[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 232 (Friday, December 2, 2016)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 86955-86960]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2016-28936]


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DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Internal Revenue Service

26 CFR Part 300

[TD 9798]
RIN 1545-BN37


User Fees for Installment Agreements

AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury.

ACTION: Final regulations.

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SUMMARY: This document contains final regulations that provide user 
fees for installment agreements. The final regulations affect taxpayers 
who wish to pay their liabilities through installment agreements.

DATES: Effective date: These regulations are effective on December 2, 
2016.
    Applicability date: These regulations apply to installment 
agreements entered into, restructured, or reinstated on or after 
January 1, 2017.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Concerning the regulations, Maria Del 
Pilar Austin at (202) 317-5437; concerning cost methodology, Eva 
Williams, at (202) 803-9728 (not toll-free numbers).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Background and Explanation of Provisions

    This document contains amendments to the User Fee Regulations under 
26 CFR part 300. On August 22, 2016, the Treasury Department and the 
IRS published in the Federal Register (81 FR 56550) a notice of 
proposed rulemaking (REG-108792-16) relating to the user fees charged 
for entering into and reinstating and restructuring installment 
agreements. The Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952 (IOAA), 
which is codified at 31 U.S.C. 9701, authorizes agencies to prescribe 
regulations establishing user fees for services provided by the agency. 
Regulations prescribing user fees are subject to the policies of the 
President, which are currently set forth in the Office of Management 
and Budget Circular A-25 (the OMB Circular), 58 FR 38142 (July 15, 
1993). The OMB Circular allows agencies to impose user fees for 
services that confer a special benefit to identifiable recipients 
beyond those accruing to the general public. The agency must calculate 
the full cost of providing those benefits, and, in general, the amount 
of a user fee should recover the full cost of providing the service, 
unless the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) grants an exception 
under the OMB Circular.
    The notice of proposed rulemaking proposed to increase the user 
fees under Sec.  300.1 for entering into an installment agreement from 
$120 to $225 and for entering into a direct debit installment agreement 
from $52 to $107. The notice of proposed rulemaking proposed to 
increase the user fee under Sec.  300.2 for restructuring or 
reinstating an installment agreement from $50 to $89. The notice of 
proposed rulemaking proposed the introduction of two new types of 
online installment agreements under Sec.  300.1, each subject to a 
separate user fee: (1) An online payment agreement with a fee of $149 
and (2) a direct debit online payment agreement with a fee of $31. 
Under the notice of proposed rulemaking, the user fee for low-income 
taxpayers, as defined in Sec.  300.1(b)(3), would continue to be $43 
for entering into a new installment agreement, except that the lower 
fee of $31 for a direct debit online payment agreement would apply to 
all taxpayers. Under Sec.  300.2(b), the fee for low-income taxpayers 
restructuring or reinstating an installment agreement would be reduced 
to $43 from $50. The new user fee rates were proposed to be effective 
beginning on January 1, 2017. As explained in the notice of proposed 
rulemaking, the proposed fees bring user fee rates for installment 
agreements in line with the full cost to the IRS of providing these 
taxpayer-specific services. In particular, the new user fee structure 
offers taxpayers more tailored installment agreement options, including 
a $31 user fee for direct debit online payment agreements, which 
ensures that taxpayers are not charged more for their chosen 
installment agreement option than the actual cost incurred by the IRS 
in providing the type of installment agreement selected by taxpayers. 
Because OMB has granted an exception to the full cost requirement for 
low-income taxpayers, low-income taxpayers would continue to pay the 
reduced fee of $43 for any new installment agreement, except where they 
request a $31 direct debit online payment agreement, and would pay the 
reduced $43 fee for restructuring or reinstating an installment 
agreement.
    No public hearing on the notice of proposed rulemaking was held 
because one was not requested. Five comments were received. After 
careful consideration of the comments, this Treasury Decision adopts 
the proposed regulations without change.

Summary of Comments

    The first comment suggested that filing a tax return and requesting 
an installment agreement should not be a two-step process and that 
taxpayers

[[Page 86956]]

requesting an installment agreement with the filing of their returns 
should not be subject to a higher user fee. The comment expressed 
concern with tying eligibility for the $31 user fee to submitting a 
request for a direct debit online payment agreement. The comment also 
noted the length of time it takes the IRS to initiate direct debit 
installment agreement payments. The comment asserted that taxpayers 
requesting installment agreements with the filing of their tax returns 
and paying via direct debit should be entitled to the $31 user fee.
    These regulations deal with only the user fees for installment 
agreements and not the administration of the installment agreement 
program generally, and so this comment is addressed only to the extent 
it relates to user fees for installment agreements. As explained in the 
notice of proposed rulemaking, agencies are required to set user fees 
at an amount that recovers the full cost of providing the service 
unless an agency requests, and the OMB grants, an exception to the full 
cost requirement. The proposed installment agreement fees are 
structured to reflect the full cost to the IRS to establish and monitor 
the different types of installment agreements associated with each user 
fee. The costs to the IRS for installment agreements are the same to 
the IRS whether the taxpayer requests an installment agreement at the 
same or a different time from filing its tax return. The regulations 
now offer taxpayers additional types of installment agreements to 
choose from, including a low-cost user fee of $31 for a direct debit 
online payment agreement. A taxpayer may file a return and then request 
a direct debit online payment agreement and would be charged a fee of 
only $31. As discussed in the notice of proposed rulemaking, the IRS 
incurs higher costs in establishing and monitoring all other forms of 
installment agreements. If a taxpayer chooses to request an installment 
agreement other than a direct debit online payment agreement, that 
taxpayer must pay the full cost of that user fee unless the taxpayer 
qualifies as a low-income taxpayer. The length of time required to 
establish direct debit installment agreements that the comment 
described is due to IRS budget cuts in recent years that have resulted 
in lower staffing levels combined with increased workloads. During peak 
times of the year, the IRS has more installment agreements to process 
than available staff to process them and backlogs occur. In addition, 
there are Federal e-pay requirements that also add time in processing 
installment agreements paid by direct debit. However, taxpayers using 
the online payment agreement service receive immediate confirmation of 
direct debit online payment agreements. Taxpayers requesting 
installment agreements via a Form 9465 when e-filing are not entitled 
to the lower $31 user fee under the proposed regulations because the 
costs associated with processing the Form 9465 are greater than those 
incurred for taxpayers using the online payment agreement service. At 
the time taxpayers submit Form 9465 with their e-filed returns, the IRS 
has no way of determining whether the taxpayers qualify for an 
installment agreement or whether the payment proposal meets streamlined 
processing criteria. While the IRS continues to explore ways to make 
this process completely automated, at this time the process to review a 
regular installment agreement request requires IRS staff involvement 
that direct debit online payment agreements do not.
    The second comment expressed concern that the proposed increase in 
user fees was too high and asked whether ``any consideration [has] been 
given to increasing the time frame for an exten[s]ion [from] 120[]days 
to 180[]days.'' It appears that the latter part of this comment is 
referring to the full pay agreement that has no user fee but requires 
the taxpayer to full pay within 120 days. The extension of the time 
period for full pay agreements is unrelated to the proposed increase in 
the user fees for installment agreements. With regard to the increase 
in fee, the fee increase is consistent with the requirement under the 
OMB Circular that agencies that confer special benefits on identifiable 
recipients beyond those accruing to the general public are to establish 
user fees that recover the full cost of providing those services. In 
the notice of proposed rulemaking, the IRS provided a detailed analysis 
of how it calculated the full cost of this service and the fee is 
consistent with the full cost of the particular service.
    The third comment provided examples of taxpayers with varying 
circumstances and opined that increasing the user fee for installment 
agreements would be unfair to taxpayers who are so situated. For 
taxpayers whose income falls at or below 250 percent of the poverty 
level as established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human 
Services and updated annually, the proposed regulations continue to 
offer a reduced fee for low-income taxpayers of $43, and extend the $43 
fee to low-income taxpayers restructuring or reinstating installment 
agreements. In addition, the proposed regulations establish a lower fee 
of $31 for online direct debit installment agreements that is available 
to all taxpayers. Thus, even if taxpayers do not qualify for the 
reduced low-income taxpayer fee, the proposed regulations permit all 
taxpayers the option to pay the lower $31 fee by establishing direct 
debit online payment agreements.
    The fourth comment had four main concerns and additional concerns 
with respect to each of these main concerns.
    The fourth comment's first main concern challenged the IRS's 
application of the OMB Circular. The comment opined that an installment 
agreement is not a special benefit as provided under the OMB Circular 
for several reasons. Specifically, the comment noted that if a taxpayer 
does not have assets to levy, then relief of levy is not a benefit to 
that taxpayer. The comment suggested that the IRS receives a benefit 
when a taxpayer enters into an installment agreement and as a result, 
the installment agreement does not provide a special benefit for 
purposes of the OMB Circular. The comment questioned how many 
installment agreements resulted in payments that the IRS would not have 
otherwise received. The comment also questioned whether installment 
agreement income is a benefit to the fisc or whether the IRS could use 
levies to secure the same amount of payment. The comment stated that 
the IRS is required to enter into certain installment agreements 
pursuant to section 6159(c) and questioned how a statutory requirement 
could be considered a special benefit. The comment quoted Section 
6(1)(4) of the OMB Circular, which provides that ``[n]o charge should 
be made for a service when the identification of the specific 
beneficiary is obscure, and the service can be considered primarily as 
benefiting broadly the general public.'' The comment opined that 
because the IRS may receive some benefit, the specific beneficiary of 
an installment agreement is incompletely identified. Finally, the 
comment noted that the OMB Circular allows for exceptions to charging 
full cost and questioned whether it is good public policy to increase 
the user fee considering that some installment agreements are 
statutorily required and help bring noncompliant taxpayers into 
compliance.
    As described in the preamble to the proposed regulations, each 
taxpayer entering into an installment agreement receives the special 
benefit of paying an outstanding tax obligation over time rather than 
immediately. This special

[[Page 86957]]

benefit does not accrue to the general public because taxpayers are 
otherwise obligated to pay any outstanding taxes immediately when due. 
The taxpayer receives this special benefit regardless of whether the 
taxpayer has any assets on which the IRS could levy. In addition to 
paying an outstanding tax obligation over time rather than immediately, 
there are also the special benefits of avoiding enforcement action 
generally and, for timely filed returns, a reduction of the section 
6651 failure to pay penalty to 0.25 percent during any month during 
which an installment agreement is in effect. The enforcement actions 
that are put on hold during the pendency of an installment agreement 
include wage garnishments, the filing of notices of federal tax liens, 
and the making of levies. Even if it is argued that the government 
derives some general benefit from collecting outstanding tax 
liabilities to which it is inarguably entitled, it is still appropriate 
under the OMB Circular to charge a user fee for entering into, 
reinstating, or restructuring an installment agreement because 
installment agreements provide ``specific services to specific 
individuals.'' Seafarers Int'l Union of N. Am. v. U.S. Coast Guard, 81 
F.3d 179, 183 (D.C. Cir. 1996). The benefit to the government generally 
of collecting on outstanding tax liabilities is a benefit that accrues 
to the public generally and does not diminish the special benefit 
provided to an identifiable taxpayer who requests an installment 
agreement. As noted in the notice of proposed rulemaking, the IOAA 
permits the IRS to charge a user fee for providing a ``service or thing 
of value.'' 31 U.S.C. 9701(b). A government activity constitutes a 
``service or thing of value'' when it provides ``special benefits to an 
identifiable recipient beyond those that accrue to the general 
public.'' See the OMB Circular Section 6(a)(1). Among other things, a 
``special benefit'' exists when a government service is performed at 
the request of a taxpayer and is beyond the services regularly received 
by other members of the same group or the general public. See OMB 
Circular Section 6(a)(1)(c). Under the IOAA, agencies may impose 
``specific charges for specific services to specific individuals or 
companies.'' See Fed. Power Comm'n v. New England Power Co., 415 U.S. 
345, 349 (1974); see also Seafarers, 81 F.3d at 182-83 (D.C. Cir. 1996) 
(``[A] user fee will be justified under the IOAA if there is a 
sufficient nexus between the agency service for which the fee is 
charged and the individuals who are assessed.'').
    Section 6(a)(3) of the OMB Circular explains that ``when the public 
obtains benefits as a necessary consequence of an agency's provision of 
special benefits to an identifiable recipient (i.e., the public 
benefits are not independent of, but merely incidental to, the special 
benefits), an agency need not allocate any costs to the public and 
should seek to recover from the identifiable recipient either the full 
cost to the Federal Government of providing the special benefit or the 
market price, whichever applies.'' While it is true that installment 
agreements benefit tax administration and collection, and by extension 
the public fisc, the benefit is incidental to the special benefits of 
allowing taxpayers to satisfy their Federal tax liabilities over time 
rather than when due as required by the Code and avoiding enforcement 
actions.
    By the very nature of government action, the general public will 
almost always experience some benefit from an activity that is subject 
to a user fee. See, e.g., Seafarers, 81 F.3d at 184-85 (D.C. Cir. 
1996). However, as long as the activity confers a specific benefit upon 
an identifiable beneficiary, it is permissible for the agency to charge 
the beneficiary a fee even though the public will also experience an 
incidental benefit. See Engine Mfrs. Ass'n v. E.P.A., 20 F.3d 1177, 
1180 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (``If the agency does confer a specific benefit 
upon an identifiable beneficiary . . . then it is of no moment that the 
service may incidentally confer a benefit upon the general public as 
well.'') citing Nat'l Cable Television Ass'n v. FCC, 554 F.2d 1094, at 
1103 (D.C. Cir. 1976). It is permissible for a service for which a user 
fee is charged to generate an ``incidental public benefit,'' and there 
is no requirement that the agency weigh this public benefit against the 
specific benefit to the identifiable recipient. Seafarers, 81 F.3d at 
183-84 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Furthermore, the benefit to the fisc of 
collecting outstanding taxes is not an additional benefit to the 
government because the IRS would collect those amounts through other 
means absent the installment agreement. Even so, an agency is still 
entitled to charge for services that assist a person in complying with 
her statutory duties. See In Elec. Indus Ass'n v. FCC, 554 F.2d 1109, 
1115 (D.C. Cir. 1976).
    While the IRS is required to enter into certain installment 
agreements pursuant to section 6159(c), the IRS may still charge a fee 
for providing that service. In fact, under the OMB Circular, there are 
several examples of special benefits (e.g., passport, visa, patent) for 
which the issuing agency may charge a fee even though the agency is 
required to issue such benefit if the individual meets certain 
statutory or regulatory requirements. In addition, a taxpayer meeting 
the criteria in section 6159(c) must still submit a request for an 
installment agreement before one is established. Section 6159(c) 
requires that the IRS enter into the installment agreement provided 
that the taxpayer establishes its eligibility for such an agreement. In 
that situation, the IRS incurs the costs of establishing and monitoring 
these installment agreements as with any other installment agreement. 
Therefore, it is proper under the OMB Circular to charge a user fee for 
providing this service.
    The IRS has taken public policy into consideration and is providing 
multiple user fee options to tailor the user fees to the specific IRS 
costs in establishing and monitoring the installment agreements. As a 
result, the IRS has introduced a reduced fee of $31 for direct debit 
online payment agreements. This $31 reduced fee is available to all 
taxpayers choosing to obtain the special benefits of installment 
agreements by using this service. The $31 reduced fee reflects the 
substantially lower costs the IRS incurs for establishing and 
monitoring direct debit online payment agreements. Thus, the 
installment agreement user fee structure now more closely reflects the 
full cost of processing each specific type of installment agreement.
    The fourth comment's second main concern was that the IRS charges 
user fees inconsistently because, for example, the IRS does not charge 
user fees for toll-free telephone service, estimated income tax 
payments, walk-in service, notice letters, annual filing season program 
record of completion, and administrative appeals within the IRS.
    The IRS's user fee policies are consistent with the OMB Circular. 
The IOAA authorizes agencies to prescribe regulations that establish 
charges for services provided by the agency, that is, user fees that 
``are subject to policies prescribed by the President. . . .'' One of 
the OMB Circular's stated objectives is to ``ensure that each service . 
. . provided by an agency to specific recipients be self-sustaining.'' 
OMB Circular Section 5(a). The General Policy of the OMB Circular 
states that ``a user charge . . . will be assessed against each 
identifiable recipient for special benefits derived from Federal 
activities beyond those received by the general public.'' OMB Circular 
Section 6. The presumption under the OMB Circular is that agencies are 
encouraged, but not mandated, to charge user fees where

[[Page 86958]]

special benefits are provided to identifiable individuals. Installment 
agreements are such special benefits. For purposes of these 
regulations, the IRS need only take into consideration comments 
relating to the installment agreement user fees and need not address 
comments relating to other services for which no fee is charged. With 
respect to installment agreement user fees, the IRS has charged fees 
since 1995 in accordance with the OMB Circular that requires full cost 
unless an exception is granted. The OMB Circular requires the IRS to 
review the user fees it charges for special services biennially to 
ensure that the fees are adjusted for cost. See OMB Circular Section 
8(e). The new installment agreement user fee structure is consistent 
with that requirement.
    The fourth comment's third main concern questioned the ``optics'' 
of increasing installment agreement user fees because of IRS budget 
constraints. As discussed in this Summary of Comments, the IRS has 
determined that the proposed installment agreement user fees are 
appropriate and consistent with the OMB Circular, and the question of 
``optics'' raised in this comment is not relevant in this analysis. 
Section 6(a)(2)(a) of the OMB Circular provides that user fees will be 
sufficient to recover the full cost to the Government of providing the 
service except as provided in Section 6(c) of the OMB Circular. The 
exceptions in Section 6(c)(2) of the OMB Circular provide that agency 
heads may recommend to the OMB that exceptions to the full cost 
requirement be made when either (1) the cost of collecting the user fee 
would represent an unduly large part of the fee or (2) any other 
condition exists that, in the opinion of the agency head, justifies an 
exception. The cost of collecting the proposed user fees for the 
various types of installment agreements will not represent an unduly 
large part of the fee for the activity because it occurs automatically 
with the first installment payment. As noted above, Section 6(a)(2)(a) 
of the OMB Circular requires that user fees recover the full cost to 
the government of providing the service and nothing in the OMB Circular 
mandates agency heads to seek an exception to the full cost 
requirement. Nonetheless, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue has 
determined that there is a compelling tax administration reason for 
seeking an exception to the full cost requirement for low-income 
taxpayers.
    The fourth comment's fourth main concern focused on the overall 
amount of the proposed user fees and included a number of related 
comments on the size of the fees, the agency's methodology in 
calculating the fees, and the efforts the IRS has taken to minimize the 
costs of providing these services. The comment questioned why the IRS 
decided not to change the $43 user fee for low-income taxpayers. The 
comment asked why the increase in costs of these services exceeded the 
rate of inflation during the past two years. The comment also 
questioned the IRS's efficiency in providing this special benefit and 
the IRS's concern in ensuring that its costs are driven down when 
providing this service. The comment expressed concern that if 
installment agreement volumes remained the same, the agency would 
increase its user fee receipts by tens of millions of dollars. Finally, 
the comment noted that the user fees do not depend on the balance due 
under an installment agreement and questioned why the user fee is taken 
from the first payments due under the installment agreement.
    Contrary to what the comment asserted, the per-unit cost of the 
installment agreement program has not generally increased, rather it 
has generally decreased. In the 2013 biennial review, the IRS 
determined that the full cost of an installment agreement was $282, the 
full cost of an installment agreement paid by way of direct debit was 
$122, and the full cost of restructuring and reinstating an installment 
agreement was $85. See 78 FR 53702 (2013 Regulations). In connection 
with the 2013 biennial review and the 2013 Regulations, the IRS had 
requested and received an exception to the full cost requirement under 
the OMB Circular for the installment agreement user fees. As a result, 
the 2013 Regulations did not charge full cost for any of the 
installment agreement options. Requesting an exception to the full cost 
requirement of the OMB Circular is within the discretion of the agency 
head and must be approved by the Office of Management and Budget. In 
the 2015 biennial review, the IRS determined that the full cost of an 
installment agreement is $225, the full cost of an installment 
agreement paid by way of direct debit is $107, and the full cost of 
restructuring and reinstating an installment agreement is $89. Thus, 
contrary to the comment's assertion, the cost of the installment 
agreement program has generally decreased rather than generally 
increased during the span of two years. Furthermore, the IRS always 
strives to make its services cost-effective. The decrease in the 
installment agreement costs since 2013 demonstrates one of the ways the 
IRS seeks to make its services most cost effective for the public. The 
IRS also seeks new ways to makes its services more accessible to 
taxpayers. The IRS has worked to improve the usability of the online 
payment agreement application that provides for significantly lower 
costs. The user fee for the online payment agreement is $149, and if 
the installment agreement is paid by way of direct debit, is only $31. 
Practitioners can submit an online payment agreement application on 
behalf of their clients to secure lower fees. For smaller tax 
liabilities, the IRS has established procedures for setting up 
installment agreements utilizing guaranteed, streamlined, or in-
business express criteria that are quicker to process and do not 
require securing a collection of information statement. See I.R.M. 
5.14.5. The IRS has never based its user fee on the amount of liability 
due under the agreement, which would be inconsistent with the full cost 
requirement under the OMB Circular. The IRS, however, has provided 
taxpayers the option to pay their liability in full over 120 days 
without being charged any user fee. Furthermore, under the new fee 
structure, taxpayers choose a specific installment agreement service 
and pay the cost of the service. For example, a taxpayer may choose a 
direct debit online payment agreement and pay only $31 or a taxpayer 
may choose a regular installment agreement and pay $225. With regard to 
the user fee being taken from the first payments due under the 
installment agreement, this is not relevant for purposes of the 
regulations as this is not addressed in the regulations. Regardless, 
the OMB Circular requires user fees to be ``collected in advance of, or 
simultaneously with, the rendering of services unless appropriations 
and authority are provided in advance to allow reimbursable services.'' 
Section 6(a)(2)(C) of the OMB Circular. Instead of requiring the 
taxpayer to pay the entire fee in advance of the IRS entering into the 
installment agreement, the IRS allows the taxpayer to pay the fee with 
the first installment agreement payments, thereby lessening the burden 
on the taxpayer and making installment agreements more accessible to 
taxpayers.
    The fifth comment had three suggestions: (1) Eliminate installment 
agreement user fees for low-income taxpayers, (2) revise internal 
guidelines to place less emphasis on speedy collection practices and 
more emphasis on viable collection practices, and (3) increase the 
transparency of the

[[Page 86959]]

installment agreement user fees in publications.
    The fifth comment's first suggestion was that the IRS should waive 
the entire user fee for low-income taxpayers and thereby incentivize 
them to enter into installment agreements instead of being placed in 
currently not collectible status or entering into an offer in 
compromise. According to the comment, this would increase the amount of 
revenue that the IRS collects and encourage taxpayers to enter into 
compliance. The comment pointed out that there is no user fee for a 
low-income taxpayer entering an offer in compromise. The IRS's response 
to a similar comment made to the installment agreement fee increase 
proposed in the 2013 notice of proposed rulemaking pointed out that the 
offer in compromise fee is charged for mere consideration of the offer 
and is not refunded if it is not accepted. The comment claimed that the 
IRS contradicted itself by further responding that the purpose of a 
user fee is to recover the cost to the government for a particular 
service to the recipient.
    The comment opined that by waiving the low-income taxpayer user fee 
entirely, the number of low-income taxpayers making payments on their 
tax liabilities could increase. By way of example, the comment posited 
the possibility of a low-income taxpayer submitting an offer in 
compromise, paying no fee, and the IRS ultimately collecting less than 
it would have if it had allowed the low-income taxpayer to enter into 
an installment agreement with a complete fee waiver. According to the 
comment, if a low-income taxpayer enters into currently not collectible 
status and makes voluntary payments, those payments will be sporadic 
and less than would be collected from an installment agreement since 
the taxpayer would not receive monthly reminders. The comment 
referenced the IRS's response to a similar comment made to the 
installment agreement fee increase proposed in the 2013 notice of 
proposed rulemaking, to which the IRS responded that generally 
taxpayers who have the ability to pay their tax liability over time 
(and thus are eligible for installment agreements) will not qualify for 
currently not collectible status. In response, the comment suggested 
that many taxpayers that qualify for currently not collectible status 
may be mistakenly placed into installment agreements because the 
taxpayers may feel pressured to make payments, the taxpayers misstate 
their expenses and income, or the taxpayers are willing to cut back on 
their monthly living expenses. The comment provided examples to show 
how the $43 fee created disincentives for low-income taxpayers to enter 
into installment agreements in cases where the liability was relatively 
small. The comment requested that the IRS clarify that the user fee 
does not have to be paid up front but may be paid in installments if 
the taxpayer's monthly installment payment is less than the user fee.
    The IRS considered the effect of the user fee on low-income 
taxpayers in 2006 and 2013 when the installment agreement user fees 
were updated. Both times, the IRS determined that the user fee should 
remain $43 for low-income taxpayers. The IRS again has determined that 
the user fee for installment agreements (other than for a direct debit 
online payment agreement) should remain at $43 for low-income 
taxpayers, both because requiring the full rate would be financially 
burdensome to low-income taxpayers and because waiving the fee entirely 
is not fiscally sustainable for the IRS given the constraints on its 
resources for tax administration. Typically, a taxpayer that is able to 
pay in full the liability under an installment agreement is not 
eligible to enter into an offer in compromise. As discussed in the 
preamble to T.D. 9647, 78 FR 72016-01, a taxpayer that is in currently 
not collectible status is typically not eligible to enter into an 
installment agreement. The low-income taxpayers that enter into 
installment agreements described in the examples the comment presented 
do so as a result of the taxpayers' choices or erroneous submissions of 
information to the IRS. Thus, the comment's hypothetical low-income 
taxpayer is the exception not the general rule. To ensure that low-
income taxpayers are more aware of the fee options for the various 
types of installment agreements, the IRS will be revising its 
publications to make them consistent with the final regulations.
    The fifth comment's second main concern was that low-income 
taxpayers are not always aware of the availability of the reduced fee 
and as a consequence some low-income taxpayers pay the regular fee. The 
comment suggested that IRS employees could do more to make low-income 
taxpayers aware of their options. The comment also asserted that 
installment agreements are set up not to allow low-income taxpayers to 
modify payments based on unforeseen changes in economic circumstances. 
The comment stated this can result in low-income taxpayers defaulting 
and either become subject to collection action or subject to the 
installment agreement reinstatement fee of $89 under the proposed 
regulations.
    The comment requested that the IRS revise its procedures in the 
Internal Revenue Manual to place less emphasis on timely collection 
practices and more emphasis on viable collection practices.
    The fifth comment's concerns about tax administration are generally 
beyond the scope of these regulations. However, for purposes of 
clarification, under the proposed regulations the user fee for 
reinstating an installment agreement for a low-income taxpayer would be 
$43, not $89. Furthermore, while these concerns do not affect the 
content of these final regulations, the IRS will consider these 
comments when updating the procedures in the Internal Revenue Manual 
for entering into installment agreements.
    The fifth comment's third suggestion was for the IRS to clearly 
communicate to the public both through the internet and in hard copy 
publications the revised fee schedule so that taxpayers may make 
informed decisions when deciding the manner of setting up an 
installment agreement. The comment suggested that taxpayers who lack 
access to the internet, lack computer efficiency, lack a bank account, 
or have other disabilities or barriers should not be subjected to the 
higher user fees.
    The IRS will be updating its electronic and hard copy publications 
to reflect the user fees in the final regulations. As explained in the 
proposed notice of rulemaking and in this Summary of Comments, the 
purpose of the user fees for installment agreements is to recover the 
full cost to the IRS of providing this special benefit to specific 
beneficiaries and the user fees in these final regulations are in 
accordance with the OMB Circular.

Special Analyses

    Certain IRS regulations, including this one, are exempt from the 
requirements of Executive Order 12866, as supplemented and reaffirmed 
by Executive Order 13563. Therefore, a regulatory impact assessment is 
not required. It is hereby certified that these regulations will not 
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small 
entities. This certification is based on the information that follows. 
The economic impact of these regulations on any small entity would 
result from the entity being required to pay a fee prescribed by these 
regulations in order to obtain a particular service. The dollar amount 
of the fee is not, however, substantial enough to have a significant 
economic impact on any entity subject to the fee. Low-income taxpayers 
and taxpayers entering into direct debit online payment agreements will 
be charged a

[[Page 86960]]

lower fee, which lessens the economic impact of these regulations. 
Accordingly, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required. 
Pursuant to section 7805(f) of the Internal Revenue Code, the notice of 
proposed rulemaking was submitted to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of 
the Small Business Administration for comment on its impact on small 
business and no comments were received.

Drafting Information

    The principal author of these regulations is Maria Del Pilar Austin 
of the Office of the Associate Chief Counsel (Procedure and 
Administration). Other personnel from the Treasury Department and the 
IRS participated in their development.

List of Subjects in 26 CFR Part 300

    Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, User fees.

Adoption of Amendments to the Regulations

    Accordingly, 26 CFR part 300 is amended as follows:

PART 300--USER FEES

0
Paragraph 1. The authority citation for part 300 continues to read as 
follows:

    Authority: 31 U.S.C. 9701.


0
Par. 2. In Sec.  300.1, paragraphs (b) and (d) are revised to read as 
follows:


Sec.  300.1   Installment agreement fee.

* * * * *
    (b) Fee. The fee for entering into an installment agreement before 
January 1, 2017, is $120. The fee for entering into an installment 
agreement on or after January 1, 2017, is $225. A reduced fee applies 
in the following situations:
    (1) For installment agreements entered into before January 1, 2017, 
the fee is $52 when the taxpayer pays by way of a direct debit from the 
taxpayer's bank account. The fee is $107 when the taxpayer pays by way 
of a direct debit from the taxpayer's bank account for installment 
agreements entered into on or after January 1, 2017;
    (2) For online payment agreements entered into before January 1, 
2017, the fee is $120, except that the fee is $52 when the taxpayer 
pays by way of a direct debit from the taxpayer's bank account. The fee 
is $149 for entering into online payment agreements on or after January 
1, 2017, except that the fee is $31 when the taxpayer pays by way of a 
direct debit from the taxpayer's bank account; and
    (3) Notwithstanding the type of installment agreement and method of 
payment, the fee is $43 if the taxpayer is a low-income taxpayer, that 
is, an individual who falls at or below 250 percent of the dollar 
criteria established by the poverty guidelines updated annually in the 
Federal Register by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 
under authority of section 673(2) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation 
Act of 1981 (95 Stat. 357, 511), or such other measure that is adopted 
by the Secretary, except that the fee is $31 when the taxpayer pays by 
way of a direct debit from the taxpayer's bank account with respect to 
online payment agreements entered into on or after January 1, 2017;
* * * * *
    (d) Applicability date. This section is applicable beginning 
January 1, 2017.

0
Par. 3. In Sec.  300.2, paragraphs (b) and (d) are revised to read as 
follows:


Sec.  300.2   Restructuring or reinstatement of installment agreement 
fee.

* * * * *
    (b) Fee. The fee for restructuring or reinstating an installment 
agreement before January 1, 2017, is $50. The fee for restructuring or 
reinstating an installment agreement on or after January 1, 2017, is 
$89. If the taxpayer is a low-income taxpayer, that is, an individual 
who falls at or below 250 percent of the dollar criteria established by 
the poverty guidelines updated annually in the Federal Register by the 
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under authority of section 
673(2) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (95 Stat. 357, 
511), or such other measure that is adopted by the Secretary, then the 
fee for restructuring or reinstating an installment agreement on or 
after January 1, 2017 is $43.
* * * * *
    (d) Applicability date. This section is applicable beginning 
January 1, 2017.

John Dalrymple,
Deputy Commissioner for Services and Enforcement.
    Approved: November 16, 2016.
Mark J. Mazur,
Assistant Secretary of the Treasury (Tax Policy).
[FR Doc. 2016-28936 Filed 11-29-16; 11:15 am]
BILLING CODE 4830-01-P