[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 53 (Monday, March 19, 2018)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 11933-11944]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2018-05318]


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R01-OAR-2017-0065; FRL-9975-43--Region 1]


Air Plan Approval; Connecticut; Infrastructure State 
Implementation Plan Requirements; Prevention of Significant 
Deterioration Permit Program Revisions

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to 
approve elements of a State Implementation Plan (SIP) submission from 
Connecticut regarding the infrastructure requirements of the Clean Air 
Act (CAA or Act) for the 2012 fine particle (PM2.5) National 
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and a SIP submission addressing 
interstate transport requirements of the CAA for the 2006 
PM2.5 NAAQS. In addition, we are proposing to approve one 
statute included in the SIP for the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS. The 
infrastructure requirements are designed to ensure that the structural 
components of each state's air quality management program are adequate 
to meet the state's responsibilities under the CAA. The EPA is also 
proposing to approve revisions to the SIP submitted by Connecticut on 
October 18, 2017, satisfying Connecticut's earlier commitment to adopt 
and submit provisions that meet certain requirements of the federal 
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permit program. In 
addition, we are proposing to convert the June 3, 2016 conditional 
approval for elements of Connecticut's infrastructure SIP regarding PSD 
requirements to treat nitrogen oxides (NOX) as a precursor 
to ozone and to establish a minor source baseline date for 
PM2.5 emissions. This action is being taken under the Clean 
Air Act.

DATES: Written comments must be received on or before April 18, 2018.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R01-
OAR-2017-0065 at https://www.regulations.gov, or via email to 
[email protected]. For comments submitted at Regulations.gov, 
follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Once submitted, 
comments cannot be edited or removed from Regulations.gov. For either 
manner of submission, the EPA may publish any comment received to its 
public docket. Do not submit electronically any information you 
consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other 
information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Multimedia 
submissions (audio, video, etc.) must be accompanied by a written 
comment. The written comment is considered the official comment and 
should include discussion of all points you wish to make. The EPA will 
generally not consider comments or comment contents located outside of 
the primary submission (i.e., on the web, cloud, or other file sharing 
system). For additional submission methods, please contact the person 
identified in the ``For Further Information Contact'' section. For the 
full EPA public comment policy, information about CBI or multimedia 
submissions, and general guidance on making effective comments, please 
visit www.epa.gov/dockets/commenting-epa-dockets.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Alison C. Simcox, Air Quality Unit, 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA New England Regional Office, 
5 Post Office Square--Suite 100 (Mail code OEP05-2), Boston, MA 02109--
3912, tel. (617) 918-1684; [email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document whenever ``we,'' 
``us,'' or ``our'' is used, we mean EPA.

Table of Contents

I. Background and Purpose
    A. What Connecticut SIP submissions does this rulemaking 
address?
    B. What is the scope of this rulemaking?
II. What guidance is EPA using to evaluate these SIP submissions?
III. EPA's Review
    A. Section 110(a)(2)(A)--Emission Limits and Other Control 
Measures
    B. Section 110(a)(2)(B)--Ambient Air Quality Monitoring/Data 
System
    C. Section 110(a)(2)(C)--Program for Enforcement of Control 
Measures and for Construction or Modification of Stationary Sources
    D. Section 110(a)(2)(D)--Interstate Transport
    E. Section 110(a)(2)(E)--Adequate Resources
    F. Section 110(a)(2)(F)--Stationary Source Monitoring System
    G. Section 110(a)(2)(G)--Emergency Powers
    H. Section 110(a)(2)(H)--Future SIP Revisions
    I. Section 110(a)(2)(I)--Nonattainment Area Plan or Plan 
Revisions Under Part D
    J. Section 110(a)(2)(J)--Consultation With Government Officials; 
Public Notifications; Prevention of Significant Deterioration; 
Visibility Protection
    K. Section 110(a)(2)(K)--Air Quality Modeling/Data
    L. Section 110(a)(2)(L)--Permitting Fees
    M. Section 110(a)(2)(M)--Consultation/Participation by Affected 
Local Entities
    N. Connecticut Statute Submitted for Incorporation Into the SIP
IV Proposed Action
V. Incorporation by Reference
VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

I. Background and Purpose

A. What Connecticut SIP submissions does this rulemaking address?

    This rulemaking addresses three submissions from the Connecticut 
Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (CT DEEP). The state 
submitted a SIP addressing the

[[Page 11934]]

``Good Neighbor'' (or ``transport'') provisions for the 2006 
PM2.5 \1\ National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 
(Section 110(a)(2)(D)(I) of the CAA) on August 19, 2011, and an 
infrastructure SIP (including the transport provisions) for the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS on December 14, 2015. Under sections 110(a)(1) 
and (2) of the CAA, states are required to submit infrastructure SIPs 
to ensure that state SIPs provide for implementation, maintenance, and 
enforcement of the NAAQS, including the 2006 and 2012 PM2.5 
NAAQS.
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    \1\ PM2.5 refers to particulate matter of 2.5 microns 
or less in diameter, often referred to as ``fine'' particles.
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    In addition, on October 18, 2017, CT DEEP submitted a SIP revision 
that addresses applicable requirements for the PSD permit program in 
Part C of the CAA that are codified in 40 CFR 51.166. PSD permitting 
requirements apply to new major sources or major modifications for 
pollutants where the area in which the source is located is either in 
attainment with or unclassifiable with regard to the relevant NAAQS. CT 
DEEP had committed by letter dated August 5, 2015, to submit these 
revisions to the PSD permit program for EPA approval.

B. What is the scope of this rulemaking?

    EPA is acting on three SIP submissions from Connecticut that 
address the infrastructure requirements of CAA sections 110(a)(1) and 
110(a)(2) for the 2006 and 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS and revisions to 
the PSD permit program.
    The requirement for states to make a SIP submission of this type 
arises out of CAA sections 110(a)(1) and 110(a)(2). Pursuant to these 
sections, each state must submit a SIP that provides for the 
implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of each primary or 
secondary NAAQS. States must make such SIP submission ``within 3 years 
(or such shorter period as the Administrator may prescribe) after the 
promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS.'' This requirement is triggered 
by the promulgation of a new or revised NAAQS and is not conditioned 
upon EPA's taking any other action. Section 110(a)(2) includes the 
specific elements that ``each such plan'' must address.
    EPA commonly refers to such SIP submissions made for the purpose of 
satisfying the requirements of CAA sections 110(a)(1) and 110(a)(2) as 
``infrastructure SIP'' submissions. Although the term ``infrastructure 
SIP'' does not appear in the CAA, EPA uses the term to distinguish this 
particular type of SIP submission from submissions that are intended to 
satisfy other SIP requirements under the CAA, such as ``nonattainment 
SIP'' or ``attainment plan SIP'' submissions to address the 
nonattainment planning requirements of part D of title I of the CAA.
    This rulemaking will not cover three substantive areas that are not 
integral to acting on a state's infrastructure SIP submission: (i) 
Existing provisions related to excess emissions during periods of 
start-up, shutdown, or malfunction at sources (``SSM'' emissions) that 
may be contrary to the CAA and EPA's policies addressing such excess 
emissions; (ii) existing provisions related to ``director's variance'' 
or ``director's discretion'' that purport to permit revisions to SIP-
approved emissions limits with limited public process or without 
requiring further approval by EPA, that may be contrary to the CAA 
(``director's discretion''); and, (iii) existing provisions for 
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) programs that may be 
inconsistent with current requirements of EPA's ``Final New Source 
Review (NSR) Improvement Rule,'' 67 FR 80186 (December 31, 2002), as 
amended by 72 FR 32526 (June 13, 2007) (``NSR Reform''). Instead, EPA 
has the authority to address each one of these substantive areas 
separately. A detailed history, interpretation, and rationale for EPA's 
approach to infrastructure SIP requirements can be found in EPA's May 
13, 2014, proposed rule entitled, ``Infrastructure SIP Requirements for 
the 2008 Lead NAAQS'' in the section, ``What is the scope of this 
rulemaking?'' See 79 FR 27241 at 27242-45.

II. What guidance is EPA using to evaluate these SIP submissions?

    EPA highlighted the statutory requirement to submit infrastructure 
SIPs within 3 years of promulgation of a new NAAQS in an October 2, 
2007, guidance document entitled ``Guidance on SIP Elements Required 
Under Sections 110(a)(1) and (2) for the 1997 8-hour Ozone and 
PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards'' (2007 
guidance). EPA has issued additional guidance documents and memoranda, 
including a September 13, 2013, guidance document entitled ``Guidance 
on Infrastructure State Implementation Plan (SIP) Elements under Clean 
Air Act Sections 110(a)(1) and 110(a)(2)'' (2013 guidance).
    With respect to the Good Neighbor provision, the most recent 
relevant document was a memorandum published on March 17, 2016, 
entitled ``Information on the Interstate Transport `Good Neighbor' 
Provision for the 2012 Fine Particulate Matter National Ambient Air 
Quality Standards under Clean Air Act Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I)'' 
(2016 memorandum).\2\ The 2016 memorandum describes EPA's past approach 
to addressing interstate transport, and provides EPA's general review 
of relevant modeling data and air quality projections as they relate to 
the 2012 annual PM2.5 NAAQS. The 2016 memorandum provides 
information relevant to EPA Regional office review of the CAA section 
110 (a)(2)(D)(i)(I) ``Good Neighbor'' provision requirements in 
infrastructure SIPs with respect to the 2012 annual PM2.5 
NAAQS. This rulemaking considers information provided in that 
memorandum.
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    \2\ This memorandum is available in the docket and at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/good-neighbor-memo_implementation.pdf.
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III. EPA's Review

    In this notice of proposed rulemaking, EPA is proposing action on 
Connecticut's infrastructure SIP submissions and revisions to the PSD 
permit program. In Connecticut's submissions, a detailed list of 
Connecticut Laws and previously SIP-approved Air Quality Regulations 
show precisely how the various components of its EPA-approved SIP meet 
each of the requirements of section 110(a)(2) of the CAA for the 2006 
and 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS. The following review evaluates the 
state's submissions in light of section 110(a)(2) requirements and 
relevant EPA guidance. For Connecticut's August 19, 2011 submission 
addressing the transport provisions with respect to the 2006 
PM2.5 NAAQS, we reviewed infrastructure elements in Section 
110(a)(2)(D)(I).\3\ For the state's December 14, 2015 submission 
addressing the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS, we reviewed all Section 
110(a)(2) elements, including the transport provisions, but excluding 
the three areas discussed above under the scope of this rulemaking. The 
revisions to the PSD permit program were evaluated for consistency with 
the regulations at 40 CFR 51.166 and Part C of the CAA and are required 
to be included in the SIP by Section 110(a)(2)(C).
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    \3\ EPA previously took action on the other elements of 
Connecticut's infrastructure SIP for the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS 
on October 16, 2012 (77 FR 63228) and on June 3, 2016 (81 FR 35636).
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A. Section 110(a)(2)(A)--Emission Limits and Other Control Measures

    This section (also referred to in this action as an element) of the 
Act requires

[[Page 11935]]

SIPs to include enforceable emission limits and other control measures, 
means or techniques, schedules for compliance, and other related 
matters. However, EPA has long interpreted emission limits and control 
measures for attaining the standards as being due when nonattainment 
planning requirements are due.\4\ In the context of an infrastructure 
SIP, EPA is not evaluating the existing SIP provisions for this 
purpose. Instead, EPA is only evaluating whether the state's SIP has 
basic structural provisions for the implementation of the NAAQS.
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    \4\ See, e.g., EPA's final rule on ``National Ambient Air 
Quality Standards for Lead.'' 73 FR 66964, 67034 (Nov. 12, 2008).
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    Connecticut Public Act No. 11-80 established the CT DEEP, and 
Connecticut General Statutes (CGS) Section 22a-6(a)(1) provides the 
Commissioner of CT DEEP authority to adopt, amend or repeal 
environmental standards, criteria and regulations. It is under this 
general grant of authority that the Commissioner has adopted emissions 
standards and control measures for a variety of sources and pollutants. 
Connecticut also has SIP-approved provisions for specific pollutants. 
For example, CT DEEP has adopted primary and secondary ambient air 
quality standards for PM2.5 in Regulations of Connecticut 
State Agencies (RCSA) Section 22a-174-24(f).
    As noted in EPA's approval of RCSA Sec.  22a-174-24, Ambient Air 
Quality Standards, on June 24, 2015 (80 FR 36242), Connecticut's 
standards are consistent with the current federal NAAQS. Under element 
A of its December 14, 2015 infrastructure SIP submittal for the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS, Connecticut DEEP highlighted several rules that 
the state has previously adopted, and that EPA has previously approved, 
to limit the quantity, rate, or concentration of emissions of 
PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursors. Some of these are: 
RCSA Sec.  22a-174-18, Control of particulate matter and visible 
emissions (July 16, 2014; 79 FR 41427); RCSA Sec.  22a-174-19a, Control 
of sulfur dioxide emissions from power plants and other large 
stationary sources (July 10, 2014; 79 FR 39322); and RCSA Sec.  22a-
174-22, Control of nitrogen oxides emissions (October 6, 1997; 62 FR 
52016 and July 10, 2014; 79 FR 39322).
    In its infrastructure SIP submittal for the 2012 PM2.5 
NAAQS, Connecticut submitted revisions to CGS Sec.  16a-21a (Sulfur 
content of home heating oil and off-road diesel fuel. Suspension of 
requirements for emergency). This statute was previously approved into 
the SIP (June 3, 2016; 81 FR 35636) and limited the sulfur content of 
fuels sold or used in Connecticut to 0.3 percentage by weight for 
number two heating oil and off-road diesel fuel. The sulfur content of 
number two heating oil was further limited to 500 ppm from July 1, 2011 
through June 30, 2014, and to 15 ppm beginning July 1, 2014. The EPA-
approved statute included a provision that these sulfur limits would 
not take effect until the states of New York, Massachusetts and Rhode 
Island each had adopted similar requirements. In addition, the statute 
allows Connecticut to suspend these requirements if availability of the 
compliant fuel is inadequate to meet the needs of residential, 
commercial or industrial users in the state and if Connecticut deems 
that this constitutes an emergency.
    Connecticut's revision of this statute removes the provision 
concerning the three other states, and moves the dates for the 500-ppm 
requirement to July 1, 2014 through June 30, 2018, and for the 15-ppm 
requirement, to July 1, 2018. The revision also includes a provision 
stating that CT DEEP can use RCSA section 22a-174-19b, fuel sulfur 
content limitations for stationary sources, to enforce provisions of 
the statute. EPA has determined that the revision to CGS Sec.  16a-21a 
is as stringent as the EPA-approved version and, therefore, proposes to 
approve this revision into the Connecticut SIP.
    EPA proposes that Connecticut meets the infrastructure SIP 
requirements of section 110(a)(2)(A) with respect to the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS. As previously noted, EPA is not proposing to 
approve or disapprove any existing state provisions or rules related to 
SSM or director's discretion in the context of section 110(a)(2)(A).

B. Section 110(a)(2)(B)--Ambient Air Quality Monitoring/Data System

    This section requires SIPs to include provisions to provide for 
establishing and operating ambient air quality monitors, collecting and 
analyzing ambient air quality data, and making these data available to 
EPA upon request. Each year, states submit annual air monitoring 
network plans to EPA for review and approval. EPA's review of these 
annual monitoring plans includes our evaluation of whether the state: 
(i) Monitors air quality at appropriate locations throughout the state 
using EPA-approved Federal Reference Methods or Federal Equivalent 
Method monitors; (ii) submits data to EPA's Air Quality System (AQS) in 
a timely manner; and (iii) provides EPA Regional Offices with prior 
notification of any planned changes to monitoring sites or the network 
plan.
    CT DEEP continues to operate a monitoring network, and EPA approved 
the state's 2016 Annual Air Monitoring Network Plan for 
PM2.5 on September 12, 2016.\5\ Furthermore, CT DEEP 
populates EPA's Air Quality System (AQS) with air quality monitoring 
data in a timely manner, and provides EPA with prior notification when 
considering a change to its monitoring network or plan. Under element B 
of its December 14, 2015 infrastructure SIP submittal for the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS, Connecticut DEEP referenced EPA's prior 
approvals of Connecticut's annual network monitoring plans, as well as 
CGS Sec.  22a-174(d), which provides the Commissioner with ``all 
incidental powers necessary to carry out the purposes of'' 
Connecticut's air pollution control laws. EPA proposes that CT DEEP has 
met the infrastructure SIP requirements of section 110(a)(2)(B) with 
respect to the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.
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    \5\ EPA's approval letter is included in the docket for today's 
action.
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C. Section 110(a)(2)(C)--Program for Enforcement of Control Measures 
and for Construction or Modification of Stationary Sources

    States are required to include a program providing for enforcement 
of all SIP measures and the regulation of construction of new or 
modified stationary sources to meet NSR requirements under PSD and 
nonattainment new source review (NNSR) programs. Part C of the CAA 
(sections 160-169B) addresses PSD, while part D of the CAA (sections 
171-193) addresses NNSR requirements.
    The evaluation of each state's submission addressing the 
infrastructure SIP requirements of section 110(a)(2)(C) covers the 
following: (i) Enforcement of SIP measures; (ii) PSD program for major 
sources and major modifications; and (iii) a permit program for minor 
sources and minor modifications.
Sub-Element 1: Enforcement of SIP Measures
    CT DEEP staffs and implements an enforcement program pursuant to 
CGS Title 22a. Specifically, CGS Sec. Sec.  22a-6 and 22a-6b authorize 
the Commissioner of CT DEEP to inspect and investigate to ascertain 
whether violations of any statute, regulation, or permit may have 
occurred and to impose civil penalties. Additionally, CGS Sec.  22a-171 
requires the Commissioner to ``adopt, amend, repeal, and enforce 
regulations . . . and do any other act necessary to enforce the

[[Page 11936]]

provisions of'' CGS Sec. Sec.  22a-170 through 22a-206, which provide 
CT DEEP with the authority to, among other things, enforce its 
regulations, issue orders to correct violations of regulations or 
permits, impose state administrative penalties, and seek judicial 
relief. EPA proposes that Connecticut has met the enforcement of SIP 
measures requirement of section 110(a)(2)(C) with respect to the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS.
Sub-Element 2: PSD Program for Major Sources and Major Modifications
    PSD applies to new major sources or modifications made to major 
sources for pollutants where the area in which the source is located is 
in attainment of, or unclassifiable with regard to, the relevant NAAQS. 
CT DEEP's EPA-approved PSD rules in RCSA sections 22a-174-1, 22a-174-
2a, and 22a-174-3a contain provisions that address applicable 
requirements for all regulated NSR pollutants, including greenhouse 
gases (GHGs).
    EPA's ``Final Rule to Implement the 8-Hour Ozone National Ambient 
Air Quality Standard--Phase 2; Final Rule to Implement Certain Aspects 
of the 1990 Amendments Relating to New Source Review and Prevention of 
Significant Deterioration as They Apply in Carbon Monoxide, Particulate 
Matter, and Ozone NAAQS; Final Rule for Reformulated Gasoline'' (Phase 
2 Rule) was published on November 29, 2005 (70 FR 71612). Among other 
requirements, the Phase 2 Rule obligated states to revise their PSD 
programs to explicitly identify NOX as a precursor to ozone. 
See 70 FR 71679 at 71699-700. This requirement is codified in 40 CFR 
51.166, and requires that states submit SIP revisions incorporating the 
requirements of the rule, including provisions that would treat 
NOX as a precursor to ozone provisions. These SIP revisions 
were to have been submitted to EPA by states by June 15, 2007. See 70 
FR 71683.
    Connecticut's EPA-approved PSD rules do not currently contain the 
provisions needed to ensure that NOX be treated as a 
precursor to ozone. However, CT DEEP has made the necessary revisions 
to its regulation and, on October 18, 2017, submitted regulations for 
the EPA's approval of its PSD rules to treat NOx as precursor pollutant 
to ozone.
    Accordingly, as we discuss further on in our discussion of this 
sub-element, we are proposing to approve the revisions to CT DEEP's PSD 
permit program at RCSA Section 22a-174-3a(k)(1)(C), and to convert our 
June 3, 2016, conditional approval of this PSD infrastructure sub-
element relating to treating NOX emissions as precursor 
emissions to ozone formation to a full approval. See 81 FR 35636.
    On October 20, 2010, EPA issued a final rule (75 FR 64864) entitled 
``Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) for Particulate Matter 
Less Than 2.5 Micrometers (PM2.5)--Increments, Significant 
Impact Levels (SILs) and Significant Monitoring Concentration (SMC)'' 
(2010 NSR Rule). This rule established several components for making 
PSD permitting determinations for PM2.5, including adding 
the required elements for PM2.5 into a state's existing 
system of ``increment analysis,'' which is the mechanism used in the 
PSD permitting program to estimate significant deterioration of ambient 
air quality for a pollutant in relation to new source construction or 
modification. The maximum allowable increment increases for different 
pollutants are codified in 40 CFR 51.166(c) and 40 CFR 52.21(c).
    The 2010 NSR Rule described in the preceding paragraph revised the 
existing system for determining increment consumption by establishing a 
new ``major source baseline date'' for PM2.5 of October 20, 
2010, and by establishing a trigger date for PM2.5 in 
relation to the definition of ``minor source baseline date.'' These 
revisions to the federal PSD rules are codified in 40 CFR 
51.166(b)(14)(i)(c) and (b)(14)(ii)(c), and 52.21(b)(14)(i)(c) and 
(b)(14)(ii)(c).
    Lastly, the 2010 NSR Rule revised the definition of ``baseline 
area'' to include a level of significance of 0.3 micrograms per cubic 
meter, annual average, for PM2.5. This change is codified in 
40 CFR 51.166(b)(15)(i) and 52.21(b)(15)(i). States were required to 
revise their SIPs consistent with these changes to the federal 
regulations.
    On July 24, 2015, EPA approved Connecticut's October 9, 2012, SIP 
revision for its PSD program, which incorporated two of the four 
changes addressed by the 2010 NSR Rule. The two changes were (1) a 
revised definition of ``Major source baseline date'' that included a 
date for PM2.5 specifically; and (2) the addition of the 
maximum allowable increment for PM2.5. See 80 FR 43960.
    CT DEEP's October 9, 2012, SIP revision did not specifically 
address the two other changes EPA made to the PSD rules in 2010, and 
for the following reasons EPA did not include those as part of the 
conditional approval described in our October 16, 2012 notice. See 77 
FR 63228. One of those changes is the requirement that a State's 
definition of ``minor source baseline date'' be amended to include a 
trigger date for PM2.5 emissions (see EPA's definition for 
``minor source baseline date'' at 40 CFR 51.166(b)(14)(ii)). Instead of 
using a specific date, EPA's definition for minor source baseline date 
provides that the minor source baseline date is triggered by a state's 
receipt of its first complete PSD application. At the time CT DEEP made 
its October 9, 2012 SIP revision, it would not have been possible for 
the State to have amended its regulation to include a specific minor 
source baseline date because no source had submitted a complete PSD 
application for PM2.5. This is so because CT DEEP`s PSD 
regulations are structured in a way that uses actual specific dates 
based on submission of a first complete PSD application for a 
particular pollutant. (The approach contained in EPA's regulations is 
somewhat different in the sense that instead of using actual specific 
dates, EPA articulates the concept of a first complete PSD application 
as the minor source baseline date trigger.) EPA understands that CT 
DEEP did not receive a complete PSD application for a source subject to 
PSD for PM2.5 emissions until 2014. Consequently, the State 
could not have included an actual date in its definition of ``minor 
source baseline date'' within its October 9, 2012 SIP revision.
    Although Connecticut could not establish an actual date for 
PM2.5 in its definition of ``minor source baseline date,'' 
at the time of its October 9, 2012 SIP revision, Connecticut has since 
revised this definition to include a specific date. As a result, on 
June 3, 2016, the EPA conditionally approved this element of 
Connecticut's infrastructure requirements to establish a ``minor source 
baseline date.'' See 81 FR 35636. On October 18, 2017, CT DEEP 
submitted revised regulations for EPA's approval to satisfy this 
requirement and establish the minor source baseline date as August 24, 
2014, for PM2.5. Although Connecticut's approach to 
establishing a minor source baseline emissions concentration as part of 
an increment consumption analysis differs slightly from the approach 
taken under the federal PSD regulations codified at 40 CFR 51.166, the 
EPA has determined the minor discrepancy does not result in a different 
minor source baseline emissions concentration and Connecticut's 
approach is therefore functionally equivalent to the federal PSD 
regulations. For example, Connecticut's regulation identifies August 
24, 2014 as the minor source baseline date as opposed to September 24, 
2014 when the State received its first complete PSD application that 
was significant for PM2.5. Although this

[[Page 11937]]

approach results in a slightly different time period for calculating 
minor source baseline emissions (i.e., one month earlier), the EPA has 
concluded that the calculation would yield a result that is as 
protective as the federal PSD regulations. Consequently, we propose to 
approve Connecticut's revisions to the PSD permit program at RCSA 
Section 22a-174-1(71) and to convert our June 3, 2016 conditional 
approval of this PSD infrastructure sub-element relating to section 
110(a)(2)(C) to a full approval. See 81 FR 35636.
    On July 3, 2016, EPA fully approved Connecticut's SIP with regard 
to the remainder of the requirements for this sub-element (81 FR 
35636). For a detailed analysis, see EPA's proposed rule at 80 FR 
54471.
    In summary, we are proposing to approve Connecticut's submittals 
for this sub-element pertaining to section 110(a)(2)(C) with respect to 
the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS, as well as revisions to the PSD permit 
program pertaining to treating NOX as a precursor to ozone 
and to establishing a minor source baseline date for PM2.5.
Sub-Element 3: Preconstruction Permitting for Minor Sources and Minor 
Modifications
    To address the pre-construction regulation of the modification and 
construction of minor stationary sources and minor modifications of 
major stationary sources, an infrastructure SIP submission should 
identify the existing EPA-approved SIP provisions and/or include new 
provisions that govern the minor source pre-construction program that 
regulate emissions of the relevant NAAQS pollutants. EPA approved 
Connecticut's minor NSR program, as well as updates to that program, 
with the most recent approval occurring on February 28, 2003 (68 FR 
9009). Since this date, Connecticut and EPA have relied on the existing 
minor NSR program to ensure that new and modified sources not captured 
by the major NSR permitting programs do not interfere with attainment 
and maintenance of the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.
    We are proposing to find that Connecticut has met the requirement 
to have a SIP approved minor new source review permit program as 
required under Section 110(a)(2)(C) for the 2012 PM2.5 
NAAQS.

D. Section 110(a)(2)(D)--Interstate Transport

    This section contains a comprehensive set of air quality management 
elements pertaining to the transport of air pollution with which states 
must comply. It covers the following five topics, categorized as sub-
elements: Sub-element 1, Significant contribution to nonattainment, and 
interference with maintenance of a NAAQS; \6\ Sub-element 2, PSD; Sub-
element 3, Visibility protection; Sub-element 4, Interstate pollution 
abatement; and Sub-element 5, International pollution abatement. Sub-
elements 1 through 3 above are found under section 110(a)(2)(D)(i) of 
the Act, and these items are further categorized into the four prongs 
discussed below, two of which are found within sub-element 1. Sub-
elements 4 and 5 are found under section 110(a)(2)(D)(ii) of the Act 
and include provisions insuring compliance with sections 115 and 126 of 
the Act relating to interstate and international pollution abatement.
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    \6\ For this sub-element only, we are evaluating two Connecticut 
SIP submittals, the transport SIP for the 2006 PM2.5 
NAAQS submitted on August 19, 2011, and the infrastructure SIP for 
the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS submitted on December 14, 2015.
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Sub-Element 1: Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I)--Significant Contribution to 
Nonattainment (Prong 1) and Interference With Maintenance of the NAAQS 
(Prong 2)
    Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) of the CAA requires a SIP to prohibit 
any emissions activity in the state that will contribute significantly 
to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the NAAQS in any 
downwind state. EPA commonly refers to these requirements as prong 1 
(significant contribution to nonattainment) and prong 2 (interference 
with maintenance), or jointly as the ``Good Neighbor'' or ``transport'' 
provisions of the CAA. This rulemaking proposes action on the portions 
of Connecticut's August 19, 2011 and December 14, 2015 SIP submissions 
that address the prong 1 and 2 requirements with respect to the 2006 
and 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS, respectively.
    EPA has developed a consistent framework for addressing the prong 1 
and 2 interstate-transport requirements with respect to the 
PM2.5 NAAQS in several previous federal rulemakings. The 
four basic steps of that framework include: (1) Identifying downwind 
receptors that are expected to have problems attaining or maintaining 
the NAAQS; (2) identifying which upwind states contribute to these 
identified problems in amounts sufficient to warrant further review and 
analysis; (3) for states identified as contributing to downwind air 
quality problems, identifying upwind emissions reductions necessary to 
prevent an upwind state from significantly contributing to 
nonattainment or interfering with maintenance of the NAAQS downwind; 
and (4) for states that are found to have emissions that significantly 
contribute to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the NAAQS 
downwind, reducing the identified upwind emissions through adoption of 
permanent and enforceable measures. This framework was most recently 
applied with respect to PM2.5 in the Cross-State Air 
Pollution Rule (CSAPR), which addressed both the 1997 and 2006 
PM2.5 standards, as well as the 1997 ozone standard. See 76 
FR 48208 (August 8, 2011).
    EPA's analysis for CSAPR, conducted consistent with the four-step 
framework, included air-quality modeling that evaluated the impacts of 
38 eastern states on identified receptors in the eastern United States. 
EPA indicated that, for step 2 of the framework, states with impacts on 
downwind receptors that are below the contribution threshold of 1% of 
the relevant NAAQS would not be considered to significantly contribute 
to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the relevant NAAQS, 
and would, therefore, not be included in CSAPR. See 76 FR 48220. EPA 
further indicated that such states could rely on EPA's analysis for 
CSAPR as technical support in order to demonstrate that their existing 
or future interstate transport SIP submittals are adequate to address 
the transport requirements of 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) with regard to the 
relevant NAAQS. Id.
    In addition, as noted above, on March 17, 2016, EPA released the 
2016 memorandum to provide information to states as they develop SIPs 
addressing the Good Neighbor provision as it pertains to the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS. Consistent with step 1 of the framework, the 
2016 memorandum provides projected future-year annual PM2.5 
design values for monitors throughout the country based on quality-
assured and certified ambient-monitoring data and recent air-quality 
modeling and explains the methodology used to develop these projected 
design values. The memorandum also describes how the projected values 
can be used to help determine which monitors should be further 
evaluated to potentially address if emissions from other states 
significantly contribute to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance 
of the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS at these monitoring sites. The 2016 
memorandum explained that the pertinent year for evaluating air quality 
for purposes of addressing interstate transport for the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS is 2021, the attainment deadline for 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS nonattainment areas

[[Page 11938]]

classified as Moderate. Accordingly, because the available data 
included 2017 and 2025 projected average and maximum PM2.5 
design values calculated through the CAMx photochemical model, the 
memorandum suggests approaches states might use to interpolate 
PM2.5 values at sites in 2021.
    For all but one monitor site in the eastern United States, the 
modeling data provided in the 2016 memorandum showed that monitors were 
expected to both attain and maintain the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS in 
both 2017 and 2025. The modeling results project that this one monitor, 
the Liberty monitor, (ID number 420030064), located in Allegheny 
County, Pennsylvania, will be above the 2012 annual PM2.5 
NAAQS in 2017, but only under the model's maximum projected conditions, 
which are used in EPA's interstate transport framework to identify 
maintenance receptors. The Liberty monitor (along with all the other 
Allegheny County monitors) is projected to both attain and maintain the 
NAAQS in 2025. The 2016 memorandum suggests that under such a condition 
(again, where EPA's photochemical modeling indicates an area will 
maintain the 2012 annual PM2.5 NAAQS in 2025, but not in 
2017), further analysis of the site should be performed to determine if 
the site may be a nonattainment or maintenance receptor in 2021 (which, 
again, is the attainment deadline for moderate PM2.5 areas). 
The memorandum also indicates that for certain states with incomplete 
ambient monitoring data, additional information including the latest 
available data, should be analyzed to determine whether there are 
potential downwind air quality problems that may be impacted by 
transported emissions. This rulemaking considers these analyses for 
Connecticut, as well as additional analysis conducted by EPA during 
review of Connecticut's submittals.
    To develop the projected values presented in the memorandum, EPA 
used the results of nationwide photochemical air-quality modeling that 
it recently performed to support several rulemakings related to the 
ozone NAAQS. Base-year modeling was performed for 2011. Future-year 
modeling was performed for 2017 to support the proposed CSAPR Update 
for the 2008 Ozone NAAQS. See 80 FR 75705 (December 3, 2015). Future-
year modeling was also performed for 2025 to support the Regulatory 
Impact Assessment of the final 2015 Ozone NAAQS.\7\ The outputs from 
these model runs included hourly concentrations of PM2.5 
that were used in conjunction with measured data to project annual 
average PM2.5 design values for 2017 and 2025. Areas that 
were designated as moderate PM2.5 nonattainment areas for 
the 2012 annual PM2.5 NAAQS in 2014 must attain the NAAQS by 
December 31, 2021, or as expeditiously as practicable. Although neither 
the available 2017 nor 2025 future-year modeling data corresponds 
directly to the future-year attainment deadline for moderate 
PM2.5 nonattainment areas, EPA believes that the modeling 
information is still helpful for identifying potential nonattainment 
and maintenance receptors in the 2017-2021 period. Assessing downwind 
PM2.5 air-quality problems based on estimates of air-quality 
concentrations in a future year aligned with the relevant attainment 
deadline is consistent with the instructions from the United States 
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in North Carolina 
v. EPA, 531 F.3d 896, 911-12 (D.C. Cir. 2008) that upwind emission 
reductions should be harmonized, to the extent possible, with the 
attainment deadlines for downwind areas.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ See 2015 ozone NAAQS RIA at: https://www3.epa.gov/ttnecas1/docs/20151001ria.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Connecticut's Submissions for Prongs 1 and 2
    On September 18, 2009, CT DEEP submitted an infrastructure SIP for 
the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS, which included transport provisions 
that addressed prongs 1 and 2 with respect to the 2006 PM2.5 
NAAQS. However, on January 7, 2011, CT DEEP withdrew the transport 
portion of this 2009 SIP. On August 19, 2011, Connecticut submitted a 
revised SIP that replaced the portions of the state's submission that 
were previously withdrawn. The state's revised SIP relied on EPA's 
analysis performed for the CSAPR rulemaking to conclude that the state 
will not significantly contribute to nonattainment or interfere with 
maintenance of the NAAQS in any downwind area.
    On December 14, 2015, CT DEEP submitted an infrastructure SIP for 
the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS. This submission addressed prongs 1 and 
2 of the interstate transport requirements. Based on information given 
in Attachment D of its SIP submission, Connecticut concluded that it 
does not contribute significantly to nonattainment or interfere with 
maintenance of the 2012 annual PM2.5 NAAQS in any other 
state because projected emissions of PM2.5 and 
PM2.5 precursors (NOX and SO2) in 
Connecticut are expected to decline over at least the next decade, and 
there are federal and SIP-approved state regulations in place to 
control emissions of PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursors.
    Regarding future emissions of PM2.5 and PM2.5 
precursors, Connecticut developed comprehensive emissions inventories 
in collaboration with other states in the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast 
Visibility Union (MANE-VU). Results indicate that total emissions of 
PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursors are projected to 
decrease significantly between 2007 and 2025 in New Haven and Fairfield 
counties in southwestern Connecticut, the area of the state that 
historically has had the highest monitored PM2.5 levels.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ ``Connecticut's PM2.5 Redesignation Request and 
Maintenance Plan, Technical Support Document,'' (June 22, 2012). 
Included in the docket for this notice.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA analyzed the state's August 19, 2011 and December 14, 2015 SIP 
submittals to determine whether they fully address the prong 1 and 2 
transport provisions with respect to the 2006 and 2012 PM2.5 
NAAQS. As discussed below, EPA concludes that emissions of 
PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursors in Connecticut will 
not significantly contribute to nonattainment or interfere with 
maintenance of the 2006 or 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS in any other 
state.
Analysis of Connecticut's Submission for the 2006 PM2.5 
NAAQS
    With respect to the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS, EPA's analysis in 
the 2011 CSAPR rulemaking determined that Connecticut's impact to all 
downwind receptors would be below the 1% contribution threshold for 
this NAAQS (i.e., 0.15 [mu]g/m\3\), indicating that the state will not 
significantly contribute to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance 
for the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS in any downwind state. As noted 
above, EPA previously determined that states can rely on EPA's CSAPR 
analysis for the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS. Accordingly, as EPA has 
already concluded that Connecticut will not significantly contribute to 
nonattainment or interfere with maintenance of the 2006 
PM2.5 NAAQS, we do not need to reevaluate Connecticut's Good 
Neighbor obligation with respect to this NAAQS. Consequently, EPA is 
proposing to approve Connecticut's August 8, 2011, SIP submission with 
regard to prongs 1 and 2 for the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS.
Analysis of Connecticut's Submission for the 2012 PM2.5 
NAAQS
    As noted above, the modeling discussed in EPA's 2016 memorandum 
identified one potential maintenance receptor for the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS at

[[Page 11939]]

the Liberty monitor (ID number 420030064), located in Allegheny County. 
The memorandum also identified certain states with incomplete ambient 
monitoring data as areas that may require further analysis to determine 
whether there are potential downwind air quality problems that may be 
impacted by transported emissions.
    While developing the 2011 CSAPR rulemaking, EPA modeled the impacts 
of all 38 eastern states in its modeling domain on fine particulate 
matter concentrations at downwind receptors in other states in the 2012 
analysis year in order to evaluate the contribution of upwind states on 
downwind states with respect to the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5. 
Although the modeling was not conducted for purposes of analyzing 
upwind states' impacts on downwind receptors with respect to the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS, the contribution analysis for the 1997 and 2006 
standards can be informative for evaluating Connecticut's compliance 
with the Good Neighbor provision for the 2012 standard.
    This CSAPR modeling showed that Connecticut had a very small impact 
(0.005 [mu]g/m\3\) on the Liberty monitor in Allegheny County, 
Pennsylvania, which is the only out-of-state monitor that may be a 
nonattainment or maintenance receptor in 2021. Although EPA has not 
proposed a particular threshold for evaluating the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS, EPA notes that Connecticut's impact on the 
Liberty monitor is far below the threshold of 1% for the annual 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS (i.e., 0.12 [mu]g/m\3\) that EPA previously used 
to evaluate the contribution of upwind states to downwind air-quality 
monitors. (A spreadsheet showing CSAPR contributions for ozone and 
PM2.5 is included in docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0491-4228.) 
Therefore, even if the Liberty monitor were considered a receptor for 
purposes of transport, the EPA proposes to conclude that Connecticut 
will not significantly contribute to nonattainment, or interfere with 
maintenance, of the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS at that monitor.
    In addition, the Liberty monitor is already close to attaining the 
2012 PM2.5 NAAQS, and expected emissions reductions in the 
next four years will lead to additional reductions in measured 
PM2.5 concentrations. There are both local and regional 
components to measured PM2.5 levels. All monitors in 
Allegheny County have a regional component, with the Liberty monitor 
most strongly influenced by local sources. This is confirmed by the 
fact that annual average measured concentrations at the Liberty monitor 
have consistently been 2-4 [mu]g/m\3\ higher than other monitors in 
Allegheny County.
    Specifically, previous CSAPR modeling showed that regional 
emissions from upwind states, particularly SO2 and NOx 
emissions, contribute to PM2.5 nonattainment at the Liberty 
monitor. In recent years, large SO2 and NOX 
reductions from power plants have occurred in Pennsylvania and states 
upwind from the Greater Pittsburgh region. Pennsylvania's energy sector 
emissions of SO2 will have decreased 166,000 tons between 
2015-2017 as a result of CSAPR implementation. This is due to both the 
installation of emissions controls and retirements of electric 
generating units (EGUs). Projected power plant closures and additional 
emissions controls in Pennsylvania and upwind states will help further 
reduce both direct PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursors. 
Regional emission reductions will continue to occur from current on-
the-books federal and state regulations such as the federal on-road and 
non-road vehicle programs, and various rules for major stationary 
emissions sources. See proposed approval of the Ohio Infrastructure SIP 
for the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS (82 FR 57689; December 7, 2017).
    In addition to regional emissions reductions and plant closures, 
additional local reductions to both direct PM2.5 and 
SO2 emissions are expected to occur and should contribute to 
further declines in Allegheny County's PM2.5 monitor 
concentrations. For example, significant SO2 reductions have 
recently occurred at US Steel's integrated steel mill facilities in 
southern Allegheny County as part of a 1-hr SO2 NAAQS 
SIP.\9\ Reductions are largely due to declining sulfur content in the 
Clairton Coke Work's coke oven gas (COG). Because this COG is burned at 
U.S. Steel's Clairton Coke Works, Irvin Mill, and Edgar Thompson Steel 
Mill, these reductions in sulfur content should contribute to much 
lower PM2.5 precursor emissions in the immediate future. The 
Allegheny SO2 SIP also projects lower SO2 
emissions resulting from vehicle fuel standards, reductions in general 
emissions due to declining population in the Greater Pittsburgh region, 
and several shutdowns of significant sources of emissions in Allegheny 
County.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ http://www.achd.net/air/pubs/SIPs/SO2_2010_NAAQS_SIP_9-14-
2017.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA modeling projections, the recent downward trend in local and 
upwind emissions reductions, the expected continued downward trend in 
emissions between 2017 and 2021, and the downward trend in monitored 
PM2.5 concentrations all indicate that the Liberty monitor 
will attain and be able to maintain the 2012 annual PM2.5 
NAAQS by 2021. See proposed approval of the Ohio Infrastructure SIP (82 
FR 57689).
    As noted in the 2016 memorandum, several states have had recent 
data-quality issues identified as part of the PM2.5 
designations process. In particular, some ambient PM2.5 data 
for certain time periods between 2009 and 2013 in Florida, Illinois, 
Idaho, Tennessee, and Kentucky did not meet all data-quality 
requirements under 40 CFR part 50, appendix L. The lack of data means 
that the relevant areas in those states could potentially be in 
nonattainment or be maintenance receptors in 2021. However, as 
mentioned above, EPA's analysis for the 2011 CSAPR rulemaking with 
respect to the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS determined that 
Connecticut's impact to all these downwind receptors would be well 
below the 1% contribution threshold for this NAAQS. That conclusion 
informs the analysis of Connecticut's contributions for purposes of the 
2012 PM2.5 NAAQS as well. Given this, and the fact, 
discussed below, that the state's PM2.5 design values for 
all ambient monitors have declined since 2009-2013, EPA concludes that 
it is highly unlikely that Connecticut significantly contributes to 
nonattainment or interferes with maintenance of the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS in areas with data-quality issues.\10\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \10\ Connecticut's PM2.5 design values for all 
ambient monitors from 2004-2006 through 2013-2015 are available on 
Table 6 of the 2015 Design Value Report at https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/air-trends/air-quality-design-values_.html.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additional information in Connecticut's 2015 SIP submission 
corroborates EPA's proposed conclusion that Connecticut's SIP meets its 
Good Neighbor obligations. First, Connecticut's emissions are 
decreasing, as indicated in a technical analysis of the state's 
interstate transport of pollution relative to the 2012 annual 
PM2.5 NAAQS, which was included in the 2015 submittal. The 
technical analysis includes Connecticut's 2014 PM2.5 design 
values; design-value trends over the last decade for Connecticut and 
the nearby states of New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Rhode 
Island; as well as other factors such as meteorology and emissions 
projections. Design values for Connecticut and nearby states have shown 
a declining trend and have remained in compliance with the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS since 2011. Emissions projections show 
continuing

[[Page 11940]]

maintenance of the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS in Connecticut and the 
nearby states. Connecticut's technical analysis also refers to 
emissions projections through 2025 for the southwestern portion of 
Connection, the area that historically has had the highest monitored 
PM2.5 levels. These projections were part of the state's 10-
year (ending in 2025) maintenance plan for the 1997 annual and 2006 24-
hour PM2.5 NAAQS that was approved by EPA on September 24, 
2013. See 78 FR 58467. In southwestern Connecticut, emissions of 
PM2.5, NOX and SO2 were projected to 
decrease by 22%, 52% and 43%, respectively, between 2007 and 2025, and 
similar levels of reductions were projected for the rest of the state. 
This technical analysis is supported by additional indications that the 
state's air quality is improving and emissions are falling, including 
certified annual PM2.5 monitor values recorded since 
Connecticut's 2015 submittal, with the highest value in 2015 being 9.9 
[mu]g/m\3\ at a monitor in Hartford and the highest value in 2016 being 
9.4 [mu]g/m\3\ at a monitor in Bridgeport, with further statewide 
declines indicated by 2017 preliminary results.\11\ In addition, as 
reported in EPA's Clean Air Markets Program database, actual ozone-
season NOX emissions from EGUs in Connecticut from 2011 
through 2017 fell from 858 to 430 tons, a 50-percent drop.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ 24-hour and annual PM2.5 monitor values for 
individual monitoring sites throughout Connecticut are available at 
https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/monitor-values-report.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Second, Connecticut's sources are well-controlled. Connecticut's 
2015 submission indicates that the SIP contains the following major 
requirements related to the interstate transport of pollution: RCSA 
section 22a-174-2a (NSR program, including notification of nearby 
states of major source permits and modifications), RCSA section 22a-
174-3a (PSD and NSR requirements, including modeling to that ensure new 
and modified sources do not cause or contribute to PSD or NAAQS issues 
in nearby states). These rules were approved by EPA on July 24, 2015, 
and became effective on September 22, 2015. See 80 FR 43960.
    It should also be noted that Connecticut is not in the CSAPR 
program because EPA analyses show that the state no longer emits ozone-
season NOX at a level that contributes significantly to non-
attainment or interferes with maintenance of the 1997 and 2006 
PM2.5 NAAQS in any other state.
    For the reasons explained herein, EPA agrees with Connecticut's 
conclusions and proposes to determine that Connecticut will not 
significantly contribute to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance 
of the 2006 or 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS in any other state. 
Therefore, EPA is proposing to approve the August 2011 and December 
2015 infrastructure SIP submissions from Connecticut addressing prongs 
1 and 2 of CAA section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) for the 2006 and 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS, respectively.
Sub-Element 2: Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II)--PSD (Prong 3)
    To prevent significant deterioration of air quality, this sub-
element requires SIPs to include provisions that prohibit any source or 
other type of emissions activity in one state from interfering with 
measures that are required in any other state's SIP under Part C of the 
CAA. One way for a state to meet this requirement, specifically with 
respect to in-state sources and pollutants that are subject to PSD 
permitting, is through a comprehensive PSD permitting program that 
applies to all regulated NSR pollutants and that satisfies the 
requirements of EPA's PSD implementation rules. For in-state sources 
not subject to PSD, this requirement can be satisfied through an 
approved NNSR program with respect to any previous NAAQS.
    Connecticut updated RCSA Section 22a-174-3a(k) and 3a(i) effective 
April 2014. EPA approved these changes on July 24, 2015 (80 FR 43960). 
These regulations contain provisions for how the state must treat and 
control sources in nonattainment areas, consistent with 40 CFR 51.165, 
or appendix S to 40 CFR 51.
Sub-Element 3: Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II)--Visibility Protection 
(Prong 4)
    With regard to applicable requirements for visibility protection of 
section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II), states are subject to visibility and 
regional-haze program requirements under part C of the CAA (which 
includes sections 169A and 169B). The 2009 guidance, 2011 guidance, and 
2013 guidance recommend that these requirements can be satisfied by an 
approved SIP addressing reasonably attributable visibility impairment, 
if required, or an approved SIP addressing regional haze. A fully 
approved regional haze SIP meeting the requirements of 40 CFR 51.308 
will ensure that emissions from sources under an air agency's 
jurisdiction are not interfering with measures required to be included 
in other air agencies' plans to protect visibility. Connecticut's 
Regional Haze SIP was approved by EPA on July 10, 2014 (79 FR 39322). 
Accordingly, EPA proposes that Connecticut has met the visibility 
protection requirements of 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II) for the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS.
Sub-Element 4: Section 110(a)(2)(D)(ii)--Interstate Pollution Abatement
    This sub-element requires each SIP to contain provisions requiring 
compliance with requirements of section 126 relating to interstate 
pollution abatement. Section 126(a) requires new or modified sources to 
notify neighboring states of potential impacts from the source. The 
statute does not specify the method by which the source should provide 
the notification. States with SIP-approved PSD programs must have a 
provision requiring such notification by new or modified sources.
    EPA approved revisions to Connecticut's PSD program on July 24, 
2015 (80 FR 43960), including the element pertaining to notification to 
neighboring states of the issuance of PSD permits. Therefore, we 
propose to approve Connecticut's compliance with the infrastructure SIP 
requirements of section 126(a) with respect to the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS. Connecticut has no obligations under any other 
provision of section 126.
Sub-Element 5: Section 110(a)(2)(D)(ii)--International Pollution 
Abatement
    This sub-element requires each SIP to contain provisions requiring 
compliance with the applicable requirements of section 115 relating to 
international pollution abatement. Connecticut does not have any 
pending obligations under section 115 for the 2012 PM2.5 
NAAQS. Therefore, EPA is proposing that Connecticut has met the 
applicable infrastructure SIP requirements of section 110(a)(2)(D)(ii) 
related to section 115 of the CAA (international pollution abatement) 
for the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.

E. Section 110(a)(2)(E)--Adequate Resources

    This section requires each state to provide for personnel, funding, 
and legal authority under state law to carry out its SIP and related 
issues. In addition, Section 110(a)(2)(E)(ii) requires each state to 
comply with the requirements with respect to state boards under section 
128. Finally, section 110(a)(2)(E)(iii) requires that, where a state 
relies upon local or regional governments or agencies for the 
implementation of its SIP provisions, the state retain responsibility 
for ensuring implementation of SIP

[[Page 11941]]

obligations with respect to relevant NAAQS. However, this sub-element 
does not apply to this action because Connecticut does not rely upon 
local or regional governments or agencies for the implementation of its 
SIP provisions.
Sub-Element 1: Adequate Personnel, Funding, and Legal Authority Under 
State Law To Carry Out Its SIP, and Related Issues
    Connecticut, through its infrastructure SIP submittal, has 
documented that its air agency has authority and resources to carry out 
its SIP obligations. CGS Sec.  22a-171 authorizes the CT DEEP 
Commissioner to enforce the state's air laws, accept and administer 
grants, and exercise incidental powers necessary to carry out the law. 
The Connecticut SIP, as originally submitted on March 3, 1972, and 
subsequently amended, provides additional descriptions of the 
organizations, staffing, funding and physical resources necessary to 
carry out the plan. EPA proposes that Connecticut has met the 
infrastructure SIP requirements of this portion of section 110(a)(2)(E) 
with respect to the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.
Sub-Element 2: State Board Requirements Under Section 128 of the CAA
    Section 110(a)(2)(E) also requires each SIP to contain provisions 
that comply with the state board requirements of section 128 of the 
CAA. That provision contains two explicit requirements: (1) That any 
board or body which approves permits or enforcement orders under this 
chapter shall have at least a majority of members who represent the 
public interest and do not derive any significant portion of their 
income from persons subject to permits and enforcement orders under 
this chapter, and (2) that any potential conflicts of interest by 
members of such board or body or the head of an executive agency with 
similar powers be adequately disclosed.
    In Connecticut, no board or body approves permits or enforcement 
orders; these are approved by the Commissioner of CT DEEP. Thus, 
Connecticut is subject only to the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of 
section 128 of the CAA. Infrastructure SIPs submitted by Connecticut 
include descriptions of conflict-of-interest provisions in CGS Sec.  1-
85, which applies to all state employees and public officials. Section 
1-85 prevents the Commissioner from acting on a matter in which the 
Commissioner has an interest that is ``in substantial conflict with the 
proper discharge of his duties or employment in the public interest and 
of his responsibilities as prescribed in the laws of'' Connecticut.
    Connecticut submitted CGS Sec.  1-85 for incorporation into the SIP 
on December 28, 2012, with its infrastructure SIP for the 2008 ozone 
NAAQS. We approved this statute into the Connecticut SIP on June 3, 
2016 (81 FR 35636). Therefore, Connecticut has met the applicable 
infrastructure SIP requirements for this section of 110(a)(2)(E) for 
the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.

F. Section 110(a)(2)(F)--Stationary Source Monitoring System

    States must establish a system to monitor emissions from stationary 
sources and submit periodic emissions reports. Each plan shall also 
require the installation, maintenance, and replacement of equipment, 
and the implementation of other necessary steps, by owners or operators 
of stationary sources to monitor emissions from such sources. The state 
plan shall also require periodic reports on the nature and amounts of 
emissions and emissions-related data from such sources, and correlation 
of such reports by each state agency with any emission limitations or 
standards established pursuant to this chapter. Lastly, the reports 
shall be available at reasonable times for public inspection.
    CGS Sec.  22a-6(a)(5) authorizes the Commissioner to enter at all 
reasonable times, any public or private property (except a private 
residence) to investigate possible violations of any statute, 
regulation, order or permit. Additionally, CGS Sec.  22a-174 authorizes 
the Commissioner to require periodic inspection of sources of air 
pollution and to require any person to maintain, and to submit to CT 
DEEP, certain records relating to air pollution or to the operation of 
facilities designed to abate air pollution. For monitoring possible air 
violations, CT DEEP implements RCSA Sec.  22a-174-4 (Source monitoring, 
record keeping and reporting) to require the installation, maintenance, 
and use of emissions monitoring devices and to require periodic 
reporting to the Commissioner of the nature and extent of the 
emissions. Section 22a-174-4 has been approved into the SIP. See 79 FR 
41427 (July 16, 2014). Additionally, CT DEEP implements RCSA Sec.  22a-
175-5 (Methods for sampling, emissions testing, sample analysis, and 
reporting), which provides, among other things, specific test methods 
to be used to demonstrate compliance with various aspects of 
Connecticut's air regulations, and this rule has also been approved 
into the SIP. See 46 FR 43418 (December 19, 1980). Furthermore, under 
RCSA Sec.  22a-174-10 (Public availability of information) emissions 
data are to be available to the public and are not entitled to 
protection as a trade secret. See 37 FR 23085 (October 28, 1972). EPA 
recognizes that Connecticut routinely collects information on air 
emissions from its industrial sources and makes this information 
available to the public. In addition, RCSA Sec.  22a-174-10 requires 
that emission data made public by CT DEEP shall be presented in such a 
manner as to show the relationship (or correlation) between measured 
emissions and the applicable emission limitations or standards, as 
required by CAA Sec.  110(a)(2)(F)(iii).
    Therefore, EPA proposes that Connecticut has met the infrastructure 
SIP requirements of section 110(a)(2)(F) with respect to the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS.

G. Section 110(a)(2)(G)--Emergency Powers

    This section requires that a plan provide for state authority 
analogous to that provided to the EPA Administrator in section 303 of 
the CAA, and adequate contingency plans to implement such authority. 
Section 303 of the CAA provides authority to the EPA Administrator to 
seek a court order to restrain any source from causing or contributing 
to emissions that present an ``imminent and substantial endangerment to 
public health or welfare, or the environment.'' Section 303 further 
authorizes the Administrator to issue ``such orders as may be necessary 
to protect public health or welfare or the environment'' in the event 
that ``it is not practicable to assure prompt protection . . . by 
commencement of such civil action.''
    Connecticut's submittal notes that CGS Sec.  22a-181 (Emergency 
action) authorizes the Commissioner of the CT DEEP to issue an order 
requiring any person to immediately reduce or discontinue air pollution 
as required to protect the public health or safety. In addition, in a 
letter dated August 5, 2015, Connecticut specified that CGS Sec.  22a-7 
grants the Commissioner the authority, whenever he finds ``that any 
person is causing, engaging in or maintaining, or is about to cause, 
engage in or maintain, any condition or activity which, in his 
judgment, will result in or is likely to result in imminent and 
substantial damage to the environment, or to public health within the 
jurisdiction of the commissioner under the provisions of chapter . . . 
446c [Air Pollution Control] . . . [to] issue a cease and desist order 
in writing to such person to discontinue, abate or alleviate such 
condition or activity.'' This section further provides the Commissioner 
with the authority to seek a court ``to enjoin

[[Page 11942]]

any person from violating a cease and desist order issued pursuant to 
[Sec.  22a-7] and to compel compliance with such order.''
    We propose to find that RCSA Sec.  22a-174-6, along with CGS Sec.  
22a-181, provide for authority comparable to that in section 303.
    Section 110(a)(2)(G) requires a state to submit for EPA approval a 
contingency plan to implement the air agency's emergency episode 
authority for any Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) within the state 
that is classified as Priority I, IA, or II for certain pollutants, See 
40 CFR 51.150. This requirement may be satisfied by submitting a plan 
that meets the applicable requirements of 40 CFR part 51, subpart H (40 
CFR 51.150 through 51.153) (``Prevention of Air Pollution Emergency 
Episodes'') for the relevant NAAQS, and, indeed, Connecticut has ``Air 
pollution emergency episode procedures'' at RCSA Sec.  22a-174-6 that 
EPA has previously evaluated and approved as satisfying the 
requirements of Section 110(a)(2)(G) in the context of SOX 
and ozone. See 81 FR 35636 (June 3, 2016); 80 FR 54471 (Sept. 10, 
2015). PM2.5, however, is not explicitly included in the 
contingency plan requirements of 40 CFR part 51, subpart H, and, thus, 
a contingency plan satisfying the provisions of subpart H is not 
required. For PM2.5, EPA's 2009 guidance recommends instead 
that states develop emergency episode plans for any area that has 
monitored and recorded 24-hour PM2.5 levels greater than 140 
[mu]g/m\3\ since 2006. EPA's review of Connecticut's certified air 
quality data in EPA's Air Quality System (AQS) indicates that the 
highest 24-hour PM2.5 level recorded since 2006 was 57.5 
[mu]g/m\3\, which was recorded at a monitor in Bridgeport on January 1, 
2011. And, as noted earlier, Connecticut has general authority to order 
a source to reduce or discontinue air pollution as required to protect 
the public health or safety or the environment.
    Connecticut also, as a matter of practice, posts on the internet 
daily forecasted ozone and fine particle levels through the EPA AirNow 
and EPA EnviroFlash systems. Information regarding these two systems is 
available on EPA's website at www.airnow.gov. Notices are sent out to 
EnviroFlash participants when levels are forecast to exceed the current 
8-hour ozone or 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. In addition, when 
levels are expected to exceed the ozone or PM2.5 NAAQS in 
Connecticut, the media are alerted via a press release, and the 
National Weather Service (NWS) is alerted to issue an Air Quality 
Advisory through the normal NWS weather alert system.
    Therefore, EPA proposes that Connecticut through the combination of 
statutes and regulations discussed above, and participation in EPA's 
AirNow program, has met the applicable infrastructure SIP requirements 
of section 110(a)(2)(G) with respect to the 2012 PM2.5 
NAAQS.

H. Section 110(a)(2)(H)--Future SIP Revisions

    This section requires that a state's SIP provide for revision from 
time to time as may be necessary to take account of changes in the 
NAAQS or availability of improved methods for attaining the NAAQS and 
whenever the EPA finds that the SIP is substantially inadequate.
    Connecticut certifies that its SIP may be revised should EPA find 
that it is substantially inadequate to attain a standard or to comply 
with any additional requirements under the CAA and notes that CGS Sec.  
22a-174(d) grants the Commissioner all incidental powers necessary to 
control and prohibit air pollution. EPA proposes that Connecticut has 
met the infrastructure SIP requirements of section 110(a)(2)(H) with 
respect to the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.

I. Section 110(a)(2)(I)--Nonattainment Area Plan or Plan Revisions 
Under Part D

    The CAA requires that each plan or plan revision for an area 
designated as a nonattainment area meet the applicable requirements of 
part D of the CAA. Part D relates to nonattainment areas. EPA has 
determined that section 110(a)(2)(I) is not applicable to the 
infrastructure SIP process. Instead, EPA takes action on part D 
attainment plans through separate processes.

J. Section 110(a)(2)(J)--Consultation With Government Officials; Public 
Notifications; Prevention of Significant Deterioration; Visibility 
Protection

    The evaluation of the submission from Connecticut with respect to 
the requirements of CAA section 110(a)(2)(J) is described below.
Sub-Element 1: Consultation With Government Officials
    States must provide a process for consultation with local 
governments and Federal Land Managers (FLMs) carrying out NAAQS 
implementation requirements.
    CGS Sec.  22a-171 (Duties of Commissioner of Energy and 
Environmental Protection) directs the Commissioner to consult with 
agencies of the United States, agencies of the state, political 
subdivisions and industries and any other affected groups in matters 
relating to air quality. Additionally, CGS Sec.  22a-171, which was 
approved into Connecticut's SIP (81 FR 35636; June 3, 2016), directs 
the Commissioner to initiate and supervise state-wide programs of air 
pollution control education and to adopt, amend, repeal and enforce air 
regulations.
    Furthermore, RCSA Sec.  22a-174-2a, which has been approved into 
Connecticut's SIP (80 FR 43960; July 24, 2015), directs CT DEEP to 
notify relevant municipal officials and FLMs, among others, of 
tentative determinations by CT DEEP with respect to certain permits.
    EPA proposes that Connecticut has met the infrastructure SIP 
requirements of this portion of section 110(a)(2)(J) with respect to 
the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.
Sub-Element 2: Public Notification
    Section 110(a)(2)(J) also requires states to notify the public if 
NAAQS are exceeded in an area, advise the public of health hazards 
associated with exceedances, and enhance public awareness of measures 
that can be taken to prevent exceedances and of ways in which the 
public can participate in regulatory and other efforts to improve air 
quality.
    As part of the fulfillment of CGS Sec.  22a-171 (Duties of 
Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Protection), Connecticut 
issues press releases and posts warnings on its website advising people 
what they can do to help prevent NAAQS exceedances and avoid adverse 
health effects on poor air quality days. Connecticut is also an active 
partner in EPA's AirNow and Enviroflash air quality alert programs. In 
addition, in 2014, Connecticut revised CGS Sec.  4-168 to require that 
state regulations be submitted through the state's e-regulations 
system, thus creating an additional way for the public to access any 
changes to state regulations.
    EPA proposes that Connecticut has met the infrastructure SIP 
requirements of this portion of section 110(a)(2)(J) with respect to 
the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.
Sub-Element 3: PSD
    States must meet applicable requirements of section 110(a)(2)(C) 
related to PSD. Connecticut's PSD program in the context of 
infrastructure SIPs has already been discussed in the paragraphs 
addressing sections 110(a)(2)(C) and 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II) and satisfies 
the requirements of EPA's PSD implementation rules.
    We are proposing to approve the revisions to Connecticut's PSD 
program that were submitted on October 18, 2017 regarding PSD 
requirements to treat

[[Page 11943]]

NOX as a precursor to ozone and to establish a minor source 
baseline date for PM2.5 emissions. Consequently, we are 
proposing to approve the PSD sub-element of section 110(a)(2)(J) for 
the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS, consistent with the actions we are 
proposing for sections 110(a)(2)(C) and 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II).
Sub-Element 4: Visibility Protection
    With regard to the applicable requirements for visibility 
protection, states are subject to visibility and regional haze program 
requirements under part C of the CAA (which includes sections 169A and 
169B). In the event of the establishment of a new NAAQS, however, the 
visibility and regional haze program requirements under part C do not 
change. Thus, as noted in EPA's 2013 guidance, we find that there is no 
new visibility obligation ``triggered'' under section 110(a)(2)(J) when 
a new NAAQS becomes effective. In other words, the visibility 
protection requirements of section 110(a)(2)(J) are not germane to 
infrastructure SIPs for the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.

K. Section 110(a)(2)(K)--Air Quality Modeling/Data

    To satisfy Element K, the state air agency must demonstrate that it 
has the authority to perform air quality modeling to predict effects on 
air quality of emissions of any NAAQS pollutant and submission of such 
data to EPA upon request.
    In its submittal, Connecticut indicates that CGS Sec.  22a-5 
(Duties and powers of commissioner) implicitly authorizes the 
Commissioner of the CT DEEP to perform air quality modeling to predict 
effects on air quality of emissions of any NAAQS pollutant and to 
submit such data to EPA upon request. Connecticut reviews the potential 
impact of major sources consistent with 40 CFR part 51, appendix W, 
``Guidelines on Air Quality Models.'' In its submittal, Connecticut 
also cites RCSA section 22a-174-3a(i), which authorizes the 
commissioner to request any owner or operator to submit an ambient air-
quality impact analysis using applicable air quality models and 
modeling protocols approved by the commissioner. CT DEEP updated RCSA 
Section 22a-174-3a(i), effective April 2014, and EPA published a direct 
final rule approving these updates on July 24, 2015. See FR 80 FR 
43960.
    The state also collaborates with the Ozone Transport Commission 
(OTC) and the Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association and EPA 
in order to perform large-scale urban air shed modeling for ozone and 
PM, if necessary. EPA proposes that Connecticut has met the 
infrastructure SIP requirements of section 110(a)(2)(K) with respect to 
the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.

L. Section 110(a)(2)(L)--Permitting Fees

    This section requires SIPs to mandate that each major stationary 
source pay permitting fees to cover the cost of reviewing, approving, 
implementing, and enforcing a permit.
    EPA's full approval of Connecticut's Title V program became 
effective on May 31, 2002. See 67 FR 31966 (May 13, 2002). To gain this 
approval, Connecticut demonstrated the ability to collect sufficient 
fees to run the program. CGS Sec.  22a-174(g) directs the Commissioner 
of CT DEEP to require the payment of a fee sufficient to cover the 
reasonable cost of reviewing and acting upon an application for, and 
monitoring compliance with, any state or federal permit, license, 
registration, order, or certificate. CT DEEP implements this directive 
through state regulations at RCSA Sec. Sec.  22a-174-26 and 22a-174-33, 
which contain specific requirements related to permit fees, including 
fees for Title V sources. EPA proposes that Connecticut has met the 
infrastructure SIP requirements of section 110(a)(2)(L) with respect to 
the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS.

M. Section 110(a)(2)(M)--Consultation/Participation by Affected Local 
Entities

    To satisfy Element M, states must consult with, and allow 
participation from, local political subdivisions affected by the SIP. 
Connecticut's infrastructure submittal references CGS Sec.  4-168 
(Notice prior to action on regulations), which provides a public 
participation process for all stakeholders that includes a minimum of a 
30-day comment period and an opportunity for public hearing for all 
SIP-related actions.
    Connecticut also notes that monthly meetings of the State 
Implementation Plan Revision Advisory Committee provide an additional 
forum for consultation and participation by the public and other 
stakeholders on air-quality-related topics.
    EPA proposes that Connecticut has met the infrastructure SIP 
requirements of section 110(a)(2)(M) with respect to the 2012 
PM2.5 NAAQS.

N. Connecticut Statute Submitted for Incorporation Into the SIP

    Connecticut's December 14, 2015, infrastructure SIP submittal for 
the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS included a revision of CGS Sec.  16a-
21a, ``Sulfur content of home heating oil and off-road diesel fuel. 
Suspension of requirements for emergency'' (see discussion under 
element A), EPA is proposing to approve revisions to CGS Sec.  16a-21a 
into the Connecticut SIP.

IV. Proposed Action

    EPA is proposing to approve the elements of the infrastructure SIP 
submitted by Connecticut on December 14, 2015, for the 2012 
PM2.5, NAAQS. Specifically, EPA's proposed action regarding 
each infrastructure SIP requirement are contained in Table 1 below.

 Table 1--Proposed Action on Connecticut's Infrastructure SIP Submittal
                        for the 2012 PM2.5 NAAQS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    Element                            2012 PM2.5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A): Emission limits and other control          A
 measures.
(B): Ambient air quality monitoring and data    A
 system.
(C)1: Enforcement of SIP measures.............  A
(C)2: PSD program for major sources and major   A
 modifications.
(C)3: PSD program for minor sources and minor   A
 modifications.
(D)1: Contribute to nonattainment/interfere     A
 with maintenance of NAAQS.
(D)2: PSD.....................................  A
(D)3: Visibility Protection...................  A
(D)4: Interstate Pollution Abatement..........  A
(D)5: International Pollution Abatement.......  A
(E)1: Adequate resources......................  A
(E)2: State boards............................  A
(E)3: Necessary assurances with respect to      NA
 local agencies.
(F): Stationary source monitoring system......  A
(G): Emergency power..........................  A
(H): Future SIP revisions.....................  A

[[Page 11944]]

 
(I): Nonattainment area plan or plan revisions  +
 under part D.
(J)1: Consultation with government officials..  A
(J)2: Public notification.....................  A
(J)3: PSD.....................................  A
(J)4: Visibility protection...................  +
(K): Air quality modeling and data............  A
(L): Permitting fees..........................  A
(M): Consultation and participation by          A
 affected local entities.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the above table, the key is as follows: A, Approve. NA, Not
  applicable. +, Not germane to infrastructure SIPs.

    EPA also is proposing to approve the transport provisions (Element 
(D)1 in Table 1) of Connecticut's August 2011 infrastructure SIP 
submittal for the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS. In addition, EPA is 
proposing to approve, and incorporate into the Connecticut SIP, the 
following Connecticut statute, which was included for approval in 
Connecticut's infrastructure SIP submittal:
    Revisions to CGS Sec.  16a-21a, Sulfur content of home heating oil 
and off-road diesel fuel. Suspension of requirements for emergency, 
effective July 1, 2015.
    EPA is also proposing to approve revisions to the PSD permit 
program pertaining to treating NOX as a precursor to ozone 
and establishing a minor source baseline date for PM2.5.
    EPA is soliciting public comments on the issues discussed in this 
proposal or on other relevant matters. These comments will be 
considered before EPA takes final action. Interested parties may 
participate in the Federal rulemaking procedure by submitting comments 
to this proposed rule by following the instructions listed in the 
ADDRESSES section of this Federal Register.

V. Incorporation by Reference

    In this rule, EPA is proposing to include in a final EPA rule 
regulatory text that includes incorporation by reference. In accordance 
with requirements of 1 CFR 51.5, EPA is proposing to incorporate by 
reference the Connecticut statute referenced in Section IV above. The 
EPA has made, and will continue to make, these documents generally 
available electronically through https://www.regulations.gov and at the 
EPA New England Region 1 Office (please contact the person identified 
in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section of this preamble for 
more information).

VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

    Under the Clean Air Act, the Administrator is required to approve a 
SIP submission that complies with the provisions of the Act and 
applicable Federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). 
Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state 
choices, provided that they meet the criteria of the Clean Air Act. 
Accordingly, this proposed action merely approves state law as meeting 
Federal requirements and does not impose additional requirements beyond 
those imposed by state law. For that reason, this proposed action:
     Is not a significant regulatory action subject to review 
by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Orders 12866 (58 
FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011);
     Does not impose an information collection burden under the 
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
     Is certified as not having a significant economic impact 
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory 
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
     Does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or 
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded 
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
     Does not have Federalism implications as specified in 
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
     Is not an economically significant regulatory action based 
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 
19885, April 23, 1997);
     Is not a significant regulatory action subject to 
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
     Is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the 
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent 
with the Clean Air Act; and
     Does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to 
address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental 
effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under 
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
    In addition, the SIP is not approved to apply on any Indian 
reservation land or in any other area where EPA or an Indian tribe has 
demonstrated that a tribe has jurisdiction. In those areas of Indian 
country, the rule does not have tribal implications and will not impose 
substantial direct costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law as 
specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000).

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Carbon monoxide, 
Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Lead, Nitrogen 
dioxide, Ozone, Particulate matter, Reporting and recordkeeping 
requirements, Sulfur oxides, Volatile organic compounds.

    Dated: March 8, 2018.
Alexandra Dapolito Dunn,
Regional Administrator, EPA Region 1.
[FR Doc. 2018-05318 Filed 3-16-18; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P