[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 175 (Tuesday, September 12, 2017)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 42735-42738]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2017-19285]


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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

U.S. Copyright Office

37 CFR Parts 201 and 202

[Docket No. 2017-13]


Affixation and Position of Copyright Notice

AGENCY: U.S. Copyright Office, Library of Congress.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: This final rule makes a non-substantive technical change to 
the U.S. Copyright Office's regulations governing the affixation and 
position of copyright notice on various types of works.

DATES: Effective October 12, 2017.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Erik Bertin, Deputy Director of 
Registration Policy and Practice, by email at [email protected]; or 
Andrew P. Moore, Barbara A. Ringer Honors Fellow, by email at 
[email protected]. Both can be reached by telephone by calling 202-707-8040.

[[Page 42736]]


SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: As part of the U.S. Copyright Office's 
ongoing efforts to streamline its regulations, the Office is 
consolidating its regulations related to copyright notice.\1\ Copyright 
notice was required for works published prior to January 1, 1978, which 
were governed by the Copyright Act of 1909. Before the Copyright Act of 
1976, if a work was not published with a proper copyright notice, 
copyright protection for the work was lost in the United States.\2\ The 
1976 Act also generally required copyright notice (unless a statutory 
exemption applied) until March 1, 1989, when the Berne Convention 
Implementation Act of 1988 took effect, making copyright notice 
optional.\3\ If a work was publicly distributed prior to the Berne 
Convention Implementation Act, the omission of a copyright notice did 
not invalidate the copyright in a work if the notice was omitted from a 
relatively small number of copies, registration was made within five 
years after publication and a reasonable effort was made to add notices 
to copies distributed to the public after the omission was discovered, 
or the omission was a result of a violation of an express agreement 
requiring affixation of notice in order to publicly distribute 
copies.\4\
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    \1\ Copyright notice placement on phonorecords is governed by 
statute rather than regulations and can be found at 17 U.S.C. 
402(b)-(c). These provisions remain unaffected by this final rule.
    \2\ Sec. 9, Public Law 60-349, 35 Stat. 1075, 1077 (1909); see 
also Stewart v. Abend, 495 U.S. 207, 233 (1990) (``Under the 1909 
Act, it was necessary to publish the work with proper notice to 
obtain copyright. Publication of a work without proper notice 
automatically sent a work into the public domain.'').
    \3\ Sec. 7, Public Law 100-568, 102 Stat. 2853, 2857 (1988).
    \4\ 17 U.S.C. 405(a).
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    While U.S. law no longer requires the use of a copyright notice, 
placing it on a work does have some legal benefits. For example, the 
use of notice can inform the public that a work is protected by 
copyright and provide information on authorship and the date of first 
publication.\5\ Additionally, in an infringement action, a court will 
not give weight to a defendant's use of an innocent infringement 
defense, which could otherwise result in a reduction of damages, if the 
relevant copies of the work in question had a proper copyright 
notice.\6\
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    \5\ 17 U.S.C. 405(b).
    \6\ 17 U.S.C. 401(d). For additional background information on 
copyright notice, see U.S. Copyright Office, Circular 3: Copyright 
Notice (2013).
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    Currently, two sections of the Office's regulations concern 
copyright notice: One contains provisions governing copyright notice 
generally, 37 CFR 202.2, and the other specifies methods of affixation 
and positions of the copyright notice on various types of works, 37 CFR 
201.20. Because the information and requirements contained in these two 
separate sections are more appropriately contained in a single 
location, the contents of 37 CFR 201.20 are being relocated to 37 CFR 
202.2. The current 37 CFR 201.20 is now rendered duplicative and is 
being removed and reserved. In addition to relocating the contents of 
37 CFR 201.20, minor technical changes are being made to its contents 
including removing superfluous definitions previously contained in 37 
CFR 201.20(b)(1) and (2) \7\ and relocating the definition of 
``machine-readable copy'' Sec.  202.2(c)(2), which is dedicated to 
definitions.
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    \7\ See 37 CFR 201.20(b)(1) (defining ``audiovisual works, 
collective works, copies, device, fixed, machine, motion picture, 
pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works'' to have the same meaning 
given to them in 17 U.S.C. 101); id. at 201.20(b)(2) (defining 
``Title 17'' as ``title 17 of the United States Code, as amended by 
Pub. L. 94-553'').
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    In addition to the technical changes discussed above regarding 
copyright notice, this rule is fixing two typos in the 37 CFR 
202.6(e)(1), removing an extraneous period and adding a missing comma.
    Because this amendment is a non-substantive, technical change not 
``alter[ing] the rights or interest of parties,'' it is therefore not 
subject to the notice and comment requirements of the Administrative 
Procedure Act,\8\ and the Office is publishing this as a final rule 
without first publishing a notice of proposed rulemaking. Other 
provisions in the regulations that relate to copyright notice remain 
unaffected.
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    \8\ See Nat'l Mining Ass'n v. McCarthy, 758 F.3d 243, 250 (D.C. 
Cir. 2014); 5 U.S.C. 553(b) (notice and comment not required for 
``interpretative rules, general statements of policy, or rules of 
agency organization, procedure, or practice'').
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List of Subjects in 37 CFR Parts 201 and 202

    Copyright.

Final Regulations

    For the reasons set forth in the above, the Copyright Office amends 
37 CFR parts 201 and 202 as follows:

PART 201--GENERAL PROVISIONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 201 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 17 U.S.C. 702.


Sec.  201.20  [Removed and Reserved]

0
2. Remove and reserve Sec.  201.20.

PART 202--PREREGISTRATION AND REGISTRATION OF CLAIMS TO COPYRIGHT

0
3. The authority citation for part 202 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 17 U.S.C. 408(f), 702.


0
4. In Sec.  202.2, add paragraph (c) to read as follows:


Sec.  202.2  Copyright notice.

* * * * *
    (c) Methods of affixation and positions of the copyright notice on 
various types of works--(1) General. (i) This paragraph specifies 
examples of methods of affixation and positions of the copyright notice 
on various types of works that will satisfy the notice requirement of 
section 401(c) of title 17 of the United States Code, as amended by 
Public Law 94-553. A notice considered ``acceptable'' under this 
regulation shall be considered to satisfy the requirement of that 
section that it be ``affixed to the copies in such manner and location 
as to give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright.'' As provided 
by that section, the examples specified in this regulation shall not be 
considered exhaustive of methods of affixation and positions giving 
reasonable notice of the claim of copyright.
    (ii) The provisions of this paragraph are applicable to copies 
publicly distributed on or after December 1, 1981. This paragraph does 
not establish any rules concerning the form of the notice or the legal 
sufficiency of particular notices, except with respect to methods of 
affixation and positions of notice. The adequacy or legal sufficiency 
of a copyright notice is determined by the law in effect at the time of 
first publication of the work.
    (2) Definitions. For the purposes of this paragraph:
    (i) In the case of a work consisting preponderantly of leaves on 
which the work is printed or otherwise reproduced on both sides, a 
``page'' is one side of a leaf; where the preponderance of the leaves 
are printed on one side only, the terms ``page'' and ``leaf'' mean the 
same.
    (ii) A work is published in book form if the copies embodying it 
consist of multiple leaves bound, fastened, or assembled in a 
predetermined order, as, for example, a volume, booklet, pamphlet, or 
multipage folder. For the purpose of this paragraph, a work need not 
consist of textual matter in order to be considered published in ``book 
form.''
    (iii) A title page is a page, or two consecutive pages facing each 
other, appearing at or near the front of the

[[Page 42737]]

copies of a work published in book form, on which the complete title of 
the work is prominently stated and on which the names of the author or 
authors, the name of the publisher, the place of publication, or some 
combination of them, are given.
    (iv) The meaning of the terms front, back, first, last, and 
following, when used in connection with works published in book form, 
will vary in relation to the physical form of the copies, depending 
upon the particular language in which the work is written.
    (v) In the case of a work published in book form with a hard or 
soft cover, the front page and back page of the copies are the outsides 
of the front and back covers; where there is no cover, the ``front 
page,'' and ``back page'' are the pages visible at the front and back 
of the copies before they are opened.
    (vi) A masthead is a body of information appearing in approximately 
the same location in most issues of a newspaper, magazine, journal, 
review, or other periodical or serial, typically containing the title 
of the periodical or serial, information about the staff, periodicity 
of issues, operation, and subscription and editorial policies, of the 
publication.
    (vii) A single-leaf work is a work published in copies consisting 
of a single leaf, including copies on which the work is printed or 
otherwise reproduced on either one side or on both sides of the leaf, 
and also folders which, without cutting or tearing the copies, can be 
opened out to form a single leaf. For the purpose of this paragraph, a 
work need not consist of textual matter in order to be considered a 
``single-leaf work.''
    (viii) A machine-readable copy is a copy from which the work cannot 
ordinarily be visually perceived except with the aid of a machine or 
device, such as magnetic tapes or disks, punched cards, or the like. 
Works published in a form requiring the use of a machine or device for 
purposes of optical enlargement (such as film, filmstrips, slide films, 
and works published in any variety of microform) and works published in 
visually perceptible form but used in connection with optical scanning 
devices, are not within this category.
    (3) Manner of affixation and position generally. (i) In all cases 
dealt with in this paragraph, the acceptability of a notice depends 
upon its being permanently legible to an ordinary user of the work 
under normal conditions of use, and affixed to the copies in such 
manner and position that, when affixed, it is not concealed from view 
upon reasonable examination.
    (ii) Where, in a particular case, a notice does not appear in one 
of the precise locations prescribed in this paragraph but a person 
looking in one of those locations would be reasonably certain to find a 
notice in another somewhat different location, that notice will be 
acceptable under this paragraph.
    (4) Works published in book form. In the case of works published in 
book form, a notice reproduced on the copies in any of the following 
positions is acceptable:
    (i) The title page, if any;
    (ii) The page immediately following the title page, if any;
    (iii) Either side of the front cover, if any; or, if there is no 
front cover, either side of the front leaf of the copies;
    (iv) Either side of the back cover, if any; or, if there is no back 
cover, either side of the back leaf of the copies;
    (v) The first page of the main body of the work;
    (vi) The last page of the main body of the work;
    (vii) Any page between the front page and the first page of the 
main body of the work, if:
    (A) There are no more than ten pages between the front page and the 
first page of the main body of the work; and
    (B) The notice is reproduced prominently and is set apart from 
other matter on the page where it appears;
    (viii) Any page between the last page of the main body of the work 
and back page, if:
    (A) There are no more than ten pages between the last page of the 
main body of the work and the back page; and
    (B) The notice is reproduced prominently and is set apart from the 
other matter on the page where it appears.
    (ix) In the case of a work published as an issue of a periodical or 
serial, in addition to any of the locations listed in paragraphs 
(c)(4)(i) through (viii) of this section, a notice is acceptable if it 
is located:
    (A) As a part of, or adjacent to, the masthead;
    (B) On the page containing the masthead if the notice is reproduced 
prominently and is set apart from the other matter appearing on the 
page; or
    (C) Adjacent to a prominent heading, appearing at or near the front 
of the issue, containing the title of the periodical or serial and any 
combination of the volume and issue number and date of the issue.
    (x) In the case of a musical work, in addition to any of the 
locations listed in paragraphs (c)(4)(i) through (ix) of this section, 
a notice is acceptable if it is located on the first page of music.
    (5) Single-leaf works. In the case of single-leaf works, a notice 
reproduced on the copies anywhere on the front or back of the leaf is 
acceptable.
    (6) Contributions to collective works. For a separate contribution 
to a collective work to be considered to ``bear its own notice of 
copyright,'' as provided by 17 U.S.C. 404, a notice reproduced on the 
copies in any of the following positions is acceptable:
    (i) Where the separate contribution is reproduced on a single page, 
a notice is acceptable if it appears:
    (A) Under the title of the contribution on that page;
    (B) Adjacent to the contribution; or
    (C) On the same page if, through format, wording, or both, the 
application of the notice to the particular contribution is made clear;
    (ii) Where the separate contribution is reproduced on more than one 
page of the collective work, a notice is acceptable if it appears:
    (A) Under a title appearing at or near the beginning of the 
contribution;
    (B) On the first page of the main body of the contribution;
    (C) Immediately following the end of the contribution; or
    (D) On any of the pages where the contribution appears, if:
    (1) The contribution is reproduced on no more than twenty pages of 
the collective work;
    (2) The notice is reproduced prominently and is set apart from 
other matter on the page where it appears; and
    (3) Through format, wording, or both, the application of the notice 
to the particular contribution is made clear;
    (iii) Where the separate contribution is a musical work, in 
addition to any of the locations listed in paragraphs (c)(6)(i) and 
(ii) of this section, a notice is acceptable if it is located on the 
first page of music of the contribution;
    (iv) As an alternative to placing the notice on one of the pages 
where a separate contribution itself appears, the contribution is 
considered to ``bear its own notice'' if the notice appears clearly in 
juxtaposition with a separate listing of the contribution by title, or 
if the contribution is untitled, by a description reasonably 
identifying the contribution:
    (A) On the page bearing the copyright notice for the collective 
work as a whole, if any; or
    (B) In a clearly identified and readily-accessible table of 
contents or listing of acknowledgements appearing near the front or 
back of the collective work as a whole.
    (7) Works reproduced in machine-readable copies. For works 
reproduced in machine-readable copies, each of the following 
constitutes an example of acceptable methods of affixation and position 
of notice:

[[Page 42738]]

    (i) A notice embodied in the copies in machine-readable form in 
such a manner that on visually perceptible printouts it appears either 
with or near the title, or at the end of the work;
    (ii) A notice that is displayed at the user's terminal at sign on;
    (iii) A notice that is continuously on terminal display; or
    (iv) A legible notice reproduced durably, so as to withstand normal 
use, on a gummed or other label securely affixed to the copies or to a 
box, reel, cartridge, cassette, or other container used as a permanent 
receptacle for the copies.
    (8) Motion pictures and other audiovisual works. (i) The following 
constitute examples of acceptable methods of affixation and positions 
of the copyright notice on motion pictures and other audiovisual works: 
A notice that is embodied in the copies by a photomechanical or 
electronic process, in such a position that it ordinarily would appear 
whenever the work is performed in its entirety, and that is located:
    (A) With or near the title;
    (B) With the cast, credits, and similar information;
    (C) At or immediately following the beginning of the work; or
    (D) At or immediately preceding the end of the work.
    (ii) In the case of an untitled motion picture or other audiovisual 
work whose duration is sixty seconds or less, in addition to any of the 
locations listed in paragraph (c)(8)(i) of this section, a notice that 
is embodied in the copies by a photomechanical or electronic process, 
in such a position that it ordinarily would appear to the projectionist 
or broadcaster when preparing the work for performance, is acceptable 
if it is located on the leader of the film or tape immediately 
preceding the beginning of the work.
    (iii) In the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work 
that is distributed to the public for private use, the notice may be 
affixed, in addition to the locations specified in paragraph (c)(8)(i) 
of this section, on the housing or container, if it is a permanent 
receptacle for the work.
    (9) Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works. The following 
constitute examples of acceptable methods of affixation and positions 
of the copyright notice on various forms of pictorial, graphic, and 
sculptural works:
    (i) Where a work is reproduced in two-dimensional copies, a notice 
affixed directly or by means of a label cemented, sewn, or otherwise 
attached durably, so as to withstand normal use, of the front or back 
of the copies, or to any backing, mounting, matting, framing, or other 
material to which the copies are durably attached, so as to withstand 
normal use, or in which they are permanently housed, is acceptable.
    (ii) Where a work is reproduced in three-dimensional copies, a 
notice affixed directly or by means of a label cemented, sewn, or 
otherwise attached durably, so as to withstand normal use, to any 
visible portion of the work, or to any base, mounting, framing, or 
other material on which the copies are durably attached, so as to 
withstand normal use, or in which they are permanently housed, is 
acceptable.
    (iii) Where, because of the size or physical characteristics of the 
material in which the work is reproduced in copies, it is impossible or 
extremely impracticable to affix a notice to the copies directly or by 
means of a durable label, a notice is acceptable if it appears on a tag 
that is of durable material, so as to withstand normal use, and that is 
attached to the copy with sufficient durability that it will remain 
with the copy while it is passing through its normal channels of 
commerce.
    (iv) Where a work is reproduced in copies consisting of sheet-like 
or strip material bearing multiple or continuous reproductions of the 
work, the notice may be applied:
    (A) To the reproduction itself;
    (B) To the margin, selvage, or reverse side of the material at 
frequent and regular intervals; or
    (C) If the material contains neither a selvage nor a reverse side, 
to tags or labels, attached to the copies and to any spools, reels, or 
containers housing them in such a way that a notice is visible while 
the copies are passing through their normal channels of commerce.
    (v) If the work is permanently housed in a container, such as a 
game or puzzle box, a notice reproduced on the permanent container is 
acceptable.


Sec.  202.6  [Amended]

0
5. In Sec.  202.6(e)(1), remove ``SE., an unpublished collection or'' 
and add in its place ``SE., an unpublished collection, or''.

    Dated: August 14, 2017.
Karyn Temple Claggett,
Acting Register of Copyrights and Director of the U.S. Copyright 
Office.
Approved by:
Carla Hayden,
Librarian of Congress.
[FR Doc. 2017-19285 Filed 9-11-17; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 1410-30-P