target organ-specific 
hazard index (TOSHI). We calculate an HQ when a single noncancer HAP is 
emitted. Where more than one noncancer HAP is emitted, we sum the HQ 
for each of the HAP that affects a common target organ system to obtain 
a TOSHI. The HQ is the estimated exposure divided by the chronic 
noncancer dose-response value, which is a value selected from one of 
several sources. The preferred chronic noncancer dose-response value is 
the EPA RfC (https://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/glossariesandkeywordlists/search.do?details=&vocabName=IRIS%20Glossary), defined as ``an estimate 
(with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a 
continuous inhalation exposure to the human population (including 
sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk 
of deleterious effects during a lifetime.'' In cases where an RfC from 
the EPA's IRIS database is not available or where the EPA determines 
that using a value other than the RfC is appropriate, the chronic 
noncancer dose-response value can be obtained from the following 
prioritized sources, which define their dose-response values similarly 
to the EPA: (1) The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 
(ATSDR) Minimum Risk Level (http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/index.asp); 
(2) the CalEPA Chronic Reference Exposure Level (REL) (http://oehha.ca.gov/air/crnr/notice-adoption-air-toxics-hot-spots-program-guidance-manual-preparation-health-risk-0); or (3), as noted above, a 
scientifically credible dose-response value that has been developed in 
a manner consistent with the EPA guidelines and has undergone a peer 
review process similar to that used by the EPA.
d. Risk From Acute Exposure to HAP That May Cause Health Effects Other 
Than Cancer
    For each HAP for which appropriate acute inhalation dose-response 
values are available, the EPA also assesses the potential health risks 
due to acute exposure. For these assessments, the EPA makes 
conservative assumptions about emission rates, meteorology, and 
exposure location. We use the peak hourly emission rate,\8\ worst-case 
dispersion conditions, and, in accordance with our mandate under 
section 112 of the CAA, the point of highest off-site exposure to 
assess the potential risk to the maximally exposed individual.
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    \8\ In the absence of hourly emission data, we develop estimates 
of maximum hourly emission rates by multiplying the average actual 
annual emissions rates by a default factor (usually 10) to account 
for variability. This is documented in Residual Risk Assessment for 
the Friction Materials Manufacturing Facilities Source Category in 
Support of the March 2018 Risk and Technology Review Proposed Rule 
and in Appendix 5 of the report: Analysis of Data on Short-term 
Emission Rates Relative to Long-term Emission Rates. Both are 
available in the docket for this rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    To characterize the potential health risks associated with 
estimated acute inhalation exposures to a HAP, we generally use 
multiple acute dose-response values, including acute RELs, acute 
exposure guideline levels (AEGLs), and emergency response planning 
guidelines (ERPG) for 1-hour exposure durations), if available, to 
calculate acute HQs. The acute HQ is calculated by dividing the 
estimated acute exposure by the acute dose-response value. For each HAP 
for which acute dose-response values are available, the EPA calculates 
acute HQs.
    An acute REL is defined as ``the concentration level at or below 
which no adverse health effects are anticipated for a specified 
exposure duration. '' \9\

[[Page 19507]]

Acute RELs are based on the most sensitive, relevant, adverse health 
effect reported in the peer-reviewed medical and toxicological 
literature. They are designed to protect the most sensitive individuals 
in the population through the inclusion of margins of safety. Because 
margins of safety are incorporated to address data gaps and 
uncertainties, exceeding the REL does not automatically indicate an 
adverse health impact. AEGLs represent threshold exposure limits for 
the general public and are applicable to emergency exposures ranging 
from 10 minutes to 8 hours.\10\ They are guideline levels for ``once-
in-a-lifetime, short-term exposures to airborne concentrations of 
acutely toxic, high-priority chemicals.'' Id. at 21. The AEGL-1 is 
specifically defined as ``the airborne concentration (expressed as ppm 
(parts per million) or mg/m\3\ (milligrams per cubic meter)) of a 
substance above which it is predicted that the general population, 
including susceptible individuals, could experience notable discomfort, 
irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the 
effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon 
cessation of exposure.'' Airborne concentrations below AEGL-1 represent 
exposure levels that can produce mild and progressively increasing, but 
transient and non-disabling odor, taste, and sensory irritation or 
certain asymptomatic, non-sensory effects.'' Id. AEGL-2 are defined as 
``the airborne concentration (expressed as parts per million or 
milligrams per cubic meter) of a substance above which it is predicted 
that the general population, including susceptible individuals, could 
experience irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health 
effects or an impaired ability to escape.'' Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ CalEPA issues acute RELs as part of its Air Toxics Hot Spots 
Program, and the 1-hour and 8-hour values are documented in Air 
Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines, Part I, The 
Determination of Acute Reference Exposure Levels for Airborne 
Toxicants, which is available at http://oehha.ca.gov/air/general-info/oehha-acute-8-hour-and-chronic-reference-exposure-level-rel-summary.
    \10\ NAS, 2001. Standing Operating Procedures for Developing 
Acute Exposure Levels for Hazardous Chemicals, page 2. Available at 
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/sop_final_standing_operating_procedures_2001.pdf. Note that the 
National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for 
Hazardous Substances ended in October 2011, but the AEGL program 
continues to operate at the EPA and works with the National 
Academies to publish final AEGLs, (https://www.epa.gov/aegl).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ERPGs are developed for emergency planning and are intended as 
health-based guideline concentrations for single exposures to 
chemicals.'' \11\ Id. at 1. The ERPG-1 is defined as ``the maximum 
airborne concentration below which it is believed that nearly all 
individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing 
other than mild transient adverse health effects or without perceiving 
a clearly defined, objectionable odor.'' Id. at 2. Similarly, the ERPG-
2 is defined as ``the maximum airborne concentration below which it is 
believed that nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one 
hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious 
health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual's ability 
to take protective action.'' Id. at 1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ ERPGS Procedures and Responsibilities. March 2014. American 
Industrial Hygiene Association. Available at: https://www.aiha.org/get-involved/AIHAGuidelineFoundation/EmergencyResponsePlanningGuidelines/Documents/ERPG%20Committee%20Standard%20Operating%20Procedures%20%20-%20March%202014%20Revision%20%28Updated%2010-2-2014%29.pdf.
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    An acute REL for 1-hour exposure durations is typically lower than 
its corresponding AEGL-1 and ERPG-1. Even though their definitions are 
slightly different, AEGL-1s are often the same as the corresponding 
ERPG-1s, and AEGL-2s are often equal to ERPG-2s. The maximum HQs from 
our acute inhalation screening risk assessment typically result when we 
use the acute REL for a HAP. In cases where the maximum acute HQ 
exceeds 1, we also report the HQ based on the next highest acute dose-
response value (usually the AEGL-1 and/or the ERPG-1).
    For this source category, we used the default multiplication factor 
of 10. While we don't anticipate large variations in hourly emissions, 
we took a conservative approach to determine if the default 
multiplication factor would result in high risk. Upon modeling the 
emissions using the multiplication factor of 10, we determined that 
risk was still below 1-in-1 million. Due to the low risk results, 
further research to justify a lower multiplication factor was not 
necessary.
    In our acute inhalation screening risk assessment, acute impacts 
are deemed negligible for HAP where acute HQs are less than or equal to 
1 (even under the conservative assumptions of the screening 
assessment), and no further analysis is performed for these HAP. In 
cases where an acute HQ from the screening step is greater than 1, we 
consider additional site-specific data to develop a more refined 
estimate of the potential for acute impacts of concern. For this source 
category, we did not have to perform any refined acute assessments.
4. How did we conduct the multipathway exposure and risk screening 
assessment?
    The EPA conducted a tiered screening assessment examining the 
potential for significant human health risks due to exposures via 
routes other than inhalation (i.e., ingestion). We first determined 
whether any sources in the source category emitted any HAP known to be 
persistent and bioaccumulative in the environment (PB-HAP), as 
identified in the EPA's Air Toxics Risk Assessment Library (available 
at http://www2.epa.gov/fera/risk-assessment-and-modeling-air-toxics-risk-assessment-reference-library).
    For the FMM source category, we did not identify emissions of any 
PB-HAP. Because we did not identify PB-HAP emissions, no further 
evaluation of multipathway risk was conducted for this source category.
5. How did we conduct the environmental risk screening assessment?
a. Adverse Environmental Effects, Environmental HAP, and Ecological 
Benchmarks
    The EPA conducts a screening assessment to examine the potential 
for adverse environmental effects as required under section 
112(f)(2)(A) of the CAA. Section 112(a)(7) of the CAA defines ``adverse 
environmental effect'' as ``any significant and widespread adverse 
effect, which may reasonably be anticipated, to wildlife, aquatic life, 
or other natural resources, including adverse impacts on populations of 
endangered or threatened species or significant degradation of 
environmental quality over broad areas.''
    The EPA focuses on eight HAP, which are referred to as 
``environmental HAP,'' in its screening assessment: Six PB-HAP and two 
acid gases. The PB-HAP included in the screening assessment are arsenic 
compounds, cadmium compounds, dioxins/furans, polcyclic organic matter, 
mercury (both inorganic mercury and methyl mercury), and lead 
compounds. The acid gases included in the screening assessment are 
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF).
    HAP that persist and bioaccumulate are of particular environmental 
concern because they accumulate in the soil, sediment, and water. The 
acid gases, HCl and HF, were included due to their well-documented 
potential to cause direct damage to terrestrial plants. In the 
environmental risk screening assessment, we evaluate the following

[[Page 19508]]

four exposure media: Terrestrial soils, surface water bodies (includes 
water-column and benthic sediments), fish consumed by wildlife, and 
air. Within these four exposure media, we evaluate nine ecological 
assessment endpoints, which are defined by the ecological entity and 
its attributes. For PB-HAP (other than lead), both community-level and 
population-level endpoints are included. For acid gases, the ecological 
assessment evaluated is terrestrial plant communities.
    An ecological benchmark represents a concentration of HAP that has 
been linked to a particular environmental effect level. For each 
environmental HAP, we identified the available ecological benchmarks 
for each assessment endpoint. We identified, where possible, ecological 
benchmarks at the following effect levels: Probable effect levels, 
lowest-observed-adverse-effect level, and no-observed-adverse-effect 
level. In cases where multiple effect levels were available for a 
particular PB-HAP and assessment endpoint, we use all of the available 
effect levels to help us to determine whether ecological risks exist 
and, if so, whether the risks could be considered significant and 
widespread.
    For further information on how the environmental risk screening 
assessment was conducted, including a discussion of the risk metrics 
used, how the environmental HAP were identified, and how the ecological 
benchmarks were selected, see Appendix 9 of the Residual Risk 
Assessment for the Friction Materials Manufacturing Source Category in 
Support of the Risk and Technology Review February 2018 Proposed Rule, 
which is available in the docket for this action.
b. Environmental Risk Screening Methodology
    For the environmental risk screening assessment, the EPA first 
determined whether any of the FMM facilities emitted any of the 
environmental HAP. For the FMM source category, we did not identify 
emissions of any of the seven environmental HAP included in the screen. 
Because we did not identify environmental HAP emissions, no further 
evaluation of environmental risk was conducted.
6. How did we conduct facility-wide assessments?
    To put the source category risks in context, we typically examine 
the risks from the entire ``facility,'' where the facility includes all 
HAP-emitting operations within a contiguous area and under common 
control. In other words, we examine the HAP emissions not only from the 
source category emission points of interest, but also emissions of HAP 
from all other emission sources at the facility for which we have data.
    For this source category, we conducted the facility-wide assessment 
using a dataset that the EPA compiled from the 2014 National Emissions 
Inventory (NEI). We used the NEI data for the facility and did not 
adjust any category or ``non-category'' data. Therefore, there could be 
differences in the dataset from that used for the source category 
assessments described in this preamble. We analyzed risks due to the 
inhalation of HAP that are emitted ``facility-wide'' for the 
populations residing within 50 km of each facility, consistent with the 
methods used for the source category analysis described above. For 
these facility-wide risk analyses, we made a reasonable attempt to 
identify the source category risks, and these risks were compared to 
the facility-wide risks to determine the portion of facility-wide risks 
that could be attributed to the source category addressed in this 
proposal. We also specifically examined the facility that was 
associated with the highest estimate of risk and determined the 
percentage of that risk attributable to the source category of 
interest. The Residual Risk Assessment for the Friction Materials 
Manufacturing Source Category in Support of the Risk and Technology 
Review February 2018 Proposed Rule, available through the docket for 
this action, provides the methodology and results of the facility-wide 
analyses, including all facility-wide risks and the percentage of 
source category contribution to facility-wide risks.
7. How did we consider uncertainties in risk assessment?
    Uncertainty and the potential for bias are inherent in all risk 
assessments, including those performed for this proposal. Although 
uncertainty exists, we believe that our approach, which used 
conservative tools and assumptions, ensures that our decisions are 
protective of health and the environment. A brief discussion of the 
uncertainties in the RTR emissions dataset, dispersion modeling, 
inhalation exposure estimates, and dose-response relationships follows 
below. Also included are those uncertainties specific to our acute 
screening assessments, multipathway screening assessments, and our 
environmental risk screening assessments. A more thorough discussion of 
these uncertainties is included in the Residual Risk Assessment for the 
FMM Source Category in Support of the Risk and Technology Review 
February 2018 Proposed Rule, which is available in the docket for this 
action.
a. Uncertainties in the RTR Emissions Dataset
    Although the development of the RTR emissions dataset involved 
quality assurance/quality control processes, the accuracy of emissions 
values will vary depending on the source of the data, the degree to 
which data are incomplete or missing, the degree to which assumptions 
made to complete the datasets are accurate, errors in emission 
estimates, and other factors. The emission estimates considered in this 
analysis generally are annual totals for certain years, and they do not 
reflect short-term fluctuations during the course of a year or 
variations from year to year. The estimates of peak hourly emission 
rates for the acute effects screening assessment were based on an 
emission adjustment factor applied to the average annual hourly 
emission rates, which are intended to account for emission fluctuations 
due to normal facility operations.
b. Uncertainties in Dispersion Modeling
    We recognize there is uncertainty in ambient concentration 
estimates associated with any model, including the EPA's recommended 
regulatory dispersion model, AERMOD. In using a model to estimate 
ambient pollutant concentrations, the user chooses certain options to 
apply. For RTR assessments, we select some model options that have the 
potential to overestimate ambient air concentrations (e.g., not 
including plume depletion or pollutant transformation). We select other 
model options that have the potential to underestimate ambient impacts 
(e.g., not including building downwash). Other options that we select 
have the potential to either under- or overestimate ambient levels 
(e.g., meteorology and receptor locations). On balance, considering the 
directional nature of the uncertainties commonly present in ambient 
concentrations estimated by dispersion models, the approach we apply in 
the RTR assessments should yield unbiased estimates of ambient HAP 
concentrations. We also note that the selection of meteorology dataset 
location could have an impact on the risk estimates. As we continue to 
update and expand our library of meteorological station data used in 
our risk assessments, we expect to reduce this variability.
c. Uncertainties in Inhalation Exposure Assessment
    Although every effort is made to identify all of the relevant 
facilities and

[[Page 19509]]

emission points, as well as to develop accurate estimates of the annual 
emission rates for all relevant HAP, the uncertainties in our emission 
inventory likely dominate the uncertainties in the exposure assessment. 
Some uncertainties in our exposure assessment include human mobility, 
using the centroid of each census block, assuming lifetime exposure, 
and assuming only outdoor exposures. For most of these factors, there 
is neither an under nor overestimate when looking at the maximum 
individual risks or the incidence, but the shape of the distribution of 
risks may be affected. With respect to outdoor exposures, actual 
exposures may not be as high if people spend time indoors, especially 
for very reactive pollutants or larger particles. For all factors, we 
reduce uncertainty when possible. For example, with respect to census-
block centroids, we analyze large blocks using aerial imagery and 
adjust locations of the block centroids to better represent the 
population in the blocks. We also add additional receptor locations 
where the population of a block is not well represented by a single 
location.
d. Uncertainties in Dose-Response Relationships
    There are uncertainties inherent in the development of the dose-
response values used in our risk assessments for cancer effects from 
chronic exposures and noncancer effects from both chronic and acute 
exposures. Some uncertainties are generally expressed quantitatively, 
and others are generally expressed in qualitative terms. We note, as a 
preface to this discussion, a point on dose-response uncertainty that 
is stated in the EPA's 2005 Cancer Guidelines; namely, that ``the 
primary goal of EPA actions is protection of human health; accordingly, 
as an Agency policy, risk assessment procedures, including default 
options that are used in the absence of scientific data to the 
contrary, should be health protective'' (EPA's 2005 Cancer Guidelines, 
pages 1-7). This is the approach followed here as summarized in the 
next paragraphs.
    Cancer UREs used in our risk assessments are those that have been 
developed to generally provide an upper bound estimate of risk. That 
is, they represent a ``plausible upper limit to the true value of a 
quantity'' (although this is usually not a true statistical confidence 
limit).\12\ In some circumstances, the true risk could be as low as 
zero; however, in other circumstances the risk could be greater.\13\ 
Chronic noncancer RfC and reference dose (RfD) values represent chronic 
exposure levels that are intended to be health-protective levels. To 
derive dose-response values that are intended to be ``without 
appreciable risk,'' the methodology relies upon an uncertainty factor 
(UF) approach (U.S. EPA, 1993 and 1994) which considers uncertainty, 
variability, and gaps in the available data. The UFs are applied to 
derive dose-response values that are intended to protect against 
appreciable risk of deleterious effects.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ IRIS glossary (https://ofmpub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/glossariesandkeywordlists/search.do?details=&glossaryName=IRIS%20Glossary).
    \13\ An exception to this is the URE for benzene, which is 
considered to cover a range of values, each end of which is 
considered to be equally plausible, and which is based on maximum 
likelihood estimates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Many of the UFs used to account for variability and uncertainty in 
the development of acute dose-response values are quite similar to 
those developed for chronic durations. Additional adjustments are often 
applied to account for uncertainty in extrapolation from observations 
at one exposure duration (e.g., 4 hours) to derive an acute dose-
response value at another exposure duration (e.g., 1 hour). Not all 
acute dose-response values are developed for the same purpose, and care 
must be taken when interpreting the results of an acute assessment of 
human health effects relative to the dose-response value or values 
being exceeded. Where relevant to the estimated exposures, the lack of 
acute dose-response values at different levels of severity should be 
factored into the risk characterization as potential uncertainties.
    Uncertainty also exists in the selection of ecological benchmarks 
for the environmental risk screening assessment. We established a 
hierarchy of preferred benchmark sources to allow selection of 
benchmarks for each environmental HAP at each ecological assessment 
endpoint. We searched for benchmarks for three effect levels (i.e., no-
effects level, threshold-effect level, and probable effect level), but 
not all combinations of ecological assessment/environmental HAP had 
benchmarks for all three effect levels. Where multiple effect levels 
were available for a particular HAP and assessment endpoint, we used 
all of the available effect levels to help us determine whether risk 
exists and whether the risk could be considered significant and 
widespread.
    Although every effort is made to identify appropriate human health 
effect dose-response values for all pollutants emitted by the sources 
in this risk assessment, some HAP emitted by this source category are 
lacking dose-response assessments. Accordingly, these pollutants cannot 
be included in the quantitative risk assessment, which could result in 
quantitative estimates understating HAP risk. To help to alleviate this 
potential underestimate, where we conclude similarity with a HAP for 
which a dose-response value is available, we use that value as a 
surrogate for the assessment of the HAP for which no value is 
available. To the extent use of surrogates indicates appreciable risk, 
we may identify a need to increase priority for an IRIS assessment for 
that substance. We additionally note that, generally speaking, HAP of 
greatest concern due to environmental exposures and hazard are those 
for which dose-response assessments have been performed, reducing the 
likelihood of understating risk. Further, HAP not included in the 
quantitative assessment are assessed qualitatively and considered in 
the risk characterization that informs the risk management decisions, 
including consideration of HAP reductions achieved by various control 
options.
    For a group of compounds that are unspeciated (e.g., glycol 
ethers), we conservatively use the most protective dose-response value 
of an individual compound in that group to estimate risk. Similarly, 
for an individual compound in a group (e.g., ethylene glycol diethyl 
ether) that does not have a specified dose-response value, we also 
apply the most protective dose-response value from the other compounds 
in the group to estimate risk.
e. Uncertainties in Acute Inhalation Screening Assessments
    In addition to the uncertainties highlighted above, there are 
several factors specific to the acute exposure assessment that the EPA 
conducts as part of the risk review under section 112 of the CAA. The 
accuracy of an acute inhalation exposure assessment depends on the 
simultaneous occurrence of independent factors that may vary greatly, 
such as hourly emissions rates, meteorology, and the presence of humans 
at the location of the maximum concentration. In the acute screening 
assessment that we conduct under the RTR program, we assume that peak 
emissions from the source category and worst-case meteorological 
conditions co-occur, thus, resulting in maximum ambient concentrations. 
These two events are unlikely to occur at the same time, making these 
assumptions conservative. We then include the additional

[[Page 19510]]

assumption that a person is located at this point during this same time 
period. For this source category, these assumptions would tend to be 
worst-case actual exposures as it is unlikely that a person would be 
located at the point of maximum exposure during the time when peak 
emissions and worst-case meteorological conditions occur 
simultaneously.

IV. Analytical Results and Proposed Decisions

A. What are the results of the risk assessment and analyses?

1. Inhalation Risk Assessment Results
    The inhalation risk modeling performed to estimate risks based on 
actual and allowable emissions relied primarily on emissions data 
gathered through questionnaires provided during two recent site visits 
conducted by the EPA. The EPA discussed specific FMM processes with 
authorized representatives of both facilities, including quantity and 
size of solvent mixers at each site and associated emission points, 
process controls, monitors, unregulated emissions, and other aspects of 
facility operations.
    The results of the chronic baseline inhalation cancer risk 
assessment indicate that, based on estimates of current actual and 
allowable emissions under 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ, the MIR posed 
by the source category is less than 1-in-1 million. The total estimated 
cancer incidence based on actual emission levels is 0.000005 excess 
cancer cases per year, or 1 case every 200,000 years. The total 
estimated cancer incidence based on allowable emission levels is 
0.00004 excess cancer cases per year, or 1 case every 25,000 years. Air 
emissions of formaldehyde contributed 100 percent to this cancer 
incidence. The population exposed to cancer risks greater than or equal 
to 1-in-1 million considering actual and allowable emissions is 0 (see 
Table 2 of this preamble).

                            Table 2--Inhalation Risk Assessment Summary for Friction Materials Manufacturing Source Category
                                                             [40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Cancer  MIR (in 1 million)                             Population      Population
                                    ----------------------------------------------     Cancer       with risk  of   with risk  of       Max  chronic
                                                                                      incidence        1-in-1          10-in-1         noncancer  HI
                                        Based on  actual      Based on allowable     (cases per      million  or     million  or        (actuals and
                                           emissions              emissions             year)           more            more            allowables)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source Category....................  < 1 (formaldehyde)...  < 1 (formaldehyde)...        0.000005               0               0  HI < 1
Whole Facility.....................  5 (hexavalent          .....................          0.0005           2,300               0  HI < 1
                                      chromium).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The maximum modeled chronic noncancer HI (TOSHI) values for the 
source category based on actual and allowable emissions are estimated 
to be 0.01 and 0.02, respectively, with n-hexane emissions from large 
solvent mixers accounting for 100 percent of the HI.
1. Acute Risk Results
    Our screening analysis for worst-case acute impacts based on actual 
emissions indicates no pollutants exceeding an HQ value of 1 based upon 
the REL. The acute hourly multiplier utilized a default factor of 10 
for all emission processes.
2. Multipathway Risk Screening Results
    We did not identify any PB-HAP emissions from this source category. 
Therefore, we estimate that there is no multipathway risk from HAP 
emissions from this source category.
3. Environmental Risk Screening Results
    We did not identify any PB-HAP or acid gas emissions from this 
source category. We are unaware of any adverse environmental effect 
caused by emissions of HAP that are emitted by the FMM source category. 
Therefore, we do not expect an adverse environmental effect as a result 
of HAP emissions from this source category.
4. Facility-Wide Risk Results
    Considering facility-wide emissions at the two plants, the MIR is 
estimated to be 5-in-1 million driven by hexavalent chromium emissions, 
and the chronic noncancer TOSHI value is calculated to be <1 driven by 
emissions of nickel and hexavalent chromium (see Table 2 of this 
preamble). The above cancer and noncancer risks are driven by emissions 
from a miscellaneous industrial process that was not able to be 
classified.
    Approximately 2,300 people are estimated to have cancer risks 
greater than or equal to 1-in-1 million considering whole facility 
emissions from the two facilities in the source category (see Table 2 
of this preamble).
6. What demographic groups might benefit from this regulation?
    To examine the potential for any environmental justice issues that 
might be associated with the source category, we performed a 
demographic analysis, which is an assessment of risks to individual 
demographic groups of the populations living within 5 km and within 50 
km of the facilities. In the analysis, we evaluated the distribution of 
HAP-related cancer and noncancer risks from the FMM source category 
across different demographic groups within the populations living near 
the two facilities.\14\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ Demographic groups included in the analysis are: White, 
African American, Native American, other races and multiracial, 
Hispanic or Latino, children 17 years of age and under, adults 18 to 
64 years of age, adults 65 years of age and over, adults without a 
high school diploma, people living below the poverty level, people 
living two times the poverty level, and linguistically isolated 
people.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Results of the demographic analysis indicate that, for 3 of the 11 
demographic groups, Native American, ages 0-17, and below the poverty 
level, the percentage of the population living within 5 km of 
facilities in the source category is greater than the corresponding 
national percentage for the same demographic groups. When examining the 
risk levels of those exposed to emissions from FMM facilities, we find 
that no one is exposed to a cancer risk at or above 1-in-1 million or 
to a chronic noncancer TOSHI greater than 1.
    The methodology and the results of the demographic analysis are 
presented in a technical report, ``Risk and Technology Review--Analysis 
of Socio-Economic Factors for Populations Living Near Friction 
Materials Manufacturing Facilities,'' available in the docket for this 
action.

[[Page 19511]]

B. What are our proposed decisions regarding risk acceptability, ample 
margin of safety, and adverse environmental effects?

1. Risk Acceptability
    As noted in section II.A of this preamble, the EPA sets standards 
under CAA section 112(f)(2) using ``a two-step standard-setting 
approach, with an analytical first step to determine an `acceptable 
risk' that considers all health information, including risk estimation 
uncertainty, and includes a presumptive limit on MIR of approximately 
1-in-10 thousand.'' (54 FR 38045, September 14, 1989).
    In this proposal, the EPA estimated risks based on actual and 
allowable emissions from the FMM source category. As discussed above, 
we consider our analysis of risk from allowable emissions to be 
conservative in the sense of possibly over-estimating HAP emissions and 
their associated risks.
    The inhalation cancer risk to the individual most exposed to 
emissions from sources in the FMM source category is less than 1-in-1 
million, based on actual emissions. The estimated incidence of cancer 
due to inhalation exposure is 0.000005 excess cancer cases per year, or 
1 case in 200,000 years, based on actual emissions. For allowable 
emissions, we also estimate that the inhalation cancer risk to the 
individual most exposed to emissions from sources in this source 
category is less than 1-in-1 million. The estimated incidence of cancer 
due to inhalation exposure is 0.00004 excess cancer cases per year, or 
one case in every 25,000 years, based on allowable emissions.
    The Agency estimates that the maximum chronic noncancer TOSHI from 
inhalation exposure is 0.01 due to actual emissions and 0.02 due to 
allowable emissions. The screening assessment of worst-case acute 
inhalation impacts from worst-case 1-hour emissions indicates that no 
HAP exceed an acute HQ of 1.
    Since no PB-HAP are emitted by this source category, a multipathway 
risk assessment was not warranted. We did not identify emissions of any 
of the seven environmental HAP included in our environmental risk 
screening assessment, and we are unaware of any adverse environmental 
effects caused by HAP emitted by this source category. Therefore, we do 
not expect an adverse environmental effect as a result of HAP emissions 
from this source category.
    In determining whether risk is acceptable, the EPA considered all 
available health information and risk estimation uncertainty, as 
described above. The results indicate that both the actual and 
allowable inhalation cancer risks to the individual most exposed are 
less than 1-in-1 million, well below the presumptive limit of 
acceptability of 100-in-1 million. The maximum chronic noncancer TOSHI 
due to inhalation exposures is less than 1 for actual and allowable 
emissions. Finally, the evaluation of acute noncancer risks was 
conservative and showed that acute risks are below a level of concern.
    Taking into account this information, the EPA proposes that the 
risk remaining after implementation of the existing MACT standards for 
the FMM source category is acceptable.
2. Ample Margin of Safety Analysis
    Under the ample margin of safety analysis, we evaluated the cost 
and feasibility of available control technologies and other measures 
(including the controls, measures, and costs reviewed under the 
technology review) that could be applied in this source category to 
further reduce the risks (or potential risks) due to emissions of HAP, 
considering all of the health risks and other health information 
considered in the risk acceptability determination described above. In 
this analysis, we considered the results of the technology review, risk 
assessment, and other aspects of our MACT rule review to determine 
whether there are any cost-effective controls or other measures that 
would reduce emissions further and would be necessary to provide an 
ample margin of safety to protect public health.
    Our risk analysis indicated the risks from the FMM source category 
are low for both cancer and noncancer health effects, and, therefore, 
any risk reductions from further available control options would result 
in minimal health benefits. The options identified include a permanent 
total enclosure and incinerator (PTEI), which is currently used at 
Knowlton Technologies, LLC, (Knowlton uses a boiler to function as an 
incinerator for HAP) and a non-solvent process/reformulation, which is 
used at RFPC. A combination of the two technologies is not considered 
to be a realistic control option because a PTEI would not add any 
additional HAP control if a non-solvent process is used. Therefore, we 
did not analyze such a combined technology option. We also note that 
non-solvent process/reformulation is not yet demonstrated for all 
products, and, therefore, cannot be broadly assumed to be feasible to 
require. The estimated capital cost to install a PTEI at RFPC using a 
solvent condenser is $1,612,105, and the estimated annual cost to 
operate the system is $837,745. We estimate that the PTEI option would 
achieve a HAP reduction of 228 tons, with a cost effectiveness of 
$3,700 dollars per ton. The resultant risk reduction would be minimal 
because the estimated risks are already below levels of concern. A 
detailed cost breakdown can be found in the memorandum, ``Calculated 
Cost of PTEI,'' which is located in the docket for this rulemaking.
    Cost estimates for installing and operating a non-solvent process/
reformulation are based on costs received from RFPC. The mixer and 
downstream material processing equipment's estimated total capital 
investment was $2,073,430. Annual cost of operation is approximately 
$125,000 for electrical cost and $75,000 for maintenance. For more 
information, see the memorandum, ``Email Correspondence for the Cost of 
Non-Solvent Mixer RFPC,'' which is available in the docket for this 
rulemaking. We do not have information that this technology could be 
applied to other production lines with specific product formulations 
and performance requirements, and, therefore, we determined that this 
is not a broadly applicable control that is appropriate for 
consideration under ample margin of safety. We do note, however, that 
if the technology could be applied to other productions lines, the 
resultant risk reduction would be minimal because the estimated risks 
are already below levels of concern for the industry.
    Due to the low level of current risk, the minimal risk reductions 
that could be achieved with the various control options that we 
evaluated, and the substantial costs associated with each of the 
additional control options, as well as the natural progression of 
industry to move away from HAP containing solvents as acceptable non-
HAP formulations are developed, we are proposing that additional 
emission controls are not necessary to provide an ample margin of 
safety.
3. Adverse Environmental Effects
    We did not identify emissions of any of the seven environmental HAP 
included in our environmental risk screening, and we are unaware of any 
adverse environmental effects caused by HAP emitted by this source 
category. Therefore, we do not expect adverse environmental effects as 
a result of HAP emissions from this source category and we are 
proposing that it is not necessary to set a more stringent standard to 
prevent, taking into consideration costs, energy, safety, and other 
relevant factors, an adverse environmental effect.

[[Page 19512]]

C. What are the results and proposed decisions based on our technology 
review?

    In order to fulfill our obligations under CAA section 112(d)(6), we 
conducted a technology review to identify developments in practices, 
processes, and control technologies that reduce HAP emissions and to 
consider whether the current standards should be revised to reflect any 
such developments. In conducting our technology review, we utilized the 
RBLC database, reviewed title V permits for each FMM facility, and 
reviewed regulatory actions related to emissions controls at similar 
sources that could be applicable to FMM.
    After reviewing information from the sources above, we identified 
the following developments in control technologies for further 
evaluation: PTEI, and non-solvent process/reformulation, i.e., the same 
options we considered for possible ample margin of safety options, 
discussed above. After identifying options for reducing emissions from 
FMM, we then evaluated the feasibility, costs, and emissions reductions 
associated with each of the technologies. Additional information about 
this determination is documented in the memorandum, ``Technology Review 
for the Friction Materials Manufacturing Source Category,'' which is 
available in the docket for this action.
    We evaluated the cost of installing a PTEI at RFPC (currently 
operating a solvent recovery system). The total capital investment for 
installing a PTEI is described in the Ample Margin of Safety Analysis 
(section IV.B.2) above. Overall, the estimated cost effectiveness of 
installing and operating a PTEI is approximately $3,700 per ton of 
hexane reduced. Furthermore, use of an incinerator would result in 
increased energy usage and nitrogen oxide emissions. Considering the 
associated cost per ton of hexane reduction and increased nitrogen 
oxide emissions associated with the operation of an incinerator, we did 
not find potentially requiring this technology to be cost effective or 
necessary under CAA section 112(d)(6).
    RFPC is also in the process of removing HAP solvent from its 
production process. It is accomplishing this through the utilization of 
a non-solvent process/reformulation. This process change would 
eventually eliminate the need for HAP solvents and their associated 
emissions. The ability to use a non-solvent process/reformulation 
depends primarily on each facility's ability to successfully 
reformulate products while still meeting the required specifications. 
Therefore, a change that may be used successfully to reduce HAP 
emissions at one facility may not work for another facility or for all 
products at the same facility. We do not consider this process change 
to be a feasible regulatory alternative or necessary under CAA section 
112(d)(6).
    Based on the results of the technology review, we conclude, and 
propose to find, that changes to the FMM emissions limits pursuant to 
CAA section 112(d)(6) are not necessary. We solicit comment on our 
proposed decision.

D. What other actions are we proposing?

    In addition to the proposed determinations described above, we are 
proposing some revisions to the rule. We are proposing revisions to the 
SSM provisions of the MACT rule in order to ensure that they are 
consistent with the Court's decision in Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F. 3d 
1019 (D.C. Cir. 2008), which vacated two provisions that exempted 
sources from the requirement to comply with otherwise applicable CAA 
section 112(d) emission standards during periods of SSM.
1. Startup, Shutdown, and Malfunction Requirements
    In its 2008 decision in Sierra Club v. EPA, 551 F.3d 1019 (D.C. 
Cir. 2008), the Court vacated portions of two provisions in the EPA's 
CAA section 112 regulations governing the emissions of HAP during 
periods of SSM. Specifically, the Court vacated the SSM exemption 
contained in 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) and 40 CFR 63.6(h)(1), holding that 
under section 302(k) of the CAA, emissions standards or limitations 
must be continuous in nature and that the SSM exemption violates the 
CAA's requirement that some CAA section 112 standards apply 
continuously.
    We are proposing the elimination of the SSM exemption in this rule. 
Consistent with Sierra Club v. EPA, we are proposing standards in this 
rule that apply at all times. We are also proposing several revisions 
to Table 1 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ (the General Provisions 
Applicability Table), as explained in more detail below. For example, 
we are proposing to eliminate the incorporation of the General 
Provisions' requirement that the source develop an SSM plan. We also 
are proposing to eliminate and revise certain recordkeeping and 
reporting requirements related to the SSM exemption as further 
described below.
    The EPA has attempted to ensure that the provisions we are 
proposing to eliminate are inappropriate, unnecessary, or redundant in 
the absence of the SSM exemption. We are specifically seeking comment 
on whether we have successfully done so.
    In proposing to make the current standards in the rule applicable 
during SSM periods, the EPA has taken into account startup and shutdown 
periods and, for the reasons explained below, has not proposed 
alternate standards for those periods. The two FMM facilities subject 
to this rulemaking run their associated control technologies during all 
periods of operation, including startup and shutdown, allowing them to 
comply with the emissions standards at all times. The EPA has no reason 
to believe that emissions are significantly different during periods of 
startup and shutdown from those during normal operations.
    Periods of startup, normal operations, and shutdown are all 
predictable and routine aspects of a source's operations. Malfunctions, 
in contrast, are neither predictable nor routine. Instead they are, by 
definition, sudden, infrequent, and not reasonably preventable failures 
of emissions control, processes, or monitoring equipment. (40 CFR 63.2) 
(definition of malfunction). The EPA interprets CAA section 112 as not 
requiring emissions that occur during periods of malfunction to be 
factored into development of CAA section 112 standards and this reading 
has been upheld as reasonable by the Court in U.S. Sugar Corp. v. EPA, 
830 F.3d 579, 606-610 (2016). Under CAA section 112, emissions 
standards for new sources must be no less stringent than the level 
``achieved'' by the best controlled similar source and for existing 
sources generally must be no less stringent than the average emission 
limitation ``achieved'' by the best performing 12 percent of sources in 
the category. There is nothing in CAA section 112 that directs the 
Agency to consider malfunctions in determining the level ``achieved'' 
by the best performing sources when setting emission standards. As the 
Court has recognized, the phrase ``average emissions limitation 
achieved by the best performing 12 percent of'' sources ``says nothing 
about how the performance of the best units is to be calculated.'' 
Nat'l Ass'n of Clean Water Agencies v. EPA, 734 F.3d 1115, 1141 (D.C. 
Cir. 2013). While the EPA accounts for variability in setting emissions 
standards, nothing in CAA section 112 requires the Agency to consider 
malfunctions as part of that analysis. The EPA is not required to treat 
a malfunction in the same manner as the type of variation in 
performance that occurs during routine operation of a source. A 
malfunction is a failure of

[[Page 19513]]

the source to perform in a ``normal or usual manner'' and no statutory 
language compels the EPA to consider such events in setting CAA section 
112 standards.
    As the Court recognized in U.S. Sugar Corp, accounting for 
malfunctions in setting numerical or work practice standards would be 
difficult, if not impossible, given the myriad different types of 
malfunctions that can occur across all sources in a category and given 
the difficulties associated with predicting or accounting for the 
frequency, degree, and duration of various malfunctions that might 
occur. Id. at 608 (``the EPA would have to conceive of a standard that 
could apply equally to the wide range of possible boiler malfunctions, 
ranging from an explosion to minor mechanical defects. Any possible 
standard is likely to be hopelessly generic to govern such a wide array 
of circumstances.''). As such, the performance of units that are 
malfunctioning is not ``reasonably'' foreseeable. See, e.g., Sierra 
Club v. EPA, 167 F.3d 658, 662 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (``The EPA typically 
has wide latitude in determining the extent of data-gathering necessary 
to solve a problem. We generally defer to an agency's decision to 
proceed on the basis of imperfect scientific information, rather than 
to `invest the resources to conduct the perfect study.' ''). See also, 
Weyerhaeuser v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011, 1058 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (``In the 
nature of things, no general limit, individual permit, or even any 
upset provision can anticipate all upset situations. After a certain 
point, the transgression of regulatory limits caused by `uncontrollable 
acts of third parties,' such as strikes, sabotage, operator 
intoxication or insanity, and a variety of other eventualities, must be 
a matter for the administrative exercise of case-by-case enforcement 
discretion, not for specification in advance by regulation.''). In 
addition, emissions during a malfunction event can be significantly 
higher than emissions at any other time of source operation. For 
example, if an air pollution control device with 99-percent removal 
goes off-line as a result of a malfunction (as might happen if, for 
example, the bags in a baghouse catch fire) and the emission unit is a 
steady state type unit that would take days to shut down, the source 
would go from 99-percent control to zero control until the control 
device was repaired. The source's emissions during the malfunction 
would be 100 times higher than during normal operations. As such, the 
emissions over a 4-day malfunction period would exceed the annual 
emissions of the source during normal operations. As this example 
illustrates, accounting for malfunctions could lead to standards that 
are not reflective of (and significantly less stringent than) levels 
that are achieved by a well-performing non-malfunctioning source. It is 
reasonable to interpret CAA section 112 to avoid such a result. The 
EPA's approach to malfunctions is consistent with CAA section 112 and 
is a reasonable interpretation of the statute.
    Although no statutory language compels the EPA to set standards for 
malfunctions, the EPA has the discretion to do so where feasible. For 
example, in the Petroleum Refinery Sector Risk and Technology Review, 
the EPA established a work practice standard for unique types of 
malfunction that result in releases from pressure relief devices or 
emergency flaring events because the EPA had information to determine 
that such work practices reflected the level of control that applies to 
the best performing sources. 80 FR 75178, 75211-14 (December 1, 2015). 
The EPA will consider whether circumstances warrant setting work 
practice standards for a particular type of malfunction and, if so, 
whether the EPA has sufficient information to identify the relevant 
best performing sources and establish a standard for such malfunctions. 
We also encourage commenters to provide any such information.
    In the event that a source fails to comply with the applicable CAA 
section 112 standards as a result of a malfunction event, the EPA would 
determine an appropriate response based on, among other things, the 
good faith efforts of the source to minimize emissions during 
malfunction periods, including preventative and corrective actions, as 
well as root cause analyses to ascertain and rectify excess emissions. 
The EPA would also consider whether the source's failure to comply with 
the CAA section 112 standard was, in fact, sudden, infrequent, not 
reasonably preventable, and was not instead caused in part by poor 
maintenance or careless operation. 40 CFR 63.2 (definition of 
malfunction).
    If the EPA determines in a particular case that an enforcement 
action against a source for violation of an emission standard is 
warranted, the source can raise any and all defenses in that 
enforcement action and the federal district court will determine what, 
if any, relief is appropriate. The same is true for citizen enforcement 
actions. Similarly, the presiding officer in an administrative 
proceeding can consider any defense raised and determine whether 
administrative penalties are appropriate.
    In summary, the EPA interpretation of the CAA and, in particular, 
CAA section 112 is reasonable and encourages practices that will avoid 
malfunctions. Administrative and judicial procedures for addressing 
exceedances of the standards fully recognize that violations may occur 
despite good faith efforts to comply and can accommodate those 
situations. U.S. Sugar Corp. v. EPA, 830 F.3d 579, 606-610 (2016).
2. 40 CFR 63.9505 General Compliance Requirements
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 1 to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) by 
changing the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a 
``no.'' Section 63.6(e)(1)(i) describes the general duty to minimize 
emissions. Some of the language in that section is no longer necessary 
or appropriate in light of the elimination of the SSM exemption. We are 
proposing instead to add general duty regulatory text at 40 CFR 63.9505 
that reflects the general duty to minimize emissions while eliminating 
the reference to periods covered by an SSM exemption. The current 
language in 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(i) characterizes what the general duty 
entails during periods of SSM. With the elimination of the SSM 
exemption, there is no need to differentiate between normal operations, 
startup and shutdown, and malfunction events in describing the general 
duty. Therefore, the language the EPA is proposing at 40 CFR 63.9505(a) 
and (c) does not include that language from 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1).
    We are also proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 
1 to 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(1)(ii) by 
changing the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a 
``no.'' Section 63.6(e)(1)(ii) imposes requirements that are not 
necessary with the elimination of the SSM exemption or are redundant 
with the general duty requirement being added at 40 CFR 63.9505.
3. SSM Plan
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 1 to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.6(e)(3) by changing 
the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a ``no.'' 
Generally, these paragraphs require development of an SSM plan and 
specify SSM recordkeeping and reporting requirements related to the SSM 
plan. As noted, the EPA is proposing to remove the SSM exemptions. 
Therefore,

[[Page 19514]]

affected units will be subject to an emission standard during such 
events. The applicability of a standard during such events will ensure 
that sources have ample incentive to plan for and achieve compliance, 
and, thus, the SSM plan requirements are no longer necessary.
4. Compliance With Standards
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 1 to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) by changing 
the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a ``no.'' The 
current language of 40 CFR 63.6(f)(1) exempts sources from non-opacity 
standards during periods of SSM. As discussed above, the Court in 
Sierra Club vacated the exemptions contained in this provision and held 
that the CAA requires that some CAA section 112 standards apply 
continuously. Consistent with Sierra Club, the EPA is proposing to 
revise standards in this rule to apply at all times.
5. Monitoring
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 1 to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)(i) and (iii) 
by changing the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a 
``no.'' The cross-references to the general duty and SSM plan 
requirements in those paragraphs are not necessary in light of other 
requirements of 40 CFR 63.8 that require good air pollution control 
practices (40 CFR 63.8(c)(1)).
6. 40 CFR 63.9545 What records must I keep?
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 1 to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(i) by 
changing the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a 
``no.'' Section 63.10(b)(2)(i) describes the recordkeeping requirements 
during startup and shutdown. These recording provisions are no longer 
necessary because the EPA is proposing that recordkeeping and reporting 
applicable to normal operations will apply to startup and shutdown. In 
the absence of special provisions applicable to startup and shutdown, 
such as a startup and shutdown plan, there is no reason to retain 
additional recordkeeping for startup and shutdown periods.
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 1 to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(ii) by 
changing the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a 
``no.'' Section 63.10(b)(2)(ii) describes the recordkeeping 
requirements during a malfunction. The EPA is proposing to add such 
requirements to 40 CFR 63.9545. The regulatory text we are proposing to 
add differs from the General Provisions it is replacing in that the 
General Provisions requires the creation and retention of a record of 
the occurrence and duration of each malfunction of process, air 
pollution control, and monitoring equipment. The EPA is proposing that 
this requirement apply to any failure to meet an applicable standard 
and is requiring that the source record the date, time, and duration of 
the failure rather than the ``occurrence.'' The EPA is also proposing 
to add to 40 CFR 63.9545 a requirement that sources keep records that 
include a list of the affected source or equipment and actions taken to 
minimize emissions, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated 
pollutant emitted over the standard for which the source failed to meet 
the standard, and a description of the method used to estimate the 
emissions. Examples of such methods would include product-loss 
calculations, mass balance calculations, measurements when available, 
or engineering judgment based on known process parameters. The EPA is 
proposing to require that sources keep records of this information to 
ensure that there is adequate information to allow the EPA to determine 
the severity of any failure to meet a standard, and to provide data 
that may document how the source met the general duty to minimize 
emissions when the source has failed to meet an applicable standard.
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 1 to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(iv) by 
changing the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a 
``no.'' When applicable, the provision requires sources to record 
actions taken during SSM events when actions were inconsistent with 
their SSM plan. The requirement is no longer appropriate because SSM 
plans will no longer be required. The requirement previously applicable 
under 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(iv)(B) to record actions to minimize emissions 
and record corrective actions is now applicable by reference to 40 CFR 
63.9545(a)(2).
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 1 to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.10(b)(2)(v) by 
changing the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a 
``no.'' When applicable, the provision requires sources to record 
actions taken during SSM events to show that actions taken were 
consistent with their SSM plan. The requirement is no longer 
appropriate because SSM plans will no longer be required.
7. 40 CFR 63.9540 What reports must I submit and when?
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 1 to 
40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5) by changing 
the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a ``no.'' 
Section 63.10(d)(5) describes the reporting requirements for startups, 
shutdowns, and malfunctions. To replace the General Provisions 
reporting requirement, the EPA is proposing to add reporting 
requirements to 40 CFR 63.9540(b)(4). The replacement language differs 
from the General Provisions requirement in that it eliminates periodic 
SSM reports as a stand-alone report. We are proposing language that 
requires sources that fail to meet an applicable standard at any time 
to report the information concerning such events in the semi-annual 
compliance report already required under this rule. We are proposing 
that the report must contain the number, date, time, duration, and the 
cause of such events (including unknown cause, if applicable), a list 
of the affected source(s) or equipment, an estimate of the quantity of 
each regulated pollutant emitted over any emission limit, and a 
description of the method used to estimate the emissions.
    Examples of such methods would include product-loss calculations, 
mass balance calculations, measurements when available, or engineering 
judgment based on known process parameters. The EPA is proposing this 
requirement to ensure that there is adequate information to determine 
compliance, to allow the EPA to determine the severity of the failure 
to meet an applicable standard, and to provide data that may document 
how the source met the general duty to minimize emissions during a 
failure to meet an applicable standard.
    We will no longer require owners or operators to determine whether 
actions taken to correct a malfunction are consistent with an SSM plan, 
because such plans will no longer be required. The proposed amendments, 
therefore, eliminate the cross reference to 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5)(i) that 
contains the description of the previously required SSM report format 
and submittal schedule from this section. These specifications are no 
longer necessary because the events will be reported in otherwise 
required reports with similar format and submittal requirements.
    We are proposing to revise the General Provisions table (Table 1 to 
40

[[Page 19515]]

CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ) entry for 40 CFR 63.10(d)(5)(ii) by 
changing the ``yes'' in column ``Applies to subpart QQQQQ?'' to a 
``no.'' Section 63.10(d)(5)(ii) describes an immediate report for 
startup, shutdown, and malfunctions when a source fails to meet an 
applicable standard, but does not follow the SSM plan. We will no 
longer require owners and operators to report when actions taken during 
a startup, shutdown, or malfunction were not consistent with an SSM 
plan, because such plans will no longer be required.

E. What compliance dates are we proposing?

    The EPA is proposing that existing affected sources and affected 
sources that commenced construction or reconstruction on or before May 
3, 2018 must comply with all of the amendments no later than 180 days 
after the effective date of the final rule. (The final action is not 
expected to be a ``major rule'' as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2), so the 
effective date of the final rule will be the promulgation date as 
specified in CAA section 112(d)(10)). For existing sources, we are 
proposing a change that would impact ongoing compliance requirements 
for 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ. As discussed elsewhere in this 
preamble, we are proposing to change the requirements for SSM by 
removing the exemption from the requirements to meet the standard 
during SSM periods and by removing the requirement to develop and 
implement an SSM plan. Our experience with similar industries shows 
that this sort of regulated facility generally requires a time period 
of 180 days to read and understand the amended rule requirements; to 
evaluate their operations to ensure that they can meet the standards 
during periods of startup and shutdown as defined in the rule and make 
any necessary adjustments; and to update their operations to reflect 
the revised requirements. From our assessment of the timeframe needed 
for compliance with the revised requirements, the EPA considers a 
period of 180 days to be the most expeditious compliance period 
practicable, and, thus, is proposing that existing affected sources be 
in compliance with this regulation's revised requirements within 180 
days of the regulation's effective date. We solicit comment on this 
proposed compliance period, and we specifically request submission of 
information from sources in this source category regarding specific 
actions that would need to be undertaken to comply with the proposed 
amended requirements and the time needed to make the adjustments for 
compliance with them. We note that information provided may result in 
changes to the proposed compliance date. Affected sources that commence 
construction or reconstruction after May 3, 2018 must comply with all 
requirements of the subpart, including the amendments being proposed, 
no later than the effective date of the final rule or upon startup, 
whichever is later. All affected facilities would have to continue to 
meet the current requirements of subpart QQQQQ until the applicable 
compliance date of the amended rule.

V. Summary of Cost, Environmental, and Economic Impacts

A. What are the affected sources?

    We anticipate that two FMM facilities currently operating in the 
United States will be affected by these proposed amendments. The basis 
of our estimate of affected facilities are provided in the memorandum, 
``Identification of Major Sources for the NESHAP for Friction Materials 
Manufacturing,'' which is available in the docket for this action. We 
are not currently aware of any planned or potential new or 
reconstructed FMM facilities.

B. What are the air quality impacts?

    We do not anticipate that the proposed amendments to this subpart 
will impact air quality.

C. What are the cost impacts?

    The two existing FMM facilities that would be subject to the 
proposed amendments would incur a net cost savings due to revised 
recordkeeping and reporting requirements. Nationwide annual net cost 
savings associated with the proposed requirements are estimated to be 
$7,358 in 2016 dollars. For further information on the costs and cost 
savings associated with the requirements being proposed, see the 
memorandum, ``FMM Economic Impacts Memo,'' and the document, ``Friction 
Materials Manufacturing 2018 Supporting Statement,'' which are both 
available in the docket for this action. We solicit comment on these 
estimated cost impacts.

D. What are the economic impacts?

    As noted earlier, the nationwide annual net cost savings associated 
with the revised recordkeeping and reporting requirements are estimated 
to be $7,358 per year. The equivalent annualized value (in 2016 
dollars) of these net cost savings over 2019 through 2027 is $6,461 per 
year when costs are discounted at a 7-percent rate, and $7,381 per year 
when costs are discounted at a 3-percent rate. This cost savings is not 
expected to result in changes to business operations, or result in a 
significant price change of products.

E. What are the benefits?

    As discussed above, we do not anticipate the proposed amendments to 
this subpart to impact air quality.

VI. Request for Comments

    We solicit comments on all aspects of this proposed action. In 
addition to general comments on this proposed action, we are also 
interested in additional data that may improve the risk assessments and 
other analyses. We are specifically interested in receiving any 
information that improves the quality and quantity of data used in the 
site-specific emissions profiles used for risk modeling. Such data 
should include supporting documentation in sufficient detail to allow 
characterization of the quality and representativeness of the data or 
information. Section VII of this preamble provides more information on 
submitting data.

VII. Submitting Data Corrections

    The site-specific emissions profiles used in the source category 
risk and demographic analyses and instructions are available for 
download on the RTR website at http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html. The data files include detailed information for each HAP 
emissions release point for the facilities in the source category.
    If you believe that the data are not representative or are 
inaccurate, please identify the data in question, provide your reason 
for concern, and provide any available ``improved'' data. When you 
submit data, we request that you provide documentation of the basis for 
any revised values. To submit comments on the data downloaded from the 
RTR website, complete the following steps:
    1. Within this downloaded file, enter suggested revisions to the 
data fields appropriate for that information.
    2. Fill in the commenter information fields for each suggested 
revision (i.e., commenter name, commenter organization, commenter email 
address, commenter phone number, and revision comments).
    3. Gather documentation for any suggested emissions revisions 
(e.g., performance test reports, material balance calculations).
    4. Send the entire downloaded file with suggested revisions in 
Microsoft[supreg] Access format and all accompanying documentation to 
Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2017-0358 (through the

[[Page 19516]]

method described in the ADDRESSES section of this preamble).
    5. Whether you are providing comments on a single facility or 
multiple facilities, you need only submit one file. The file should 
contain all suggested changes for all sources at that facility (or 
facilities). We request that all data revision comments be submitted in 
the form of updated Microsoft[supreg] Excel files that are generated by 
the Microsoft[supreg] Access file. These files are provided on the RTR 
website at http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/rrisk/rtrpg.html.

VIII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Additional information about these statutes and Executive Orders 
can be found at http://www2.epa.gov/laws-regulations/laws-and-executive-orders.

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive 
Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    This action is not a significant regulatory action and was 
therefore not submitted to OMB for review.

B. Executive Order 13771: Reducing Regulation and Controlling 
Regulatory Costs

    This action is not expected to be an Executive Order 13771 
regulatory action because this action is not significant under 
Executive Order 12866.

C. Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA)

    The information collection activities in this proposed rule have 
been submitted for approval to OMB under the PRA. The ICR document that 
the EPA prepared has been assigned EPA ICR number 2025.08. You can find 
a copy of the ICR in the docket for this rule, and it is briefly 
summarized here.
    We are proposing changes to the recordkeeping and reporting 
requirements associated with 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ, in the form 
of eliminating the SSM plan and reporting requirements, and increasing 
reporting requirements for the semiannual report of deviation. We also 
recalculated the estimated recordkeeping burden for records of SSM to 
more accurately represent the removal of the SSM exemption, which is 
discussed in more detail in the memorandum, ``Email Correspondence 
estimating the cost of SSM reporting with Knowlton Technologies, LLC.''
    Respondents/affected entities: The respondents to the recordkeeping 
and reporting requirements are owners or operators of facilities that 
produce friction products subject to 40 CFR part 63, subpart QQQQQ.
    Respondent's obligation to respond: Mandatory (40 CFR part 63, 
subpart QQQQQ).
    Estimated number of respondents: Two facilities.
    Frequency of response: Initially and semiannually.
    Total estimated burden: The annual recordkeeping and reporting 
burden for responding facilities to comply with all of the requirements 
in the NESHAP, averaged over the 3 years of this ICR, is estimated to 
be 535 hours (per year). Of these, 115 hours (per year) is the reduced 
burden to comply with the proposed rule amendments. Burden is defined 
at 5 CFR 1320.3(b).
    Total estimated cost: The annual recordkeeping and reporting cost 
for responding facilities to comply with all of the requirements in the 
NESHAP, averaged over the 3 years of this ICR, is estimated to be 
$35,200 (rounded, per year), including $544 annualized capital or 
operation and maintenance costs. This results in a decrease of $7,400 
(rounded, per year) to comply with the proposed amendments to the rule.
    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required 
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a 
currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control numbers for the 
EPA's regulations in 40 CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9.
    Submit your comments on the Agency's need for this information, the 
accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods 
for minimizing respondent burden to the EPA using the docket identified 
at the beginning of this rule. You may also send your ICR-related 
comments to OMB's Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs via 
email to [email protected], Attention: Desk Officer for the 
EPA. Since OMB is required to make a decision concerning the ICR 
between 30 and 60 days after receipt, OMB must receive comments no 
later than June 4, 2018. The EPA will respond to any ICR-related 
comments in the final rule.

D. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA)

    I certify that this action will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities under the RFA. This 
action will not impose any requirements on small entities. There are no 
small entities in this regulated industry.

E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA)

    This action does not contain an unfunded mandate of $100 million or 
more as described in UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531-1538, and does not 
significantly or uniquely affect small governments. The action imposes 
no enforceable duty on any state, local, or tribal governments or the 
private sector.

F. Executive Order 13132: Federalism

    This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have 
substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between 
the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government.

G. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian 
Tribal Governments

    This action does not have tribal implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13175. No tribal facilities are known to be engaged in 
the friction material manufacturing industry that would be affected by 
this action. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action.

H. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental 
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13045 because it is 
not economically significant as defined in Executive Order 12866, and 
because the EPA does not believe the environmental health or safety 
risks addressed by this action present a disproportionate risk to 
children. This action's health and risk assessments are contained in 
sections III.A and IV.A and B of this preamble.

I. Executive Order 13211: Actions Concerning Regulations That 
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This action is not subject to Executive Order 13211 because it is 
not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866.

J. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA)

    This action involves technical standards. Therefore, the EPA 
conducted a search to identify potentially applicable voluntary 
consensus standards. However, the Agency identified no such standards. 
Therefore, the EPA has decided to continue the use of the weighing 
procedures based on EPA Method 28 of 40 CFR part 60, appendix A 
(section 10.1) for weighing of recovered solvent. A thorough summary of 
the search conducted and results are included in the memorandum titled 
``Voluntary Consensus Standard Results for Friction

[[Page 19517]]

Materials Manufacturing Facilities Residual Risk and Technology 
Review,'' which is available in the docket for this action.

K. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental 
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations

    The EPA believes that this action does not have disproportionately 
high and adverse human health or environmental effects on minority 
populations, low-income populations, and/or indigenous peoples, as 
specified in Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
    The documentation for this decision is contained in section IV.A of 
this preamble and the technical report, ``Friction Materials 
Manufacturing Demographic Analysis,'' which is available in the docket 
for this action.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 63

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Hazardous 
substances, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Dated: April 23, 2018.
E. Scott Pruitt,
Administrator.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, the EPA proposes to amend 
title 40, chapter I, part 63 of the Code of Federal Regulations as 
follows:

PART 63--NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS 
FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES

0
1. The authority citation for part 63 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Subpart QQQQQ--National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 
Pollutants for Friction Materials Manufacturing Facilities

0
 2. Section 63.9495 is amended by revising paragraphs (a) and (b) and 
adding paragraph (e) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.9495  When do I have to comply with this subpart?

    (a) If you have an existing solvent mixer, you must comply with 
each of the requirements for existing sources no later than October 18, 
2005, except as otherwise specified at this section and Sec. Sec.  
63.9505, 63.9530, 63.9540, 63.9545, and Table 1 to this subpart.
    (b) If you have a new or reconstructed solvent mixer for which 
construction or reconstruction commenced after October 18, 2002, but 
before May 4, 2018 you must comply with the requirements for new and 
reconstructed sources upon initial startup, except as otherwise 
specified at this section and Sec. Sec.  63.9505, 63.9530, 63.9540, 
63.9545, and Table 1 to this subpart.
* * * * *
    (e) Solvent mixers constructed or reconstructed after May 3, 2018 
must be in compliance with this subpart at startup or by [DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], whichever is later.
0
 3. Revise Sec.  63.9505 to read as follows:


Sec.  63.9505  What are my general requirements for complying with this 
subpart?

    (a) Before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE 
FEDERAL REGISTER], for each existing source and each new or 
reconstructed source for which construction or reconstruction commenced 
after October 18, 2002, but before May 4, 2018 you must be in 
compliance with the emission limitations in this subpart at all times, 
except during periods of startup, shutdown, or malfunction. After [DATE 
180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], for 
each such source you must be in compliance with the emission 
limitations in this subpart at all times. For new and reconstructed 
sources for which construction or reconstruction commenced after May 3, 
2018, you must be in compliance with the emissions limitations in this 
subpart at all times.
    (b) Before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE 
FEDERAL REGISTER], for each existing source, and for each new or 
reconstructed source for which construction or reconstruction commenced 
after October 18, 2002, but before May 4, 2018, you must always operate 
and maintain your affected source, including air pollution control and 
monitoring equipment, according to the provisions in Sec.  
63.6(e)(1)(i). After [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN 
THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for each such source, and after [DATE OF 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for new and 
reconstructed sources for which construction or reconstruction 
commended after May 3, 2018, at all times you must operate and maintain 
any affected source, including associated air pollution control 
equipment and monitoring equipment, in a manner consistent with safety 
and good air pollution control practices for minimizing emissions. The 
general duty to minimize emissions does not require you to make any 
further efforts to reduce emissions if levels required by the 
applicable standard have been achieved. Determination of whether a 
source is operating in compliance with operation and maintenance 
requirements will be based on information available to the 
Administrator which may include, but is not limited to, monitoring 
results, review of operation and maintenance procedures, review of 
operation and maintenance records, and inspection of the source.
    (c) Before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE 
FEDERAL REGISTER], for each existing source, and for each new or 
reconstructed source for which construction commenced after October 18, 
2002, but before May 14, 2018, you must develop a written startup, 
shutdown, and malfunction plan according to the provisions in Sec.  
63.6(e)(3). For each such source, a startup, shutdown, and malfunction 
plan is not required after [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL 
RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. No startup, shutdown, and malfunction 
plan is required for any new or reconstructed source for which 
construction or reconstruction commenced after May 3, 2018.
0
4. Section 63.9530 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(1) and (e) to 
read as follows:


Sec.  63.9530  How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the 
emission limitation that applies to me?

    (a) * * *
    (1) For existing sources and for new or reconstructed sources for 
which construction or reconstruction commenced after October 18, 2002, 
but before May 4, 2018, before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF 
FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], except for during malfunctions of 
your weight measurement device and associated repairs, you must collect 
and record the information required in Sec.  63.9520(a)(1) through (8) 
at all times that the affected source is operating and record all 
information needed to document conformance with these requirements. 
After [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL 
REGISTER] for such sources, and after [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL 
RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for new or reconstructed sources that 
commenced construction after May 3, 2018, you must collect and record 
the information required in Sec.  63.9520(a)(1) through (8) at all 
times that the affected source is operating and record all information

[[Page 19518]]

needed to document conformance with these requirements.
* * * * *
    (e) For existing sources and for new or reconstructed sources which 
commenced construction or reconstruction after October 18, 2002, but 
before May 4, 2018, before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL 
RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], consistent with Sec. Sec.  63.6(e) and 
63.7(e)(1), deviations that occur during a period of startup, shutdown, 
or malfunction are not violations if you demonstrate to the 
Administrator's satisfaction that you were operating in accordance with 
Sec.  63.6(e)(1). The Administrator will determine whether deviations 
that occur during a period of startup, shutdown, or malfunction are 
violations, according to the provisions in Sec.  63.6(e). After [DATE 
180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for 
such sources, and after [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE 
FEDERAL REGISTER] for new or reconstructed sources which commence 
construction or reconstruction after May 3, 2018, all deviations are 
considered violations.
0
5. Section 63.9540 is amended by revising paragraphs (b)(4), (c)(2), 
and (d) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.9540  What reports must I submit and when?

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (4) For existing sources and for new or reconstructed sources for 
which construction or reconstruction commenced after October 18, 2002, 
but before May 4, 2018, before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF 
FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], if you had a startup, shutdown, or 
malfunction during the reporting period and you took actions consistent 
with your startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan, the compliance 
report must include the information in Sec.  63.10(d)(5)(i). A startup, 
shutdown, and malfunction plan is not required for such sources after 
[DATE 180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL 
REGISTER].
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (2) For existing sources and for new or reconstructed sources which 
commenced construction or reconstruction after October 18, 2002, but 
before May 4, 2018, before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL 
RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], information on the number, duration, and 
cause of deviations (including unknown cause, if applicable), as 
applicable, and the corrective action taken. After [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for such sources, 
and after [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] 
for new or reconstructed sources which commenced construction or 
reconstruction after May 3, 2018, information on the number of 
deviations to meet an emission limitation. For each instance, include 
the date, time, duration, and cause of deviations (including unknown 
cause, if applicable), as applicable, a list of the affected source or 
equipment, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated pollutant 
emitted over any emission limit, and a description of the method used 
to estimate the emissions, and the corrective action taken.
    (d) For existing sources and for new or reconstructed sources which 
commenced construction or reconstruction after October 18, 2002, but 
before May 4, 2018, before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL 
RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], if you had a startup, shutdown, or 
malfunction during the semiannual reporting period that was not 
consistent with your startup, shutdown, and malfunction plan, you must 
submit an immediate startup, shutdown, and malfunction report according 
to the requirements in Sec.  63.10(d)(5)(ii). An immediate startup, 
shutdown, and malfunction report is not required for such sources after 
[DATE 180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL 
REGISTER].
* * * * *
0
 6. Section 63.9545 is amended by revising paragraph (a)(2) and adding 
paragraph (a)(3) to read as follows:


Sec.  63.9545  What records must I keep?

    (a) * * *
    (2) For existing sources and for new or reconstructed sources which 
commenced construction or reconstruction after October 18, 2002, but 
before May 4, 2018, before [DATE 181 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL 
RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], the records in Sec.  63.6(e)(3)(iii) 
through (v) related to startup, shutdown, or malfunction. For such 
sources, it is not required to keep records in Sec.  63.6(e)(3)(iii) 
through (v) related to startup, shutdown, or malfunction after [DATE 
180 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER].
    (3) After [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL 
REGISTER] for new or reconstructed sources which commenced construction 
or reconstruction after May 3, 2018, and after [DATE 180 DAYS AFTER 
PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for all other 
affected sources, in the event that an affected unit fails to meet an 
applicable standard, record the number of deviations. For each 
deviation, record the date, time and duration of each deviation.
    (i) For each deviation, record and retain cause of deviations 
(including unknown cause, if applicable), a list of the affected source 
or equipment, an estimate of the quantity of each regulated pollutant 
emitted over any emission limit, and a description of the method used 
to estimate the emissions.
    (ii) Record actions taken to minimize emissions in accordance with 
Sec.  63.9505, and any corrective actions taken to return the affected 
unit to its normal or usual manner of operation.
* * * * *
0
 7. Table 1 to subpart QQQQQ of part 63 is amended by:
0
 a. Removing the entry ``Sec.  63.6(a)-(c), (e)-(f), (i)-(j)'';
0
 b. Adding the entries ``Sec.  63.6(a)-(c), (i)-(j)'', ``Sec.  
63.6(e)(1)(i)-(ii)'', ``Sec.  63.6(e)(1)(iii), (e)(2)'', ``Sec.  
63.6(e)(3)'', ``Sec.  63.6(f)(1)'', and ``Sec.  63.6(f)(2)-(3)'' in 
numerical order;
0
 c. Removing the entry ``Sec.  63.8(a)(1)-(2), (b), (c)(1)-(3), (f)(1)-
(5)'';
0
d. Adding the entries ``Sec.  63.8(a)(1)-(2)'', ``Sec.  63.8(b)'', 
``Sec.  63.8(c)(1)(i), (iii)'', ``Sec.  63.8(c)(1)(ii), (c)(2), 
(c)(3)'', and ``Sec.  63.8(f)(1)-(5)'' in numerical order;
0
e. Removing the entry ``Sec.  63.10(a), (b), (d)(1), (d)(4)-(5), 
(e)(3), (f)''; and
0
 f. Adding the entries ``Sec.  63.10(a), (b)(1), (d)(1), (d)(4), 
(e)(3), (f)'', ``Sec.  63.10(b)(2)(i), (ii), (iv), (v)'', ``Sec.  
63.10(b)(2)(iii), (vi)-(xiv)'', and ``Sec.  63.10(d)(5)'' in numerical 
order.
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

[[Page 19519]]



            Table 1 to Subpart QQQQQ of Part 63--Applicability of General Provisions to Subpart QQQQQ
                                                  * * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Citation                       Subject          Applies to subpart QQQQQ?         Explanation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Sec.   63.6(a)-(c), (i)-(j)........  Compliance with         Yes........................  ......................
                                      Standards and
                                      Maintenance
                                      Requirements.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Sec.   63.6(e)(1)(i)-(ii)..........  SSM Operation and       No, for new or               Subpart QQQQQ requires
                                      Maintenance             reconstructed sources        affected units to
                                      Requirements.           which commenced              meet emissions
                                                              construction or              standards at all
                                                              reconstruction after May     times. See Sec.
                                                              3, 2018. Yes, for all        63.9505 for general
                                                              other affected sources       duty requirement.
                                                              before [DATE 181 DAYS
                                                              AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL
                                                              RULE IN THE Federal
                                                              Register], and
                                                             No thereafter..............
Sec.   63.6(e)(1)(iii), (e)(2).....  Operation and           Yes........................  ......................
                                      Maintenance.
Sec.   63.6(e)(3)..................  SSM Plan Requirements.  No, for new or               Subpart QQQQQ requires
                                                              reconstructed sources        affected units to
                                                              which commenced              meet emissions
                                                              construction or              standards at all
                                                              reconstruction after May     times.
                                                              3, 2018. Yes, for all
                                                              other affected sources
                                                              before [DATE 181 DAYS
                                                              AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL
                                                              RULE IN THE Federal
                                                              Register], and
                                                             No thereafter..............
Sec.   63.6(f)(1)..................  SSM Exemption.........  No, for new or               Subpart QQQQQ requires
                                                              reconstructed sources        affected units to
                                                              which commenced              meet emissions
                                                              construction or              standards at all
                                                              reconstruction after May     times.
                                                              3, 2018. Yes, for all
                                                              other affected sources
                                                              before [DATE 181 DAYS
                                                              AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL
                                                              RULE IN THE Federal
                                                              Register], and
                                                             No thereafter..............
Sec.   63.6(f)(2)-(3)..............  Compliance with         Yes........................  ......................
                                      Nonopacity Emission
                                      Standards.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Sec.   63.8(a)(1)-(2)..............  Applicability and       Yes........................  ......................
                                      Relevant Standards
                                      for CMS.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Sec.   63.8(b).....................  Conduct of Monitoring.  Yes........................  ......................
Sec.   63.8(c)(1)(i)-(iii).........  Continuous Monitoring   No, for new or               ......................
                                      System (CMS) SSM        reconstructed sources
                                      Requirements.           which commenced
                                                              construction or
                                                              reconstruction after May
                                                              3, 2018. Yes, for all
                                                              other affected sources
                                                              before [DATE 181 DAYS
                                                              AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL
                                                              RULE IN THE Federal
                                                              Register], and
                                                             No thereafter..............
Sec.   63.8(c)(1)(ii), (c)(2),       CMS Repairs, Operating  Yes........................  ......................
 (c)(3).                              Paramaters, and
                                      Performance Tests.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Sec.   63.8(f)(1)-(5)..............  Alternative Monitoring  Yes........................  ......................
                                      Procedure.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Sec.   63.10(a), (b)(1), (d)(1),     Recordkeeping and       Yes........................  ......................
 (d)(4), (e)(3), (f).                 Reporting
                                      Requirements.
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(i), (ii), (iv),   Recordkeeping for       No, for new or               See Sec.   63.9545 for
 (v).                                 Startup, Shutdown and   reconstructed sources        recordkeeping
                                      Malfunction.            which commenced              requirements.
                                                              construction or
                                                              reconstruction after May
                                                              3, 2018. Yes, for all
                                                              other affected sources
                                                              before [DATE 181 DAYS
                                                              AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL
                                                              RULE IN THE Federal
                                                              Register], and
                                                             No thereafter..............
Sec.   63.10(b)(2)(iii), (vi)-(xiv)  Owner/Operator          Yes........................  ......................
                                      Recordkeeping
                                      Requirements.
 

[[Page 19520]]

 
                                                  * * * * * * *
Sec.   63.10(d)(5).................  SSM reports...........  No, for new or               See Sec.   63.9540 for
                                                              reconstructed sources        malfunction reporting
                                                              which commenced              requirements.
                                                              construction or
                                                              reconstruction after May
                                                              3, 2018. Yes, for all
                                                              other affected sources
                                                              before [DATE 181 DAYS
                                                              AFTER PUBLICATION OF FINAL
                                                              RULE IN THE Federal
                                                              Register], and
                                                             No thereafter..............
 
                                                  * * * * * * *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[FR Doc. 2018-09200 Filed 5-2-18; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P