[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 44 (Monday, March 7, 2016)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 11734-11737]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2016-04831]


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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Railroad Administration

49 CFR Part 222

[Docket No. FRA-2016-0010, Notice No. 1]


Use of Locomotive Horns at Public Highway-Rail Grade Crossings; 
Notice of Safety Inquiry

AGENCY: Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), Department of 
Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Notice of safety inquiry.

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SUMMARY: FRA is conducting a retrospective review of its locomotive 
train horn regulations in 49 CFR part 222. As part of its review, FRA 
is soliciting public comment on whether FRA should modify, streamline, 
or expand any requirements of FRA's locomotive train horn regulations 
to reduce paperwork and other economic burdens on the rail industry and 
States

[[Page 11735]]

and local authorities while still maintaining the highest standards of 
safety. The list of topics at the end of this Notice highlights 
specific areas on which FRA would particularly encourage the rail 
industry, as well as State and local authorities to provide comment.

DATES: Written comments must be received by July 5, 2016. Comments 
received after that date will be considered to the extent possible 
without incurring additional expense or delay.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Ron Ries, Staff Director, Highway-Rail 
Crossing and Trespasser Programs Division, U.S. Department of 
Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Railroad 
Safety, Mail Stop 25, West Building 3rd Floor, 1200 New Jersey Avenue 
SE., Washington, DC 20590 (telephone: 202-493-6299; Kathryn Gresham, 
Trial Attorney, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad 
Administration, Office of Chief Counsel, Mail Stop 10, West Building 
3rd Floor, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20590 (telephone: 
202-493-6052); or Brian Roberts, Trial Attorney, U.S. Department of 
Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Chief 
Counsel, Mail Stop 10, West Building 3rd Floor, 1200 New Jersey Avenue 
SE., Washington, DC 20590 (telephone: 202-493-6052).

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Purpose of Retrospective Review

    Under its general statutory rulemaking authority, FRA promulgates 
and enforces rules as part of a comprehensive regulatory program to 
address all areas of railroad safety. See 49 U.S.C. 20103 and 49 CFR 
1.89. To provide for safety at public highway-rail grade crossings 
(public grade crossings), FRA has issued specific regulations in 49 CFR 
part 222 that generally require locomotive horn use at such crossings 
except within authorized quiet zones established under the regulations. 
Congress mandated these regulations in Public Law 103-440, codified as 
Section 20153 to title 49 of the United States Code. This statute 
required the Secretary of Transportation (whose authority in this area 
had been delegated to the Federal Railroad Administrator) to issue 
regulations on the use of locomotive horns at public grade crossings, 
but gave the Secretary the authority to make reasonable exceptions.
    Consistent with Executive Order 13563 (``Improving Regulation and 
Regulatory Review'') and Executive Order 13610 (``Identifying and 
Reducing Regulatory Burdens''), FRA continually reviews its regulations 
and revises them as needed to: (1) Ensure the regulatory burden is not 
excessive; (2) clarify the application of existing requirements and 
remove requirements that are no longer necessary; and (3) keep pace 
with emerging technology, changing operational realities, and safety 
concerns. Therefore, through this Notice of Safety Inquiry, FRA seeks 
to gather input from the rail industry and State and local authorities 
on any regulatory burdens associated with 49 CFR part 222, while still 
maintaining the highest level of safety at our Nation's public grade 
crossings.
    Executive Order 13563 requires agencies to periodically conduct 
retrospective analyses of their existing rules to identify requirements 
that may be outmoded, ineffective, insufficient, or excessively 
burdensome and to modify, streamline, expand, or repeal any problematic 
regulatory provisions identified during the review. Additionally, 
Executive Order 13610 requires agencies to take continuing steps to 
reassess regulatory requirements, and where appropriate, to streamline, 
improve, or eliminate those requirements. In particular, Executive 
Order 13610 emphasizes that agencies should prioritize ``initiatives 
that will produce significant quantifiable monetary savings or 
significant quantifiable reductions in paperwork burdens.'' Therefore, 
FRA is specifically interested in receiving comments on how the agency 
can reduce the regulatory burden on the regulated community and the 
public in a way that would provide monetary savings or reduce paperwork 
burdens without negatively impacting safety at public grade crossings.

Rulemaking Background on 49 CFR Part 222 (``Use of Locomotive Horns at 
Public Highway-Rail Grade Crossings'')

    FRA began the rulemaking process for 49 CFR part 222 on January 13, 
2000, when it published a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) in the 
Federal Register addressing the use of locomotive horns at public grade 
crossings. The rulemaking was mandated by 49 U.S.C. 20153, which 
required the Secretary of Transportation to issue regulations that 
required the use of locomotive horns at public grade crossings, but 
gave the Secretary the authority to make reasonable exceptions. FRA 
received approximately 3,000 comments in response to the NPRM.
    Due to the substantial and wide-ranging public interest in the 
NPRM, FRA conducted a series of twelve public hearings throughout the 
United States. More than 350 people testified at these hearings.
    On December 18, 2003, FRA published an Interim Final Rule in the 
Federal Register (68 FR 70586). FRA could have proceeded directly to 
the final rule stage of the rulemaking. However, FRA chose to issue an 
interim final rule instead in order to give the public an opportunity 
to comment on changes that had been made to the rule since the NPRM. In 
addition, FRA held another public hearing in Washington, DC on February 
4, 2004. By the close of the extended comment period, over 1,400 
comments had been filed with the agency regarding the Interim Final 
Rule.
    FRA then published a final rule in the Federal Register on April 
27, 2005 (70 FR 21844). After the final rule was published, FRA 
received several petitions for reconsideration and associated letters 
in support of the petitions. In addition, the Association of American 
Railroads (AAR) submitted a petition for an Emergency Order. On August 
17, 2006, FRA published amendments in the Federal Register which 
amended and clarified the final rule in response to the petitions for 
reconsideration (71 FR 47614). FRA denied AAR's petition for an 
Emergency Order.
    Since 2006, FRA has not issued any substantive revisions to 49 CFR 
part 222. Therefore, FRA is soliciting public comments on any needed 
revisions to the regulations as part of its retrospective review.

Overview of 49 CFR Part 222

    FRA regulations require that engineers sound their locomotive horns 
while approaching public grade crossings until the lead locomotive 
fully occupies the crossing. See 49 CFR 222.21(a). In general, the 
regulations require locomotive engineers to begin to sound the train 
horn for a minimum of 15 seconds, and a maximum of 20 seconds, in 
advance of public grade crossings. See 49 CFR 222.21(b)(2). Engineers 
must also sound the train horn in a standardized pattern of two long, 
one short and one long blast and the horn must continue to sound until 
the lead locomotive or train car occupies the grade crossing. See 49 
CFR 222.21(a). Additionally, the minimum sound level for the locomotive 
horn is 96 dB(A), while the maximum sound level is 110 dB(A). See 49 
CFR 229.129(a).
    Research and years of experience show that the use of train horns,

[[Page 11736]]

flashing lights, and gates--in concert--at grade crossings are 
extremely effective in preventing accidents and their resulting 
injuries and deaths. The use of the locomotive horn while trains are 
approaching public highway-rail grade crossings provides an important 
safety warning to pedestrians and motorists who are on or approaching 
the crossings. FRA conducted a nationwide study that showed there is a 
66.8-percent increase in crossing collisions at crossings equipped with 
automatic warning devices consisting of flashing lights and gates when 
train horns are not routinely sounded.

Establishing a Quiet Zone

    FRA regulations authorize only public authorities to establish 
quiet zones. See 49 CFR 222.37(a). At a minimum, new quiet zones must 
be at least one-half mile in length and contain at least one public 
grade crossing (i.e., a location where a public highway, road, or 
street crosses one or more railroad tracks at grade). See definition of 
``quiet zone'' in 49 CFR 222.9 and 222.35(a). Every public grade 
crossing in a quiet zone must be equipped at a minimum with active 
grade crossing warning devices consisting of flashing lights and gates. 
See 49 CFR 222.35(b).
    If a public authority wants to establish a new quiet zone that will 
include a pedestrian crossing, a private highway-rail grade crossing 
that allows access to the public, or a private highway-rail grade 
crossing that provides access to an active industrial or commercial 
site, a diagnostic team (made up of representatives from the railroad, 
relevant State agencies, the public authority, and FRA, if possible) 
must evaluate the pedestrian or private highway-rail grade crossing and 
the crossing must be equipped or treated in accordance with the 
diagnostic team recommendations. See 49 CFR 222.25(b)(1) and 222.27(b). 
In addition, FRA has interpreted 49 CFR part 222 to require that any 
private highway-rail grade crossing or pedestrian crossing in a quiet 
zone must be located either between the public grade crossings that 
serve as quiet zone endpoints or within one-quarter mile of the quiet 
zone endpoints.
    Public authorities can establish quiet zones through either the 
public authority designation process or the public authority 
application process to FRA. See 49 CFR 222.39(a) and (b), respectively. 
Because the absence of routine horn sounding at public grade crossings 
increases the risk of a crossing collision, in most circumstances the 
regulations require public authorities seeking to establish quiet zones 
to mitigate additional risk. Public authorities that wish to reduce 
existing risk levels within the proposed quiet zone can implement 
certain specified pre-approved crossing improvements (i.e., 
Supplementary Safety Measures (SSMs)) to reduce the proposed quiet 
zone's risk level to an acceptable level. These improvements include: 
Roadway medians or channelization devices to discourage motorists from 
driving around a lowered crossing gate; a four-quadrant gate system to 
block all lanes of highway traffic; converting a two-way street into a 
one-way street and installing crossing gates, and permanent or 
temporary (nighttime) closure of the crossing to highway traffic. See 
Appendix A to 49 CFR part 222. Public authorities that rely exclusively 
on SSMs to reduce existing risk levels within the proposed quiet zone 
to an acceptable level can establish quiet zones through the public 
authority designation process (i.e., without specific FRA approval). 
See 49 CFR 222.39(a). However, public authorities that want to 
implement Alternative Safety Measures (ASMs), i.e., modified SSMs or 
certain specified non-engineering crossing improvements, within a 
proposed quiet zone must apply for FRA approval of the effectiveness 
rate (i.e., the amount of risk that is mitigated by deployment of a 
safety measure at a crossing) that will be assigned to the crossing 
improvement(s).
    As an alternative, communities may also choose to silence routine 
locomotive horn sounding through the installation of wayside horns at 
public grade crossings. Wayside horns are train-activated stationary 
acoustic devices at grade crossings that are directed at highway 
traffic as a one-for-one substitute for train horns.
    During the new quiet zone establishment process, the regulations 
require public authorities to provide a Notice of Intent to the 
railroads that operate within the quiet zone, and to the State agencies 
responsible for highway and grade crossing safety, to solicit comments 
on the proposed quiet zone. See 49 CFR 222.43(a). However, a quiet zone 
may not take effect until all the necessary safety measures have been 
installed and are operational. See 49 CFR 222.43(d)(2). The regulations 
also require the public authority to provide a Notice of Quiet Zone 
Establishment to all affected parties before the quiet zone is 
established, including all railroads that operate over crossings within 
the proposed quiet zone, State agencies responsible for highway and 
grade crossing safety, and FRA. See 49 CFR 222.43(a)(3). The Notice of 
Quiet Zone Establishment must provide the date when the quiet zone will 
take effect, which cannot be less than 21 days after the date on which 
the Notice of Quiet Zone Establishment is mailed. See 49 CFR 222.43(d).

Request for Comments

    While FRA solicits discussion and comments on all of 49 CFR part 
222, we particularly encourage comments on the following questions:
     How can FRA decrease the barriers local communities 
encounter when establishing a quiet zone?
     Should 49 CFR part 222 allow greater variances in highway-
rail configurations when determining safety calculations for local 
communities establishing quiet zones? If so, what variances would be 
appropriate?
     Should FRA amend Appendix A to 49 CFR part 222 to include 
common alternative grade crossing safety measures and emerging grade 
crossing safety technologies? If so, what measures and technologies 
would be appropriate?
     What further actions can FRA take to mitigate train horn 
noise impacts for local communities while not decreasing safety for 
motorists and pedestrians?
     How can FRA change how train horns are sounded at grade 
crossings while not decreasing safety for motorists and pedestrians?
     Should railroads be required to file an official opinion 
of support or opposition to the establishment of a new quiet zone?
     Should train speed be a factor that is considered when 
establishing a new quiet zone?
     Should there be an online process for submitting quiet 
zone notices, applications, and required paperwork, in whole or in 
part?
     Should FRA be a required recipient of the Notice of Intent 
to establish a quiet zone?
     Should FRA provide additional guidance on how to measure 
the length of a quiet zone? If so, what guidance would be helpful?
     Should FRA develop a process to address modifications to 
grade crossings within an existing quiet zone? If so, please describe 
what process would be helpful?

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     Should FRA require diagnostic reviews for all grade 
crossings within proposed quiet zones instead of requiring them only 
for pedestrian (pathway) grade crossings and private grade crossings 
that allow access to the public or which provide access to active 
industrial or commercial sites?
     How should FRA address safety measures that no longer meet 
the requirements for SSMs or ASMs?

    Issued in Washington, DC, on February 29, 2016.
Sarah E. Feinberg,
Administrator.
[FR Doc. 2016-04831 Filed 3-4-16; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4910-06-P