[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 39 (Wednesday, March 1, 2017)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 12171-12177]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2017-03974]


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DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Drug Enforcement Administration

21 CFR Part 1308

[Docket No. DEA-436]


Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of 10 Synthetic 
Cathinones Into Schedule I

AGENCY: Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice.

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: With the issuance of this final rule, the Drug Enforcement 
Administration places 10 synthetic

[[Page 12172]]

cathinones: 4-methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4-MEC); 4-methyl-alpha-
pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-MePPP); alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone 
([alpha]-PVP); 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butan-1-one 
(butylone, bk-MBDB e); 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpentan-1-one 
(pentedrone); 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1-one 
(pentylone, bk-MBDP); 4-fluoro-N-methylcathinone (4-FMC, flephedrone); 
3-fluoro-N-methylcathinone (3-FMC); 1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-
1-yl)pentan-1-one (naphyrone); alpha-pyrrolidinobutiophenone ([alpha]-
PBP) and their optical, positional, and geometric isomers, salts and 
salts of isomers, whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and 
salts of isomers is possible, into schedule I of the Controlled 
Substances Act. This scheduling action is pursuant to the Controlled 
Substances Act which requires that such actions be made on the record 
after opportunity for a hearing through formal rulemaking. This rule 
continues the imposition of the regulatory controls and administrative, 
civil, and criminal sanctions applicable to schedule I controlled 
substances on persons who handle (manufacture, distribute, reverse 
distribute, import, export, engage in research, conduct instructional 
activities or chemical analysis, or possess), or propose to handle 4-
MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-
FMC, naphyrone, or [alpha]-PBP.

DATES: Effective date: March 1, 2017.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Michael J. Lewis, Diversion Control 
Division, Drug Enforcement Administration; Mailing Address: 8701 
Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152; Telephone: (202) 598-
6812.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Legal Authority

    The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) implements and enforces 
titles II and III of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and 
Control Act of 1970, as amended. 21 U.S.C. 801-971. Titles II and III 
are referred to as the ``Controlled Substances Act'' and the 
``Controlled Substances Import and Export Act,'' respectively, and are 
collectively referred to as the ``Controlled Substances Act'' or the 
``CSA'' for the purposes of this action. The DEA publishes the 
implementing regulations for these statutes in title 21 of the Code of 
Federal Regulations (CFR), chapter II.
    The CSA and its implementing regulations are designed to prevent, 
detect, and eliminate the diversion of controlled substances and listed 
chemicals into the illicit market while ensuring an adequate supply is 
available for the legitimate medical, scientific, research, and 
industrial needs of the United States. Controlled substances have the 
potential for abuse and dependence and are controlled to protect the 
public health and safety.
    Under the CSA, each controlled substance is classified into one of 
five schedules based upon its potential for abuse, its currently 
accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and the degree 
of dependence the substance may cause. 21 U.S.C. 812. The initial 
schedules of controlled substances established by Congress are found at 
21 U.S.C. 812(c), and the current list of scheduled substances is 
published at 21 CFR part 1308.
    Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(a)(1), the Attorney General may, by rule, 
``add to such a schedule or transfer between such schedules any drug or 
other substance if he * * * finds that such drug or other substance has 
a potential for abuse, and * * * makes with respect to such drug or 
other substance the findings prescribed by subsection (b) of section 
812 of this title for the schedule in which such drug is to be placed * 
* *.'' The Attorney General has delegated scheduling authority under 21 
U.S.C. 811 to the Administrator of the DEA. 28 CFR 0.100.
    The CSA provides that proceedings for the issuance, amendment, or 
repeal of the scheduling of any drug or other substance may be 
initiated by the Attorney General (1) on his own motion; (2) at the 
request of the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services 
(HHS); \1\ or (3) on the petition of any interested party. 21 U.S.C. 
811(a). This action was initiated on the Attorney General's own motion, 
as delegated to the Administrator of the DEA, and is supported by, 
inter alia, a recommendation from the Assistant Secretary for Health of 
the HHS and an evaluation of all relevant data by the DEA. This action 
continues the imposition of the regulatory controls and administrative, 
civil, and criminal sanctions of schedule I controlled substances on 
any person who handles or proposes to handle 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-
PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, or 
[alpha]-PBP.
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    \1\ As set forth in a memorandum of understanding entered into 
by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institute 
on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the FDA acts as the lead agency within the 
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in carrying out the 
Secretary's scheduling responsibilities under the CSA, with the 
concurrence of NIDA. 50 FR 9518, Mar. 8, 1985. The Secretary of the 
HHS has delegated to the Assistant Secretary for Health of the HHS 
the authority to make domestic drug scheduling recommendations. 58 
FR 35460, July 1, 1993.
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Background

    On January 28, 2014, the DEA published a notice of intent to 
temporarily place 4-methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4-MEC); 4-methyl-alpha-
pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-MePPP); alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone 
([alpha]-PVP); 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butan-1-one 
(butylone); 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpentan-1-one (pentedrone); 1-(1,3-
benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1-one (pentylone); 4-fluoro-N-
methylcathinone (4-FMC); 3-fluoro-N-methylcathinone (3-FMC); 1-
(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (naphyrone); and 
alpha-pyrrolidinobutiophenone ([alpha]-PBP) into schedule I pursuant to 
the temporary scheduling provisions of the CSA. 79 FR 4429. On March 7, 
2014, the DEA published a final order amending 21 CFR 1308.11(h) to 
temporarily place these 10 synthetic cathinones into schedule I of the 
CSA. 79 FR 12938. That final order, effective on the date of 
publication, was based on findings by the DEA that the temporary 
scheduling of these 10 synthetic cathinones was necessary to avoid an 
imminent hazard to the public safety pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(1). 
Section 201(h)(2) of the CSA requires that the temporary control of 
these substances expires two years from the issuance date of the 
scheduling order, or on or before March 6, 2016. 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(2). 
However, the CSA also provides that the temporary scheduling may be 
extended for up to one year during the pendency of proceedings under 21 
U.S.C. 811(a)(1). Id. Accordingly, on March 4, 2016, the DEA extended 
the temporary scheduling of 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, 
pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP by one 
year, until March 3, 2017. 81 FR 11429. Also, on March 4, 2016, the DEA 
published a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) to permanently control 
4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-
FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP in schedule I of the CSA. 81 FR 11479. 
Specifically, the DEA proposed to add these 10 synthetic cathinones to 
21 CFR 1308.11(d), hallucinogenic substances.

DEA and HHS Eight Factor Analyses

    By letter dated March 2, 2016, the HHS provided the DEA with a 
scientific and medical evaluation document prepared by the FDA entitled 
``Basis for the Recommendation to Control 4-

[[Page 12173]]

methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4-MEC), 4-methyl-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-
MePPP), alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone ([alpha]-PVP), 1-(1,3-
benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butan-1-one (butylone), 2-
(methylamino)-1-phenylpentan-1-one (pentedrone), 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-
yl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1-one (pentylone), 4-fluoro-N-methylcathinone 
(4-FMC), 3-fluoro-N-methylcathinone (3-FMC), 1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-
(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (naphyrone), alpha-
pyrrolidinobutiophenone ([alpha]-PBP) and their Salts in Schedule I of 
the Controlled Substances Act (CSA).'' After considering the eight 
factors in 21 U.S.C. 811(c), including consideration of each 
substance's abuse potential, legitimate medical use, and dependence 
liability, the Assistant Secretary of the HHS recommended that 4-MEC, 
4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, 
naphyrone, [alpha]-PBP, and their salts be controlled in schedule I of 
the CSA. In response, the DEA conducted its own eightfactor analysis of 
4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-
FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP. Both the DEA and HHS analyses are 
available in their entirety, under the tab ``Supporting Documents'' of 
the public docket of this action at http://www.regulations.gov, under 
FDMS Docket ID: DEA-2016-0004 (Docket No. DEA-436).\2\
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    \2\ Although the published notice of proposed rulemaking stated 
that the DEA 8-factor analysis had been placed into the docket on 
http://www.regulations.gov, DEA discovered in preparing this final 
rule that it had in fact not been posted. However, this document was 
available for review at the DEA. The DEA posted the cited analysis 
to http://www.regulations.gov upon discovery of the omission.
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Determination To Schedule 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, Butylone, 
Pentedrone, Pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, Naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP

    After a review of the available data, including the scientific and 
medical evaluations and the scheduling recommendations from the HHS, 
the DEA published an NPRM entitled ``Schedules of Controlled 
Substances: Placement of 10 Synthetic Cathinones into Schedule I,'' 
proposing to control 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, [alpha]-PBP, and their optical, 
positional and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers in 
schedule I of the CSA. 81 FR 11479, Mar. 4, 2016. The proposed rule 
provided an opportunity for interested persons to file a request for 
hearing in accordance with the DEA regulations on or before April 4, 
2016. No requests for such a hearing were received by the DEA. The NPRM 
also provided an opportunity for interested persons to submit written 
comments on the proposal on or before April 4, 2016.

Comments Received

    The DEA received two comments on the proposed rule to control 4-
MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-
FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP in schedule I of the CSA. Both 
commenters were in opposition to the proposed scheduling of 4-MEC, 4-
MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, 
naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP in schedule I of the CSA, but the reasons 
for the opposition were different. The first commenter associated the 
scheduling of these substances with the ``War on Drugs,'' which 
according to the commenter ``has proven to be ineffective in past years 
in reducing the number of drug abuse victims in the United States.'' 
The second commenter questioned the findings considered by the DEA to 
control 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 
4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP. Both commenters offered 
alternative methods to address problems related to drug abuse instead 
of scheduling the 10 synthetic cathinones in schedule I of the CSA.
    Opposition from First Commenter. The first commenter stated that he 
understood the DEA's reasons for proposing to schedule 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, 
[alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, 
and [alpha]-PBP in schedule I of the CSA, but still opposed the control 
of these substances because, according to the commenter, it would 
neither reduce the number of drug users nor stop the production of 
illegal drugs. The commenter suggested that the DEA consider harm 
reduction solutions such as establishing drug clinics, finding jobs for 
prior offenders, and offering treatment and health care for drug users 
to address problems related to drug abuse.
    DEA Response: Substances are controlled to protect the public 
health and safety. Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(a), the CSA authorizes the 
DEA, under authority delegated by the Attorney General, to control any 
drug or other substance if it is found that the drug or other substance 
has a potential for abuse, and makes with respect to such drug or other 
substance the findings prescribed by 21 U.S.C. 812(b). After 
considering the eight factors in 21 U.S.C. 811(c), including 
consideration of each substance's abuse potential, legitimate medical 
use, safety and dependence liability, the Assistant Secretary of the 
HHS recommended that 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, [alpha]-PBP and their salts be 
controlled in schedule I of the CSA. The recommendations of the HHS to 
the DEA are binding on the DEA as to the scientific and medical 
matters. The DEA reviewed HHS's scientific and medical evaluations and 
all other relevant data on these substances and concurs with the HHS 
evaluations and findings. The current scientific, medical and other 
evidence on 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP warrant control of 
these substances and their optical, positional, and geometric isomers, 
salts and salts of isomers in schedule I of the CSA.
    While the DEA appreciates the commenter's suggestions regarding the 
problems related to drug abuse, some of the suggested alternative 
solutions are outside the scope of the current scheduling action which 
pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811 and 812 is to add drugs into one of the five 
schedules, remove drugs from the schedules, or transfer drugs within 
the schedules based on the drug's potential for abuse, medicinal value, 
harmfulness, and psychological or physical dependence. However, please 
note that in addition to law enforcement operations to reduce the 
supply of illicit controlled drugs, the DEA also recommends and 
supports non-enforcement programs such as the DEA 360 and the DEA 
Demand Reduction Section programs. The DEA 360 strategy involves 
community outreach activities such as the dissemination of drug 
information to increase the public's awareness about the dangers 
associated with drug use. The DEA's Community Outreach and Prevention 
Support Section supports initiatives to reduce the demand for drugs and 
gives assistance to community coalitions and drug prevention 
initiatives.
    Some of the alternative methods suggested by the commenter to 
address the problems related to drug abuse that are outside of the 
scope of the DEA are, in fact, part of the initiatives of other federal 
institutions. For example, the Office of National Drug Control Policy 
(ONDCP), a component of the Executive Office of the President of the 
United States that coordinates drug-control activities and related 
funding across the Federal government including the DEA, incorporates 
community-based prevention programs, policies and systems to divert 
non-violent drug offenders into treatment instead of jail,

[[Page 12174]]

outreach programs as well as other drug control policies in its long 
term plans to reduce drug use and its consequences.
    Opposition from Second Commenter. The second commenter also opposed 
the control of 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP in schedule I of 
the CSA, but for different reasons than the first commenter. The second 
commenter maintained that the three arguments the DEA relied on in its 
proposed rule for the scheduling of the 10 synthetic cathinones: (1) 
``no medical or scientific use for these drugs;'' (2) ``there is a 
distinct public safety concern allowing these drugs to be sold;'' and 
(3) ``the use of this drug poses health concerns to those who use it,'' 
were illogical and based on faulty premises or speculative data. The 
commenter also stated that the number of reported cases (or law 
enforcement drug reports) involving these substances, especially if 
considered over the defined five year period (i.e., January 2010 
through December 2015), along with the population of the United States, 
is ``miniscule'' which indicates that these substances do not pose a 
large public safety concern. For example, the commenter provided 
information that estimated the U.S. population for 2015 to be 320 
million, and considered this with the 20,090 total reported cases for 
all ten substances, as well as the 84 reported cases for naphyrone 
alone, over the defined five year period. Extrapolating this data 
further, the commenter estimated 4,018 reported cases annually for all 
ten substances (i.e., 20,090 divided by 5 = 4,018), potentially 
impacting 0.000013 percent of the U.S. population (4,018 divided by 320 
million = 0.000013 percent), and 17 reported cases annually for 
naphyrone alone (84 divided by 5 = 17). Furthermore, the commenter 
stated that there is no toxicology, efficacy, or safety data on these 
10 synthetic cathinones in human beings indicating that these 
substances actually cause harm. The commenter also expressed concern 
that the proposed scheduling of the 10 synthetic cathinones would 
prohibit or significantly restrict the use of these substances in 
scientific and medical research, and that schedule I placement would 
put barriers in place for clinicians or researchers who might be 
interested in investigating the potential benefits of these substances 
in patients. In addition, this commenter believed that the proposed 
rule was unduly burdensome, leading to increased regulation and costs 
with ``little, if no impact'' on deterring abuse of these 10 synthetic 
cathinones. As an alternative to controlling these 10 synthetic 
cathinones, this commenter suggested ``placing restrictions on who can 
sell products with these compounds in them, and a restriction of the 
quantity that can be sold to any individual,'' and allowing States to 
regulate these substances.
    DEA Response: Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811, the DEA considered the 
eight factors enumerated in 21 U.S.C. 811(c), the scientific and 
medical evaluations and scheduling recommendations from the HHS, and 
all other available data before making the required findings under 21 
U.S.C. 812 to place these drugs into schedule I of the CSA. The DEA 
does not consider these finding to be illogical and based on faulty 
premises or speculative data. The summary of each factor as analyzed by 
the HHS and the DEA, and as considered by the DEA in this scheduling 
action, was provided in the proposed rule. The information in these 
factors is from legitimate sources such as peer reviewed publications, 
national statistics (e.g., seizure numbers, surveys), law enforcement 
communications, medical examiner reports, etc.
    As of March 7, 2014, the date the final order to temporarily place 
the 10 synthetic cathinones into schedule I of the CSA was published 
and became effective, all persons handling the 10 synthetic cathinones 
were subject to the regulatory controls and administrative, civil, and 
criminal sanctions applicable to schedule I controlled substances. 
Based on a review of the DEA's records, each of the 43 registrations 
that have been identified to handle any of the 10 synthetic cathinones 
also handle other schedule I controlled substances. They have already 
established and implemented the systems and processes required to 
handle any of the 10 synthetic cathinones. Any additional cost to 
handle the one or more of the 10 synthetic cathinones is estimated to 
be minimal. Both the DEA and the HHS analyses have been made available 
in their entirety under ``Supporting Documents'' section of the public 
docket for this rule at http://www.regulations.gov, under FDMS Docket 
ID: DEA-2016-0004 (Docket No. DEA-436).\3\
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    \3\ Although the published notice of proposed rulemaking stated 
that the DEA 8-factor analysis had been placed into the docket on 
http://www.regulations.gov, DEA discovered in preparing this final 
rule that it had in fact not been posted. However, this document was 
available for review at the DEA. The DEA posted the cited analysis 
to http://www.regulations.gov upon discovery of the omission.
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    As detailed in the HHS and DEA analyses and the HHS recommendation, 
studies indicate that the abuse potential and pharmacological effects 
of the 10 synthetic cathinones are similar to those of certain schedule 
I and II substances. Preclinical studies indicated that the 10 
synthetic cathinones, like cocaine (schedule II), methamphetamine 
(schedule II), methcathinone (schedule I), and MDMA (schedule I) have 
pharmacological effects at monoamine transporters. Furthermore, 
behavioral effects of the 10 synthetic cathinones in animals were found 
to be similar to those of schedule I and II substances which have a 
high potential for abuse. In humans, the 10 synthetic cathinones are 
expected to produce subjective responses similar to methamphetamine and 
cocaine based on drug discrimination studies in rodents. Accordingly, 
published case reports demonstrate that some of the 10 synthetic 
cathinones produce pharmacological effects including adverse effects 
that are characteristic of substances like MDMA, methamphetamine, and 
cocaine that have a stimulant effect. However, there is no currently 
accepted medical use in treatment in the United States for any of the 
10 synthetic cathinones. There are reports of emergency room admissions 
and deaths associated with the abuse of synthetic cathinones in 
general. Regarding the 10 synthetic cathinones, butylone, [alpha]-PVP, 
pentedrone, and pentylone have been implicated in the deaths of 
individuals. Consequently, the abuse of the 10 synthetic cathinones 
presents the possibility of death and potential safety hazards to the 
health of individuals.
    Law enforcement data indicate that the 10 synthetic cathinones are 
being abused. Since 2010, law enforcement encounters of the 10 
synthetic cathinones have increased and have been encountered in nearly 
every State (47 States as of December 2015). Regardless of the number 
of encounters of these 10 synthetic cathinones, evidence indicates that 
the abuse of the 10 synthetic cathinones is widespread. Thus, taking 
into consideration the harm that these substances can cause as 
demonstrated in case reports and other related information, the DEA 
believes that there is potential for widespread harm to the public 
health.
    The DEA also considered all other relevant data including public 
comments regarding the proposed scheduling before controlling these 
drugs. After careful consideration of preclinical studies, case 
reports, law enforcement data and all other relevant data and in 
accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811(a) and (b) and considering the factors 
enumerated in 21 U.S.C. 811(c),

[[Page 12175]]

the DEA finds that the 10 synthetic cathinones have a high potential 
for abuse, have no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the 
United States, and lack accepted safety for use under medical 
supervision, thus supporting their placement in schedule I of the CSA.
    The DEA does not agree that placement of these substances in 
schedule I of the CSA precludes scientific research from being 
conducted using these substances. Persons interested in using any of 
the 10 synthetic cathinones for research purposes can do so provided 
that they have a DEA schedule I researcher registration and meet all 
other statutory and regulatory criteria. This registration can be 
obtained by submitting an application for schedule I registration in 
accordance with 21 CFR 1301.11, 1301.13, 1301.18 and 1301.32.
    As for the commenter's suggestion to allow States to regulate these 
substances, the DEA has no statutory authority under the CSA to require 
states to regulate these substances. With regard to the suggestion by 
the commenter to place ``restrictions on who can sell products with 
these compounds in them, and a restriction on the quantity that can be 
sold to any individual,'' the CSA and its implementing regulations do 
provide regulatory controls and administrative sanctions applicable to 
schedule I substances such as controls on persons who handle 
(manufacture, distribute, reverse distribute, import, export, engage in 
research, conduct instructional activities or chemical analysis, or 
possess) schedule I substances.

Scheduling Conclusion

    After consideration of the relevant matter presented as a result of 
public comment, the scientific and medical evaluations and accompanying 
recommendations of the HHS, and the DEA's consideration of its own 
eight-factor analysis, the DEA finds that these facts and all other 
relevant data constitute substantial evidence of potential for abuse of 
4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-
FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP. As such, the DEA is permanently 
scheduling 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP as controlled 
substances under the CSA.

Determination of Appropriate Schedule

    The CSA establishes five schedules of controlled substances known 
as schedules I, II, III, IV, and V. The CSA also outlines the findings 
required to place a drug or other substance in any particular schedule. 
21 U.S.C. 812(b). After consideration of the analysis and 
recommendation of the Assistant Secretary for the HHS and review of all 
other available data, the Administrator of the DEA, pursuant to 21 
U.S.C. 811(a) and 21 U.S.C. 812(b)(1), finds that:

    (1) 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP each have a high 
potential for abuse that is comparable to other schedule I and 
schedule II substances such as mephedrone, methylone, MDPV, 
methcathinone, MDMA, methamphetamine, and cocaine;
    (2) 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP have no 
currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States; 
and
    (3) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of 4-MEC, 4-
MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, 
naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP under medical supervision.

    Based on these findings, the Administrator of the DEA concludes 
that 4-methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4-MEC); 4-methyl-alpha-
pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-MePPP); alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone 
([alpha]-PVP); 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butan-1-one 
(butylone); 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpentan-1-one (pentedrone); 1-(1,3-
benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1-one (pentylone); 4-fluoro-N-
methylcathinone (4-FMC); 3-fluoro-N-methylcathinone (3-FMC); 1-
(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one (naphyrone); alpha-
pyrrolidinobutiophenone ([alpha]-PBP) and their optical, positional, 
and geometric isomers, salts and salts of isomers, whenever the 
existence of salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible, warrant 
control in schedule I of the CSA. 21 U.S.C. 812(b)(1).

Requirements for Handling 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, 
pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP

    4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-
FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP are currently scheduled on a 
temporary basis in schedule I \4\ and are therefore currently subject 
to the regulatory controls and administrative, civil, and criminal 
sanctions applicable to the manufacture, distribution, reverse 
distribution, importation, exportation, engaging in research, 
conducting instructional activities or chemical analysis, or possession 
of schedule I controlled substances, including those listed below. 
These controls will continue on a permanent basis:
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    \4\ 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP are currently 
subject to schedule I controls on a temporary basis, pursuant to 21 
U.S.C. 811(h). 79 FR 12938, Mar. 7, 2014.

    1. Registration. Any person who handles (manufactures, 
distributes, reverse distributes, imports, exports, engages in 
research, conducts instructional activities or chemical analysis 
with, or possesses) 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, 
pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, or [alpha]-PBP, or 
who desires to handle 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, 
pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, or [alpha]-PBP must 
be registered with the DEA to conduct such activities pursuant to 21 
U.S.C. 822, 823, 957, and 958, and in accordance with 21 CFR parts 
1301 and 1312.
    2. Security. 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP are subject to 
schedule I security requirements and must be handled and stored 
pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 821 and 823, and in accordance with 21 CFR 
1301.71-1301.93.
    3. Labeling and Packaging. All labels, labeling, and packaging 
for commercial containers of 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, 
pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, or [alpha]-PBP must 
be in compliance with 21 U.S.C. 825 and 958(e), and be in accordance 
with 21 CFR part 1302.
    4. Quota. Only registered manufacturers are permitted to 
manufacture 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, or [alpha]-PBP in accordance 
with a quota assigned pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 826, and in accordance 
with 21 CFR part 1303.
    5. Inventory. Every DEA registrant required to keep records and 
who possesses any quantity of 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, 
pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and/or [alpha]-PBP 
is required to maintain inventory of all stocks of 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, 
[alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, 
naphyrone, and [alpha]-PBP on hand, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 827 and 
958, and in accordance with 21 CFR 1304.03, 1304.04, and 1304.11.
    6. Records and Reports. Every DEA registrant must maintain 
records and submit reports pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 827 and 958, and in 
accordance with 21 CFR parts 1304 and 1317. Manufacturers and 
distributors must submit reports regarding 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-
PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and/
or [alpha]-PBP to the Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders 
System (ARCOS) pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 827 and in accordance with 21 
CFR 1304.33.
    8. Order Forms. Every DEA registrant who distributes 4-MEC, 4-
MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, 
naphyrone, or [alpha]-PBP must continue to comply with the order 
form requirements, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 828, and 21 CFR part 1305.
    9. Importation and Exportation. All importation and exportation 
of 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-
FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, and [alpha]-

[[Page 12176]]

PBP must continue to be in compliance with 21 U.S.C. 952, 953, 957, 
and 958, and in accordance with 21 CFR part 1312.
    10. Liability. Any activity involving 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-
PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, or 
[alpha]-PBP not authorized by, or in violation of, the CSA or its 
implementing regulations is unlawful, and may subject the person to 
administrative, civil, and/or criminal sanctions.

Regulatory Analyses

Executive Orders 12866 and 13563, Regulatory Planning and Review, and 
Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review

    In accordance with 21 U.S.C. 811(a), this final scheduling action 
is subject to formal rulemaking procedures done ``on the record after 
opportunity for a hearing,'' which are conducted pursuant to the 
provisions of 5 U.S.C. 556 and 557. The CSA sets forth the criteria for 
scheduling a drug or other substance. Such actions are exempt from 
review by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) pursuant to section 
3(d)(1) of Executive Order 12866 and the principles reaffirmed in 
Executive Order 13563.

Executive Order 12988, Civil Justice Reform

    This regulation meets the applicable standards set forth in 
sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988 to eliminate 
drafting errors and ambiguity, minimize litigation, provide a clear 
legal standard for affected conduct, and promote simplification and 
burden reduction.

Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    This rulemaking does not have federalism implications warranting 
the application of Executive Order 13132. The rule does not have 
substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between 
the national government and the States, or the distribution of power 
and responsibilities among the various levels of government.

Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal 
Governments

    This rule does not have tribal implications warranting the 
application of Executive Order 13175. It does not have substantial 
direct effects on one or more Indian tribes, on the relationship 
between the Federal Government and Indian tribes, or on the 
distribution of power and responsibilities between the Federal 
Government and Indian tribes.

Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Administrator, in accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility 
Act (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 601-602, has reviewed this final rule and by 
approving it, certifies that it will not have a significant economic 
impact on a substantial number of small entities. On March 7, 2014, the 
DEA published a final order amending 21 CFR 1308.11(h) to temporarily 
place these ten synthetic cathinones into schedule I of the CSA 
pursuant to the temporary scheduling provisions of 21 U.S.C. 811(h). 79 
FR 12938. On March 4, 2016, the DEA published a final order extending 
the temporary placement of these substances in schedule I of the CSA 
for up to one year pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 811(h)(2). 81 FR 11429. The 
DEA estimates that all entities handling or planning to handle 4-MEC, 
4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, 
naphyrone, or [alpha]-PBP are currently registered to handle these 
substances. There are currently 43 registrants authorized to handle 4-
MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-
FMC, naphyrone, or [alpha]-PBP, as well as a number of registered 
analytical labs that are authorized to handle schedule I controlled 
substances generally.\5\ These 43 registrants represent 31 entities, of 
which 11 are small entities based on RFA definition of ``small entity'' 
and Small Business Administration size standards. Therefore, the DEA 
estimates that 11 small entities are affected by this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ While analytical labs are required to obtain a registration 
for schedule I controlled substances, in order to handle any of the 
10 synthetic cathinones, analytical labs are not required to 
identify the substances on their registration. Therefore, while 
every analytical lab that is authorized to handle schedule I 
controlled substances may handle any of the 10 synthetic cathinones, 
the DEA does not have a basis by which to estimate the number of 
analytical labs that actually handle the 10 synthetic cathinones. 
Since an analytical lab registered to handle schedule I controlled 
substances may manufacture or obtain any of the 10 synthetic 
cathinones without any modification to the analytical lab's 
registration, the DEA believes analytical labs' inventories of these 
substances are not significant and will have minimal impact on 
existing schedule I controlled substance storage space. Therefore, 
for the purposes of this analysis, the DEA assumes that no 
analytical lab is affected by this rule.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A review of the 43 registrants indicates that all entities that 
currently handle 4-MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, 
pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-FMC, naphyrone, or [alpha]-PBP also handle other 
schedule I controlled substances, and have established and implemented 
(or currently maintain) the systems and processes required to handle 4-
MEC, 4-MePPP, [alpha]-PVP, butylone, pentedrone, pentylone, 4-FMC, 3-
FMC, naphyrone, or [alpha]-PBP. Therefore, the DEA anticipates that 
this rule will impose minimal or no economic impact on any affected 
entities; and thus, will not have a significant economic impact on any 
of the 11 affected small entities. Accordingly, the DEA has concluded 
that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a 
substantial number of small entities.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995

    In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) of 1995, 
2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq., the DEA has determined and certifies that this 
action would not result in any Federal mandate that may result ``in the 
expenditure by State, local, and tribal governments, in the aggregate, 
or by the private sector, of $100,000,000 or more (adjusted for 
inflation) in any one year * * *.'' Therefore, neither a Small 
Government Agency Plan nor any other action is required under UMRA of 
1995.

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995

    This action does not impose a new collection of information under 
the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995. 44 U.S.C. 3501-3521. This action 
would not impose recordkeeping or reporting requirements on State or 
local governments, individuals, businesses, or organizations. An agency 
may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, 
a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB 
control number.

Congressional Review Act

    This rule is not a major rule as defined by section 804 of the 
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 
(Congressional Review Act (CRA)). This rule will not result in: ``an 
annual effect on the economy of $100,000,000 or more; a major increase 
in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, 
State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions; or 
significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, 
productivity, innovation, or on the ability of U.S.-based companies to 
compete with foreign based companies in domestic and export markets.'' 
However, pursuant to the CRA, the DEA has submitted a copy of this 
final rule to both Houses of Congress and to the Comptroller General.

List of Subjects in 21 CFR Part 1308

    Administrative practice and procedure, Drug traffic control,

[[Page 12177]]

Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    For the reasons set out above, 21 CFR part 1308 is amended as 
follows:

PART 1308--SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

0
1. The authority citation for 21 CFR part 1308 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 21 U.S.C. 811, 812, 871(b), unless otherwise noted.


0
2. In Sec.  1308.11:
0
a. Add paragraphs (d)(59) through (68);
0
b. Remove paragraphs (h)(1) through (10);
0
c. Redesignate paragraphs (h)(11) through (19) as (h)(1) through (9); 
and
0
d. Remove reserved paragraphs (h)(20) through (22).
    The additions read as follows:


Sec.  1308.11  Schedule I.

* * * * *
    (d) * * *

(59) 4-methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4-MEC)..................          (1249)
(60) 4-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-MePPP)..          (7498)
(61) alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone ([alpha]-PVP).......          (7545)
(62) 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butan-1-one          (7541)
 (butylone, bk-MBDB)....................................
(63) 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpentan-1-one (pentedrone)..          (1246)
(64) 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)pentan-1-            (7542)
 one (pentylone, bk-MBDP)...............................
(65) 4-fluoro-N-methylcathinone (4-FMC; flephedrone)....          (1238)
(66) 3-fluoro-N-methylcathinone (3-FMC).................          (1233)
(67) 1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentan-1-one          (1258)
 (naphyrone)............................................
(68) alpha-pyrrolidinobutiophenone ([alpha]-PBP)........          (7546)
 

* * * * *

    Dated: February 22, 2017.
Chuck Rosenberg,
Acting Administrator.
[FR Doc. 2017-03974 Filed 2-28-17; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4410-09-P